text:
The Grand Narrative
Korean Feminism, Sexuality, Popular Culture
Why do so Many Korean Children Wear Glasses?
(Source: LG전자; CC BY 2.0)
Update, April 2009: In hindsight, I didn't cover this subject thoroughly enough here, leaving some questions unanswered. For a more comprehensive overview, see this article I wrote for the Korea Times.
Update 2, June 2013: And for a much more up-to-date overview, see this article I wrote for Busan Haps.
If I'd been asked this question yesterday, then I too would have answered that it was because they were always hunched over their books, or staring at computer screens. But the surprising result of this Australian study was that those are only correlated but not causative factors.
In fact, it's because they don't get enough exposure to sunlight.
I confess, before I read the details of the survey, I was very sympathetic to such a result: young Korean women, for instance, have among the lowest Vitamin D levels in the world because of avoiding the sun for the sake of light skins, and given how the required behavior and body images that lead to such extremes are inculcated very early in Korean children's lives, then if a lack of sunlight does indeed lead to myopia (short-sightedness) I'd wager money on rates being higher among Korean teenage girls than boys. Not much higher, no, but I'd still expect a statistically significant difference between them.
But technically the study never looked at Korean children specifically. And while Korea certainly shares other developed East Asian countries' skyrocketing rates of myopia among children — virtually all my middle-school students wear glasses or contact lenses, and I bet yours do too — I was confused when I heard that the study was primarily based on Singaporean children.
How on Earth do children that live on the equator not get enough sun?
Actually, partially it's precisely because they live there. As head researcher Dr. Ian Morgan explains in an Australian radio interview, the heat meant that:
The children in Singapore were spending about three hours a week outside, so very, very limited periods of time outside, excluding the school hours. Basically they went to school, they went home, they did their homework and then they watched television and that was life.
But this issue of climate wouldn't apply so much to children in other East Asian countries, where the same education culture of going to school during the day and then cram schools in the evenings prevails, although that does also mean that they're not outdoors much of course. But how to tease apart the effects of that lifestyle from a lack of sunlight specifically? Things like diet, and, say, the not insignificant fact that Korean children get the least sleep in the world, would presumably have some effect too.
Here's the key part of the radio interview that reveals how and why researchers did that. Without it, basic summaries of the study like this and this that are all over the news wires are good introductions, but raise more questions than answers really:
DR IAN MORGAN:….we have been able to compare the prevalence of myopia in Chinese kids in Singapore, as compared to kids of Chinese origin growing up in Sydney. And at the age of six, the kids in Singapore — the Chinese kids in Singapore are ten times more myopic than the kids of Chinese origin in Australia.
INTERVIWER: But did the Singaporean children spend more time in near-work activity than the Sydney children?
DR IAN MORGAN: If anything, they spent a little bit less and this is what led in part to us looking for what other factors could be important. And the striking difference that came across was that these kids — remember they're matched for age and they're matched for ethnicity, they're all of Chinese origin. The kids of Chinese origin in Sydney were spending a lot more time outdoors than the kids of Chinese origin in Singapore.
For more details, including the debunking of alternative theories that there is some genetic susceptibility to myopia among East Asian populations, and why it is specifically light intensity that is important, then I highly recommend reading the radio interview in full.
I don't have the time to translate anything myself unfortunately, but it'll be interesting to see how the Korea media interprets the results of this study. While it would be just one of a very long list of serious social and health problems among young Koreans resulting from Korea's after-school institute or hagwon (학원) culture, and so unlikely to lead to any huge changes overnight, all the various English-language articles on the study point out that governments across the region already do have serious concerns about the issue. So, this may well provide just enough of a shove for Korean schools to, say, provide more outdoor physical education and field trips for students. Granted that it's rather cold at the moment though!
The Grand Narrative	East Asia, Korean Children and Teenagers, Korean Education, Korean Families, Skin Whitening	15 Comments January 12, 2009 May 6, 2015
Korean Medical Association: Don't Take the Pill!
(Source: Surija / "Sray"; CC BY 2.0)
Why not? Well, because Korean women are stupid apparently, unable to do so much as read the instructions and numerous warnings about possible side-effects that come with the product, let alone do their own research and make their own choice about what contraception is best for them personally.
Or at least, that is the more benign reading of this warning from the KMA, and to be fair, given such factors as Koreans' general reluctance to self-diagnose and be proactive about treating any medical condition that they might have themselves, and many Korean women's complete reliance on men to use contraception, then at first glance there is nothing to distinguish the top-down, patronizing but also paternalistic tone of the KMA in the warning as any different from any other Korean institution's relationship with the Korean public. In reality however, in its bias and scare-mongering it demonstrates an explicit and almost sinister vested interest in maintaining the huge abortion industry here.
No, really. That may sound like hyperbole, but then the Korean state already has a long history as an extremely invasive and coercive force in Koreans' reproductive lives, its population policy in the 1960s and 1970s only slightly less draconian than that of China's today, at many points having soldiers withdrawn from the DMZ at the height of the Cold War to deliver IUDs and perform abortions in the Korean countryside for instance (see this book for more on that). And such industry-related claims are also widely acknowledged of Japanese health authorities (albeit not so much in Japan itself), which banned the pill for three decades and which Japanese women are still scared of using, so why not of Korea ones too?
But regardless of that background, how else are we to interpret the evidence from just the KMA's warning alone? Consider that:
It provides no information about possible side-effects that I didn't already know about 10 years ago (and I'm a guy remember), which begs the question of why the Korea Times considered it "news" exactly.
It literally doesn't provide a single positive medical benefit of using them, and naturally the Korea Times fails its most basic of journalistic duties by not providing them either.
It implies that somehow there is somehow something unique to contraceptive pills and not, say…amphetamines that makes women's access to them in much more urgent need of being restricted.
And finally, that in a country where double-standards, moralistic pharmacists and medical staff, virtually non-existent sex education, and a lack of access already combine to severely limit women's sexual confidence and choices of contraception in practice (see here)…surely it is telling that the most senior medical institution in the country is literally scaring women away from using the single safest and most effective contraceptive in human history?
Actually, I do agree that there are some benefits to women of, say, requiring a prescription from a doctor to get the pill, one poster in this forum (which I give a hat tip to for some of the above) pointing out that it means many women will usually get gynecological examinations at the same time, wheres they wouldn't have bothered otherwise. But, one should always be very careful to acknowledge the different contexts in which they occur, and I dare say that most young British women buying contraceptives, for instance, are not asked by pharmacists if they're married, or alternatively the same by doctors and nurses rather than a more neutral, non-judgmental inquiry as to if they are sexually active. To require a prescription in those circumstances would surely mean that many women simply wouldn't go to get them all, which renders quick and easy access to the pill, albeit online if you don't look 25 or older, one of the very few positives about Korean sexual culture (source, right: NEWSis).
Ending on another positive note, all trends in Korea point to continued increased use of the pill over time, and I'm not merely seeking brownie points among my readers when I say that I do have confidence in Korean women even just considering the pill not to be swayed by "warnings" like this. Given how, as I explained in my last post on the subject, half the battle is getting many Korean women to take an active role in using contraception at all, then merely thinking about all the pros and cons of the options available is an important first step. And of those that have done so, then I dare say that from that point on they will apply a more discerning eye to the ravings of groups like the KMA!
Update: In case anyone wants it, here is the original warning in Korean too.
The Grand Narrative	Abortion, Contraception, East Asia, Korean Demographics, Korean Feminism, Korean Sexuality, Pregnancy	24 Comments January 9, 2009 September 2, 2014
Semi-Nude Photos of 14-Year Old Draw Controversy
The 14-year old girl is Park Seo-jin, the controversial photoshoot from the Mnet reality show I Am A Model. It's already covered in numerous "news" articles though, so let me just quickly highlight one element of it here: that for all the recent and historical mania about protecting underage girls against foreign pedophiles, the Korean police seem strangely reluctant to respect their own laws banning the nude photos of minors that would (presumably) encourage them. The most obvious examples being one of the promotion posters for—let alone various scenes in—Samaritan Girl/Samaria (2004), all shot when actress Kwak Ji-min was still in high school, and therefore legally a minor.
Like with those, no-one will ever be prosecuted for Park Seo-jin's photos. Unlike those though, they do seem to be creating much more negative reaction. Most likely, simply because she is just sooo young.
Update: In case of any confusion, note that while she's 16 according to the (strange) Korean age system, her birth date is actually 11 March 1994.
The Grand Narrative	Body Image, Censorship, Child Abuse, Gender Socialization, Korean Children and Teenagers, Korean Media, Korean Sexuality, Rape, Sexual Abuse	32 Comments January 7, 2009 January 18, 2016
The Scent of a Man: What deodorant commercials tell us about Korean metrosexuality
(Source: I am Goding)
As the message boards of numerous expat forums will attest, Koreans simply don't wear deodorant, except for a few young urban sophisticates in the summer. What's more, it's likely almost all of those young urban sophisticates are women, as there have been no deodorant commercials aimed at Korean men yet (although Nivea did start using men alongside women for in-store promotions from 2007).
But why on Earth not? While I disagree with most prevailing explanations for the origins of Korea's own, distinct brand of metrosexuality, that doesn't mean that in the last decade or so there hasn't been an explosive growth in sales of men's skincare, cosmetic and grooming products to accompany that. It seems strange that Korean men prepared to spend the money and time on, say, wearing "masculine" sunblock for ten months of the year, wouldn't also be concerned about how they smelled.
In Japan, even the middle-aged ajosshis are:
Explanations of why both sexes don't wear deodorant usually focus on their (allegedly) sweating less than the average Westerner and the different kinds of foods that they eat. But personally, I give much more credence to the notion that — to the extent that most Koreans had even heard of the stuff until very recently — it was considered a luxury that few could afford, Korean consumerism in general still being trapped in the mentality of four decades ago. Back then, basic items were scarce, food barely adequate and lacking in quality or variety, and domestic monopolies and the restrictions on the imports of consumer meant that the customer was expected to be grateful for whatever he or she was given, as evidenced today by, for example: the gifting of soap, spam, cooking oil and/or shampoo (examples) on the two biggest holidays of Chuseok (추석) and Seollal (설날); a cuisine culture that — frankly — seems to consist of little more than throwing everything available together and then smothering the combination with salt, sugar or spicy pepper paste; and the often appalling customer service that still prevails in 2008 respectively.
Only slightly tongue-in-cheek, one could also argue that with virtually no-one wearing it and everyone used to the bad smell of each other to the extent that they don't notice it, then the very minimal benefits of an individual wearing it mirror, say, the economics of my recently purchasing a videocall-capable phone: initially very expensive to myself, completely useless if others don't have one also, but with increasing benefits to me as others do buy and use them (i.e. I can both talk to more and more people and services will probably become cheaper). Similarly, in the case of expensive Korean deodorant, as the number of users increased then Korean noses would become more and more sensitive to distinguishing between those who did and didn't use it, and then later to lower prices and people having positive associations with and assumptions about the former group (source, left: cjswoxodwk).
Seemingly regardless of that background however, while it is true that early deodorant commercials featured – in a quintessentially Korean fashion – having a motherly figure explaining the benefits to respectfully attentive and nodding young Korean women (but which unfortunately predate the YouTube era), and that the first commercial below from just two years ago seemed to emphasize friendship more than anything else, commercials aimed at women are increasing in quantity and sophistication every summer, most like these two here and here (I can't seem to embed them unfortunately) emphasizing deodorant's supposed benefits in attracting the opposite sex just like their Western counterparts. Moreover, while for various reasons I personally hate any dubbed commercials, you don't have to speak Korean to understand that the woman in the the second video opens with "What part of my body do you like the best? My legs? My ass? Or my hands?", which, to put it mildly, you don't otherwise hear all too often on Korean daytime television. Any wonder that it's still the most popular deodorant commercial in Korea a year later?
But still, why aren't deodorants marketed to men here? Actually there is a very detailed report on the Korean deodorant market available on the internet which may have the answer, and I'm quite happy to receive donations towards the US$753(!) required to purchase it and to pass on its conclusions when I do. But in the meantime, via this article on perfume science from the Economist magazine I've found, if perhaps not a perfect solution to the conundrum, then at least pointers towards further investigation. Here's the gist of it, with my emphases throughout:
(Source: OHLALAMag)
THE very word "perfume" has feminine overtones to many male ears. Men can be sold "deodorant" and possibly "aftershave", but the idea of all those dinky little bottles with their fussy paraphernalia is too much for the sensitive male ego. Yet no industry can afford to neglect half its potential market, and perfume-makers are ever keen to crack the shell of male reticence. Now they may know how to do so.
Craig Roberts of the University of Liverpool and his colleagues-working with a team from Unilever's research laboratory at nearby Port Sunlight-have been investigating the problem. They already knew that appropriate scents can improve the mood of those who wear them. What they discovered, though, as they will describe in a forthcoming edition of the International Journal of Cosmetic Science, is that when a man changes his natural body odor it can alter his self-confidence to such an extent that it also changes how attractive women find him.
Half of Dr Roberts's volunteers were given an aerosol spray containing a commercial formulation of fragrance and antimicrobial agents. The other half were given a spray identical in appearance but lacking active ingredients. The study was arranged so that the researchers did not know who had received the scent and who the dummy. Each participant obviously knew what he was spraying on himself, since he could smell it. But since no one was told the true purpose of the experiment, those who got the dummy did not realize they were being matched against people with a properly smelly aerosol.
Over the course of several days, Dr Roberts's team conducted a battery of psychological tests on both groups of volunteers. They found that those who had been given the commercial fragrance showed an increase in self-confidence. Not that surprising, perhaps. What was surprising was that their self-confidence improved to such an extent that women who could watch them but not smell them noticed. The women in question were shown short, silent videos of the volunteers. They deemed the men wearing the deodorant more attractive. They were, however, unable to distinguish between the groups when shown only still photographs of the men, suggesting it was the men's movement and bearing, rather than their physical appearance, that was making the difference.
For Unilever and other manufacturers of men's scent, this is an important discovery. The firm's marketing of its main product in this area, a deodorant called Lynx, plays up the so-called "Lynx Effect" – which is supposed to make men irresistibly attractive to women. Dr Roberts's experiment, however, suggests that the advertised "Born chicka wah wah" of the product may have nothing to do with a woman's appreciation of the smell, and everything to do with its psychological effect on the man wearing it.
The rest of the article focuses on the scientific theories of smell and attractiveness, not uninteresting in themselves, and I highly recommend you read the full article, especially the comments. Finally, a quick excerpt from the conclusion:
There are many useful inferences that might be drawn from this research. One would be that a woman's choice of perfume will resist the vagaries of fashion. This may explain why most innovation in the industry involves changes in packaging and marketing, producing all that fussy paraphernalia, rather than changing what is in the bottle.
In hindsight of course, all quite obvious: I'm sure that we can all appreciate how, say, going through the process of our "date preparation routine" — showering listening to your favorite music, wearing more expensive clothes than usual, and finally putting on your expensive perfume/cologne/deodorant strictly reserved for special occasions, and so on – was a very important factor in getting into the mood for it, even though in hindsight showering immediately beforehand would have washed off natural pheromones crucial for the date's success.
Hence my dismal record.
Also, while the reasons were unknown until know, manufacturers have undoubtedly long been aware of the effects of the phenomenon, but if not then the basic mechanics of capitalism alone — the inevitable saturation of markets and the rates of profit to fall — would constantly compel them to rebrand and repackage their products, the latest manifestations of which seem to be a decidely "Arctic" theme of absolutely any cosmetic marketed towards Western men.
But what does this tell us about the absence of such commercials in Korea?
(Source: Somang Cosmetics)
For a time, I was planning to look at the origins of Korean metrosexuality for my MA thesis (summary here), put wisely rejected that topic after necessarily watching hundreds of Korean cosmetics commercials aimed at men. Only now though, can I see that a surprising common theme of them is the almost complete absence of women in them. Or to be more precise, with exceptions such as the notorious, multi-layered one with Ahn Jung-hwan (안정환) from 2003 above (video, alas, unavailable), of the relatively few times women are featured in them most of the time they are not at all there to demonstrate the product's alleged effects on women. Rather, generally they are effectively mere props in narratives very much focused on the men themselves.
Some examples, with and without women, starting with…yes, that one with Ahn and Kim Jae-won (김재원) that unfortunately utterly defined Korean masculinity to a generation of expats in 2002, (update: while I'm at it, I've added a parody by some Seoul students also) then with Ahn again and Hyun-bin (현빈) in 2006, unfortunately cutting prematurely his distinctive gesture and facial expression at the end:
Now two more commercials, both with Hyun-bin and from 2006, and the second with Kim Hye-su (김혜수). While they appear at first glance to feature women lusting after Hyun, in fact both commercials are actually for women's cosmetics:
And finally, a exception from late 2007 with Jung Il-woo (정일우) that proves the rule: that wearing cosmetics=more hot sex with lots of women was not a theme of Korean commercials until — to the extent that there are international standards — very late in the development of metrosexuality compared to other countries:
Why is this significant? Well, because when I wondered in a previous post about why so few commercials for women's cosmetics featured men — naively thinking attracting them was the sole reason women ever used them — I was very surprised and much impressed by Gomushin Girl's answer (my emphasis):
…I think the main reason for male absence is the convention of putting the product itself in the ad. While some advertisements focus primarily on the made-up faces, most want to show the packaging and look of the product itself, be it lipstick, mascara, or what have you. This means that a lot of advertisements focus on the process of application, or the period just after the makeup has been put on. This process of being made up is strongly associated with the private sphere, and thus excludes men. Men are present when the results (fully made up and dressed) are there, and so can be part and parcel of clothing and other advertisements, but a make up advertisement needs to feature a woman in a private space, preparing herself for going into the public sphere. If the man were there, it would be subverting the purposes of her putting the makeup on in the first place.
And from which I now take away the conclusion that, very generally speaking, Korean cosmetic commercials for men are much closer to those of Korean (and Western) women's cosmetics than they are of those of the "wear this and women will want to rape you" style that overwhelmingly dominate the equivalent ones Western men.
Why? We can speculate on any number of reasons. But whatever is ultimately responsible, I would argue that the difference shows that:
Korean cosmetic companies were never in the driving seat behind the rise of metrosexuality in Korea over the last decade or so (which is not to say that they ever were in Western metrosexuality either)
And that the development of Korean metrosexuality at least was always driven by and for women, and thus the manifestations of it in consumer culture have been heavily influenced by preexisting narratives in previously exclusively women-focused industries. Or in other words, it's like cosmetic companies didn't realize that they were actually supposed to be advertising to men now.
Both of which buttress(ed) my hypothesis in my thesis proposal…
Lest that sound a little abstract though, let me conclude by stressing that, just like you'd expect, Korean men always have and always will strive for appearances and modes of behavior that are most likely to get them laid. My thesis proposal was really just about some of the possible reasons why thee, well, requirements of Korean women for them to have a greater chance to do so changed in Korea in the late-1990s.
As for why those didn't include wearing deodorant? Well, given that women didn't themselves, then there was hardly the demand by them that men did. And I strongly suspect that it will be at least 10 years before a tipping point of deodorant-wearing Korean women is reached and it is seen as standard, after which men will increasingly be expected to wear it too,.
In the meantime, I'll continue to have my parents send batches of cheap roll-ons from home every few months. But if you're a single male in Korea? Then it sounds like it can't harm to pamper yourself!
The Grand Narrative	Body Image, Cosmetics, East Asia, Korean Advertisements, Korean Sexuality, Sexual Relationships	29 Comments January 5, 2009 September 2, 2014
Selected Posts: Revealing the Korean Body Politic
Revealing the Korean Body Politic, Part 13: Free The Nipple in Korea? Why Not? Uncovering the history of a taboo
Revealing the Korean Body Politic, Part 12: If You Don't Have Kim Yuna's Vital Statistics, Your Body Sucks and You Will Totally Die Alone
Revealing the Korean Body Politic, Part 11: 노출이 강간 유혹?…허튼소리 말라 Wearing Revealing Clothes Leads to Rape? Don't Be Absurd
Revealing the Korean Body Politic, Part 10: "An epic battle between feminism and deep-seated misogyny is under way in South Korea"
Revealing the Korean Body Politic, Part 9: To Understand Modern Korean Misogyny, Look to the Modern Girls of the 1930s
Revealing the Korean Body Politic, Part 8: The Bare-leg Bars of 1942
Revealing the Korean Body Politic, Part 7: Keeping abreast of Korean bodylines
Revealing the Korean Body Politic, Part 6: What is the REAL reason for the backlash?
Revealing the Korean Body Politic, Part 5: Links
Revealing the Korean Body Politic, Part 4: Girls are different from boys
Revealing the Korean Body Politic, Part 3: Historical precedents for Korea's modern beauty myth
Revealing the Korean Body Politic, Part 2: Kwak Hyun-hwa (곽현화), Pin-up Grrrls, and The Banality of Sex and Nudity in the Media
Bikinis, Breasts, and Backlash: Revealing the Korean Body Politic in 2012
A reading list for Korean Feminism 101!
Selected Posts: Turning Boys Into Men? The Performance of Gender for South Korean Conscripts
Part 5: South Korea's Invisible Military Girlfriends
Part 4: 17-Year-Old Tzuyu: "A Special Gift for Korean Men"
Part 3: Korean Lolita Nationalism: It's a thing, and this is how it works
Part 2: Male Privilege at Korean Universities
Part 1: Turning Boys Into Men? The Performance of Gender for South Korean Conscripts
Selected Posts: Sex and K-pop
Consent is Sexy: SISTAR, slut-shaming, and sexual objectification in the Korean idol system
Pin-up Grrrl #2: Ga-in, Bloom, and why we'll still be talking about both 30 years from now
Girl's Day and the New Lolitocracy: Part 1
Do "Sexy Concepts" Actually Work?
Miss A (Still) Don't Need a Man…And Neither Did Destiny's Child
The Origins of "Ajosshi Fandom"?
The Korean Popular Culture Reader: Out Now!
Selected Posts: Korean Sexuality
Korean Women's Sexual Histories: Still a slippery subject
Quick Hit: "The Empowerment of the Pill in Korea"
Goodbye Madame Butterfly, Hello Sexless Marriage
Ministry of Health and Welfare: "Unwed Mothers are Ignorant Whores"
Why Korean Girls Don't Say No: Contraception Commercials, Condom Use and Double Standards in South Korea
Quick Hit: Is there STILL a stigma against lingerie modeling in Korea?
Good women need our help, bad women need to be punished" — Learning about Sex Workers' Rights in South Korea
Sex, Marriage, and Prostitution in South Korea
What IS the Age of Consent in South Korea?
Women Getting on Top: Korean Sexuality in Flux in the 1990s
Sex as Power in the South Korean Military
Abortion Republic No More?
Getting an Abortion in Korea
Challenging Stereotypes about Abortion
'Room Cafes' for Amorous Korean Teens: Dens of depravity or a necessary evil?
Korean Sex Ed Takes to the Road
Selected Posts: Body Image and the Korean Media
Those Damned Double Eyelids…
The Male Gaze and the Korean Mass Media (Or: Ways of Seeing Son Ye-jin as Fat…)
Korean Sociological Image #66 – Inventing Labels for Women's Bodies
Guest Post: Challenging Korea's Body Image Paradigm
"Making Pretty Women" (예쁜 여자 만들기) — Consumerism, S-lines, and Learning that Healthy≠Beautiful in 1930s Korea
SNL 코리아 Satirizes Korea's Cosmetic Surgery Craze
Gender Studies 101: How the Korean media perpetuates negative body images
Why Did Allure Korea Take 10 Years to Have a Korean Cover Model?
Korean Sociological Image #18: Sexualizing Caucasian Women
Korean Sociological Image #52: Are Celebrities Removing the Stigma of Lingerie Modelling?
Korean Photoshop Disaster #7: I Hate You Lee Soo-kyeong…
Excessive Photoshopping in the Korean Media: A Korean Critique
Korean Sociological Image #40: As Pretty as a Picture? The Korean Ad Industry's Celebrity Obsession
Everything You Ever Wanted to Know About Korea's Celebrity Obsession, Part 1: The numbers
Selected Posts: Reading the Lolita Effect in South Korea
Reading the Lolita Effect in South Korea, Part 1: The role of K-pop and the Korean media in sexual socialization and the formation of body image
Reading the Lolita Effect in South Korea, Part 2: Six Year-Old Does KARA's "Butt Dance" (엉덩이 춤) on "Shabekuri 007″
Reading The Lolita Effect in South Korea, Part 3: A Wave of Middle School Girls Wearing Make-up…Is it all Girl Groups' Fault?
Syndrome (신드롬) by ChoColat (쇼콜라): Lyrics, Translation, and Explanation / Reading The Lolita Effect in South Korea, Part 4
Should the Sexualization of Teens in K-Pop be Banned?
"Cleavage out, Legs in" — The Key to Understanding Ajosshi Fandom?
What did Depraved Oppas do to Girls' Generation? Part 1
Ajosshis & Girls' Generation: The Panic Interface of Korean Sexuality
Song Translations and Reviews
I am the Best (내가 제일 잘 나가) by 2NE1 (투애니원)
I Don't Care by 2NE1 (투애니원)
Mirror Mirror (거울아 거울아) by 4Minute (포미닛)
Ah! (아!) by After School (애프터스쿨)
Bang! (뱅!) by After School (애프터스쿨)
Because Of You (너 때문에) by After School (애프터스쿨)
Funky Man (펑키맨) by After School (애프터수쿨)
Girls on Top (걸스온탑) by BoA (보아)
SISTAR19: Begone, Calling Them "Objectified" Any Longer
Syndrome (신드롬) by Chocolat (쇼콜라)
Visual Dreams (비주얼드림) by Girls' Generation (소녀시대)
Give it to me (줄래) by Lee Jeong-hyeon (이정현)
I'm a Golden Lady (골든레이디) by Lim Jeong-hee (임정희)
Isn't It Beautiful? (얼마나 좋을까?) by Lee Soo-young (이수영)
Lupin (루팡) by KARA (카라)
Breathe (비리드) by Miss A (미쓰에이)
Bad Girl, Good Girl (배드걸 굿걸) by Miss A (미쓰에이)
I Don't Need a Man (남자 없이 잘 살아) by Miss A (미쓰에이)
Watching SPICA's "Tonight" is an Awesome Teaching Moment About the Male Gaze. Here's Why. (Part 1, Part 2, Part 3.)
Pray (기도) by Sunny Hill (써니힐)
"Spring Girls," by Sunwoo Jung-a, Is Both Feminist and as Sexy as Hell. Lets Give It the Attention It Deserves.
Like the First Time (처음처럼) by T-ara (티아라)
One More Chance (나 좀 봐줘) by The Grace (천상 지희) – Dana & Sunday (다나 & 선데이)
So Hot by the Wondergirls (원더걸스)
Selected Posts: Korean Feminism
Fighting Sexual Harassment at Samsung
Groping in Korea: Just How Bad Is It?
University Graduates: One Woman Hired for every Four Men
YTN: Sexual Jokes and Questions Common at Job Interviews
Korean Sociological Image #24: Childcare is Women's Job
Korean Sociological Image #59: Childcare is (Still) Women's Job!
Korean Sociological Image #63: Childcare No Longer Only Women's Job!
Korean Women Angry at Being Promoted Less Than Men
Selected Posts: The Gender Politics of Smoking in South Korea
The Pee Doesn't Lie: 1 in 4 young Korean women smoke (The Gender Politics of Smoking in South Korea, Part 5)
How Many Teenage Girls Are Smoking?
Quick Hit: Korea's Hidden Smokers
Quick Hit: Living as a female smoker in Korea
The Gender Politics of Smoking in South Korea: Part 4
The Gender Politics of Smoking in South Korea: Newsflash
Selected Posts: Gender Advertisements in the Korean Context
Gender, Consumerism, & Advertising: The Sociological Rabbit Hole
Korean Sociological Image #48: The Male Gaze
Beauties and the Beast? Understanding and Subverting the Male Gaze through Soju Advertisements
Shin Min-a Shows Us How to Pose Like a Woman
Women's Typical Poses in Advertisements: A Pain in the Neck?
Korean Sociological Image #19: Gee, Gee, Gee…Using Girls' Generation to Study Gender Roles in Korean Advertising
Why Size Matters: Feminine Representations of Men in Korean Advertising
"Gender Advertisements" in the Korean Context: Part 1
Sex, Sensibility and the Bottom Line: Evolving Images of Women in Korean Soju Advertising
Gender and the Unwritten Rules of Soju Advertisements
Korean (& Asian) Movie Reviews
Korean (Movie) Censors in Retreat?
1) A Good Lawyer's Wife (2003)
2) Samaritan Girl/Samaria (2004)
3) Paju (2009)
4) Saving my Hubby (2002)
5) Linda Linda Linda (2005)
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7) My Wife Got Married (2008)
8) One Million Yen Girl (2008)
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Equipment List | UDT, Inc.
UDT has 15,000 square feet of manufacturing and fabrication space which accommodates the major functions of receiving, inspection, disassembly and assembly, painting, welding, machining, testing, storage for both documentation and parts, delivery preparation areas, along with engineering, logistics and administrative spaces.
UDT's capabilities are enhanced by manufacturing equipment that meets or exceeds commercial and military standards and specifications.
· Doosan 4 Axis CNC 5025/50 mill, 50" x 25" x 25"
· Doosan 3 Axis CNC 5025/40 mill, 50" x 25" x 25"
· Table Size 39.4" x 27.5" x 11.8"
· Mitutoyo Co-ordinance Measuring Machine (CMM) 21" x 24" x 12"
· Assorted height gauges, calipers, micrometers, gauge blocks, gauge pins, depth micrometers, bore micrometers.
· Large welding, jig, and fixture tables to enable dimensional integrity.
· Kalamazoo saw, 10" x 30"
· Wells Saw, 18" x 28"


The modest, elegant tone of these EXCLUSIVE models is sealed with a Platinum-finish Cartier "C" décor on each temple.
Wood, horn and composite make up a selection of fine materials crafted in the expert tradition of Cartier eyewear.
brown lenses with graded golden mirror effect, protection factor: 3.


text:
THE WITCH HARE
Mr. & Mrs. S. C. Hall
I was out thracking hares meeself, and I seen a fine puss of a thing hopping, hopping in the moonlight, and whacking her ears about, now up, now down, and winking her great eyes, and--"Here goes," says I, and the thing was so close to me that she turned round and looked at me, and then bounced back, as well as t o say, do your worst! So I had the least grain in life of blessed powder left, and I put it in the gun--and bang at her! My jewel, the scritch she gave would frighten a rigment, and a mist, like, came betwixt me and her, and I seen her no more; but when the mist wint off I saw blood on the spot where she had been, and I followed its track, and at last it led me--whist, whisper--right up to Katey MacShane's door; and when I was at the thrashold, I heerd a murnin' within, a great murnin', and a groanin', and I opened the door, and there she was herself, sittin' quite content in the shape of a woman, and the black cat that was sittin' by her rose up its back and spit at me; but I went on never heedin', and asked the ould ------ how she was and what ailed her.
"Nothing," sis she.
"What's that on the floor?" sis I.
"Oh," she says, "I was cuttin' a billet of wood," she says, "wid the reaping hook," she says, "an' I've wounded meself in the leg," she says, "and that's drops of my precious blood," she says.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: How to make 2 divs on 1 side (up&down) How to make 2 DIVs in right or left side? How to maintain div position above and below? How to keep close the button of the social network. It needs to support IE8. Please help me.
CSS
/* Searchform
------------------------------------------------*/
.reach{
    margin-right:20px;
    float:right;
}
input#s{
    padding:5px 10px;
    width:190px;
    background:#3a3a3a;
    border:1px solid #555;
    color:#eee;
}

input#searchsubmit{
    padding:4px 10px;
   background: #b30c09;
   border:1px solid #E5110D;
   box-shadow:none;
   color:#fff;
  }

/* Social
------------------------------------------------*/

#social{
float:right;
margin-top:60px;
margin-right:20px;
}
#social li{
text-indent: -3000px;
display:inline;
float:right;
}
#social li a{
display:block;
width:37px;
height:37px;
overflow:hidden;
}
#social li.rss{
background-image: url(http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BHE0kA2yQDo/UXsAmEaWl3I/AAAAAAAACeI/Ojdu4dH8j3Y/s000/rss-icon.png);
background-position: top;
}
#social li.rss:hover{
background-image: url(http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-BHE0kA2yQDo/UXsAmEaWl3I/AAAAAAAACeI/Ojdu4dH8j3Y/s000/rss-icon.png);
background-position: 0 -37px;
}
#social li.facebook{
background-image: url(http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hj3G3FJaRWI/UXsAmXImhJI/AAAAAAAACeQ/vqjcAuFkU3s/s000/facebook-icon.png);
background-position: top;
}
#social li.facebook:hover{
background-image: url(http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-hj3G3FJaRWI/UXsAmXImhJI/AAAAAAAACeQ/vqjcAuFkU3s/s000/facebook-icon.png);
background-position: 0 -37px;
}
#social li.twitter{
background-image: url(http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aK5JgKcwvQE/UXsAmvwR8-I/AAAAAAAACeY/XaMno5_AoIw/s000/twitter-icon.png);
background-position: top;
}
#social li.twitter:hover{
background-image: url(http://3.bp.blogspot.com/-aK5JgKcwvQE/UXsAmvwR8-I/AAAAAAAACeY/XaMno5_AoIw/s000/twitter-icon.png);
background-position: 0 -37px;

HTML

<form expr:action='data:blog.homepageUrl + "search/"' id='searchform' method='get'>
    <input class='field' id='s' name='q' placeholder='Ingin mencari sesuatu?' type='text'/>
    <input class='submit' id='searchsubmit' name='submit' type='submit' value='Cari!'/>
</form>

Twitter

RSS

Facebook

My code at >>> JSFiddle

A: I updated your js fiddle I rather put right:0; and position it absolute http://jsfiddle.net/yjsbdLdk/2/

A: Deleted my original answer. I don't think I should have assumed what your layout was like, nor should Winresh be assuming you can just use absolute positioning.
Just use the clear property. It's much simpler.
http://jsfiddle.net/yjsbdLdk/6/

     // Search form

     // Social list

 .clear{
    clear:right;
 }

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


But now, it seems he's being slightly more specific, if still a bit oblique. "Both of me is voting for Hillary," he wrote, and accompanying that sentence is a picture of two works depicting the back of a woman wearing a black bra. OK!
I can't find any previous evidence that Prince was With Her, but I guess we can add another vote to the Hillary total!
We'll keep you posted on any more breaking developments on the election front.


Angelo Badalamenti, best known for his work collaborating with director David Lynch, has reteamed with the famed director for a very different type of film than the usual David Lynch fare. The Straight Story is about an elderly farmer (Richard Farnsworth) who takes a trip to visit his ailing brother - but travels on his lawnmower. David Lynch's quote on the back of the album to The Straight Story sums it all up: "Tenderness can be just as abstract as insanity." The music, however, is anything but abstract or insane. Rather, Badalamenti gives us a very tender heartwarming mid-western score.
The opening track brings us right into the main theme from the film, a very nice thematic piano piece with (unfortunately rather obvious) synthesized strings. It's hard for me not to make the comparisons to my favorite Badalamenti score, "Twin Peaks" - both scores have an underlying 1950's chord sequencing to them. In fact, on "Lauren's Walking", I realized that it had the exact same chord sequence as the hit song, "Dream Lover". This merely added to my enjoyment of that cue, which has a great rhythm established with guitars and bass, and lead fiddles providing the tune. "Rose's Theme" is very Ennio Morricone-esque, with the main instrument being a plucked guitar, with more guitars and strings as backing.
One thing that stands out about this score, as with so many other European composers' works, is that there is actually very little (if any) underscore. Rather, the approach to scoring the film is to use a series of themes, and play them differently - the acting and the on-screen images should guide your emotions, the music just helps it out. This worked incredibly well for many of Badalamenti's scores, and it works just as well here. An interesting track is "Nostalgia", which has been processed to sound like a very old recording - but with all synth instruments.
This soundtrack was released through Windham Hill Records, which should give you an idea right off the bat as to the type of audience they are pitching this score to. But don't be fooled by that ploy - this album is for all soundtrack lovers. If you enjoy a calm score with some really memorable themes but without any action cues, then The Straight Story is definitely for you.


2018 is predicted to be a huge year for sustainable beauty, and a month in, we're already seeing this! Now is the perfect time to grow your business.
Wait, we're telling you to give stuff away for free?! To get people through your door you may need to. Some people are still skeptical of sustainable products and services so it's up to you to show them how incredible they can be.
Offering a free wash and style, or a complimentary bottle of shampoo when they book a service will allow them to experience the products and fall in love. And using the words "free" and "complimentary" rarely fails to get people interested.
Getting your name out to people new to your area is key! Talk to some local real estate agents about handing out your flyer to their new home buyers. Even if they're not particularly looking for a sustainable salon, if your name is the first one they see, it may end up sticking with them.
Community events are always popping up in the spring and summer. Search for some markets and festivals you can be a part of, join neighbourhood fundraisers, and attend local sporting events. Get your name out there and make some connections!
Some people may not have realized there's a sustainable beauty salon in their area, or they could feel too intimidated to visit. Once people see a smiling face and realize what you can do for them, they're more inclined to follow up.
Utilize us, the Movement of Sustainable Salons! If you haven't already joined us here – what are you waiting for? Team up with some local organic, green businesses as well so you can cross promote one another.
Always remember YOU are your brand. Live your passion and sustainable life wherever you are. Amp up your social media. Share pics along with occasional peeks into your life at the salon and as someone living the sustainable beauty movement. Get people excited to come see you!
Every time you step out in public be ready to start a conversation. Style your hair so people ask you what products you use, carry a bag with your salon name on it, and wear your Movement Gear. Get ready to be noticed!
Advertise in places where teenagers and young adults hang out. Influencers want the newest, hottest thing, and sustainable beauty is on trend. Let them discover you, and spread the word to their networks.
Trying to get new clients to walk through your door is great, but your regular clients are the key to your success. They already know and like you so why not offer them an incentive for recommending a friend (or three!) to you? Word of mouth is one of the best ways to build your business.
We wish you the best of luck building your salon in 2018! It's going to be a BIG year and we're working on some exciting new content to keep you up to date.


A former first-year member of the University of Virginia men's swimming team has filed a multi-count lawsuit against five former teammates for assault, false imprisonment and hazing stemming from incidents that occurred last fall.
In the suit filed Friday afternoon in federal court in Charlottesville, 19-year-old Anthony Marcantonio recounts how in August he and other first-year members were instructed to participate in a series of hazing activities, some sexual in nature, under the threat of retaliation for non-compliance.
Read the full story at The Star-Exponent.
Previous Previous post: O. M. G.


With so much to see and do at The Village, you may need a little help on where to begin. Our Village itineraries are here to guide the way. Whether you are looking for a romantic getaway, fun with the family, or the perfect glass of wine (or two) to share with friends, we have just the day trip for you! Happy tasting!


How Can I Prevent My Child From Getting Warts?
Treatment Options for Feet Problems in Children If your child has a foot condition or problem with his or her feet, find out how a podiatrist can treat his or her condition.
It is important we take proper precautions to prevent ourselves from developing warts. Warts are most contagious in communal showers, bathtubs, swimming pools, and Jacuzzi areas because they harbor the virus in the moist environment. Therefore, with the nice weather arriving, it is extremely important to wear shoes at all times. Also, do not share socks or shoes, and avoid direct contact with warts on other parts of the body or on other people. If you have a wart, make sure it is covered if you are going swimming or are walking barefoot, so you do not spread this virus.
Lastly, to avoid getting warts again, keep your feet clean and dry. Family Foot & Ankle Specialists highly recommends for you to inspect your feet frequently for new warts. Warts can increase in size and number so if you have a wart, you should see a podiatrist as soon as possible!
?When Should I Buy a Baby Her First Pair of Shoes?
?Is There a Permanent Treatment for Flat Feet?
?How Do I Know If My Child's Shoes Fit?


text:
The Power Formula for LinkedIn Success –...
Posted July 3, 2014 by TBG in Eklectic
The Power Formula for LinkedIn Success – Buy Now
The Power Formula for LinkedIn Success : Kick-start Your Business, Brand, and Job Search Paperbackby Wayne Breitbarth
Many LinkedIn books focus solely on creating a killer LinkedIn profile. But LinkedIn is not a passive sport. You can't just sit around waiting for people to find your awesome profile. This book will help you create a top-notch profile AND make REAL MONEY with LinkedIn.
Rights to all content (text, images, videos etc.) with post source. If you think these are wrongly attributed email us
The Unusual Origins of 6 Famous Brands
Many famous brands got their start in straightforward ways. For example, agricultural machinery giant John Deere was founded in the 1830s by an Illinois blacksmith who invented an innovative plow, and candy behemoth Mars Inc. can trace its beginnings to the early 1920s, when then-struggling candy maker Frank Mars launched the Milky War bar, which proved an immediate hit. However, when it comes to other iconic brands, the stories of how they were established might surprise you. Source: The Unusual Origins of 6 Famous Brands — HISTORY Lists Rights to all content (text, images, videos etc.) with post source. If you think these are wrongly attributed email us
Ads That Changed The World
The first newspaper ad in America came way back in 1704 when someone was trying to sell a house on Long Island. Since then, the advertising industry has undergone a huge transformation. Over the years, we've seen dozens of ads that have done much more than just convince us to buy a product or service. The very best campaigns have impacted the way we communicate and interact with one another, from the coffee breaks we enjoy, to clothes we wear to work, to the videos we share online. Keeping that in mind, here are 14 ads that have shaped our culture. See them on Pinterest 14 Ads That Changed The World | Business Insider India Rights to all content (text, images, videos etc.) with post source. If you think these are wrongly attributed email us
How Hashtags Work on Twitter, Instagram, Google Plus, Pinterest, Facebook, Tumblr, and Flickr
A hashtag is the wonder of the past decade. It was born to address the need to organize and make sense of the overwhelming social media buzz. Thanks to active and creative user adoption, hashtag support has been added to most popular social media platforms. Source: How Hashtags Work on Twitter, Instagram, Google Plus, Pinterest, Facebook, Tumblr, and Flickr - Moz Rights to all content (text, images, videos etc.) with post source. If you think these are wrongly attributed email us


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text:
Justia Patents Chemistry Of Inorganic Compounds Patents Treating Mixture To Obtain Metal Containing Compound Patents Alkali Metal (li, Na, K, Rb, Or Cs) Patents Water Leaching Or Forming Water Soluble Substance Patents (Class 423/208)
Water Leaching Or Forming Water Soluble Substance Patents (Class 423/208)
Boundary layer carbonation of trona
Abstract: A boundary layer carbonation process for producing sodium bicarbonate crystals having specific surface area in the range 0.4 m2/g to 2.5 m2/g from Trona, wherein in one embodiment the process comprises the steps of: providing Trona particles having a particle size range of ?4+120 mesh; pre-wetting the Trona particles with water to provide a plurality of pre-wetted Trona particles each having a liquid water solution boundary layer deposited thereon; and carbonating the pre-wetted Trona particles across the water boundary layer to provide a product comprising sodium bicarbonate crystals.
Assignee: CHURCH & DWIGHT CO., INC.
Inventors: Dragomir M. Bracilovic, Andrew D. Kurtz, Joseph A. Paluzzi, Zbigniew M. Senk
Process for the joint production of sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate
Abstract: Process for producing sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate in a continuous mode out of trona comprising: c) feeding crushed trona, an extraction water and an additive in a first leaching tank containing a dissolution solution comprising sodium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate, wherein the additive is selected from the group consisting of: anionic hexametaphosphate, anionic polyphosphate, anionic polyphosphonate, soja lecithine, anionic polycarboxylate polymer, anionic polyacrylate polymer, anionic polyacrylate-polyacrylamide co-polymer, anionic hydrolyzed polymaleic polymers, anionic maleic-acrylic acids copolymers, anionic acrylic acid-phosphonic acid copolymers and combinations thereof; d) dissolving at least partially the crushed trona in the dissolution solution in order to produce a first suspension; e) removing continuously the first suspension from the first leaching tank and feeding it with an additive into a second leaching tank wherein the additive is selected from the same group of additives of
Inventors: Joffrey Piet, Frederic Nicolas
Abstract: A boundary layer carbonation process for producing sodium bicarbonate crystals having specific surface area in the range 0.4 m2/g to 2.5 m2/g from Trona, wherein in one embodiment the process comprises the steps of: providing Trona particles having a particle size range of ?4 +120 mesh; pre-wetting the Trona particles with water to provide a plurality of pre-wetted Trona particles each having a liquid water solution boundary layer deposited thereon; and carbonating the pre-wetted Trona particles across the water boundary layer to provide a product comprising sodium bicarbonate crystals.
Inventors: Dragomir M. Bracilovic, Andrew D. Kurtz, Joseph A. Paluzzi, Zbignew M. Senk
Methods of recovering alkali metals
Abstract: Approaches for alkali metal extraction, sequestration and recovery are described. For example, a method of recovering alkali metals includes providing a CST or CST-like (e.g., small pore zeolite) material. The alkali metal species is scavenged from the liquid mixture by the CST or CST-like material. The alkali metal species is extracted from the CST or CST-like material.
Date of Patent: March 4, 2014
Assignee: Sandia Corporation
Inventors: James L. Krumhansl, Mark J. Rigali
Solution mining of ore containing sodium carbonate and bicarbonate
Abstract: A solution mining method for recovering alkali values from a cavity of an underground ore formation comprising trona and/or wegscheiderite; a manufacturing process using such method to make sodium-based product(s); and a sodium-based product obtained therefrom. The method comprises: an ore dissolution phase (a) in which the incongruent double-salt in trona and/or wegscheiderite is dissolved from an ore face in a first solvent, and a cavity cleaning phase (b) in which sodium bicarbonate deposited on the ore face during the dissolution phase (a) is dissolved into a second aqueous solvent having a higher pH, hydroxide content, and/or temperature and is partly or completely converted in situ to sodium carbonate. The method further comprises withdrawing a liquor resulting from either phase to the ground surface, optionally recycling some liquor to the cavity; and passing some liquor through a crystallizer, a reactor, and/or an electrodialyser, to form at least one sodium-based product which is recovered.
Publication date: July 4, 2013
Applicant: SOLVAY SA
Inventor: SOLVAY SA
Date of Patent: April 2, 2013
Inventors: Dragomir M. Bracilovic, Andrew D. Kurtz, Joseph Paluzzi, Zbigniew M. Senk
Process for the formulation of potassium chloride from a carnallite source
Abstract: A process for formulating high purity potassium chloride from a carnallite source. The process takes advantage of solubility differences and saturation levels in a multiple salt system generated upon dissolution of carnallite. In the system, the sodium chloride is kept in solution and the magnesium chloride present in the system is controlled to be in a concentration range of between 12% and 25% by weight. This avoids co-precipitation of sodium chloride with the potassium chloride during crystallization and therefore prevents the sodium chloride from contaminating the potassium chloride. The result is high grade potassium chloride.
Assignee: Karnalyte Resources Inc.
Inventor: Robin Phinney
Controlled in-situ dissolution of an alkali metal
Abstract: A method for the controllable dissolution of one or more alkali metals from a vessel containing a one or more alkali metals and/or one or more partially passivated alkali metals. The vessel preferably comprising a sodium, NaK or other alkali metal-cooled nuclear reactor that has been used. The alkali metal, preferably sodium, potassium or a combination thereof, in the vessel is exposed to a treatment liquid, preferably an acidic liquid, more preferably citric acid. Preferably, the treatment liquid is maintained in continuous motion relative to any surface of unreacted alkali metal with which the treatment liquid is in contact. The treatment liquid is preferably pumped into the vessel containing the one or more alkali metals and the resulting fluid is extracted and optionally further processed. Preferably, the resulting off-gases are processed by an off-gas treatment system and the resulting liquids are processed by a liquid disposal system.
Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the United States Department of Energy
Inventors: Jeffrey Donald Jones, Kirk John Dooley, David Donald Tolman
Impurities removal from waste solids in the production of soda ash, sodium bicarbonate and/or other derivatives
Abstract: A method for removing impurities from a waste solid to provide at least a portion of a suitable crystallizer feed to a process for making crystalline sodium carbonate, bicarbonate, and/or other derivatives. The method comprises: contacting the waste solid with a leach solution to dissolve at least one impurity and dissolving the resulting leached residue. Leaching may include heap percolation. The leach solution may comprise a crystallizer purge liquor, a process waste effluent, a mine water, or mixtures thereof. The method may further comprise adding a magnesium compound to the resulting leached residue during or after its dissolution to remove another impurity. The waste solid preferably comprises a pond solid containing such impurities. The pond solid may be recovered from a pond receiving crystallizer purge liquor(s) and/or other process waste effluent(s). The pond solid may contain sodium carbonate, any hydrate thereof, sodium bicarbonate, and/or sodium sesquicarbonate.
Applicant: SOLVAY CHEMICALS, INC.
Inventors: Ronald O. HUGHES, Jessica A. MOTE, Alain VANDENDOREN, James D. PHILLIP, David W. SMITH
Utilisation Of Desalination Waste
Abstract: A process for producing soda ash from brine waste, the process including reacting brine waste with carbon dioxide and ammonia to produce soda ash, where in at least a portion of the ammonia is regenerated from the ammonium chloride produced during the reaction, the regeneration ideally be achieved by the use of a weak base anion exchange resin.
Applicant: UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA
Inventor: Linda Yuan Zou
Photocatalyst, manufacturing method therefor and articles comprising photocatalyst
Abstract: A photocatalyst having superior properties of adsorption and decomposition with respect to various substances is provided. This photocatalyst comprises a porous body coated with titanium apatite. The porous body is preferably diatomaceous earth. The photocatalyst can be formed by co-precipitation or a sol-gel method.
Date of Patent: March 23, 2010
Assignee: Fujitsu Limited
Inventors: Kazuaki Kurihara, Masato Wakamura, Yasuo Naganuma, Noriyasu Aso
Solution mining dawsonite from hydrocarbon containing formations with a chelating agent
Abstract: A method for treating an oil shale formation comprising dawsonite includes providing heat from one or more heaters to the formation to heat the formation. Hydrocarbon fluids are produced from the formation. At least some dawsonite in the formation is decomposed with the provided heat. A chelating agent is provided to the formation to dissolve at least some dawsonite decomposition products. The dissolved dawsonite decomposition products are produced from the formation.
Date of Patent: July 7, 2009
Assignee: Shell Oil Company
Inventor: Harold J. Vinegar
Solution mining and heating by oxidation for treating hydrocarbon containing formations
Abstract: A method for treating an oil shale formation comprising nahcolite includes providing a first fluid to a portion of the formation. A second fluid is produced from the portion. The second fluid includes at least some nahcolite dissolved in the first fluid. A controlled amount of oxidant is provided to the portion of the formation. Hydrocarbon fluids are produced from the formation.
Inventors: Harold J. Vinegar, George Leo Stegemeier
Producing hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon containing materials when treating a hydrocarbon containing formation
Abstract: A method for treating a hydrocarbon containing formation is provided. In one embodiment, heat from one or more heaters may be provided to at least a portion of the formation. Heat may be allowed to transfer from the one or more heaters to at least a part of the formation. In certain embodiments, the heat from the one or more heaters may pyrolyze at least some hydrocarbons within the formation. In an embodiment, a first fluid may be introduced into at least a portion of the formation. The portion may have previously undergone an in situ conversion process. A mixture of the first fluid and a second fluid (or a second compound) may be produced from the formation. In some embodiments, a first fluid may be provided to the formation prior to pyrolyzing hydrocarbons in the formation, and a second fluid (or a second compound) may be produced prior to pyrolyzing hydrocarbons in the formation.
Inventors: Harold J. Vinegar, Eric Pierre de Rouffignac, Kevin Albert Maher, Lanny Gene Schoeling, Scott Lee Wellington
In situ thermal processing and solution mining of an oil shale formation
Abstract: An oil shale formation may be treated using an in situ thermal process. Heat may be provided to the treatment area. Fluids may be injected into the formation to remove a component within the formation. Hydrocarbons, H2, and/or other formation fluids may be produced from the formation. In some embodiments, fluids may be injected prior to production of formation fluids. Alternatively, fluids may be injected after production of formation fluids.
Methods of making cesium salts and other alkali metal salts
Abstract: A method of making a cesium salt is described and involves reacting a cesium sulfate containing solution with lime to form 1) a solution containing at least cesium hydroxide and 2) a residue comprising calcium sulfate. The method further involves removing the residue from the solution and converting the cesium hydroxide that is present in the solution to at least one type of cesium salt. The present invention further relates to uses of the cesium salt as well as methods of making cesium hydroxide using lime. Also, methods of making alkali metal salts and alkali metal hydroxides are also described.
Assignee: Cabot Corporation
Inventor: Bart F. Bakke
Recycling of spent pot linings
Abstract: A process is described for the treatment of spent pot lining material from electrolyte reduction cells, this spent material having a substantial content of cryolite. The spent material is first leached with water at a dilution and a time sufficient to dissolve substantially all water soluble fluorides, after which the solid residue is separated from the liquid. The solid residue obtained is then subjected to a caustic leach with an aqueous sodium hydroxide solution containing about 20 to 50 g/L of NaOH and thereafter the solid residue is separated from the liquid.
Assignee: Alcan International Limited
Inventors: Vijaya Kasireddy, Jean-Luc Bernier, Frank M. Kimmerle
Process for purifying ash which principally consists of sodium sulphate from a recovery boiler
Abstract: Ash from a recovery boiler is purified by leaching or evaporation-crystallizing contaminants such as, chlorides and potassium salts in water. The leaching or evaporation-crystallizing takes place in an aqueous solution at a temperature that is in the vicinity of the boiling point of the aqueous solution. The leached or evaporation-crystallized ash is returned to the black liquor or to the recovery boiler while the leaching water or the evaporation-crystallization water is then cooled to less than 32.degree. C., preferably 10-15.degree. C. Sodium sulphate containing crystallization water, such as sodium sulphate heptahyfdrate or sodium sulphate decahydrate, is crystallized out and then separated to be reintroduced into the black liquor, directly into the recovery boiler or into the leaching solution or evaporation-crystallization solution.
Assignee: Kvaerner Pulping AB
Inventor: Martin Wimby
Process for removing sodium chloride and potassium salts from ash collected from a soda recovery boiler
Abstract: This invention relates to a process for removing sodium chloride and potassium salts, which are impurities concentrated and accumulated in pulp digesting chemicals, from ash collected from a soda recovery boiler. This process comprises the steps of (a) mixing ash collected from the combustion exhaust gas of the soda recovery boiler with water to form a slurry, adjusting the pH of the slurry to 10 or less by the addition of sulfuric acid, adjusting the temperature of the slurry to 20.degree. C. or above, and holding the slurry at that temperature for a sufficient time to cause sodium chloride and potassium salts present in the collected ash to be dissolved in the water; (b) cooling the slurry to a temperature below 20.degree. C. by the addition of ice and/or water so as to precipitate solid matter therefrom; and (c) separating the slurry into solid and liquid components and recovering the solid component while discharging the liquid component out of the system.
Assignee: Mitsubishi Jukogyo Kabushiki Kaisha
Inventors: Kikuo Tokunaga, Masakazu Tateishi, Michimasa Yagi, Takayuki Maeda, Yoshihisa Arakawa
Process for removing nitrogen-containing anions and tobacco-specific nitrosamines from tobacco products
Abstract: There is disclosed a process for denitrifying tobacco materials and removing barium from tobacco materials, comprising mixing an aqueous-immiscible organic solvent containing a crown ether with an aqueous solution containing soluble components from tobacco materials, agitating this mixture, and separating the organic phase containing a crown ether-cation-nitrate (or nitrite) complex from the aqueous phase containing the denitrified tobacco materials, wherein the cation consists essentially of barium and potassium. There is further disclosed a process for eliminating tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs) from cured, denitrified tobacco material, comprising contacting the denitrified tobacco material with a trapping sink, wherein the trapping sink comprises a select transition metal complex which is readily nitrosated to form a nitrosyl complex with little kinetic or thermodynamic hindrance.
Assignee: Osmotek, Inc.
Inventors: Steven Northway, Robert Salter
Process of preparing cesium salts from cesium aluminum alum
Abstract: This invention relates to the preparation of cesium salts from cesium-aluminum-alum in a process in which the cesium-aluminum-alum is reacted in a single vessel in the presence of water with calcium hydroxide in an amount which is equimolar to the amount of aluminum and with a readily water-soluble calcium salt in an amount which is equimolar to the amount of cesium and the precipitated aluminum hydroxide and the precipitated calcium sulfate are separated by filtration or centrifugation.
Assignee: Metallgesellschaft Aktiengesellschaft
Inventors: Hartmut Hofmann, Klaus K obele, Horst Prinz, Bernd Phillipp, Gerd Harms, Alexander Schiedt, Ulrike Hecktor
Methods for recovering sodium sulfides from a sulfur scavenging reaction
Abstract: A method is provided for the regeneration of a scavenging compound that has been reacted with hydrogen sulfide. Regeneration is accomplished through the use of calcium oxides and sodium hydroxide. Sodium sulfide is recovered from the regeneration process in a commercially useful form. Calcium oxides are also regenerated in the process, allowing for minimal or no chemical waste.
Date of Patent: April 16, 1996
Assignee: Quaker Chemical Corporation
Inventor: Edward A. Trauffer
Process to recover azide values from azide-based gas generating materials
Abstract: In a process for recovering an alkali metal azide from a waste gas generating material containing the alkali metal azide and a metal oxide reactable with the azide, the gas generating material is mixed with a solvent for the alkali metal azide. This produces a slurry comprising (i) a solution comprising the solvent and the alkali metal azide, and (ii) the metal oxide. The slurry is separated into a liquid stream comprising primarily the solution and a sludge stream comprising primarily the metal oxide. The liquid stream is filtered in a filter to produce a filtrate which is substantially free of metal oxide and is then concentrated by evaporation of the solvent to produce crystals of the alkali metal azide. The separation may be carried out by a filter or centrifuge to produce a filter or centrifuge cake. The sludge obtained from the slurry is reslurried to recover additional azide, and the resulting slurry is again separated into a sludge and a liquid stream by a filter or centrifuge.
Assignee: TRW Vehicle Safety Systems Inc.
Inventors: John F. Clausen, Christopher C. Shih
Process for separating dissolved solids from a liquid using an anti-solvent and multiple effect evaporators
Abstract: A process and system for treating aluminum salt cake containing water soluble halide salts by contacting the salt cake with water to dissolve water soluble halide salts forming a saturated brine solution. Transporting a portion of about 25% of the saturated brine solution to a reactor and introducing into the saturated brine solution at least an equal volume of a water-miscible low-boiling organic material such as acetone to precipitate a portion of the dissolved halide salts forming a three-phase mixture of an aqueous-organic-salt solution phase and a precipitated salt phase and an organic rich phase. The precipitated salt phase is separated from the other phases and the organic rich phase is recycled to the reactor. The remainder of the saturated brine solution is sent to a multiple effect evaporator having a plurality of stages with the last stage thereof producing low grade steam which is used to boil off the organic portion of the solution which is recycled.
Assignee: University of Chicago
Inventors: Edward J. Daniels, Bassam J. Jody, Patrick V. Bonsignore
Soda ash production
Abstract: Process for disposing of insoluble tailings that remain when solubilizing uncalcined or calcined trona in the process of producing soda ash, in which the tailings are slurried with water or waste solutions of sodium carbonate and/or sodium bicarbonate, adding an alkali metal hydroxide or alkaline earth metal hydroxide in effective amounts up to about 10% by weight of the aqueous slurrying solution, pumping the slurry into a well connected to an underground mined-out cavity with sufficient pressure to prevent build-up of tailings from plugging the bottom of the well opening, dispersing and settling said tailings in the cavity, removing a liquor from said cavity whose concentration of sodium carbonate and/or sodium bicarbonate has been increased and recovering such enriched liquor for use in the manufacture of sodium-containing chemicals such as soda ash.
Assignee: FMC Corporation
Inventors: William R. Frint, Michael M. Bithell, William G. Fischer
Process for the recovery of values from secondary aluminum dross
Abstract: A process for recovery of metallic aluminum, sodium and potassium chloride and an aluminum oxide-metallic aluminum product from secondary aluminum dross. A secondary aluminum dross feed is separated by particle size into a first dross portion which is water leached, filtered, evaporated in an evaporator to produce crystallized sodium and potassium chloride salts, magnesium chloride remaining in solution. A purge stream is removed from the evaporator wherein the crystallized salts are separated therefrom. The purge stream is then discharged onto the crystallized salts.
Assignee: Aluminum Company of America
Inventors: Dan Yerushalmi, Richard C. Bennett
Digestive crystallizing process and apparatus for purification of KC1
Abstract: Disclosed is a method of reducing the sodium chloride content of potassium chloride by forming an aqueous slurry of potassium chloride feed crystals having a wide particle size distribution with an average diameter of about 0.1 to about 50 microns in a liquor saturated with potassium chloride and undersaturated with sodium chloride, which is at least 50% saturated with sodium chloride, whereby the smaller of the feed crystals dissolve and potassium chloride grows on the larger of the feed crystals to form product crystals removing the product crystals from the slurry. Also disclosed is an apparatus for carrying out this process.
Assignee: Occidental Chemical Corporation
Inventor: Lewis E. Tufts
Recovery of cesium chloride from pollucite ore
Abstract: A process for recovering purified cesium chloride from a cesium aluminum silicate ore in which the ore is digested with aqueous hydrochloric acid and the silica solids removed to obtain an aqueous acidic digest solution of metal chlorides consisting of cesium chloride together with other metal chlorides, by(a) evaporating water from the digest solution to obtain a solid mixture of metal chlorides, including cesium chloride and hydrated aluminum chloride;(b) heating solid phase mixture at a temperature effective for converting the hydrated aluminum chloride to aluminum oxide without decomposing the cesium chloride;(c) extracting the resulting solids with water to obtain an aqueous extract of cesium chloride; and(d) separating the residual solids containing the aluminum oxide to produce a purified extract of cesium chloride.
Assignee: Carus Corporation
Inventors: G. Chithambarathanu Pillai, Kenneth S. Pisarcyzk
Antiflocculating agents for metal halide solutions
Abstract: A process for making a dry metal halide salt which will not form an insoluble flocculent material upon dissolving in water in which an initial aqueous solution of a metal halide salt is prepared and a member selected from the group consisting of ammonium chloride, ammonium bromide, borate anion producing compounds and mixtures thereof is added. Water is then evaporated from the initial aqueous solution and a dry metal halide salt is obtained. Upon dissolving this dry metal halide salt in water a clear, colorless solution results which does not contain an insoluble flocculent material. Alternatively, the member compound may be added to the dry metal halide salt, before it is dissolved in water or the member compound may be added to the water which is used to dissolve the dry metal halide salt.
Assignee: Ethyl Corporation
Inventors: Everett M. Marlett, Warren B. Kirsch, Bonnie G. McKinnie
Process for preparing alkali metal phosphate
Abstract: Alkali metal phosphates are recovered from a water immiscible solvent solution of aqueous wet process phosphoric acid by neutralizing the acid with a basic alkali metal salt in a ratio of alkali metal to phosphorus of 1 to 3.5 to form at least the mono alkali metal phosphate. The solvent is given a water wash to recover entrained alkali metal phosphates. The resulting aqueous solution aforesaid and wash liquor containing the alkali metal salts are separated from the stripped solvent.
Inventors: Richard E. Hall, David P. Brochu
Method of recovering alkali chemicals from flue gases containing alkali metal vapor
Abstract: A method of recovering alkaline chemicals from a material containing sodium or potassium compounds. The material is gasified by an external heat source after which the gas is rapidly cooled by arranging it to contact with cooled solid particles separated from the gas.
Assignee: A. Ahlstrom Corporation
Inventor: Erkki J. Kiiskila
Recovery of promoters used in flue gas desulfurization
Abstract: In flue gas desulfurization, sorbent promoters are recovered by mixing collected particulates with water to form a slurry. The slurry is dewatered and wet solids are disposed. The recovered material contains water soluble desulfurization promoters and is reinjected in a flue gas desulfurization humidification system. The recycle allows recovery of water soluble promoters and reduces consumption. In addition, for promoters having undesirable disposal characteristics, the system improves the disposal characteristics of the waste solids.
Date of Patent: February 9, 1988
Assignee: Conoco Inc.
Inventors: Robert M. Statnick, Duane C. McCoy
Method for simultaneously scrubbing cement kiln exhaust gas and producing useful by-products therefrom
Abstract: This invention relates to an apparatus and method for simultaneously scrubbing acidic exhaust gases and removing metal salts from alkaline waste dust from a cement plant or the like thereby producing useful products from what would otherwise be wasted. In essence the two wastes are combined in water and the resulting solution and precipitate separated in a tank. The solution is useful both to cool incoming waste gas and as a fertilizer, whilst the precipitate is suitable as kiln feed stock.
Assignee: Passamaquoddy Tribe, A Sovereign Indian tribe recognized by the Government of The United States of America
Inventor: Garrett L. Morrison
Method and system for exhaust gas stream scrubbing
Abstract: Method and system for scrubbing exhaust gas stream from a wet process cement plant wherein a supply of alkaline water and a supply of compressed air are delivered to spray nozzles which are located within the existing exhaust stream ducting. The alkali water is sprayed as a finely divided mist into the duct where it rapidly reacts with the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen present in the exhaust gas. The water, being in the form of very small droplets, and having small volume and large surface area to water volume ratio, rapidly evaporates. The water, therefore, does not cause a problem of wetting and clogging of the ducting and the oxides of sulfur and nitrogen are converted to dry solid particulates which are removed by normal dust collection systems downstream of the scrubber.
Assignee: Passanaquoddy Tribe
Alkaline processing of naturally occurring calcium aluminium and iron phosphates
Abstract: A process for production of alkali metal phosphates from material containing calcium, iron and aluminium phosphates, for example naturally occurring phosphate rocks, involves calcining the material with alkali metal carbonates to produce alkali metal phosphates, which are then leached from the calcined product under conditions that yield relatively concentrated solutions.
Inventor: Griffith Thomas
Separation of metallic lithium
Abstract: Lithium metal is separated from lithium salts in spent torpedo boiler fuel by solubilizing said salts in a solution of a Lewis acid such as boron trifluoride in a polar solvent such as 1,2-dimethoxyethane followed by subsequent separation of the constituents of said mixture.
Assignee: The Garrett Corporation
Inventors: Stephen F. Yates, Kim L. Johnson
Method of producing a liquid agent for improving the quality of contaminated water
Abstract: A method is disclosed of producing a liquid agent for improving the quality of contaminated water, particularly water in pools, natural bodies of water and waste waters, characterized by introducing with agitation comminuted rock-salt clay or a mixture thereof with rock-salt deads into an aqueous solution or suspension of an inorganic base, stirring the resultant mixture for 2 to 5 (preferably 3) hours, thereupon adjusting the pH of the resultant solution to a value of between 7.5 and 10.5 (and preferably between 9.5 and 10.5) by means of the addition of acid or alkali, and removing undissolved portions from the solution.
Inventor: Karl P. Schorghuber
Use of electromagnetic radiation to recover alkali metal constituents from coal conversion residues
Abstract: In a coal gasification operation or similar conversion process carried out in the presence of an alkali metal-containing catalyst wherein particles containing alkali metal residues are produced, alkali metal constituents are recovered from the particles by treating them with electromagnetic radiation having a frequency between about 0.10 MHz and about 10.sup.5 MHz in the presence of water or other aqueous medium. During the treatment step, the electromagnetic radiation facilitates the extraction of alkali metal constituents from the water-insoluble alkali metal compounds comprising the alkali metal residues. The resultant aqueous solution enriched in water-soluble alkali metal constituents is then separated from the particles depleted in alkali metal constituents and recycled to the gasification process where the alkali metal constituents serve as at least a portion of the alkali metal constituents which comprise the alkali metal-containing catalyst.
Filed: July 6, 1981
Assignee: Exxon Research & Engineering Co.
Inventors: Rollie B. Williams, Ramachandra A. Nadkarni
Extraction of metals from mixtures of oxides or silicates
Abstract: Metals are extracted from mixtures of oxides or silicates by reacting the mixture at elevated temperature with a gaseous chlorinating agent comprising a mixture of water vapor and hydrogen chloride to selectively chlorinate the desired metal or metals.
Assignee: The United States of America as represented by the Secretary of the Interior
Inventor: Charles F. Davidson
Process for treating waste slags
Abstract: In the treating of waste slags produced in the desulfurization and/or dephosphorization of molten pig iron with alkali carbonates, the alkali is recovered by extracting said waste slags with hot water while feeding carbon dioxide gas to form an extraction solution having a pH of 9.0-11.5 and recovering alkali carbonates from said extraction solution. The extraction solution contains little sulphur and silicates, from which alkali carbonates can be easily recovered with high yield therefrom.
Assignees: Tokuyama Soda Company Limited, Sumitomo Metal Industries Limited
Inventors: Katsukiyo Marukawa, Setsuo Okamoto, Kazunari Yamada, Masahisa Iba
Alkali metal recovery from carbonaceous material conversion process
Abstract: In a coal gasification operation or similar conversion process carried out in the presence of an alkali metal-containing catalyst wherein solid particles containing alkali metal residues are produced in the gasifier or similar reaction zone, alkali metal constitutents are recovered from the particles by withdrawing and passing the particles from the reaction zone to an alkali metal recovery zone in the substantial absence of molecular oxygen and treating the particles in the recovery zone with water or an aqueous solution in the substantial absence of molecular oxygen. The solution formed by treating the particles in the recovery zone will contain water-soluble alkali metal constituents and is recycled to the conversion process where the alkali metal constituents serve as at least a portion of the alkali metal constituents which comprise the alkali metal-containing catalyst.
Inventors: David W. Sharp, LeRoy R. Clavenna, Martin L. Gorbaty, Joe M. Tsou
Method of preparing sodium liquors low in calcium
Abstract: A method for dissolving calcined trona containing calcareous impurities, to obtain an aqueous sodium carbonate solution having low calcium content involves contacting calcined trona in countercurrent flow, desirably under specific temperature conditions, with dilute sodium carbonate solution. Sodium carbonate solutions thus obtained have reduced tendency to form calcium deposits in processing equipment.
Assignee: Allied Chemical Corporation
Inventors: Rustom P. Poncha, Alan B. Gancy
Recovery of mercury and caustic values from caustic sludges
Abstract: Mercury and caustic values are recovered from caustic sludges in a process which comprises intermixing the caustic sludge with a liquid under pressure or agitation to produce a caustic slurry which is separated into a caustic liquor, metallic mercury and a remaining sludge which is suitable for roasting in a retort to recover better than 99 percent of the mercury in the sludge.The process recovers valuable mercury and caustic materials and eliminates pollution of natural resources which was formerly caused when these sludges were disposed of in landfill operations. In addition, the process reduces potential hazards to personnel handling the caustic sludges and requires no addition of chemicals which produce undesirable by-products and add to the cost of the recovery process.
Assignee: Olin Corporation
Inventor: Wing M. Loo
Process for the selective separation of the bound sodium content of red mud
Abstract: The invention relates to a novel process for the selective recovery of the sodium content of red mud originating from alumina plants. According to the process of the invention red mud or a slurry thereof is admixed with a ferric sulfate solution, the resulting suspension is stirred intensively for 0.5 to 1 hour at 15 to 85.degree. C, thereafter, if necessary, the pH of the suspension is adjusted to 4.4 to 4.6 and the solid substance is removed from the suspension.Using the process of the invention the sodium oxide content of red mud can be reduced to below 1.5%.
Date of Patent: January 9, 1979
Assignees: Aluminiumipari Tervezo es Kutato Intezet, Almasfuzitoi Timfoldgyar, MTA Geokemiai Kutatolaboratorium
Inventors: Tamas Lakatos, Mihaly Miskei, Janos Szolnoki, Ferenc Toth, Laszlo Revesz
Method for removal of potassium nitrate from tobacco extracts
Abstract: This disclosure relates to a process for selectively removing and recovering potassium nitrate in a relatively pure state from tobacco, and especially from Burley tobacco stems. The process comprises the steps of (1) contacting tobacco plant parts with water to obtain an aqueous extract and a fibrous tobacco residue, (2) concentrating the extract, (3) cooling the extract, and (4) separating and recovering the potassium nitrate crystals formed therein. The denitrated aqueous extract is recombined with the fibrous tobacco residue as in making reconstituted tobacco and the like. The purified potassium nitrate is suitable without further purification to use as a fertilizer, thus eliminating costly disposal problems.
Assignee: Philip Morris Incorporated
Inventors: George F. Kite, Grant Gellatly, Richard G. Uhl
Apparatus and method for thermal treatment of organic carbonaceous material
Abstract: An apparatus and method for performing a continuous thermal treatment of organic carbonaceous materials under controlled pressure in which the feed material is introduced into the system in the form of a slurry, and the level of liquid is maintained at a preselected operating level, serving as a gas-tight seal. The feed material is conveyed upwardly of the liquid operating level and is thereafter introduced into a reaction chamber in which it is heated to within a controlled elevated temperature range under controlled pressure in a manner to effect vaporization of at least a portion of the volatile substances therein, forming a gaseous phase composed of condensible and noncondensible vapors.
Assignee: Edward Koppelman
Inventor: Robert G. Murray
Reclamation treatment of red mud
Abstract: The red mud by-product of the Bayer process by which aluminum oxide is reed from bauxite as an aluminate, is digested with concentrated sulfuric acid or with sulfur trioxide gas to produce sulfates that can be leached out to the resulting mass with water. The solution is then heated at a pH of 1 to precipitate titanium oxide hydrate by hydrolysis. The remaining sulfates of the solution are then obtained in solid form by evaporation, or by precipitation with acetone, and the solid is then roasted to convert the aluminum and iron to the oxide. After leaching out the sodium sulfate with water, the aluminum and iron oxide are separated by the Bayer process, which works in this case even though x-ray diffusion patterns show that the aluminum oxide is mainly .alpha.Al.sub.2 O.sub.3.
Date of Patent: October 10, 1978
Assignees: Kernforschungsanlage Julich, Gesellschaft mit beschrankter Haftung, Vereinigte Aluminum-Werke Aktiengesellschaft
Inventors: Erich Zimmer, Ahmad Nafissi, Gunther Winkhaus
Process for alunite treatment
Abstract: A process for alunite ore treatment which comprises roasting alunite in the presence of oxygen at a temperature of from 580.degree. to 620.degree. C. for 1 to 3 hours, decomposing the roasted alunite by exposure to reducing agents at a temperature of from 580.degree. to 620.degree. C., subjecting the reduced alunite to hydrochemical treatment by use of a sodium hydroxide solution of concentration from 100 to 150 g/lit in terms of Na.sub.2 O, decomposing the resultant aluminate liquor, with the aluminum hydroxide component precipitating out, and finally, washing and baking the aluminum hydroxide precipitate to obtain same as an end product. The invention provides a comprehensive method of treatment of alunite ores the associated rock whereof comprises silica in the form of opal and chalcedony earlier believed to be refractory to comprehensive treatment by alkaline methods.
Inventors: Gakif Zakirovich Nasyrov, Evgenia Ivanovna Zemlyanskaya, Izabella Vladislavovna Ravdonikas
Recovery of sodium and antimony values from spent ethylene glycol residues
Abstract: A process for recovering antimony and sodium compounds from antimony-containing spent ethylene glycol residues resulting from the manufacture of polyethylene-terephthalate polyester, which comprises combusting the spent glycol residues to produce an ash, and then contacting the ash with water to form an ash-water mixture having a liquid phase and a solid phase, the water-soluble sodium compounds being essentially contained in the liquid phase and the water-insoluble antimony compounds being essentially contained in the solid phase. The liquid phase and solid phase are then separated in order to recover therefrom sodium and antimony compounds, respectively.
Assignee: Union Carbide Corporation
Inventors: Steve John Dougherty, Kenneth Joseph Garska
Patent number: RE33031


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