text:
Q: Pseudo-element Background Reveal on :hover
Summary

*

*Target devices (Device Width +600px - Please ignore Mobile / xs screens)

*Pure CSS Image Reveal with :hover:after

*Works but not ideal

*the Issues:

*

*image ratio (The images will be 800px/600px) is not maintained - width gets cropped instead of image being scaled down

*Images are outside of the main container  .outercontainer

*The image fade-in on :hover works but it does not fade-out after :hover state is terminated I tried using a separate animation / same animation backwards with no luck

Desired Effect:

*

*Everything fits inside container with the blue border labeled
.outercontainer

*Edit: The images should have their own space - about 80% of the container
width and the options/menu would be the other 20% - No overlap (if the images overlap over the options, tablet users would be stuck in :hover state)

*.outercontainer and everyting inside adjusts according to screen
width

*Minimum desired device width to support is 600px (ignore screens smaller than 600px)

*Steps:

*

*Images Fade in on :hover

*Images remain visiable so long as the elemet is still in :hover

*Images fade-out after the element is "un-hovered"

Similar posts / issues

*

*Scale image inside div up AND/OR down to fit largest side of image with CSS (addresses an image as an element and not as the background of a pseudo-element)

*can't get image to fit inside a div ( same as the link above)

*Scale all images to fit container proportionally (Adresses the image being the
background of an element as opposed to it being the background of an
:after pseudo-element)
There are many more questions like this on SO. I have not found one that addresses the image being the background of the :after pseudo-element

My Questions

*

*How do I fit an image displayed with :hover:after inside its parent's container ? (I would like it to take no more than 80%-85% of the width of that container - the rest of the space should be allocated to the options/menu/list items)

*How can I make an image displayed with :hover:after responsive?

*How can I make an element fade out after un-hovring it?
My CSSand HTMLare in the snippet below (Not fully resposive - open in fullscreen please)

/* Start Miscellaneous stuff */

body {
 background: #131418;
 color: #999;
 text-align: center;
}

.optionlist a {
 color: #999;
 text-decoration: none;
}

@keyframes mycoolfade {
 from {
  opacity: 0;
 }
 to {
  opacity: 1;
 }
}

/* End Miscellaneous stuff */

.outercontainer {
 border: 1px solid blue; /*This needs to be in the middle of the screen and everthing should fit inside it*/
 position: fixed; /*border to highlight only - not part of final product*/
 top: 50%;
 left: 50%;
 transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
 width: 1200px;
 max-width: 80%
}

.optioncontainer {
 width: 250px;
 max-width: 20vw;
}

.optionlist li {
 background: #fff;
 padding: .5em;
 box-shadow: inset 10px 10px 100px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, .8);
 list-style-type: none;
}

.optionlist li:nth-child(odd) {
 background: #000;
}

.optionlist li:hover {
 background: red;
}

.optionlist li:hover:after { /* The part the needs to be fixed */
 content: '';
 width: 800px;
 height: 600px;
 position: fixed;
 top: 50%;
 left: 50%;
 transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
 animation: mycoolfade 1s;
}

/* Start Background Control */

#red:after {background: url(http://lorempixel.com/800/600/)}

#blue:after {background: url(http://lorempixel.com/800/601/)}

#green:after {background: url(http://lorempixel.com/801/600/)}

#yellow:after {background: url(http://lorempixel.com/801/601/)}

#orange:after {background: url(http://lorempixel.com/799/600/)}

#white:after {background: url(http://lorempixel.com/800/599/)}

#black:after {background: url(http://lorempixel.com/801/599/)}

/* End Background Control */

 The initial hiccup when the images load is not an issue

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Black

Edit: This is an image of what the whole setup would ideally look like.

Thank you.

A: Just set your outercontainer wherever you want. After changing the outercontainer position style to relative and after pseudo element styling to position: absolute; left: 0; top: 0; width: 100%; height: 100%; seems working fine as you want. Using CSS animation you can apply the fade effect.
============ Latest Changes ==============
Added styling for outercontainer related to position and margin for displaying it to the center, added pseudo element background styling like no-repeat and background-size: cover. Changed div markup to ul and flex style for ul.

/* Start Miscellaneous stuff */

body {
 background: #131418;
 color: #999;
 text-align: center;
}

.optionlist a {
 color: #999;
 text-decoration: none;
}

@keyframes mycoolfade {
 from {
  opacity: 0;
 }
 to {
  opacity: 1;
 }
}

/* End Miscellaneous stuff */

.outercontainer {
 border: 1px solid blue; /*This needs to be in the middle of the screen and everthing should fit inside it*/
 position: absolute; /*border to highlight only - not part of final product*/
    top: 0;
    left: 0;
    right: 0;
    bottom: 0;
    margin: auto;
    min-width: 50%;
    min-height: 50%;
    width: 80%;
    height: 80%;
 transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
}

.optioncontainer {
 width: 250px;
 max-width: 20vw;
    height: 100%;
}

.optionlist {
 padding: 0;
    margin: 0;
    display: flex;
    flex-direction: column;
    height: 100%;
}

.optionlist li {
 background: #fff;
 padding: .5em;
 box-shadow: inset 10px 10px 100px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, .8);
 list-style-type: none;
}

.optionlist li:nth-child(odd) {
 background: #000;
}

.optionlist li:hover {
 background: red;
}

.optionlist li:hover:after { /* The part the needs to be fixed */
 content: '';
 width: 100%;
 height: 100%;
 position: absolute;
 top: 0;
 left: 0;
 transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
 animation: mycoolfade 1s;
    z-index:-1;
}

/* Start Background Control */

#red:after {
    background: url(http://lorempixel.com/800/600/)  no-repeat center center fixed;
    -webkit-background-size: cover;
    -moz-background-size: cover;
    -o-background-size: cover;
    background-size: cover;
}

#blue:after {
    background: url(http://lorempixel.com/800/601/)  no-repeat center center fixed;
    -webkit-background-size: cover;
    -moz-background-size: cover;
    -o-background-size: cover;
    background-size: cover;
}

#green:after {
    background: url(http://lorempixel.com/801/600/)  no-repeat center center fixed;
    -webkit-background-size: cover;
    -moz-background-size: cover;
    -o-background-size: cover;
    background-size: cover;
}

#yellow:after {
    background: url(http://lorempixel.com/801/601/)  no-repeat center center fixed;
    -webkit-background-size: cover;
    -moz-background-size: cover;
    -o-background-size: cover;
    background-size: cover;
}

#orange:after {
    background: url(http://lorempixel.com/799/600/)  no-repeat center center fixed;
    -webkit-background-size: cover;
    -moz-background-size: cover;
    -o-background-size: cover;
    background-size: cover;
}

#white:after {
    background: url(http://lorempixel.com/800/599/)  no-repeat center center fixed;
    -webkit-background-size: cover;
    -moz-background-size: cover;
    -o-background-size: cover;
    background-size: cover;
}

#black:after {
    background: url(http://lorempixel.com/801/599/)  no-repeat center center fixed;
    -webkit-background-size: cover;
    -moz-background-size: cover;
    -o-background-size: cover;
    background-size: cover;
}

/* End Background Control */

 The initial hiccup when the images load is not an issue

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Green

Yellow

Orange

White

Black

A: The fadein/fadeout part of your question:

/* Start Miscellaneous stuff */

body {
 background: #131418;
 color: #999;
 text-align: center;
}

.optionlist a {
 color: #999;
 text-decoration: none;
}

/* End Miscellaneous stuff */

.outercontainer {
 border: 1px solid blue; /*This needs to be in the middle of the screen and everthing should fit inside it*/
 position: fixed; /*border to highlight only - not part of final product*/
 top: 50%;
 left: 50%;
 transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
 width: 1200px;
 max-width: 80%
}

.optioncontainer {
 width: 250px;
 max-width: 20vw;
}

.optionlist li {
 background: #fff;
 padding: .5em;
 box-shadow: inset 10px 10px 100px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, .8);
 list-style-type: none;
}

.optionlist li:nth-child(odd) {
 background: #000;
}

.optionlist li:hover {
 background: red;
}

.optionlist li:after {
    content: '';
 width: 800px;
 height: 600px;
 position: fixed;
 top: 50%;
 left: 50%;
 transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
    transition: opacity 1s;
    opacity: 0;
    pointer-events: none;
}

.optionlist li:hover:after {
 opacity: 1;
    pointer-events: auto;
}

/* Start Background Control */

#red:after {background: url(http://lorempixel.com/800/600/)}

#blue:after {background: url(http://lorempixel.com/800/601/)}

#green:after {background: url(http://lorempixel.com/801/600/)}

#yellow:after {background: url(http://lorempixel.com/801/601/)}

#orange:after {background: url(http://lorempixel.com/799/600/)}

#white:after {background: url(http://lorempixel.com/800/599/)}

#black:after {background: url(http://lorempixel.com/801/599/)}

/* End Background Control */

 The initial hiccup when the images load is not an issue

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Black

A: Here is my try
Probably I am missing something, let me know if this is the case
The trick is to make the optionlist element  widthbe always 20% of the container width.
This way, we can make the pseudo elements 400% of their parent, and this is equivalent to the 80% that remains of the container minus the optionlist.
To handle the fadeout, we need to make the pseudos present all the time (not just when hovering). So, we declare them in the base state with opacity 0, and change this to opacity 1 on hover.
This causes the bug that you detected, because the hover on the pseudo triggers even if the opacity is 0, and then bubbles to the element. This can be solved with a pointer-events: none on the pseudo.

body, html {
  height: 100%;
}

body {
  background: #131418;
  color: #999;
  text-align: center;
}
.optionlist a {
  color: #999;
  text-decoration: none;
}
/* End Miscellaneous stuff */

.outercontainer {
  border: 1px solid blue;
  /*This needs to be in the middle of the screen t*/
  position: relative;
  /*border to highlight only - not part of final product*/
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
  width: 1200px;
  max-width: 80%;
}
.optioncontainer {
  width: 20%;
}
.optionlist {
  position: relative;
  width: 100%;
}
.optionlist li {
  background: #fff;
  padding: .5em;
  box-shadow: inset 10px 10px 100px 25px rgba(0, 0, 0, .8);
  list-style-type: none;
}
.optionlist li:nth-child(odd) {
  background: #000;
}
.optionlist li:hover {
  background: red;
}
.optionlist li:after {
  content: '';
  width: 400%;
  height: 100%;
  position: absolute;
  top: 0px;
  left: 100%;
   /*background-size: cover;   */
  background-position: center;
  background-repeat: no-repeat;
  opacity: 0;
  transition: opacity 1s;
  pointer-events: none;   /* do not trigger a hover */
}
.optionlist li:hover:after {
  opacity: 1;
}
/* Start Background Control */

#red:after {
  background-image: url(http://lorempixel.com/800/600/)
}
#blue:after {
  background-image: url(http://lorempixel.com/800/601/)
}
#green:after {
  background-image: url(http://lorempixel.com/801/600/)
}
#yellow:after {
  background-image: url(http://lorempixel.com/801/601/)
}
#orange:after {
  background-image: url(http://lorempixel.com/799/600/)
}
#white:after {
  background-image: url(http://lorempixel.com/800/599/)
}
#black:after {
  background-image: url(http://lorempixel.com/801/599/)
}

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A: Nice question. I was able to acheive this by using vh and vw units for your .outercontainer  and changing the styles around a bit. Namely moving the styles from :hover::after to ::after .
.optionlist li:hover::after {
  /* Just toggling visibility and setting animation here */
  animation: mycoolfadein 1s;
  display: block;
}

/* Start Background Control -changed style names for testing */

.listitem::after {
  content: "";
  width: 80vw;
  height: 70vh;
  background-image: url(http://lorempixel.com/800/600/);
  background-size: 80vw 70vh;
  position: fixed;
  top: 50%;
  left: 50%;
  display: none;
  transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
}

As far as the requirements.

*

*How do I fit an image displayed with :hover:after inside its parent's container?
-by knowing the parent containers width and settting the same on the content pseudo element , in this case used vh and vw and used the same for the image dimensions

*How can I make an image displayed with :hover:after responsive? - same as previous , but you can also look into background-size to stretch the images into place.

*How can I make an element fade out after un-hovring it? - unfortunately i reckon we have to use JS to acheive this.

Attaching a fiddle for reference.fiddle here
Note: Few li elements will are made non-hoverable for demonstration purposes
Other links for reference, CSS-Tricks article , SO question on pseudo element visibility

A:

body {
background: #ccd;
color: #fff;

}

.damn {
width:80%;
height:80%;
border: 1px solid black;
position:absolute;
top:50%;
left: 50%;
transform: translate(-50%, -50%);
display:flex;
align-items:center;
justify-content:center;
}
.controller{
padding:0;
margin:0;
list-style:none;
width:100%;
height:100%;
display:flex;
flex-direction:column;
flex-Wrap:wrap;
align-items:center;
justify-content:center;
}
.controller li {
background: #ddd;
list-style-type: none;
width:20%;
}
.controller li:nth-child(odd) {
 background: #000;
}
.controller li:hover {
 background: red;
}
.controller li:last-child{
background:#ccc;
width:80%;
height:100%;
padding:1%;}

/* content Control */
.imgWrap{
  border:1px solid blue;
  display:flex;
  overflow:hidden;
  align-items:center;
  justify-content:center;
}
#red:hover~.imgWrap{
content:url("http://www.markgray.com.au/images/gallery/large/desert-light.jpg");
}

#blue:hover~.imgWrap {
 content:url("https://www.hlf.org.uk/sites/default/files/styles/siftgroups_media_fullsize/public/media/programmes/landscape_partnerships_overlooking_the_wye_.jpg?itok=HOgiVAEW&width=800&height=600")}

#green:hover~.imgWrap { content:url("http://www.markgray.com.au/images/gallery/large/desert-light.jpg");
}
#yellow:hover~.imgWrap {
content:url("https://www.hlf.org.uk/sites/default/files/styles/siftgroups_media_fullsize/public/media/programmes/landscape_partnerships_overlooking_the_wye_.jpg?itok=HOgiVAEW&width=800&height=600")}

#orange:hover~.imgWrap { content:url("http://www.markgray.com.au/images/gallery/large/desert-light.jpg");
}
#white:hover~.imgWrap {
content:url("https://www.hlf.org.uk/sites/default/files/styles/siftgroups_media_fullsize/public/media/programmes/landscape_partnerships_overlooking_the_wye_.jpg?itok=HOgiVAEW&width=800&height=600")}

#black:hover~.imgWrap { content:url("http://www.markgray.com.au/images/gallery/large/desert-light.jpg");
}

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a

it's not having a transition yet. it's not responsive yet. and it is just a simple display. or do you want me to put it in?


The Combined Royal Colleges Lecture on 23 November 2017 will show how the faces of historical figures can be depicted through clinical imagery.
The RCP welcomes the government's announcement of the introduction of a tax on sugar-sweetened drinks, which has been included in the 2016 Queen's Speech.
Coming soon: two unique evenings of film, dance, performance and comedy inspired by museum collections exploring our attitudes towards difference.


text:
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In the mature vs nurture debate Erikson was firmly focused on nurture and experience. Behavioral Genetics Researchers in the field of behavioral genetics study variation in behavior as it is affected by genes, which are the units of heredity passed down from parents to offspring. Please help or discuss this issue on the. Words: 4729 - Pages: 19. The essay aims to distinguish if language acquisition is an in built skill which we are all born with or if it is a learned skill which we acquire as we interact with the world around us. Piaget assumed that children are active and motivated learners. For example, a child generally enters the third stage by age 7; however, some children may be ready for this transition at age six while others may be 8.
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He is also able to think symbolically and use objects to represent his thinking. For example, it is hypothesized that a given behavioral disorder may represent an extreme of a continuous distribution of a normal behavior and hence an extreme of a continuous distribution of genetic and environmental variation. However, when that child leaves home and is exposed to other dialogue college classes he or she may re-think his or her former beliefs and form new beliefs? The reason the children are in different schools is because one child had been excluded from the school with his siblings and was transferred to a behavioural unit. Nature and Nurture The most basic question about child development is how nature and nurture together shape development. For example, in , this means that both a genetic predisposition and an appropriate environmental trigger are required for a mental disorder to develop. In another kind of twin study, identical twins reared together who share family environment and genes are compared to reared together who also share family environment but only share half their genes. However, others believe the mind is born as a blank slate and we are who we are because of our experiences and are learned behaviors.
This means that what sometimes appears to be an environmental influence nurture is a genetic influence nature. Institute for the Study of Labor. Biological determinism, Eugenics, Genetic determinism 1758 Words 5 Pages The nature versus nurture debate is one of the oldest issues in sociology Davidson, 1991, n. Throughout the centuries, there are a lot of questions and arguments about whether nature or nurture plays a more important role in early human development. In one kind of , biological siblings reared together who share the same family environment and half their genes are compared to adoptive siblings who share their family environment but none of their genes.
Some aspects of the development of living organisms, such as the growth of the width of a pine tree, involve , with the tree getting a little wider each year. For me I think it is a little of both, nurture can explain a lot of what is Joseph Cox. Teaching children to read: An evidence-based assessment of the scientific research literature on reading and its implications for reading instruction. Their findings indicated that infants as young as three and half months had some understanding of this concept. Adaptation is by assimilation, which occurs when individuals incorporate new information into their existing knowledge into an existing pattern of behavior of schemata example. Chomsky and his followers claim that language is governed by rules, and is not a haphazard thing, as Skinner and his followers would claim. Freud 1905 stated that events in our childhood have a great influence on our adult lives, shaping our personality.
According to Jean Piaget, this is not selfishness. He studied music… Pages: 5 1467 words Type: Research Paper Bibliography Sources: 5 … ¶ … developmental theorists provide similar theories concerning a person's development during the first two decades of his or her life. Research has shown that the nature aspect of genetics is essential throughout psychology. Question of Nature Versus Nurture Bernard Stevens Lux Ferre University Senior Research April 26, 2011 Abstract What influences more, society on the individual or collective individuals on society? That is, environmental effects that are typically thought to be life-shaping such as family life may have less of an impact than non-shared effects, which are harder to identify. To find out, she brought an unusually even-tempered cat named Maynard to a psychology laboratory and allowed the 3- to 6-year-old participants in the study to pet and play with him. Some children can manage concrete operations well before the age of 7 and some people never attain the ability to think abstractly, even as adults. Ultimately, the old argument of nature vs.
To put it simply children brought up in the ghetto tend to score lower on tests because they are denied the same life chances as more privileged members of society. Formal Operational Stage 11 Years and Above This stage is the hallmark of abstract thinking and usage of hypothetical rationalization. I agree, but the other way I do tend more to support the Behaviorist B. Everything about them is interesting to us. Or, all square blocks belong together, even if they are different colors. Classical conditioning, Human nature, Innatism 1470 Words 4 Pages Allison Harris Nature vs.
You got your green eyes from your mother, and your freckles from your father. This revised state of affairs was summarized in books aimed at a popular audience from the late 1990s. It's not as simple as you suggest, for several reasons. Even before they enter kindergarten, the mathematical knowledge of children from low-income backgrounds lags far behind that of children from more affluent backgrounds. This theory is called Empiricism defines as the importance of sensory experience as the basis of all knowledge. Therefore, the debate has become one of deciding which one is most important.
When you present two identical glasses, Glass A and Glass B, to a child and pour equal amounts of water, he would say that they have indeed the same amount of water. For example, if a young child identifies a bird by the fact that it can fly, then in his mind, everything that flies is a bird. Another thing I noticed when working with very young children is that it is very easy to underestimate their abilities to learn and solve problems. December 2017 The social pre-wiring hypothesis refers to the of. The twins share identical genes, but different family environments.


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Yu Ming Charter School
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Mandarin Immersion Leadership
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Supplemental Mandarin Resources
Yu Ming Students are Back in School
Last Wednesday, Yu Ming students gathered on the blacktop at each one of our three campuses for a much anticipated first day of school… in person!
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In addition, our architecture and software have improved neural network training time by over 10x in a year by moving from Kepler to Maxwell to today's latest Pascal-based systems, like the DGX-1 with eight Tesla P100 GPUs.
So it's understandable that newcomers to the field may not be aware of all the developments that have been taking place in both hardware and software.
We'd like to address these claims and correct some misperceptions that may arise.
Intel used Caffe AlexNet data that is 18 months old, comparing a system with four Maxwell GPUs to four Xeon Phi servers. With the more recent implementation of Caffe AlexNet, publicly available here, Intel would have discovered that the same system with four Maxwell GPUs delivers 30% faster training time than four Xeon Phi servers.
In fact, a system with four Pascal-based NVIDIA TITAN X GPUs trains 90% faster and a single NVIDIA DGX-1 is over 5x faster than four Xeon Phi servers.
Intel is comparing Caffe GoogleNet training performance on 32 Xeon Phi servers to 32 servers from Oak Ridge National Laboratory's Titan supercomputer. Titan uses four-year-old GPUs (Tesla K20X) and an interconnect technology inherited from the prior Jaguar supercomputer. Xeon Phi results were based on recent interconnect technology.
Using more recent Maxwell GPUs and interconnect, Baidu has shown that their speech training workload scales almost linearly up to 128 GPUs.
Scalability relies on the interconnect and architectural optimizations in the code as much as the underlying processor. GPUs are delivering great scaling for customers like Baidu.
Intel claims that 128 Xeon Phi servers deliver 50x faster performance compared with a single Xeon Phi server, while no such scaling data exists for GPUs. As noted above, Baidu already published results showing near-linear scaling up to 128 GPUs.
For strong-scaling, we believe strong nodes are better than weak nodes. A single strong server with numerous powerful GPUs delivers superior performance than lots of weak nodes, each with one or two sockets of less-capable processors, like Xeon Phi. For example, a single DGX-1 system offers better strong-scaling performance than at least 21 Xeon Phi servers (DGX-1 is 5.3x faster than 4 Xeon Phi servers).
Deep learning has the potential to revolutionize computing, improve our lives, improve the efficiency and intelligence of our business systems, and deliver advancements that will help humanity in profound ways. That's why we've been enhancing the design of our parallel processors and creating software and technologies to accelerate deep learning for many years.
Our dedication to deep learning is deep and broad. Every framework has NVIDIA-optimized support, and every major deep learning researcher, laboratory and company is using NVIDIA GPUs.
While we can correct each of their wrong claims, we think deep learning testing against old Kepler GPUs and outdated software versions are mistakes that are easily fixed in order to keep the industry up to date.
It's great that Intel is now working on deep learning. This is the most important computing revolution with the era of AI upon us and deep learning is too big to ignore. But they should get their facts straight.


text:
Q: TABS making my laptop too hot even with lowest settings I'm running Totally Accurate Battle Simulator game on a laptop with an i5 CPU (8th generation, 8 GB RAM, and GTX 1050 Ti, running Windows 10).
Every time I run this game, the laptop gets too hot and loud, and I can't even play for more than 4 or 5 minutes.

A: *

*Check the temperatures generated by your laptop, you will need a free program for this (unless the manufacturer provides such software with the laptop) - check the temperatures when it is hot.

*Try to determine if the fans work while playing (laptops usually get louder), you can put your hand to the air outlet to check if the fan is working.

*Some laptops have software with which you can control the fans (o.n. Asus has ROG Gaming Center) - if you have something similar try setting the maximum power of the fans

*If your laptop is new and strictly for gaming purposes, I would recommend giving it a warranty, because it shouldn't get hot enough to prevent you from playing games.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home Gay Life This 13-year-old boy has the best argument in favour of marriage equality
This 13-year-old boy has the best argument in favour of marriage equality
You go, Max!
If you're looking for the most adorable argument in favour of marriage equality, this is probably it.
As Australians prepare to take part in a postal vote on the issue of same-sex marriage, anti-gay propaganda has been circulated around the country and "scaremongering" adverts have aired on TV.
Priests have reportedly called for 'all gay people to be shot', while an Australian MP has recently told LGBT+ people to "grow a spine" and "stop being delicate little flowers" in the face of such bigoted views.
But for every cloud (and there's a lot of them around at the moment…) there's a ray of sunshine, and this 13-year-old boy is definitely one of them.
"All I want is the right to marry Chris Hemsworth," he wrote on a placard held at a marriage equality rally. "You've got five years until I'm 18 Australia! You too Chris!"
All he wants to do is marry @chrishemsworth #VoteYes #marriageequality pic.twitter.com/Iv5e1XQLw8
— Megan Townes ?? (@townesy77) September 10, 2017
Australia is expected to take part in the postal vote later this month, and while the result won't be binding, it will give politicians a better idea of what the public wants when they perform a vote in parliament.
A recent poll suggested that 63% of Australians intend to vote in favour of same-sex marriage, but LGBT+ activists have criticised the $122 million procedure, as it will likely give homophobes a platform to voice hate – which it already has.
Michael Poole 2017-09-13 at 18:49
Wendy Wubben
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text:
How Fragile Is South Africa?
In a recent piece for Foreign Affairs, Nassim Nicholas Taleb (risk expert and author of 'The Black Swan' and 'Antifragile') and Gregory F. Treverton wrote an article in which they set out some criteria for broadly measuring the fragility of any state. There is in our country, for the first time in many years, a … Read More
By Christiaan van Huyssteen
In a recent piece for Foreign Affairs, Nassim Nicholas Taleb (risk expert and author of 'The Black Swan' and 'Antifragile') and Gregory F. Treverton wrote an article in which they set out some criteria for broadly measuring the fragility of any state.
There is in our country, for the first time in many years, a sense that the future will not be brighter than the present. Taleb's fragility test is very applicable to the South African situation, as it gives an adequate framework for a summarised political and economic analysis.
An excerpt from the article:
Thus, instead of trying in vain to predict such "Black Swan" events, it's much more fruitful to focus on how systems can handle disorder—in other words, to study how fragile they are. Although one cannot predict what events will befall a country, one can predict how events will affect a country. Some political systems can sustain an extraordinary amount of stress, while others fall apart at the onset of the slightest trouble. The good news is that it's possible to tell which are which by relying on the theory of fragility.
Simply put, fragility is aversion to disorder. Things that are fragile do not like variability, volatility, stress, chaos, and random events, which cause them to either gain little or suffer. A teacup, for example, will not benefit from any form of shock. It wants peace and predictability, something that is not possible in the long run, which is why time is an enemy to the fragile. What's more, things that are fragile respond to shock in a nonlinear fashion. With humans, for example, the harm from a ten-foot fall in no way equals ten times as much harm as from a one-foot fall. In political and economic terms, a $30 drop in the price of a barrel of oil is much more than twice as harmful to Saudi Arabia as a $15 drop.
For countries, fragility has five principal sources: a centralized governing system, an undiversified economy, excessive debt and leverage, a lack of political variability, and no history of surviving past shocks. Applying these criteria, the world map looks a lot different. Disorderly regimes come out as safer bets than commonly thought—and seemingly placid states turn out to be ticking time bombs.
A centralised decision making system
We live in a country, where sadly many South Africans have a natural affinity for socialism, and favour the notion that it is the role of the government to solve problems and address inequalities. In this case, the basic ideologies of those in government, and that of the majority of voters conveniently align. Virtually all major national policies are decided by the top 6 in the National Executive Committee, the effective politburo made up of the ANC elite. The number one criterion when appointing ministers and other senior officials are loyalty, unbending loyalty to the president, and to the party.
Government is a very complex system. When its size doubles (measured by staff, budget etc.), the inherent complexity of the system doesn't double, it far more than doubles. In this case, the relation between size and complexity is non-linear. To paraphrase the analogy Taleb uses in his book Antifragile, that of a car crashing, he asks: "what causes more carnage, a car crashing into a wall once at 100 km/h, or a car crashing into a wall 100 times at 1 km/h?" A larger government is more prone to be negatively affected by shocks precisely because it is more complex. There is a larger risk of contagion within the system, the dominoes are in effect placed closer together. When there is a shock, the falling dominoes trigger the rest to fall.
The majority of provincial funding comes from national government, as do most of the provincial appointees. Provincial governments have fairly little autonomy (apart from the opposition run Western Cape). There is no mass involvement in the political process for the average person apart from placing a ballot marked with an X in a box once every five years. In South Africa, we have no congressmen, senators or local constituency MPs to contact in the case of grievances. Hence, the whole government is more centralised, the dominos are stacked closer together.
"Democracy is the road to socialism" – Karl Marx
A diversified economy
South Africa has never had a truly diversified economy. During the apartheid years, South Africa had thriving mining and agriculture sectors, with the economy largely resource driven. Today, mining has largely been decimated by government policies. Firstly due to the over wielding bargaining power of unions, and the reluctance of government to take them on, and secondly due to complex new mineral rights legislation (effective partial nationalisation of minerals) and BEE ownership quotas which have made it near impossible for mining operations to function effectively, especially in a depressed commodities market. This has also caused South Africa to largely miss out on the China fuelled commodities boom of the early to mid 2000s. Politicians seem to be more concerned about doing things in order to be seen doing something (fighting perceived western imperialism in order to 'share the wealth' with the people) without considering the implications, which often affect the populace the most in an adverse way. The same could be said for agriculture. South Africa is now, embarrassingly, a net importer of food, despite having millions of hectares of arable land, and having been on of the breadbaskets of the world not so long ago. This decline is due to 3 reasons, all to do with government. Firstly, farm murders are unquestionably an epidemic in South Africa (while perhaps not being genocide quite yet). The disgraceful murders (often preceded by torture) have taken its toll on South African agriculture; there can be no farms without farmers. Secondly, government is too intimidated to confront unions about violent strikes and ludicrous wage demands. Bizarrely, in 2013, members of the ruling party in government openly supported the violent strikes and did nothing to discourage damage of property caused by striking farmers in the Western Cape (as part a 'make the Western Cape ungovernable' campaign – which failed). Thirdly, land reform and uncertainty around property rights. Many farmers have immigrated to the US, Australia or Zambia because they want to be sure that the government would protect their property rights. In South Africa, there is no certainty surrounding this issue. The vast majority of land reform thus far has been disastrous due to the lack of skills and training of new farmers who are simply given land. There are talks of 'expropriation without compensation'. This does nothing for South Africa's food security.
Fortunately however, our markets are free enough to have allowed capital to find its way to the services sector, which is doing well, albeit with a shortage of the educated people the sector needs. The resulting decline in international trade of resources and manufactured goods is concerning, considering the large potential labour force and space we have.
Fortunately (unfortunately for those in power) our markets are also just about free enough to allow capital to leave the country. There are no concrete figures telling us how much capital has left South Africa in recent times, but I suspect it is at record highs.
"There is a serious tendency towards capitalism by the well-to-do peasants" – Mao Zedong
High debt and leverage
The sums don't add up.
The South African government has a budget of R1.35T for 2015. Of this, almost 10% goes to paying interest on the debt outstanding. South Africa is adding public debt amounting to 3.8% of GDP in 2015. The government intends on balancing the budget by 2018.
For a start, they won't be able to balance the budget, since doing so (under the Keynesian philosophy) would require a robust economy showing organic growth. The world economy probably won't be growing by 2018, and that of South Africa certainly won't be growing.
So, money will need to be spent on things like social grants, SOC bailouts and other social services to keep the populace happy and to maintain any semblance of a functioning economy with a competent public sector.
Where will this money come from?
Government only has 3 sources of funding:
Taxation – Government taking from productive individuals to fund its operations. This is already at its limits. 1.1 million South Africans contribute 69% of all income tax, meanwhile approximately 19 million receive social grants. Increasing the tax rate only places more strain on taxpayers, and won't necessarily lead to greater proceeds, especially if economic growth is stagnant.
Debt – Government issuing interest bearing bonds. Our bonds are currently only marginally above 'junk' status. This means that if our economy, and government finances were to start deteriorating faster, there is a real possibility that rating agencies will downgrade our bonds to junk status. At this point, pension funds and investment managers around the world will be obligated to sell our bonds. A massive dumping of our bonds will cause yields (interest rates) to sky rocket, this will also have a massive negative effect on the value on our currency. This means that any new debt issued after this point will be issued at much higher interest rates in order to justify the increased risks of inflation or a default. So it is uncertain for how much longer our government can continue racking up debt.
Money printing – Printing money, physically or digitally: The favourite final play of the failed African state. This is very detrimental for obvious reasons, and usually comes along with other forms of government tyranny.
So it's clear that ideology can only take you so far. When the money runs out, all hopes and dreams of a massive domineering state crashes back into reality.
In this respect, South Africa is very fragile as to how our country is perceived by our international creditors. We can only hope that someone in government (there are certainly people who understand what is happening) pull up the handbrake as we are picking up speed and rolling downhill towards the cliff.
"We must make a radical turn, at 360 degrees." – Todor Zhikov
Political variability
South Africa is a de facto one party state. This sounds peculiar, since South Africa has a 'strong constitution', and a 'transparent voting process'. This is true, but how relevant is it? We claim to be the front-runner of liberal democracy in South Africa, but how true is that claim? For each of the five post-94 elections we've had, everybody has known with virtual complete certainty that the ANC would win with a comfortable majority. Barring a 'black swan' type shock, we know with the same level of certainty that the ANC will get the most votes in the next election, but will they get the majority needed to form a government, or will South Africa experience a foray into the uncharted territories (in an ethnically diverse country as SA) of coalition politics? We have for 25 years had effectively no variability in our politics (bar the Mbeki/Zuma drama of the mid 00s). We have for 21 years had only one party in office, with 4 different presidents, each beholden to the same special interest groups (mainly the unions, and those who look to enrich themselves at the public's expense). Italy for example, has had 14 prime ministerial terms over the past 25 years. South Africa has been met with failure and corruption at every level of government, yet somehow the ruling party's support has barely dwindled. The risk is that due to some (un)foreseen shock (debt downgrades, fiscal problems, monetary problems, electricity supply problems, water shortages, broad public discontent, another Marikana etc.), the government loses popular support to the DA or EFF, and as a result becomes tyrannical as other governments throughout history have done. If it were to become clear to the government that there is a risk that they may lose their majority (even by a narrow margin), they will not hesitate to call off or rig elections in order to stay in power and keep the special interests happy. At this point the country will be in crisis. The mere fact that a scenario like this can be envisioned with a not-low probability, and not be deemed crazy shows how little variability there is in the top level of South African politics. South Africa has not had a real change in government for many years, this makes us fragile to shocks, as we might not be able to weather shocks as well as we would have wished.
"The trouble with free elections is you never know who is going to win" – Leonid Brezhnev
Handling of past shocks
How fragile had South Africa been to past shocks?
This is one area where South Africa can seemingly hold its own, with many shocks throughout its history, and surviving all of them more or less (the country has never been dumped into anarchy, and has always rebounded after it had dealt with crisis).
Our country has a 'rich' history of past shocks:
– Conflicts between Dutch and French settlers
– The Great Trek
– The influx of immigrants upon the discovery of gold and diamonds
– The Anglo Zulu and Anglo Boer wars
– Scorched earth and concentration camps
– World War 2 rationing of food
– Political disagreements in the Smuts era
– The apartheid policy
– The assassination of Verwoerd
– The transition to democracy
Our country has always been very resolute, with people going through difficult times, and in many cases seeing only the fittest survive. There is however a trend of people becoming more and more sensitive to shocks and discomfort, an all round decline in resilience and toughness. It is interesting to see the non-linear (perhaps even inverse) relationship between misery and discontent in South Africa, where the average South African has a better standard of living than anytime in history, yet we seem to have a growing discontent with things like leadership and perceived inequality in our society.
One of the main reasons South Africa survived the crises of the late 80s and the transition in the early 90s with 'relatively' little bloodshed and disruption was due to the intelligence of the ANC old guard at the time. They had fought in the struggle, they were fairly aware of how the world worked, and consequently dumped the antiquated Afro-Socialism that the likes of Steve Biko and Chris Hani advocated. What makes today different is the fact that most of today's leftist young angry and black activists do not live in the real world. Contrary to what they might tell you, they have never fought in any struggle, and they aren't oppressed. Most have never had real jobs. Throughout history, the people drawn to mass movements have been those who have very little self-esteem, and a low sense of self worth, creating the urge to find some sense of purpose in the collective. These people appear to have no sense of how the world works and simply don't have the maturity or experience that the likes of Nelson Mandela and Cyril Ramaphosa showed during negotiations. Whether these people, who are the loudest voices in politics (although not representing the majority) will grow up and 'come to the party' in the event of a crisis remains to be seen.
"People that bite the hand that feeds them usually lick the boot that kicks them" – Eric Hoffer
South Africa is not a 'hell hole' as some may have you believe. People who are willing to work hard can still (for now) get ahead in life. We have some of the best schools and private healthcare in the world. A middle class family in SA can have a quality of life that billions can only dream of.
The South Africa of today simply does not have the same backbone that it had 20 or 120 years ago. A fish rots from the head, and South Africa is in effect a country without solid leadership. The ship has no captain and it is headed for stormy seas.
South Africa can be rated as having a high level of fragility.
"One does not establish a dictatorship in order to safeguard a revolution; one makes a revolution in order to establish a dictatorship." – George Orwell
Christiaan van Huyssteen
Christiaan van Huyssteen is a co-founder of the Rational Standard. He graduated with a degree in accounting from Stellenbosch University.
Nicholas Woode-Smith 7 years ago Reply
Excellent analysis! South Africa will not go down with a bang, to paraphrase TS Elliot, but with a whimper. Our ability to handle crises might actually work against us as our society is not being given the necessary "cathartic" experience of violent and harsh crisis. The poor are just going to continue to wallow in over dependency while investors are pushed out.
A sad state indeed.
Judges Must Become Commissars, According to Cosatu
The Intellectual Death of Critical Feminist Theory


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At Holy Cross School we offer two tracks in the Pre-K through K classrooms.
Our curriculum is the same in both the Traditional English Track and Spanish Immersion Track and is rooted in Indiana Academic and High Scope standards. Our early childhood program is part of an established setting for learning, and an integral part of the school. Children have access to enrichment programs such as computer, music, gym and art. Our classrooms are safe and secure; a system is in place for supervision at all times and we count on a teaching assistant in each of our Early Childhood (PK-K) classrooms.
Students learn grade level academic content in Spanish. Language proficiency and literacy is developed in English and Spanish.


Glasgow Tigers speedway boss Cami Brown claims the Scottish derby will top the bill for thrills this weekend in a huge few days for sport across Europe.
Glasgow face fierce rivals Edinburgh Monarchs in the KO Cup - racing twice in three days.
The sides will compete with the likes of the F1 Monaco Grand Prix, French Open tennis and World Superbikes at Donington for the attentions of sports fans with the Champions League final and Czech Speedway Grand Prix also on the bill.
But Tigers team manager Brown insists his team's head-to-head is the most exciting speedway meeting going - and one of the best events in any sport.
He said: "It's hard to explain how exciting it is to watch four guys on bikes going at 70mph just a few feet in front of you - especially when they hit the bends and have no breaks.
"But that's what we're seeing every week at Ashfield on our new track - some of the best racing we've ever witnessed in Glasgow.
"I'd be willing to bet that fans won't see better sporting action this weekend as they will in our meetings with Edinburgh.
"And then there's the Scottish derby atmosphere to look forward to, which is one of the best in British speedway.
"A place in the next round of the cup is on the line, and it's a massive fixture in the context of our season. It would be brilliant to start our charge towards silverware in front of a bumper bank holiday crowd."
The Tigers travel to Edinburgh on Friday night then host the Monarchs on Sunday at 3pm.
Brown hopes to welcome top man Chris Harris back after he was absent due to a Grand Prix qualifier at the weekend along with injured star Paul Starke.
He added: "We're at our best with all seven of our riders in the team.
"We won at Edinburgh earlier in the year but they're a different proposition now, and I believe we're in for one of the best Scottish derbies of recent seasons."


The instance How much are Americans at risk until Congress passes terrorism insurance protection? : hearing before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Financial Services, U.S. House of Representatives, One Hundred Seventh Congress, second session, February 27, 2002, (microform) represents a material embodiment of a distinct intellectual or artistic creation found in Biddle Law Library. This resource is a combination of several types including: Instance, Microform.


For the Chimú-ruled state, see Chimor.
Chimú pottery and ceramics, Chan Chan, Gold ceremonial dress, A map of Chimu cultural influence within Peru.
Chimú Tapestry Shirt, 1400–1540, Camelid fiber and cotton. Dumbarton Oaks.
The Chimú culture was centered on Chimor with the capital city of Chan Chan, a large adobe city in the Moche Valley of present-day Trujillo, Peru. The culture arose about 900. The Inca emperor Topa Inca Yupanqui led a campaign which conquered the Chimú around 1470.
This was just fifty years before the arrival of the Spanish in the region. Consequently, Spanish chroniclers were able to record accounts of Chimú culture from individuals who had lived before the Inca conquest. Similarly, archaeological evidence suggest Chimor grew out of the remnants of the Moche culture; early Chimú pottery had some resemblance to that of the Moche. Their ceramics are all black, and their work in precious metals is very detailed and intricate.
The Chimú resided on the north coast of Peru: "It consists of a narrow strip of desert, 20 to 100 miles wide, between the Pacific and the western slopes of the Andes, crossed here and there by short rivers which start in the rainier mountains and provide a series of green and fertile oases."  The valley plains are very flat and well-suited to irrigation, which is probably as old as agriculture here. Fishing was also very important and was almost considered as important as agriculture.
The Chimú were known to have worshipped the moon and it is believed they considered it more powerful than the sun, which was preferred by the Inca Empire. Offerings played an important role in religious rites. A common object for offerings, as well as one used by artisans, was the shell of the Spondylus shellfish, which live only in the warm coastal waters off present-day Ecuador. It was associated with the sea, rainfall, and fertility. Spondylus shells were also highly valued and traded by the Chimú people.
The Chimú are best known for their distinctive monochromatic pottery and fine metal working of copper, gold, silver, bronze, and tumbaga (copper and gold). The pottery is often in the shape of a creature, or has a human figure sitting or standing on a cuboid bottle. The shiny black finish of most Chimú pottery was achieved by firing the pottery at high temperatures in a closed kiln, which prevented oxygen from reacting with the clay.
Chimú vessel showing a sexual act between men. Museum of the Americas, Madrid.
The Early pottery is also characterized by realistic modeling and painted scenes.
The mature Chimú culture developed in roughly the same territory where the Mochica had existed centuries before. The Chimú was also a coastal culture. It was developed in the Moche Valley north of present-day Lima, northeast of Huarmey, and finishing in central present-day Trujillo. Later, it expanded to Arequipa.
The Chimú appeared in the year 900: Chimor, also known as the Kingdom of Chimor, had its capital "at the great site now called Chanchan, between Trujillo and the sea, and we may assume that Taycanamo founded his kingdom there. His son, Guacri-caur, conquered the lower part of the valley and was succeeded by a son named Nancen-pinco who really laid the foundations of the Kingdom by conquering the head of the valley of Chimor and the neighboring valleys of Sana, Pacasmayo, Chicama, Viru, Chao and Santa."
The Chimú expanded to include a vast area and many different ethnic groups. At its peak, the Chimú advanced to the limits of the desert coast to the valley of the Jequetepeque River in the north. Pampa Grande in the Lambayeque Valley was also ruled by the Chimú.
To the south, they expanded as far as Carabayallo. Their expansion southward was stopped by the military power of the great valley of Lima. Historians and archeologists contest how far south they managed to expand.
The Chimú society was a four-level hierarchical system, with a powerful elite rule over administrative centers. The hierarchy was centered at the walled cities, called ciudadelas, at Chan Chan. The political power at Chan Chan is demonstrated by the organization of labor to construct the Chimú's canals and irrigated fields.
Chan Chan was the top of the Chimu hierarchy, with Farfán in the Jequetepeque Valley as a subordinate. This organization, which was quickly established during the conquest of the Jequetepeque Valley, suggests the Chimú established the hierarchy during the early stages of their expansion. The existing elite at peripheral locations, such as the Jequetepeque Valley and other centers of power, were incorporated into the Chimú government on lower levels of the hierarchy. These lower-order centers managed land, water, and labor, while the higher-order centers either moved the resources to Chan Chan or carried out other administrative decisions. Rural sites were used as engineering headquarters, while the canals were being built; later they operated as maintenance sites. The numerous broken bowls found at Quebrada del Oso support this theory, as the bowls were probably used to feed the large workforce that built and maintained that section of canal. The workers were probably fed and housed at state expense.
The state governed such social classes until the empire of the Sican culture conquered the kingdom of Lambayeque, Peru. The legends of war were said to have been told by the leaders Naylamp in the Sican language and Tacayanamo in Chimú. The people paid tribute to the rulers with products or labor. By 1470, the Inca Empire from Cusco defeated the Chimú. They moved Minchancaman, the final Chimú emperor, to Cusco and redirected gold and silver there to adorn the Qurikancha.
Chan Chan could be said to have developed a bureaucracy due to the elite's controlled access to information. The economic and social system operated through the import of raw materials, where they were processed into prestige goods by artisans at Chan Chan. The elite at Chan Chan made the decisions on most other matters concerning organization, monopolizing production, storage of food and products, and distribution or consumption of goods.
The majority of the citizens in each ciudadela were artisans. In the late Chimú, about 12,000 artisans lived and worked in Chan Chan alone. They engaged in fishing, agriculture, craft work, and trade. Artisans were forbidden to change their profession, and were grouped in the ciudadela according to their area of specialization. Archeologists have noted a dramatic increase in Chimú craft production, and they believe that artisans may have been brought to Chan Chan from another area taken as a result of Chimú conquest. As there is evidence of both metalwork and weaving in the same domestic unit, it is likely that both men and women were artisans. They engaged in fishing, agriculture, and metallurgy, and made ceramics and textiles from cotton, llama, alpaca, and vicuña wool. People used reed fishing canoes, hunted, and traded using bronze coins.
The Chimu capital, Chan Chan, had a series of elite residential compounds or cuidadelas that were not occupied simultaneously, but sequentially. The reason for this is that Chimu rulers practice split inheritance, which dictated that the heir to the throne had to build his own palace and after the death of a ruler; all the ruler's wealth would be distributed to more distant relatives.
Chimú mantle, Late Intermediate Period, 1000 - 1476 AD. Design is alternating pelicans and tuna.
Spinning is the practice of combining a small set of threads to achieve a long and continuous thread with the use of an instrument called a spindle. The zone is an instrument made of a small wand that usually gets thinner at both ends; that was used alongside a tortera or piruro. The spindle is inserted into the bottom to make a counterweight. It starts spinning, taking the rueca (where the fiber was set to be spun). Fibers that are laid down in the zone are quickly turned between the thumb and index fingers and twisted to interlock the fibers, creating a long thread. After the desired lengths of threads are attained, the threads are intersected and woven in various combinations to make fabrics.
The Chimú embellished their fabrics with brocades, embroidery, fabrics doubles, and painted fabrics. Sometimes textiles were adorned with feathers and gold or silver plates. Colored dyes were created from plants containing tannin, mole, or walnut; and minerals, such as clay, ferruginosa, or mordant aluminum; as well as animals, such as cochineal. The garments were made of the wool of four animals: the guanaco, llama, alpaca, and vicuna. The people also used varieties of cotton, that grows naturally in seven different colors. The clothing consisted of the Chimú loincloth, sleeveless shirts with or without fringes, small ponchos, and tunics.
The majority of Chimú textiles were made from alpaca wool. Judging from the uniform spin direction, degree of the twist, and colors of the threads, all of the fibers were likely prespun and imported from a single location.
Earthenware jar, between 1100 and 1550. The Walters Art Museum.
Chimú ceramics were crafted for two functions: containers for daily domestic use and those made for ceremonial use for offerings at burials. Domestic pottery was developed without higher finishing, while funeral ceramics show more aesthetic refinement.
The main features of Chimú ceramics were small sculptures, and manufacturing molded and shaped pottery for ceremonial or daily use. Ceramics were usually stained black, although there are some variations. Lighter ceramics were also produced in smaller quantities. The characteristic brightness was obtained by rubbing with a rock that previously had been polished. Many animals, fruits, characters, and mystical entities have been represented pictorially on Chimú ceramics.
Metalworking picked up quickly in the Late Chimú periods. Some Chimú artisans worked in metal workshops divided into sections for each specialized treatment of metals: plating, gold, stamping, lost-wax, pearl, the watermark, and embossing wooden molds. These techniques produced large variety of objects, such as cups, knives, containers, figurines, bracelets, pins, crowns, etc. They used arsenic to harden the metals after they were cast. Large-scale smelting took place in a cluster of workshops at Cerro de los Cemetarios. The process starts with ore extracted from mines or a river, which is heated to very high temperatures and then cooled. The result is a group of prills (small round sections of copper, for example) in a mass of slag (other materials which are not useful for metallurgy). The prills are then extracted by crushing the slag, and then melted together to form ingots, which were fashioned into various items.
Although copper is found naturally on the coast, it was mostly attained from the highlands in an area about 3 days away. Since most of the copper was imported, it is likely that most of the metal objects that were made were likely very small. The pieces, such as wires, needles, digging stick points, tweezers, and personal ornaments, are consistently small, utilitarian objects of copper or copper bronze. The Tumi is one well-known Chimú work. They also made beautiful ritual costumes of gold compounds with plume headdresses (also gold), earrings, necklaces, bracelets, and breastplates.
Chimu pendant made of Spondylus shell and turquoise, 900-1470 CE (Dumbarton Oaks Museum, Washington, D.C.).
The Chimú developed mainly through intensive farming techniques and hydraulic work, which joined valleys to form complexes, such as the Chicama-Moche complex, which was a combination of two valleys in La Libertad. The Lambayeque linked the valleys of La Leche, Lambayeque, Reque, and Saña Jequetepeque. They developed an excellent agricultural techniques which expanded the strength of their cultivated areas. Huachaques were sunken farms where land was withdrawn to work the moist, sandy soil underneath, an example of which is Tschudi. The Chimú used walk-in wells, similar to those of the Nazca, to draw water, and reservoirs to contain the water from rivers. This system increased the productivity of the land, which increased Chimú wealth, and likely contributed to the formation of a bureaucratic system. The Chimú cultivated beans, sweet potato, papaya, and cotton with their reservoir and irrigation system. This focus on large-scale irrigation persisted until the Late Intermediate period. At this point, there was a shift to a more specialized system that focused on importing and redistributing resources from satellite communities. There appears to have been a complex network of sites that provided goods and services for Chimú subsistence. Many of these sites produced commodities that the Chimú could not. Many sites relied on marine resources, but after the advent of agriculture, there were more sites further inland, where marine resources were harder to attain. Keeping llamas arose as a supplemental way of attaining meat, but by the Late Intermediate period and Late Horizon, inland sites used llamas as a main resource, although they maintained contact with coastal sites to use supplemental marine resources. They also made masks.
In Pacasmayo, the Moon (Si) was the greatest divinity. It was believed to be more powerful than the Sun, as it appeared by night and day, and it also controlled the weather and growth of crops. Sacrifices were made to the moon, and devotees sacrificed their own children on piles of colored cottons with offerings of fruit and chicha. They believed the sacrificed children would become deified and they were usually sacrificed around age five. "Animals and birds were also sacrificed to the Moon".
The Sun was associated with stones called alaec-pong (cacique stone). These stones were believed to be ancestors of the people in whose area they stood and sons of the Sun.
Several constellations were also viewed as important. Two of the stars of Orion's Belt were considered to be the emissaries of the Moon. The constellation Fur (the Pleiades) was used to calculate the year and was believed to watch over the crops.
There were also local shrines in each district, which varied in importance. These shrines are also found in other parts of Peru. These shrines (called huacas) had a sacred object of worship (macyaec) with an associated legend and cult.
Mars (Nor), Sol (Jiang) and Earth (Ghisa) were also worshiped.
In 1997, members of an archaeological team discovered approximately 200 skeletal remains on the beach at Punta Lobos, Peru. The bodies had their hands bound behind their backs, their feet were bound together, they were blindfolded, and their throats had been slashed. Archeologists suggest these fisherman may have been killed as a sign of gratitude to the sea god Ni after they conquered the fishermen's fertile seaside valley in 1350 A.D.
Tombs in the Huaca of the Moon belonged to six or seven teenagers from 13–14 years of age. Nine tombs were reported to belong to children. If this is indicative of human sacrifice, the Chimú offered children to their gods.
Carvings of fish in the Tschudi Complex, Chan Chan.
Differential architecture of palaces and monumental sites distinguished the rulers from the common people. At Chan Chan, there are 10 large, walled enclosures called ciudadelas,or royal compounds, thought to be associated with the kings of Chimor(Day 1973, 1982). They were surrounded by adobe walls 9m high, giving the ciudadela the appearance of a fortress.
The bulk of the Chimú population (around 26,000 people) lived in barrios on the outer edge of the city. They consisted of many single-family domestic spaces with a kitchen, work space, domestic animals, and storage area.
Ciudadelas frequently have U-shaped rooms that consist of three walls, a raised floor, and frequently a courtyard, and there were often as many as 15 in one palace. In the early Chimú, the U-shaped areas were found in strategic places for controlling the flow of supplies from storerooms, but it is unlikely that they served as storage areas. They are described as mnemonic devices for keeping track of the distribution of supplies. Throughout time, the frequency of the U-shaped structures increases, and their distribution changes. They become more grouped, rather than dispersed, and occur further away from access routes to resources. The architecture of the rural sites also support the idea of a hierarchical social order. They have similar structural components, making them mini-ciudadelas with rural adapted administrative functions. Most of these sites have smaller walls, with many audiencias as the focial point of the structures. These would be used to restrict access to certain areas and are often found at strategic points.
One of the earliest known examples of distance communication is a Chimú device consisting of two resin-coated gourds connected by a 75-foot length of twine. Only one example has been found, and nothing is known about its originator or use.
↑ "Chan Chan : Capital of Kingdom Chimú - UNESCO". Retrieved 29 March 2012.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Rowe, John H. (1948) "The kingdom of Chimor", Aus Acta Americana 6, (1-2): 27.
↑ Ember, Melvin; Peregrine, Peter Neal, eds. (2001). "Chimú". Encyclopedia of Prehistory. 7 : South America (1 ed.). Springer. ISBN 978-0306462610.
1 2 3 Holstein, Otto. 1927. "Chan-chan: Capital of the great Chimu", Geographical Review 17, (1) (Jan.): 36-61.
↑ Bennett, Wendell C. (1937). "Chimu archeology", The Scientific Monthly 45, (1) (Jul.): 35-48.
1 2 3 4 5 Keatinge, Richard W., and Geoffrey W. Conrad. 1983. Imperialist expansion in peruvian prehistory: Chimu administration of a conquered territory. Journal of Field Archaeology 10, (3) (Autumn): 255-83.
1 2 3 Keatinge, Richard W. 1974. Chimu rural administrative centers in the Koche valley, peru. World Archaeology 6, (1, Political Systems) (Jun.): 66-82.
↑ Topic, J. R. (2003). "From stewards to bureaucrats: architecture and information flow at Chan Chan, Peru", Latin American Antiquity, 14, 243-274.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Moseley, M. E. & Cordy-Collins, A. (Ed.) (1990). The Northern Dynasties: Kingships and Statecraft in Chimor. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks.
↑ "Chimú - Jar". The Walters Art Museum.
↑ Mosely, Michael E., and Kent C. Day. 1982. Chan Chan: Andean desert city. 1st ed. United States of America: School of American Research.
↑ "Mass human sacrifice unearthed in Peru". Retrieved 2009-10-09.
1 2 Moore, Jerry D. 1992. Pattern and meaning in prehistoric Peruvian architecture: The architecture of social control in the Chimú state. Latin American Antiquity 3, (2) (Jun.): 95-113.
1 2 Topic, J. R. (2003). From stewards to bureaucrats: architecture and information flow at Chan Chan, Peru. Latin American Antiquity, 14, 243-274.
1 2 Moore, Jerry D. 1996. Architecture and power in the ancient andes: The archaeology of public buildings. Great Britain: Cambridge University Press 1996.
↑ Baldwin, Neil. "Can You Hear Me Now?" Smithsonian, Dec 2013: 66-67.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Chimu.


In this chapter we will go further with proofs, learning about coordinate proofs. We will learn to classify triangles by their angles and sides and prove they are congruent. You will learn several new theorems and postulates having to do with the congruence of triangles.


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'Andor' to Become First Disney+ Star Wars Show to Air on ABC
Disney is giving the acclaimed Diego Luna drama an unprecedented cross-platform holiday rollout across ABC, FX, Freeform and Hulu.
By James Hibberd
James Hibberd
Writer-at-Large
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November 14, 2022 10:13am
'Andor'
Disney is giving Andor an unprecedented cross-platform publicity push going into the Thanksgiving holiday.
The company is going to air the Star Wars drama's first two episodes on ABC — along with FX, Freeform and Hulu. It marks the first time a Disney+ Star Wars series has run on the broadcast network. The move comes as the show's first season finale is set to stream on Disney+.
Andor sees star Diego Luna reprising his Rogue One rebel fighter Cassian Andor. Many critics regard the show as the best Star Wars series yet, praising its grown-up tone, relatively complex morality and strong visual effects. But Andor has struggled to bring in as many viewers as predecessors such as The Mandalorian and Obi-Wan and its first half of the season has been criticized by some Star Wars fans as a slow burn. The cross-platform push suggests Disney has faith that the series has the potential to draw a bigger audience.
'My Animal' Star Amandla Stenberg Talks the Supernatural Romance and Being Manifested by 'Star Wars'
'Top Gun: Maverick,' 'Andor,' Dolly Parton Among Movieguide Awards Nominees (Exclusive)
Andor's first two episodes will air on ABC Wednesday, Nov. 23, at 9 p.m., on FX Thursday, Nov. 24 at 9 p.m., on Freeform Nov. 25 at 9 p.m. and will be available on Hulu from Nov. 23 to Dec. 7. To watch the rest of the season, viewers will have to switch over to Disney+, where the finale airs Nov. 23.
Andor is "set five years before the events of Rogue One and focuses on Cassian and his journey toward becoming a rebel hero. The tale is set against the backdrop of a burgeoning rebellion against a ruthless Empire, where people and planets are drawn into a conflict that will have far-reaching effects across the galaxy."
'La Brea' Renewed for Third Season on NBC
'King of the Hill' Revival Officially a Go at Hulu


ShedSafe recommends all sheds are constructed by an appropriately licenced person and approved by the local regulatory authority.
ShedSafe accreditation is your assurance as a buyer that ShedSafe accredited shed sellers will supply you with a shed using accredited engineering and will recommend a specification suitable for your site.
ShedSafe accredited companies are listed on this website and display the ShedSafe logo.
Why would you risk not buying a ShedSafe accredited shed?


text:
Connected Car Conference Returns to CE Week in New York, June 22
C3 Group is bringing its Connected Car Conference (C3) back to CE Week on Monday, June 22 from 1:00 p.m. to 6:30 p.m., at the CE Week Studios in the Altman Building, on 18th St in NYC.
"The connected car is currently one of the hottest topics in technology," said Doug Newcomb, President and Founder, C3 Group. "Connectivity changes the entire experience of owning, driving and maintaining a vehicle and connected cars will also have a broader impact on our roads, cities and society."
The third-annual Connected Car Conference (C3) at CE Week will bring together the top thought leaders from automotive, technology, policy, research and media to examine how connected technologies are helping New York and other urban areas around the globe draft a blueprint for future mobility and discuss innovations that are occurring right now on the streets of our cities and roads throughout the country.
Curated by connected car and future mobility expert Doug Newcomb, session topics to be covered include:
• How Technology Can Help NYC Achieve Its "Vision Zero"
• Self-Driving Cars and the City: Robo-Taxis of the Future?
• Big Data vs. Bad Traffic: Beating Gridlock With Technology
• Using Tech to Protect and Serve Urban Commuters
• Never Alone: Tackling Connected Car Security and Privacy Concerns
Last year's event included participation from leading automotive and technology executives from companies and organizations including Auto Alliance, Cisco, Delphi, General Motors, Harman, Hyundai, Intel, NHTSA, Nuance, Nvidia, Pandora, Pioneer, Telenav, Velodyne and more, and another all-star line-up is expected for this year's conference.
C3 is an official conference partner of CE Week, the technology industry's annual, weeklong citywide celebration June 22-26 in New York City. Media who register for CE Week will have access to the Connected Car Conference. For sponsorship opportunities contact Gretchen McFarlan at Gretchen@dougnewcomb.com.
About CE Week
CE Week is the consumer electronics (CE) industry's official weeklong, citywide event in New York City. The official mid-year meeting, conference and new technology showcase includes the event headquarters, CE Week Exhibits, which is the site of CE Week's largest exhibition hall and conference program. CE Week is produced by Martin Porter & Associates and Consumer Technology Publishing Group/NAPCO Media, publisher of Dealerscope, Technology Integrator and the Technology Tell Network.
About C3 Group
Founded by distinguished car technology journalist and expert Doug Newcomb, C3
Group is an organization focused on advocating the role of technology in advancing the modernization of transportation. C3 provides editorial content, conferences, and consulting services to the companies and organizations involved in the global technology and transportation markets. C3 Group provides timely news and analysis through its C3 Report website, newsletter and the Connected Car Council. At C3 events, the company also brings together top thought leaders, who are shaping the future of transportation through technology, to help stakeholders understand and take action on the revolutionary changes currently taking place in the automotive industry. For more information on the C3 Group and the C3 Report please visit www.cthreegroup.com.
February 27, 2015 /0 Comments/by laura-admin
http://ceweekny.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/C3.gif 150 150 laura-admin http://ceweekny.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/01/ce-week-logos-black.png laura-admin2015-02-27 09:29:322015-03-20 00:31:32Connected Car Conference Returns to CE Week in New York, June 22
CE Week Partners Again with ShowStoppers® to Produce Exclusive Press Preview... Connected Car Conference Returns to CE Week in New York, June 22


text:
FROM airdock/base:jessie
MAINTAINER Jerome Guibert <jguibert@gmail.com>

# Add java dynamic memory script
COPY java-dynamic-memory-opts /srv/java/

# Install Oracle JDK 8u74
RUN cd /tmp && \
    curl -L -O -H "Cookie: oraclelicense=accept-securebackup-cookie" -k "http://download.oracle.com/otn-pub/java/jdk/8u74-b02/jre-8u74-linux-x64.tar.gz" && \
    tar xf jre-8u74-linux-x64.tar.gz -C /srv/java && \
    rm -f jre-8u74-linux-x64.tar.gz && \
    ln -s /srv/java/jre* /srv/java/jre && \
    ln -s /srv/java/jre /srv/java/jvm && \
    chown -R java:java /srv/java && \
    /root/post-install

# Define commonly used JAVA_HOME variable
# Add /srv/java and jdk on PATH variable
ENV JAVA_HOME=/srv/java/jre \
    PATH=${PATH}:/srv/java/jre/bin:/srv/java

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Mikael Jalving (born 1 October 1968) is a Danish journalist, historian, author and political commentator. Jalving worked as a commentator for Berlingske Tidende and wrote as the newspaper's most widely read blogger, until 2009 when he was hired by Jyllands-Posten. He has a Ph.D. in history from the European University Institute in Florence.

Jalving has described himself as politically being national-liberal, social conservative, and more right-wing than all parties represented in the Folketing. He caught attention in Sweden in 2011 for his book Absolut Sverige, which according to Dagens Nyheter describes a land of "self-righteous Swedes, treacherously lulled into a social democratic dystopia of control and political correctness". The book was partly a response to a book by Swedish journalist Lena Sundström that criticised Danish attitudes towards immigration.

During the month of July 2014, Jalving hosted a limited daily radio show called Danmarks Röst ("Voice of Denmark", inspired by Cold War-era Voice of America), which aimed to transmit debate to Swedish listeners about subjects perceived to be taboo in Swedish public debate.

Jalving was criticised by an Islam researcher at the University of Copenhagen for misinforming about a muslims' replies about 'sharia' in a questionnaire that did not mention sharia, but rules in the Quran, while sharia are based on other texts.

Bibliography
 Søren Krarup og hans tid (2014)
 Absolut Sverige: En rejse i tavshedens rige (2011)
 Magt og ret. Et opgør med Godheden (2007)
 Utopiske Europa. Artikler om historiens nutid (1998)
 Mellem linierne. Thorkild Hansens historieskrivning (1994)

References

1968 births
Living people
People from Aarhus
European University Institute alumni
20th-century Danish male writers
21st-century Danish male writers
20th-century Danish non-fiction writers
21st-century Danish non-fiction writers
20th-century Danish historians
21st-century Danish historians
20th-century Danish journalists
21st-century Danish journalists
Berlingske people
Jyllands-Posten people
Male non-fiction writers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


March 18 (Reuters) - WestJet Airlines Ltd on Monday became the second Canadian carrier to suspend its 2019 financial projections following the groundings of Boeing 737 MAX aircraft worldwide.
Over 300 Boeing 737 MAX passenger jets have been taken out of service globally following a fatal plane crash in Ethiopia eight days ago, the second deadly disaster for the same type of plane in five months.
On Friday, Air Canada suspended its financial outlook, while U.S. carrier United Airlines warned of an "adverse effect" on operations if the jets remained grounded in the summer travel season.
WestJet, which operates 13 MAX jets and is Canada's second largest airline, said its 2020-2022 projections for earnings per share, free cash flow and return on capital investment remained in place for now.
For 2019, the company was expecting revenue per available seat mile, a key industry metric, to rise between 2 percent and 4 percent, driven by higher travel demand.
"WestJet continues to implement and execute its contingency plan to minimize guest disruption and any financial impact," it said in a statement.
The company expects to cover some three-fourths of the flights intended to run on the MAX with other aircraft.
Investigators probing the Boeing crash in Ethiopia have found similarities in vital flight angle data with an airplane that came down off Indonesia, a source said, hiking pressure on the world's biggest planemaker.


You can read Gov. Romney's entire speech here.
Of all the freedoms we cherish as Americans, of all the rights that we hold sacred, foremost among them is freedom of religion, the right to worship as we choose. It's enshrined in the First Amendment of our Constitution -- the law of the land, always and forever. It beats in our heart -- in the soul of the people who know that our liberty and our equality is endowed by our Creator.
The entirety of his remarks may be found here.
Certainly, their views are not opposed to one another, but during this election year, it would do us well to discuss the intersection of faith and freedom. How do these two things coincide for you? Do you believe that your right to freed om of religion was given to you by God? Do you believe that it is something that government must protect? Do you believe that one cannot exist without the other?
Join us this Wednesday, 6:30pm, at Short's Brewing Company for a conversation about faith and freedom.


Studying immune parameters using gene deficient mice and mouse models of tuberculosis.
Testing vaccine strategies and host direct therapeutics that protect against tuberculosis.
Characterizing the role of granulomas in immunity to tuberculosis.
Following instructions and discussions with principal investigator, designs research protocols, including developing procedures for the collection, verification and management of data.
Performs complex statistical analysis of data collected and writes interpretative reports. Verifies the correctness of the data submitted and makes recommendations based on these analyses.
Documents research topics and prepares and submits papers based on research work to publications and committees for publication or presentation to peers.
Solves practical problems relating to difficulties with equipment or test subjects. Suggests technical or procedural improvements in testing methods.
Conducts literature searches related to research project.
Master's degree with 4 years of experience in research lab operations or equivalent combination of education and experience equaling 9 years required.
Prior experience working with mouse models and have exceptional organizational skills.
Extensive prior experience in cell, molecular biology or related fields.
PhD and applicable experience preferred.
Analytical reasoning and problem solving skills.
Ability to communicate in oral and written form with all levels of personnel and technical publications.
Able to work well independently or as a team member.
This position is grade R10.


Although tanzanite reserves are quickly diminishing, that won't stop the LC from bringing back Tanzanite Time! All day on Saturday, Nov. 5, we will be featuring brand new designs of this rare stone. The best part is that you will be able to get these designs at amazing prices. This is the perfect opportunity to get ahead on your holiday shopping. Who wouldn't want to wake up to a gorgeous tanzanite ring on Christmas?!
Usually tanzanite is only offered at high prices, but because the Tanzanite One organization has named LC the number one sightholder of this gemstone, we get the first pick from the mines. This means high quality stones for an affordable price. Saving money during the holiday season can be difficult, so join us tomorrow for Tanzanite Time from midnight to 11:59 p.m. CT.
Learn everything you need to know about tanzanite with this nifty infographic!


We have moved from an apartment to a house, and GFF is getting a larger and better equipped main office.
No, don't worry! It's not that GFF is disappearing, but the number of visitors isn't what it used to be.
Facebook is a strange universe. A fantastic resource and at the same time a source of endless, useless noise.


Fashion Assistant at Prima – usually found in my second home, the fashion cupboard, where I'll be swooning over camel coats, lining up must-have heels and handbags (a girl can never have too many, natch) and instagramming my lunch box. When I'm not busy with all of those things, you'll find me baking the best Victoria Sponge you've ever tasted and writing for my travel blog.
Feeling arm shy? Get party-gorgeous in these stunning sleeved dresses.
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We know we shouldn't be dreaming of cold winter days but just look at what's coming!
As if squeezing into your skinnies wasn't bad enough!
Topshop are bringing shoulder pads back!
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Designer-looking but with a high street price tag, how can you resist?
Win £500 To Spend At Damsel In A Dress!
Trust us, you won't want to miss this one!
Reese Witherspoon launches her own lifestyle brand – and it is GORGEOUS!
Shopping lists at the ready!
Rule Britannia! The brilliant and affordable fashion brands bringing production back home.


text:
Orlovibairdia formosana is een mosselkreeftjessoort uit de familie van de Bythocyprididae. De wetenschappelijke naam van de soort is voor het eerst geldig gepubliceerd in 1981 door Hu.

Bythocyprididae


Everyone wants the most effective deal in regards to purchasing a car. Many individuals are unacquainted with what is required of them when they will get that job done. Many people even think they got the most effective deal when they actually are mistaken. Consider the next helpful advice when learning more about finding the very best deals.
Ahead of even stepping foot in a dealer, you need to know what kind of car you want. When you yourself have kids, maybe you should be buying a van or large SUV. If it's just you, maybe you need something more sportier. In either case, knowing what you want can make the complete means of shopping for a vehicle easier.
When purchasing a used car, an effective way to inform if the vehicle has been around an accident would be to look into the door frames. Usually when a car is repainted, you will notice over spray in this area. This isn't proof that the car was in an accident, but it enables you to know it absolutely was repainted.
You need to know important information about the precise dealer when you give an offer. This helps you prepare yourself for the negotiation phase. Reading customer reviews also can offer you a good picture of what perhaps you are getting into.
It may possibly not be easy securing the best deal on a vehicle, nonetheless it doesn't need to be probably the most difficult situation either. You only have to know what direction to go to be able to counter against the salesmen's tactics. Once you have this down, you're sure to complete better on the next purchase.


text:
View Free Safety Penalties By:
Penalties commited by players playing the Free Safety position during the 2014 season.
Unnecessary Roughness 13 171 7 6 0 1
Defensive Holding 9 40 2 7 6 2
Roughing the Passer 3 45 1 2 0 0
Face Mask (15 Yards) 5 52 3 2 0 0
Offensive Holding 1 10 1 0 0 0
Illegal Contact 5 24 1 4 4 0
Defensive Pass Interference 12 160 3 9 0 0
Unsportsmanlike Conduct 1 13 1 0 0 0
Illegal Use of Hands 2 10 1 1 1 0
Offside on Free Kick 1 5 0 1 0 0
Defensive Offside 2 9 0 2 2 0
Illegal Blindside Block 1 15 0 1 0 0
Neutral Zone Infraction 1 5 0 1 0 0
Totals 71 710 26 45 13 3


text:
Donation box containing $100 stolen from Walmart
Children's Miracle Network uses donations to buy toys, medical equipment for sick children
Updated: 4:40 PM MDT Oct 25, 2013
Mike Springer
A donation box that collects money to help sick children was stolen from an Albuquerque Walmart recently, and those responsible remain on the loose.The incident occurred near Wyoming and Academy boulevards at about 1 a.m. Friday.Police said a man and woman went into the store, grabbed the box for the Children's Miracle Network and got away in their black car. Police also said there was about $100 in the box.The network aims to help sick, hospitalized children.Money in boxes like the one stolen help pay for things like toys, coloring books and medical equipment.The network said it takes steps to help protect its donation boxes, like keeping them away from doors and in some cases chaining them in place.It is unknown of those precautions were taken with the recently stolen box.
A donation box that collects money to help sick children was stolen from an Albuquerque Walmart recently, and those responsible remain on the loose.
The incident occurred near Wyoming and Academy boulevards at about 1 a.m. Friday.
Police said a man and woman went into the store, grabbed the box for the Children's Miracle Network and got away in their black car. Police also said there was about $100 in the box.
The network aims to help sick, hospitalized children.
Money in boxes like the one stolen help pay for things like toys, coloring books and medical equipment.
The network said it takes steps to help protect its donation boxes, like keeping them away from doors and in some cases chaining them in place.
It is unknown of those precautions were taken with the recently stolen box.


text:
RSpec::Core::SharedExampleGroup.class_eval do

  def ensure_shared_example_group_name_not_taken(name)
    if RSpec.world.shared_example_groups.has_key?(name)
      Specjour.logger.debug "Shared example group '#{name}' already exists"
    end
  end

end