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Education Law Center
SEARCH EDUCATION LAW CENTER
Annual Awards Reception
Litigation Strategy
Building Capacity
State Profiles
As a nonprofit organization, ELC relies on the generous contributions of individuals, corporations and foundations to support our work.
CHRISTIE'S FAILURE TO FUND THE FORMULA FOUR YEARS RUNNING
Schools Could be Underfunded by $1.2 billion in FY14
Governor Christie's proposed FY14 school aid budget drastically underfunds schools by ignoring the essential provisions of the School Funding Reform Act (SFRA). According to the Office of Legislative Services' previously released estimates of full funding under SFRA, the Governor proposes underfunding schools in FY14 by approximately $1.2 billion. [Click here to see the underfunding of SFRA by school district; choose the second tab, "FY14 v. SFRA," located above the title, "Governor's Proposed FY14 State Aid."]
For the second year in a row, and despite the Legislature's objections, the Governor has modified the SFRA by reducing the formula's "weights," or the additional funding for at-risk students and English language learners. In addition, the Governor's budget uses "average daily attendance" (ADA) to adjust enrollment counts, and "phases in" the year-to-year increases many districts are owed. Nearly all districts (545 out of 580) received less state aid under the Governor's proposal than they would have if the SFRA were fully funded.
The failure to fund the formula affects districts across the state, but falls particularly hard on the state's low- and middle-income districts. On average, the highest wealth districts have a funding gap of about $500 per pupil, while the lowest wealth districts' gap is twice that at $1,000 per pupil. Similarly, districts with more poor and black and Hispanic students are more affected than wealthy districts and districts serving mostly white students.
The continuous underfunding is also leading to an increase, rather than a reduction, in the number of districts spending below "adequacy," what the SFRA defines as the resources required to provide a "thorough and efficient" education. Due to increasing costs and the failure to provide districts with their state aid increases, the number of below adequacy districts has grown to 278. That's 42 more districts than last year, and 79 more than in FY10, the year before Christie took office.
Not surprisingly, the below adequacy districts bear the brunt of the underfunding, losing out on a total of $867 million, or an average of $1,000 per pupil. Without the required levels of funding, these districts will be unable to provide the programs and services necessary to provide a quality education, especially for disadvantaged students.
The level of underfunding is staggering in some of the state's largest districts. Newark is underfunded by over $50 million, while at the same time facing a $56 million budget gap that will result in massive cuts to schools. Paterson is also losing out on $50 million. Elizabeth and North Bergen should each be receiving an additional $32 million in state aid, while Bayonne is entitled to an extra $23 million.
Other smaller, low-wealth and below adequacy districts are receiving thousands of dollars less per student than SFRA requires. The two districts with the largest funding gaps on a per pupil basis are Woodlynne Borough, which should be receiving an additional $4,580 per student, and East Newark, which is shortchanged by $3,978. These two districts have student poverty rates nearing 90%, and have many students learning English or requiring Special Education services.
"The Governor's unwillingness to follow the State's school funding formula, for the fourth year in a row, and his unilateral reformulation of the most essential elements of the SFRA are hurting at-risk students all across the state," said David Sciarra, ELC Executive Director. "The Legislature must continue to stand up for the SFRA so that all districts have the resources necessary to educate all students so they are college and career ready."
CHRISTIE ADMINISTRATION'S STEALTH TAX WIPES OUT SCHOOL AID INCREASES
STATE-OPERATED NEWARK SCHOOLS FACE STAGGERING $57 MILLION BUDGET DEFICIT
NJ DISTRICTS STILL REELING FROM GOVERNOR CHRISTIE'S $1 BILLION FUNDING CUT IN FY11
Sharon Krengel
Policy and Outreach Director
skrengel@edlawcenter.org
973-624-1815, x 24
Copyright © 2011-2019 Education Law Center, Inc. All rights reserved.


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Home Movies Brad Pitt, Meryl Streep, Albert Brooks, Jessica Chastain Win NY Film Critics
Brad Pitt, Meryl Streep, Albert Brooks, Jessica Chastain Win NY Film Critics
■Movies
by Roger Friedman - November 29, 2011 8:37 am
The New York Film Critics Circle has chosen Brad Pitt for Best Actor in "Moneyball" and "Tree of Life," Meryl Streep for Best actress in "The Iron Lady," Albert Brooks for "Drive" Best Supporting Actor, Jessica Chastain for Best Supporting Actress for three movies: "The Help," "The Tree of Life," and "Take Shelter." JC Chandor's "Margin Call" is Best First Feature. Werner Herzog's "Cave of Forgotten Dreams" is best non fiction film. "Separation" from Sony Pictures Classics is Best Foreign Film.
"Margin Call" beat Sean Durkin's much loved "Martha Marcy May Marlene" with Elizabeth Olsen in that category.
The NYFCC is voting right now for its annual awards. The Critics organization had planned to vote yesterday but had to put it off so they could see David Fincher's "The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo," a late entry. One movie for this season, Stephen Daldry's "Extremely Close and Incredibly Loud," was skipped entirely because it wasn't ready. Even so, not all the critics in the group had a chance to see Angelina Jolie's debut as a director, "In the Land of Blood and Honey," set in Bosnia. The group's voting goes on for a few hours beginning at 9:30am, with results coming intermittently. Check here and check our Twitter feed–@showbiz411–to see what the heck is going on.
Michael Jackson New "Immortal" Album Sells A Sad 45,000 Copies
Spirit Award Noms: The Artist, Descendants, Drive, etc
Take a Load off Fanny: Toronto Film Festival Will Open with Robbie Robertson-The Band Doc "Once Were Brothers"

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Green or gold? Open access after Finch
The Working Group on Expanding Access to Published Research Findings reported to the UK's Minister of Universities and Science in mid-2012. This was followed by a new policy for open access (OA) publishing by Research Councils UK (RCUK) as well as a commitment from the Higher Education Funding Council for England (HEFCE) to require that research submitted to future research evaluation exercises – after the 2014 Research Excellence Framework (REF) – be open access. These initiatives build on a broad consensus, that includes for-profit publishers, that open access is the way of the future. Here, I give a perspective on these issues, both as the head of an institution with particular interests in the future of scholarly publication and also as a member of the Working Group on Expanding Access. The continuing development of informed debate will be critical for the future of the scholarly publishing system.
Insights: Vol. 25 Issue 3: p. 235
Frederick Friend: Where we are now in opening research results and ...
Open Access Explained! - YouTube
Frederick Friend: Where we are now in opening rese...


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Sunamp Signs Agreement with Thumos to Roll-Out Energy Saving Products in China
Sunamp has signed an agreement during COP26 to collaborate with distribution company Thumos to expand sales of its high energy density, high power density thermal batteries into residential and commercial markets in China.
The memorandum of understanding is expected to lead to £50 million in sales for Sunamp over the next five years and to lead to the establishment of a Sunamp factory in China.
The thermal storage company, which has its global headquarters and manufacturing facility in Scotland, is already active in 17 countries worldwide. The company recently opened its first factory under licence in Korea.
Sunamp will be exhibiting at EMEX this year, and you can visit their stand at D19.
400 Heat Batteries to be Rolled-Out in China
Sunamp and Thumos have already committed to working together to roll out 400 Heat Batteries into high-end apartments of the prestige Hitime projects in Shanghai and into a large pipeline of projects across China.
Sunamp compact thermal storage products use the company's Plentigrade patented phase change material formulation, which stores 4x more energy than water, to reduce energy consumption and carbon emissions associated with heating and cooling in buildings.
Picture: a photograph of Andrew Bissell
Sunamp Chief Executive Andrew Bissell said: "Ahead of the United Nations climate summit, China's State Council declared the share of non-fossil fuels in the country's energy consumption will increase to 25 per cent by 2030, that's nine percentage points higher than it was in 2020. Our products have a role to play in that transition by increasing the efficiency of renewables and we are excited by the opportunity to collaborate with Thumos to significantly expand our sales in China.
"Together we will continue to develop and commercialise innovative low carbon systems for heating and cooling, including electric water heater products and air-source heat pump water heater products based on our Plentigrade phase change material."
Mr Chengyong Kang, Founder and CEO of Thumos, said: "Thumos is excited to sign the strategic cooperation agreement with Sunamp, which also signifies the beginning of in-depth cooperation between China and the UK in the commercialisation of PCM thermal energy storage. Thumos is committed to promoting the sustainable development of renewable energy and the environment in a digital way, to utilise the off-peak power and waste heat through residential and commercial projects, helping to achieve China's carbon-neutral goal and promoting the green and low-carbon transformation of global energy. Our collaboration with Sunamp will accelerate the pace of commercial expansion in the Chinese market and lead the development of a broader green energy market."
Picture: a photograph of an operative in a factory working on a heat battery
Article written by Ella Tansley | Published 16 November 2021
SUNAMP – EMEX 2021 | Focus Interview
SUNAMP thermal energy storage technology uses patented Phase Change Materials to make buildings more energy-efficient and sustainable while reducing carbon emissions. CEO...
Aceleron Launches Residential Battery Energy Storage System to Support a Circular Economy
Award-winning clean technology company, Aceleron, has launched the world's first serviceable, upgradable and scalable residential battery energy storage...
The University of Birmingham Partners with Siemens to Create the Smartest University Campus in the World
Siemens is partnering with the University of Birmingham to create the world's smartest university campus. The University of Birmingham, in partnership with...
Emissis – Coolnomix – EMEX 2021 | Focus Interview
Continuing our EMEX Focus Interview series, James Beck from Emissis introduces their latest energy reduction technology. Emissis delivers a powerful suite of solutions...
Bosch – EMEX 2021 | Focus Interview
Launching Bosch's new smart metering energy monitoring solution, we spoke to Andrew Hayward at this year's EMEX. Bosch's Phantom Edge is an AIoT...
Power Capacitors Ltd – EMEX 2021 | Focus Interview
As part of our EMEX Focus Interview series, meet Phil Bond from Power Capacitors Ltd, specialists in all aspects of Power Quality for over 45 years. Power Capacitors...
Deer Technology – EMEX 2021 | Focus Interview
As part of our EMEX Focus Interview series, meet Craig Mellor from Deer Technology, a Welsh-based product development and technology company. Deer Technology develops...
Clarke Energy – EMEX 2021 | Focus Interview
Andy Cooper, UK Sales Manager at Clarke Energy, joins us to discuss CHP technology and other energy solutions. Clarke Energy, a KOHLER Company, is a...
Pilot Group – EMEX 2021 | Focus Interview
In another of our EMEX Focus Interview series, we welcome Phoebe Baker, Account Manager from Pilot Group. The Pilot Group help businesses to be more...
Energise – EMEX 2021 | Focus Interview
In another of our EMEX Focus Interview series, we welcome Simon Alsbury from Energise, the net-zero consultancy. Specialising in...


what3words is a global addressing system based on a grid of 57 trillion 3mx3m squares.
Each square has been allocated a unique, fixed 3 word address.
Poor addressing is costly & annoying in some developed countries, but around the world it hampers the growth and development of nations, ultimately costing lives.


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Q: AWS CDK Java - Template format error: Mappings element count 0 should be greater than 0 I would like to use AWS CDK with Java to create one simple VPC, with a public subnet, a security group and a EC2 instance. The Java class is the following, very simple:
public class CDKStack extends Stack {
public CDKStack(final Construct scope, final String id) {
    this(scope, id, null);
}

public CDKStack(final Construct scope, final String id, final StackProps props) {
    super(scope, id, props);

    // Create public subnet
    SubnetConfiguration publicSubnet = SubnetConfiguration.builder()
            .name("public-subnet")
            .subnetType(SubnetType.PUBLIC)
            .cidrMask(24)
            .build();
    List<SubnetConfiguration> subnetList = new ArrayList<>();
    subnetList.add(publicSubnet);

    // Create VPC with subnet above
    Vpc vpc = new Vpc(this, "vpc-from-ckd", VpcProps.builder()
            .cidr("10.0.0.0/16")
            .maxAzs(1)
            .subnetConfiguration(subnetList)
            .build());

    // Create the Security Group inside the VPC
    SecurityGroup securityGroup = new SecurityGroup(this, "sg-cdk-java", SecurityGroupProps.builder()
            .vpc(vpc)
            .allowAllOutbound(true)
            .build());

    // Create image and EC2 instance
    final GenericLinuxImage genericLinuxImage = new GenericLinuxImage(Collections.emptyMap());

    Instance.Builder.create(this, "EC2 from CDK")
            .instanceType(new InstanceType("t2.micro"))
            .machineImage(genericLinuxImage)
            .securityGroup(securityGroup)
            .vpc(vpc)
            .build();
  }
}

Though, when I run cdk deploy (on Windows 10) I get the following error that I do not understand:
CDKStack: deploying...
CDKStack: creating CloudFormation changeset...

 ❌  CDKStack failed: Error [ValidationError]: Template format error: Mappings element count 0 should be greater than 0

Any help that could clarify what I'm doing wrong would be really appreciated, as I am going through samples and API documentation, but I cannot figure it out.

A: After some more search, I paid more attention to the error message and realized that Mappings refers to the Cloudformation Mappings (sounds obvious now that I think about it, but from the error message it is absolutely not clear, it seems more a verb in a sentence) and from their example in the official doc I thought it could be related to the environment variables.
So, I set them explicitly in the Java class and now it works:
.env(Environment.builder()
    .account("1234567890")
    .region("aws-region-name")
    .build())

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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"Chefe Sealth" (Ts'ial-la-kum), mais conhecido atualmente como Chefe Seattle (ou ainda Sealth, "Seathle", Seathl ou See-ahth) ( 1786 — 7 de Junho de 1866), foi líder das tribos Suquamish e Duwamish, no que hoje é o estado americano de Washington. Uma personalidade muito conhecida entre seu povo, ele lutou por uma forma de acomodar os colonos brancos, criando uma relação pessoal com o Doutor David Swinson "Doc" Maynard, um dos pais fundadores da cidade de Seattle, Washington, que ganhou este nome em homenagem a ele.

Um discurso amplamente divulgado argumentando em favor da responsabilidade ecológica e do respeito ao direito dos nativos americanos em relação à terra tem sido atribuída-lhe. Contudo, as evidências indicam que a famosa "Carta do Cacique Seattle" tenha sido escrita muito depois, para defender a causa ecológica. Existe apenas uma transcrição do que o Cacique Seattle disse em 1854, feita pelo Dr. Henry Smith, que publicou suas memórias em 1887, 33 anos após. De acordo com Smith, o cacique simplesmente agradecia a generosidade do Presidente dos E.U.A. em comprar as suas terras.

Ligações externas
 The Suquamish Tribe - Port Madison Indian Reservation (A Tribo Suquámish - Reserva Indígena de Port Mádison
 http://www.culturabrasil.org/seattle1.htm

http://www.humanecologyreview.org/pastissues/her71/71abruzzi.pdf

http://www.snopes.com/quotes/seattle.asp

Indígenas dos Estados Unidos
Naturais de Washington
Chefes ameríndios
!Mais Teoria da História na Wiki (Povos originários)
Nascidos em 1786
Mortos em 1866

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Yearly meeting for all board members and members. This meeting is to discuss the past year, what is coming up for 2019, budget, membership, and election or re-election of board members.
Committee meeting to discuss upcoming events, promotions, and marketing campaigns for CVA and Coast Village Road. Open to board members and members.
Monthly meeting for all board members and members.
To be held at The Montecito Inn board room.
Join your local retail community in hosting a curated fashion event. By coordinating events at participating partners, we will help drive a critical mass of traffic to our street looking to experience a variety of fashion inspired events. Potential customers can walk from business to business and ideally every type of business can benefit from increased traffic. The CVA will promote all participants with ads in the Montecito Journal, outreach to area hotels and resorts, on our social media channels, and more. We will also supply you with a CVCC graphics to feature on your own email and social channels.
To participate you must be located on Coast Village Road or Circle, or Los Patos Way, and be a current FULL MEMBER of the CVA. If interested please email your logo to coastvillagesb@gmail.com and list the type of event you are hosting. The event is not intended to be discount or sale driven but instead offer a unique and limited time experience to your customers, i.e. a trunk show, designer appearance, made to measure event, pop-up. We ask each participant to also offer refreshments and/of small bites.
This is a retail driven event but we hope that many different types of business take advantage of the weekend including salons, wine shops, restaurants and real estate offices.
While not officially sponsored by the CVA, this event has taken on a life of its own! We anticipate about 1500-2000 trick-or-treaters to descend on our street, so be sure you are stocked with candy and patience!
Everything's coming up Rosé as we celebrate this trending varietal! Join us for an evening by the sea at Coral Casino Beach and Cabana Club with a large selection of champagne and rosé, oysters' shucked seaside, Sushi made to order, decadent caviar pasta and a glass, or two, of your favorite pink drink.
You're invited! Come on our and meet your fellow businesses and neighbors. We're also inviting hospitality heads to meet you and learn more about your business so they can tell guests why they need to come see you on Coast ViIlage!
We'll also (belatedly) announce the winners of the Holiday Decorating Contest, and let you know what the CVA is up to! We truly hope you'll join us for this casual and fun event.
It's the Shop Local Social event of the year on Coast Village Rd! Visit Coast Village during our Spring Fling, and you'll be supporting locally-owned and operated businesses AND the heroic Santa Barbara Bucket Brigade! Merchants are offering special discounts and some delicious nibblies will be out for your sampling pleasure!


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Book Review: Multicultural Politics of Recognition and Postcolonial Citizenship
t11editor / May 26, 2020
Rachel Busbridge
Multicultural Politics of Recognition and Postcolonial Citizenship
(Routledge, 2017)
Reviewed by Nicolas Pirsoul (Australian Catholic University)
(This is a prepublication version of this review. The published version is available in Thesis Eleven Journal, on the T11 Sage website)
The rise of populist right wing parties and movements in Western democratic countries over the past decade highlights the continuing tensions and unease over questions of national identity, immigration, and multiculturalism. Academic research on the recognition of minority groups in Western societies, therefore, remains as relevant today as it was when the literature on recognition first flourished in the early 90's. Rachel Busbridge's book on recognition and postcolonial citizenship is a particularly relevant addition to the literature on recognition in multicultural societies as its aim is to analyse how struggles for recognition can reshape citizens' understanding of the nation and its institutions. More specifically, Busbridge's book offers a political approach to the theory of recognition that goes beyond intersubjective relations of recognition to encompass the ways the nation frames the relations of recognition between groups while also being transformed and reshaped by struggles for recognition. The author argues that this process of rearticulation of norms and identities leads to what she calls a "postcolonial citizenship" which she considers as a supplement to multicultural citizenship. There is currently a lack of literature on the relationship between recognition, national institutions, and national identities that this book partially remedies.
The book focuses on Australia and the introductory chapter highlights the tensions between ideas of national belonging and cultural diversity. The author illustrates and introduces these tensions by discussing the populist nationalist Reclaim Australia movement. In this chapter, the author makes the pertinent argument that while "conceptions of nation play an important role in contemporary experiences of misrecognition in Western multicultural contexts" (Busbridge, 2017), other approaches to nation, which are less exclusionary, are possible. Busbrige argues that minorities usually do, in fact, appeal to the idea of nation to make their claims by trying to push and expend the boundaries of the national imaginary. This is an interesting claim as it is usually understood that nationalism, by definition, is hostile to minorities while, in fact, some subaltern groups do express strong attachments to the nation. The indigenous Zapatista protests of the 90's and early 2000's in Mexico is a good example of subaltern identities expending and reappropriating the meaning of the nation (Muñoz Ramirez, 2008). Busbrige, therefore, makes a useful distinction between the Nationalism of far-right and populist movements and a small-n nationalism that relates to an approach to nation that contests the preconceived meanings of national identity.
Chapters two, three, and four set the theoretical framework by reviewing debates on the relationship between the theory of recognition and literature on nationalism, postcolonialism, and feminism. I found Busbridge's inclusion of Fanon's criticism of Hegelian recognition in colonial contexts through Glen Sean Coulhard's research on indigenous people (chapter three) particularly illuminating on the ambiguities that arise from the materialisation of the theory of recognition in settler societies: in a colonial context, the Hegelian ideal of mutual recognition between equals does not materialise but instead reproduces relations of domination under a new, in appearance more humane, light. Importantly, however, as the author points out, this criticism does not mean that Fanon was an anti-recognition thinker as such, but, instead, that the ideal (and implementation) of recognition needs to be thought of carefully to avoid reproducing subtle forms of misrecognition in a colonial context.
Chapters five and six offer two interesting case studies. After discussing the reasons for global hostility towards Muslims, chapter five discusses the struggle for recognition of Muslim communities in Australia with a particular emphasis on their attempts to challenge demeaning stereotypes through popular culture and the use of humour. Busbridge decided to illustrate these attempts by focusing her attention on the disruptive discourses emerging from two comedy shows: Salam Café and Fear of a Brown Planet. Chapter six discusses the struggle for recognition of the nation's Aboriginal people. In that chapter, after giving an informative historical overview of Australian misrecognition towards Aboriginal people, the author mainly focuses her attention on the process of reconciliation in Australia, the political apologies for the "stolen generation" disaster, and the impact these measures have had on Australia's imagined community, before briefly discussing the disrupting effects of Aboriginal claims for sovereignty. Her critique of the notion of reconciliation as recognition and her alternative approach to reconciliation as the potential perpetuation of disagreement and an "overlapping dissensus" was interesting and reminiscent of contemporary debates in political philosophy over the tensions between recognition and disagreement (Honneth et al., 2017).
The author's decision to analyse the struggles for recognition of Muslim and indigenous citizens in Australia was very pertinent as these two groups suffer from intense forms of misrecognition both domestically and transnationally. These two chapters, however, offer a limited analysis of the complex dynamics that inform these groups' struggles for recognition and could have illustrated more the book's main topic and endeavour which is to show how minorities' struggles for recognition can reshape the nation.
The chapter about Muslim communities could have benefited from a broader approach to Islamic identities. Since the goal of the book is to show the interplay between national values and subaltern identities, an analysis of the internal conflicts and debates over socio-political norms within Muslim communities would have been beneficial. While the author recognises that Muslim communities represent a plural phenomenon, it could have been an important addition to show how different Muslim communities articulate their Islamic identities with Australia's legal and normative framework. For example, it would have been interesting to see how some Muslim citizens may embrace and use Australia's liberal democratic values to struggle against some extremist ideologies and how Islamic identities are reshaped in the process. This emphasis on internal struggles within the Australian ummah and the "appropriation" of norms could have helped to soften the perceived divide between Islamic and Australian identities. Paying more attention to the voices of Muslims, beyond pop culture, and offering a more complete analysis of Islamic communities' ideological battles and reflections would help to illustrate how Muslims engage in a process of politicisation of identities (Renault, 2004) by disrupting and reshaping both national and Islamic identities in a dynamic interplay. This phenomenon is also present in the chapter on Aboriginal people in which not enough is said about what the claims, internal disagreements, and political strategies of aboriginal people are. The chapter does not offer the necessary material to satisfactorily weight the disrupting potential of Aboriginal's claims for sovereignty on the Nation. It is likely that length constraints reduced the author's freedom to develop these themes but, by not engaging robustly with these communities' complex inner struggles and evolving ideas, the author is missing the opportunity to decisively show how these two groups have the potential to radically alter established norms and identities in Australia.
The restricted dimension of the author's analysis of the case studies that I have highlighted in this book review does not diminish the value of the book but, instead, shows that this book represents an interesting and understudied approach to research on the relationship between postcolonialism, recognition and nation. This approach opens the way for further in-depth analysis of the ways struggles for recognition reshape our understanding of citizenship in multicultural societies and Busbridge's book offers a valuable step in that direction.
Busbridge, R. 2017. Multicultural Politics of Recognition and Postcolonial Citizenship: rethinking the nation, London, Routledge.
Honneth, A., Rancière, J., Genel, K. & Deranty, J.-P. 2017. Recognition or Disagreement: A Critical Encounter on the Politics of Freedom, Equality, and Identity, New York, Columbia University Press.
Muñoz Ramirez, G. 2008. The Fire & The Word: A History of the Zapatista Movement, San Francisco, City Lights Books.
Renault, E. 2004. Mépris Social: Ethique et Politique de la Reconnaissance, Bègles, Editions du Passant.
May 26, 2020 in reviews. Tags: citizenship, Multicultural Politics of Recognition and Postcolonial Citizenship, multiculturalism, Nicolas Pirsoul, Postcolonial, Rachel Busbridge, recognition, Review
Issue 134, June 2016
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Book Review: Antonio Gramsci – Towards an Intellectual Biography →


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'Encore entrepreneurs': How New York might embrace its aging population
Diego Mendoza-Moyers
July 19, 2019 Updated: July 19, 2019 4:57 p.m.
'Encore entrepreneurs': How New York might embrace its...
1of13Sen. Rachel May speaks on April 10, 2019, at the Legislative Office Building in Albany, N.Y. May sponsored a bill that would help equip older New Yorkers with entrepreneurial training. (Will Waldron/Times Union)
2of13Just 17 of New York's 62 counties added residents in 2018, according to the U.S. Census. Click through the slideshow to see how Capital Region counties fared.
3of13Schoharie County Total population in 2018: 31,097 (-5% change from 2010 to 2018) NATURAL CAUSES: Births: 2,110 | Deaths: 2,356 | Net: -246 MIGRATION: Domestic: -1,475 | International: 79 | Net: -1,396
4of13Columbia County Total population in 2018: 59,916 (-5% change from 2010 to 2018) NATURAL CAUSES: Births: 4,338 | Deaths: 5,488 | Net: -1,150 MIGRATION: Domestic: -2,487 | International: 528 | Net: -1,959
5of13Greene County Total population in 2018: 47,491 (-4% change from 2010 to 2018) NATURAL CAUSES: Births: 3,319 | Deaths: 4,236 | Net: -917 MIGRATION: Domestic: -1,328 | International: 543 | Net: -785
6of13Fulton County Total population in 2018: 53,591 (-3% change from 2010 to 2018) NATURAL CAUSES: Births: 4,357 | Deaths: 4,971 | Net: -614 MIGRATION: Domestic: -1,405 | International: 101 | Net: -1,304
7of13Washington County Total population in 2018: 61,197 (-3% change from 2010 to 2018) NATURAL CAUSES: Births: 4,885 | Deaths: 5,074 | Net: -189 MIGRATION: Domestic: -1,877 | International: 45 | Net: -1,832
8of13Warren County Total population in 2018: 64,265 (-2% change from 2010 to 2018) NATURAL CAUSES: Births: 4,789 | Deaths: 5,600 | Net: -811 MIGRATION: Domestic: -789 | International: 216 | Net: -573
9of13Montgomery County Total population in 2018: 49,455 (-2% change from 2010 to 2018) NATURAL CAUSES: Births: 4,842 | Deaths: 4,754 | Net: 88 MIGRATION Domestic: -2,044 | International: 1,162 | Net: -882
10of13Rensselaer County Total population in 2018: 159,442 (0% change from 2010 to 2018) NATURAL CAUSES: Births: 13,902 | Deaths: 12,498 | Net: 1,404 MIGRATION: Domestic: -3,424 | International: 2,121 | Net: -1,303
11of13Schenectady County Total population in 2018: 155,350 (0% change from 2010 to 2018) NATURAL CAUSES: Births: 14,715 | Deaths: 12,568 | Net: 2,147 MIGRATION: Domestic: -4,404 | International: 2,952 | Net: -1,452
12of13Albany County Total population in 2018: 307,117 (1% change from 2010 to 2018) NATURAL CAUSES: Births: 25,759 | Deaths: 22,159 | Net: 3,600 MIGRATION: Domestic: -8,750 | International: 8,223 | Net: -527
13of13Saratoga County Total population in 2018: 230,163 (5% change from 2010 to 2018) NATURAL CAUSES: Births: 18,321 | Deaths: 14,628 | Net: 3,693 MIGRATION: Domestic: 4,691 | International: 2,337 | Net: 7,028
New York is getting old — but that may not be a bad thing.
From 2007 to 2017, New Yorkers over the age of 65 were the fastest growing segment of the population in the state. Over that decade, the number of New Yorkers 65 and older increased by 647,000 — or 26 percent, according to a report published by the Center for an Urban Future, a New York City-based think tank.
Over the last decade, New York state outside of New York City saw the 65 and over population increase by 409,000, while the under 65 population fell by over 205,000 people.
"We've got a booming older adult population," Jonathan Bowles, the CUF's executive director, said. "The reality of so many regions in the state today is that older adults are making up a large and growing portion of their populations."
The number of older people increased in each of the four central Capital Region counties, and Saratoga County saw a 55 percent increase in its senior population, the fastest growth of any county in the state.
Albany County experienced a 23 percent increase in its older population over the last decade, while Schenectady had an increase of 13 percent.
Rensselaer County's older population increased by 32 percent, while the under-65 population fell by 1 percent.
Overall, the four Capital Region counties gained over 33,000 people aged 65 or older from 2007 to 2017, according to the CUF.
In the Hudson Valley, the number of adults younger than 65 dropped by five percent. Meanwhile, the number of people over 65 living in the Hudson Valley rose by 26 percent.
While the state continues graying, there's been concern over things like farmers or business owners aging out, with no heir apparent ready to run their enterprise. And as the state's younger population declines, there's also concern about businesses leaving the state, as well.
But a so-called "encore entrepreneur" bill proposed by Sen. Rachel May, a Syracuse Democrat, would establish training and education programs across the state that would allow older citizens to more easily open and operate their own businesses.
"What we're seeing in New York and around the country is that, more and more, there are people over the age of 50 turning to entrepreneurship," Bowles said. "We need to understand that, while New York's population is getting a lot older, it doesn't have to be a problem. We need to see it as an opportunity. And one opportunity is the potential for encore entrepreneurs."
Data show the number of older, new entrepreneurs has been on the rise across the nation over the past two decades.
Nationally, the share of new entrepreneurs aged 55 to 64 increased more than for any other age range over the past two decades — from less than 15 percent in 1996 to more than 25 percent in 2016, according to the Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation, a Kansas City-based organization that analyzes entrepreneurship trends.
But May's bill would accelerate growth of entrepreneurial training programs, and make them easier for senior citizens to access.
"This is a large category of people starting businesses, so we want to make sure that's a sustainable option in New York State moving forward. We want this to be part of what Governor Cuomo calls his age-friendly New York agenda," said Eric van der Vort, the legislative director for Sen. May.
The bill passed in both the Assembly and Senate this past session, and now is awaiting action from Gov. Andrew Cuomo.
Supporters of the bill say it will establish a more robust system that would allow the state to better incorporate older citizens into the economy.
Many older people have significant work experience, deep networks of contacts and are typically placed in the low-risk lending category, van der Vort said.
But many seniors often lack direct knowledge of starting and growing their own business, or may be intimidated to work in an incubator space surrounded by dozens of millennials decades younger.
That could lead to something like dedicated educational and mentorship programs directed towards seniors within a business incubator, or it could be a dedicated space for just seniors to work in, van der Vort said.
"No state to date has done much to explicitly support senior encore entrepreneurship," he said. "One of the reasons that we felt a piece of legislation was important is to nudge the state into taking more of an active role."
While the details are not fully set, the bill's ultimate goal, supporters say, would be to harness an economically underutilized swath of the population, particularly in areas that are experiencing aging and population loss.
"I hope it really tees off an increase in older entrepreneurship across the state, which I think will have enormous benefits for cities, for regions and for the state's economy," Bowles said of the bill. "The population has been declining in a lot of cities upstate, and I think a lot of communities across New York could really benefit from people starting businesses, whether its folks in their 20s, or folks in their 50s."
Follow Diego:
Diego Mendoza-Moyers is a staff writer for the San Antonio Express-News through the Hearst Fellowship Program. He has previously written for the Times Union, Review-Journal, Arizona Republic and Cronkite News. Diego is from El Paso, Texas and graduated from Arizona State University in 2017 with a B.A. in journalism. Reach him at: 210-250-3165
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Radijska polemika (engl. polemic) je najteži, ali i najslavniji dijaloški žanr, ne samo na radiju nego i u životu. Sudionici
u polemici nemaju nikakve zajedničke platforme. Dapače, oni stoje na posve suprotnim stajalištima i u polemici se spore i sukobljavaju oko toga čija su mišljenja ili teorije ispravni. Za razliku od polemike, platforma razgovora je zajednička. Naime, oba su
sugovornika sukladna u bitnome pa je smisao razgovora da oni traže dodatna konkretna rješenja. Radijski novinar, kako bi uspio u svojoj uvjeravateljskoj retorici, mora zato dobro vladati logičkom argumentacijom, to jest on treba građanima pružiti ozbiljne argumente koji će ih nepristrano uvjeriti što je za njih najbolje i kako se to može ostvarivati. U radijskim polemikama neki sudionici žele pobiti svoje protivnike sofizmima i erističkim smicalicama, a ne postupkom dokazivanja istinitosti. Najčešće se u takvim polemikama primjenjuju trikovi "ad hominem", "metabasis", "pars pro toto", "proton pseudos" itd.

Trik ad hominem

Trik ad hominem je najučestaliji. On je najprimitivniji i najnemoralniji, rabe ga oni koji nisu u stanju pobiti tvrdnju svoga sugovornika, pa ga umjesto toga napadaju (npr. podcjenjivanjem da je on nekompetentan, da je "profašist", narodni neprijatelj, itd.).

Trik metabasis eis allo genos

Trik metabasis eis allo genos drugi je po frekvenciji u polemikama. I njegova je osobina skretanje s teme i prijelaz u novo područje. Time se želi pobijati nešto drugo od onoga što je rekao sugovornik, a da se stekne dojam kako je pobijena sugovornikova tvrdnja.

Pars pro toto

Učestalo se koristi i treći trik, pars pro toto. On je i najmasovniji, a sastoji se u tome da se na temelju jednoga dijela neopravdano zaključuje o cjelini.

Proton pseudos

Četvrti trik naziva se proton pseudos (lažna prva premisa).Temeljni logički aksiom je da iz laži ne može nikada nastati istina. Manje obrazovanima uopće se time ne dokazuje štetnost neistine i lažne početne premise.

Ostali trikovi

Sličan je i trik koji se zasniva na pogreški nepotpune indukcije. Taj je trik često upotrebljavao Tito kada je želio narodu dokazati da je nešto dobro i odlično, premda to nije bilo tako. Kada je neimaština poslije 1945. uhvatila maha, on je na mitingu u Ljubljani rekao da je konstatirano kako pojedinac u Jugoslaviji dnevno pojede dag kruha, a u svijetu se jede samo oko 40 dag te namirnice. Umjesto da nakon toga nastavi s tom komparativnom potrošnjom mesa, ribe, sira, povrća i drugih namirnica, on je izveo prebrz (a zbog toga i lažan) zaključak kako s prehranom bolje stojimo od kapitalista.

Izvori

Literatura

 Novinarska Enciklopedija, BMG, Beograd, 1995.
 SAPUNAR, Marko,  Osnove znanosti o novinarstvu, Digitalni tisak, Zagreb, 2004.

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