text:
Directives (Archived)
Complaint Policies and Procedures.
OSHA Instruction
Current Directive Number:
CPL 02-00-115
Old Directive Number:
CPL 2.115
Information Date:
NOTICE: This is an OSHA Archive Document, and may no longer represent OSHA Policy. It is presented here as historical content, for research and review purposes only.
OSHA Instruction CPL 2.115
Directorate of Compliance Programs
SUBJECT:  Complaint Policies and Procedures
A. Purpose.  This instruction establishes revised policies and
procedures for handling complaints relating to workplace safety
and health conditions.
B. Scope.  This instruction applies OSHA-wide.  States with
OSHA-approved state plans are encouraged to adopt similar policies
but may choose to experiment with other alternatives.  See
paragraph H., below.
C. References.
1.   OSHA Instruction CPL 2.103, September 26, 1994, Field
Inspection Reference Manual (FIRM).
2.   OSHA Instruction FAP 1.3, May 17, 1996, Federal Agency
Safety and Health Programs.
3.   OSHA Instruction STP 2.22A, May 14, 1986, State Plan
Policies and Procedures Manual (SPM).
4.   OSHA Instruction ADM 1-1.31, September 20, 1993, The IMIS
Enforcement Data Processing Manual
D. Action.  OSHA Regional Administrators and Area Directors shall
ensure that the guidelines and procedures set forth in this
instruction are followed.  This instruction supersedes certain
provisions of the Field Inspection Reference Manual (FIRM)
contained at Chapter I, C.  The FIRM shall be revised to
incorporate these changes.  Also, see FAP 1.3 for instructions on
handling complaints lodged against Federal Agencies.
E. Summary of Changes.  Significant features of the new policy are:
1.   Complaints are no longer identified as "formal" or
"nonformal."
2.   Based on new criteria, complaints shall now be classified as
those that result in onsite inspections and those that
result in investigations using telephone and telefax, and
similar means.
Appendix A contains a flow chart graphically depicting a summary
of this new complaint policy.
F. Application.  This instruction applies to complaints received
addressing hazards in all covered workplaces, including private
sector and Federal Agencies.  A complaint lodged against a Federal
Agency can also include an alleged violation of 29 CFR Part 1960,
Basic Program Elements for Federal Employee Occupational Safety
and Health Programs and Related Matters.
G. Background.  The new complaint policies and procedures were
developed through the Complaint Process Improvement Project as a
part of the Department of Labor/OSHA's Reinvention Effort.  They
were pilot-tested in the Area Offices in Cleveland, Ohio, and
Peoria, Illinois.  After review and evaluation of the pilot test,
the policies and procedures are being implemented as part of
OSHA's national program.
These new procedures will provide quicker resolution of
complaints, speed hazard abatement and enable OSHA to focus OSHA's
inspection resources on the workplaces where they are most needed.
This new policy continues to assure the right of current employees
and their representatives to an onsite inspection; it also
encourages them to attempt resolution of lower priority complaints
in a more expeditious manner.
H. Federal Program Change.  This is a Federal Program Change that
impacts State programs.
1.   The Regional Administrator shall ensure that this change is
promptly forwarded to each State designee, using a format
consistent with the Plan Change Two-Way Memorandum in
Appendix P, OSHA Instruction STP 2.22A, State Plan Policies
and Procedures Manual.
2.   The Regional Administrator shall explain the content of this
change to the State designee.
3.   States are encouraged, but not required, to adopt an
identical or alternative policy.  States shall be asked to
provide preliminary notification to the RA within 30 days
from the date of this introduction of their intent to adopt
or not to adopt the procedures in this directive.  The State
shall formally respond to this change with an indication of
their intent within 70 days in accordance with paragraph
I.1.a.(2)(a) and (b), Chapter III or Part I of the SPM.  If
the State adopts identical procedures, no further plan
change supplement need be submitted.  If the State adopts
different compliance procedures, a copy of the procedures
shall be provided to the Regional Administrator within six
months from the date of this directive for review.
4.   State designees may also wish to include alternative
procedures in a pilot Performance Agreement to be negotiated
between the State and the RA and approved by the Assistant
Secretary.  Such agreements shall define interim indicators
of effectiveness and the results anticipated from the
successful policy.
5.   The Regional Administrator shall review policies,
procedures, and instructions issued by the State and monitor
their implementation as provided in a Performance Agreement
or through routine monitoring focussing on impact and
I. Definitions.
1.   Complaint  Notice of an alleged hazard (over which OSHA has
jurisdiction), or a violation of the Act, alleged by a past
or present employee, a representative of employees, an 11(c)
officer seeking resolution of a discrimination complaint or
any other individual knowledgeable of the alleged hazardous
2.   Referral  Notice of an alleged hazard or violation of the
Act given by any source not listed in Section I.1 above,
including CSHO referrals.  See Chapter 1, Section C-10 of
the FIRM for procedures to be followed for referrals.
3.   Permanently disabling injuries or illnesses  Injuries or
illnesses which may result in permanent disabilities or
illnesses that are chronic or irreversible.  Examples of
permanently disabling injuries or illnesses include:
amputation, blindness, standard threshold shift in hearing,
lead or mercury poisoning, or third-degree burns.
4.   Complaint Inspection:  A complaint inspection is an
inspection that is initiated primarily as a result of a
complaint, is conducted by an OSHA compliance officer at the
employer's worksite, and that meets at least one of the
criteria listed below:
a.  The complaint was reduced to writing, is signed by a
current employee or employee representative,and states the
reason for the inspection request with reasonable
particularity.  In addition, there are reasonable grounds to
believe that a violation of a safety or health standard or
danger exists, as provided in Section 8(f)(1) of the Act.
b.  The complaint alleges that physical harm, such as
disabling injuries or illnesses (as defined in I.3. above)
has occurred as a result of the complained-of hazard(s) and
there is reason to believe that the hazard or related
hazards still exist.
c.  The complaint is based on an allegation of an imminent
danger situation (See the FIRM for additional procedures to
be followed).
d.  The complaint identifies an establishment or an alleged
hazard covered by a local or national emphasis program.
e.  The employer fails to provide an adequate response to a
complaint as described in Section L, below, or the
complainant provides evidence that the employer's response
is false or does not adequately address the hazard(s).
f.  The firm or establishment that is the subject of the
complaint has a history of egregious, willful, or
failure-to-abate citations, within Area Office jurisdiction
and within the last three (3) years.  The Area Director may
determine not to inspect a facility when good quality
abatement evidence has been provided and programs have been
implemented to prevent a recurrence of hazards.
g.  An 11(c) discrimination investigator requests that a
complaint inspection be conducted in response to an
employee's allegation that he/she was discriminated against
for complaining about safety or health conditions in the
workplace or for refusing to do an allegedly imminently
dangerous job/task.
h.  If an inspection is scheduled, or has begun, at an
establishment, and a complaint that would normally be
investigated by telephone/fax is received, that complaint
may, at the Area Director's discretion, be scheduled for
inspection as a companion complaint.
5.   Complaint Investigation:  A complaint investigation is
conducted for other complaints that do not meet one of the
above complaint inspection criteria.  It does not include an
on-site inspection of the workplace.
An "investigation" differs from an "inspection" in that in
an investigation, OSHA advises the employer of the alleged
hazards by telephone and telefax, or by letter if necessary
(e-mail may be available in the future).  The employer is
required to provide a written response.  OSHA shall provide
copies of the response(s) to the complainant.
J. Procedures for Receiving a Complaint by Telephone.
1.   During the course of telephone contact with the complainant,
the following general guidance shall be followed.  Detailed
optional guidance is found in Appendix B.  The person taking
the complaint must, to the extent feasible:
a.  determine if the complainant is a current employee or an
employee representative;
b.  explain the complaint process, and if appropriate, the
concepts of "investigation" and "inspection", as well as the
relative advantages of each;
c.  determine the exact nature of the alleged hazard and the
basis of the complainant's knowledge;
d.  determine if complaint items are apparent violations of
OSHA standards or the OSH Act;
e.  inform the complainant(s) of their rights to
confidentiality in accordance with Section 8(f)(1) of the
Act, and ask whether they wish to exercise that right;
f.  explain 11(c) rights to private sector employees or
reprisal and discrimination protection provided by Executive
Order 12196, 29 CFR Part 1960.46 and the Whistleblowers
Protection Act of 1989 to Federal employees.  (See FAP 1.3
for reports of reprisal or discrimination from Federal
employees).
K. Procedures for an Inspection
1.   The Area Office supervisor shall evaluate each complaint,
and other available information, and exercise professional
judgement to decide whether or not there are reasonable
grounds to believe that a violation or hazard exists.  If
there are not reasonable grounds to believe that a violation
or hazard exists, an inspection shall not be conducted.  The
Area Director may also determine not to inspect a facility
if she/he has evidence that the condition complained of is
being abated.
2.   If the complaint meets at least one of the inspection
criteria listed in I.4. above, the complainant or employee
representative shall be informed that an inspection will be
scheduled and that he/she shall be advised of the results.
After an inspection, the Area Office shall send the
complainant a letter addressing each complaint item, with
reference to the citation(s) or a sufficiently detailed
description of why the findings did not result in a
3.   If the employee or employee representative requests an
on-site inspection, but has not submitted a signed complaint
or one which meets any of the other inspection criteria,
he/she shall be advised that OSHA will hold the complaint
for five working days so that he/she can either come into
the office and sign the complaint or mail/fax a signed
complaint letter to OSHA.  If a signed complaint is not then
received after five working days, or if the complainant does
not initially request an on-site inspection, OSHA will
proceed with the investigation process.  OSHA will no longer
mail OSHA-7 complaint forms to the complainant for
signature.
4.   When a written complaint signed by a current employee or
employee representative is received, and there are
reasonable grounds to believe that a violation or hazard
exists, an inspection shall be conducted.  The complainant
may be contacted for clarification of issues raised in the
complaint, as necessary.  Where a written, signed complaint
has been submitted, but, in the professional judgement of
the Area Director, there are no reasonable grounds to
believe that a violation or danger exists, no inspection or
investigation shall be made.  In such situations, the
complainant shall be notified in writing of OSHA's intent to
not conduct an investigation or inspection, the reasoning
behind such a determination, and the appeal rights provided
under 29 CFR 1903.12.
L. Procedures for an Investigation
1.   If the complaint requires an investigation, OSHA shall
contact the employer by telephone and notify him/her of the
complaint and its allegation(s).  The employer shall be
advised that he/she must investigate and determine whether
the complaint is valid.  The employer shall be advised that
a response is due within five(5) working days and that OSHA
requests the posting/sharing of information with employees,
employee representative and/or the safety committee.
Although the employer must respond within the above time
frame, he/she may not be able to complete abatement action,
but is encouraged to do so.  See the letter to employers at
Appendix C, pages 1-2 for what is required in their
2.   OSHA shall ask for the name of the contact person at the
employer's worksite and may also request the name, address
and telephone number of the union and/or employee
representative, if any.  The company fax number is also
requested.  The employer is advised of what information is
needed to answer the complaint.  The employer is encouraged
to respond by fax.  In addition, documentation, such as
invoices, sampling results, photos, video tape, etc., shall
be required and provided by the employer as evidence of
abatement, to ensure that the complaint hazard(s) has been
eliminated.
3.   As soon as possible thereafter, the notification letter
shall be faxed (or mailed, where no fax is available) to the
employer.
4.   The complainant shall be advised of the employer's
response(s).  The complainant shall be advised of his/her
rights to dispute the employer's response, and of the right
to request an inspection if the alleged hazard persists.
The employee need not put his/her dispute with the
employer's response in writing.  Disputed issues may be
clarified by telephone, and some discretion is allowed in
situations where, in the professional judgement of the Area
Director, the complaint does not warrant an on-site
inspection.  In such situations, the complainant shall be
notified of OSHA's intent not to conduct an inspection, an
the reasoning behind such a determination.  If the employee
disagreement takes the form of written complaint, refer to
procedures at K.3 above.
5.   If a signed complaint is received after the complaint
investigation process has begun (for example, the signed
complaint is received on the 8th day), OSHA shall make a
determination as to whether the alleged hazard is still
likely to exist based on the employer's response and by
contacting the complainant.  The complainant shall be
informed that the complaint investigation has begun and
he/she still retains the right to request an on-site
inspection if he/she disputes the results and believes the
hazard still exists.
6.   When OSHA receives an adequate response from the employer,
and the complainant does not dispute or object to the
response, an on-site inspection normally will not be
7.   If no employer or an inadequate employer response is
received after the allotted five (5) working days, an
additional contact with the employer may be made before an
inspection is scheduled.  Ultimately, if the employer
provides no response or an inadequate response or OSHA
determines from other information that the condition is not
being corrected, an inspection will be scheduled.
8.   The complaint shall not be closed until OSHA is certain that
the hazard has been eliminated/abated.
M. Identity of Complainant.  The identity of the complainant shall be
withheld from the employer, upon the request of the complainant,
in accordance with Section 8(f)(1) of the Act.  No information
shall be given to employers which would allow them to identify the
complainant.
N. Sample letters for new complaint procedures.  Appendix C contains
samples of notification letters to the employer and complainant, a
certification of posting letter, and a complaint form letter to an
employer closing the complaint.
O. Recording in IMIS.  Information about complaint inspections or
investigations shall be recorded in IMIS following current
instructions given in the IMIS manual.  Refer to Appendix D of
this instruction for additional guidance.
Joseph A. Dear
DISTRIBUTION:  National, Regional, and Area Offices
All Compliance Officers
State Designees
NIOSH Regional Program Directors
7(c)(1) Project Managers
(For Appendix A, Click Here)
OPTIONAL INFORMATION TO BE OBTAINED
Obtain information from the caller by asking the following questions,
where relevant;
For all complaints:
What is the hazard? _________________________________________________
How are workers exposed to this hazard? Describe the unsafe or
unhealthful conditions; identify the location. ______________________
What work is done in the unsafe/unhealthful area?  Identify, as well as
possible, the type and condition of equipment in use, the materials
(i.e. chemicals) being used, the process/operation involved, and the
kinds of work being done near the hazardous area.  Have there been any
recent chemical spills, releases, or accidents? _____________________
With what frequency are workers doing the task which leads to the
exposure? Continuously? Every day? Every week?  Rarely?  For how long at
one time?  How long has the condition existed as far as can be
determined?  Has it been brought to the employer's attention?  Have any
attempts been made to correct the condition, and if so, who took these
actions? What were the results? _____________________________________
How many shifts are there?  What time do they start?  On which shift
does the hazardous condition exist? _________________________________
What personal protective equipment (i.e., hearing protection or
respirators) is required by the company relevant to the alleged
exposure?  Is it used by employees?  Include all PPE and describe it as
specifically as possible.  Include the manufacturer's name and any
identifying numbers. ________________________________________________
How many people work in the establishment?  How many are exposed to the
hazardous conditions?  How near do they get to the hazard?
Is there an employee representative (union) in the establishment?
Include the name, address, and telephone number of the union and/or the
employee representative(s). _________________________________________
For health hazards:
Has the employer administered any tests to determine employee exposure
levels to the hazardous conditions or substance?  Describe these tests.
What were the results?  Can the employees get the results (as required
by the standards)? __________________________________________________
What engineering controls are in place in the area(s) in which the
exposed employees work?  For instance, are there any fans or acoustical
insulation in the area which may reduce exposure to the hazard?
What administrative or work practice controls has the employer put into
effect? _____________________________________________________________
Do any employees have any symptoms which may have been caused by
exposure to hazardous substances?  Have any employees ever been treated
by a physician for work-related disease or condition? What was it?
Have there been any "near-miss" accidents? __________________________
Are respirators worn to protect against health hazards, and if so, what
kinds?  What exposures are they protecting against?
If the complaint is related to noise, what, if any, hearing protection
is provided to and worn by the employees? ___________________________
For safety hazards:
Under what adverse or hazardous conditions are employees required to
work?  This should include conditions contributing to stress and "other"
probability factors. ________________________________________________
Have any employees been injured as a result of this hazardous condition?
Have there been any "near miss" incidents?___________________________
Re:  Complaint No.
Dear :
On      the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) received
notice of safety and health hazards at your worksite.  We notified you,
by telephone, of these alleged hazards on ______.  The specific nature
of the alleged hazards is as follows:
We have not determined whether the hazards, as alleged, exist at your
workplace; and we do not intend to conduct an inspection at this time.
However, since allegations of violations have been made, we request that
you immediately investigate the alleged conditions and make any
necessary corrections or modifications.  Please advise me in writing, no
later that      of the results of your investigation.  You must provide
supporting documentation of your findings, including any applicable
measurements or monitoring results, and photographs which you believe
would be helpful, as well as a description of any corrective action you
have taken or are in the process of taking.
This letter is not a citation or a notification of proposed penalty
which, according to the OSH Act may be issued only after an inspection
of the workplace.  It is our goal to assure that hazards are promptly
identified and eliminated.  Please take immediate corrective action
where needed.  We encourage employee participation in investigating and
responding to any alleged hazard.  If we do not receive a response from
you by      indicating that appropriate action has been taken or that no
hazard exists and why, an OSHA inspection will likely be conducted.
An inspection may include a review of the following:  injury and illness
records, hazard communication, personal protective equipment, emergency
action or response, bloodborne pathogens, confined space entry,
lockout/tagout and related safety and health issues.
Please note, however, that OSHA selects for inspection some cases where
we have received letters in which employers have indicated satisfactory
corrective action.  This is to ensure that employers have actually taken
the action stated in their letters.
The State of ______ offers OSHA consultation services without charge, to
assist in resolving all occupational safety and health issues.  However,
the variety of services available or the scheduling of those services
may be limited by the consultation project's requirement to give
priority to small businesses in high hazard industries and by its
backlog.  To discuss or request the services call the following number:
You are requested to post a copy of this letter where it will be readily
accessible for review by all of your employees and return a copy of the
signed Certificate of Posting (Attachment A) to this office.  In
addition, you are requested to provide a copy of this letter and your
response to a representative of any recognized union or safety committee
if these are at your facility.  Failure to do so may result in an
on-site inspection.
The complainant has been furnished a copy of this letter and will be
provided a copy of your response.  Section 11(c) of the OSH Act provides
protection for employees against discrimination because of their
involvement in protected safety and health activity.
If you have any question concerning this matter, please contact
__________ at the address in the letterhead.  Your personal support and
interest in safety and health of your employees is appreciated.
Attachment A
CERTIFICATE OF POSTING
OSHA NOTIFICATION OF ALLEGED HAZARD(S)
Complaint Nr:
Date of Posting:____________________
Date Copy Given to
an Employee Representative:__________
On behalf of the employer, I certify that a copy of the complaint letter
received from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
has been posted in a conspicuous place, where all affected employees
will have notice, or near such location where the alleged hazardous
condition(s) occurred, and such notice has been given to each authorized
representative of affected employees, if any.  This notice was or will
be posted for a minimum of ten (10) working days or until any hazardous
conditions found are corrected.
Employer/Establishment name
Dear:
In response to your complaint of health and safety hazards at     the
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) has notified
requesting that the appropriate action be taken to correct the
situation.  Enclosed is a copy of that letter for your information.
We have not revealed your identity to the employer.  When we receive
additional information from the employer, a copy of the response will be
forwarded to you.
Section 11(c) of the OSH Act provides protection for employees against
discrimination because of their involvement in protected safety and
health related activity.  If you believe that you are being treated
differently or action is being taken against you because of your safety
or health activity, you may file a complaint with OSHA.  You should file
this complaint as soon as possible, since OSHA normally can only accept
complaints filed within 30 days of the alleged discriminatory action.
Your continued interest in workplace safety and health is appreciated.
We have been advised by      that the hazards about which you complained are
presently being investigated.  Enclosed is a copy of a letter from the
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration has requested that the
employer submit written notification to us when all corrective action
has been completed.
A copy of the employer's response will be forwarded to you for your
information as soon as we receive it.
On ____________  this office sent to you a letter concerning alleged
occupational safety and health hazards at your establishment.  A copy of
the letter is enclosed.
We have not received a reply from you concerning these allegations.
Please advise this office of your findings and of any corrective action
you have taken by ___________.  If we do not hear from you, an
inspection may be scheduled.
OSHA selects for inspection a random sample of cases in which employers
have indicated satisfactory corrective action.  This policy has been
established to ensure that employers have actually taken the action
asserted in their letters.
If you have any questions concerning this matter, please contact
at the above number.  Your cooperation in this matter is appreciated.
has advised me that the hazards you complained about have been
investigated.  A copy of the employer's letter is enclosed.
With this information, OSHA feels the case can be closed on the grounds
that the hazardous conditions have been corrected (or no longer exist).
If you do not agree that the hazards you complained about have been
satisfactorily abated, please contact us by        .  If we do not hear
from you within that time, we will assume that the hazard has been
corrected or eliminated and will take no further action with respect to
Your action on behalf of safety and health in the workplace is sincerely
On        the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
notified you of alleged safety and/or health hazards at your worksite.
Your response to these allegations was received in the Area Office
on            .
Based on our review of the information you provided in your response to
these alleged hazards, we have determined that our file on this matter
can be closed and no further action on this complaint is anticipated at
Please note, however, that the complainant will also be given the
opportunity to review the information provided in your response.  If the
complainant disputes the accuracy of the response, it may be necessary
for OSHA to contact you for additional information or documentation of
corrective action in order to resolve these issues.  In some situations,
it may be necessary to conduct an inspection of your workplace.
We appreciate your prompt response to these allegations, and your
interest in the safety and health of your employees.  Please feel free
to contact this office if we can be of additional assistance to you.
The purpose of this letter is to acknowledge receipt of your complaint
and to inform you that an inspection of this workplace will be scheduled
as soon as possible, in accordance with the priorities established by
the agency.  You will be informed of the results of our inspection when
they are available.
discrimination because of their involvement in protected safety or
this complaint as soon as possible, since OSHA normally can accept only
those complaints filed within 30 days of the alleged discriminatory
Thank you for your interest in workplace safety and health.
In response to your complaint concerning safety and health hazards at
, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
conducted an inspection.  That inspection was completed on           .
The results of our inspection of your complaint items are as follows:
Attached for your information is a copy of the OSHA-2, Citation and
Notification of Penalty, which was sent to your employer on      and
should have been posted at the workplace for at least three days after
receipt.
If you do not agree with our inspection results, you may contact me for
a clarification of the matter.  You also have the right to an informal
review by the OSHA Regional Administrator.
This review may be obtained by submitting a written statement of your
position to the Regional Administrator.  The Regional Administrator will
provide the employer with a copy of such statement by certified mail.
Your identity will be withheld unless you explicitly request that it be
revealed.
health related activity.  If you believe you are being treated
Thank you for your concern for a safe and healthy workplace.
IMIS RECORDING
A. Instructions for recording complaint data.
1. On the OSHA-7,complete the data items as follows:
a. Item #37 - Mark "formal" for signed complaints an
"nonformal" for all others.
b. Item 39 - Mark box d "nonformal complaint notification to
employer."
c. Item 40 - "Date letter sent" - write the date the
employer was called.
d. Item 41 - "Date response due" - write the date which is
five working days later.
e. Item 42 - Where applicable the following codes will be
entered: ID (imminent danger), LP'S (local emphasis
program), NP (national emphasis program), DI (disabling
injury/illness), SH (significant history), IR
(discrimination investigator request), OD (OSHA disputes),
ED (employee disputes), CC(companion complaint) or SC
(signed complaint).
f. Item 46 - "Optional Code" - write N-10-Phone.
2. For complaint inspections on the OSHA 1-B Worksheet, under item
13, REC (Related Event Code), mark the item with a "C" when the
violation relates to the complaint.
B. Data Entry Options.  Enter OSHA-7 into IMIS system and follow menu
to process letters to employer and complainant.  Complaint allegations
from OSHA-7 are drawn into letter to employer by the following commands:
Press {shift}{F10} concurrently, then enter /usr/Wp/07/D####### (#######
is the complaint number).
Alternatively, the notification letter is created to be faxed (or mailed
if no fax is available).  A macro to create a letter to the contact
person at the company can be placed in the office NCR system, thereby
enabling letter creation without entering the OSHA-7.
1. From a new word processing machine screen pull up macro by
pressing BLUE and F10 keys.   The macro is entitled "cip" -- type
"cip" and return to bring up the special complaint letter format.
2. Edit the letter as noted by the () for the information specific
to the complaint.  To move quickly through the letter, search  F2
with a (.
3. If a choice is made to save the letter, give it a new name and


text:
Today's most successful fish weren't always evolutionary standouts
Take a glance around the oceans, rivers and lakes of today and you'll confront an astonishing diversity of fish, from narrow-bodied eels to the 25-foot-long giant oarfish to delicate, fluttering seahorses. The vast majority of fish alive today—approximately 96 percent—are known as teleosts, a group of ray-finned fish that emerged 260 million years ago.
The work revealed that holosteans (blue) and teleosts (red and orange) all possessed diverse
shapes and sizes in the past [Credit: University of Pennsylvania]
Evolutionary biologists and paleontologists since Darwin have offered hypotheses to explain why teleosts seem to have "out-evolved" other groups. The closely related holosteans, for example, once dominated the oceans but are now considered "living fossils," representing just eight species in forms that resemble those of the past.
But this view of the teleost success story may be based on the false premise that teleosts dominate today because they have always been more evolutionarily innovative than other groups. A new analysis of more than a thousand fossil fishes from nearly 500 species led by the University of Pennsylvania's John Clarke revealed that the teleosts' success story is not as straightforward as once believed. Examining the first 160 million years of teleost and holostean evolution, from the Permian to the early Cretaceous periods, the scientists show that holosteans were as evolutionarily innovative as teleosts, and perhaps even more so.
"A lot of these so-called living fossils that appear to be kind of boring today actually have a pretty rich history," said Clarke. "If we were to go back in time to the Triassic and you had to place a bet on which group was going to do better going forward, you would have definitely chosen the holosteans. It just didn't work out that way."
Clarke collaborated with Graeme T. Lloyd of Macquarie University and Matt Friedman of the University of Oxford on the work, which appears in Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences.
It's easy to see why scientists have long presumed teleosts exceptional. They represent 29,000 diverse species worldwide, roughly half of modern vertebrates. In contrast, the eight living species that comprise holosteans share a resemblance, and all dwell in the freshwaters of eastern North America. Numerous ideas have been put forward to explain teleost success, including the flexible structure of their jaws, a diversity of reproductive strategies and the symmetry of their tail fins.
With the emergence of molecular and genetic techniques to probe evolution, researchers have also attributed teleost success to a genome duplication event in the evolutionary past that left the fish with twice the number of chromosomes and thus more raw material with which to acquire beneficial mutations and to evolve.
Yet Clarke and colleagues wanted to back up a bit, questioning the very assumption that teleosts had always been more evolutionarily innovative and successful.
"There were times in the past when holosteans were top dog," Clarke said. "There are lots of holostean fossils, and they were quite diverse, not only in numbers but in the wide variety of sizes and shapes they possessed."
It was known from the fossil record that holosteans appeared to be more dominant in the Triassic Period on into the Early and Middle Jurassic. In the Late Jurassic, however, teleosts began to take over.
The researchers decided, therefore, to focus on the earlier period of fish evolution, starting in the Permian, which just preceded the Triassic period, and following it through 160 million years into the Early Cretaceous, which followed the Jurassic.
To do so, they relied on a dataset that included the size and shape of hundreds of fossils Clarke had compiled during visits to 15 museums as part of his Ph.D. research. They also constructed "supertrees," to summarize the relationships of nearly all known extinct species of holosteans and teleosts from the Triassic, Jurassic and Early Cretaceous. These large trees were built from more than 100 smaller trees already available in the paleontology literature, from studies that examined the morphological traits of fishes to work out their evolutionary tree.
While other researchers have examined patterns of diversity in fish fossils, no one had ever applied a quantitative framework to determine whether holostean or teleost fishes possessed higher rates, or greater innovation, in shape and size.
The Penn-led scientists were able to use the supertrees to evaluate first the rate of size evolution in teleosts versus holosteans and then to compare the degree of shape innovation in the two groups.
In their various analyses of the specimens, Clarke and colleagues found no support for the expectation that teleosts would change their body sizes and shapes faster, or be better able to "invent" new sizes and shapes compared with holosteans. On the contrary, using timescales from molecular studies that suggested holosteans and teleosts evolved much earlier in Earth's history than when their first fossils appear, holosteans seemed to come out on top, appearing more innovative at evolving new sizes and faster at evolving between different shapes.
"There is no compelling evidence on any timescale that teleosts were the best at evolving different body sizes and shapes," said Clarke. "And in fact, if anything, there is some evidence hinting that maybe holosteans were more innovative when it came to evolving different body sizes and faster at changing shape."
The researchers also used the dataset to investigate whether genome duplication correlated with an increase in evolution rate and innovation. They found no consistent link with size evolution but did see indications that shape evolution was elevated in the more geologically recent teleosts with duplicate genomes relative to more ancient groups of teleosts. However, this occurred because those more ancient teleosts were particularly slow at evolving shapes since they compare equally poorly with holosteans, rather than signifying any exceptional evolution in those teleosts with duplicate genomes. On this basis, the authors deem the role of genome duplication on size and shape evolution to be "ambiguous," suggesting that, in agreement with recent studies of diversification in living teleosts, genome duplication is not the magic bullet that explains the diversity of all teleosts.
Clarke would like to continue delving into the history of neopterygian fishes, particularly those living fossils that are often neglected in favor of researching the more dynamic and diverse living teleosts.
"Many biologists have focused upon trying to explain why some groups are so incredibly successful," he said. "But there hasn't been a lot of focus on the other end of the spectrum: how do you get living fossils, these species-poor, long-lived groups that stick around doing the same thing for millions of years."
Author: Katherine Unger Baillie | Source: University of Pennsylvania [September 27, 2016]
Labels Biodiversity, Biology, Evolution, Fossils, Oceans

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Feng Shui (风水) literally means wind and water, used by the ancient Chinese to describe energy and the dynamism of energy. Feng Shui is an ancient art of the Chinese way of living in harmony and balance with the environment in order to enjoy good fortune. There are different types of energy in our environment.


text:
Rachel and I were up at about 8 a.m., our wake-up call feeling like the sort of thing they might do to you at Guantanamo.
I started out for the Guinness Storehouse at 9 a.m., which seemed a bit early to be drinking, I'll admit, but fortunately I managed to get myself lost several times and it took me a full hour to walk a mile and a half.
The Storehouse is a multi-media do-it-yourself tour/learning experience based on the alcoholic liquid that could easily be the center of a religion for some people. Americans are the No. 1 visitors, according to the woman I asked at the customer service desk; the English come in at No. 2, with the Scots taking the No. 3 spot. In an audio post that I recorded shortly after visiting the Storehouse, I said that holding the No. 1 spot made me somewhat proud to be an American. But when you think about it in terms of population, Scotland should be the most proud -- there are far fewer Scots than Americans or English.
I finally found myself wandering through a series of old stone buildings and cobbled streets that looked like the set from a Batman film; this was the Guinness brewery complex. I got a sense of what it must feel like for a devout Catholic to see the pope when I saw that gate -- the gate from all those "Brilliant" ads ("A bear trap! Brilliant! Ahhhh!"). I took about 12 pictures of said gate, from all sorts of angles, as if it was the coolest thing since sliced bread. In the end, I kept only two pictures, this one and the one immediately below.
It's vain to say this, but the picture to the right is probably one of the best pictures taken of me ever. It makes me look like a writer, if that makes sense. If I can't write like an actual writer, at least I can cherish this picture that makes me look like one.
I paid €14 to attend the Guinness exhibit. That's $16.82, or £9.62, or three pints of Guinness at The Liffey to walk around and learn everything you could every possibly want to know about Guinness. But, factor in the fact that they give you a pint of Guinness at the end of the tour and a souvenir, and I suppose the admission drops to about €8. The souvenir is a clear plastic medallion, about 2 inches in diameter, that has a little drop of Guinness in it. I decided I would give it to the concubine, who demanded that I get her something from Dublin.
Side note: never, ever, ever, ever, ever tell me to get you something when I go on vacation. You can ask, politely, but never say: "Get me something." That turns a part of my vacation into a stupid task that I have to perform just to keep you happy. Said task will eat away at me and make me angry and you will end up getting some piece of shit I got for free, whereas everyone else will get really cool scarves and T-shirts and candy made of whiskey.
Here are a few things I learned about Guinness:
It is not black; it is, in fact, ruby red.
The water does not come from the River Liffey, and thank God for that. The water comes from the Wicklow Mountains and always has done.
The city of Dublin once determined that Arthur Guinness was using more water than he was allocated and sent a few fellows down to shut off his water supply. They were unable to perform said task because Arthur came at them with a pick ax.
There are several types of Guinness that are shipped to various parts of the world, which is probably where this "Guinness tastes different outside of Ireland" myth got started. I knew about Guinness Extra Stout and Guinness Draught, but I had never before heard of Guinness Foreign Extra Stout, which has higher alcohol content and is not sold in the United States.
It took me a little more than an hour to make my way through the self-guided tour and up to the bar where the complimentary pint of Guinness is served. The bar overlooks the whole of Dublin and strangely, or perhaps appropriately, plays popular American music.
The bar is a large room that offers a panoramic view of Dublin, with modern IKEA-style tables pushed up near the windows. As I sat enjoying my pint and the view, an English woman came up and asked if I was using the chair next to me. I said no, and she proceeded to move the chair directly in front of me, thus blocking my view. For the first time in my life, I was able to see why some people thoroughly dislike the English (I should point out, though, that this was one of those upper-middle-class on-the-older-side-of-middle-age almost-certainly-conservative types that no one likes, regardless of nationality). Fortunately, as an American, I will always win a battle of rudeness.
"I said you could take my chair; I didn't say you could take my view," I growled, allowing my Texas accent to come out.
She blustered and moved out of my line of sight. Later, she and her group would raise their glasses say, "That Irish toast."
I wanted to (but didn't) yell at them: "Sláinte, for fuck's sake. It's an Irish word that actually sounds like it looks, you morons. People like you are the reason the Empire fell apart. Fucking try, you fucks."
Again I got lost almost immediately after I left the Storehouse. Eventually, I found my way to the Liffey River and walked along its northern banks up to the Ha'penny Bridge. The Guinness Storehouse makes a point of letting you know that the water for its beer has never come from the Liffey and you can understand why they want you to know this when you see and smell said body of water. It's not exactly the sort of thing you'd jump into on a hot day.
As I walked along its banks, I was reminded of the first time I saw the Charles River, in Boston, which is far more attractive. It was summer and my friend, Paul, and I were walking across Harvard Bridge; I debated jumping off the bridge into the water and he said rather matter-of-factly: "You could; they've cleaned it up a lot -- you no longer need a tetanus shot if you fall in."
Who knows what you'd need if you fell into the Liffey. There are little life preservers along the banks that you can throw to an unfortunate victim. I think it would be more appropriate to put rifles there, so you could put the person out of their misery.
But a walk along the Liffey tells you something that I sensed about that city as a whole - it is, or, at least, was for a very long time, a rather utilitarian city. This is where people live and work. I sense that the idea of Dublin as a tourist destination is not one that stretches back too many decades. The walk along the Liffey is narrow and very close to cars; it is not built for a leisurely stroll as are sections of the Thames through London, or the Taff through Cardiff, or the Mississippi through St. Paul, etc. I'm not really trying to make a statement in pointing this out, I just found it interesting.
A highlight of this walk came when I cut north toward the shopping areas and encountered three girls who were beyond the definition of white trash, beyond the definition of chav, and into some never-before-encountered territory of human filth. The leader of the crew was a foul-mouthed young woman who appeared to be 8 months pregnant. She wore a dirty pink track suit, the top of which could not cover her distended belly, making it more of a midriff top. She was, of course, smoking a cigarette. I considered taking a picture of her, but worried that the girls would somehow develop super-human-trash speed and come running across the street to pummel me.
I ate a late lunch at the Stag's Head which has been helping people get drunk since 1795. If a pub is about as old or older than the nation of my birth, I have an overwhelming desire to go there. After a bit more wandering I went back to the hotel and slept and read until the child bride showed up.
Rachel decided that she wanted "European" shoes, so we went shopping in Grafton Street for a short while, discovering that we are giants. Rachel was forced to look for shoes in the men's section, and I was told that several styles I was interested in didn't go up to my size. We gave up in frustration and ate dinner at Bewley's, then were back to our hotel in time to join a literary pub crawl.
The evening started off with the actors doing a quick scene from "Waiting For Godot," which isn't the sort of barn burner stuff I would use to try to really wow the crowd from the start, but Irish literary figures have hardly ever been Tony Orlando on the entertainment scale, so you work with what you're given.
More pictures from Dublin taken on March 23.
I agree, but for different reasons. That's the best picture taken of you because there is clearly a little guy on your shoulder who is about to enter your ear.
littlegoat said...
Hot damn, I'm glad I found your blog. You amuse me to no end. (:
Building bridges with popsicle sticks
Who wants to be my sugar mama?
Let us never speak of it again
Streets of Dublin
No root beer
Work is the curse of the drinking classes
Quite hot
The Guinness does not taste different
Drunken Muslim
Gone till Tuesday
Celebrating 40 Going On 20
It's my birthday, bitches
Still just as useless
Gettin' ink done
Thank God for hats
What about Raven?
Ba mhaith liom Guinness*
Irish, Russian, whatever
Lá Fhéile Pádraig Sona Daoibh
Jesus, ch'i and Cymraeg
I rule, you fool
I smell bacon!
Fuck this weather
A mere male and that's all you'll ever be
Mouf to mouf no working!!
O Dharshini schnitzelbank
Look! Look! I'm crazy
Searching eBay for Oscar
The man and me
E-Mail And The Glow Of Accomplishment
Celebrity harem
All your pancake are belong to us
This winter is ass
Texas is free!
It's St. David's Day, bitches


June 28, 2014, the provincial high art into the community, music dance epic "Jing Gang Shan" special shows held in the content of the people's cultural palace. Vice secretary of the party Jin Guying, vice President of yu-hua and content at home such as vice secretary of the county xiao-jian Guo county four sets of team leaders attended.
Content of cadres, soldiers in county, primary and secondary school students on behalf of a total of thousands of people watched the performance. One and a half hours to show in a vivid scene recreates the Jing Gang Shan revolution, tells the story the Jing gang mountains revolutionary struggle, to carry forward the great spirit of Jing Gang Shan. Show the scene atmosphere warm applause. After the performance, content school leadership and watch performances are together walked onto the stage to receive in college students, congratulations to show success and took a group photo.


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Lilium wardii () ist eine Art aus der Gattung der Lilien (Lilium) in der Asiatischen Sektion.

Beschreibung
Lilium wardii erreicht eine Wuchshöhe von 60 bis 100 cm. Die Zwiebeln sind rundlich bis glockenförmig und erreichen einen Durchmesser zwischen 2,5 cm und 4 cm, sie sind mit weißen, rot gepunkteten Schuppen überzogen. Der Stängel ist purpurn bis braun und bildet Stolonen aus. Die Laubblätter schmal und lanzettförmig, 3 bis 5,5 cm lang und zwischen 6 und 7 mm breit. Sie sind um den Stängel verteilt und adaxial (zur Blattachse hin gewandt) von drei Blattadern tief durchzogen. Der Rand ist papillös.

Die Pflanze blüht von Juni bis August mit zwei bis zehn in einer Rispe nickender Blüten, selten mit einer einzelnen Blüte. Die zwittrigen Blüten sind dreizählig. Die sechs gleichgestalteten Blütenhüllblätter (Tepalen) sind stark zurückgebogen (Türkenbundform) und 4,5 bis 6 cm lang sowie zwischen 8 mm und 10 mm breit. Die Grundfarbe der Blüten ist blass purpurn-rot oder pink, mit dunklen purpurnen Punkten. Die Ränder der Blütenblätter rollen sich. Die Antheren sind purpurn, die Pollen sind purpurrot und die Filamente sind ebenfalls purpurn und 4 cm bis 4,5 cm lang. Die Nektarien sind weder papillös noch fransig. Die Samen reifen im August zu einer ovalen, etwa 2 cm großen Samenkapseln heran und keimen sofortig-epigäisch.

Die Chromosomenzahl beträgt 2n = 24.

Verbreitung
Lilium wardii findet sich an Waldrändern und auf steinigen Wiesen in Höhenlagen zwischen 2000 und 3400 m NN.

Die Art ist in den Provinzen Guizhou, Sichuan der Volksrepublik China und im Südosten von Tibet heimisch. Verbreitungsschwerpunkt ist Tibet.

Literatur
 Flora Of China, Vol. 24, S. 143, Online

Einzelnachweise

Weblinks

 Beschreibung auf genus-lilium.com (in deutscher und englischer Sprache)

Lilien
wardii

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Be Known
Portland Writing Center
The Portland Writing Center offers one-on-one writing assistance free of charge to George Fox University graduate and Department of Professional Studies students. Please note that we are not an editing service. Instead, our student consultants are trained to empower adult students to become better writers by learning the tools necessary to self-critique and self-edit. We offer assistance in many areas, including initial brainstorming, organization, clarity, grammar, word choice, and APA, Turabian, and MLA formatting. Consultations are typically 60 minutes long, although we can sometimes vary that time depending on the scope of a project. We also welcome brief grammar or formatting questions via email or video conference. At the PWC, you have the choice of a in-person, Zoom video conference, or email consultation. For an email consultation, please plan to be available via Zoom for at least a portion of the assigned time:
For a in-person appointment, (1) click the PWC Google calendar link below to schedule an appointment, (2) email the Writing Center consultants at wc@georgefox.edu with the information listed below under "To Schedule an Appointment," and (3) on the day of your appointment, go to the Portland Writing Center, located inside the Portland Center Library on the first floor of GFU's Portland Center, 12753 SW 68 th Ave., Portland.
For a Zoom consultation, (1) click the PWC Google calendar link below to schedule an appointment, (2) download Zoom to your computer or laptop before your appointment -- a one-time free and easy download that is available here: https://zoom.us, (3) email the Writing Center consultants at wc@georgefox.edu with the information listed below under "To Schedule an Appointment," and (4) on the day of your appointment, click on the link on the Google calendar that will connect you to your consultant at the scheduled time via video conference.
For an email consultation, (1) click the PWC Google calendar link below to schedule an appointment, (2) email the Writing Center consultants at wc@georgefox.edu with the information listed below under "To Schedule an Appointment," and (3) wait to receive feedback from the Writing Center via email. Please be available for a 10-minute Zoom conversation at some point during your appointment time.
To schedule an appointment, click here to access the PWC Google calendar: https://goo.gl/7lrf96. If you are new to the Writing Center, please plan to meet with us in person or via Zoom for your first appointment. Once you have secured an appointment time, email the Writing Center consultants at wc@georgefox.edu with the following information:
The Medium: whether you would like the appointment to be in-person, Zoom video conference, or email;
The Assignment: a description of the assignment and approximate page requirement;
The Format: APA, Turabian, MLA, or another;
The Purpose of your appointment: content, organization, formatting, mechanics, focus, citations, thesis, cohesiveness, clarity, evidence, etc.; and
The Paper: a Word doc sent via email attachment.
Fox Guides
How to Make an Appointment Video
View our Appointment how-to video to learn how to get started.
Introduction to APA Video
View our Introduction to APA video to learn more about the most commonly used style in the social sciences.
Portland Writing Center Director
Jennie Harrop
jharrop@georgefox.edu
Portland Writing Center Consultants
Angelee Berrian
Wednesdays: 9 a.m.-1 p.m.
Fridays: 11:30 a.m.-1:30 p.m. (online)
Nicole Trask
Mondays: 12:30-4:30 p.m. (online)
Thursdays: 11:30 a.m.-3:30 p.m.
Kimberley Warnecke
Tuesdays: 9 a.m.-12 p.m.
Wednesdays: 6-8 a.m. (online)
Fridays: 6-9 a.m. (online)
Mondays: 6-7 a.m. (online), 5-6 p.m.
Tuesdays: 6-7 a.m. (online), 8-9 p.m. (online)
Wednesdays: 4-6 p.m.
Thursdays: 6-7 a.m. (online)
Saturdays: 7-8 a.m. (online)
Email: wc@georgefox.edu (preferred method of contact)
Offices and Services /
Newberg Campus
414 N. Meridian St.


Uwell combined all the best features of their previous atomizers into one vaping supertank - SE1. The Uwell SE1 features anti-leaking top filling system, stainless steel and quartz glass construction, spit-back protection, improved adjustable airflow.
SE-1 Tank uses the latest version of Crown 2 Coils which last longer and taste better.
Super quick service from Vapingman again. Thank you!
As for the tank, not that impressed initially.
Currently use Innokin Apex tank with 0.5ohm coils but wanted to try something new. I'm more about flavor than clouds so went with 0.8ohm coils as stated best flavour but have found them a bit lackingat various watt settings. (Rated between 35w-55w). I only run the Apex tank at 25w & get pretty good flavor.
The tank is also very, very airy which I'm not used too!
Build quality seems good although the top filling cap feels bit flimsy & can be difficult to align for closing.
If could just be that this tank doesn't suit my vaping style but will stick with it & keeping tampering for now!
Hopefully it will improve & will update rating if it does.
If you want to try tank with a good capacity & like an airy draw, this could still be worth a shot!
This is my first crown tank and I did a bit of research first on The other crown tanks, but went for this one, I love it, it lives up to what as t I hoped it would be, the coils are great. Very good service from vapingman.
Ordered this on Thursday and received it a week later. Was initially concerned as it wasn't delivered through the week but after contacting vapingman and their support, I was reassured and it came the following day. Tank is fantastic and looks the business , especially in the matte black. Will be vaping it this weekend, but am sure with the new coils it will be fantastic. Will definitely be shopping with vaping man from now on.
Tank is very well made with excellent engineering tolerances. Looks good and feels expensive. Coil so far is excellent however took a long time to break in, but could have been the liquid I was using was bad. After half a tank of that liquid I've switched and it's been perfect.
Its a great tank and the flavours from it ate amazing. It really brings awesome flavour from the juice. I have a rafale , atlantis 2 and aspire mega and this blows them away. It also takes the rafale coils which is an added bonus as the rafale tank is pretty awful. Only downside is that it guzzles the juice- twice as much as my aspire tanks. But its my go to tank from now on. I bought the matte black version but i may also get the silver version. Also great service from vapingman.
Great tank, coils have been improved as we all know. Service from Vapingman was spot on!
Excellent fuss free sub ohm tank new coils are Awsome completely leak free, great tank for when your out and about and superb flavour too, Uwell have really come good with the SE1.


text:
News > Authors
Cynthia Andrews
Cynthia (Dumm) Andrews was in the first group of Suzuki students to start in the Penfield Suzuki Program. She received a Bachelor of Music Education from Wheaton College (Illinois) and a Master of Music in Music Education from the Eastman School of Music. She began her public school teaching career in the Lynchburg Public Schools (Virginia) as an elementary Suzuki violin teacher in 1982, and has taught strings in the Penfield Central School District (New York) for over 30 years. She taught Suzuki violin in the Eastman School of Music Community Education Division from 1986 to 1990. Since then she has continued to teach private Suzuki violin lessons in her home, and she plays in area community and church orchestras. She has also taught violin and theory for six summers at the Csehy Summer School of Music. She is married and has two college-aged children who played Suzuki violin, cello, and piano. Her family has fond memories from the four summers they spent at the Ithaca Suzuki Institute in the early 2000's!
In Celebration and Memoriam: The Penfield Suzuki Program and Joyce Dumm
by Cynthia Andrews
Local Programs, Memorial, Project SUPER, Suzuki
ASJ 45.3, page 62
Short Score Newsletter
Enter your email address to sign up for the monthly Short Score Newsletter:
SAA Calendar
10 days ago Intergenerational programs
10 days ago Aunt Rhody Letters
11 days ago Youth quartet dynamics
17 days ago Violin repair
17 days ago Playing on one string at a time
23 days ago Meaning of dotted lines in Suzuki Piano book 1 in Cuckoo


The abbreviation of the journal title "Annals of agrarian science" is "Ann. Agrar. Sci.". It is the recommended abbreviation to be used for abstracting, indexing and referencing purposes and meets all criteria of the ISO 4 standard for abbreviating names of scientific journals.
agrarian Agrar. matches the stem "agrari-"


text:
Fees & Hours
Become an Everglades Outpost member. Memberships are just $100 for families and $50 for individuals. Benefits include year-round free admission and invitations to special events.
Simply download the membership form here.
We believe in the dignity of every animal. Please donate.
© 2023 Everglades Outpost. An educational non-profit. In loving memory of Misty and Barbara.


text:
Statement from UW System President Tommy Thompson on UW-La Crosse mitigation steps
MADISON, Wis.—University of Wisconsin System President Tommy Thompson today issued this statement:
"Today's mitigation steps announced by UW-La Crosse Chancellor Joe Gow will combat the COVID-19 case increases we have identified on its campus. Moving to online course delivery for a two-week period while sheltering in place can be an effective tactic, as we have seen with other universities.
Students must be vigilant to combat this virus. UW-La Crosse is engaged with local health officials to ensure the community's health is prioritized. We welcome their support and collaboration in these efforts.
Our rapid antigen tests are successfully identifying pockets of infection at a few campuses, and we will continue to take immediate and aggressive steps where this is the case. At the same time, we are encouraged by results at other universities, and continue to aggressively monitor and respond to conditions with the health and safety of our students, faculty, staff and communities foremost in mind."
The University of Wisconsin System serves approximately 170,000 students. Awarding nearly 37,000 degrees annually, the UW System is Wisconsin's talent pipeline, putting graduates in position to increase their earning power, contribute to their communities, and make Wisconsin a better place to live. Nearly 90 percent of in-state UW System graduates stay in Wisconsin five years after earning a degree. The UW System provides a 23:1 return on state investment. UW System universities also contribute to the richness of Wisconsin's culture and economy with groundbreaking research, new companies and patents, and boundless creative intellectual energy.


The Going to the Sun Road doesn't fully open until late June or early July. This is the reason that July and August are the most popular months in the park. Fall can be a wonderful time to visit with the beautiful autumn colours in the park.
going to the sun road, glacier national park tour highlights The tour is designed to be driven either west to east, from West Glacier to St Mary, or in reverse. Its a single road that cuts across the National Park and has multitudes of stunning views.
When Glacier National Park celebrated the completion of the Going-to-the Sun Road on July 15, 1933, more than two decades of planning and construction had become a spectacular reality. Transportation : There is a free Shuttle Service from July 1 through Labor Day with several stops along the road.
The Going to the Sun Road – the reason you come to Glacier! This is the most stunning and scenic drives we have ever taken. The views are unbelievable and you could take all day pulling off at the pullouts to snap amazing pictures.
Plowing above the West Tunnel on Going to the Sun Road, while an avalanche technician ski's nearby. Glacier National Park Service. Fullscreen. A plow makes a fresh path through Glacier snow.
From spectacular Going-to-the-Sun Road of Glacier National Park, gorgeous Waterton Lakes National Park to the ski-town of Whitefish, You won't want to miss thing Glacier Country has to offer.
Going-to-the-Sun Road is one of the most amazing highlights of Glacier National Park. This engineering marvel is the only road that crosses Glacier National Park in Montana, USA, going over the Continental Divide at Logan Pass.
The Going to the Sun Road has snowy peaks and cool tunnels! The temperatures quickly cooled as we climbed higher, and the snow on the highest peaks got thicker. Mid-June in Glacier National Park!
Going-to-the-Sun Road is shown in the opening credits of the 1980 film The Shining, as aerial flybys of Wild Goose Island and the protagonist's car traveling along the north shore of Saint Mary Lake, through the East Side tunnel and onward, going to a mountain resort hotel for his job interview as a winter caretaker.
Going to the Sun Road Tunnel Engineering Going-To-The-Sun Road National Park Service specifically created Going-To-The-Sun Road to accommodate automobile tourism.
The Going to the Sun Road is the crown jewel of scenic drives in Montana. Cutting through some of the most scenic and varied scenery in Glacier National Park, the fifty-mile long Going to the Sun Road is like no other drive in Montana.
Going-to-the-Sun Road features two tunnels. The shorter one, at 192 feet long, appears on a narrow, uphill section of the road. This tunnel has holes, or "windows," in the side, allowing people to look out at the Upper McDonald Creek Valley.


text:
Q: JFreechart view specific data Today I just start to learn JFreeChart only and this is my code`
try{
       String query = "Select Purchase_Date,Total_Quantity_Purchased "
               + "from Purchases";

       JDBCCategoryDataset dataset = new JDBCCategoryDataset(javaconnect.ConnecrDb(),query);
       JFreeChart chart = ChartFactory.createLineChart("Chart", "Purchase Date", "Total Purchase", dataset, PlotOrientation.VERTICAL, false, true, true);
       BarRenderer renderer = null;
       CategoryPlot plot = null;
       renderer = new BarRenderer();
       ChartFrame frame = new ChartFrame("Title",chart);
       frame.setVisible(true);
       frame.setSize(500,650);
   }catch(Exception ex){
       JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null,ex.getMessage(),"Error",JOptionPane.ERROR_MESSAGE);
   }

and my result is listing out all of my database's data.
And now I want to improve it , I want to search total purchase on specific date
Example from july 1 to july 10 . Is there anyway to do this?? I am new to this. Please help. TQ
Edit :
java.util.Date utilStartDate = from.getDate();
java.sql.Date sqlStartDate = new java.sql.Date(utilStartDate.getTime());

java.util.Date utilStartDate2 = to.getDate();
java.sql.Date sqlStartDate2 = new java.sql.Date(utilStartDate2.getTime());

String query = "Select Purchase_Date, Total_Purchase_Quantity from Purchasing Where Purchase_Date between "+sqlStartDate+" and "+sqlStartDate2+"";

JDBCXYDataset dataset = new JDBCXYDataset (javaconnect.ConnecrDb(),query);
JFreeChart chart = ChartFactory.createTimeSeriesChart("Query chart", "Date", "Total Order", dataset, true,true,false);
BarRenderer renderer = null;
CategoryPlot plot = null;
renderer = new BarRenderer();
ChartFrame frame = new ChartFrame("Query Chart",chart);
frame.setVisible(true);
frame.setSize(500,650);

Error give me not enough valid columns where generate by query

A: Since your query looks at quantity for a range of dates, you might want to consider JDBCXYDataset, mentioned here, "which can detect a time series based on metadata;" use it with a time series chart, ChartFactory.createTimeSeriesChart().
Addendum; It give me error: "Not enough valid columns [were] generated by query." What does it mean?
It's hard to say without a complete example & schema, but you can check your query against the recognized java.sql.Types.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


...everyone who came & played along at my Cyber Monday sale. It means so much to me. I had tons of fun! I would make a sale, & then immediately go shopping online for Christmas gifts. And then I'd make another sale & do the same thing. I even went holiday shopping for the girls today, with the Mr. in tow. So, thanks for that! I appreciate you very much!!
Can you share how/what you used for the "dye" on the little clay tags you posted about? I love them!!


text:
Warrnambool Charity & Pharoah King Win 2008 Great Chase
Wednesday 26th November 2008 5:46 pm. Kevin Pitstock
Riding for the Disabled, Warrnambool, has won $5000 and the promise of more on the back of champion greyhound Pharoah King, Deputy Premier and Minister for Racing Rob Hulls said today.
Mr Hulls said Greyhound Racing Victoria's the Great Chase series, which pairs community organisations with greyhounds across Victoria, had delivered Riding for the Disabled in Warrnambool a much-needed bonus.
"Riding for the Disabled coaches children and adults with disabilities to ride horses," Mr Hulls said. "It provides opportunities for anyone with a disability to enjoy safe, healthy, stimulating and therapeutic horse-related activities.
"Riding for the Disabled is a deserving winner and the Great Chase has provided them with the opportunity to purchase new portable fencing and safety equipment."
Pharoah King beat seven other competitors at The Meadows today to secure Riding for the Disabled, Warrnambool, with $5000 and the equivalent of 10 per cent of the greyhound's prize money for the next 12 months.
Second placed greyhound, Serbo Delight, won $2000 for Kalimna Cranbourne Support Options, while the Cunningham Street Community Residential Unit received $1000 thanks to third place winner Our Wilbur.
Riding for the Disabled, Warrnambool, President Peter Matthews said the money would be spent on portable fencing for the horses, new helmets, safety boots and games equipment. He said prize money from previous heats had been spent on day yards for the horses. "This series is a great promotion for the greyhounds," he said.
Mr Hulls said in the past six years, the Great Chase had brought joy to many people with a disability. This year, almost 160 community groups took part in the racing series.
"Deserving community organisations from right across Victoria have reaped more than $116,000 through their participation in the Great Chase since it began in 2003," he said.
"Each year the groups use the opportunity to raise much-needed funds, but the participants also benefit from fantastic nights out thanks to Victoria's greyhound racing clubs which provide a welcoming atmosphere to all visitors."
Mr Hulls said Victoria's racing industry had strong connections to the community and this was perfectly demonstrated by GRV's Great Chase Series.
"This series is a fantastic example of how racing can provide benefits to those members of our communities who are not always associated with racing and who have not previously been part of our racing family," he said.
"Without Greyhound Racing Victoria and the owners and trainers of each of the participating greyhounds this series would not be possible so I'd like to thank them for their continuing enthusiasm and involvement."
Wentworth park Race 1
Angle park Race 1
Kilkenny Race 1
Waterford Race 1
Dapto Race 1


text:
Why the University of the Philippines' UPCAT draws over 100k students
Angie Quadra-Balibay
The UP community witnesses two events this weekend: UPCAT hopefuls taking the qualifying test and the UP Fighting Maroons facing their own test on the UAAP hardcourt. Credits to Glenford Lumbao via UP Diliman social media.
Thousands of UPCAT hopefuls troop to examination centers across the Philippines this Saturday and Sunday to take the qualifying test for a slot in the country's premier state university.
The University of the Philippines College Admission Test (UPCAT) will be taken by an estimated 100-thousand examinees in the 16 regions of the country.
In 2018, over 140,000 students applied for the UPCAT, with 11,821 successfully qualifying for slots in the UP.
In 2017, over 100,000 applied with some 14,000 passing the test that covers 4 subtests: Language Proficiency (in English and Filipino), Reading Comprehension (in English and Filipino), Science, and Math.
The UP Admissions Office says the standardized scores on these subtests are combined with the weighted average of final grades in the last three years of high school to determine qualification into the University. Moreover, to implement the policy of democratization to make the U.P. studentry more representative of the nation's population, socio-economic and geographic considerations are factored in the selection of campus qualifiers.
Established in 1908, the University of the Philippines has had to limit slots for freshman admission to each campus and to its various degree programs to maintain its high standard of education and to maximize its limited resources.
To be admitted to the UP System's baccalaureate programs, a student needs to be one of the top 15% of the total number of examinees in the UPCAT that only allows one chance for an applicant to take the exams.
Why do students take that slim chance to get a UP education? Ask any UPCAT taker, passer, student, undergraduate, or alumni and you will get as many colorful responses.
Good News Pilipinas offers this list of possible reasons a University of the Philippines education is most sought-after in the Philippines.
1. High standard of education
The University of the Philippines is the country's top educational institution in global university rankings. Credits to UPOVPAA social media.
As the nation's premier state university, the University of the Philippines offers a wide range of degree programs that have been acknowledged worldwide for excellence. Just recently, UP bested top global schools Harvard, Cambridge, and Oxford in health research rankings on the London-based Times Higher Education World University Rankings (THE WUR).
UP education is Top 4 in Southeast Asia, Top 95 in Asia, and Top 500 among the world's top 1000 educational institutions on THE WUR Rankings.
UP education is also in the Top 100 on the Quacquarelli Symonds World University Rankings (QS WUR).
Enough said.
2. Iskolar ng Bayan Serve The People
At the UP you will witness and be among community members engaging in social action. Credits to the University of the Philippines.
To be clear, the UP "Iskos" and "Iskas" are scholars of the people, not the government. The funding of UP education comes from the taxes paid by each Filipino. The administration acts as the steward of the citizens' resources. UP students know the difference and act accordingly. The UP community gives back to the nation and serves its people, not specific political offices.
At the UP you will witness and be among community members engaging in social action, such as the recent fair trade for farmers' harvests initiatives of UP Diliman and UP Los Banos groups.
The entire UP System community has also been called upon to do public service and use their expertise in recreating Manila into a disaster-resilient city.
At the UP, excellence is not only about receiving a grade of 1.0. More significantly, it means service to the people.
3. The #UPFight Spirit
The UP Fighting Maroons, standing tall with the UP community that chants "UP Fight", "Win or Lose, It's UP We Choose", and singing "UP Naming Mahal". Credits to UP Diliman social media.
UP excellence permeates all aspects of a student's life and that necessarily includes extra-curricular activities, including cheering for its Fighting Maroons.
The state of the university's funding woes, especially in the face of budget cuts, is felt all the more in its sports programs that pale in comparison to that of private universities.
Enter, the volunteer network of UP alumni and supporters who came together under the banner of Nowhere To Go But UP to bring the University Athletic Association of the Philippines (UAAP) – cellar-dwelling UP Men's Basketball Team (UPMBT) to its current stellar status after only 4 years.
For the first time in 32 years, the UP Fighting Maroons was in the finals against the defending championship team of a neighboring private university in the 2018 UAAP Season 81.
Just as the UPCAT hopefuls anxiously take their exams this weekend, the UP Fighting Maroons return to the UAAP hardcourt for the second round of the games – bearing a Top 2 ranking but in a similar dramatic scenario. The UP MBT would be forced to play without the head coach who brought them to the championship series last year.
The journey has been epic and drama-laden, likened to the Never-Say-Die games of this basketball-crazy nation's beloved Barangay Ginebra professional basketball team.
The UP Fighting Maroons, now with the addition of powerhouse players Kobe Paras and Ricci Rivero, continue to be students of life and have taken on the advocacy to save Filipino farmers by buying local produce – in answer to the Peyups calling.
The hype on the UP Fighting Maroons has even resulted in no less than the Philippines' National Artist for Music, Ryan Cayabyab, composing new UP FIght cheers for the UPMBT.
The UP Fighting Maroons, standing tall with the UP community that chants "UP Fight", declares "Win or Lose, It's UP We Choose", and sings "UP Naming Mahal" with raised clenched fists of defiance – who wouldn't want to be in that loyal circle?
The words of Nowhere To Go But UP's Founding Chairman Renan Dalisay during a pep talk for the team before UAAP Season 82 started, sums up the #UPFight spirit:
"People often asked us, what pushed us to volunteer to help, to give a little of our resources, to share our time. What really pushed us to action to inch closer and closer to our goal, and to our dream? And what is pushing the UP Community to come together nationwide and solidly support this team?
I say it's because we want it most. I believed on the court as well, you want it most. WE ALL SHOULD WANT IT MOST.
The same way a less-privileged person would be hungry enough to succeed in life given a fighting chance, the same way we were hungry before to break that long losing streak, the same way we were so hungry to reach the final four and the finals last year, this time around in Season 82, we should be hungry for glory.
Gentlemen, we will have to stay hungry to surpass what we achieved last year."
Good News Pilipinas sends well wishes to all the UPCAT hopefuls taking the exams this weekend as we repost the UP Admissions Office Infographic for your guidance.
Reminders from the UP Admissions Office
TELL US your reasons for taking the UPCAT and eyeing UP education in the comments below!
Like, Follow, Subscribe to GoodNewsPilipinas.com Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Good News Pilipinas! TV on YouTube, new story notifications and e-mail newsletters for updates on more Filipino Pride stories.
over 100k
University of the Philippines College Admission Test
UP education
UP Fight
UP Fighting Maroons
UP Men's Basketball Team
UPCAT
Angie is a self-confessed reformed news critic who vows she has finally found infinite value in delivering the good news. She teaches students of all ages how to make the important interesting for audiences across media platforms.
La Salle Dasmariñas wins Microsoft Showcase School Biggest Impact award
10 Philippine universities listed in UI GreenMetric sustainability world ranking


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I really love the smell! It lasted all day. However, it made my underarms very itchy. I believe it irritated my underarms which is so sad because I really like the smell.
Makes you feel fresh all day. One thing i noticed, it made my skin dry? Not the best spray for me but the scent is very nice and fresh.
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It gives me protection for more than twenty four hours.
This product is a rock star. Since I have come across this product, I knew that this will be my best buddy everyday because of the attractive fragrance it gives that I can live without having to put on a very expensive perfume.


text:
Ljungvargspindel (Pardosa nigriceps) är en spindelart som först beskrevs av Tord Tamerlan Teodor Thorell 1856.  Ljungvargspindel ingår i släktet Pardosa och familjen vargspindlar. Arten är reproducerande i Sverige. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Vargspindlar


A beginner paddles his surfboard out into Hainan Island's warm waters wearing white gloves, a mask and snorkel.
Another has his board back-to-front, while a woman wants to wear her leg rope like a dog collar.
"A lot has happened in those 12 months," Darci Liu, the first Chinese surfer to compete in a pro event when the world longboard title was held on Hainan in 2011, told Reuters.
"We did not know if it was real or not. Maybe no one would care. But there really is interest, even more than I expected.
"It is just so different to Chinese people," the former ballerina added.
"We grow up thinking the ocean is something to be scared of, but people are seeing it can be enjoyed."
The ASP's 2011 debut in China attracted worldwide headlines. Liu was profiled by CNN and the New York Times, perfectly scripted in her role of "dancing across the South China Sea".
"This is just the beginning. No one surfed a couple of years ago but now I think Chinese people are starting to see they don't have to be terrified of the sea," Liu added.
"It is a place to respect and enjoy. We can play out there. People have started coming from the mainland, asking us: 'Can you show us how to surf?' I hope in my lifetime that I see a Chinese surfer as a world champion. I think I will."
"The first event was big news on Hainan Island and elsewhere in China but not many people knew about surfing," he said through a translator.
"Now they have seen it happening in Chinese waters and the fascination is here with us. With surfing still being a new sport, we have uncrowded and unspoilt coastline for miles.
"I have enjoyed watching the Hawaiians and the local Chinese wildcard, Darci. I should get some lessons from the girls, though, before I go in the water. I can use all the help with surfing I can get."
"Being involved in a sport that is young to the Chinese people when to us, it has been around forever, that's blowing my mind," she said.
"When I was growing up, surfing was all about the adventure, finding new places, meeting new people, and that's what we're doing here. There's a bunch of kids surfing now and it's like watching a new seed being sprouted. It's starting to dawn on us all that it's real."


Vintage Scott Ian style. /images/graemlins/smile.gif Although I think he had around 12 frets, then just had an empty fretboard from there on up with a "NOT" inlay.
Thanks Sully, I did look at your thread, my fretboard is almost white, which is why I'm so anxious about cleaning it. I'm considering getting the whole neck lacquered, I really can't cope with a dirty fretboard!
Vintage Scott Ian style. Although I think he had around 12 frets, then just had an empty fretboard from there on up with a "NOT" inlay.
Actually had 14 frets....but congrats on even knowing Scott did this. I've had to explain where this came from regarding my Jackson Tele Click Here (http://img.photobucket.com/albums/v11/MountainDog/JacksonTeleFull2.jpg) , as most people don't know about it.
Dude, only a few hours and it's covered with grime already? Wash your hands before playing! /images/graemlins/tongue.gif Seriously.


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text:
Showing article 475 of 3176 in channel 13789445
First Article ... Article 473 Article 474 Article 475 Article 476 Article 477 ... Last Article
Ka`u News Briefs Tuesday, Sept. 9, 2014
Next Ka`u News Briefs Wednesday, Sept. 10, 2014
Previous Ka`u News Briefs Monday, Sept. 8, 2014
Ka`u's aspiring farmers, ranchers, high school students and recent graduates can apply for agricultural training programs through The Kohala Center. Photos from The Kohala Center
BIOTECH COFFEE COULD POSSIBLY SOLVE the coffee berry borer problem, statewide Hawai`i Farm Bureau Federation President Chris Manfredi said in a video posted yesterday by Big Island Video News. Manfredi, who is described by the American Farm Bureau as a coffee farmer and by Big Island Video News as "active in Ka`u coffee farming," was speaking to Hawai`i Coffee Association at its annual meeting in July. He said that research in other parts of the world is ongoing to create biotech coffee that could stand up to the pest that is devastating the industry.
Hawai`i Farm Bureau Federation President Chris Manfredi told Hawai`i
Coffee Association that biotech coffee could "make our CBB crisis
go away."Photo from Big Island Video News
Manfredi said HFBF is also "pretty active at the (state) Capitol." He said the organization has a full-time lobbyist on O`ahu and works in partnership with HCA and state Department of Agriculture "on legislative issues that are important to agriculture."
Manfredi also talked about a Farm Bureau public relations campaign called Small Farmers, Big Stories, which he described as "a virtual farm tour in the media." He contended that those promoting GMO restrictions and further regulating pesticides are against biotech. "Of late, non-farmers have been trying to impose their will on farmers and set food and farm policy," he said.
He told the audience that HFBF had gotten about $150,000 pledged for the campaign, which has an annual budget of $400,000.
Manfredi also announced at the conference that he had recently traveled to Washington, D.C. and discussed the campaign with Hawai`i's congressional delegation.
See bigislandvideonews.com.
To comment on or like this story, go to facebook.com/kaucalendar.
TWO PROGRAMS AIMED AT INTRODUCING high school students and aspiring farmers on Hawai`i Island to agricultural careers are seeking applicants for upcoming cohorts in October.
Ku I Ka Mana, a beginning farmer and rancher training program administered by The Kohala Center, is accepting applications from prospective students for its fourth cohort. The 30-session course begins on Friday, Oct. 17 and is conducted in Honoka`a on Friday evenings from 5:30 p.m. to 8:30 p.m. and Saturday mornings from 9 a.m. to 12 p.m.
Ku I Ka Mana's fourth cohort begins in October. Photo from The Kohala Center
Although no previous farming experience is required, preference is given to U.S. veterans and to applicants who have taken steps to become agricultural producers but would benefit from a comprehensive, hands-on curriculum. The course covers a wide range of critical subject areas such as soil management, irrigation, composting, cover cropping and pest management, as well as the business side of farming—marketing, accounting, budgeting, and record-keeping. Students who successfully complete the course and create viable farm and business plans will be able to work with program staff to obtain leasable farmland, should they not already have land on which to farm or ranch.
The deadline to apply is Friday, Oct. 10.
The second program is open to Hawai`i Island high school students and recent graduates. The fourth cohort of The Center's weeklong High School Agriculture Internship Program runs from 8 a.m. to 5 p.m. daily from Oct. 6 through Oct. 10.
With the `aina serving as their classroom, interns are introduced to various aspects of agriculture in Hawai`i through site visits to Waipi`o, Kohala, Hamakua, Kona and Hilo. Participants gain hands-on experience in sustainable agriculture, learn about island food systems and receive a $125 stipend upon completion. The High School Agriculture Internship Program is co-sponsored by Kamehameha Schools' `Aina Ulu Program.
The deadline to apply is Wednesday, Oct. 1.
"These programs were designed in an effort to move Hawai`i toward greater food self-reliance by training and motivating the next generations of local food producers," said Derrick Kiyabu, director of The Kohala Center's Ku I Ka Mana Beginning Farmer-Rancher Development Program. "We and our partners are dedicated to training and supporting new farming families on Hawai`i Island and inspiring island youth to consider careers in agriculture in an effort to increase local food production, decrease dependency on imports, diversify our rural economy and create meaningful jobs."
More information and application materials are available at kohalacenter.org or by calling 887-6411.
Among others, Tango is one product to battle
little fire ant colonies.
FACULTY AND STAFF AT THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI`I'S College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources and the Hawai`i Department of Agriculture have tips for identifying and controlling little fire ants. Wasmannia auropunctata is a serious pest because this tiny ant can easily spread undetected into yards and homes, parks, landscapes, vacant properties and forests. LFA deliver very painful stings similar to electric shocks to people, pets, livestock and even marine wildlife such as sea turtles and ground-nesting birds. LFA are attracted to eye fluids and typically sting near animals' eyes, which can lead to blindness due to clouding of the cornea, or keratopathy.
Areas where LFA are commonly found are in trees and shrubs, especially any fork at bases of trunks, in crotches of branches and under moss growing on trees or shrubs; in stamens and pistils of flowers; near edges of building foundations and concrete slabs; in cracks in concrete; in electrical outlets; in fallen logs and piles of plant debris; under potted plants; in dumpsters, trash cans and rubbish piles; and in stockpiles of seldom-used flower pots, lumber, hollow tiles, rocks, etc.
Ka`u residents can use peanut butter as an attractant for detection of LFA. Check for ants by smearing a thin layer of peanut butter on one end of a chopstick or any wooden or plastic stake. Place a stake on the ground every 10 to 12 paces, including in potted plants and at the base and in branch crotches of trees. The best times are in the morning or on overcast days, avoiding heavy rain or mid-day sun and heat.
After about 40 to 45 minutes, check for LFA on the stake. LFA are red-orange, slow-moving and less than 1/16 of an inch long (thickness of a penny). If LFA are on the chopstick, place the chopstick with ants into a zip-top bag and place it in the freezer for at least 24 hours to kill the ants.
Bring bagged ant samples to one of the following locations for confirmation: UH-CTAHR Komohana Research and Extension Center, 875 Komohana Street, Hilo or Hawai`i Department of Agriculture, 16 East Lanikaula Street, Hilo.
If an agency positively identifies LFA, treat with ant bait insecticide. Ant food bait mixed with a slow-acting insecticide is the only effective way to kill and eliminate an LFA colony because it allows worker ants to carry poison to queens. A free publications entitled Little Fire Ant Products Available for Homeowner Use is available online at ctahr.hawaii.edu/haraa/arthropod.asp (click on first publication), at UH-CTAHR's Extension Office in Hilo or by calling 981-5199.
One product mentioned is Tango. Information about how to use it is available at littlefireants.com.
Ka`u High's cross county team plans to participate in and volunteer at `Ohana Day
and the Ka`u Coffee Trail Run, which crosses scenic pastures.
Photo from `O Ka`u Kakou
"Check, treat, recheck, repeat," is UH's advice. It may take several reapplications of bait over a six- to 12-month period to kill an LFA colony. Recheck with peanut butter regularly and treat with insecticidal bait when necessary. It is critical that infested plants, building materials, trash, etc. be treated on-site and not moved or dumped, which will further spread the ants.
The Nature Conservancy also offers assistance to Ka`u residents with LFA infestations. Contact John Replogle at 939-7171.
KA`U HIGH'S CROSS-COUNTRY ATHLETES are doing great, reports Head Coach Erin Cole. At Hawai`i Preparatory Academy on Aug. 30, the fastest Ka`u boy was Chadwick Pajimola with a time of 27:25.66, and the fastest Ka`u girl was Chloe Gan with a time of 29:36.55. The race is three miles long, "and HPA has a grueling hill the athletes have to run up twice," Cole said. "All team members came in strong, and I am looking forward to seeing everyone's times improve over the season, as the team is training hard."
Team members will be volunteering and/or running in the Ka`u Coffee Trail Run on Saturday, Sept. 20 instead of running in the meet at Waiakea. The team did not participate in the race at Kamehameha on Sept. 6 due to a schedule conflict.
Another meet at HPA is scheduled for Saturday, Sept. 27.
KA`OHU MONFORT SHARES HER KNOWLEDGE and love of the island's native plants and their medicinal uses during a la`au lapa`au demonstration tomorrow from 10 a.m. to 12 p.m. at Kilauea Visitor Center lanai in Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park. Free; park entrance fees apply.
THE NEXT MEETING OF THE KA`U SCENIC BYWAY Task Force will be Thursday at 5 p.m. at Na`alehu Methodist Church. The task force is about to finish design on the Na`alehu Park kiosk, and this is the last chance for input. The public is invited.
For more information, email richmorrow@alohabroadband.net.
LIGHT REFRESHMENTS FOR CURRENT and new members will be served at Friends of Ka`u Libraries' member meeting Thursday from 6 p.m. to 8 p.m. at Pahala Plantation House.
Call Doris Davis at 928- 0919 or Ann Fontes at 987-7448 for more information.
HAWAI`I FARMERS UNION UNITED'S KA`U CHAPTER holds its next potluck meeting at Na`alehu Community Center on Saturday, Sept. 27 at 5 p.m. Farmers can drop off homegrown items and pick up something that neighbors are growing at the swap table.
HFUU state President Vincent Mina will talk about his recent trip to Washington for the National Farmer's Union Fly-In event.
Voter registration forms will be available. The deadline to register to vote is Oct. 6 for the Nov. 4 general election.
For more information, email Malian Lahey at malian@kauspecialtycoffee.com.
SUPPORT OUR SPONSORS AT PAHALAPLANTATIONCOTTAGES.COM AND KAUCOFFEEMILL.COM. KA`U COFFEE MILL IS OPEN SEVEN DAYS A WEEK.
See kaucalendar.com/Directory2014.swf.
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CPA perfectly bilingual, at least 7 years of experience in complex accounting including a good knowledge of IFRS, US GAAP and expertise with Excel. The candidate must know how to manage his time, be motivated, analytical, rigorous and multitask. Management experience is required.


text:
Q: Conversion of Scala class to javascript using jscala I am a newbie to Scala and JScala. I have a Scala class with globals defined as val test = Set("testglobal"). My code to convert this to javascript is as following:
object Convertscalatojs {
  def converttoscala() {
    @Javascript class TrafficSource {
      val test = Set("test")
      //
      val test1="testvar"
    }

    val js = TrafficSource.jscala.javascript
    js.eval()
    println(js.asString)
  }

  def main(args: Array[String]) {
    converttoscala()
  }
}

I am getting an error as:
Error:(14, 6) Unsupported syntax: scala.this.Predef.Set.apply[String].
    @Javascript class TrafficSource {

How do I convert the globals to JS code?

A: I believe that the @JavaScript annotation just means that a constructor for an equivalent type will be available in javascript code blocks. Such as the following:
@Javascript class StaticGlobalsReference {
    val test = Set("test")
}

Which can then be used in code blocks:
def main(args: Array[String]) {
    val js = javascript {
        val globals = new StaticGlobalsReference();
        println(globals.test);
    }
    println(js.asString);
}

Reference: http://jscala.org/


Jaleswar Womens college was established in 1984. Govt. concurrence of the session 1980-90 and Jaleswar Women's (Junior) College was established on 2009 in the district of Balasore Orissa. The college provides instruction in Arts stream only at + 2 level (128 sanctioned strength). Provision for subject options are available in English, M.I.l. (O), Pol. Sc, History, Oriya, Home Sc., Education, Logic, Economics, Sanskrit, Sociology. The college has a duty constituted Governing Body.


If blue states care less about moral values, why are divorce rates so low in the bluest of the blue states? It's a question that intrigues conservatives, as much as it emboldens liberals.
As researchers have noted, the areas of the country where divorce rates are highest are also often the areas where many conservative Christians live.