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Language of document : Bulgarian Spanish Czech Danish German Estonian Greek English French Italian Latvian Lithuanian Hungarian Maltese Dutch Polish Portuguese Romanian Slovak Slovene Finnish Swedish Croatian ECLI:EU:C:2019:204
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Second Chamber)
14 March 2019 (*)(i)
(Reference for a preliminary ruling — Competition — Article 101 TFEU — Compensation for the damage caused by a cartel prohibited by that article — Determination of the undertakings liable to provide compensation — Succession of legal entities — Concept of 'undertaking' — Economic continuity test)
In Case C‑724/17,
REQUEST for a preliminary ruling under Article 267 TFEU from the Korkein oikeus (Supreme Court, Finland), made by decision of 19 December 2017, received at the Court on 22 December 2017, in the proceedings
Skanska Industrial Solutions Oy,
NCC Industry Oy,
Asfaltmix Oy,
THE COURT (Second Chamber),
composed of A. Arabadjiev (Rapporteur), President of the Chamber, R. Silva de Lapuerta, Vice-President of the Court, acting as Judge of the Second Chamber, E. Levits, M. Berger and P.G. Xuereb, Judges,
Advocate General: N. Wahl,
Registrar: L. Carrasco Marco, Administrator,
having regard to the written procedure and further to the hearing on 16 January 2019,
after considering the observations submitted on behalf of:
– Vantaan kaupunki, by N. Mickelsson and O. Hyvönen, asianajajat,
– Skanska Industrial Solutions Oy, by A.P. Mentula and T. Väätäinen, asianajajat,
– NCC Industry Oy, by I. Aalto-Setälä, M. Kokko, M. von Schrowe and H. Koivuniemi, asianajajat,
– Asfaltmix Oy, by S. Hiltunen, A. Laine and M. Blomfelt, asianajajat,
– the Finnish Government, by J. Heliskoski and S. Hartikainen, acting as Agents,
– the Italian Government, by G. Palmieri, acting as Agent, and by S. Fiorentino, avvocato dello Stato,
– the Polish Government, by B. Majczyna, acting as Agent,
– the European Commission, by C. Vollrath, H. Leupold, G. Meessen and M. Huttunen, acting as Agents,
after hearing the Opinion of the Advocate General at the sitting on 6 February 2019,
1 This request for a preliminary ruling concerns the interpretation of Article 101 TFEU and the principle of effectiveness of EU law with regard to the rules in Finnish law applicable to actions for damages in respect of infringements of EU competition law.
2 The request has been made in proceedings between Vantaan kaupunki (City of Vantaa, Finland) and Skanska Industrial Solutions Oy, NCC Industry Oy and Asfaltmix Oy concerning compensation for damage resulting from a cartel in the Finnish asphalt market.
3 Pursuant to Paragraph 1 of Part 2 of the Vahingonkorvauslaki 412/1974 (Law 412/1974 on compensation) any person who deliberately or negligently causes damage to another is liable to pay compensation to the latter.
4 Under Paragraph 6(2) of that law, if the damage was caused by two or more persons, or if two or more persons are ordered to pay compensation for the same damage they are jointly and severally liable.
5 In accordance with Finnish Company law, every limited liability company is a separate legal person with its own property and its own liability.
The dispute in the main proceedings and the questions referred for a preliminary ruling
6 Between 1994 and 2002 a cartel in the asphalt market was set up in Finland ('the cartel in question'). That cartel, which agreed on dividing up contracts, prices and tendering for contracts, covered the whole of that Member State and was also liable to affect trade between Member States. The aforementioned cartel included, among others, Lemminkäinen Oyj, Sata-Asfaltti Oy, Interasfaltti Oy, Asfalttineliö Oy and Asfaltti-Tekra Oy.
7 On 22 March 2000, Asfaltti-Tekra, which changed its name to Skanska Asfaltti Oy from 1 November 2000, acquired all the shares in Sata-Asfaltti. On 23 January 2002, the latter was wound up due to a voluntary liquidation procedure in the course of which its business was transferred to Skanska Asfaltti on 13 December 2000. Skanska Asfaltti also took part in the cartel in question. On 9 August 2017, that company changed its name to Skanska Industrial Solutions ('SIS').
8 Interasfaltti was a 100% owned subsidiary of Oy Läntinen Teollisuuskatu 15. On 31 October 2000, NCC Finland Oy acquired the shares in Läntinen Teollisuuskatu 15. On 30 September 2002, Interasfaltti was merged with Läntinen Teollisuuskatu 15 which, on that occasion, changed its name to Interasfaltti. On 1 January 2003, NCC Finland was split into three new companies. One of them, NCC Roads Oy, received the ownership of all the shares in Interasfaltti. On 31 December 2003, Interasfaltti was wound up following a voluntary liquidation procedure, pursuant to which its commercial activities were transferred to NCC Roads with effect from 1 February 2003. On 1 May 2016, that company changed its name to NCC Industry ('NCC').
9 On 20 June 2000, Siilin Sora Oy, which changed its name to Rudus Asfaltti Oy, with effect from 17 October 2000, acquired all the shares in Asfalttineliö. On 23 January 2002, Asfalttineliö was wound up following a voluntary insolvency procedure, pursuant to which its commercial activities were transferred to Rudus Asfaltti from 16 February 2001. On 10 January 2014, that company changed its name to Asfaltmix.
10 On 31 March 2004, the Kilpailuvirasto (Competition Authority, Finland) proposed that fines should be imposed on seven companies. By judgment of 29 September 2009, the Korkein hallinto-oikeus (Supreme Administrative Court, Finland), in accordance with the economic continuity test recognised by the case-law of the Court of Justice, imposed fines, inter alia, on SIS for its own conduct and that of Sata-Asfaltti, on NCC for the conduct of Interasfalt, and on Asfaltmix for the conduct of Asfalttineliö.
11 On the basis of the judgment of the Korkein hallinto-oikeus (Supreme Administrative Court), the City of Vantaa, which had concluded agreements with Lemminkäinen for asphalt works for the years 1998 to 2001, brought an action for damages against, inter alia, SIS, NCC and Asfaltmix, on 2 December 2009, before the Käräjäoikeus (District Court, Finland), claiming that those three companies were jointly and severally liable for the additional costs which it had to pay for asphalt works due to overpricing resulting from the cartel in question. SIS, NCC and Asfaltmix claimed that they were not liable for the damage caused by the legally independent companies involved in the cartel in question, and argued that the claim for compensation should have been lodged in the liquidation proceedings of the latter companies.
12 The Käräjäoikeus (District Court) ordered SIS to pay damages on the basis of its own conduct and that of Sata-Asfaltti, NCC for the conduct of Interasfaltti and Asfaltmix for the conduct of Asfalttineliö. That court held that, in a situation such as that at issue in the main proceedings, it is practically impossible or unreasonably difficult for the party who has suffered damage as a result of an infringement of EU competition law to obtain compensation for the damage suffered as a result of that infringement under Finnish civil liability and company law. That court held that, in order to ensure the effectiveness of Article 101 TFEU, the economic continuity test must be applied to the determination of liability for damage in the same way as that for the imposition of fines.
13 On appeal, the Hovioikeus (Court of Appeal, Finland) held that the principle of effectiveness cannot call into question the fundamental characteristics of the Finnish rules on civil liability and that the economic continuity test applied in relation to the imposition of fines cannot be applied to actions for damages in the absence of detailed rules or more specific provisions. That court therefore dismissed the City of Vantaa's claims in so far as they were directed against SIS, on account of Sata-Asfaltti's conduct and NCC and Asfaltmix.
14 The City of Vantaa appealed to the Korkein oikeus (Supreme Court, Finland) against the judgment of the Hovioikeus (Court of Appeal).
15 The Korkein oikeus (Supreme Court) observes that Finnish law does not lay down rules on the attribution of liability for damage caused by an infringement of EU competition law in a situation such as that at issue in the main proceedings. The rules on civil liability in Finnish law are based on the principle that only the legal entity that caused the damage is liable. In the case of legal persons, it is possible to derogate from this basic rule by lifting the corporate veil. However, that approach is only possible if the operators concerned used the group structure, the relationship between the companies or the shareholder's control in a reprehensible or artificial manner, resulting in the avoidance of legal liability.
16 The referring court observes that it is clear from the case-law of the Court that any person may claim compensation for damage resulting from an infringement of Article 101 TFEU if there is a causal link between that damage and the infringement and it is for the domestic legal order of each Member State to lay down the detailed rules for exercising that right.
17 However, it is not clear from that case-law whether persons who are required to provide compensation for such damage must be determined by direct application of Article 101 TFEU, or whether the detailed rules laid down by the domestic legal order of each Member State are applicable.
18 If the persons liable to provide compensation for damage resulting from an infringement of Article 101 TFEU are to be determined by direct application of that article, it is not clear to the referring court which persons may be held liable for the infringement of that article.
19 In that context, it is possible to establish the liability of the person infringing the competition rules or the liability of an 'undertaking', within the meaning of Article 101 TFEU. According to the case-law of the Court, when an undertaking consisting of several legal persons infringes the competition rules, it is for that undertaking to answer for the infringement, in accordance with the principle of personal liability. According to that case-law, liability for an infringement of Article 101 TFEU may be attributed to the entity which has continued the business of the entity responsible for the infringement in question, if the latter has ceased to exist.
20 According to the referring court, if the persons liable for the damage caused by an infringement of Article 101 TFEU are not to be determined by direct application of that article, that court must attribute liability for the damage caused by the cartel in question in accordance with the rules of Finnish law and the principle of effectiveness of EU law.
21 In that regard, the referring court asks whether that principle requires that liability for an infringement of EU competition law is to be attributed to the company which has acquired the share capital and business of a company which has been wound up and which participated in the cartel. The question then arises as to whether the principle of effectiveness precludes a national rule, such as that described in paragraph 15 of the present judgment, and, if so, whether it can be held that the company which continued the business of the company participating in the cartel is to be held liable only if the former company knew or should have known, when it acquired the share capital of the latter company that the latter had committed such an infringement.
22 In those circumstances, the Korkein oikeus (Supreme Court) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following questions to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:
'(1) Is the determination of which parties are liable for the compensation of harm caused by conduct contrary to Article 101 TFEU to be done by applying that provision directly or on the basis of national provisions?
(2) If the entities liable are to be determined directly on the basis of Article 101 TFEU, are the entities which fall within the concept of "undertaking" mentioned in that article those liable for compensation? When determining the entities liable for compensation, are the same principles to be applied as the Court of Justice has applied to determining the entities liable in cases concerning fines, in accordance with which liability may be founded, in particular, on belonging to the same economic unit or on economic continuity?
(3) If the entities liable are to be determined on the basis of national provisions of a Member State, are national rules under which a company which, after acquiring the entire share capital of a company which took part in a cartel contrary to Article 101 TFEU, dissolved the company in question and continued its activity is not liable for compensation for the damage caused by the anticompetitive conduct of the company in question, even though obtaining compensation from the dissolved company is impossible in practice or unreasonably difficult, contrary to the EU law requirement of effectiveness? Does the requirement of effectiveness preclude an interpretation of a Member State's domestic law making it a condition of compensation for damage that a transformation of the kind described has been implemented unlawfully or artificially in order to avoid liability for compensation for damage under competition law or otherwise fraudulently, or at least that the company knew or ought to have known of the competition infringement when implementing the transformation?'
Consideration of the questions referred
23 By its first and second questions, which it is appropriate to examine together, the national court asks essentially whether Article 101 TFEU must be interpreted as meaning that, in a case such as that in the main proceedings, in which all the shares of the companies which have participated in a cartel prohibited by that article were acquired by other companies, which dissolved the former companies and carried on their commercial activities, the acquiring companies may be held liable for the damage caused by that cartel.
24 In that regard, it should be noted that Article 101(1) and Article 102 TFEU produce direct legal effects in relations between individuals and directly create rights for individuals which national courts must protect (judgment of 5 June 2014, Kone and Others, C‑557/12, EU:C:2014:1317, paragraph 20 and the case-law cited).
25 It is settled case-law that the full effectiveness of Article 101 TFEU and, in particular, the practical effect of the prohibition laid down in paragraph 1 of that provision would be put at risk if it were not open to any individual to claim damages for loss caused to him by a contract or by conduct liable to restrict or distort competition (judgment of 5 June 2014, Kone and Others, C‑557/12, EU:C:2014:1317, paragraph 21 and the case-law cited).
26 Any person is thus entitled to claim compensation for the harm suffered where there is a causal relationship between that harm and an agreement or practice prohibited under Article 101 TFEU (judgment of 5 June 2014, Kone and Others, C‑557/12, EU:C:2014:1317, paragraph 22 and the case-law cited).
27 It is true that in the absence of EU rules governing the matter, it is for the domestic legal system of each Member State to lay down the detailed rules governing the exercise of the right to claim compensation for the harm resulting from an agreement or practice prohibited under Article 101 TFEU, provided that the principles of equivalence and effectiveness are observed (see, to that effect, judgment of 5 June 2014, Kone and Others, C‑557/12, EU:C:2014:1317, paragraph 24 and the case-law cited).
28 However, as the Advocate General has pointed out in points 60 to 62 of his Opinion, the determination of the entity which is required to provide compensation for damage caused by an infringement of Article 101 TFEU is directly governed by EU law.
29 It is clear from the wording of Article 101(1) TFEU that the authors of the Treaties chose to use the concept of an 'undertaking' to designate the perpetrator of an infringement of the prohibition laid down in that provision (see, to that effect, judgment of 27 April 2017, Akzo Nobel and Others v Commission, C‑516/15 P, EU:C:2017:314, paragraph 46).
30 Furthermore, it is settled case-law that EU competition law refers to the activities of undertakings (see, to that effect, judgments of 11 December 2007, ETI and Others, C‑280/06, EU:C:2007:775, paragraph 38 and the case-law cited, and of 18 December 2014, Commission v Parker Hannifin Manufacturing and Parker-Hannifin, C‑434/13 P, EU:C:2014:2456, paragraph 39 and the case-law cited).
31 Since the liability for damage caused by infringements of EU competition rules is personal in nature, the undertaking which infringes those rules must answer for the damage caused by the infringement.
32 It follows from the foregoing consideration that the entities which are required to compensate for the damage caused by a cartel or practice prohibited by Article 101 TFEU are the undertakings, within the meaning of that provision, which have participated in that cartel or that practice.
33 That interpretation is not called into question by the European Commission's argument put forward at the hearing that it is clear from Article 11(1) of Directive 2014/104/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 November 2014 on certain rules governing actions for damages under national law for infringements of the competition law provisions of the Member States and of the European Union (OJ 2014 L 349, p. 1), according to which Member States are to ensure that undertakings which have infringed competition law through joint behaviour are jointly and severally liable for the harm caused by the infringement of competition law, that it is for the legal system of each Member State to determine, in accordance with the principles of equivalence and effectiveness, the entity which is to compensate for that damage.
34 That provision of Directive 2014/104, which, moreover, does not apply ratione temporis to the facts of the case in the main proceedings, does not apply to the definition of entities which are required to compensate for such damage, but to the attribution of liability between those entities and, thus, does not confer on the Member States the power to carry out that determination.
35 To the contrary, that provisions confirms, like Article 1 of Directive 2014/104, entitled 'Subject matter, scope and definitions', in paragraph 1, first sentence thereof, that those responsible for damage caused by an infringement of EU competition law are specifically the 'undertakings' which committed that infringement.
36 That being said, it must be recalled that the concept of an 'undertaking', within the meaning of Article 101 TFEU covers any entity engaged in an economic activity, irrespective of its legal status and the way in which it is financed (judgment of 11 December 2007, ETI and Others, C‑280/06, EU:C:2007:775, paragraph 38 and the case-law cited).
37 That concept, placed in that context, must be understood as designating an economic unit even if in law that economic unit consists of several persons, natural or legal (judgment of 27 April 2017, Akzo Nobel and Others v Commission, C‑516/15 P, EU:C:2017:314, paragraph 48 and the case-law cited).
38 As regards the restructuring of an undertaking, such as that at issue in the main proceedings, in which the entity which committed the infringement of EU competition law has ceased to exist, it must be recalled that, when an entity that has committed an infringement of the competition rules is subject to a legal or organisational change, this change does not necessarily create a new undertaking free of liability for the conduct of its predecessor that infringed the competition rules, when, from an economic point of view, the two are identical (see, to that effect, judgments of 11 December 2007, ETI and Others, C‑280/06, EU:C:2007:775, paragraph 42; of 5 December 2013, SNIA v Commission, C‑448/11 P, not published, EU:C:2013:801, paragraph 22; and of 18 December 2014, Commission v Parker Hannifin Manufacturing and Parker-Hannifin, C‑434/13 P, EU:C:2014:2456, paragraph 40).
39 It is therefore not contrary to the principle of individual liability to impute liability for an infringement to a company which has taken over the company which committed the infringement where the latter has ceased to exist (judgment of 5 December 2013, SNIA v Commission, C‑448/11 P, not published, EU:C:2013:801, paragraph 23 and the case-law cited).
40 Furthermore, the Court has stated that, for the effective implementation of the EU competition rules, it may be necessary to consider that the purchaser of the offending undertaking is liable for the infringement of those rules if that offending undertaking ceases to exist by reason of the fact that it has been taken over by the purchaser, which as the acquiring company, takes over its assets and liabilities, including its liability for breaches of EU law (judgment of 5 December 2013, SNIA v Commission, C‑448/11 P, not published, EU:C:2013:801, paragraph 25)
41 In that connection, Asfaltmix argues, in essence, that the case-law cited in paragraphs 36 to 40 of this judgment has been developed in a context in which the Commission imposes fines for the implementation of Article 23(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles [101] and [102 TFEU] (OJ 2003 L 1, p. 1), that case-law is not applicable to an action for damages such as that at issue in the main proceedings.
42 That argument cannot be accepted.
43 As stated in paragraph 25 of this judgment, the right to claim compensation for damage caused by an agreement or conduct prohibited by Article 101 TFEU ensures the full effectiveness of that article and, in particular, the effectiveness of the prohibition laid down in paragraph 1 thereof.
44 That right strengthens the working of the EU competition rules, since it discourages agreements or practices, frequently covert, which are liable to restrict or distort competition, thereby making a significant contribution to the maintenance of effective competition in the European Union (judgment of 5 June 2014, Kone and Others, C‑557/12, EU:C:2014:1317, paragraph 23 and the case-law cited).
45 As the Advocate General stated essentially, in point 80 of his Opinion, actions for damages for infringement of EU competition rules are an integral part of the system for enforcement of those rules, which are intended to punish anticompetitive behaviour on the part of undertakings and to deter them from engaging in such conduct.
46 Therefore, if the undertakings responsible for damage caused by infringement of the EU competition rules could escape liability by simply changing their identity through restructurings, sales or other legal or organisational changes, the objective pursued by that system and the effectiveness of those rules would be jeopardised (see, by analogy, judgment of 11 December 2007, ETI and Others, C‑280/06, EU:C:2007:775, paragraph 41 and the case-law cited).
47 It follows that the concept of 'undertaking', within the meaning of Article 101 TFEU, which constitutes an autonomous concept of EU law, cannot have a different scope with regard to the imposition of fines by the Commission under Article 23(2) of Regulation No 1/2003 as compared with actions for damages for infringement of EU competition rules.
48 In the case in the main proceedings, it is apparent from the information provided by the referring court that SIS, NCC and Asfaltmix acquired all the shares in Sata-Asfaltti, Interasfaltti and Asfalttineliö respectively, which participated in the cartel in question and, subsequently, when those companies went into voluntary liquidation in 2000, 2001 and 2003, took over all those commercial activities of those companies and wound them up.
49 Therefore, it appears, subject to the definitive assessment by the referring court having regard to all the relevant evidence that, from an economic perspective, SIS, NCC and Asfaltmix, on one hand, and Sata-Asfaltti, Interasfaltti and Asfalttineliö respectively, on the other, are the same, and that the three latter companies have ceased to exist as legal persons.
50 It must therefore be held that, SIS, NCC and Asfaltmix, successors to Sata-Asfaltti, Interasfaltti, and Asfalttineliö respectively, have assumed liability for the damage caused by the cartel in question, as they have, as legal persons, ensured that those companies were able to continue their economic activities.
51 In the light of all the foregoing considerations, the answer to the first and second questions is that Article 101 TFEU must be interpreted as meaning that, in a case such as that in the main proceedings, in which all the shares in the companies which participated in a cartel prohibited by that article were acquired by other companies which have dissolved the former companies and continued their commercial activities, the acquiring companies may be held liable for the damage caused by the cartel in question.
52 In view of the answer to the first and second questions, it is unnecessary to reply to the third question.
The request that the effects of the present judgment should be limited in time
53 At the hearing, NCC requested the Court to limit the temporal effects of the present judgment in the event that it considers that the economic continuity test applies to the determination of persons required to provide compensation for damage caused by an infringement of EU competition rules.
54 In support of its request, NCC argued that that interpretation could not have been foreseen, that it therefore had retroactive effect on those rules, and that it had unforeseen consequences for the conduct of undertakings.
55 In that connection, it should be recalled that, according to settled case-law of the Court, the interpretation which, in the exercise of the jurisdiction conferred on it by Article 267 TFEU, the Court gives to a rule of EU law clarifies and defines the meaning and scope of that rule as it must be or ought to have been understood and applied from the time of its entry into force. It follows that the rule as thus interpreted may, and must, be applied by the courts even to legal relationships which arose and were established before the judgment ruling on the request for interpretation, provided that in other respects the conditions for bringing a dispute relating to the application of that rule before the courts having jurisdiction are satisfied (judgment of 22 September 2016, Microsoft Mobile Sales International and Others, C‑110/15, EU:C:2016:717, paragraph 59 and the case-law cited).
56 It is only quite exceptionally that the Court may, in application of the general principle of legal certainty inherent in the EU legal order, be moved to restrict, for any person concerned, the opportunity of relying on a provision which it has interpreted with a view to calling into question legal relationships established in good faith. Two essential criteria must be fulfilled before such a limitation can be imposed, namely that those concerned should have acted in good faith and that there should be a risk of serious difficulties (judgment of 22 September 2016, Microsoft Mobile Sales International and Others, C‑110/15, EU:C:2016:717, paragraph 60 and the case-law cited).
57 More specifically, the Court has taken that step only in quite specific circumstances, notably where there was a risk of serious economic repercussions owing in particular to the large number of legal relationships entered into in good faith on the basis of rules considered to be validly in force and where it appeared that individuals and national authorities had been led to adopt practices which did not comply with EU law by reason of objective, significant uncertainty regarding the implications of European Union provisions, to which the conduct of other Member States or the Commission may even have contributed (judgment of 22 September 2016, Microsoft Mobile Sales International and Others, C‑110/15, EU:C:2016:717, paragraph 61 and the case-law cited).
58 In the present case, since the NCC has in no way substantiated its arguments, it has failed to establish that the criteria referred to in paragraph 56 of this judgment have been satisfied in the present case.
59 It is therefore not appropriate to limit the temporal effects of the present judgment.
60 Since these proceedings are, for the parties to the main proceedings, a step in the action pending before the national court, the decision on costs is a matter for that court. Costs incurred in submitting observations to the Court, other than the costs of those parties, are not recoverable.
On those grounds, the Court (Second Chamber) hereby rules:
Article 101 TFEU must be interpreted as meaning that, in a case such as that in the main proceedings, in which all the shares in the companies which participated in a cartel prohibited by that article were acquired by other companies which have dissolved the former companies and continued their commercial activities, the acquiring companies may be held liable for the damage caused by the cartel in question.
[Signatures]
* Language of the case: Finnish.
i The wording of paragraph 46 of this document has been modified after it was first put online.

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Konnerup Construction has installed the Russell Road culvert! Paving will begin on Friday, September 28th.
Week Four has come and gone, and the construction crew has moved on to the culvert replacement at Russell Road.
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Questions? Please contact Kristin Marshall, Snohomish Conservation District project manager, at 425-377-7017 or kristin@snohomishcd.org. Comments may also be submitted online at snocd.org/kristoferson_comments. Interested parties may receive emailed construction updates by signing up at snocd.org/kristoferson-creek."


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Pop-Up Vaccine Clinic Held at Mount Royal Library
CJ Baumgartner,
DULUTH, Minn.– St. Louis County Public Health had a pop-up vaccine clinic at the Mount Royal Library location Wednesday.
It was open to the public, but encouraged employees from nearby businesses to come in if they wanted either the Pfizer shot or the Johnson and Johnson one.
The health department wants to have these pop-ups at convenient spots to get the county closer to herd immunity.
"We're still wanting to get to that 70 percent mark. In St. Louis County, we're at about 65 percent right now so we're just slowly creeping towards that 70 percent. But that's our goal," said Rillis Eklund, a Public Health Nurse with St. Louis County.
For dates and information on more pop-up vaccination sites, you can check out the county's public health website.
Categories: Coronavirus, Health, News, News – Latest News
Red Cross Hosts Blood Drive In Cloquet
Difference of Opinion for Non-Binding Referendum in Wisconsin


text:
Sarahnomics
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Previous Post Moderat – The Mark {Interlude}
Film. Science. Skepticism
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It should be no surprise that Sen. Carl Levin is secure in seeking re-election to his sixth term.
He has received more than 58 percent of the vote in his last three elections. Earlier this year, he joked during a Michigan delegation breakfast at the Democratic National Convention that his campaign, challenged by Republican state Rep. Jack Hoogendyk, had slipped his mind.
But Levin, like much of the country, is caught up with the national election for the presidency and spends most his time focused on the issues facing not only Michigan, but the rest of the country as well. He said the economy is the overwhelming issue at the forefront of the election.
"There are so many aspects: the huge amount of joblessness, large numbers of foreclosures and people running out of unemployment benefits," he said.
Levin acknowledged Michigan has been hit hard by a steady loss in manufacturing jobs, and he laid it at the feet of the Bush administration. Levin supported the recent federal bailout plan because he said there was a dire need to stabilize the country's banks. While implementation of the plan has yet to be complete, Levin remained cautious and was not quick to provide answers.
"When it was designed, it was thought the government would buy up weak mortgages. That money is meant to open up credit markets," he said. "But how do you value those assets? How do you refinance these mortgages?"
Levin also supported a separate package of $25 billion of loans to the automobile industry.
Levin, who chairs the Senate Armed Services committee, has been a long opponent of Bush administration's approach to the War in Iraq and has a like minded ally in Democratic presidential nominee Sen. Barack Obama's calling for a "reasonable timetable."
"Obama supports my amendments which calls for a redeployment of most of our troops from Iraq," said Levin. "The real threat is Afghanistan. But we can't supply that greater need because of the Iraqi drain on our resources."
Levin also said affects from the ongoing War on Terror are being felt at home with a degree of erosion to civil rights, but the country's checks and balance system is still working.
"There have been a number of laws resulting in a significant reduction of our privacy," he said. "But the Supreme Court has put a check on the executive branch. The administration has been required to modify their procedures."
Levin acknowledged that the stance on universal health care falls down party lines and said it required a grassroots approach.
"Only after universal health care is resolved will this country be like every other advanced economy. A bottoms up approach would lead us to accomplish it," he said.
Levin is an advocate for a comprehensive immigration reform and said there needs to be a combination of strengthened employer sanctions and border security, as well as provisions for those who seek to enter the country legally.
"There is no practical way to deal with it except a reasonable path to citizenship," he said.
In light of recent drops in oil prices, Levin said the country still needed to maintain its focus on cleaner energy even if the new technologies are more expensive.
"We've made some modest movement, but I hope we'll stick with it," he said. "Becoming energy independent is a long-term strategy with a short term cost."


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Dorohedoro Season 2: will it be the Story Line About Online Casino?
August 9, 2022 August 9, 2022 Sonu Sharma 0 Comments
Not too many TV show genres are quite as popular as manga among gaming and online gambling fans. It's not really surprising when you think about it – both are stories that tend to be quite visual and often feature characters with superpowers. So it was only a matter of time before someone decided to combine the two, and that's exactly what happened with Dorohedoro.
The original manga was created by Q Hayashida and ran for 12 volumes between 2000 and 2018. It was then adapted into an anime series, which aired on Netflix in 2020, soon proving to be as exciting as online poker. The show was a hit with fans, and many are now wondering if there will be a Dorohedoro Season 2.
At the time of writing, there has been no official announcement regarding a second season. However, considering the popularity of the first season, it seems likely that Netflix will commission another batch of episodes at some point.
But what would a second season be about? Will it be about online casinos and gambling? We will try to answer this and many other questions in the coming sections. Let's take a look!
1 Manga: The basics
2 The basics of Dorohedoro
3 The plot of Dorohedoro 1
4 Will there be a Dorohedoro Season 2?
5 What would a second season be about?
6 What makes online casinos a great fit for this TV show?
Manga: The basics
We already mentioned that Dorohedoro is a Japanese manga, so let's start from scratch by explaining the very concept. Manga is a Japanese word that refers to comics and graphic novels.
In Japan, people of all ages read the manga. It has a wide variety of genres, ranging from action-adventure to romance to business and sports. Many mangas are adapted into anime, which are animated TV series or movies based on the original manga stories.
The purpose of manga is to entertain, but some stories also teach valuable lessons. For example, the popular manga series Slam Dunk is about a high school basketball team and includes themes such as friendship, hard work, and determination.
On the other hand, Dorohedoro is a seinen manga. That means Dorohedoro is aimed at older teenage boys and young adult men. It falls under the horror, fantasy, and comedy genres.
The basics of Dorohedoro
Dorohedoro is a manga series written and illustrated by Q Hayashida. It premiered in the Japanese seinen manga magazine Young Animal in March 2000. The individual chapters have been collected and published in twenty-one tankōbon volumes as of February 2017.
The story revolves around Caiman, a lizard-like creature with a humanlike face, who was turned into a being with magical powers by the wizard Nikaido. Caiman seeks to find out why he was transformed and regain his humanity, aided by his friend Nikaido and other strange companions. Along the way, they battle various sorcerers while also learning more about Caiman's past.
The plot of Dorohedoro 1
Dorohedoro 1 is set in a post-apocalyptic world where humans live side by side with monsters. The story follows the adventures of Caiman, a man with a reptilian head who has no memories of his past. One day, he is approached by a woman called Nikaido, who tells him that she can help him regain his memories – but only if he helps her kill all the sorcerers in the city.
Caiman agrees, and the two set off on a bloody journey to rid the city of its evil sorcerers. Along the way, they are joined by a number of other characters. The story is dark and violent, with plenty of gore and blood. It is also very humorous, with many witty moments that will have you laughing out loud.
If you are a fan of manga or anime, then we highly recommend you check out Dorohedoro. It is one of the best manga series out there, and the anime adaptation is just as good.
Will there be a Dorohedoro Season 2?
As we mentioned at the beginning of this article, there has been no official announcement regarding the second season of Dorohedoro. But considering the popularity of the first season, it seems highly unlikely that Netflix will miss the opportunity to produce more episodes.
The first season of Dorohedoro was very well received by fans and critics alike. Throughout its run, the series has been critically acclaimed, with praise directed at its unique setting and characters. It has also been nominated for several awards, including the Tezuka Osamu Cultural Prize.
The anime adaptation is faithful to the source material, and it captures the dark humor and violence of the original manga perfectly. With that being said, we believe there is a very good chance that we will see Dorohedoro Season 2 sometime in the future. However, it is important to remember that nothing has been confirmed yet, so we will just have to wait and see.
What would a second season be about?
Now that we know that Dorohedoro Season 2 is a very real possibility, the next question is: What would a second season be about?
The answer to that question is relatively simple. Season 2 would adapt the remaining story arcs from the manga series. There are currently 21 volumes of Dorohedoro, and the first season is covered up to Volume 8. That leaves 13 more volumes for a potential second season to adapt.
On the other hand, it's fair to say that the story of Dorohedoro is rather complex. There are a number of different plot threads that could be explored. One possibility is that the second season could focus on a different character or group of characters. This would allow the story to be fleshed out even further, and it would give viewers a new perspective on the world of Dorohedoro.
We also believe that Dorohedoro is going to delve into the world of online gambling sometime soon. That's because the story perfectly captures the essence of gambling. It's a dark and gritty world where anything can happen. There are highs and lows, ups and downs, and the stakes are always high. We think that Dorohedoro is the perfect story to explore this dangerous world, and we can't wait to see what happens next.
What makes online casinos a great fit for this TV show?
Perhaps you don't see the connection between Dorohedoro and online gambling. But when you think about it, the two are actually a perfect match. Here's why:
Gambling can make the show even more interesting
The first reason is that gambling can make the show even more interesting. As we mentioned before, the world of Dorohedoro is already a dark and gritty place. But if you add gambling into the mix, it will make things even more dangerous and exciting. We think that online gambling would be a great addition to the show, and it would make things even more suspenseful.
It's a perfect fit for the setting
The second reason is that online gambling is a perfect fit for the setting of Dorohedoro. The mixture of extravagant characters and unpredictable stories is what makes the world of Dorohedoro so special. And what could be more unpredictable than gambling? We think that online gambling would be a great way to add even more excitement to the show.
It would attract a new audience
The third reason is that online gambling would attract a new audience. Gambling is a popular pastime, and there are many people out there who enjoy it. By adding online gambling to the show, Dorohedoro would be able to attract a whole new group of viewers. And that can only be a good thing.
It could help both parties earn more money
Finally, it's important to remember that online gambling could help both parties earn more money in the long run. In addition to attracting new viewers, online gambling could also generate revenue for the show. How come?
Well, if the show is successful, then people would be more likely to gamble on it. And if people are gambling on the show, then that means the show would make more money. It's a win-win situation for both parties. And that's something that everyone involved would be happy about.
So, there you have it! Everything we know about Dorohedoro Season 2. We will be sure to update this article if any new information is released, so be sure to check back soon. In the meantime, why not re-watch the first season of Dorohedoro, or read the manga series? It's definitely worth your time!
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text:
Q: C++: duplicated static member? I have a class which needs to be a singleton. It implemented using a static member pointer:
class MySinglton
{
public:
    static MySinglton& instance() { ... }
private:
    static MySinglton* m_inst;
};

This class is compiled into a .lib which is used in multiple dlls in the same application. The problem is that each dll sees a different m_inst. since it is compiled and linked separatly.
What is simple way to solve this problem?
Separating the .lib to its own dll is not an option. it must be a .lib.

A: One way solving the problem is that creating a shared memory, and creating the object in the shared memory. The two modules still have two copies of the pointers, but they point to the same location i.e. same instance of an object.

A: I don't know if you consider this simple, but you'll need to allocate a "master instance" (on the heap, say) and then let all your MySingleton instances refer to the "master instance".

A: C++ has no built-in mechanism for sharing variables in the way you seem to want. The only solution is to pass the single instance as a function parameter, using a pointer or reference.

A: I would use the shared memory mechanism provided by your os, MapViewOfFile or shmem.  This might go:
class MySinglton
{
    public:
        static MySinglton& instance() {
            static MySinglton* m_inst = get_shared();
            return *m_inst;
        }
    private:
        static MySinglton * get_shared()
        {
            //1. Try to open shared memory, handle = OpenFileMapping.
            //2. If successful, return MapViewOfFile(handle).
            //3. Else, allocate enough space using CreateFileMapping, sizeof(MySingleton).
            //4. Initialise MapViewOfFile(handle), return MapViewOfFile(handle).
        }

        void Initialise()
        {
            // Stuff you would normally do in operator new here.
        }

};

A: A solution could be transferring the instantiation to the application, and the DLLs will get reference to it during initialization.
It may not be as elegant as you'd like, but it would do it.
Need to know what's the REAL problem behind your question.
The answer may not be in the form you expect it. ;)

A: Not sure if it's the best way to do it... but I'll do it like that :
Build your singleton in a DLL itself, then add external methods:
 - to init it
 - to retrieve it.

A: There is no simple solution to your problem.
Questions: If there is no solution shoosh what are you going to do? Abandon the project? Or re-structure it so the 'must be a .lib' constraint is removed? If this problem concerns a commercial project what are you going to say to the project manager, stakeholders, etc?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Interdisciplinary Master of Science (MSE/MS) degree puts you in the lead to tailor your education experience to your individual or company goals and current marketplace demands. The flexibility of the online interdisciplinary master's degree enables you to create a customized educational experience like no other. The degree is ideal for professional engineers looking to explore knowledge in a discipline different from their undergraduate studies.
Or, you may opt to complete the degree without the added concentration.


Cable TV advertising solutions marry the unique power of TV as a branding platform with the technology to efficiently target a message to the "right eyeballs." That enables advertisers to focus their resources and strengthen their brands in markets that matter most.
Cable TV advertising is often bypassed by small and mid-sized businesses in favor of print, radio, and even Internet. They often view TV as too expensive and may believe that only large national companies can advertise on it. While that may have been true a generation ago, the advent of cable television and the explosion in the number of stations and programming has made TV an advertising medium that is effective for even local businesses -- a medium that businesses of virtually any size can afford.
"If you're a local firm, such as a jeweler, you don't need to run ads nationally," says J. T. Hroncich, managing director and principal of Capitol Media Solutions, an agency that helps companies buy advertising. "Cable TV is very reasonable. As opposed to taking out an ad during American Idol on broadcast TV, you can take out a local ad on a popular cable show, such as Top Chef. It all depends on who your target market is."


When will be Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman next episode air date? Is Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman renewed or cancelled? Where to countdown Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman air dates? Is Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman worth watching?
Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman next episode air date provides TVMaze for you.
EpisoDate.com is your TV show guide to Countdown Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman Episode Air Dates and to stay in touch with Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman next episode Air Date and your others favorite TV Shows. Add the shows you like to a "Watchlist" and let the site take it from there.


Wiz Khalifa (R) and son Sebastian Taylor Thomaz attend The 57th Annual Grammy Awards at the Staples Center on Feb. 8, 2015 in Los Angeles, California.
Wiz Khalifa's latest album has finally arrived.
Khalifa, the rapper's sixth studio album, boasts 13 tracks and a slew of high-profile features, from Travis Scott to Juicy J. However, there's a particularly special cameo on the track "Zoney": Khalifa's two-year-old son, Sebastian.
Toward the end of the song, Khalifa can be heard coaching little Sebastian to say phrases like "I love my daddy" and "My name is Sebastian." It's very cute.
Fans took to Twitter to gush over the toddler's feature.
@wizkhalifa and Sebastian, Duo of the year.
Amber Rose, Khalifa's ex-wife and mother to baby Sebastian, praised the cute song as well.
Please enjoy this freakishly adorable photo of Khalifa and Sebastian.
He tells me I'm his best friend everyday.
For his part, Khalifa tweeted in celebration of the album, encouraging fans to buy it and "smoke some weed."
Here's the album on Spotify.


"The Mother's Wisdom Deck is a beautiful, nuanced kit featuring a full-color guidebook plus a deck of 52 cards illuminating universal symbols of empowered motherhood. The cards can either reveal a message (like Tarot) or simply meet mothers with inspiration and wisdom wherever they are on their journey - losing it or loving it. On this path, and in this deck, everything is included: the piercing moments of surrender, wonder, and infinite gratitude. This is the perfect Mother's Day gift for you or a soul sister!"
"The blog extends our vision for the deck and opens up the conversation to other mothers. And please like and share our Mothering with Soul facebook page–we frequently deliver up some delicious morsels of mama inspiration there."
SouleMama: Tell us about your background. What path led you to the work you do today?
Niki: The path of motherhood led us to the creation of The Mother's Wisdom Deck. For me, after having spent eight years in India immersed in a world where spiritual life was omnipresent, I wanted to feel motherhood was very much included on the path of enlightenment. I was interested in articulating the way motherhood was similar to a rather relentless mindfulness practice. We envisioned The Mother's Wisdom Deck to help mothers dive into their inner knowing, a superpower that can guide us through our days with clarity, grace, and humor.
SouleMama: How are your children incorporated into your business?
Niki: Our children sit at the heart of our business. This book is as much their present to us, as it is, in its way, our present to them. Without them we would never have tapped the places within us that are the source of our wisdom and our writing. Feeling somewhat without a map for mothering myself, I wanted to pay attention to the transformative process that mothering constantly asks of me. The deck became a way for us—and we hope others—to claim a moment of reflection. We craved a slow mothering movement, where we could savor all that was being served up, from the mundane to the magical.
SouleMama: Tell us what you envision and dream for the future of your business.
Niki: We dream of mamas everywhere honoring the sacred, juicy, sweet spot of motherhood by pulling a card from our deck. When they are feeling stuck in a routine that seems small, we want them to see how huge it actually is. To discover the gift in all the moments that constitute mothering—to feel the presence of wonder even in the midst of crumbs and crankiness.
SouleMama: Do you have a favorite inspirational quote?
~ A signed copy of The Mother's Wisdom Deck and one of the following prints by Jenny Jostecki-Shaw: Tree of Life-Connection or Ocean-Source.
Perfect for Mother's Day! Thank you.
Wow! How amazing. I'm getting myself a deck...if I don't win;) Fingers crossed!
Thank you, The Mother's Wisdom Deck!


You will have a demonstrable track record in software and services sales, with 7-10 years direct sales experience with an emphasis on new business selling. You may have experience of selling 3-5 yr service contracts. You will be able to demonstrate leading and closing business with contract values raging for £250k - £5.0m+. You have a track record in new business selling, and may not have always delivered target, but you should be able to demonstrate where you have over-achieved following a 'build year'.
You have probably worked for one of more of the major software or services companies in the IT Industry during your career. You should have experience of selling back office ERP and/or front office solutions. You may have a consulting background. You understand value based selling. You may well have been selling Cloud based solutions in the last 2 years of your career.
You are able to create and maintain senior level relationships. You are a structured sales person and comfortable with methods based selling. You are a driven individual, that is capable of leading a bid team and managing proposals 'out of the door'. You are not scared of rolling your sleeves up and contribution to documents. You have leadership qualities and skills and are able to motivate the people around you. You believe in going the extra mile. You have established relationships in your industry sector. You can create 'need'.
You are capable of forming partnerships to achieve your objectives and may well already be well networked in a partner community. People you have worked with know your reputation and are delighted to talk when you start a new role with a new company. You may have friends and colleagues in SAP, Microsoft or Oracle. You could be in SalesForce or Workday. You are probably not from a hardware sales background. You could be from one of the major or mid-tier partners from one of these software companies.
Work with Marketing to target events and lead generating campaigns that enable you to run your business effectively in a12 and 24 month rolling business plan which you will build in your new role.
You are graduate level business professional. You are articulate and able to take your audience with you when you are on your feet.


Google Assistant's shopping list is probably one of the most loathed features of the service. Google didn't do it any favors when it forced users to adopt the new web-based Express interface instead of having the list in Keep, and the hatred has kept spewing since then. I'm sure some of you like it, some are indifferent to it, others use it because they have to, and others wouldn't touch it with a ten-foot pole. Today's news won't convince the latter to give it a go, but if you belong to the first three categories, there's a new interface to feast your eyes and fingers on.
Apparently not to Google, because two days ago, a support article was updated to say the shopping list is moving out of Keep. Why? Because the new list ties into Google Express, so you can order what you need in fewer steps.
But that's about to change soon, very soon, like this-Monday soon. A new notice is showing up for users when they open up their Google Assistant Shopping List in Keep telling them that changes are afoot.
One of the biggest issues my wife and I have is remembering what to get at the grocery store. We've tried shared spreadsheets, various list applications, and jotting stuff down on paper. Nothing sticks. We either forget to do it or just don't want to deal with hassle (thus is the case with most apps). Bring! may change that. Hopefully, anyway.
Basically, it's a super simple, and seemingly intuitive shopping list app. There doesn't seem to be any sort of absurd learning curve with Bring, which I definitely appreciate. No one wants to spend 20 minutes of their day learning how to use a stupid list app.
Let's face it: large physical retail stores can be difficult to navigate at times, especially for first-time shoppers. To help alleviate this problem, UK retailer Tesco (informally known as the European Walmart) has developed and is now testing an in-store GPS system that can be accessed from an Android phone.
Upon opening the app, you'll be greeted with an empty shopping list which you can fill with any and all products available at Tesco. This isn't just any shopping list, however; step into the Tesco Extra store in northeast London and a comprehensive store map will appear on your handset, complete with the locations of all the items on your list.


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Marc Camoletti's "Boeing Boeing" Coming To Center Stage
Anastasia Lennon
alennon@hamptons.com
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Boeing Boeing debuts on Friday, October 20. (Photo: Dane DuPuis)
Center Stage at Southampton Cultural Center, which is celebrating its 10th anniversary, will present Boeing Boeing, a play written by French playwright Marc Camoletti, this fall.
The play, set in the 1960s (the decade in which it was written), is a comedy centered around the main character, Bernard, who is engaged to not one, not two, but to three stewardesses. What complicates this situation further is the release of a faster Boeing jet, which disrupts his carefully constructed schedule and causes all three fiancées to be in the same city at the same time. "Hilarious chaos ensues" as Bernard struggles to keep track of what lies he has told.
Bernard is engaged to not one, not two, but to three stewardesses. (Photo: Dane DuPuis)
"Blustering and blisteringly funny, this soufflé never falls short of delivering laughs and physically comedic broad stokes," shared Director Michael Disher about the production, which stars Dane DuPuis, Shannon DuPuis, Samantha Honig, John Leonard, Catherine Maloney and Josephine Wallace.
Boeing Boeing was first staged in London's West End at the Apollo Theatre in 1962 and moved to the Duchess Theatre in 1965. It came to Broadway at the Cort Theatre in 1965. It was revived in the UK in 2007 and on Broadway a year later. Boeing Boeing was nominated for six Tony Awards. It received two Tonys, one of which was for Best Revival of a Play.
"The cast is eagerly awaiting an audience - the last ingredient in this recipe for a confection of chaos and confusion," added Disher.
"Hilarious chaos ensues" as Bernard struggles to keep track of what lies he has told. (Photo: Dane DuPuis)
Tickets for the show are $25 for general admission, $15 for students, and $62 for the Dinner/Theater package--the last of which includes a 3 course dinner at The Plaza Café in Southampton and is only available for Thursday, Friday, and Saturday shows.
Boeing Boeing can be seen Friday, October 20 through Sunday, November 5. Showtimes are as follows: Thursdays and Fridays at 7 p.m.; Saturdays at 8 p.m.; and Sundays at 2:30 p.m.
Southampton Cultural Center is located at 25 Pond Lane in Southampton. For more information about the show and where to purchase tickets, please visit www.scc-arts.org or call 631-287-4377.
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Meet Steve Wolff | Musician and Entrepreneur
We had the good fortune of connecting with Steve Wolff and we've shared our conversation below.
Hi Steve, how has your background shaped the person you are today?
I grew up in London, UK studying science and engineering first in London and then getting my Masters in the US (both in Chemical Engineering). I'm from London, UK originally but for the past 22 years, San Diego's home, before then I lived in the San Francisco Bay Area.
Musically, I played a bit in the UK but really started getting into it out of necessity when I moved to the US for grad school, funded by the UK government. I can "thank" George Soros (the investor) for that. Not long after arriving in the US, he shorted the UK pound by 50% before my funding arrived, so I was REALLY short of cash! Being unable to work as a foreigner, all I could do was form a band – my first US band, British Wire Gauge. I've learned that the best way to move forward in life is to think outside the box and do something different and keep trying: you "succeed when you run out of ways to fail" is a motto I've lived by. Back then at Stanford, bands were mostly playing Grateful Dead covers etc. so we played Brit punk and New Wave at Frat/ dorm parties. I apply the same strategy to music projects as I do to the "real job": find quality people, motivate them to come up with something different.
These days, my income comes from a mix of consulting for companies developing scanners for homeland security / Customs applications and playing music at local bars and other venues.
I started the consulting business after being laid off a couple of years after 911 where, oddly, funding for most security technology development dried up with the haphazard formation of the Dept of Homeland Security. In spite of promising work that later led to security developments including PreCheck, the company cut back staff and eventually sold out to GE. I informed my connections around the world of my departure and rapidly got offers to work with different organizations. Originally I'd planned for this to only last a couple of years before joining another company, but it became a 19 year (and counting) consulting business. Businesses have a lot in common, no matter what you're doing, so I leveraged my marketing skills into my music, deciding on a unique (to San Diego at least!) identity – "iconic pop/rock classics from both sides of the pond and beyond". I started out using then new technology (loop stations, prerecorded/ edited background tracks) and selling my solo performance to various venues around town,
Key to my marketing message was a new strategy to bring in crowds no matter where I played around the county. MeetUp groups where (at the time) new, so I approached the leaders of the most popular ones and offered to post and host MeetUp events at my gigs. I could sell this to the venues (especially new venues) as a way to get them free PR/ exposure to thousands of San Diegans that had signed up with the groups in order to go out and meet people. Even though I started this in 2011, I believe I'm the only one who developed relationships with the group owners and post my own events. I later formed my band, Wolff (www.wolff.rocks) and still use this active marketing PR technique, which has been way more successful than passively posting events on social media.
JamTheWire came out of the blue during the pandemic, piecing together several aspects of original musicians' realities. First, the lack of playing opportunities for musicians. Second, the difficulty in getting exposure – and pay – for original music and videos; each musician is a musical "island" on services such as YouTube; there's no sense of community for recorded materials, unlike the streaming services, where musicians are on common platforms. Still, those are only valuable while a musician is performing on them. What I envisioned for JamTheWire is a multi-channel on-line (web based) suite of "music video stations", like a multi-channel MTV but accessible on-line. The plan was for musicians to grow the overall community and expose their fans to others' music videos, with the fans hopefully "tipping" the site, which would distribute revenue to the musicians.
Days • See the main cool San Diego sites: Downtown gaslamp, the Zoo, Balboa Park and museums, head out to Coronado Island (take the ferry from downtown).
• Catch some outdoor Concerts in the Park(s) around town on the weekend
• Head up to Julian, chow down on apple pie and hike some of the mountain areas (Cuyumaca) or bike the roads
• Head out to Anza Borrego desert (best in the winter/ spring, but some people love the hot summers).
• Head to Mt. Palomar – great state park, plus one of the largest telescopes in the world (I learned about it long before I moved to the US).
• Go to Pacific beach boardwalk, chill on the beach
• Take a boat out to the ocean to go whale- and dolphin watching
• Go snorkeling / SCUBA diving, including checking out the Leopard Sharks (harmless) at La Jolla Shores, possibly combine that with a kayak trip to the La Jolla caves!
• Wander around the coastal communities, especially La Jolla, Encinitas, Del Mar and grab dinner at any of the fine restaurants overlooking the ocean
• I'm not a golfer, but plenty of people come here to go golfing (including the Pros!)
Evenings:
• Plenty of fine dining from all around the world downtown and with great ocean views
• Lots of live music, at smaller venues or head to the main auditoriums, including the new "Shell" downtown. Favorite places of mine are Humphreys (main and back-stage), Belly Up tavern and smaller venues like Fast Times, Jolly Joker Tavern and too many others to list here.
• If you can, check out a "grunion run" or if you're super lucky, bioluminescent waves during a "red tide" event.
The Shoutout series is all about recognizing that our success and where we are in life is at least somewhat thanks to the efforts, support, mentorship, love and encouragement of others. So is there someone that you want to dedicate your shoutout to?
I was fortunate to have very supportive parents, both business owners who excelled at their craft (antique restoration and dealing); my father gilded the Queen's coronation thrones and constructed a gilt mirror designed by Her Majesty for the royal yacht. The only exception was when I started learning the violin – that lasted 2 weeks before they shut it down. Other than that, they encouraged me to find my interests and explore them constantly telling me don't worry about failing, just do my best.
Boarding school (in the UK) was another major influence – I was one of the poorer ones there, so developed entrepreneurial skills repairing and selling TVs (legal) and booze (totally illegal!) to underclassmen, finding a need that wasn't being met and filling it.
Once in the US, I was really supported and aided by a Stanford professor, who helped me land a job at a San Diego company called SAIC, where I learned how to persuade the US Government and other organizations to fund innovative research projects.
A key lesson over the years is to grasp and follow new opportunities when they come up. That led me to a startup company in the Bay Area that ended up being the first to adapt medical CT technology to detect explosives in airline baggage. We started out as 11 people and built it into a multi-national business that was featured in Time Magazine and set the standards for screening checked bags – and more recently cabin bags.
Growing up, my next door neighbor was a professional drummer: Robert Henrit, who played with the Kinks, Zombies and as a session musician. On chatting with him about being a pro-musician, he gave me the true story about life on the road. So that taught me early on that it was better to have music as a hobby while having a "real job" than make music the real job.
Still, music provided a great balance to the sometimes intensive work environment.
Website: www.jamthewire.com
Instagram: https://www.instagram.com/WolffLiveSD
Twitter: http://twitter.com/wolfflive
Facebook: https://facebook.com/wolfflive
Youtube: https://www.youtube.com/LimeyInSD/Videos
Other: www.wolfflive.com www.wolff.rocks
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