This article is about the Jin dynasty official. For the Tang dynasty official, see Pei Xiu (Tang dynasty).
Pei Xiu (224–271), courtesy name Jiyan, was a Chinese politician, geographer, writer, and cartographer of the state of Cao Wei during the late Three Kingdoms period and Jin dynasty of China. He was very much trusted by Sima Zhao, and participated in the suppression of Zhuge Dan's rebellion. Following Sima Yan taking the throne of the newly established Jin dynasty, he and Jia Chong had Cao Huan deprived of his position to accord to the will of heaven. In the year 267, Pei Xiu was appointed as the Minister of Works in the Jin government.
This is a Chinese name; the family name is Pei.
Pei Xiu outlined and analysed the advancements of cartography, surveying and mathematics up until his time. He criticised earlier Han dynasty maps for their lack of precision and quality when representing scale and measured distances, although 20th century archaeological excavations and findings of maps predating the third century prove otherwise. There is also evidence that Zhang Heng (78–139) was the first to establish the grid reference system in Chinese cartography.
An early Western Han dynasty (202 BCE – 9 CE) silk map found in tomb 3 of Mawangdui Han tombs site, depicting the Kingdom of Changsha and Kingdom of Nanyue in southern China (note: the south direction is oriented at the top, north at the bottom).
Pei Xiu is best known for his work in cartography. Although professional map-making and use of the grid had existed in China before him, he was the first to mention a plotted geometrical grid reference and graduated scale displayed on the surface of maps to gain greater accuracy in the estimated distance between different locations. Historian Howard Nelson asserts that there is ample written evidence that Pei Xiu derived the idea of the grid reference from the map of Zhang Heng (78–139 CE), a polymath inventor and statesman of the Eastern Han period. Robert Temple asserts that Zhang Heng should also be credited as the first to establish the mathematical grid in cartography, as evidenced by his work in maps, the titles of his lost books, and the hint given in the Book of Later Han (i.e. Zhang Heng "cast a network of coordinates about heaven and earth, and reckoned on the basis of it"). Xiu also created a set of large-area maps that were drawn to scale. He produced a set of principles that stressed the importance of consistent scaling, directional measurements, and adjustments in land measurements in the terrain that was being mapped.
The preface to Pei Xiu's written work was preserved in the 35th volume of the Book of Jin, which is the official history for the Jin dynasty and one of the Twenty-four Histories. It was written in the Book of Jin that Pei Xiu made a critical study of ancient texts in order to update the naming conventions of geographic locations described in old texts. His maps – drawn on rolls of silk – were presented to Emperor Wu, who preserved them in the imperial court's archives. Pei Xiu's maps have since been lost, decayed or destroyed. Yet the oldest existing terrain maps from China date to the fourth century BCE, found in a Qin tomb in present-day Gansu in 1986. Han dynasty maps from the second century BCE were found earlier in the 1973 excavation of Mawangdui.
In 1697, the Qing dynasty cartographer Hu Wei (胡渭) reconstructed Pei Xiu's maps in his Yugong Zhuizhui (禹貢錐指, A Few Points on the Vast Subject of the Yu Gong). Modern scholars have also used Pei Xiu's writing to reproduce his works, and historians such as Herrmann have compared Pei Xiu to other great ancient cartographers such as the Greek cartographer Ptolemy (83–161).
The Yu Ji Tu, or Map of the Tracks of Yu Gong, carved into stone in 1137, located in the Stele Forest of Xi'an. This three feet squared map features a graduated scale of 100 li for each rectangular grid. China's coastline and river systems are clearly defined and precisely pinpointed on the map. Yu Gong is in reference to the work of the Chinese deity Yu the Great described in the geographical chapter of the Book of Documents, dated fifth century BCE.
Pei Xiu wrote a preface to his maps with essential background information regarding older maps in China. He also provided a great deal of criticism about the existing maps from the Han dynasty in his time. Later Chinese ideas about the quality of maps made during the Han dynasty and before stem from the assessment given by Pei Xiu, which was not a positive one. Pei Xiu noted that the extant Han maps at his disposal were of little use since they featured too many inaccuracies and exaggerations in measured distance between locations. However, the Qin maps and Mawangdui maps of the Han dynasty discovered by modern archaeologists were far superior in quality than those examined and criticised by Pei Xiu. It was not until the 20th century that Pei Xiu's third century assessment of earlier maps' dismal quality would be overturned and disproven. The makers of the Han maps were familiar with the use of scale, while the Qin map makers had pinpointed the course of rivers with some accuracy. What these earlier maps did not feature was topographical elevation, which Pei Xiu would outline with his six principles of cartography.
The origin of maps and geographical treatises goes back into former ages. Under the three dynasties (Xia, Shang and Zhou) there were special officials for this (guoshi). Then, when the Han sacked Xianyang, Xiao He collected all the maps and documents of the Qin. Now it is no longer possible to find the old maps in the secret archives, and even those Xiao He found are missing. We only have maps, both general and local, from the (Later) Han time. None of these employs a graduated scale (fenlü) and none of them are arranged on a rectangular grid (zhunwang). Moreover, none of them gives anything like a complete representation of the celebrated mountains and the great rivers; their arrangement is very rough and imperfect, and one cannot rely on them. Indeed some of them contain absurdities, irrelevancies and exaggerations, which are not in accord with reality, and which should be banished by good sense.
The assumption of power by the great Jin dynasty has unified space in all the six directions. To purify its territory, it began with Yong and Shu (Gansu and Sichuan) and penetrated deeply into their regions, though full of obstacles. Emperor Wen then ordered the appropriate officials to draw up maps of Wu and Shu. After Shu had been conquered and the maps were examined, with regard to the distances from one another of mountains, rivers, and places, the positions of plains and declivities, and the lines of the roads, whether straight or curved, which the six armies had followed; it was found that there was not the slightest error. Now, referring back to antiquity, I have examined according to the Yu Gong the mountains and lakes, the courses of the rivers, the plateaus and plains, the slopes and marshes, the limits of the nine ancient provinces and the sixteen modern ones, taking account of commanderies and fiefs, prefectures and cities, and not forgetting the names of places where the ancient kingdoms concluded treaties or held meetings; and lastly, inserting the roads, paths and navigable waters, I have made this map in eighteen sheets.
In making a map there are six observable principles: (1) the graduated divisions, which are the means of determining the map's scale; (2) the rectangular grid (of parallel lines in two dimensions), which is the way of depicting correct relations between various parts of the map; (3) pacing out the sides of right-angled triangles, which is the way of fixing the lengths of derived distances (i.e., the third side of the triangle, which cannot be walked over); (4) (measuring) the high and the low; (5) (measuring) right angles and acute angles; (6) (measuring) curves and straight lines. These three principles are used according to the nature of the terrain, and are the means by which one reduces what are really plains and hills (literally cliffs) to distances on a plane surface... If one draws a map without graduated divisions, there is no means of distinguishing between what is near and what is far. If one has graduated divisions, but no rectangular grid or network of lines, then while one may attain accuracy in one corner of the map, one will certainly lose it elsewhere (i.e. in the middle, far from guiding marks). If one has a rectangular grid, but has not worked upon the [third] principle, then when it is a case of places in difficult country, among mountains, lakes or seas (which cannot be traversed directly by the surveyor), one cannot ascertain how they are related to one another. If one has adopted the [third] principle, but has not taken account of the high and the low, the right angles and acute angles, and the curves and straight lines, then the figures for distances indicated on the paths and roads will be far from the truth, and one will lose the accuracy of the rectangular grid. However, if we examine a map prepared by the combination of all these principles, we find that a true scale representation of the distances is fixed by the graduated divisions. So also the reality of the relative positions is attained by the use of paced sides of right-angled triangles; and the true scale of degrees and figures is reproduced by the determinations of high and low, angular dimensions, and curved or straight lines. Thus even if there are great obstacles in the shape of high mountains or vast lakes, huge distances or strange places, necessitating climbs and descents, retracting of steps or detours — everything can be taken into account and determined. When the principle of the rectangular grid is properly applied, then the straight and the curved, near and the far, can conceal nothing of their form from us.
^ a b c d Needham, Volume 3, 538.
^ a b c d Hsu, 96.
^ Needham, Volume 3, 106–107.
^ Needham, Volume 3, 538–540.
^ Selin, Helaine (2008). Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures. Springer (published March 17, 2008). p. 567. ISBN 978-1402049606.
^ Needham, Volume 3, 541.
^ a b c Needham, Volume 3, 540.
^ a b Hsu, 90.
^ Jacques Gernet (31 May 1996). A History of Chinese Civilization. Cambridge University Press. pp. 339–. ISBN 978-0-521-49781-7.
^ a b Hsu, 97.
^ Needham, Volume 3, 500.
^ a b Needham, Volume 3, 539.
^ Needham, Volume 3, 539–540.
Hsu, Mei-ling (1993). "The Qin Maps: A Clue to Later Chinese Cartographic Development". Imago Mundi. 45: 90–100. doi:10.1080/03085699308592766.
Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in China. Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth. Taipei: Caves Books Ltd.
Nelson, Howard (1974). "Chinese Maps: An Exhibition at the British Library". The China Quarterly (58): 357–362.
Temple, Robert (1986). The Genius of China: 3,000 Years of Science, Discovery, and Invention. New York: Simon and Schuster, Inc. ISBN 0-671-62028-2.


"Chaudhuri's well-oiled plot transports the reader from the cinematic darkness of a dystopian Calcutta to small town England, from the jungles of Korea to the prison camps of Pyongyang," writes Dr. Anupam Pachauri.
On a night tinged by the greenish glow of petromax lamps, Captain Old, a police hit-man is driving a rickety scooter through the barren wastes of an unnamed Asian city. He is out to meet a foreigner, Henry David, who has stumbled upon a secret which could explain the roots of a curious epidemic that has engulfed the continent. There are diseased people everywhere, genetically engineered fighters patrol the streets, and abandoned metro tunnels shelter refugees. Soon we can recognise the city as a post-apocalyptic Calcutta, now the capital of a slowly flooding, war-torn Asian Darkland.
Thus begins the first of the mirrored narratives of The Butterfly Effect, where vivid storytelling dovetails with a playful structure, taking the reader on an exhilarating rollercoaster ride across decades and time zones.
How do we tell stories of multiple quests, utopias and dystopias, nested within a framework of imminent chaos? Surely there are different ways, but in this novel Chaudhuri echoes the French master Diderot by adopting a narrative technique of breaks, providing a kaleidoscopic rendering of quests and ideologies, where the journey is as important as the destination.
Soon in another sinuous strand, we are introduced to detective Kar, in present day Calcutta, who while obsessing about hair loss, is catapulted into a mystery that takes him to Seoul. He is looking for a bunch of Indian tourists who have vanished there.
Each of these narratives, following the rules of a thriller, end with a cliffhanger as we are whisked away into new settings. On the other side, as the strands get picked up, the motivations of characters like the enigmatic cybercafé hostess Jiyoo Park or Henry David himself, begin to be revealed.
There is a stream of humour running through these pages, sometimes surfacing to make light of literature's obsession with genres. So detective Kar, who is a stifled laugh at the hardboiled genre, while on a mission, gets diverted by the possibility of collecting gingko leaves for his alopecia.
Another engaging story about a hotshot Indian geneticist in a small English town, working on a secret project to end malnutrition, is artfully interrupted by a hilarious slanging match between anti and pro-environment characters. The humorous interludes frame the carefully-etched characters but this laughter, often black, seems to portend the self-annihilating evil that sits deep inside the human mind. Very soon, the geneticist would be overwhelmed by an avalanche of incidents.
A fourth account about love and heartbreak, swiftly moves into the realm of fantasy before washing over and mingling with all the other tales. The butterfly waits in between all these — danger lies masked by beauty.
The speculative imagination was already evident in the author's previous work, Hotel Calcutta, but here with gene splicing as a plot device and in delineating his dystopia, he has embraced it completely. The Butterfly Effect stands out as a bold, ambitious novel which is opening up unexplored territory for a generation of engaged readers. If you plan to read one novel which not only entertains with its adventures but also imaginatively engages with important issues of our times, this should be it.
Dr. Anupam Pachauri is a Commonwealth Fellow (Univ of Sussex) who currently teaches at a university in Delhi.


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Features > Books-TV-Movies
In Tune With Animals
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Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, left, and Sy Montgomery have a new collection of their Boston Globe columns about animal behavior, published by Chelsea Green in White River Junction. With them in this photograph are Thomas' dogs Kafka, left, and Chapek, center, and Montgomery's dog Thurber. Courtesy Chelsea Green Publishing — Saibhung Singh Khalsa '; }
By David Corriveau
Published: 10/19/2017 10:00:12 PM
Modified: 10/19/2017 10:00:21 PM
Growing up in the 1960s and early 1970s, Sy Montgomery counted primatologists Jane Goodall and Dian Fossey among her role models.
Then in September 1984, the then-25-year-old journalist and recent arrival to New Hampshire interviewed Elizabeth Marshall Thomas, the anthropologist whose research included Homo sapiens' relations with animals, for an alternative newspaper.
"She was what I wanted to be when I grew up," Montgomery said this week, during a telephone conversation from her farm in Hancock, N.H. "From the first time we met, the thing that we shared was an understanding that animals can think and feel and know. That was — and something not everyone could agree upon — that all animals were a 'who,' not a 'that.' A 'he' or a 'she,' not an 'it.' "
Next thing the writers knew, they were reading each other's books-in-progress. Eventually they co-authored a biography of Goodall, Fossey and primatologist Birute Galdikas, and took turns writing wide-ranging columns about the animal kingdom for the Boston Globe.
Their columns have been collected in a new book, Tamed & Untamed: Close Encounters of the Animal Kind, published by White River Junction-based Chelsea Green Publishing. They'll read from and sign copies of the book on Wednesday night at the Norwich Congregational Church, an event sponsored by the Norwich Bookstore.
Despite an age difference of more than 20 years, they share a kindred view of the animal kingdom that goes back to their childhoods. On the 300-acre Peterborough, N.H., farm to which she would return in middle age, the young Elizabeth Marshall spent much of her time under the watchful eyes and nose of a Newfoundland named Mishka.
"She became my nanny," Thomas said during a telephone interview from the farm. "She wouldn't let my brother or me anywhere near the shore when we went to the beach. She really ruled us. It never occurred to me that she didn't have thoughts or emotions or memory."
By grade school, Elizabeth was taking out so many books about animals that "the librarian said, 'No more animals!' because I was supposed to be reading about people. I decided to write my own book, about a tiger."
While her ensuing studies about people led her to a career in anthropology, including research on the Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert in southern Africa, Thomas couldn't help noticing those people's interactions with both the wild animals surrounding them and with their canine companions and livestock. Those observations evolved into a parade of books, from ethnological and wildlife studies to the 1990s best-sellers The Hidden Life of Dogs and The Social Lives of Dogs.
Years after the publication of her dog books, she hasn't stopped learning about her canine companions. Chapek and Kafka, the nine-pound chihuahua and the 14-pound chihuahua-pug mix, respectively, Thomas adopted after the death of a beloved husky, are teaching the author new tricks just about daily.
"I always had big dogs until I went to the humane society and saw these two in a cage, who were so very dependent on each other that I decided to take both home," Marshall said. "They weren't here long before I noticed that their dependence on sense of smell is even stronger than in bigger dogs. I started to lie on the ground with my head on one side to get a sense of their horizon. It's been very interesting to watch them. They examine the ground in great detail. It didn't occur to me, what a little dog's life was like. It didn't cross my mind. Now it crosses my mind on an hourly basis."
Montgomery also started watching animals during her formative years, when she was moving from Army base to Army base with her father.
"Being a general's daughter," she recalled, "I didn't have many friends who were kids, so most of my friends were lizards and bees and birds and crickets."
And as with Elizabeth Marshall, the young Sy Montgomery came under the influence of a dog, a Scottish terrier named Molly.
"She was a puppy when we got her, and I soon noticed that she matured faster than I," Montgomery said. "I was quite aware that she was the greater talent. She was the mature individual. She had abilities that I would never attain. She knew where the wild animals were. I wanted to be her. She was essentially my older sister. She was fierce and strong."
"And now, I like to think, I am."
Strong enough to travel to the Gobi Desert, the Amazon, Southeast Asia and Papua New Guinea, among other wild places, to learn and write about animals ranging from pink dolphins to tree kangaroos. Her 2015 book The Soul of an Octopus was a finalist for the National Book Award.
And Montgomery is not resting on her laurels.
"I've got six books in various stages of the python's digestive tract," she said. "I've got one coming out this fall and another in the spring. Even after you hand in the last draft of a manuscript, there's always tons of stuff that needs doing. Next month I'm going to California to learn about condors, and in the spring I'm going back to see their chicks hatch. After that, I'm going to Peru and Ecuador to learn about giant manta rays.
"I think I kind of overdid it this time."
When they're not traveling or tending their own menageries — at last estimate, Montgomery counted Thurber the border collie, seven free-range hens, five sheep and two visiting dogs on her property, to Thomas' two dogs and three cats — Thomas and Montgomery stay busy observing their wild neighbors in the surrounding woods and fields.
"We have very active bears around here now, eating acorns and looking for dens," Montgomery said. "We have wild turkeys all around us. The one worrying thing is that we aren't seeing any moose, who are having a terrible time because of the ticks. Not that long ago we used to have moose on our porch or running with the horses."
It's even busier in neighboring Peterborough.
"We've got just about everything there is in New Hampshire," said Thomas, whose books also include The Hidden Life of Deer. "Three times, we've seen mountain lions here over the years. We've had bobcats for a while and now there are Canada lynx, which we never saw until a few years ago.
"It's a wonderful part of the world."
Elizabeth Marshall Thomas and Sy Montgomery will read from and sign copies ofTamed & Untamed: Close Encounters of the Animal Kind, at the Norwich Congregational Church on Wednesday night at 7. For more information, contact the Norwich Bookstore at 802-649-1114 or info@norwichbookstore.com.
Eyes on the Prizes
Dartmouth College professor Rashauna Johnson this week received the Kemper and Leila Williams Prize from the Historic New Orleans Collection and the Louisiana Historical Association, for her book Slavery's Metropolis: Unfree Labor in New Orleans during the Age of Revolutions.
The book, published by Cambridge University Press, documents the movements of slaves to and through New Orleans between 1791 and 1825. The prize includes an award of $1,500 and a plaque.
For Better or Verse
Starting on Nov. 7, the Norman Williams Public Library in Woodstock will host a monthly gathering for "poets of all pedigree" to recite and listen to original and favorite poems. "Recite!" sessions will take place the first Tuesday of every month, from 5:30 to 7:30 p.m. To sign up to be a presenter, or for more information, stop by the library or email info@recitewoodstockvt.com.
Northeast Kingdom author Reeve Lindbergh reads from and discusses the previously unpublished diaries and letters of her mother, Anne Morrow Lindbergh, at the Norwich Congregational Church on Nov. 1 at 7 p.m. The presentation is part of the Vermont Humanities Council's First Wednesdays series of lectures. Admission is free.
Robert Madrygin reads from his debut novel The Solace of Trees at the Norwich Bookstore on Nov. 1 at 6 p.m. The book follows a child orphaned during the Bosnian war of the 1990s who finds a new family in New England, only to get caught up in the U.S. rendition program following the 9/11 terrorist attacks because of his Muslim heritage. While admission is free, seating is limited; the bookstore is encouraging people to sign up to participate and to read the book before attending the reading. To learn more, call 802-649-1114 or email info@norwichbookstore.com.
David Corriveau can be reached at dcorriveau@vnews.com and at 603-727-3304.
Peterborough NH
Norwich VT
Hancock NH
Sy Montgomery
Norwich Bookstore
Tamed & Untamed
Elizabeth Marshall Thomas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Metagenetic diet analyses of the 18S V9 region were conducted in 40 adult female Calanus sinicus during winter in Tosa Bay (Japan). The majority of prey items were small crustaceans (of Copepoda and Cirripedia) and diatoms, taxa that are dominant in the environment and have been previously reported as important prey items of Calanus. The abundance of sequences attributable to Dinophyta and Chlorophyta was significantly lower in C. sinicus gut contents than in environmental plankton communities, suggesting that C. sinicus avoids prey from these groups. Hydrozoans were also observed, and aplanochytrids (Labyrinthulea) were detected for the first time as a major prey of C. sinicus. Additionally, high proportions of unclassified eukaryote material were observed, suggesting undetected predator–prey relationships in key copepod species in marine ecosystems. The dietary importance of aplanochytrids, heterotrophic protists that accumulate unsaturated fatty acids such as docosahexaenoic acid, has been overlooked in previous research. Calanus sinicus is a key copepod species in the subtropical coastal regions of the western North Pacific, and a major food source for the larvae of commercially important fish; therefore, further investigation into novel prey items such as aplanochytrids is recommended to understand the complex food web structures in marine ecosystems.


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Competitive Generic Therapy 180-Day Exclusivity Gets . . . . Well, Umm . . . Competitive!
October 15, 2018By Kurt R. Karst —
If we've said it once, we've said it a thousand times: timing matters when it comes to pretty much anything concerning Hatch-Waxman. . . especially Paragraph IV 180-day exclusivity. And the new Competitive Generic Therapy ("CGT") 180-day exclusivity regime created by the 2017 FDA Reauthorization Act ("FDARA") (see our summary here) is no different in that respect compared to "traditional" Paragraph IV 180-day exclusivity. But that's about where the similarity ends, as FDA has opined in a new Letter Decision concerning CGT 180-day exclusivity for Potassium Chloride Oral Solution USP, 20 mEq/15mL (10%) and 40 mEq/15 mL (20%) – the first ever grants of CGT 180-day exclusivity (which we're now listing under a new tab in our popular 180-Day Exclusivity Tracker.)
As we previously reported, [http://www.fdalawblog.net/2018/08/it-feels-like-the-first-time-fdas-first-competitive-generic-therapy-approval/] FDA designated Apotex, Inc.'s ("Apotex's") Potassium Chloride Oral Solution USP, 20 mEq/15 mL (10%) and 40 mEq/15 mL (20%), drug products as "Competitive Generic Therapies" and then approved Apotex ANDA 211067 on August 8, 2018. Both drug products are generic versions of Potassium Chloride Oral Solution, 20 mEq/15 mL (10%) and 40 mEq/15 mL (20%), approved under NDA 206814. In approving ANDA 211067, FDA noted:
This exclusivity will begin to run from the date of the first commercial marketing of these CGTs (including the commercial marketing of the listed drug) by Apotex, as specified in section 505(j)(5)(B)(v) of the FD&C Act. Furthermore, in accordance with section 505(j)(5)(B)(v)(I) of the FD&C Act, this 180-day CGT exclusivity will not block approval of other applications until Apotex has commenced commercial marketing. Please submit a correspondence to this ANDA informing the Agency of the date you begin commercial marketing. Please also submit notice of first commercial marketing via e-mail to the Patent and Exclusivity Team at CDER-OGDPET@fda.hhs.gov. This e-mail should be sent the same day you commence commercial marketing. Reference is also made to the Special Forfeiture Rule for Competitive Generic Therapy in section 505(j)(5)(D)(iv) of the FD&C Act. Please be aware that, pursuant to this forfeiture rule, you will forfeit your eligibility for the 180-day CGT exclusivity period for Potassium Chloride Oral Solution USP, 20 mEq/15 mL (10%) and 40 mEq/15 mL (20%) if you fail to market these CGTs within 75 days after the date on which the approval of this application is made effective. [(Emphasis added)]
Apotex did not begin commercially marketing the drug products until a few weeks later, thus triggering CGT 180-day exclusivity eligibility. (CGT 180-day exclusivity for the 20 mEq/15mL (10%) drug product expires on February 25, 2019, and on March 6, 2019 for the 40 mEq/15 mL (20%) drug product.) But it's not what happened after Apotex launched its drug products (thereby triggering exclusivity) that raised some eyebrows at the company, but what happened immediately before FDA received notice from Apotex on August 29, 2018 that commercial marketing had begun for the first of the two launched strengths (20 mEq/15mL (10%)).
Earlier in the day on August 29, 2018 – at 3:44 PM Eastern time – FDA approved Novel Laboratories, Inc's ("Novel") ANDA 209786 for Potassium Chloride Oral Solution, 20 mEq/15 mL (10%) and 40 mEq/15 mL (20%). Apotex notified FDA through the Electronic Submission Gateway at 9:03 PM on August 29, 2018 that the company initiated commercial marketing of the 20 mEq/15 mL (10%) drug product and apparently "provided an internal email showing that it ordered shipment of this drug product at 4:26 PM on August 29." And that's when the controversy began . . .
Apotex, in a series of letter submissions to FDA, requested that FDA rescind the approval of Novel ANDA 209786. Apotex argued "that upon CGT designation, CGT exclusivity, unless forfeited, prevents FDA from approving additional ANDAs referencing the same drug product until the end of the exclusivity period;" that "the granting of that [CGT] designation perfected Apotex's right to the two CGT exclusivity periods (one each for the 10% and 20% dosage strengths);" that "interpreting [FDC Act § 505(j)(5)(B)(v)] to mean that exclusivity blocks subsequent applicants only after the first approved applicant has begun commercial marketing 'reads [FDC Act § 505(j)(5)(D)(iv)] out of the statute;'" and that, in the alternative, "FDA's approval of Novel's potassium chloride 10% product was unlawful because FDA approved Novel's application on the same day (albeit earlier in the day) that Apotex informed FDA that it had begun commercial marketing of its potassium chloride 10% product, and CGT 180-day exclusivity blocks approval of any application otherwise ready for approval that day." Novel, represented by Hyman, Phelps & McNamara, P.C., also sent in letter correspondence to FDA addressing Apotex's arguments.
In an October 2, 2018 Letter Decision, FDA sided with Novel, concluding that the Agency properly approved ANDA 209786 consistent with FDC Act § 505(j)(5)(B)(v), and declining to rescind the ANDA approval.
As to FDA's reading of FDC Act § 505(j)(5)(B)(v), the Agency concluded that its interpretation follows the plain language of the statute. According to FDA:
Under the plain language of this provision [(i.e., FDC Act § 505(j)(5)(B)(v)(I))], subsequent applicants are blocked only under the condition that the "first approved applicant has commenced commercial marketing." In the present case, when FDA approved Novel's ANDA 209786, Apotex had not begun marketing either strength of potassium chloride under ANDA 211067. Despite Apotex's commencement of commercial marketing for potassium chloride 10% later that same day, the threshold condition in the statute (i.e., that "any first approved applicant has commenced commercial marketing") had not been met when FDA approved Novel's ANDA. . . . By arguing that a first approved applicant's CGT exclusivity prevents FDA from approving a subsequent ANDA from the time of the first applicant's approval, Apotex reads the "commenced commercial marketing" language out of the statute entirely.
As to Apotex's alternative argument that even if FDA's approval of a subsequent application prior to commencement of commercial marketing by the applicant that is eligible for CGT exclusivity is lawful, approval must occur prior to the date of commencement of marketing or after exclusivity has run, FDA also shot down this argument. According to FDA:
Apotex's argument ignores the statutory language that is relevant to this situation. The section of the provision on which Apotex relies defines the duration of exclusivity for the subsequent applicants that such exclusivity blocks. However, as described above, the relevant portion of the provision here is the "commenced commercial marketing" clause, which is the language that determines whether a subsequent application can be approved or whether approval is blocked by CGT exclusivity. The statute does not state or imply that a "date of" rather than a "time of" approach should be used to determine when an applicant with CGT exclusivity "commenced commercial marketing." If a first approved applicant has not "commenced commercial marketing" as of the time a subsequent applicant is ready for approval, approval of that subsequent application is not blocked by CGT exclusivity, and the beginning and ending dates of that exclusivity have no bearing on such applications.
FDA's Letter Decision includes some additional analysis of the CGT 180-day exclusivity provisions that is helpful in understanding the Agency's position. We understand that FDA is in the process of drafting guidance to clarify the CGT designation process; however, it is unclear when such guidance might be published in draft form.
Categories: Hatch-Waxman | Prescription Drugs and Biologics


text:
Now showing items 6416-6435 of 35785
D. Draft Addis Ababa declaration on the occasion of the silver jubilee anniversary celebration of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa: recommended for adoption by the conference of Ministers
United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa.
"United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. (1983-04). D. Draft Addis Ababa declaration on the occasion of the silver jubilee anniversary celebration of the United Nations Economic Commission for Africa: recommended for adoption by the conference of Ministers. Addis Ababa:. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/28519"
D. Projet de Déclaration d'Addis-Abeba a l'occasion du vingt-cinquième anniversaire de la commission économique des nations unies pour l'Afrique: recommande a la conférence des ministres pour adoption
Nations unies commission économique pour l'Afrique
"Nations unies commission économique pour l'Afrique (1983-04). D. Projet de Déclaration d'Addis-Abeba a l'occasion du vingt-cinquième anniversaire de la commission économique des nations unies pour l'Afrique: recommande a la conférence des ministres pour adoption. Addis Ababa:. © NU.CEA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/28496"
Dakar accueillera la conférence ministérielle annuelle conjointe 2017 de la CEA et de l'UA
Nations Unies. Commission économique pour l'Afrique
"Nations Unies. Commission économique pour l'Afrique (2016-12). Dakar accueillera la conférence ministérielle annuelle conjointe 2017 de la CEA et de l'UA. Addis Abeba:. © NU. CEA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/37549"
Dakar Financing Summit (DFS) for Africa's infrastructure : Statement By Carlos Lopes, UN Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of ECA
"Lopes, Carlos; United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. (2013-12). Dakar Financing Summit (DFS) for Africa's infrastructure : Statement By Carlos Lopes, UN Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of ECA. UN. ECA Dakar Financing Summit for Africa's Infrastructure (2013, Dec. 13 - 14: Dakar, Senegal). Addis Ababa:. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/36465"
Dakar Financing Summit for Africa's Infrastructure: opening Statement by Carlos Lopes UN Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of ECA
"Lopes, Carlos; United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. (2014-06). Dakar Financing Summit for Africa's Infrastructure: opening Statement by Carlos Lopes UN Under-Secretary-General and Executive Secretary of ECA. UN. ECA Dakar Financing Summit for Africa's Infrastructure (2014, Jun. 14-15: Dakar, Senegal). Addis Ababa:. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/36537"
Dakar Financing Summit High-Level Panel 2 Session 3: enabling Policy Environment to Enhance Infrastructure Investment and Bankability
"Lopes, Carlos; United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. (2014-01). Dakar Financing Summit High-Level Panel 2 Session 3: enabling Policy Environment to Enhance Infrastructure Investment and Bankability. UN. ECA Dakar Financing Summit for Africa's Infrastructure (2014, Jun. 14-15: Dakar, Senegal). Addis Ababa:. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/36640"
Dakar Ngor declaration on population, family and sustainable development
United Nations. Economic and Social Council; United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa
"United Nations. Economic and Social Council; United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa (1997-05). Dakar Ngor declaration on population, family and sustainable development. UN.ECA Follow-Up Committee for the Implementation of the Dakar/Ngor Declaration and the ICPD-PA (2nd : 1997, June 12 -13. : Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Addis Ababa :. © UN. ECA. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/10427"
Dakar/Ngor declaration on population, family and sustainable development
"United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. (1992-12). Dakar/Ngor declaration on population, family and sustainable development. Addis Ababa:. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/36075"
"United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa (1992-12). Dakar/Ngor declaration on population, family and sustainable development. UN. ECA African Population Conference (3rd : 1992, Dec. 11- 12 : Dakar, Senegal). Addis Ababa:. © UN. ECA. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/905"
Dangers of drugs on youth health : socio-economic and political implications
United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. Public Administration, Human Resources, and Social Development Division; Ministry of Health of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia; United Nations World Health Organization
"United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. Public Administration, Human Resources, and Social Development Division; Ministry of Health of the Transitional Government of Ethiopia; United Nations World Health Organization (1994-07). Dangers of drugs on youth health : socio-economic and political implications. UN. ECA National Seminar on Youth, Drugs and Health (1994, Jul. 11-15: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia).. Addis Ababa:. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/37914"
"United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. (1995-11). Data analysis. UN. ECA Regional Working Group on Recommendations for the 2000 Round of Population and Housing Censuses in Africa (1996, Jan. 22 - 26 : Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Addis Ababa:. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/38884"
Data and information on women and development: an overview (case of Ethiopia)
"Tesfa Mariam Tekie; United Nations. Economic and Social Council; United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa (1989-05). Data and information on women and development: an overview (case of Ethiopia). UN. ECA Expert Group Meeting on the Establishment of a Data Bank on Women and Development in Africa. (1989: May 15 - 19 : Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Addis Ababa :. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/11496"
Data and statistics:draft resolution submitted by [member States], on the basis of informal consultations
"United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa; United Nations. Economic and Social Council (2019-01). Data and statistics:draft resolution submitted by [member States], on the basis of informal consultations. UN. ECA Committee of Experts of the Conference of African Ministers of Finance, Planning and Economic Development Meeting(38th :2019, Mar. 20 - 22 :Marrakech, Morocco). Addis Ababa. © UN.ECA. "
The data base for discussion on the interrelations between the integration of women in development, their situation and population factors in Africa
"United Nations. Economic and Social Council; United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa (1974-05). The data base for discussion on the interrelations between the integration of women in development, their situation and population factors in Africa. UN.ECA Regional Seminar on the Integration of Women in Development with Special Reference to Population Factors (1974: June 3 - 7 : Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Addis Ababa :. © UN.ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/12783"
Data base needs of AAWORD Kenya group
"Adagala, Kavetsa; United Nations. Economic and Social Council; United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa (1989-05). Data base needs of AAWORD Kenya group. UN. ECA Expert Group Meeting on the Establishment of a Data Bank on Women and Development in Africa (1989: May 15 - 19 : Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Addis Ababa :. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/16925"
Data Collection and analysis for the MDGs' follow-up : the case study of Cameroon
United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa African Center for Statistics
"Dzossa, Anaclet Desire; Tegoum, Pierre Nguetse; United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa African Center for Statistics (2009-10). Data Collection and analysis for the MDGs' follow-up : the case study of Cameroon. Addis Ababa :. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/5003"
Data collection for project identification
"United Nations. Economic and Social Council; United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa (1967-08). Data collection for project identification. UN. ECA Conference of African planners(2nd session :1967, Dec. 04 - 15: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Addis Ababa :. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/1462"
Data collection on small economic units of the informal sector : by the international labour office (ILO)
"Hussmanns, Ralf; United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. (1996-05). Data collection on small economic units of the informal sector : by the international labour office (ILO). UN. ECA Workshop on Statistics on services in the informal sector (1996, June 17-21: Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Addis Ababa :. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/21699"
Data collection related to development programmes and aid flows: statistical deficiencies and recommendations
"United Nations. Economic and Social Council; United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa (1988-02). Data collection related to development programmes and aid flows: statistical deficiencies and recommendations. UN. ECA Joint Conference of African Planners, Statisticans and Demographers. (5th sesion : 1988, March 21 - 28 : Addis Ababa, Ethiopia). Addis Ababa :. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/10985"
Data entry and data editing
"United Nations. Economic Commission for Africa. (1987-09). Data entry and data editing. Addis Ababa:. © UN. ECA,. http://hdl.handle.net/10855/30972"


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text:
What are buddha monkies?
Taking inspiration from travels, different cultures, dreams and stories, Anji Ceramics creates playful pottery embodying both tranquillity and childish vibes. Each piece is one of a kind, carefully hand-crafted in Taipei.
Anji is a ceramics artist from Ukraine. Since a young age she has travelled around the world with her family, living in different countries. In 2014, when doing an exchange program in Japan, she discovered the world of ceramics and has been in love with it ever since.
Anji Ceramics
We asked Anji a few questions about her work...
How long have you been making pottery? What made you want to start?
I've been making pottery for 5 years now. actually, I previously I had never thought about making pottery, it always intimidated me. I thought it's one of those things that you either have to become a master at or not start at all. However, I had a chance to try it at my university in Japan, and I realised that it's actually not that hard. Anyone can do it and it will look beautiful because it will have that person's essence. I continued to make pottery because I became obsessed with making everything in my house out of pottery, and because I enjoy making pieces for other people.
What is it about monkeys and Buddha's that inspires you?
I've loved monkeys ever since I can remember! They are cute and playful. I always thought it would be fun to be a monkey.
But as far as Buddhism goes, I became inspired by all the temples in Japan. The peaceful atmosphere and the smell of incense. I remember specifically when I was in Nara, Japan, I was really inspired by the big Buddha there. He had so much curly hair and it was very intriguing for me to draw, so I kept doodling it during class. Also Nara is known for all the deer that walk around it. They are seen as Buddha's messengers and you can buy souvenirs of Buddha in deer form everywhere. Little cute Buddha's with deer antlers. I think it was sometime after visiting this town that I subconsciously started doodling Buddha monkeys.
I am always inspired by philosophies of different cultures, it helps me stay grounded when playing around with clay.
You often paint on your ceramics, what is it about the colour blue that makes it keep appearing in your paint pallet?
Certain Japanese styles of pottery are not so colourful. In my school we only had black, blue, and brown to paint with. It was a type of mineral that we had to mix with green tea and then paint over the pottery. At some point I became particularly attracted to blue. The style of painting with blue over white porcelain is called "sometsuke" in Japanese. I think this style is very calming, yet sometimes the artwork can be quite bizarre and comical. The same goes for crazy monkeys and meditating Buddhas, it seems like I am attracted to this balance of looniness and tranquillity.
You've lived in Taiwan for two years now and previously lived in Japan, do you think your experience of living in these countries has influenced your work, how?
For sure! Japanese pottery has the concept of perfect imperfection which I love, but ironically enough it's not as easy to achieve. The pottery isn't perfectly smooth and symmetrical, that's what makes it special.
In Taiwan the style is pretty different. One of my biggest inspirations here is the delicious Taiwanese tea. I've been making more items to use for tea ceremonies and I am constantly inspired by the lush nature here. Studying under a Taiwanese pottery master is still one of my dreams.
You've started teaching ceramic classes, how is that going and what is it about your practise that you hope to share with others?
My biggest inspiration is to share with everyone relaxation through ceramics. I would always invite people to come to the studio with me, chatting and teaching them along the way. Hearing my friends express how they are able to relax through the clay makes me incredibly happy. It is truly a meditative experience. By teaching classes I hope more and more people can come and spend their afternoon in a chill way, making new friends, and taking something they made home with them.


YANGON, Myanmar, Oct. 11, 2017 /PRNewswire/ — CB Bank and Cisco are pleased to enter a technical collaboration agreement to transform the Data Center and Core Network Infrastructure to enable core banking application, digital banking and international services to be delivered to its customers and partners in a secure manner.
At the same time, CB bank is implementing active-active Data Center architecture to ensure that the services will have high availability. Cisco Advanced Services team is working with local partner NEX4 ICT Solutions for the implementation of this project.
To maintain the highest levels of standard for the design and implementation for this project, CB Bank has engaged Cisco Advanced Services team which brings world-class expertise and experience to ensure that the solution is future-proof and the project will be implemented in a timely, quality-assured fashion.
Myanmar's Financial Services Industry is going through a period of rapid transformation. As the customer base expands and connectivity improves at a breakneck pace, there are high expectations to deliver international standard products and services, such as, credit cards, mobile banking and international banking services.
At the same time, there are increasing cyber security threats that threaten the financial institutions' technical infrastructure. Therefore, it becomes more important than ever to build a solid infrastructure to deliver secure services with high availability.
"CB bank has been expanding its services, quality and coverage by introducing many digital transformations. Digital banking is an effective way to provide access to majority of the people in the whole country, not only with Branches and ATMs, but also with new and innovative channels like Agents, Mobile Banking and Internet Banking," said Aung Thurein, Managing Director, NEX4.
Cisco Systems, Inc., established in 1984, designs, manufactures and sells Internet Protocol based networking products and services related to the communications and information technology industry. The company product offerings comprise of the following categories: Switches, Routers, Wireless, Network Management Interfaces and Modules, Optical Networking, Access Points, Outdoor and Industrial Access Points, Next-Generation Firewalls, Advanced Malware Protection, VPN Security Clients, Email and Web Security.
CO-OPERATIVE BANK LTD (CB Bank Ltd), established in 1992, is one of Myanmar's largest private banks with over 197 branches nationwide. Through the deeply rooted heritage of challenging spirits, CB Bank always tries to be ahead of the pack by becoming the "first" in many banking products and services such as first bank to offer mobile banking, agent banking in 2014, cash deposit machine in 2016, contactless payment and currency exchange machine in 2017.
Being a leader in technological innovation, CB Bank is a natural choice for companies and personnel that require traditional and technology-based financial services in Myanmar.


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text:
Fine WomanPortal of women's secrets
Enchanted by the narcissus: The Price of Illusions
14 April 2018 FineCrypto
To get away from the other is possible only if
when I return him all the
what it was intended…
The article describes the phenomenon of psychological violence in the family, for example, the relationship with a narcissist. The term "narcissist" is used here not in the clinical sense, but rather as a partner that the relationship is prone to manipulation and use of the other – his victim. The relationship presented in the article from the position of the victim.
I'll be in my text to examine this phenomenon (such relationships), using the concept of psychological games as a stereotyped, automatic, unconscious forms of human life with a certain structure and clear sequence of stages. This "game" is not recognized and is not recognized by its participants as a game, but is perceived as a normal life.
Call "actors" of this game a narcissist and a Victim and then try to describe the scenario from the position of the Victim, simultaneously answering the following questions:
What bait uses Narcissus to attract the Victim?
Who is the victim of a narcissist?
What the trap is in the end the Victim?
What price the Victim pays for these relationships?
How to get rid of narcissistic traps?
I'll start with the description of the mechanism of the game.
Bait. Narcissus "dissolve your peacock's tail". He demonstrates his abundance and generosity, or does. It is as though all his views and actions tells you: "I'm bigger than it is. I'm special. I can give you something incredible (attention, sensitivity, involvement, love)". He looks knowledgeable, confident, self-sufficient, generous…
Deficit. The victim of a narcissist is some kind of deficit: attention, love, sensitivity and care. This deficit is associated with the experience of its previous contacts with significant others in which it remained "hungry". This scarcity of human needs, forming emotional dependence on the other and leading to the formation of the following: "the Other is something I do not!"
The prelude, or "dance of Narcissus". And then surrounded the Victim by a man who his whole appearance and behavior shows that he has excess what is missing from the Victim. Narcisse has two options illustrate the Sacrifice of its excess of deficiency:
First – it really demonstrates its capabilities: exhibits high attention, care, sensitivity, support, approval, acceptance, unconditional…
"The partner has demonstrated a total listening, maximum inclusion, thereby creating a sense of how I'm important to him that the whole world for him in me!"
Second – it creates a sense of visibility it has the above advantages. In this case, he doesn't even need anything to show, to demonstrate. It is important to behave so that the Victim believed that the daffodils have in abundance what it lacks.
"Finally, I met such a person.". "I am so lucky in life!".
Narcissus falls under the projective image of a perfect life partner, the Victim. This image is far from real I'm a narcissist, but a perfect match with its carefully created the false self, with which he identificireba. In the end, "Man on the pedestal", "a need to pray!"
Traps victims:
Illusion 1. The other is what I need.
The victim in the case of both the first and the second variant of behavior of the narcissist believes that something (what she needs) it has in abundance and that is something that can be easily and freely to this man – something she lacked in her life!
Narcissus lure the Victim. But as soon as the Victim is the first illusion, it takes it that first gave it abundantly, or hinted at it. "And then – Bang – it's gone! What am I doing wrong?"
Illusion 2. If I'm with him, I'm unique. The victim merges with a narcissist, her self-esteem from it increases. There is the experience of his chosen, unique. "With him I felt more confident, stronger." It seems that this kind of experiences are the psychological win, for what the Victim suffers devastating for these.
Illusion 3. If you try real hard, you can get what I need.
The task of the narcissist is to maintain the illusion of the Victim. It is important that the Victim not disappointed in them. To do this, the narcissist needs to periodically confirm the myth that he really is the fact that the Victim was missing and that she needed to try and then she'll get what you need. "I thought just needed a little more to try and I will get him the recognition and love…"
In the end, the narcissist creates a dependency on itself. It is unique and the only other such in the world. Do narcissist it's easy, he doesn't need something to play and pretend he is truly believes it is his image of himself.
At the same time it is constantly stressed that other insignificant, worthless. Here we meet with the internal resplendently Narcisse on the polarity of the "immense void". Identificeres with the image of a Grand himself, the narcissist projects Neprikasaemye the image itself is insignificant to your partner in order not to meet his shadow.
Everything the narcissist does not accept himself, he "discovers" from his partner. It begins actively to devalue. To do this, the narcissist uses gaslighting.
Gaslighting – a form of psychological abuse where one person, through psychological manipulation causes the other person to doubt the adequacy of their perception of reality, to consider themselves inferior, defective, abnormal, inadequate…
Use gaslighting Narcisse is easy, as the Victim of a narcissist is fully grounded on it, addicted to it. To rely on yourself for this time the Victim is already impossible, and to find understanding and support from others difficult.
Others, even close friends of the Victim can also fall under the charm of the narcissist.
Narcisse for other supports your beautiful, flawless look. Even if the Victim begins to seek support from other, pointing to the "dark side of the moon", while others eventually may sincerely wonder: "this can Not be!" "I know him. He's not!", "He's a lovely, lovely man", "You're so lucky with him!". "You underestimate him!" "You're a fat mad, what are you missing?".
As a result of such "support" the Victim only confirms the idea of their own inadequacy. A narcissist knows how to mislead others with respect to themselves, showing them to display its bright "peacock's tail".
The price of illusion – fallen through the floor self-esteem and complete dependence of the partner of the narcissist. This is a relationship that deny power, take power. The more experience such a relationship, the harder it is for the Victim to break free, to escape from them. "No power to change anything, my self-esteem plummeted down," "I feel weak, good-for-nothing!" The man is trapped by a narcissist: he can no longer rely on itself, and becomes dependent on a partner.
If the relationship still continue.
"Resuscitation of the soul."
As a result of the breakup of the Victim occurs a whole range of strong feelings – anger, hatred, resentment, disgust… these are the feelings that people regularly repress these relationships, eventually becoming insensitive to it. Despite the pain, which is accompanied by the appearance and accommodation of all the above feelings is an important healing process, which is return of sensation and the rebirth of the soul, its resuscitation.
Attempt to skip this stage and go directly to acceptance and forgiveness, of course, premature. It is impossible to accept something in yourself if the place is occupied by the negative. First you need to vacate the site, remove accumulated there deposits of withheld negative feelings to give to another what he meant, but was withheld. Only then there is an opportunity to leave. Go not physically but emotionally. To get to her. But this is only the first step on the path to him. Call it "resuscitation of the soul."
"Resuscitation I".
The next step is to work on "reanimation Me." Of the above-described toxic relationship is weak, dependent, insensitive to himself. The following is a description of the stages of work on the refinement and sense of identity: "I like people". Marked here are the basic directions for this work.
The return sensitivity to their own borders. The first stage is the recognition and acceptance of such importance in the feelings of aggression and disgust. The above feelings as no other, are the identifying markers of the violation of personal boundaries.
In the second stage, it is important to learn eco-friendly to handle these feelings. It is a question of choosing an optimal form of their presentation, depending on the prevailing situation. This work is in the modality of the I – sense. See more here
The restoration and strengthening of other modalities I – thoughts, desires, and possibilities. Important here is the search for and adoption of its I-desires is what I want? To do this, you may have to make a trip into the past – to remember that when the question "What do I want?" seemed more complex when I still lived in "Want" and not just mere "Need".
This also applies to work on "their thoughts" – "I think?". But it must be my own thoughts – what I really think! Even if they are contrary to public opinion, contrary to the opinion of the authorities.
Well, about modality – opportunities – What can I do? Here, as nowhere else important is the process of experimentation, performing voluntary actions-actions in which there is a new experience and feeling of "I can" is the building material for Me, to lean on. Work on the modality "I" is made after consideration of modalities "Feel", "Want", "Think".
Work on the identity "Woman".
The above described relationship with a narcissist have been highly detrimental to women's identity. Therefore, it is important to work on the opening, clarifying and building image of "I am Woman". Considering all of the same modality (want, feel, think), as in the case of the previous image of himself "I – Man". Basic reflective questions here are:
What I'm a Woman?
What I want as a Woman?
I feel like a Woman?
I think as a Woman?
What I can do as a Woman?
To go back to your never too late.
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If all of you are princesses of your own planet, why don't you SS protect your own planet and protect the moon? How come you only protect Sailor Moon's palace and not yours eh.What if your planet was being attacked and sailor moon too? Would you rather save your planet or SM?Any way why are you so tough armara? My brother says your gay because you act like a boy and dress up like a boy and sound like a boy??? I don't want to make you angry or mad but why do you do that eh?


text:
Le kirigami est, dans la culture japonaise, l'art du découpage du papier, et l'ensemble des œuvres en papier découpé qui en sont issues. Il se différencie de l'origami par la présence de découpes, en plus des pliages. Le mot , est composé de  et de . On parle également de .

Le kirigami inspire aujourd'hui les nanotechnologies et d'autres domaines technico-scientifiques.

Histoire

Les origines du kirigami remontent jusqu'en Chine, où l'on pratiquait l'art du jianzhi. Le jianzhi regroupe l'ensemble des techniques de pliage et de découpage du papier. Par la suite, le jianzhi s'est répandu dans le monde entier pour subir plusieurs changements. De cet art, sont apparus au Japon l'origami, le kumigami, le chigiri, le kirie, le kirigami, etc.

Puisque le kirigami n'a pas eu une très grande influence dans le monde en dehors du Japon, il n'y a pas beaucoup de documents étrangers sur cet art de manipulation du papier. On sait par contre, que l'usage le plus ancien du kirigami se faisait dans les cérémonies religieuses et dans les temples, principalement Shinto. Par la suite, il n'y a pas vraiment eu d'évolution, le kirigami a toujours gardé ses valeurs traditionnelles tout en suivant le progrès de sa parenté la plus proche, l'origami.

Aujourd'hui, le signe le plus populaire pour le kirigami est un éclair carré accroché dans les temples et sanctuaires shinto au Japon.

Sa popularité moderne est due à sa flexibilité. On peut retrouver le kirigami dans des formes simples, plus complexes ou même tridimensionnelles.

Le kirigami est répandu mondialement, même s'il n'a pas une aussi grande reconnaissance que l'origami :
 dans des cartes (on les ouvre et une image se déplie), il s'agit en fait du principe du livre animé, utilisant de la colle contrairement au kirigami ;
 dans des bricolages enfantins (par exemple les flocons de neige) ;
 dans des arts abstraits de papier découpé et plié ;
 dans des arts d'imprimerie ;
 dans quelques musées (surtout au Japon).

Techniques

Pour le kirigami, il n'y a aucune technique spécifique, par contre ci-dessous sont présentés des exemples de matériaux, types de plis et autres techniques utilisées généralement pour le kirigami.

Papiers et cartes
Afin de commencer un projet de type kirigami, il faut tout d'abord choisir le type de papier ou le type de carte que l'on souhaite utiliser. Il faut également prendre en considération la forme, les propriétés, le poids, l'épaisseur et la texture du papier, car ceci sera très important pour le résultat final. Parmi les types de papiers et cartes, on a :
 la carte blanche : papier ou carton blanc ;
 le papier coloré : s'assurer que le papier est purement de couleur, sinon les plis montrent le blanc du papier ;
 le papier recyclé : l'examiner avant de l'acheter, car ce type de papier comporte souvent des bosses, des fils, etc. ;
 le papier d'algues : il est recommandé mais coûte un peu plus cher que la norme ;
 le papier étendu : ce papier contient plusieurs fibres de lignes parallèles qui peuvent être distinguées facilement à l'œil nu ;
 les papiers à main, avec fibres végétales, de riz, stylisés, de coton, marbré et autres… Ces papiers sont très beaux et ont une texture clairement visible, ils sont faciles à manipuler mais plus délicats.

Le meilleur moyen pour déterminer le papier que l'on souhaite utiliser est de regarder si le pli qu'on obtient semble parfait ou non.

Outils de travail
Ci-dessous, une liste de plusieurs outils associés à la manipulation du papier en kirigami :
 cutter de précision ;
 ciseaux et couteaux ;
 crayon à mine ;
 crayons de couleur et « marqueurs » ;
 gomme à effacer ;
 compas ;
 règle ;
 plieur de ligne, «  » ;
 colle (de préférence sans vinyle) ;
 ruban gommé ;
 encre de Chine ;
 pinceaux et peinture ;
 autres.

Techniques de pli

Il existe plusieurs techniques de pli et différents noms pour ceux-ci, en voici quelques-uns (voir aussi Origami) :
 plis de vallée et plis de montagne (aussi plis concave, convexe, plis de carte) ;
 plis de 90 degrés ;
 effet tunnel ;
 plis de 0 degrés (2 plis du même côté) ;
 plis de 0 degrés (2 plis de différents côtés, aussi double 90 degrés, style Z) ;
 180 degrés ;
 modèle encoché de 180 degrés (aucun papier de support) ;
 plis parallèles ;
 plis convergents ;
 plis à générations ;
 plis à multiniveaux ;
 autres plis : pli simple, pli de masque

Kirigamistes notables
 Naomiki Sato
 Taketori est un artiste japonais créant des kirigami en forme d'insecte.
 Nakamura Haruki (), notamment connu pour ses bombes manchots (en anglais : penguins bombs).

Notes et références

Voir aussi

Bibliographie

Articles connexes
 Maquette en papier
 Origami
 Papier découpé
 Papier découpé chinois

Liens externes

  Yee's Job

Kirigami
Culture japonaise
Loisir créatif
Art au Japon
Art du papier

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Microsoft security alert.
Advisory overview
Qualys Vulnerability R&D Lab has released new vulnerability checks in the Qualys Cloud Platform to protect organizations against 20 vulnerabilities that were fixed in 8 bulletins announced today by Microsoft. Customers can immediately audit their networks for these and other new vulnerabilities by accessing their Qualys subscription. Visit Qualys Security Blog to prioritize remediation.
Non-Qualys customers can audit their network for these and other vulnerabilities by signing up for a Qualys Free Trial, or by trying Qualys Community Edition.
Microsoft has released 8 security bulletins to fix newly discovered flaws in their software. Qualys has released the following checks for these new vulnerabilities:
Microsoft Active Accessibility Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (MS11-075)
Critical 4
Qualys ID
Vendor Reference
CVE Reference
Base 9.3 / Temporal 6.9
The Microsoft Active Accessibility component is a Component Object Model (COM)-based technology that improves the way accessibility aids work with applications running on Microsoft Windows.
Microsoft Active Accessibility is prone to a vulnerability that is the result of the Microsoft Active Accessibility component improperly restricting the path used for loading external libraries.
Microsoft has released a security update that addresses the vulnerability by correcting the manner in which the Microsoft Active Accessibility component loads external libraries.
This security update is rated Important for all supported releases of Microsoft Windows.
Windows Embedded Systems:- For additional information regarding security updates for embedded systems, refer to the following MSDN blog(s):
March 2012 Security Updates for XPe SP3 and Standard 2009 Are Now on ECE (KB2564958)
April 2012 Security Updates are Live on ECE for XPe and Standard 2009 (KB2564958)
Exploitation could allow an attacker to execute arbitrary code.
Following are links for downloading patches to fix the vulnerabilities:
Windows XP Service Pack 3
Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 2
Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition Service Pack 2
Windows Server 2003 with SP2 for Itanium-based Systems
Windows Vista Service Pack 2
Windows Vista x64 Edition Service Pack 2
Windows 7 for 32-bit Systems and Windows 7 for 32-bit Systems Service Pack 1
Windows 7 for x64-based Systems and Windows 7 for x64-based Systems Service Pack 1
Windows Server 2008 R2 for x64-based Systems and Windows Server 2008 R2 for x64-based Systems Service Pack 1
Windows Server 2008 R2 for Itanium-based Systems and Windows Server 2008 R2 for Itanium-based Systems Service Pack 1
Refer to Microsoft Security Bulletin MS11-075 for further details.
Microsoft Windows Media Center Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (MS11-076)
This security update resolves a publicly disclosed vulnerability in Windows Media Center. The security update addresses the vulnerability by correcting the manner in which Windows Media Center loads external libraries.
This security update is rated Important for all supported editions of Windows Vista and Windows 7; and Windows Media Center TV Pack for Windows Vista.
The vulnerability could allow remote code execution if an attacker convinces a user to open a legitimate file that is located in the same network directory as a specially crafted dynamic link library (DLL) file. Then, while opening the legitimate file, Windows Media Center could attempt to load the DLL file and execute any code it contained.
For an attack to be successful, a user must visit an untrusted remote file system location or WebDAV share and open a legitimate file.
Windows Media Center TV Pack for Windows Vista (32-bit editions)
Microsoft Windows Kernel-Mode Drivers Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (MS11-077)
CVE-2011-1985, CVE-2011-2002, CVE-2011-2003, CVE-2011-2011
This security update resolves four privately reported vulnerabilities in Microsoft Windows.
The security update addresses the vulnerabilities by correcting the way that the Windows kernel-mode drivers validate input passed from user mode, handle the TrueType font type, allocate the proper buffer size before writing to memory, and manage kernel-mode driver objects.
October 2011 Security Updates are Live on ECE for XPe and Standard 2009 (KB2567053)
The most severe of these vulnerabilities could allow remote code execution if a user opens a specially crafted font file (such as a .fon file) in a network share, a UNC or WebDAV location, or an e-mail attachment. For a remote attack to be successful, a user must visit an untrusted remote file system location or WebDAV share and open the specially crafted font file, or open the file as an e-mail attachment.
Microsoft .NET Framework and Silverlight Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (MS11-078)
The Microsoft .NET Framework is a software framework for computers running Microsoft Windows operating systems.
A remote code execution vulnerability exists in the way that the Microsoft .NET Framework and Silverlight framework restrict inheritance within classes.
This security update is rated Critical for Microsoft .NET Framework 1.0 Service Pack 3, Microsoft .NET Framework 1.1 Service Pack 1, Microsoft .NET Framework 2.0 Service Pack 2, Microsoft .NET Framework 3.5.1, and Microsoft .NET Framework 4 on all supported editions of Microsoft Windows; and Microsoft Silverlight 4.
October 2011 Security Updates are Live on ECE for XPe and Standard 2009 (KB2572078, 2572073)
Successfully exploiting this vulnerability might allow a remote attacker to execute arbitrary code.
Windows XP Service Pack 3 (Microsoft .NET Framework 1.0 Service Pack 3)
Windows XP Service Pack 3 (Microsoft .NET Framework 4)
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition Service Pack 2 (Microsoft .NET Framework 1.1 Service Pack 1)
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition Service Pack 2 (Microsoft .NET Framework 4)
Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 2 (Microsoft .NET Framework 1.1 Service Pack 1)
Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 2 (Microsoft .NET Framework 4)
Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition Service Pack 2 (Microsoft .NET Framework 1.1 Service Pack 1)
Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition Service Pack 2 (Microsoft .NET Framework 4)
Windows Server 2003 with SP2 for Itanium-based Systems (Microsoft .NET Framework 1.1 Service Pack 1)
Windows Server 2003 with SP2 for Itanium-based Systems (Microsoft .NET Framework 4)
Windows Vista Service Pack 2 (Microsoft .NET Framework 1.1 Service Pack 1)
Microsoft Silverlight 4
For a complete list of patch download links, please refer to Microsoft Security Bulletin MS11-078.
Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway Remote Code Execution Vulnerability (MS11-079)
CVE-2011-1895, CVE-2011-1896, CVE-2011-1897, CVE-2011-1969, CVE-2011-2012
Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway (UAG) is a reverse proxy and VPN solution that provides secure remote access to corporate networks for remote employees and business partners.
An HTTP response splitting vulnerability exists in Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway (UAG) server where JavaScript can be injected back to the user in the resulting page, effectively allowing attacker-controlled JavaScript to run in the context of the user clicking the link. (CVE-2011-1895)
An XSS vulnerability exists in Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway (UAG) server where JavaScript can be injected back to the user in the resulting page, effectively allowing attacker-controlled JavaScript to run in the context of the user clicking the link. (CVE-2011-1896)
Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway (UAG) applies a signed Java applet that can be leveraged by malicious Web sites to cause remote code execution on any Java-enabled Web browser. (CVE-2011-1969)
A denial of service vulnerability exists in implementations of Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway (UAG). When this occurs, an attacker could leverage the vulnerability to stop the IIS worker process and deny access to Web services on the affected system. (CVE-2011-2012)
Affected Software:
Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway 2010
Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway 2010 Update 1
Microsoft Forefront Unified Access Gateway 2010 Service Pack 1
An attacker who successfully exploits this vulnerability could read content that the attacker is not authorized to read, use the victim's identity to take actions on behalf of the victim, and inject malicious content in the browser of the victim and crash the web server on the affected UAG machine.
Microsoft Ancillary Function Driver Elevation of Privileges Vulnerability (MS11-080)
Base 7.2 / Temporal 6
The Ancillary Function Driver (AFD) supports Windows sockets applications and is contained in the afd.sys file.
An elevation of privilege vulnerability exists where the Ancillary Function Driver (afd.sys) improperly validates input passed from user mode to the kernel.
Microsoft has released a security update that addresses the vulnerability by correcting the way that AFD validates input before passing the input from user mode to the Windows kernel.
This security update is rated Important.
If this vulnerability is successfully exploited, a local attacker can execute arbitrary code and take complete control of an affected system.
Microsoft Internet Explorer Cumulative Security Update (MS11-081)
CVE-2011-1993, CVE-2011-1995, CVE-2011-1996, CVE-2011-1997, CVE-2011-1998, CVE-2011-1999, CVE-2011-2000, CVE-2011-2001
Microsoft Internet Explorer is a Web browser available for Microsoft Windows.
When Internet Explorer attempts to access an object that has been deleted or a dereferenced memory address or a corrupted virtual function table, it may corrupt memory in such a way that an attacker could execute arbitrary code in the context of the logged-on user.
Microsoft has released an update that addresses the vulnerabilities by modifying the way that Internet Explorer handles objects in memory and the way that Internet Explorer allocates and accesses memory.
This security update is rated Critical for Internet Explorer on Windows clients and Moderate for Internet Explorer on Windows servers.
The most severe vulnerabilities could allow remote code execution if a user views a specially crafted Web page using Internet Explorer. An attacker who successfully exploits any of these vulnerabilities could gain the same user rights as the local user.
Windows XP Service Pack 3 (Internet Explorer 6)
Windows XP Professional x64 Edition Service Pack 2 (Internet Explorer 6)
Windows Server 2003 Service Pack 2 (Internet Explorer 6)
Windows Server 2003 x64 Edition Service Pack 2 (Internet Explorer 6)
Windows Server 2003 with SP2 for Itanium-based Systems (Internet Explorer 6)
Windows Vista Service Pack 2 (Internet Explorer 7)
Windows Vista x64 Edition Service Pack 2 (Internet Explorer 7)
Windows Server 2008 for 32-bit Systems Service Pack 2 (Internet Explorer 7)
Windows Server 2008 for x64-based Systems Service Pack 2 (Internet Explorer 7)
Windows Server 2008 for Itanium-based Systems Service Pack 2 (Internet Explorer 7)
Microsoft Host Integration Server Denial of Service Vulnerability (MS11-082)
CVE-2011-2007, CVE-2011-2008
Base 5 / Temporal 4.1
Microsoft Host Integration Server (HIS) is a gateway application providing connectivity between Microsoft Windows Networks and IBM mainframe and AS/400 systems.
Microsoft Host Integration Server is prone to a denial of service vulnerability that is caused due to improper input validation when Host Integration Server processes specially crafted network traffic. (CVE-2011-2008,CVE-2011-2007)
Microsoft Host Integration Server 2004 Service Pack 1
Microsoft Host Integration Server 2009
A remote, anonymous attacker who exploits this vulnerability could cause the affected SNA Server service and all dependent services to stop responding.
These new vulnerability checks are included in Qualys vulnerability signature 1.28.241-4. Each Qualys account is automatically updated with the latest vulnerability signatures as they become available. To view the vulnerability signature version in your account, from the Qualys Help menu, select the About tab.
Selective Scan Instructions Using Qualys
To perform a selective vulnerability scan, configure a scan profile to use the following options:
Ensure access to TCP ports 135 and 139 are available.
Enable Windows Authentication (specify Authentication Records).
Enable the following Qualys IDs:
If you would like the scan to return the Windows Hostname, also include QID 82044 and ensure access to UDP port 137 is available.
If you would like to be notified if Qualys is unable to log on to a host (if Authentication fails), also include QID 105015.
In addition, prior to running a scan for these new vulnerabilities, you can estimate your exposure to these new threats by running the Risk Analysis Report, available from the Qualys Vulnerability Management Reports tab.
Access for Qualys Customers
Platforms and Platform Identification
For more information, customers may contact Qualys Technical Support.
About Qualys
The Qualys Cloud Platform and its integrated suite of security and compliance applications provides organizations of all sizes with a global view of their security and compliance solutions, while drastically reducing their total cost of ownership. Qualys solutions include: continuous monitoring, vulnerability management, policy compliance, PCI compliance, security assessment questionnaire, web application scanning, web application firewall, malware detection and SECURE Seal for security testing of web sites.


text:
<?php

/* This document is meant to follow PSR-1 and PSR-2 php-fig standards
   http://www.php-fig.org/psr/psr-1/
   http://www.php-fig.org/psr/psr-2/ */

/**
 * A concrete implementation of a basic leaf
 *
 * @see Falcraft\Data\Types\Resource\AbstractLeaf
 *
 * @copyright Copyright 2015 Asher Wolfstein
 * @author Asher Wolfstein <asherwunk@gmail.com>
 * @link http://wunk.me/ The author's URL
 * @link http://www.furdev.com/primus-artificial-intelligence-framework/ Framework URL
 * @license http://opensource.org/licenses/MIT
 * @package Data
 * @subpackage Structures
 * @category Types
 *
 */

/**
 * Falcraft Libraries Data Types Namespace
 *
 */
namespace Falcraft\Data\Types
{
    require_once(realpath( __DIR__ . '/../../') . '/falcraftLoad.php');

    /*
     * LeafInterface.php - The identifying interface of a leaf, that which is
     *                     checked against
     *
     */

    $includes = array('/Data/Types/Resource/LeafInterface.php',
                      '/Data/Types/Resource/AbstractLeaf.php',);

    falcraftLoad($includes, __FILE__);

    use Falcraft\Data\Types\Resource as TypesResource;

    /**
     * Leaf Class
     *
     * Inherits from Abstract, identity and configuration, this implements
     * the data storage.
     *
     * CHANGELOG
     *
     * 1.0: Created Module - February 7th, 2014
     * 1.1: Repurposed to Leaf - February 9th, 2014
     *         Documented Leaf - February 21st, 2014
     * 2.0: Incorporated AbstractLeaf into Primus - August 26th, 2015
     *
     * @abstract
     *
     * @version 2.0
     *
     */
    class Leaf extends TypesResource\AbstractLeaf implements
        TypesResource\LeafInterface
    {
        /**
         * The Leaf's Data Property
         *
         * @var mixed
         *
         */
        private $data;

        /**
         * Get the data associated with the leaf
         *
         * @return mixed The data
         *
         */
        public function getData()
        {
            return $this->data;
        }

        /**
         * Set the data to be associated with the leaf
         *
         * @param mixed $data The data
         *
         */
        public function setData($data = null)
        {
            $this->data = $data;
        }

    }

}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Alessandro Manni (born 16 February 1974) is a retired Italian footballer who played as a midfielder.

He played 1 game in the Serie A in the 1995/96 season for Udinese Calcio.

See also
Football in Italy
List of football clubs in Italy

References

External links

1974 births
Living people
People from Terni
Italian footballers
Serie A players
Serie B players
Ternana Calcio players
Udinese Calcio players
S.S. Fidelis Andria 1928 players
A.C. Prato players
Benevento Calcio players
S.S. Teramo Calcio players
U.S. Viterbese 1908 players
Vis Pesaro dal 1898 players
Footballers from Umbria
Association football midfielders
Sportspeople from the Province of Terni


In a world where pregnancy expectations have reached Kim-Kardashian-outfit-with-Victoria's-Secret-Angel-body heights, it's refreshing to get a dose of reality that still assures you don't have to lose your cool whilst pregnant.
We just couldn't help ourselves.
Fashion has become much less about fun and whimsy, and more about the perfect façade.
Are millennials the customers of the future?


text:
Turkish army conducts 9th round of patrols in Manbij
First patrols by Turkish and US troops in region were carried out on June 18
The Turkish military on Wednesday completed its ninth round of patrolling in the northern Syrian city of Manbij as part of a deal with the U.S. to rid the area of the terror group YPG/PKK.
In a message posted on its official Twitter account, the Turkish General Staff said that both countries' forces conducted separate coordinated patrols in the area between the Operation Euphrates Shield region and Manbij.
The first patrols by both Turkish and U.S. troops in the region began on June 18.
The Manbij deal between Turkey and the U.S. focuses on the withdrawal of the PKK-affiliated YPG terror group from the city in order to stabilize the region.
In its more than 30-year terror campaign against Turkey, the PKK has taken some 40,000 lives, including those of women and children. The YPG/PKK is its Syrian branch.
Should the Manbij model prove to be a success, Turkey will push for a similar arrangement in eastern Syria.
Turkey has said the presence of terror forces near its border constitute a threat and has launched military operations and other efforts to rid the region of terrorists.
#turkish army,
#manbij
Türkiye becomes diplomatic hub in 2022 with mediations, international events
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