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Alstom Traxx (sold as Bombardier TRAXX before 2021) is a modular product platform of mainline diesel-electric and electric locomotives produced originally by Bombardier Transportation and later Alstom, which was built in both freight and passenger variants. The first version was a dual-voltage AC locomotive built for German railways from the year 2000. Later types included DC versions, as well as quadruple-voltage machines, able to operate on most European electrification schemes: 1.5/3.0 kV DC and 15/25 kV AC. The family was expanded in 2006 to include diesel-powered versions. Elements common to all variants include steel bodyshells, two bogies with two powered axles each, three-phase asynchronous induction motors, cooling exhausts on the roof edges, and wheel disc brakes.

The TRAXX brand name itself was introduced in 2003. The acronym stands for Transnational Railway Applications with eXtreme fleXibility. Locomotives were primarily made for the railways of Germany, with orders coming from other countries including France, Israel, Switzerland, Sweden, Norway, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Poland, Spain, Hungary, South Africa and the Netherlands.

The TRAXX locomotives were developed at Bombardier plants in Mannheim, Zürich Oerlikon in Switzerland and Vado Ligure in Italy. The final assembly of the vehicles takes place at Bombardier's locomotive production centres at Kassel in Germany and Vado Ligure (only the DC Variant).

Development

AEG 12X, ABB Eco2000 platform

In the early 1990s, West German federal railway Deutsche Bundesbahn (DB) sought to replace its ageing electric locomotive fleet with a single type. In the previous decade, DB introduced its first universal locomotives with three-phase asynchronous induction motors and two bogies with two powered axles each, the DB Class 120, which had been successful. In 1991, DB requested bids for about 1000 more universal locomotives with an improved design and increased power, the planned DB Class 121. The railway industry began developing new locomotives, but in October 1992, DB cancelled the tender due to the high price of the offers and the changed situation. In 1994, Deutsche Bundesbahn merged with the former East German Deutsche Reichsbahn, creating Deutsche Bahn, bringing over 600 modern DR Class 243 locomotives into the joint locomotive fleet. In addition, the merger coincided with a railway reform, dividing the rolling stock of Deutsche Bahn between its regional passenger, long-distance passenger and freight business areas, making the universal locomotive plans obsolete. From late 1993, the business areas of Deutsche Bahn and their predecessors called new bids for electric locomotives tailored for their specific needs.

The competitors for the DB Class 121 included two of the forerunners of Bombardier Transportation: German locomotive manufacturer AEG Schienenfahrzeuge, a part of AEG which was controlled by Daimler-Benz at the time; and ABB Henschel, a German locomotive manufacturing branch of Swedish-Swiss company ABB. Components of both the AEG and ABB concepts were built into the prototypes of the DB Class 120 for trials from late 1991. AEG followed up its development effort by building an experimental universal locomotive, the 12X. This locomotive can be considered the predecessor of the TRAXX family. The 12X was delivered in June 1994 and, although owned by AEG, was designated Class 128 by DB. The 12X featured several innovations compared to the Class 120, including water-cooled inverters based on GTO thyristors, a new final drive concept with pivot axle bearings on both sides, and a new bogie concept with a short wheelbase of . The locomotive also had a modular design, allowing the derivation of different versions for different operational needs, and thus it formed AEG's basis to compete for the new orders of Deutsche Bahn's business areas. Meanwhile, ABB developed its own design of a modular electric locomotive platform, the Eco2000 concept. ABB's concept included a version of its Flexifloat high-speed bogie family with a wheelbase of ; and biodegradable ester cooled inverters with GTO thyristors and an also ester cooled main transformer, which can be considered the origin of the inverters and transformer of the first generation of TRAXX locomotives.

The 12X was later used as testbed for new technologies, becoming the first locomotive in the world with IGBT based converters in 1997 and testing the MITRAC traction control electronics from 1998. Both of these technologies would later find their commercial application in TRAXX locomotives.

DBAG Class 145 family, Adtranz Octeon platform

In November 1994, Deutsche Bahn chose ABB and AEG for two of its orders: ABB was to deliver 145 express locomotives for DB's long-distance business area DB Fernverkehr, the DB Class 101, while AEG was to supply DB's freight business area DB Cargo with eighty locomotives for medium-weight freight trains, the DBAG Class 145.

The original Class 145 design was a cheaper derivative of the 12X, omitting components for higher speeds, including hollow-shaft drives, which were replaced by simpler axle hung drives. In January 1996, ABB and Daimler-Benz merged their railway business areas into a joint venture, ADtranz. The final design of the locomotive was adapted for more commonalities with the DBAG Class 101. The biodegradable ester cooled inverters with GTO thyristors and the also ester cooled main transformer of the DBAG Class 145 was derived from those of the DBAG Class 101, but with less components for the lower maximum power, providing for individual bogie control rather than individual axle control. The bogie design was also adapted and merged into the ABB-originated Flexifloat family, with wheelbase increased to . Due to the shared features, the Class 145 was sometimes described as a member of the Eco2000 family.

Adtranz rolled out the first Class 145 in July 1997. In addition, 17 identical locomotives were built for lease to private railways. A further six locomotives were built for the Swiss railway MittelThurgauBahn.

In March 1998, Adtranz announced its intent to consolidate its product range into seven modular product platforms. The electric locomotive platform with the brand name "Octeon" was to be based on Adtranz's newest types for Germany (the Class 145 and Class 101). Adtranz originally intended to introduce Octeon types alongside existing products, and applied the name to its new products outside Germany at the end of the nineties, like the FS Class E464 or the heavy-haul locomotive Iore. The GTO thyristor based converters of these locomotives were from the water-cooled Camilla family, which was developed by ABB as successor for the oil-cooled converters in the SBB-CFF-FFS Re 460. The Octeon brand name did not catch on and was abandoned when Bombardier acquired Adtranz in 2001.

Between 2000 and 2002, a version of the DBAG Class 145 for passenger trains, with hollow shaft final drive and a higher top speed of 160 km/h, was produced for DB's regional business area DB Regio. The top of the front of the carbodies was modified to provide space for a flip-disc display. These locomotives were given the designation DBAG Class 146.0.

Although the production of the DBAG Class 145 ended by the time Bombardier bought Adtranz in 2001, and even the production of the Class 146.0 locomotives ended by the time the TRAXX brand name was introduced in 2003, in Bombardier's own publications, the Class 145 was included in the TRAXX F140 AC, the Class 146.0 in the TRAXX P160 AC type. The still in-production FS Class E464 got the designation TRAXX P160 DCP, while TRAXX H80 AC was applicable to the Iore class, however, these then still in production types were excluded from the TRAXX family in publications after 2007.

DBAG Class 185 family, Bombardier TRAXX platform

In July 1998, Adtranz received a follow-on order for 400 more locomotives for medium-weight freight trains, the DBAG Class 185. The double voltage Class 185 was meant for international operation, and was also dubbed Europalok. The basic concept of the running gear, the axle hung motors, the ester cooled inverters and transformer was maintained from the Class 145. In addition to the electronics for double voltage operation, modifications included the provision for the installation of the full variety of train protection systems in use in Europe, and the lowering of the roof by 105 mm to fit the vehicle in the international UIC 505-1 loading gauge.

In 2001 Bombardier bought Adtranz, thus acquiring locomotive building technology. Under Bombardier, the Class 185 was developed into a family like that of the Class 145, with private railway and passenger (DBAG Class 146.1) versions. In May 2003, Bombardier also received an order for a quadruple system version from the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB).

In September 2003, Bombardier gave the Class 185 family a brand name, TRAXX, intended to allude to the terms 'traction', 'track' and 'attraction'. The acronym stands for Transnational Railway Applications with eXtreme fleXibility. The first letter of TRAXX type designations provides for differentiation according to the area of application, with F for freight and P for passenger. The original system also tentatively included H for heavy-haul and S for high-speed, but no actual vehicles were delivered under this designation. The number following the first letter indicates the top speed of the locomotive in kilometers per hour. The next two letters indicate the supply system, with AC for alternating current electric locomotives, DC for direct current electric locomotives, MS for multi-system locomotives capable of operating both under AC and DC overhead wires, and DE was foreseen from the start for an eventual Diesel-electric version. An extra P letter at the end was to designate powerheads (traction heads), that is locomotives with one driving cabin for push-pull operation. An also optional number at the end designates different versions, later used for the designation of generations.

In the new system, the factory designation of the DBAG Class 185 and its sisters with other railways became TRAXX F140 AC, that of the DBAG Class 146.1 TRAXX P160 AC, and that of the planned quadruple voltage SBB locomotive TRAXX F140 MS.

When Bombardier introduced the first TRAXX 2 types, the original family was also designated TRAXX 1, and the number 1 was added at the end of the type designation of first-generation locomotives still in delivery.

TRAXX 2 and TRAXX 2E platforms
In 2004, the basic TRAXX design was subjected to a major overhaul, with the carbody and the front redesigned to suit current crashworthiness standards, and the replacement of GTO thyristor based inverters with IGBT based inverters. The option of individual axle control in place of individual bogie control was also introduced. The coolant of the inverters and the main transformer was also changed from ester to water. The carbody design was completely standardised, by default providing a space for the mounting of a flip-disc display above the windshield, which is covered by a non-structural hood in freight versions. The bogie frame was strengthened, to allow an increase of axle loads to 22 tons. This generation of the family is also referred to as the TRAXX 2 platform, and is sometimes also indicated with a number 2 at the end of the type designations.

The TRAXX carbody design and internal configuration was modified again in 2006 when the first actual Diesel-electric version was built, to provide the same layout for Diesel and electric versions. In the electric versions, the central location of the diesel engine was used for the AC transformer or the DC chokes. The weight of the component at the central location is supported on a horizontal mounting plate that fits onto the main frame using the same fixtures. This generation of the family is also referred to as the TRAXX 2E platform, the type designations themselves didn't change. The TRAXX 2E generation also included the first actual deliveries of the DC versions of the TRAXX platform. The AC version of the TRAXX 2 remained in production in parallel with the 2E versions of other types.

Traxx Africa
In March 2014 Transnet ordered 240 dual-voltage  Traxx Africa locomotives, to be built in South Africa. The first locomotive was handed over to Transnet in December 2017, with revenue service planned to begin early in 2018. This model's appearance more closely resembles its predecessors than the European TRAXX.

Production
All Traxx locomotives are assembled and tested at Alstom's (originally Bombardier) plant in Kassel Germany, except the DC only versions which are assembled at Vado Ligure and some RENFE Class 253, which have been assembled by RENFE in its shop in Villaverde (Madrid).

The individual components are sourced from a variety of sites:
 Traction and auxiliary converters (inverters): Alstom, Mannheim, Trapaga Spain
 Bogies: Alstom, Siegen
 Driver desks: Alstom Hennigsdorf, Alstom Kassel
 Locomotive bodies and frames: Alstom, Wroclaw (Poland)
 Cooling components: Behr GmbH & Co, Stuttgart
 Brakes: Knorr, Munich
 Transformer: ABB Sécheron, Geneva (Switzerland)
 Climate control systems (heating, humidity, etc.): Liebherr in Korneburg (Austria)

TRAXX dual voltage AC versions
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TRAXX F140 AC

The TRAXX F140 AC operates on AC overhead lines. They can work under both the 15 kV/16.7 Hz and the 25 kV/50 Hz AC systems. As built they are configured for future ETCS / ERTMS train control and safety systems.

The 200 units built between 2001 and 2003 for Deutsche Bahn were classified as DBAG Class 185, or DBAG Class 185.1 once production switched to the TRAXX F140 AC2 design. A further 57 units were built for various European leasing companies, and were classified in Germany as Class 185.5.

Another 35 units were produced for the freight business area of the Swiss Federal Railways, SBB Cargo (SBB Re482), and 20 units for Swiss private railway BLS AG (BLS Re485). The Swiss locomotives differ from the German versions in details such as pantographs (2 more, with smaller contacts for running under Swiss catenary (not because of tunnels)) and Switzerland specific safety systems in addition to the German systems.

TRAXX P140 AC

In Luxembourg CFL operates 20 locomotives.

TRAXX P160 AC
The TRAXX P160 AC is the passenger version of this class, with a correspondingly higher top speed of 160 km/h. A lower unsprung mass was achieved by using hollow shaft final drives instead of the axle hung motor arrangement of the 140 km/h maximum speed versions. The bogies and drive unit are the same as used in the DBAG Class 146.0.

In Germany, DB Regio acquired 32 units between 2003 and 2005, where they are designated DBAG Class 146.1.

Additionally, (Landesnahverkehrsgesellschaft Niedersachsen mbH (LVNG), (Hannover) ) has 10 units which are leased to the railway company metronom (operating as ME146).

TRAXX F140 AC2

The first AC member of the TRAXX 2 family, which featured carbodies with improved crashworthiness and water-cooled IGBT-based inverters, was the demonstrator loco 185 561, delivered in May 2004. It was produced ahead of the main tranche of TRAXX F140 AC2 locomotives for homologation of the class in Germany.

Another demonstrator TRAXX F140 AC2, 185 568 was used for tests on the then new HSL-Zuid in 2006. Subsequently, it was used for tests of the ETCS system.

Both demonstrator locomotives were eventually sold to private operators for normal use.

The remaining 200 of the 400 Class 185 freight locomotives ordered for DB Cargo were to be of this type, and the new versions were given the subclass designation DBAG Class 185.2. Since this large order represented the main body of production at Bombardier's Kassel plant, any further private orders for the AC locomotives would be included into the F140AC2 production line - thus the original F140 AC type effectively ceased production when the production of DB Cargo's (by then renamed Railion) Class 185.2 began.

The locomotives operated by SBB Cargo are designated Re482.2.

TRAXX P160 AC2

Alongside the F140 AC2 locomotives, the passenger versions received the same improvements. DB Regio received 47 units between 2005 and 2006; as with the freight version the '.2' subclass was used to distinguish these new versions - the Deutsche Bahn locomotives being classified as Class 146.2, following on from the Class 146. A number of smaller orders have been received, including more units for the metronom railway - procured via LNVG. DB Fernverkehr, the German Railways branch which operates Intercity services, ordered 27 more Class 146.2 locos on 12 January 2011. The locos will start service in December 2013.

Operators and leasing companies

As of 2010, production of the AC2 versions is still ongoing, with the DB Schenker order expected to be completed in late 2009. Along with German companies the AC locomotives have orders from Scandinavian countries and from Hungary – where the Hungarian State railways (MÁV) (Magyar Államvasutak) has placed an order for 25 (and optional 25) P160 AC2 machines.

TRAXX AC/DC versions

TRAXX F140 MS

The first multi-system TRAXX unit that could operate under AC and DC electrified catenaries, SBB Re484 001, was introduced at the same time 185 561 was introduced as demonstrator locomotive for the F140 AC2 type. In addition to the 15 kV/16.7 Hz and 25 kV/50 Hz AC supplies, the new model could also be operated under 3 kV DC overhead electrification. Later models also supported a 1.5 kV DC supply. This locomotive for SBB was also the first TRAXX variant with individual axle control in place of individual bogie control. The general type name given by Bombardier was TRAXX F140 MS.

Apart from the different pantographs, electrical systems for DC operation, the F140 MS types are identical to the contemporary dual voltage versions. However, under 1.5 kV DC, the maximum available power is limited to 4.0 MW, although this does not affect the maximum tractive effort, which is limited by other factors. As a consequence of the additional equipment required, the locomotives weigh approximately 1 tonne more than their dual voltage relatives.

The locomotives are designed for cross border operations; the addition of 1.5 kV and 3 kV DC operability potentially allows the locomotives to operate in Poland and Italy. In practice the delivered locomotives were used for work into Switzerland and Italy, and equipped with either the Italian safety system SCMT or ETCS.

Post 2006 many more of these multi-system locomotives were produced, this time with some for use in the Benelux countries, as well as France and Poland, with further units being produced for Swiss/Italian traffic. In Poland, locomotives used by PKP Cargo have been designated as the EU43 class. Units hired from Alpha Trains cargo to SNCB (Belgium) have also received the class number SNCB Class 28

In July 2018, Bombardier introduced the third generation of TRAXX multi-system locomotives, named the MS3, which in addition to carrying over compatibility with the four electrification systems introduced an onboard engine to enable travel over short distances of non-electrified track.

TRAXX DC versions

Once Bombardier completed the first TRAXX F140 MS, a single-voltage version for DC overhead wires could be produced cost effectively by leaving away the AC equipment of a multi-system locomotive, and Bombardier began seeking a launch customer in 2004. In 2005, Angel Trains (today Alpha Trains) placed an order for 10 DC electric locomotives with Bombardier. The first machine, designated E483 001, was produced in August 2006 at Bombardier's plant in Kassel.

Later machines were built at Bombardier's plant in Vado Ligure in Italy, which has become the official site for production of DC versions of the TRAXX locomotives.

The weight of the TRAXX F140 DC is slightly reduced compared to the AC machines which require a particularly heavy high-voltage transformer for use with the low 16.7 Hz frequency of the 15 kV AC system.
The machines are built to the same specifications as the rest of the TRAXX family, but only have equipment for 3 kV DC - making them suitable for internal work in Italy, Spain and Poland. If necessary the machines can be rebuilt for multi-system use.

Renfe Mercancías, the freight division of Renfe Operadora ordered 100 locomotives for freight use to be designated RENFE Class 253; these are the first TRAXX locomotives to be built to anything other than standard gauge.

Additionally Trenitalia has ordered 42 locomotives for freight use, which will be operated at up to 160 km/h.

TRAXX diesel versions

The diesel version of the TRAXX platform was introduced with the 2E version of the TRAXX platform. In the diesel version, the fuel tank occupies the same space as the transformer in the electric versions, centrally and below the main frame members. Installed motor power is 2.2MW. The diesel and electric TRAXX locomotives share the same driver cabin and control desk, body, bogies, and drive system. The maximum tractive effort is slight reduced by 30 kN to 270 kN due to the lower power of the diesel engine.

The first order for the diesel passenger version (designated as Class 246, Bombardier's designation TRAXX P160 DE) came from metronom via the leasing company LNVG.  The company already used TRAXX electric locomotives and required locomotives for the non-electrified Hamburg-Cuxhaven line. 11 locomotives were ordered in 2005, delivery would take place in 2007. The first three engines were built in 2006 for type certification, with one machine being presented officially at the InnoTrans 2006 railfair; they were in service by late 2007.

Leasing company CBrail was the first to order the freight version (as Class 285, Bombardier's designation TRAXX F140 DE) in 2006, the first locomotive was delivery in mid-2007, and had been certified for use by 2008. On 5 December 2008, SNCF Fret placed an order for 45 TRAXX F140 DE locomotives, the order being valued at 160 million Euros. The class are to be designated as SNCF Class BB 476000. The contract includes an option for a further 35 locomotives.

In April 2011 DB Regio awarded Bombardier a framework agreement for up to 200 Traxx DE Multi-Engine locomotives worth a total of €600m; an initial 20 locomotives will be delivered from mid-2013 at a cost of €62m. These genset locomotives will have four  diesel engines in place of one large engine, with the aim of reducing fuel consumption and exhaust emissions because the engines can be shut down when not needed.

TRAXX dual-mode version
On 10 May 2011, Bombardier announced a new TRAXX electro-diesel model, dubbed the "Last Mile Diesel", that combined a standard AC propulsion system with a diesel engine to power the locomotive in light-duty applications such as operating on non-electrified sidings or yards. The design was based on Bombardier's experience with building the ALP-45DP. At the time the new model was introduced, a launch order for five units was announced by Railpool, which had signed the order in late 2010.

See also

A number of other locomotives built by Bombardier have been derived from or share some technical features with the TRAXX platform:
 DBAG Class 101 - ABB-ordered, Adtranz-built express locomotive with electronics similar to that of early TRAXX locomotives except for individual axle control
 FS Class E412 - DC locomotive built at Vado Ligure works, first-delivered member of the Eco2000 family
 FS Class E464 - single cabin Italian locomotive also built at Vado Ligure
 Iore - twin section heavy-haul twin locomotive with three axles per bogie and a 30 t axle load
 AVE Class 102 - Spanish manufacturer Talgo's Talgo350 high-speed trains for Spanish railways RENFE, with powerheads made by a consortium led by Adtranz/Bombardier
 ALP-46 - built for New Jersey Transit, based on the DBAG Class 101
 ALP-46A - also being built for NJ Transit, based on the ALP-46 and the TRAXX 2E
 ALP-45DP electro-diesel locomotive - also being built for Montreal's AMT and New York-area commuter hauler NJ Transit, based on the ALP-46A
 List of České dráhy locomotive classes

Notes

References

Sources
 Bombardier Transportation bombardier.com
 Railcolor - modern locomotive Power!  Website about post 1990s European mainline electric and diesel locomotives railcolor.net

External links

 Drehstromloks.de - A comprehensive site about TRAXX and other Neubaulok series (German)
 High quality gallery of TRAXX family @ Trainspo

Standard gauge locomotives of Austria
Standard gauge locomotives of Belgium
Standard gauge locomotives of Denmark
Standard gauge locomotives of France
Standard gauge locomotives of Germany
Standard gauge locomotives of Hungary
Standard gauge locomotives of Italy
Standard gauge locomotives of Luxembourg
Standard gauge locomotives of the Netherlands
Standard gauge locomotives of Norway
Standard gauge locomotives of Poland
Standard gauge locomotives of Romania
Standard gauge locomotives of Sweden
Standard gauge locomotives of Switzerland
5 ft 6 in gauge locomotives
Railway locomotives introduced in 1996
Diesel-electric locomotives
Electric locomotives
Diesel-electric locomotives of Germany
Multi-system locomotives


The Secret Garden is a 1993 film adaptation of the book of the same name by Frances Hodgson Burnett, directed by Agnieszka Holland.
I didn't cry because I do not know how to cry.
My mother didn't have time to tell me stories.
What? You thought I was a what? You... You... You daughter of a pig!
May I have a bit of earth?
I've stolen a garden. But it may already be dead, I don't know.
If you scream another scream, I will scream too. And I can scream louder than you, and for longer.
Be quiet! You're the most selfish boy that ever was! I hate you!
No one who's ill can scream like that!
I'm master when my father's away.
Spores are the little things in the wind that get stuck to your lungs.
I'm coming back tomorrow and the day after that and the day after that and the day after that.
When they said you were coming from India I thought you were going to be a native.
I thought all little girls liked to be tickled.
Lord Craven: Are you out here all by yourself?
Lord Craven: What wasn't wanted?
Lord Craven: You're right, I never wanted to see it again.
Mary: You never wanted to see Colin.
Lord Craven: You brought us back to life, Mary, you did something I thought no-one could do, I won't shut it up again, I promise, forgive me.
Martha: Lem, come here and help me please! [Colin continues screaming and crying] Put him on the bed! Calm yourself, Master Colin. Just calm down, calm down. Go and see if Mrs. Medlock's back! Shh, calm down! Calm down, please! God.


Happy Turkey Day, friends. This year, we're thankful most of all for you, for allowing us into your college football routine and for making us feel loved and special each and every day. Starting up the college football coverage at Uproxx has been difficult and labor intensive, but it is made easier when I know that you're out there supporting us and giving helpful feedback.
Obviously the first year isn't perfect, and there's plenty I can do differently and improve on, but the biggest reason I keep going and keep covering college football isn't for me; it's for you. I know other people say that, but I mean it. I've almost given up plenty of times. I've almost walked away from it all. But something keeps me coming back – and that's the people who send notes, email me, text me, call me and shoot nice tweets during the season. It means a lot, more than probably any of you will ever know.
Anyway, this week's podcast brings our good friend Adam Kramer from Bleacher Report to the show. He's really great, and chances are you follow him and read him and watch his videos already, but if you somehow aren't, well, go ahead and do that, okay?
The Playoff, seriously, lots of good Playoff discussion.
The weird routines and idiosyncrasies of being a college football writer.
Rivalry Week and who is most likely to go down or make things super weird.
The tough job the committee has in making this compelling, but also putting the best Top 4 teams in.
The oddities of this year's Heisman field.
As always, comments and tweets are always welcome. Subscribe to us on iTunes, too! You can find Robby at (@rkalland) and Martin at (@martinrickman). And Adam is at (@KegsnEggs). Football is great and so are friends, but football is always better with friends.


text:
Lorraine Nungarrayi Granites
Lorraine Nungarrayi Granites was born in Willowra, a small community North of Yuendumu. She has lived in Yuendumu, a remote Aboriginal community located 290 kms north-west of Alice Springs in the NT of Australia, since she was a young woman. She is married to Rex Japanangka Granites. Lorraine has raised many kids although she didn't have any of her own. One of her adopted children, Charmaine Granites, lives in Lajamanu. Lorraine is a very proud grandmother to Charmaine's daughter. Lorraine is an important member of the Yuendumu community. She has been working very actively with the Old People's Program in Yuendumu for 12 years. This is a very important community organisation which would not work as well without Lorraine's incredible support. Lorraine has been painting through Warlukurlangu Artists since 1987. Warlukurlangu Artists Aboriginal Corporation is an Aboriginal owned and governed art centre located in Yuendumu. She paints her father's Jukurrpa stories, Dreaming stories which include Karnta Jukurrpa (Women's Dreaming), Witi Jukurrpa (Ceremonial Pole Dreaming) and more recently her Ngatijirri Jukurrpa (Budgerigar Dreaming). All her stories relate directly to her land, its features and animals. These stories were passed down to her by her father and mother and their parents before them for millennia. Lorraine is also an active supporter of the local Baptist Church and an independent learner, studying English and Writing through Batchelor College in Alice Springs. When she is not working or studying Lorraine loves to go out hunting for local bush tucker with the other women in the country around Yuendumu.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
The Fall of Rorke's Drift
An Alternate History of the Anglo-Zulu War of 1879
John Laband
What if the Zulus had defeated the British at Rorke's Drift and invaded Natal? In the first ever alternate history of the Anglo-Zulu War, historian John Laband asks that question.
Date Published :
30 color & black and white illustrations
Format Available
Dimensions : 9 X 6 inches Pages : 256
It is January 1879, and the British Empire and the Zulu Kingdom are at war. Lord Carnarvon, Secretary of State for the Colonies, who had successfully brought about federation in Canada in 1867, had believed a similar scheme would work in South Africa. But such plans are rejected by Boer leaders. Lord Chelmsford leads a British military expeditionary force to enter the Zulu Kingdom uninvited. A bloody battle ensues on 22 January 1879 at Isandlwana. The Zulus are the unexpected victors.
After that brutal defeat, the British Army are at Rorke's Drift on the Buffalo River in Natal Province, South Africa. A few hundred British and colonial troops led by Lieutenants John Chard of the Royal Engineers and Gonville Bromhead face the might of the Zulu army of thousands led by Prince Dabulamanzi kaMpande (CORR). Against the odds the British are victorious and this defeat marks the end of the Zulu nation's dominance of the region.
The Defence of Rorke's Drift would go down in history as an iconic British Empire Battle and inspired Victorian Britain. Eleven Victoria Crosses were awarded to military personnel. But what if the Zulus had defeated the British at Rorke's Drift and invaded Natal?
In the first ever alternate history of the Anglo-Zulu War, historian John Laband asks that question. With his vast knowledge of the Anglo-Zulu War he turns history on its head and offers a tantalizing glimpse of a very different outcome weaving a compelling and never-before told story of what could have been.
JOHN LABAND is Professor Emeritus and Chair of History at Wilfrid Laurier University, Canada, and is a Life Member of Clare Hall, Cambridge University, England. His books include The Rise and Full of the Zulu Nation (1997); The Atlas of the Later Zulu Wars (2002); The Transvaal Rebellion: The First Boer War (2005); Kingdom in Crisis: the Zulu Response to the British Invasion of 1879 (2007); the Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars (2009) and Zulu Warriors: The Battle for the South African Frontier (2014).
The Fall of Rorke's Drift Reviews
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Medieval Combat in Colour
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The True Story of the Great Escape
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The Secret South
Ivan Mackenzie Lamb
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With Eagles to Glory
John H Gill
Tommy Goes to War
Yevgeni Nikolaev


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From The Desk Of...
Bears vs. Eagles: Notes from a heartbreaking 16-15 loss
The Bears' season has come to an unfortunate and ironic end.
By Jacob Infante@jacobinfante24 Jan 7, 2019, 7:00am CST
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Mitchell Trubisky stepped up in the clutch, but even that wasn't enough to send the Bears into the divisional round.
Mike DiNovo-USA TODAY Sports
One play away.
The Chicago Bears came just short of winning their first playoff game in eight years on Sunday, losing to the Philadelphia Eagles at home in a 16-15 shootout. Though it was a last-second missed field goal by Cody Parkey that put the final nail in the coffin, the Bears still had plenty of missed opportunities that could have won them the game.
For the last time this season, here are some of my notes and takeaways from this week's game.
In the biggest game of his career, Mitchell Trubisky stepped up when it mattered most.
He was incredibly close to having multiple turnovers early on in the game. His decision making was fairly questionable in the first half, and he tried to force a lot of throws that simply weren't there. As many as three of his passes could - and probably should - have been intercepted, and he got very lucky that the Eagles were unable to capitalize on them. However, Trubisky caught fire in the second half, completing 13 of his 20 passing attempts for 198 yards and a touchdown. He made several clutch throws and showed great poise in the pocket and incredible ball placement on a lot of his passes. He played very well to finish off the season, showing off traits of a true franchise quarterback. His further development heading into the 2019 season should be interesting to watch.
Part of Trubisky's late-game heroics can be attributed to his receivers, who were able to unleash hell upon Philadelphia's secondary. Allen Robinson put together his best performance of the year, catching 10 passes for 143 yards and a touchdown. He was a truly dominant factor in the passing game, and he looked like the No. 1 receiver that Chicago signed him to be. Taylor Gabriel caught four passes for 37 yards, and Anthony Miller had a good first half with three catches for 34 yards: he was not able to put up any more numbers in the second half.
One thing that was confusing was Matt Nagy's use of Tarik Cohen throughout the game. The second-year running back only had four touches on offense, with only one of them coming on the ground. As their most electric playmaker, it was strange that the Bears used him so sparingly in this matchup.
Nagy's playcalling in the first half was very conservative and timid, which had a major influence on Chicago's only scoring six points in the first half. The offense rarely tried to test Philadelphia deep early on, which result in Pat O'Donnell's punting the ball on three of their five offensive drives. The Bears had three plays that went for more than 10 yards in the first half, as well. He did a little bit better late in the game when he started trusting Trubisky's arm more, but the team would have benefited from a more aggressive game plan.
Eddie Jackson is an incredibly important part of the Bears' defense, and if anybody says otherwise, show them this game.
Jackson was active but rarely played due to injury, and his range and instincts were sorely missed on Sunday. Nick Foles had a very underwhelming game, making several ill-advised throws throughout the game that a player like Jackson could have picked off. Nonetheless, the Bears were still able to pick Foles off twice, with Adrian Amos and Roquan Smith coming through with turnovers.
Chicago's run defense was fantastic all day, only allowing 41 yards on 23 attempts. Akiem Hicks was a force in the backfield, and he finished up the game with four tackles. Eddie Goldman also contributed four tackles. Khalil Mack did not have a sack, but he had six tackles and had a hit on Foles. Philadelphia left tackle Jason Peters did a good job of containing him in pass protection. Leonard Floyd helped out in Mack's place, recording the Bears' only sack of the game.
Chicago had nine deflected passes in this game, but they also allowed a handful of big plays through the air. Former Bear Alshon Jeffery had the upper hand over All-Pro Kyle Fuller, finishing the night with six catches for 82 yards and creating consistent separation. Zach Ertz was a physical threat across the middle of the field, and Golden Tate managed to snag the game-winning touchdown. Props to Sherrick McManis, though, who broke up three passes at the nickelback position.
Three and out
3. The instant reaction for many Bears fans after Parkey missed his field goal - or, rather, had it deflected - was to release the kicker. The reaction is more than warranted, as Parkey missed 11 total kicks this year. As a playoff team with loads of talent and a clear playoff window, they can't afford to be held back by their kicker. Financially, cutting him would not be beneficial to the Bears until next offseason, when they can save over $2 million in cap space by releasing him. Cutting Parkey this offseason before June 1 would result in over $5 million in dead cap space and over negative $1 million in cap savings. Releasing him after the June 1 deadline would not save any cap space, and it would result in just over $4 million in dead cap space. Though money is tight and releasing him would not do them any favors from a monetary standpoint, one can argue that the price would be worth it if it means they could find a better kicker in the process.
2. This Bears team is far from finished. Trubisky is a talented quarterback who has shown a lot of growth this year, and having another offseason in Nagy's system could result in even more progression. He is surrounded with multiple young weapons and a very good offensive line. Their defense - with or without defensive coordinator Vic Fangio - is a stacked unit with several key pieces locked up for the long haul. Nagy now has a full season as an NFL head coach under his belt, and he will be able to make adjustments this offseason as he continues to improve. While the end result this year was not ideal, the fact that the Bears managed to win 12 games and in the process, the NFC North just one season after winning five games is impressive. If they can improve that much in just one offseason, then the 2019 season could be a fruitful one for all of Chicago.
1. Thanks to everyone who has tuned in to all of our postgame articles this year. It has been a fun season, and it feels great to finally be able to cover a playoff team. I will have Shrine Game and Senior Bowl previews, as well as several NFL Draft articles throughout the offseason, and the rest of the Windy City Gridiron staff will do their best to keep you all entertained and well-informed this offseason. Until next season, Bear Down.


AddressBase-Premium is the OS vector data set representing addresses and supersedes Address-Point. It provides the most comprehensive view of addresses and properties at all stages of a property and address lifecycle – from planning permission to historic addresses. Both postally addressable objects and OWPA (objects without postal address) are included.
AddressBase-Premium, AddressBase-Plus and AddressBase are OS Licenced Data products.
A legacy dataset. An OS vector data set representing postal address delivery points.
OS support and maintenance for Address-Point is scheduled to end on 31 October 2014.
In cartography, text or graphics on a map that provide information for the map reader; it can be used as a singular entity, or plural to refer to several pieces of information. Annotation may identify or describe a specific map entity, provide general information about an area on the map, or supply information about the map itself. In this sense, it could also be referred to as labels or (a) label.
In ArcGIS Annotation is also a specific term, to mean text or graphics that can be individually selected, positioned, and modified. Annotation can be stored a separate file of features that can be added to many maps or as map annotation in one data frame in a specific map.
A container within a map document for organizing and managing text or graphics that provide additional information about features or general areas of a map.
A geodatabase feature class that stores text or graphics that provide information about features or general areas of a map (annotation).
A subset of annotation in an annotation feature class that contains properties that determine how the subset of annotation will display.
The GIS suite of software used by HCC, produced by ESRI.
In the past, ArcView 3 and ArcInfo were two separate products. ArcInfo Workstation was a powerful geoprocessing and digitising environment, while ArcView 3 was used to view data and produce maps. ArcInfo and ArcView 3 were combined to produce ArcGIS Desktop, leaving Arcview 3 as a piece of legacy software, which is no longer available. It is however, still used by the majority of staff at HCC. The newest version of ArcView is contained within ArcGIS Desktop (currently version 10).
Provides comprehensive mapping and analysis tools with simple editing and geoprocessing.
Includes advanced editing capabilities for shapefiles and geodatabases in addition to the full functionality of ArcGIS for Desktop Basic.
the flagship ArcGIS for Desktop product. It builds on the functionality of Standard with advanced geoprocessing. It also includes legacy applications for ArcInfo Workstation.
This is the main application of ArcGIS and where all of the maps are viewed and created.
The interface for managing the data within the GIS system. It is here that new datasets can be created and the tables viewed easily.
Links to Geoprocessing Tools used for manipulating the data. The Toolbox can be accessed from either ArcCatalog or ArcMap.
In ArcGIS 10 ArcCatalog and ArcToolbox have been integrated into separate Tabs within the ArcMap interface.
An OS vector data product representing civil administrative boundaries (e.g. County, Parish, Parliamentary Constituency etc.).
Boundary-Line is an OS OpenData product.
Zone at a specified distance around features – useful for proximity analysis (e.g. find all postcodes within 500m of a development site).
The centroid is the geometric centre of a two dimensional object, being the arithmetic mean of all the points in that object. The centroid of a convex object always lies within that object. However a non-convex object might have a centroid which lies outside that object, perhaps within a neighbouring object. The centroid of a ring lies within the central void. Centroids not contained by the 'parent' object can present difficulties when modelling spatial relationships where polygons or lines are represented by their centroids.
A method used to describe a location in terms of a series of figures, given in two groups, (x,y) representing the distance from an origin. In cartographic/GIS terminology the 'x' co-ordinate is sometimes known as the Easting and the 'y' co-ordinate as the Northing.
Copyright is a right granted by law that is designed to protect original works; the right to copy is the legal possession of the owner and no one else. Unauthorised copying of copyright material constitutes an illegal act, which may lead to prosecution or civil proceedings. O.S. mapping & digital data is copyright © controlled.
Copyright issues when using maps. (Link Only available to HCC Staff).
A coverage was the original file format for ArcInfo when it was a separate entity to ArcView 3, although can still be used in 3 and ArcGIS Desktop. Unlike shapefiles and geodatabase feature classes, coverages can contain more than one type of feature (e.g. points and polygons).
An ordered collection of information managed and stored electronically in tabular form.
The process of converting analogue data (e.g. data on paper maps) into digital data used in a GIS, by recording x,y co-ordinates for map features.
A temporary geographic representation made from a table of features with x, y co-ordinates, before it has been saved as a separate feature class.
An add-on application that provides additional and specialised tools to ArcView 3 or ArcGIS.
Many of the Extensions within ArcView 3 were written by HCC, and are needed for adding the correct copyright text or viewing photography.
A set of features that has been added to (or exported from) the map. This could refer to a Shapefile, Geodatabase Feature Class, or any Theme/Layer.
This is the main spatial data file format that is used by ArcGIS; it can either be a polygon, line, point or annotation feature class.
The process of adding points to a digital map using addresses, postcodes or grid references – the computer equivalent of pushing pins into a wall map.
An organised collection of computer hardware, software, geographic data and personnel, designed to efficiently capture, store, manipulate, analyse and present spatial data.
Pictorial images appearing on the screen to indicate utility functions, files, folders or applications (programmes).
In cartography, text placed on or near a map feature that describes or identifies it. This is similar to annotation.
In ArcGIS, descriptive text, usually based on one or more feature attributes. Labels are placed dynamically on or near features in a layer. Labels cannot be individually selected and modified by the user.
In ArcMap, a category of labels that represents features with the same labeling properties. For example, in a schools layer, label classes could be created to define information and style for each type of school: Primary, Secondary or Special could have different colours.
Large scale O.S. vector data, the digital equivalent to the 1/1250 and 1/2500 national grid series maps.
This is the term used within ArcGIS to refer to any set of features added to the map document. The layer has an associated attribute table and may also have Labels or Annotation. The layer could be a Geodatabase Feature Class, Shapefile, Coverage or Event Theme.
It is not the same thing as a Layer File, although could refer to one.
A Layout is the window that provides interactive map layout capabilities in ArcView. Each layout organises a list of graphic objects. It can then draw those objects to the screen, send them to a printer or save them as one of several standard graphics file formats.
A set of ordered co-ordinates representing the shape of geographic features too narrow to be displayed as an area at a given scale (e.g. roads & rivers) or those with no area (e.g. contours).
An abstract representation of the physical features of part of the Earth's surface graphically displayed on a planar surface.
The grid system by which the O.S. references locations relative to a working origin located slightly south-west of the Isles of Scilly. This ensures that all locations on the mainland of Great Britain almost always have positive co-ordinates of less than 1000km. Co-ordinates, or National Grid References (NGRs), are expressed in metres and decimals of a metre according to the precision required.
The national mapping agency of Great Britain. OS maintain the definitive record of geographic features in Great Britain and create innovative, high quality maps and datasets. Intellectual property rights in OS maps and mapping data is owned by the Crown, © Crown copyright and database rights apply.
See also The Ordnance Survey website .
OS Licenced data includes the products listed below including 'derived data' created using or in conjunction with OS Licensed Data.	Intellectual property rights in OS maps and mapping data is owned by the Crown, © Crown copyright and database rights apply. Users must comply with the terms and conditions of the Public Sector Mapping Agreement Member Licence. See also OS OpenData.
Free map data released by OS under the terms of the OS OpenData Licence.
OS retain the IPR and copyright in OS OpenData™ and users must comply with the requirements of the OS OpenData Licence.
See also OS Licenced Data.
A legacy dataset. Ordnance Survey Centre-line Alignment of Roads, a vector dataset.
OSCAR is superseded by OS MasterMap® Integrated Transport Network™ ITN.
OSCAR is an OS Licenced Data product.
A contraction of the words 'picture element'. A single cell within an image such as a scanned map or photograph. Zooming into an image will reveal individual pixels hence image or raster data, as it is known, has a finite resolution.
A single (x,y) co-ordinate that represents a geographic feature too small to be displayed as a line or an area (e.g. a mountain peak or a spot height).
A multisided figure (poly = many) that represents an area on the Earth.
In ArcView 3, each separate piece of work is done within a project. A project is a collection of themes, views, and layouts. Only one project is open at a time. The project window in ArcView is like the table of contents for your project. When you save a project you are saving a snapshot of the current state of all the objects that project references. The project file has the extension .apr.
Membership of the Public Sector Mapping Agreement gives eligible public sector organisations free access to Ordnance Survey digital map products. The PSMA is a partnership between the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills and Ordnance Survey.
Each PSMA member organisation has a Principal Contact who acts as the main point of contact between that organisation and Ordnance Survey and is the focal point for all general and policy queries relating to the PMSA (including copyright issues), is responsible for placing OS Data orders and for managing Contractors and End-Users Licences.
The Principal Contact for Hertfordshire County Council is Steve Bayley.
A cellular based data structure made up of rows and columns of pixels. Raster images are made up of groups of pixels representing map features. Raster data has no attributes. Ordnance Survey 1:25,000 and 1:50,000 maps are held digitally as raster data. OS VectorMap Local (1:10,000 data) exists in both vector and raster formats.
The default spatial data file format for ArcView3. The data in a shapefile represents some sort of geographical feature or location. Shapefiles are superseded by geodatabase files (.gdb) but are currently still supported by ArcGIS (i.e. ArcMAP10.2).
Small scale O.S. vector data, the digital equivalent of their 1/250,000 Travelmaster mapping. Map features in Strategi have been heavily generalised.
Strategi is an OS OpenData product.
A collection of features or images drawn in a view. A Theme has an associated legend that defines the symbolisation of the features. A theme may have associated graphics; these graphics are visible only when the theme is visible.
A co-ordinate based data structure. Geographic data stored in the form of (x,y) co-ordinates positioning the ends of line segments or points.
In ArcView 3 the View Window provides a means to display and query a collection of user-defined Themes.
For other definitions please see the GIS Dictionary on the ArcGIS Resource Centre.
Portions of this document include intellectual property of ESRI and its licensors and are used herein under license. Copyright ©  ESRI and its licensors. All rights reserved.


There are many social media management tools that Deserve a mention . I've used many of them including Hootsuite Sprout Social, and Buffer, at one time or another.
However, I changed to Agorapulse a few years ago Now and it has been my No 1 choice to social media management since that time. You may read about some of the attribute comparisons between Agorapulse along with other programs here.
In Reality, it could be the main tool in Your arsenal! Agorapulse is kind of like a Swiss Army knife of social media direction.
Only, it doesn't have features That you never use, making you think"what's that used for?" . It's sensible, no-fluff and super simple to use.
Dare I say, it's even enjoyable (but we will get to that). Let us take a peek why I love Agorapulse for social media management!
Oh and Before I begin… I should mention that I do not always use EVERY single function in the same moment. I do use a couple of tools. However, I love that Agorapulse includes a package of features that do cover the majority of your social media advertising needs.
In fact, I Have been moving lots of the attributes I use on other programs around to Agorapulse. It is hard not to want to remain"in" this tool since it is so user-friendly and fun to use. I also have taken on a new ambassador part with Agorapulse considering writing this article. The article has been updated but my genuine love with this tool and the fact I can not do without it in my toolbox has not changed.
Let us start here. Because without this Remainder of the things I love about Agorapulse mean nothing.
Customer service is at the core of business Agorapulse. If their customers are happy and using their tool in the finest possible manner, (and they get results), then everything falls into place. Their team concentrates than anything else.
Agorapulse also stinks To customers about what works, what they can build next and what needs improving. You are not a client but part of a company. In fact, many of the features I am going to speak about came out of customer testimonials and opinions.
I've all summarized 12 reasons why I like Agorapulse Below, but let's start with a video overview of their recent (awesome) upgrade — then I'll break down the critical capabilities. There's a lot to like.
Now that we have covered off on the all-important Purpose of engagement (which is the reason why I adore Agorapulse the most), let us take a look at posting and scheduling.
Just as a publishing Tool goes, Agorapulse is one of the easiest I have used. It is a breeze to post to Twitter, LinkedIn, Facebook and Instagram (plus they have the new auto-posting work for Instagram as a formal Instagram Partner).
You can easily customise the posts to match each platform. As it intuitive to use, I don't even need to go into detail about it here. You, (like me) need to be able to work out how to program an easy post, easily and without education.
It's also super easy to schedule the post to Head out on different platforms, on different occasions, while being optimized for those platforms (altering the text or image size).
1 feature I like is the ability to Type"@" and then the name of the consumer and Agorapulse will bring up the possible accounts you can pick from on Twitter and Facebook. Notice how Agorapulse suggests additional accounts when I start entering their company name.
This helps you to label pages and profiles quickly And saves you time looking to include.
We'll get to Instagram at a moment, but for now, Please know that publishing your content and scheduling in advance on Agorapulse is easy! And like I said, it is also possible to currently auto-post into Instagram with Agorapulse since they are an official partner and have access to this new feature via Instagram's API.
Oh and they have a Fairly calendar opinion also, That means you are able to see all your articles ready to go across all of the programs.
And it is color coded for folks like me who need That extra level of organisation. Winning!
To me, that's"one job" to complete every day. And it is really almost enjoyable to clean out my inbox.
It's concentrated, it's simple and it is easy to Use, and that means you won't miss a mention!
Your inbox (where each of the articles you will need to examine or respond to are available ). Your inbox things are highlighted as things.
You can also click on a user's profile to expand it. You will then see all of the info you want — directly within Agorapulse (including any previous interactions).
If You've Got a Only one click and you will see History with the conversations and the consumer you have had before. This means that you may give the people the ideal care at the perfect moment.
I can certainly see how many mentions and DMs I have Inside my inbox. If I am looking at this tweet from Ravi, I will see just how many tweets I have to review and that I can review or respond to his tweet. It is the same for other societal channels — your entire engagement is in 1 area.
I know my inbox Is not empty in this screenshot. When I've finished writing this article, but it will be! I do not always get to inbox zero every day but I get there often enough to LOVE that"Congratulations" screen!
It's easy to inspect all of your own references. You can Even filter by cite or message kind as follows.
Then simply review the posts you have replied to or dealt with. Once a post is replied to by you, it is marked as reviewed.
I can choose To reply (or reply from DM), examine the article, assign it for somebody else (more of that later), retweet it or"like" the article — all from within precisely the exact same dashboard area on Agorapulse.
Being able to see ALL of your remarks is handy on Where you can see the past 50 mentions on your own feed. In case you've got a high number of followers it's not possible to keep up with mentions. Agorapulse alters that which is enormous for influencers and brands.
Excited? You Can now participate with ALL of your Mentions when you are a bit late getting to them.
And I can easily participate by Switching to Facebook.
As I shared above, Agorapulse enables me to Easily track and participate with my best advocates using the"Fans and Followers" feature. From within your Twitter accounts, you click "Fans and Followers" and then filter your search under"All","Favorites" or"Top" users as per below.
You can add profiles and a celebrity to "favorite" people that you want to follow carefully in Agorapulse. In this manner, you have their articles accessible in their own thread! Now it's easy to engage together and retweet their articles!
In the case of Nicky, She's all 3 with respect to my @sociallysorted Twitter accounts. Nicky is somebody I ought to be engaging with (and I do!) .
On this, Facebook Function shows you who's said your webpage, and how many times they've enjoyed and commented or sent you a message, as well as their last interaction with you. It is also possible to ban them from your page from inside Agorapulse, although I expect that happens!
Consider Agorapulse as your personal Personal private investigator. You can use the Tracking function on Instagram to.
What is so great about this? It opens up a whole new World of possibility for finding (and joining) conversations around any subject you like (including your manufacturer ).
Evolution metrics with time. Agorapulse gives a reading re whether a specific metric is decreasing or increasing over a time to you and automatically compares metrics over the years.
Your material is analysed and Presented in report form. You may even download it as a csv file to reveal the people/clients/team that needs to view it the most.
My DMs can be filtered by me so that I really don't see almost all of them at the first place. This is where the magic occurs. You can set up filters to weed out"most" of those bad DMs. Not all (sigh) but most.
I will filter my feed by Mentions or DMs. Clear them out pretty fast and I typically go to DMs. To be fair I get numerous DMs that are spam nowadays, it's hard not to overlook the good ones. Auto DMs have made DMs useless to me, which is a real shame.
Moderation and filtering functions for all accounts Types but I mostly use it for Twitter to"markers as reviewed" all of the Auto DMs that come through saying"thanks for following".
It mainly filters out The auto-DMs, and yes I am sad that it grabs some real ones as well, however you have to choose your battles!
Filter out articles to be responded to. Perhaps you wish to have all the posts featuring a hashtag to be labeled in a manner that is specific — so you can respond to them afterwards.
Filter out those people that are SUPER participated and post all the time so that you don't need to see every Tweet at Agorapulse — only repond to them occasionally or in Twitter.
In case you have one of the"large" amount accounts (best for smaller agencies) you'll have articles assigned to a team member (see 11 below).
If you are out and around And you will need to clean your inbox, the more Agorapulse app is something that you will love.
Agorapulse's queue feature allows you to publish Your articles onto a replicated, evergreen basis utilizing intelligent categories — much like the way by which Meet Edgar allows you to set posts to be scheduled at certain times daily based on particular categories. I use it to Facebook and Twitter.
If you Need to and are using a tool like Meet Edgar Reduce costs, then consider Agorapulse's evergreen content feature rather (and you get the bonus of all of the additional Agorapulse features).
With Agorapulse name and it's super simple to set up Your queue catogories, and add your program for articles to be published on. Then of adding content, the process is extremely intuitive. As you can see, it is a slick dash (the user experience is awesome).
All you Need to, once you've set up your classes Do is add times such as this, to the schedule.
Agorapulse gives You a handy visual/image preview of the article, to show you how it'll appear on the newsfeed of the platform when you print it, you select.
Pick to Schedule your posts or add every article to the Queue of your choice. As you have already set up your queue this component is easy. Your Queue, full of posts (and ready to go) will appear something like this.
Apart from using the operate for repeated Content, you might choose to either.
Repeat your article a certain number of times (once you do so you may place the minimum amount of days between repetitions of this post). Be aware you could do this for Facebook but you need to know about the Twitter rules against content — see below.
I Really like That Agorapulse has added a pause button. When a catastrophe is or for some reason it is not great timing to post, it is easy to pause the queue.
Meet it was something and Edgar has a pause button That I really wished to see in any instrument which I opted to replace it with. I requested Agorapulse to include one and they did (they constantly listen never be reluctant to mention suggestions or provide opinions!) .
The function can be handy for announcing Events like a Facebook Live (should you hold them to a weekly or regular basis). Share your articles that must go out weekly in a queue. I would recommend a bit varies the articles to keep the content fresh and more eye-catching.
The rules are not New as discussed in this informative article by Agorapulse's CEO Emeric Ernoult. It is just that now they are currently making a point of saying they will be enforced by them.
Basically this mean that we can no more Post identical or similar content . This applies to replicate content in exactly the same account.
Lets's take a look Twitter with Agorapulse whilst complying with all the principles, so when you draft an image similar to this one to post to Twitter, you obey the rules.
Note that you can choose to queue or program Your article to Twitter. Here's where we have to consider Twitter's principles and comply with them. You can do this a couple of ways with Agorapulse.
If you look At the picture above, you'll see that Agorapulse blocks my ability to post duplicate content to over one of my Twitter accounts. The tool recognises that I am submitting to Twitter! This helps make sure I adhere to Twitter's guidelines.
This is the way I use Agorapulse to save me loads of Time and stay from Twitter Jail. With Agorapulse, you now have two choices for repeating a link.
It is possible to choose to Schedule your post once (or more than once if you change it). Simply put in your article to do this, then pick the time and date you want it to head out at. If it'll be published more than once, you will want to edit the replicated or duplicate tweets so they're not"replicate" content. A lot of this is under.
More than once with variants or you can opt to Queue your article once. Agorapulse recommends this. When you're queueing content for Twitter, be sure that you don't choose the option to"re-queue multiple times." This is where you would end up in violation of Twitter's rules, although you can still use this attribute for some other platforms. While I decide to do it this way, I make sure it's a unique place, then add it on the top or bottom of this queue (ie I choose"queue next" or"queue last").
Advanced Scheduling is also used by me to Write 1 tweet, and set that tweet. Below, I have set it to post no more frequently than every 7 Days, as well as 6 repetitions. Don't forget to edit the repeats!
After the 6 x repeats are scheduled by me, I can easily see Those articles in my schedule. I would go straight in and alter them to emojis text that is new, images or hashtags. Do this do not do it later or you may forget.
Note. It is Okay if the connection stays the same when you edit your posts. It is the text that you have to change each time.
I'd been using Advanced Scheduling in this manner For a little while today to post fresh content — well ahead of the new"principles" were declared. I like to mix it up and it is better for involvement.
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If you are a group, this feature is a good You to upgrade to.
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On Your app or background computer, schedule your Instagram article (add photo and caption) then schedule the date and time that you want to print it. You may opt to switch on Auto-scheduling or you can use the program to connect through to Instagram and place the image.
When it is time to 19, if you post manually, will get a notification through your program. Simply click"Publish" and you'll be switched through to the Instagram program.
Post as you would ordinarily on Instagram. Your copy/description is going to be duplicated and you want to glue it to the Instagram app. Check you have hashtags added as necessary and you're good to go!
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text:
Northwood Overview
Northwood Code of Ordinances
CODIFIED ORDINANCES OF THE CITY OF NORTHWOOD OHIO
DIRECTORY OF OFFICIALS (2020)
PRELIMINARY UNIT
PART TWO - ADMINISTRATION CODE
PART FOUR - TRAFFIC CODE
PART SIX - GENERAL OFFENSES CODE
PART EIGHT - BUSINESS REGULATION AND TAXATION CODE
PART TEN - STREETS, UTILITIES AND PUBLIC SERVICES CODE
PART TWELVE - PLANNING AND ZONING
PART FOURTEEN - BUILDING AND HOUSING CODE
PART SIXTEEN - FIRE PREVENTION CODE
666.20 NONCONSENSUAL DISSEMINATION OF PRIVATE SEXUAL IMAGES.
(a) As used in this section:
(1) "Cable service provider." Has the same meaning as in Ohio R.C. 1332.01.
(2) "Direct-to-home satellite service." Has the meaning defined in 47 U.S.C. § 303, as amended.
(3) "Disseminate." Means to post, distribute, or publish on a computer device, computer network, web site, or other electronic device or medium of communication.
(4) "Image." Means a photograph, film, videotape, digital recording, or other depiction or portrayal of a person.
(5) "Interactive computer service." Has the meaning defined in the "Telecommunications Act of 1996", 47 U.S.C. § 230, as amended.
(6) "Internet provider." Means a provider of internet service, including all of the following:
A. Broadband service, however defined or classified by the Federal Communications Commission;
B. Information service or telecommunications service, both as defined in the "Telecommunications Act of 1996", 47 U.S.C. § 153, as amended;
C. Internet protocol-enabled services, as defined in Ohio R.C. 4927.01.
(7) "Mobile service." Has the meaning defined in 47 U.S.C. § 153, as amended.
(8) "Sexual act." Means any of the following:
A. Sexual activity;
B. Masturbation;
C. An act involving a bodily substance that is performed for the purpose of sexual arousal or gratification;
D. Sado-masochistic abuse.
(9) "Telecommunications carrier." Has the meaning defined in 47 U.S.C. § 153, as amended.
(10) "Video service provider." Has the same meaning as in Ohio R.C. 1332.21.
(b) No person shall knowingly disseminate an image of another person if all of the following apply:
(1) The person in the image is 18 years of age or older.
(2) The person in the image can be identified from the image itself or from information displayed in connection with the image and the offender supplied the identifying information.
(3) The person in the image is in a state of nudity or is engaged in a sexual act.
(4) The image is disseminated without consent from the person in the image.
(5) The image is disseminated with intent to harm the person in the image.
(c) This section does not prohibit the dissemination of an image if any of the following apply:
(1) The image is disseminated for the purpose of a criminal investigation that is otherwise lawful.
(2) The image is disseminated for the purpose of, or in connection with, the reporting of unlawful conduct.
(3) The image is part of a news report or commentary or an artistic or expressive work, such as a performance, work of art, literary work, theatrical work, musical work, motion picture, film, or audiovisual work.
(4) The image is disseminated by a law enforcement officer, or a corrections officer or guard in a detention facility, acting within the scope of the person's official duties.
(5) The image is disseminated for another lawful public purpose.
(6) The person in the image is knowingly and willingly in a state of nudity or engaged in a sexual act and is knowingly and willingly in a location in which the person does not have a reasonable expectation of privacy.
(7) The image is disseminated for the purpose of medical treatment or examination.
(d) The following entities are not liable for a violation of this section solely as a result of an image or other information provided by another person:
(1) A provider of interactive computer service;
(2) A mobile service;
(3) A telecommunications carrier;
(4) An internet provider;
(5) A cable service provider;
(6) A direct-to-home satellite service;
(7) A video service provider.
(e) Any conduct that is a violation of this section and any other section of this Code or the Ohio Revised Code may be prosecuted under this section, the other section, or both sections.
(f) (1) A. Except as otherwise provided in division (f)(1)B., (f)(1)C., or (f)(1)D. of this section, whoever violates this section is guilty of nonconsensual dissemination of private sexual images, a misdemeanor of the third degree.
B. If the offender previously has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to a violation of this section or any substantially equivalent state or local law, nonconsensual dissemination of private sexual images is a misdemeanor of the second degree.
C. If the offender previously has been convicted of or pleaded guilty to two or more violations of this section or any substantially equivalent state or local law, nonconsensual dissemination of private sexual images is a misdemeanor of the first degree.
D. If the offender is under 18 years of age and the person in the image is not more than five years older than the offender, the offender shall not be prosecuted under this section.
(2) In addition to any other penalty or disposition authorized or required by law, the court may order any person who is convicted of a violation of this section or who is adjudicated delinquent by reason of a violation of this section to criminally forfeit all of the following property to the state under Ohio R.C. Chapter 2981:
A. Any profits or proceeds and any property the person has acquired or maintained in violation of this section that the sentencing court determines to have been acquired or maintained as a result of the violation;
B. Any interest in, securities of, claim against, or property or contractual right of any kind affording a source of influence over any enterprise that the person has established, operated, controlled, or conducted in violation of this section that the sentencing court determines to have been acquired or maintained as a result of the violation.
(g) A victim of a violation of this section may commence a civil cause of action against the offender, as described in Ohio R.C. 2307.66.
(ORC 2917.211)


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When: Thursday, Nov. 30 from 5:15-7 p.m.
Details: Volunteers will assist with registration and processing payments. All ages welcome. The Children's Place is a nurturing, caring place for the very youngest survivors of abuse, neglect and other childhood traumas. Their goal so to help these kids heal, and give them new hope for the future.


To look at the first gallery of photos, click here.
It's not a cosplay event unless someone turns up as a Danganronpa character. They're just too awesome.
Overwatch, of course. Overwatch is the new global default for cosplayers, and why not when they're this good?
Perfect pose, 10/10 for this one.
This guy has the absolutely perfect jaw for Batman. It's just spectacular how perfect it is.
I'd be lying if I said I knew what this cosplay was of, but it's amazing.
Purple is the finest colour!
Gosh these things must be hard to walk around. I'm so impressed with the commitment of some people.
Cat ears are always going to be a winner. Doesn't matter what you're cosplaying as, really, as long as you've got the ears going.
And finally to round this gallery out, we have a wonderful devil costume!


This happens when you assign a Client Contact as the Billing Contact in Core, but the contact does not have the Company name field filled in. So Core uses the contact's name in the first line and the contact's Display As name in the second line, which is typically the client name by default.
To resolve this, you should enter the company name of the client or client contact, which then appears on the second line on the invoice. If you do not want to keep the company name in the second line, then remove the contact and company name, and only keep the Display As name. The invoice will show only the Display As name.
Why do only some projects show Project ID and Phase Name?
Can I have multiple addresses for a client?


text:
Przemysław Zygmunt Siwik (ur. 24 grudnia 1912 w Petersburgu – zm. w kwietniu 1940 w Charkowie) – polski architekt, więzień Starobielska.

Był synem znanego działacza socjalistycznego i spółdzielczego Bronisława Zygmunta i Stanisławy z Maśnych. Ukończył gimnazjum Ziemi Mazowieckiej w Warszawie (1930) i jako inżynier architekt, Wydział Architektury Politechniki Warszawskiej (1938). Podczas nauki szkolnej należał do 21 Warszawskiej Drużyny Harcerskiej, gdzie pełnił funkcję zastępowego. W trakcie studiów był prezesem centrali Akademickiego Związku Sportowego w Warszawie. Od 1938 pracował jako starszy asystent w Zakładzie Architektury Polskiej i Historii Sztuki, Wydziału Architektury Politechniki Warszawskiej. W tym samym roku wraz ze Zbigniewem Karpińskim i Romanem Sołtyńskim wykonał projekt rozplanowania komunikacyjnego portu lotniczego na Gocławiu w Warszawie za co otrzymał III nagrodę w Konkursie SARP. Członek Oddziału Warszawskiego Stowarzyszenia Architektów Polskich. Był członkiem grupy architektów Studium.

Był oficerem rezerwy WP, ukończył Szkołę Podchorążych Rezerwy Artylerii we Włodzimierzu Wołyńskim (1935). W 1937 mianowany podporucznikiem i przydzielony do 8 pułku artylerii lekkiej. Uczestniczył w kampanii wrześniowej jako d-ca plutonu w 33 dywizjonie artylerii lekkiej. Po dostaniu się do niewoli sowieckiej – był więźniem obozu w Starobielsku, został zamordowany w Charkowie.

Przypisy

Absolwenci Politechniki Warszawskiej
Polscy architekci
Jeńcy polscy obozu NKWD w Starobielsku (1939–1940)
Urodzeni w 1912
Zmarli w 1933

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


directed by Neil Cunningham and hosted by Curt Gowdy." Baracaia, Alexa (October 4, 2006). Most of these shows have had spin-offs in multiple locations. The genre has even encompassed cartoons ( Drawn Together (2004) and Total Drama (2007) and a show about puppets ( The Muppets, 2015). Will Reality TV Survive? Other shows in this category, such as The 1900 House and Lads' Army, involve historical re-enactment, with cast members living and working as people of a specific time and place. 45 Hoaxes edit In hoax reality shows, a false premise is presented to some of the series participants; the rest of the cast may contain actors who are in on the joke. "Playing house: Participants' experiences Of Big Brother Finland".
84 As a substitute for scripted drama edit Reality television generally costs less to produce than scripted series. 101 102 Some critics have decried the positive representation of sexually objectified women in shows like The Girls Next Door.
PublicAgent Yana the street dancer fucks to be on talent TV Show.
Get cast in reality TV shows, game shows, talk shows, documentaries, and more. Find the latest reality television auditions from all the major TV networks. Casting director states: This new series is different than all other dating shows. It s for the.
Category:TV Video: Reality TV Documentary. Backstage works with reality shows to help them cast their future talent. Apply, to, casting Calls Auditions.


The wonderful Ouessant sheep is a rare breed of heritage sheep originally from the island of Ouessant in Brittany. Ouessants are renowned for their character, their hardiness and for their status as the smallest naturally occurring breed of sheep in the world.
The Ouessant Sheep Society was formed by a group of like minded breeders and enthusiasts in February 2005 and has since grown to include over 100 flocks across the UK. The Society exists to protect, promote and improve the Ouessant breed, providing members with information and advice on the care and welfare of Ouessants, and representing the interests of owners and their sheep in the UK and abroad.
Members have access to a wide range of Society resources, including the flock book register of all pedigree Ouessants in the UK, advice on care and welfare, discussion forums, regional events and the ability to advertise sheep for sale or hire.
The Isle of Ouessant, off the coast of Brittany, is swept by the full force of Atlantic weather, and its hardy sheep adapted to survive in all weathers on poor grazing. As a result, the Ouessant is the smallest recognized breed of sheep in the world, with a ram's shoulder height up to 49cm and a ewe's up to 46cm (around 18 inches).
Ouessant sheep are intelligent, inquisitive, gentle and full of character.
The Ouessant sheep carries a thick fleece of long wool with a dense undercoat.
Sailors and visitors to Ouessant noted its peculiar small sheep as long ago as 1754.
Ouessants - tiny sheep with huge characters - are the ideal choice for first-time sheep-keepers. Their small size and friendly temperament make them very easy to handle. Many owners in the UK use them to keep the grass down in paddocks or orchards without the damage caused by larger animals. And their size also makes them suitable for smaller areas; subject to the quality of the grazing.


text:
Bideford Bay to Start Point
Stanborough Hill No ratings yet.
Stanborough Hill is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Stanborough Hill is 215 metres high with a prominence of 97 metres. The summit can be identified by: Additional Notes: All the walks up Stanborough Hill on Mud and Routes can be seen above.
Hanger Down No ratings yet.
Hanger Down is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Hanger Down is 233 metres high with a prominence of 35 metres. The summit can be identified by: no feature: pasture Additional Notes: rocks 30m W at SX 61882 58950 are higher but unnatural All …
Hanger Down No ratings yet. Read More »
Staddon Moor No ratings yet.
Staddon Moor is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Staddon Moor is 205 metres high with a prominence of 51 metres. The summit can be identified by: Additional Notes: summit moved from SS675023 January 2015 All the walks up Staddon Moor on Mud and …
Staddon Moor No ratings yet. Read More »
Ingsdon Hill No ratings yet.
Ingsdon Hill is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Ingsdon Hill is 187 metres high with a prominence of 50 metres. The summit can be identified by: knoll Additional Notes: All the walks up Ingsdon Hill on Mud and Routes can be seen above.
Brightmans Hill No ratings yet.
Brightmans Hill is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Brightmans Hill is 171 metres high with a prominence of 33 metres. The summit can be identified by: Additional Notes: All the walks up Brightmans Hill on Mud and Routes can be seen above.
Burlestone Hill No ratings yet.
Burlestone Hill is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Burlestone Hill is 161 metres high with a prominence of 32 metres. The summit can be identified by: Additional Notes: All the walks up Burlestone Hill on Mud and Routes can be seen above.
Hatherleigh Moor No ratings yet.
Hatherleigh Moor is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Hatherleigh Moor is 147 metres high with a prominence of 40 metres. The summit can be identified by: Additional Notes: All the walks up Hatherleigh Moor on Mud and Routes can be seen above.
Knowle Fork No ratings yet.
Knowle Fork is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Knowle Fork is 138 metres high with a prominence of 82 metres. The summit can be identified by: Additional Notes: alternative summit 250m SW at SX778372 All the walks up Knowle Fork on Mud and …
Knowle Fork No ratings yet. Read More »
Stockleigh Hill No ratings yet.
Stockleigh Hill is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Stockleigh Hill is 127 metres high with a prominence of 30 metres. The summit can be identified by: Additional Notes: All the walks up Stockleigh Hill on Mud and Routes can be seen above.
Whiteley Cross No ratings yet.
Whiteley Cross is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Whiteley Cross is 112 metres high with a prominence of 43 metres. The summit can be identified by: Additional Notes: All the walks up Whiteley Cross on Mud and Routes can be seen above.
Hartley No ratings yet.
Hartley is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Plymouth, England. Hartley is 105 metres high with a prominence of 32 metres. The summit can be identified by: driveway of No 14 Additional Notes: All the walks up Hartley on Mud and Routes can be seen above.
Dartington Hill No ratings yet.
Dartington Hill is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Dartington Hill is 86 metres high with a prominence of 45 metres. The summit can be identified by: no feature: pasture Additional Notes: All the walks up Dartington Hill on Mud and Routes can be …
Dartington Hill No ratings yet. Read More »
West Town No ratings yet.
West Town is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. West Town is 126 metres high with a prominence of 44 metres. The summit can be identified by: no feature Additional Notes: All the walks up West Town on Mud and Routes can be seen …
West Town No ratings yet. Read More »
Telegraph Hill No ratings yet.
Telegraph Hill is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Telegraph Hill is 195 metres high with a prominence of 90 metres. The summit can be identified by: knoll Additional Notes: All the walks up Telegraph Hill on Mud and Routes can be seen above.
Ideford Common No ratings yet.
Ideford Common is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Ideford Common is 233 metres high with a prominence of 31 metres. The summit can be identified by: Additional Notes: All the walks up Ideford Common on Mud and Routes can be seen above.
Hollacombe Hill No ratings yet.
Hollacombe Hill is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Hollacombe Hill is 202 metres high with a prominence of 55 metres. The summit can be identified by: no feature: pasture Additional Notes: flat summit area All the walks up Hollacombe Hill on Mud and …
Hollacombe Hill No ratings yet. Read More »
Penson Cross No ratings yet.
Penson Cross is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Penson Cross is 187 metres high with a prominence of 41 metres. The summit can be identified by: Additional Notes: All the walks up Penson Cross on Mud and Routes can be seen above.
Torrington Hill No ratings yet.
Torrington Hill is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Torrington Hill is 170 metres high with a prominence of 33 metres. The summit can be identified by: Additional Notes: All the walks up Torrington Hill on Mud and Routes can be seen above.
Reedy Hill No ratings yet.
Reedy Hill is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Reedy Hill is 160 metres high with a prominence of 31 metres. The summit can be identified by: Additional Notes: All the walks up Reedy Hill on Mud and Routes can be seen above.
Tod Moor No ratings yet.
Tod Moor is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Tod Moor is 146 metres high with a prominence of 77 metres. The summit can be identified by: Additional Notes: alternative summit at SX619535 All the walks up Tod Moor on Mud and Routes can …
Tod Moor No ratings yet. Read More »
Knowle Hill No ratings yet.
Knowle Hill is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Knowle Hill is 138 metres high with a prominence of 40 metres. The summit can be identified by: no feature: pasture Additional Notes: All the walks up Knowle Hill on Mud and Routes can be …
Knowle Hill No ratings yet. Read More »
Holbeam Hill No ratings yet.
Holbeam Hill is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Holbeam Hill is 127 metres high with a prominence of 49 metres. The summit can be identified by: mound Additional Notes: summit is in trees All the walks up Holbeam Hill on Mud and Routes …
Holbeam Hill No ratings yet. Read More »
Smoothlands No ratings yet.
Smoothlands is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Smoothlands is 61 metres high with a prominence of 33 metres. The summit can be identified by: clifftop outcrop Additional Notes: All the walks up Smoothlands on Mud and Routes can be seen above.
Sutton Hill No ratings yet.
Sutton Hill is a mountain summit in the Bideford Bay to Start Point region in the county of Devon, England. Sutton Hill is 101 metres high with a prominence of 35 metres. The summit can be identified by: no feature: grass Additional Notes: All the walks up Sutton Hill on Mud and Routes can be …
Sutton Hill No ratings yet. Read More »