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Why are pumpkins carved at Halloween?
Why Carved Pumpkins are a Symbol of Halloween.
The tradition of carving faces into vegetables dates to the Celts.
As part of their autumnal celebration, they wanted to light the way to their homes for the good spirits, so they carved faces into vegetables such as turnips and squash.
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Why do people carve pumpkins at Halloween?
Why Carved Pumpkins are a Symbol of Halloween. The tradition of carving faces into vegetables dates to the Celts. As part of their autumnal celebration, they wanted to light the way to their homes for the good spirits, so they carved faces into vegetables such as turnips and squash.
Why do we carve pumpkins at Halloween?
Why do they carve pumpkins at Halloween?
To keep the wandering spirit of Stingy Jack away from their homes, the 19th century Irishmen would carve pumpkins, gourds, and other veggies, put a light inside, and place them outside their home. The Irish took to carving scary faces into their squashes and pumpkins, to frighten Stingy Jack away.
Why do we carve pumpkins at Halloween time?
Some had scary faces carved into them to frighten away any comers. Once the tradition hit the United States, Irish immigrants soon realized that the pumpkin, native to the states, was an ideal fruit for carving. That's why you see jack-o'-lanterns on porches around Halloween.
Why do you carve pumpkins on Halloween?
Why do we carve pumpkins for Halloween?
Why do we carve pumpkins on Halloween?
Why do people carve pumpkins for Halloween?
When should you carve pumpkins before Halloween?
Well, the answer to that depends on the temperature in your area. Many people have done tests to see when is the earliest they could carve a pumpkin before Halloween, and the general consensus appears to be about five days before October 31.
Why have pumpkins at Halloween?
With 45% of Americans expected to be carving pumpkins this Halloween and the average price per pumpkin hitting $3.89 in late September 2018, we've calculated an estimated $575.26 million will be spent on pumpkins to be hollowed out and placed on doorsteps and porches around the country.
Why are pumpkins a part of Halloween?
Over time, the name was changed to "pumpkin." When the colonists arrived in the U.S., they began using pumpkins for food, too. It was the influence of Irish immigrants, however, that made the pumpkin a part of Halloween. Early Irish immigrants to the U.S. brought the tradition of making a jack-o'-lantern at Halloween.
Why are pumpkins a symbol of Halloween?
Why are pumpkins part of Halloween?
Why are pumpkins used to symbolize Halloween?
Why pumpkins are used on Halloween?
Why pumpkins are used in Halloween?
Why are pumpkins used for Halloween?
Why are there pumpkins on Halloween?
Why are there witches at Halloween?
The witches would gather on these nights, arriving on broomsticks, to celebrate a party hosted by the devil. It was believed that witches could change into cats. Some people also believed that cats were the spirits of the dead. One of the best known superstitions is that of the black cat.
How many days before Halloween should you carve a pumpkin?
It seems that after a pumpkin is carved and gutted, they only tend to last (before rotting) about 5 to ten days. Although there are a few ways to extend their freshness a little longer. Tradition was that an actual pumpkin should be carved just before Halloween night as a means to frighten evil spirits away.
How do you carve a pumpkin for Halloween?
المقطع المقترح · 105 ثانية How to Carve a Pumpkin like a Pro - Easy Halloween DIY by Warren YouTube بداية المقطع المقترَح نهاية المقطع المقترَح
When should I carve a pumpkin for Halloween?
"Carve no more than three days before Halloween," Evan recommends. Luckily, with the 31st landing on a Tuesday this year, you can carve your pumpkins on the weekend and they'll still look fantastic when trick-or-treaters arrive.
Can you carve a pumpkin a week before Halloween?
When should you carve pumpkins for Halloween?
Many people have done tests to see when is the earliest they could carve a pumpkin before Halloween, and the general consensus appears to be about five days before October 31.
Why do we carve pumpkins and make jack o lanterns on Halloween?
Jack carried the coal inside a hollowed out turnip. Irish families told the tale and began to put carved out turnips in their windows to prevent Stingy Jack and other ghouls from entering the home. Some had scary faces carved into them to frighten away any comers.
How long before Halloween should I carve pumpkins?
Ensure the pumpkin is still in peak freshness during the big event by waiting until three to five days before Halloween to carve your pumpkins.
When should you carve a pumpkin for Halloween?
How long before Halloween should I carve my pumpkin?
How did carving pumpkins become a Halloween tradition?
The Irish brought the tradition of carving pumpkins into Jack O'Lantern to America. But, the original Jack O'Lantern was not a pumpkin. Pumpkins did not exist in Ireland. Ancient Celtic cultures in Ireland carved turnips on All Hallow's Eve, and placed an ember in them, to ward off evil spirits.
How soon before Halloween can I carve a pumpkin?
How close to Halloween should you carve a pumpkin?
The later, the better, the pros suggest. "Carve no more than three days before Halloween," Evan recommends. Luckily, with the 31st landing on a Tuesday this year, you can carve your pumpkins on the weekend and they'll still look fantastic when trick-or-treaters arrive.
What do you do with carved pumpkins after Halloween?
5 Ways to Use a Pumpkin After Halloween 1. Make pumpkin puree. Remove the seeds and pulp from the center of your pumpkin and scoop out the flesh for fresh pumpkin puree. Roast the seeds. Few fall treats are more delectable than roasted pumpkin seeds. Create pumpkin flaxseed dog biscuits. Use pumpkin as a beauty treatment. Turn a used pumpkin into a bird feeder.
Are pumpkins cheaper after Halloween?
Many people will not buy them after Halloween and you can get them for nearly free. The uneaten leftover parts of the pumpkin were pureed to make pie filling. You can also throw the seeds out in your yard to grow your own next year!
How are pumpkins related to Halloween?
When Irish immigrants moved to the U.S., they began carving jack-o'-lanterns from pumpkins, as these were native to the region. But how did jack-o'-lanterns become associated with Halloween? The folklore about Stingy Jack was quickly incorporated into Halloween, and we've been carving pumpkins—or turnips—ever since.
How many pumpkins are bought for Halloween?
How much are Halloween tickets at Disneyland?
How much: Tickets start at $100 for annual passholders and $110 for the general public. The highest-priced tickets ($145) are for Sundays in October as well as the week of Halloween. Buy tickets: Purchase at disneyland.com/halloweenparty or by calling 714-781-4636.
Why is there pumpkins for Halloween?
Why Do We Carve Pumpkins at Halloween? The jack-o'-lantern has a long history with Halloween, although our favorite demonic faces haven't always been carved out of pumpkins. Their origin comes from an Irish myth about Stingy Jack, who tricked the Devil for his own monetary gain.
Why do we have pumpkins for Halloween?
Why is pumpkin used for Halloween?
Are the Halloween pumpkins edible?
Some varieties have a very thin rind which is easy to cut and actually becomes edible when you cook the pumpkin, but as a whole the rind is discarded. The large orange pumpkins sold for carving in the United States at Halloween are still edible, but they are not as good as pumpkins specifically grown for eating.
Are there rides at Halloween Horror Nights?
Some of the regular rides dare to be operating during Halloween Horror Nights. If you need to escape from the mazes, get your thrills on Transformers 3-D, Revenge of the Mummy, the new Jurassic World ride or The Simpsons Ride.
Why do people wear masks at Halloween?
So the most common costume is the white ghost sheet, and the common mask is the ghost or spirit mask. People believed that wearing masks and costumes protected them from ghosts. This night represents the border between the living and the death. The souls of the dead were meant to revisit their homes.
How many pumpkins are wasted on Halloween?
Last year NPR wrote about pumpkin waste, estimating that we grow around 2 billion pounds of pumpkins in the US each year– most of which are tossed out!
Why is Halloween at night?
What are Halloween pumpkins called?
A jack-o'-lantern (or jack o'lantern) is a carved pumpkin, turnip, or other root vegetable lantern associated with Halloween. Its name comes from the phenomenon of a strange light flickering over peat bogs, called will-o'-the-wisp or jack-o'-lantern.
Why pumpkin is used for Halloween?
Why do we decorate pumpkins for Halloween?
Why do we use pumpkins for Halloween?
Why is pumpkin associated with Halloween?
Why do we dress up at Halloween?
Halloween originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, when people would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off ghosts. To out smart these ghostly beings, people would put on masks when they left their homes after dark so that the ghosts would think they were fellow spirits.
How many pumpkins are used for Halloween?
What does a blue pumpkin mean at Halloween?
Blue pumpkins, whether they are used to hold candy or for decoration, are often used as an indication that a house is food-allergen-friendly - and that non-food treats such as glow-sticks or stickers will be given out to trick-or-treaters.
Why do people dress up at Halloween?
Why is pumpkin symbol of Halloween?
Halloween is an annual holiday celebrated each year on October 31, and Halloween 2019 occurs on Thursday, October 31. It originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, when people would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off ghosts.
How many haunted houses are at Halloween Horror Nights?
Halloween Horror Nights 13 again took place at Islands of Adventure. It featured six haunted houses.
How long are the lines at Halloween Horror Nights?
Why is the pumpkin a symbol for Halloween?
Why Carved Pumpkins are a Symbol of Halloween. As part of their autumnal celebration, they wanted to light the way to their homes for the good spirits, so they carved faces into vegetables such as turnips and squash. A light was placed within the hollowed out vegetable.
Why do we put pumpkins outside our house on Halloween?
They often carved scary faces and placed the lanterns near doors in order to ward off evil spirits. Based on this legend, it makes sense why pumpkins — carved or not — are traditionally placed on the front porch during the Halloween season. Ultimately, they were used as a tool of protection.
Why do we put pumpkins out on Halloween?
Are Halloween pumpkins safe to eat?
Cookbook:Pumpkin. The large orange pumpkins sold for carving in the United States at Halloween are still edible, but they are not as good as pumpkins specifically grown for eating. This is less important if you are making pie, but is something to keep in mind when cooking pumpkins to eat directly.
Are Halloween pumpkins good to eat?
The large orange pumpkins sold for carving in the United States at Halloween are still edible, but they are not as good as pumpkins specifically grown for eating. This is less important if you are making pie, but is something to keep in mind when cooking pumpkins to eat directly.
What rides are open at Halloween Horror Nights?
Halloween Horror Nights 29 Rides TRANSFORMERS: The Ride 3D. Harry Potter and the Escape from Gringotts. Hollywood Rip Ride Rockit. Revenge of the Mummy. Men in Black Alien Attack. Fast & Furious – Supercharged.
Are the rides open during Halloween Haunt at Kings Island?
The 12th annual Halloween Haunt will feature nine haunted mazes, four outdoor scare zones and three live stage shows. Halloween Haunt is open Friday and Saturday nights through Oct. 27. Tickets are available online at visitkingsisland.com for as low as $31.99 when purchased in advance.
Are all rides open at Mickey's Halloween party?
Not all of the rides and shows will be open during Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party, but many will and with very little wait times. Please note that FastPass+ is not available during the party (and for most attractions, it's not needed anyway).
Why was Scout embarrassed at the Halloween pageant?
Scout is upset after the Halloween pageant because she messed up her performance! She was dressed as pork during the pageant, and her costume is nice and snug. Scout only has one job - to walk on the stage when Miss Merriweather calls her name, but when she's backstage, she falls asleep.
Why are people celebrating Halloween?
Halloween is an annual holiday celebrated each year on October 31, and Halloween 2019 occurs on Thursday, October 31. It originated with the ancient Celtic festival of Samhain, when people would light bonfires and wear costumes to ward off ghosts. The evening before was known as All Hallows Eve, and later Halloween.
What rides are open during Halloween Haunt at Kings Island?
More than 20 rides are open until 1 a.m. during Halloween Haunt, including the Banshee, Diamondback and Mystic Timbers roller coasters and other thrill-inducing attractions like Drop Tower and Delirium. There's also the Scrambler, Monster, Dodgem, Zephyr and Shake, Rattle & Roll.
What characters are at Mickey's Not So Scary Halloween?
And there's more! Returning to Mickey's Not-So-Scary Halloween Party are the popular live show "Hocus Pocus Villain Spelltacular," featuring the Sanderson Sisters and Disney villains the likes of Oogie Boogie, Dr. Facilier and Maleficent.
What haunted houses are at Halloween Horror Nights 2018?
Seeds of Extinction. Halloween 4: The Return of Michael Myers. The Horrors of Blumhouse—The First Purge / Happy Death Day. Trick R Treat. Scary Tales: Deadly Ever After. Carnival Graveyard: Rust in Pieces. Slaughter Sinema. Stranger Things.
You're visiting Disneyland on a date when the Halloween Party starts at 7 pm. You arrive at 4 pm and want to stay until midnight. You only need to purchase a Halloween Party ticket (remember, the 3 hour rule). You're visiting Disney California Adventure on a day when the Halloween Party starts at 6 pm.
Why is the pumpkin associated with Halloween?
What haunted houses are at Halloween Horror Nights?
The Panic Begins for Halloween Horror Nights All-New STRANGER THINGS. Universal Monsters. Ghostbusters. Killer Klowns from Outer Space. Depths of Fear. Nightingales: Blood Pit. Yeti: Terror of the Yukon.
Are there fast passes at Mickey's Halloween party?
Can you get fast passes during Mickey's not so scary party if you have tickets? You may enter Magic Kingdom Park as early as 4:00 p.m. on the day of the party and yes, as long as your tickets are linked to your Disney account, you may make FastPass+ reservations in My Disney Experience.
Why are purple and orange Halloween colors?
Historical credit is given to the Celtics for beginning the Halloween holiday as a festival of the harvest and so the iconic color of autumn was used. The color orange also signifies strength and endurance. Okay, so orange, purple and green are traditional Halloween colors, but there's more to it than that.
Why are costumes worn on Halloween?
Halloween costumes are costumes worn on or around Halloween, a festival which falls on October 31. It has been suggested that the custom comes from the Celtic festivals of Samhain and Calan Gaeaf, or from the practise of "souling" during the Christian observance of Allhallowtide.
Why are apples associated with Halloween?
The specific connection between apples, fortune-telling and Halloween goes back to the Celtic festival Samhain. To encourage the sun deity to return the following year, ancient Celts burned huge bonfires into the night and tied apples to evergreen branches.
Why are black cats related to Halloween?
Black cats are steeped in superstition. Depending on where you live, it is either good luck or bad luck to have a black cat walk either toward you or away from you. Whether they are feared or revered, one thing is for sure: Black cats and witches go hand-in-paw as spooky symbols of Halloween.
Why do we say trick or treat at Halloween?
Children of all ages dress up in costumes and travel from house to house to receive treats in response to their call of "trick or treat!" The phrase is a subtle suggestion that if a treat (like candy) is given, then the child will not perform a "trick" (mischief) on the owner of the house.
Why is Halloween at the end of October?
Halloween is the evening before the Christian holy days of All Hallows' Day (also known as All Saints' or Hallowmas) on 1 November and All Souls' Day on 2 November, thus giving the holiday on 31 October the full name of All Hallows' Eve (meaning the evening before All Hallows' Day).
What type of pumpkins are used for Halloween?
October conjures images of falling leaves, Halloween, pumpkin carving, jack-o-lanterns and, of course, pumpkin pie. However, not all pumpkins are alike. In fact, there are dozens of varieties, some of which are delightfully delicious and some that are best used for decoration.
Why are masks worn on Halloween?
It was believed that this is the last night for the dead to have their vengeance before moving on so people wore masks and costumes not to be recognized, to scare away evil spirits and to prevent them from entering homes. People believed that wearing masks and costumes protected them from ghosts.
Why Halloween colors are orange and black?
Orange and black have long been the traditional colors of Halloween. With roots in harvest festivals, the orange color of vegetables and turned leaves is a perfect fit for the holiday. Black comes into play with the spooky elements and the tradition of trick-or-treating at night.
Why are owls associated with Halloween?
Why owls are associated with Halloween. The variety of myths surrounding owls range from the idea that they bring bad luck, announce death, or take away souls, to the belief that they provide cures for ailments, ward off evil spirits, and guide the dead on their journeys. Many superstitions persist to this day.
Why are bonfires lit on Halloween?
The main purpose of this old folk custom was probably a celebration of fertility. To protect themselves against witches, people lit bonfires in high places, calling these fires "Burning the Witches". Some people took to jumping over the fire in order to ensure youth and fertility.
Why do we do apple bobbing at Halloween?
Apple bobbing is also called bobbing for apples. It's a game that is traditionally played on Halloween. Because apples are less dense than water, they will float to the surface. Players then try to catch an apple with their teeth without using their arms.
Why do you say trick or treat at Halloween?
Why are orange and purple Halloween colors?
The color orange also signifies strength and endurance. These are iconic colors we see associated with every Halloween item out there. Okay, so orange, purple and green are traditional Halloween colors, but there's more to it than that.
What rides are open during Halloween Horror Nights at Universal?
Are the rides still open at Halloween Horror Nights?
Now might be a good time to go over which regular daytime attractions are – and aren't – open for Halloween Horror Nights. First up: those that remain open. For this year's event, Revenge of the Mummy: The Ride, Transformers: The Ride – 3D, and The Simpsons Ride will be on hand.
Are the rides open at Universal during Halloween Horror Nights?
Are the rides open at Halloween Horror Nights?
While most of the focus of the night is on horror, some of the rides are open too. Waits are very low during this time, so it's a great way to experience them if you don't care as much about the houses. Please note that the regular Express Pass does not work during Halloween Horror Nights.
How many haunted houses are there at Halloween Horror Nights?
Why do we do trick or treat at Halloween?
As for the trick or treating, or "guising" (from "disguising"), traditions, beginning in the Middle-Ages, children and sometimes poor adults would dress up in the aforementioned costumes and go around door to door during Hallowmas begging for food or money in exchange for songs and prayers, often said on behalf of the
Why do we wear scary costumes at Halloween?
Why do we dunk for apples at Halloween?
Why are skeletons a symbol of Halloween?
All in all, skulls and skeletons are associated with Halloween because they represent the end of the physical part of life, something that is connected to Halloween both because of the death of the "light" seasons and because of the perceived connection to the spirit realm.
Why are skeletons part of Halloween?
Why is the pumpkin a symbol of Halloween?
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Червоноградський Народний Дім — головна культурна установа в Червонограді Львівської області, основний концертний майданчик, заклад з організації дозвілля, фізичного, культурного і творчого розвитку дорослих і дітей міста. Створений 1961 року як профспілковий Палац культури вугільників, а  року рішенням виконкому Червоноградської міської Ради народних депутатів перейменований у Червоноградський Народний дім.

Історія
Історія головної культурної установи міста нерозривно пов'язана з історією шахтарського Червонограда, адже після заснування на території старовинного Кристинополя нового центру вуглевидобутку розпочалося створення необхідної міської інфраструктури, в тому числі і центру дозвілля, яким став профспілковий Палац культури вугільників. Будівельники здали його на півроку швидше (31 грудня 1960 року) від запланованого, про що свідчать публікації в пресі того часу. Із початку січня 1961 року почали створюватися гуртки та колективи художньої самодіяльності. Першим директором установи був Станіслав Бужанський, досвідчений працівник культури, який започаткував добрі традиції культурно-масової роботи Палацу культури. Найтриваліший час директором Палацу культури, згодом Народного дому, працював заслужений працівник культури Михайло Гавалко, який очолював заклад майже 40 років. Саме на час його керівництва припадає найбільша кількість гастрольних поїздок творчих колективів по країні та за кордон.

В різні роки керівниками Народного дому були В. Стрільців, І. Кузєв, В. Коваленко, Л. Андрухів. Сьогодні Народний дім очолює Іванна Ейхорн.

Керівництво міста та адміністрація Народного дому завжди намагались залучити до виступів перед шахтарями та їх родинами відомих виконавців. Свого часу на сцені великого залу виступали всесвітньо відомі та найпопулярніші артисти СРСР: Хор імені Г. Верьовки та оркестр українських народних інструментів під керівництвом В. Гуцала, Заслужена капела бандуристів. При переповнених залах виступали Дмитро Гнатюк та Юрій Гуляєв, Муслім Магомаєв та Валерій Ободзинський, Йосип Кобзон та Людмила Сенчина, Віктор Вуячич та Назарій Яремчук, Василь Зінкевич та Микола Мозговий. Кожного місяця гастролювали популярні в 70-80-х ВІА: «Кобза», «Діалог», «Смерічка», «Інтеграл», «Світязь», «Краяни» та багато інших.

Окремо слід зазначити, що Львівська філармонія делегувала своїх артистів до Червонограда, тому кожного місяця у нас відбувались концерти симфонічного оркестру. Глядачі пам'ятають, як на нашій сцені виступав всесвітньо відомий скрипаль Олег Криса, хорова капела «Трембіта» була також частим гостем в Червонограді. Ну, а популярність рідної для нас «Ватри» зростала на очах червоноградської публіки, адже кожну нову програму «ватрівчани» спочатку представляли нам.

В останнє десятиріччя кількість гастрольних концертів значно зменшилась, але керівництво міста та ДП «Львівугілля» запрошує на великі свята популярних виконавців до виступів на відкритій сцені Народного дому, що на Вічевій площі. Це дає змогу подивитися виступи сучасних зірок ширшій аудиторії, адже на площі збирається до 10-12 тисяч глядачів. Своє мистецтво в минулих роках показували Національний гуцульський Народний хор, державний Волинський Народний хор, популярні молодіжні колективи «Скрябін», «ТНМК», легендарні «Пісняри», Народні артисти України Степан Гіга, Тарас Петриненко, Іван Попович, «Піккардійська Терція», квартет «Гетьман» та інші виконавці.

Щороку дарували своє мистецтво драматичні театри: Національний театр ім. М.Заньковецької та обласний Дрогобицький драмтеатр.

Але найбільше навантаження концертної роботи несли і дотепер несуть колективи художньої самодіяльності Червоноградського Народного дому. Треба зазначити, що деякі з них за рівнем майстерності не поступаються професійним колективам. З перших днів функціонування Палацу культури закладались традиції високої вимогливості в мистецькій роботі. Саме ці традиції заклав перший директор Станіслав Бужанський, який був сам активним учасником художньої самодіяльності. Саме в 1961 році відразу були визначені основні мистецькі напрямки: хорове та образотворче мистецтво, театр, народна та естрадна музика, хореографія. Ці напрямки розвиваються і тепер.

З перших днів січня 1961 року розпочав свою творчу біографію Народний музично-драматичний театр ім. Л.Українки. Незмінним керівником впродовж багатьох років був режисер Дмитро Винничок. З 2013 року театр очолює Алла Мельник. Театр підтримує традиції української класичної драматургії. В його репертуарі є чимало сучасних українських та зарубіжних постановок. Найпопулярніші вистави залишаються в репертуарі і донині. Найчастіше показували глядачам «Алмазне жорно» (227 разів). «У неділю рано зілля копала», «Лісова пісня», «Олекса Довбуш», «Назар Стодоля», «Котигорошко», «Державна зрада» — це далеко не повний репертуар театру. Колектив неодноразово показував свою життєздатність, захищаючи звання "Народний"на черговій атестації, яке було присвоєно у 1968 році. Традиції, закладені Дмитром Винничоком, донині шануються в колективі й наслідуються вже впродовж багатьох років, як і пам'ять про його засновника, який 50 років очолював творчий колектив.

У 1961 році був створений дитячий театр «Мрія», яким керував аматор театрального мистецтва Олександр Заболотний. В 1962 році утворився ще один самобутній колектив, який дарує радість глядачам і тепер — це Дитячий ляльковий театр «Казка»(Перший керівник — Євген Лазарєв). З 1979 року театр, що носить звання «Зразковий», очолює колишній вихованець театру «Мрія» — режисер Юрій Ярмолюк, який здійснив чимало постановок дитячих вистав. Традиційно колектив на різдвяні та новорічні свята представляє святкове театральне видовище, яке збирає чимало глядачів. В репертуарі театру не тільки лялькові вистави, але і традиційні театральні постановки. В 2010 році Юрій Ярмолюк зі своїми вихованцями показали прем'єру лялькової вистави «Наш веселий колобок». На черговій атестації колективів самодіяльності ця вистава справила на членів комісії особливе враження високим професійним рівнем роботи. Цей колектив — єдиний в області дитячий ляльковий театр, який підтримує давні театральні традиції.

Кілька років тому в складі дитячих колективів з'явився театр естрадних мініатюр «Веселограй». Колектив, який очолює Алла Мельник, вже встиг стати лауреатом обласного фестивалю гумору «Веселі копачі». Театр працює в стилі розважальної гумористичної мініатюри, що дуже емоційно сприймається глядачами, популяризуючи традиційний український гумор. Мобільність колективу дозволяє виступати на відкритих майданчиках перед широкою глядацькою аудиторією.

У 2015 році при Народному домі розпочав свою діяльність гурток художнього слова «Гроно».

Хорове мистецтво було представлене в художній самодіяльності з часу заснування Палацу культури. Першим керівником хору був хормейстер Микола Макаренко. Згодом в різні роки керівниками хорів працювали З.Лис, Б.Здріль, А.Шевчик, В.Войтухів, О.Крупка. Сьогодні хор «Просвіта» очолює Ольга Бабська. Колектив, що носить звання «Народний» — активний промоутер української хорової музики. Хор багато гастролював по східних та південних регіонах держави, пропагуючи українську мову та культуру.

В 60-х роках існувала капела бандуристів, яку очолював Степан Стецько, а в 60-80-х роках дитячим хором «Дзвіночок» керував Володимир Вражий.

В 80-х роках національне вокальне мистецтво представляв самобутній колектив бандуристок «Горлиця», який гастролював не тільки в СРСР, але і за океаном — Аргентині, Канаді. Сьогодні Народний ансамбль бандуристів «Зоряне намисто» продовжує традиції своїх попередників.

В складі вокальних колективів Народного дому є два ветеранські хори — військова чота «Нескорені» — хор ветеранів УПА (керівник А. Войтухів) та хор ветерані війни та праці «Жива пам'ять» (керівник Л. Кісик). Ці колективи ведуть активну концертну діяльність і мають в своєму доробку цікаві тематичні програми.

Сучасне вокальне мистецтво представляв Народний вокальний ансамбль «Мелодія душі», який працював у жанрі популярної та народної пісні, керівником якого була Любов Андрухів. Такий вид вокальної форми, як жіночий ансамбль, є традиційним для пісенної культури українського народу, і такі колективи завжди викликали інтерес у слухачів, тому колектив був частим учасником міських заходів та різноманітних фестивалів.

З 1996 року в складі дитячих вокальних колективів з'явився дитячий театр популярної пісні «Апельсин», яким керував впродовж 15-ти років Віктор Коваленко. Зараз колектив очолює колишня вихованка «Апельсину» — Ірина Оліярник. За час існування ансамбль став візитною карткою мистецького Червонограда. В 1998 році «Апельсин» отримав звання «Зразковий», поступово створивши власну школу розвитку юних пісенних талантів на традиціях української та світової популярної пісні. Вихованці колективу перемагали та ставали лауреатами чисельних пісенних конкурсів Міжнародного та Всеукраїнського рівня, таких як «Слов'янський базар» у Вітебську, «Чорноморські ігри», «Крок до зірок», «Молода Галичина» та багато інших. Гастрольна карта колективу далеко поширюється за межі України. В доробку ансамблю є власні концертні вистави, присвячені творчості композиторів Володимира Івасюка, Ігоря Білозіра, поета Богдана Стельмаха, авторські програми пісень засновника колективу Віктора Коваленка. Ансамбль співпрацює з іншими колективами Народного дому, зокрема записує фонограми для театральних вистав.

З 2016 року розпочав свою творчу діяльність камерний хор «Кристинопіль» (керівник — Н.Зіньків), який за досить короткий час показав високу виконавську майстерність. Також в цьому році в Народному домі знайшов свій прихисток дитячий вокальний ансамбль «Червона рута» (керівник — І.Ейхорн), створений у Соснівському Народному домі в 2000 році. Колектив співпрацює з німецьким благодійним фондом «Фонд Ренати Мерклє», гастролює по Україні та за кордоном. Учасники колективу є переможцями багатьох Всеукраїнських та Міжнародних фестивалів та конкурсів.

Не меншою популярністю, ніж вокальні, користуються хореографічні колективи Народного дому, започатковані ще в далеких 60-тих. Першими керівниками ансамблю танцю «Молодість» були Аркадій Гайдьонов та Євген Сутормін. Найдовше, з 1969 по 1995 рр., колектив очолювала Наталія Воробйова, яка створила власну хореографічну школу. Її авторські постановки до цього часу складають так званий «золотий фонд» ансамблю. Вихованці Наталії Григорівни сьогодні очолюють більшість хореографічних ансамблів у місті. Керівником Народного ансамблю танцю «Молодість» нині є донька Н.Воробйової — Людмила Прібега, яка розвиває хореографічні традиції, закладені її мамою. Саме Л.Прібега ініціювала створення дитячого хореографічного ансамблю «Первоцвіт» — своєрідної студії підготовки юних танцюристів. На атестації 2005 року було прийнято рішення про присвоєння колективу «Первоцвіт» звання «Зразковий». Сьогодні найменшенькі пошановувачі народного танцю розвивають свої здібності у хореографічному гуртку «Первоцвітики» (керівник — Катерина Мишок), аби згодом поповнити кількісний склад колективу «Первоцвіт», а потім — Народного ансамблю танцю «Молодість» — найчисельніших колективів Народного дому, в яких займається понад 100 учасників різного віку.

Сьогодні хореографічне мистецтво переживає чергову хвилю популярності, тому інші хореографічні гуртки є також чисельними за кількістю учасників. Це — лауреати різноманітних конкурсів — ансамбль бального танцю «Глорія» (керівник Юрій Радух), гурток сучасного танцю «Медея» (керівник Романна Шевченко), гурток східних танців «Ельміра» (керівник Алла Мельник), гурток брейк-дансу (керівник Сергій Остапчук). Ці колективи мають цікаві концертні програми, тому часто виступають на різноманітних конкурсах та концертах.

Естрадне мистецтво в попередні роки представляли два колективи — традиційний для 70-80-х років стиль вокально-інструментальної музики відображав ВІА «Мелодія», яким довгий час керував Віктор Овчинніков. Колектив традиційно супроводжував танцювальні вечори, а також виступав на чисельних концертах та конкурсах. «Мелодія» була школою майстерності для молодих музикантів, яких пройшло чимало через цей, популярний в місті, колектив.

В кінці 70-х років Володимир Семчишин наважився створити складну інструментальну форму: естрадно-симфонічний оркестр. Таких колективів в області тоді не було, як, до речі, і сьогодні. Так, завдяки фанатичній наполегливості талановитого музиканта, був створений колектив, який довго був гордістю міста, оскільки об'єднував у єдиний творчий колектив кілька десятків професійних та самодіяльних музикантів і співаків. Оркестр багато гастролював по країні та за кордоном, записувався на телебаченні та радіо. Без його участі не відбувалося жодного святкового концерту в місті.

Інструментальне мистецтво довгий час представляв ансамбль народної музики «Кристинопільські музики» (керівник Іван Андрухів). Колектив представляв своє яскраве мистецтво на Міжнародному фестивалі «Галицькі перехрестя» в прикордонній Рава-Руській. Цікава концертна програма української народної музики та музики народів світу не залишала байдужими чисельних шанувальників цього самобутнього колективу. У 2016 сформовано новий інструментальний колектив — фольклорний ансамбль «Вікенд» (керівник — В.Кравчук).

Широкою популярністю користувалася і користується сьогодні Народна студія образотворчого мистецтва. Найбільш помітний слід в її історії залишив художник Адам Бача — самобутній фахівець, який виплекав чимало митців. Сьогодні в студії займаються діти шкільного віку — юні аматори образотворчого та декоративно-прикладного мистецтва, якими керує Валентина Орлянська.

Провідним художником Народного дому впродовж багатьох років є досвідчений майстер своєї справи — Михайло Левкун. Декорації до вистав, різноманітних свят, розробка святкової символіки, портрети видатних людей, графіка — це далеко не повний перелік його робіт.

Здобутком останнього десятиліття можна вважати створення власної звукозаписуючої студії Народного дому, де записуються фонограми для усіх творчих колективів — вокальних, театральних, хореографічних. Варто відзначити також наявність професійного звукового обладнання, що дозволяє озвучувати виступи оркестрових та хорових колективів.

Сьогодні Червоноградський Народний дім залишається головним концертним майданчиком міста, маючи, окрім сцени Великого залу, два відкритих концертних майданчики. А перейменування у Народний дім відбулося у 1992 році, коли Палац культури вугільників передали в підпорядкування міського відділу культури. Основу гурткової роботи закладу складають 22 колективи. Крім зазначених вище — спортивна школа карате, гурток крою та шиття, гурток аеробіки.

Візитною карткою міста є дитячий Всеукраїнський фестиваль популярної пісні «Різдвяні дзвіночки». Цей фестиваль почав свою історію в 1996 році, як міський конкурс талановитих дітей, а в 2004 році став Всеукраїнським. Гран-прі фестивалю за цей час отримували юні співаки з Закарпаття та Волині, Придніпров'я та Слобожанщини. Тричі головна нагорода залишилась в Червонограді.

Міська влада допомагає підтримувати в належному стані головну установу культури міста, виділяючи необхідні кошти на проведення ремонтів приміщень, концертних залів, відкритих сцен. Тож традиції, закладені в далекому 1961 році, збереглися і по цей день — Червоноградський Народний дім залишається головним мистецьким центром шахтарського Червонограда.

Основні напрямки діяльності

Гурткова робота
Історія головної культурної установи міста нерозривно пов'язана з історією шахтарського Червонограда.

Червоноградський Народний дім розпочав свою діяльність із січня 1961 року.

Основу гурткової роботи складають 23 колективи, серед яких:
 Вокально-інструментальні
 Вокально-хорові
 Хореографічні
 Театральні
 Декоративно-прикладного мистецтва (Студія образотворчого мистецтва та Гурток крою та шиття)
 Спортивно–оздоровчі (Карате та Аеробіка)

Концертна діяльність
Червоноградський Народний дім є головним концертним майданчиком міста для виступів приїжджих колективів та своїх місцевих.

У Великій залі відбуваються загально — міські заходи, духовні свята церковних громад міста, фестивалі, конкурси, заходи за планом роботи міського відділу культури і освіти. Окрім того, мешканці міста мають постійну можливість побувати на концертах відомих зірок української естради.

Творча співпраця
Співпраця з громадськими організаціями, серед яких:
 Товариство УПА та «Нескорені»
 Літературно-мистецьке об'єднання «Третій горизонт»
 Товариство «Надсяння»
 Незалежне жіноче товариство «Прозерок»

Співпраця з міжнародними організаціями:
 Благодійний фонд «Фонд Ренати Мерклє» — Німеччина (керівник Крістен Мерклє)
 Українське товариство в Словенії «Берегиня» (керівник Галина Маловшек)

При Народному домі діють:
 Музей-світлиця Тараса Городецького (керівник Юлія Бурко)
 Рок-гурт «Моє море»

Примітки

Посилання

Червоноград
Народні доми
Заклади культури

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2 Elk Grove schools locked down over stapler first reported as gun
Updated: 1:17 PM PDT May 21, 2021
FROM KCRA 3. THIS IS BREAKING NEWS, AND THAT BREAKING NEWS. WE'RE FOLLOWING OUT OF ELK GROVE TWO SCHOOLS IN ELK GROVE ARE ON LOCKDOWN RIGHT NOW. THE LOCKDOWNS ARE AT ELK GROVE HIGH SCHOOL AND FLORENCE MARK OVER SCHOOL. THE DISTRICT SAYS A POSSIBLE THREAT WAS MADE TO ELK GROVE HIGH SCHOOL AND WE WILL CONTINUE TO FOLLOW THIS AS MORE INFORMATION BECOMES AVAILABLE. BUT THAT IS THE LATEST WORD FROM TH
Two Elk Grove schools were locked down Friday afternoon over a reported gun that turned out to be a stapler, authorities said.Elk Grove High School went into lockdown after a student reported that another student had a gun. In reality, the student in question was holding a stapler, authorities said."During the course of the investigation, officers learned a student used a stapler as a prop to act out a scene from a movie. The stapler was open and the reporting party believed they saw a weapon," Elk Grove police said in a tweet.Nearby Florence Markofer Elementary School was also placed on lockdown because of its proximity to the high school. Both Elk Grove police and the Sacramento County Sheriff's Office responded to investigate the report.Both lockdowns were lifted shortly before 1 p.m., Elk Grove police said.
ELK GROVE, Calif. —
Two Elk Grove schools were locked down Friday afternoon over a reported gun that turned out to be a stapler, authorities said.
Elk Grove High School went into lockdown after a student reported that another student had a gun. In reality, the student in question was holding a stapler, authorities said.
"During the course of the investigation, officers learned a student used a stapler as a prop to act out a scene from a movie. The stapler was open and the reporting party believed they saw a weapon," Elk Grove police said in a tweet.
Nearby Florence Markofer Elementary School was also placed on lockdown because of its proximity to the high school.
Both Elk Grove police and the Sacramento County Sheriff's Office responded to investigate the report.
Both lockdowns were lifted shortly before 1 p.m., Elk Grove police said.
(2/4)- During the course of the investigation, officers learned a student used a stapler as a prop to act out a scene from a movie. The stapler was open and the reporting party believed they saw a weapon.
— EGPD (@ElkGrovePD) May 21, 2021

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
\section{Introduction }
\label{intro}
Cataclysmic variables (CVs) are semi-detached binaries consisting of a white dwarf (WD) and a companion star, usually a red dwarf.
AE Aqr\ is a bright {(V$\approx$11, Welsh et al. 1999)} CV hosting one of the fastest rotating WDs known (P$_{\rm spin}=33.08$ s, Patterson 1979) and a K 4-5 V secondary;
it is a non-eclipsing binary with {an orbital period} of 9.88 hr.
{Based on its trigonometrical parallax of $9.80\pm 2.84$ {mas} measured with {\em HIPPARCOS}, the distance to AE Aqr is estimated to be $102^{+42}_{-23}$ pc (Friedjung 1997; the large errors are due to the fact that AE Aqr is very faint for a {\em HIPPARCOS} measurement).}
AE Aqr\ displays strong {broad-band} variability in the radio (Bookbinder \& Lamb, 1987; Bastian et al.\ 1988), optical (Beskrovnaya et al.\ 1996), ultraviolet (Eracleous et al.\ 1995, Mauche et al.\ 2012), X-rays (Oruru \& Meintjes 2012; Terada et al.\ 2008), and {possibly also at} TeV frequencies (Meintjes et al.\ 1994), although the latter has not been confirmed.
{The strength of the magnetic field of the white dwarf in AE Aqr\ is uncertain, but based on the typical magnetic moments of intermediate polars (10$^{32}$ G cm$^{3}$) and polars (10$^{34}$ G cm$^{3}$), it is expected to lie in the {range B}$\sim$ 0.3--30 {$\times$ 10$^{6}$} G.
Specific estimates include B $\leq$ 2 {$\times$ 10$^{6}$} G (Meintjes 2002), B $\sim$ 1--5 {$\times$ 10$^{6}$} G (Cropper 1986; Stockman et al.\ 1992; Beskrovnaya et al.\ 1995), and B $\sim$ 50 {$\times$ 10$^{6}$} G (Ikhsanov 1998).}

Pulsations from AE Aqr\ {at the spin period (P$_{\rm spin}$ = 33.08 s)} were first detected in the optical band (Patterson 1979), then confirmed in soft X-rays (Patterson et al.\ 1980), ultraviolet (Eracleous et al.\ 1994), and hard X-rays (Terada et al.\ 2008; Kitaguchi et al.\ 2014).
Radio pulsations were searched for with the Very Large Array, but only an upper limit {of 0.1 mJy was imposed} (Bastian et al. 1996).
{The spin-down power} of the white dwarf is $\dot{E}$=$-I \Omega\dot{\Omega}$ ($I \approx 2\times 10^{50}$ g cm$^2$ is the moment of inertia of {the} white dwarf, $\Omega $ and $\dot{\Omega} $ are respectively the spin frequency and its first derivative) {and is $6 \times 10^{33}$ erg s$^{-1}$ in the case of AE Aqr\/}  (de Jager et al.\ 1994, {AE Aqr\ is among the few CVs where $\dot{\Omega} $ is measured}).
This  exceeds the relatively low UV/X-ray luminosity ($L_{\rm UV} \sim L_{\rm X-ray} \sim 10^{31}$ erg s$^{-1}$) by about two orders of magnitude (see e.g., Oruru \& Meintjes 2012).

For the {high} magnetic field and the fast rotation period of the WD, AE Aqr\ has been {characterized as a} ``white dwarf pulsar" (e.g. Bowden et al. 1992) and has been proposed to be a particle accelerator (Ikhsanov 1998; Ikhsanov \& Biermann 2006).
Thus, AE Aqr\ could emit gamma-ray pulsations from a magnetospheric outer gap region, {similar to} gamma-ray pulsars (Abdo et al. 2013).
{Recently, the first radio pulsations in any white dwarf systems are detected in AR Scorpii (Marsh et al. 2016) and its broad-band spectrum is
characteristic of synchrotron radiation, which makes AR Scorpii another ``white dwarf pulsar".}

The lack of double-peaked emission lines combined with variations in line intensities associated with high velocities suggests the absence of a disc (e.g., {Welsh et al.\ 1998}).
Additionally, the mass-transfer rate from the secondary star{ ($\dot{M}$ $\sim$10$^{17}$ g s$^{-1}$, Wynn et al.\ 1997) is not high enough to overcome the magnetospheric pressure.}
For such mass-transfer rate, the accretion luminosity ($L_{\rm acc} = GM \dot M / R$, where $M$ and $R$ are the mass and radius of the WD) would be approximately three orders of magnitude larger than the observed X-ray luminosity.
Thus, AE Aqr\ has been proposed to be in a magnetic propeller phase, ejecting most of the mass transferred from the secondary via the interaction with the magnetic field of the WD (Wynn et al.\ 1997).
This would be consistent with the fact that the rotation velocity at the magnetospheric radius for the quoted mass-transfer rate is much larger than the Keplerian velocity (see e.g., Oruru \& Meintjes 2012).

From this point of view, AE Aqr\ could be a fast WD analog of the sub-luminous
state of transitional pulsars { in which the neutron star is surrounded by
an accretion disk but is sub-luminous in X-rays with respect to accreting
neutron stars (see e.g., Papitto \& Torres 2015 for a discussion)}, such as
IGR J18245-2452 (Papitto et al.\ 2013), J1023+0038 (Archibald et al.\ 2009;
Stappers et al. 2014; Patruno et al. 2014), and XSS J12270-4859 (e.g.,
Bogdanov et al.\ 2014, Papitto et al.\ 2015; de Martino et al. 2010, 2013).
For all these sources, gamma-ray emission has been found, and propeller
models have been developed to interpret it (e.g., Papitto, Torres, \& Li
2014, Ferrigno et al.\ 2014, Papitto \& Torres 2015, Campana et al. 2016).

Gamma-ray emission from AE Aqr\ has been searched {for} at GeV and TeV energies.
Using observations spanning 4 years (1988--1991) with the Nooitgedacht Mk I Cherenkov telescope, at an average threshold energy $\sim 2.4$ TeV, Meintjes et al.\ (1992) {reported} a detection of pulsating TeV emission around the WD spin period.
Meintjes et al.\ (1994) reported simultaneous optical and TeV observations of AE Aqr\ and confirmed the results of Meintjes et al.\ (1992).
TeV bursts with durations of minutes were also reported, but no pulsations were detected (Meintjes et al.\ 1994).
Later,  Bowden et al.\ (1992) and Chadwick et al.\ (1995) reported pulsating TeV emissions at the first harmonic of the WD spin period above 350 GeV with the Durham University {Very High Energy (VHE)} telescope.
{A 1-min long pulsating TeV burst} was {reported} from AE Aqr\ by Bowden et al.\ (1992).
However, following these early observations, campaigns with the more sensitive Whipple Observatory (Lang et al.\ 1998) and the MAGIC telescopes (Aleksi{\'c} et al.\ 2014) have shown no evidence for any steady, pulsed, or episodic TeV emission of AE Aqr\ {at} any epoch.
A negative result of a search for gamma-ray emission from AE Aqr\ in the 0.1--1 GeV band was achieved with the Compton Gamma-ray Observatory {(Schlegel et al.\ 1995)}.
In this paper, we report on the search for gamma-ray emission and pulsations from AE Aqr\ using a refined spin ephemeris of the white dwarf in AE Aqr\/, using more than seven years {of the latest version of} \emph{Fermi}-LAT data\footnote{A \emph{Fermi}-LAT study of AE Aqr\ with an earlier data release was presented in van Heerden \& Meintjes (2015). }.

\section{Observations}
\label{obs}

The \emph{Fermi}-LAT data included in this paper span seven years, from 2008 August 4 to 2015 August 7.
The analysis of the \emph{Fermi}-LAT data was performed using the \emph{Fermi} Science Tools,\footnote{\url{http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/}} 10-00-05 release.
Events from the ``P8 Source'' event class {(evclass=128) and ``FRONT$+$BACK'' event type (evtype=3)} were selected\footnote{\url{http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/analysis/documentation/Pass8$\_$usage.html}}.
The ``Pass 8 R2 V6'' instrument response functions (IRFs) were included in the analysis.
All photons within an energy range of 100 MeV--300 GeV and within a circular region of interest (ROI) of $10\degree$ radius centered on AE Aqr\ were considered.
To reject contaminating {gamma rays} from the Earth's limb, we selected events with zenith angle $< 90\degree$.

The gamma-ray flux and spectral results presented in this work were calculated by performing a binned maximum likelihood fit using the Science Tool \emph{gtlike}.
The spectral-spatial model constructed to perform the likelihood analysis includes Galactic and isotropic diffuse emission components {(``gll\_iem\_v06.fits", Acero et al. 2016, and ``iso\_P8R2\_SOURCE\_V6\_v06.txt", respectively\footnote{\url{http://fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov/ssc/data/access/lat/BackgroundModels.html}}) }as well as known gamma-ray sources within $15\degree$ of  AE Aqr\/, {based on a preliminary seven year source list}.
The spectral parameters of these sources were fixed at the source list values, except for sources within $3\degree $ of our target.
For these sources, all the spectral parameters were left free.
In the phase-related analysis, {photons within a specific phase interval are selected. To account for it,} the prefactor parameter {of the sources} were scaled to the width of the phase interval.
The test statistic (TS) was employed to evaluate the significance of the gamma-ray fluxes coming from the sources.
{The Test Statistic is defined as TS=$-2 \ln (L_{max, 0}/L_{max, 1})$, where $L_{max, 0}$ is the maximum likelihood value for a model without an additional source (the ``null hypothesis") and $L_{max, 1}$ is the maximum likelihood value for a model with the additional source at a specified location.
The larger the value of TS {the more likely that an additional source is needed}.
{TS $>$ 25 was the threshold for inclusion in the preliminary seven year source list.}
TS maps in this paper are produced with the \textit{Pointlike} analysis package (Kerr 2010).

For the {X-ray} timing analysis, we derived X-ray light curves using data from \emph{Swift}, \emph{Suzaku}, and \emph{NuSTAR}.
For the \emph{Swift}/XRT {observations} included in our analysis, we selected Photon Counting (PC) data with event grades 0--12 in {the} 0.3--10 keV {energy range}.
Source events were accumulated within a circular region {centered on the source} with a radius of 30 pixels (1 pixel = 2.36 arcsec).
{Background events were accumulated within a circular, source-free region with a radius of 60 pixels.}
For \emph{Suzaku} observations of AE Aqr, we used datasets processed {with} the software of the \emph{Suzaku} data processing pipeline version 2.1.6.16.
We selected data from XIS 0--3 in the 0.3--10 keV energy range.
Reduction and analysis of the data were performed following the standard procedure.\footnote{\url{https://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/suzaku/analysis/abc/}}
{The source photons were accumulated from a circular region with a radius of
1 arcmin.
The background region was chosen in the same field of view with the same radius in a {source-free} region.}
For \emph{NuSTAR} observations of AE Aqr\/, we selected data from both FPMA and FPMB in the 3--10 keV energy range.
{Source/background events were accumulated within a circular region with a radius of 30 arcsec centered on the source/source-free region.}
The data were processed and screened in the standard manner using the \emph{NuSTAR} pipeline software\footnote{\url{http://heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov/docs/nustar/analysis/}}, NuSTARDAS version 1.4.1, with the \emph{NuSTAR} calibration database (CALDB) version 20141107.

X-ray data analysis was carried out using HEAsoft version 6.16.\footnote{\url{http://heasarc.nasa.gov/lheasoft/}}.
The times of arrival of the X-ray photons were {corrected} to the solar system barycenter using the Chandra-derived coordinates ({$\alpha$ =} 20:40:09.185, {$\delta$ =} $-$00:52:15.08; J2000, Kitaguchi et al.\ 2014) of AE Aqr\/, which have sub-arcsecond uncertainties.
{All times are measured in terrestrial time (TT) and the DE 200 planetary ephemeris is used.}

\section{Search for steady gamma-ray emission}

Using seven years of \emph{Fermi}-LAT data, the \textit{gtlike} analysis of AE Aqr\ yielded a TS value of 0 in the 100 MeV--300 GeV energy range: steady gamma-ray emission of AE Aqr\ was not detected (Fig.\ \ref{ts}, left panel).
{There is a {TS excess beyond the assumed background model in the bottom left corner of the TS} map shown in Figure 1, but it is not significant (TS $<$ 25).}
We calculated a 99\% {confidence level (CL)} flux upper limit {on the steady {flux} from AE Aqr} of $1.3\times 10^{-12}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$, according to Helene's method (Helene 1983), assuming a photon index of $2.0$ in the 100 MeV--300 GeV energy band.
{Systematic} effects have been considered by repeating the upper limit analysis using modified IRFs that bracket the effective area and changing the normalization of the Galactic diffuse model artificially by $\pm$6\%.

By selecting photons of spin phases 0.9--1.2 (see below for details) covering {periods} of relatively high gamma-ray counts (details of which are provided below and in {Section \ref{timing}}), we searched for gamma-ray emission from AE Aqr\/.
No detection was made.
A 99\% CL flux upper limit of $4.4\times 10^{-12}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ is evaluated according to Helene's method (Helene 1983) in the 100 MeV--300 GeV energy range, again assuming a photon index of $2.0$.

The 3-month binned long-term light curve of AE Aqr\ is shown in Figure \ref{ts}, right panel.
All data points are upper limits and no flux variability is detected.
To search for gamma-ray flares as short as the TeV flare reported by Meintjes et al.\ (1994), we extracted the photons within $0.5\degree$ of AE Aqr\ and produced an exposure-corrected photometry light curve in 1-minute bins.
No gamma-ray flare is detected above the {1.5} $\sigma$ level.

\begin{center}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.32]{ds9_4FGL_3_no4FGLname_J2000.eps}
\includegraphics[scale=0.42]{LC_new.eps}
\caption{Left: TS map of AE Aqr\/ in the 100 MeV--300 GeV energy range.
The positions of AE Aqr\/ and the sources in the {preliminary seven-year source list} are shown by the crosses;
{note} that the excess in the bottom left corner of the plot has a $TS < 25$, {and in any case is} far from the position of AE Aqr.
Right: 3-month binned long-term light curve of AE Aqr\/. {Note that the last bin only spans 39 days.}}
\label{ts}
\end{figure*}
\end{center}

\section{Timing analysis {of} AE Aqr\/}
\label{timing}

\begin{table*}{}
\centering
\scriptsize
\caption{X-ray observations and timing data}
\begin{tabular}{ccccccl}
\\
\hline
Date   & Observation duration &Spin phase offset  & Date of pulse maximum& $\chi^{2}$/d.o.f.  &  Satellite  \\
           &  (days)                          &                                   & (MJD)                                &                              &   \\

\hline\hline
 1995 Oct.&  0.82    &0.037$\pm$0.011 &  50004.2037529$\pm$0.0000044	    &24.31/17 & \emph{ASCA}\\
 2001 Nov.&   0.15    &0.146$\pm$0.007 & 52221.0720142$\pm$0.0000029	    &28.22/17 & \emph{XMM-Newton}\\
 2005 Aug.&   0.82    &0.237$\pm$0.010 & 53612.7767058$\pm$0.0000039	    &18.53/17 & \emph{Chandra}\\
 2005 Aug.&  2.28     &0.274$\pm$0.060 &53612.7967672$\pm$0.0000229	     &1.05/3  & \emph{Swift}\\
 2005 Oct.&  2.08     &0.225$\pm$0.009 &53673.9503081$\pm$0.0000033	    &12.94/17 & \emph{Suzaku}\\
 2006 Oct.&   2.23    &0.263$\pm$0.009 &54033.2674939$\pm$0.0000036	    &25.43/17 & \emph{Suzaku}\\
 2009 Oct.&  3.46     &0.376$\pm$0.013 &55120.7649611$\pm$0.0000051	     &5.41/9  & \emph{Suzaku}\\
 2012 May &  32.88     &0.565$\pm$0.029 &56062.1941461$\pm$0.0000110	      &3.99/7  & \emph{Swift}\\
 2012 Sept.&  2.92     &0.537$\pm$0.013 &56174.8316376$\pm$0.0000051	    &40.60/17 & \emph{NuSTAR}\\
 2012 Sept.&   0.07    &0.521$\pm$0.069 &  56176.2607899$\pm$0.0000265	    &1.97/7  & \emph{Swift}\\
 2015 Jun.&   0.27    &0.630$\pm$0.041 &57176.1997047$\pm$0.0000159	    & 3.00/4  & \emph{Swift}\\
 2015 Dec.&   0.49   & 0.694$\pm$0.108 &57373.0316534$\pm$0.0000415	     &0.06/2  & \emph{Swift} \\
\hline\hline
\label{xray}

\end{tabular}
\end{table*}

\label{results}

\begin{center}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{one_column_new.eps}
\caption{Spin phase-folded X-ray light curves of AE Aqr\ as obtained by the various satellites.
The \emph{ASCA}, \emph{XMM-Newton} and \emph{Chandra} light curves are taken from Mauche (2006).
{Two full rotations are shown for clarity.}
Best fitted {sinusoids} are shown by the solid red curves.}
\label{profile}
\end{figure}
\end{center}

\begin{center}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.8]{phase_shift_orbital_corrected_graph_2panel.eps}
\caption{Top: spin-phase offsets (Observed minus Calculated spin phases) of AE Aqr\/ from different X-ray observations as a function of time.
The {function fit} to the data points is indicated by the blue curve.
The interval of \textit{Fermi} observations covered in this paper is shown by the red arrow.
Bottom: residuals of the fitting in above panel.}
\label{trend}
\end{figure*}
\end{center}

Rotational phases for each photon that passed the selection criteria could be calculated using TEMPO2 (Hobbs et al.\ 2006) with the \textit{Fermi} plug-in (Ray et al.\ 2011), and the significance of gamma-ray pulsations evaluated by the H-test (de Jager et al. 1989; de Jager \& B$\ddot{u}$sching 2010).
However, it is first necessary to have available a precise ephemeris of AE Aqr\/ covering the span of the \emph{Fermi}-LAT data.
Using 14.5 years of optical data, de Jager et al.\ (1994) discovered that AE Aqr\ is spinning down at a rate of $\dot{P} = 5.642(20)\times 10^{-14}$ {d d$^{-1}$}.
Relying on the fact that the optical and X-ray spin pulses are aligned in phase (Patterson et al.\ 1980), Mauche (2006) employed \emph{ASCA}, \emph{XMM-Newton}, and \emph{Chandra} X-ray observations spread over 10 yr to extend the baseline of observations of AE Aqr\ to 27 years.
He found that the WD in AE Aqr\ is spinning down slightly faster than given by the de Jager et al.\ ephemeris in a manner consistent with a second derivative of the period change, $\ddot{P} = 3.46(56)\times 10^{-19}$ d$^{-1}$.
Because the spin ephemeris is {\em descriptive} and not necessarily {\em predictive}, we added \emph{Swift}, \emph{Suzaku}, and \emph{NuSTAR} observations to extend and refine the spin ephemeris of AE Aqr\/ over the span of the \emph{Fermi}-LAT observations (See Table \ref{xray}).
Due to the orbital motion of the WD around the binary center of mass, a photon arrival time delay of $\sim$ 2 seconds has been observed on AE Aqr\/ {at optical (de Jager et al.\ 1994), ultraviolet (Eracleous et al.\ 1994), and X-ray (Mauche 2006) frequencies}.
As was done by Mauche (2006), before calculating the spin phases, we corrected the photon arrival times for the $2\cos(\phi_{\rm orb})$~second delays {for the orbital ephemeris of de Jager et al.\ (1994)}.
We produced spin phase-folded X-ray light curves of AE Aqr\ for the various satellites assuming the de Jager et al.\ (1994) spin ephemeris; the light curves of \emph{ASCA}, \emph{XMM-Newton} and \emph{Chandra} are adopted from Mauche (2006).
Each light curve shows a similar sinusoidal profile and is fitted by a {sinusoid} function (Fig.\ \ref{profile}, red solid curves).
{The fitted $\chi^2$ values, degrees of freedom}, and spin phase offsets are listed in Table \ref{xray}.

It is evident from Figure \ref{profile} and Table \ref{xray} that the values of the spin-phase offsets derived from the various X-ray observations increase with time.
Figure \ref{trend} plots the spin-phase offsets versus time, demonstrating that the observed phases (``O'') diverge systematically from the calculated phases (``C'') assuming the de Jager et al.\ (1994) spin ephemeris.
{We fitted the data following the same method as Mauche (2006), yielding a new $\ddot{P} = 3.43(5)\times 10^{-19}$ d$^{-1}$ and a reduced $\chi^{2}$
of 1.14 (blue curve in Fig.\ \ref{trend}), which is consistent with, but reduces the error on, the $\ddot{P}$ term introduced by Mauche (2006).}
Thus, the spin ephemeris of AE Aqr\/ extended for the \emph{Fermi}-LAT data is determined as:

$$
 \begin{array}{lll}
  \mbox{Epoch} & T_{0}  =  45171.500042\mbox{ (barycentered MJD)}  & \mbox{de Jager et al.\ (1994)}\\
  \mbox{Spin period } & P  = 0.00038283263840 \mbox{ d}& \mbox{de Jager et al.\ (1994)}\\
  \mbox{Spin period derivative } &\dot{P}=5.642\ttt{-14} \mbox{ d } \mbox{d}^{-1} & \mbox{de Jager et al.\ (1994)}\\
  \mbox{Spin period second derivative } & \ddot{P}' = 3.43 \ttt{-19}  \mbox{d}^{-1} & \mbox{this paper}\\
    \mbox{Orbital period} & P_{orbit} = 0.411655610 \mbox{ d } & \mbox{de Jager et al.\ (1994)}\\
    \mbox{Time of superior conjunction } & T'_{0} =45171.7784 \mbox{ (barycentered MJD)} & \mbox{de Jager et al.\ (1994)}\\
    \mbox{Projected semi-amplitude} & a_{WD} \sin i = 2.04 \mbox{ s} & \mbox{de Jager et al.\ (1994)}\\

\end{array}
 $$

Adopting this ephemeris, we searched for gamma-ray pulsations of AE Aqr\ via an H-test procedure, for all \emph{Fermi}-LAT photons below 10 GeV, exploring different values {of} the minimum energy (from 100 MeV to 2.5 GeV in steps of 400 MeV) and radius ($0.3\degree$, $0.6\degree$, $0.9\degree$) {from AE Aqr\/} of the \emph{Fermi}-LAT data.
The maximum {H-test} TS value we obtained is 18.8 in the 1.7--10 GeV energy range with {an} ROI radius of $0.6\degree $.
This is a 3.5 $\sigma$ result before trials correction, but only 2.6 $\sigma$ after considering the trials in minimum energy and {ROI radius}.
The folded pulse profile and TS value as a function of time is shown in Figure \ref{gamma_timing}, left and right panels.
{The H-test TS value shows an increasing trend as data {accumulate}.}

{We fitted a constant to the folded 1.7--10 GeV \emph{Fermi}-LAT spin gamma-ray light curve, {yielding an average flux of 6.92$\pm$0.83 counts and a reduced $\chi^{2}$ of 29.82/9}, demonstrating that the gamma-ray light curve is not consistent with being constant with spin phase.
A sinusoidal function plus a constant was also fitted to the gamma-ray light curve, yielding {a pulse
amplitude of 6.77$\pm$1.47 counts, a constant of 9.64 $\pm$ 1.12 counts, a spin phase offset of 0.01$\pm$0.03, and a reduced $\chi^{2}$ of 4.48/7.}
The F-test indicates that the fitting with a sinusoidal function plus a constant is favored over a constant fitting at 99.87\% confidence level {($\sim$ 3 $\sigma$).}
The folded 1.7--10 GeV Fermi-LAT spin gamma-ray light curve peaks around zero spin phase.
The optical, ultraviolet, and X-ray spin pulses of AE Aqr\ are aligned in phase and also may be aligned with possible gamma-ray pulses if they {exist} just below the LAT sensitivity.}
However, no significant gamma-ray {pulsations} can be claimed at this time, because of the limited statistics.
The usual threshold for gamma-ray pulsar discovery is 5 $\sigma$ (Abdo et al. 2013).
\emph{Assuming AE Aqr\ continues to follow the exact same pattern as it has shown in current \emph{Fermi}-LAT data},
the trial corrected significance of the gamma-ray pulsation from AE Aqr\ will reach a 5 $\sigma$  level with an
additional $\sim$ 7.5 years of Fermi-LAT observations.
To track the evolution of the spin period and sustain the valid spin ephemeris, regular monitoring of AE Aqr\ in the optical, ultraviolet, and/or X-rays, is required.

\begin{center}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.6]{30mHz_fitted_new_cutted.eps}
\caption{Left, gamma-ray pulse profile of AE Aqr\/ in the 1.7--10 GeV energy range, with a {ROI radius} of $0.6\degree$ folded on our timing ephemeris.
Two full rotations are shown for clarity.
Right, H-test TS value of AE Aqr\/ as a function of time.
The red line represents the trend of TS value as data is accumulating from the start of the mission, while the blue line represents the same trend as data is accumulating from the end of the integration.}
\label{gamma_timing}
\end{figure*}
\end{center}

\section{Discussion}
\label{discussion}

We carried out the first detailed \emph{Fermi}-LAT data analysis of AE Aqr\/, searching for gamma-ray pulsations and for steady gamma-ray emission.
Neither was detected.
We extended and refined the spin ephemeris of Mauche (2006) using data from 12 { different} observations by six X-ray satellites spanning 20 years.
Gamma-ray pulsations have been searched {for} using the extended ephemeris but no detection was made beyond a hint at the {2.6 $\sigma$ } significance level.
We calculated a 99\% CL flux upper limit {on the steady emission from} AE Aqr\ of $1.3\times 10^{-12}$ erg cm$^{-2}$ s$^{-1}$ in the 100 MeV--300 GeV energy range.
This corresponds to a luminosity {upper limit} of $1.6\times 10^{30}$ erg s$^{-1}$ at 102 pc and {a gamma-ray efficiency of less than $2.7\times 10^{-4}$}.
No long-term flux variability is detected on a 3-month basis {and no flare activity was detected on {time} scales of 1 min}.

Meintjes \& de Jager (2000) proposed a propeller model to explain the TeV emission reported by Meintjes et al.\ (1994) and Chadwick et al.\ (1995), assuming that the magnetic field of the WD of AE Aqr\ is rotating through a clumpy ring near the circularization radius.
In this model, particles could be accelerated to relativistic energies by the huge potential differences in the clumpy ring, leading to a gamma-ray luminosity $\sim 10^{34}$ erg s$^{-1}$ during bursts, which is equal to the total spin down power.
The upper limits to the steady gamma-ray luminosity measured by MAGIC ($\sim 6.8 \times 10^{30}$ erg s$^{-1}$ above 200 GeV, Aleksi{\'c} et al.\ 2014) {and our present analysis in the 100 MeV--300 GeV energy range are both several orders of} magnitude lower than this model prediction.
It is not likely that the model proposed by Meintjes \& de Jager (2000) could account for the gamma-ray emission of AE Aqr\/, unless the episodes of gamma-ray emission are much more sporadic than expected, an assumption that seems ad hoc and unattractive.
{We note that the propeller model studied for transitional pulsars such as J1023+0038 discussed above was developed to explain a gamma-ray luminosity of the order of 10$^{34}$ erg/s, or $\sim$22\% of the corresponding pulsar's spin-down power.
The upper limit found in gamma rays is quite constraining in comparison to the spin down power of AE Aqr (it is similar to the limit reported by MAGIC, but at gamma-ray energies three orders of magnitude smaller).
We conclude that the rotation of the WD may be enough to preclude accretion, but not enough either to generate turbulence in the disc-field interface region, or reconnection events of the field, so that particles are accelerated up to TeV energies at a significant rate.}

The particle acceleration and energy release of a fast rotating, magnetic WD also could be explained in terms of the canonical spin-powered pulsar model.
With a pulsar-like acceleration process, Ikhsanov (1998) and Ikhsanov \& Biermann (2006) proposed the ejector white dwarf model (EWD) to explain the possible gamma-ray emission from AE Aqr\/.
Applying the EWD model, the high energy emission of AE Aqr\/ is dominated by the radiative loss of TeV electrons accelerated in the magnetosphere.
Gamma-ray emission would arise from inverse Compton scattering and the luminosity would be in the relatively uncertain range of 3--$500\times 10^{27}$ erg s$^{-1}$.
The upper limit derived in this paper is still one order of magnitude higher, so the EWD model prediction does not conflict with our results, although it is currently untestable.

\acknowledgments

The {\em Fermi}-LAT Collaboration acknowledges support from a number of agencies and institutes for both development and the
operation of the LAT as well as scientific data analysis. These include NASA and DOE in the United States,
CEA/Irfu and IN2P3/CNRS in France, ASI and INFN in Italy, MEXT, KEK, and JAXA in Japan, and the K.~A.\ Wallenberg
Foundation, the Swedish Research Council and the National Space Board in Sweden. Additional support from INAF in Italy and CNES in
France for science analysis during the operations phase is also gratefully acknowledged.

We acknowledge the support from the grants AYA2015-71042-P, SGR 2014-1073 and the National Natural Science Foundation of
China via NSFC-11473027, NSFC-11503078, NSFC-11133002, NSFC-11103020, XTP project XDA 04060604
and the Strategic Priority Research Program ``The Emergence of Cosmological Structures" of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Grant No. XDB09000000.
N.R. is further supported by an NWO Vidi Award.
A.P. acknowledges support via an EU Marie Sklodowska-Curie Individual Fellowship under contract No. 660657-TMSP-H2020-MSCA-IF-2014, as well as fruitful discussion with the international team on ``The disk-magnetosphere interaction around transitional millisecond pulsars" at ISSI (International Space Science Institute), Bern.
C.W.M.'s contribution to this work was performed under the auspices of the US Department of Energy by Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory under Contract DE-AC52-07NA27344.
We acknowledge the assistance from Dr. Zhongli Zhang with the \emph{Suzaku} data analysis.
This research has made use of data obtained through the High Energy Astrophysics Science Archive Research Center Online Service, provided by the NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Every day, many tourists start their fascinating journey around the Golden Ring, a famous tourist itinerary that encompasses the oldest cities of the central part of European Russia, its historic and cultural heritage sites. A brief glance at a map will tell you why they call it this way. The matter is that all these cities are located around Moscow and the road connecting them looks like a large circle. Traditionally, the Golden Ring includes 8 cities, i.e. Sergiyev Posad, Pereslavl-Zalessky, Rostov Veliky, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Suzdal, and Vladimir. However, recently there is a trend to expand this list.
This is here that the Russian history began. And this is why a trip around the Golden Ring is one of the best ways to learn about Russia and to understand the country's mentality.
Many tourist attractions of the Golden Ring are included the UNESCO World Heritage List. The historic center of Yaroslavl, a city with centuries-long history, is particularly worth seeing. One of its main attractions is called Strelka (a split cape at the rivers junction), a place where the Kotorosl River meets the Volga. This is here that Yaroslavl was founded, and to mark this, there is a monument of the city's Millennium.
Strelka is a great outing place that offers breathtaking views from the high river bank. Volzhskaya (Arsenalnaya) Tower is another place worth seeing. This is a remaining part of an old citadel that was used as an arsenal. One more place to see is an ensemble of churches along the Volga riverside. Metropolitan's Chambers is also a place to visit. These Chambers were constructed in the 17th century as a grand residence for Metropolitan Jonah (Iona) Sysoevich, the Orthodox Church leader of Yaroslavl. Today these Chambers host a rich exhibition of icons. Having visited Strelka, the tourists usually proceed to the six-column rotunda at the Volzhskaya Embankment, another symbol of Yarolsavl, where they can enjoy the beautiful city sights.
Other places protected by UNESCO include the white stone landmarks of Vladimir and Suzdal. The Church of the Intercession on the Nerl in Vladimir is surrounded by the river loop, so to protect it from being flooded by high water in spring, they have built the church on an artificial stone-and-clay hill. The walls of this church are slightly inclined inwards which makes it visually higher. Its graceful shape makes you think of a swan or a sail of a ship making its way through the waters.
Another site is the Trinity Lavra of St. Sergius in Sergiyev Posad, a symbol of Russian Orthodoxy and a major spiritual and cultural center. This monastery was founded in the 14th century by Sergius of Radonezh, one of the most venerated Russian saints. The Lavra is not far away from Moscow. Many pilgrims take the road there to draw some holy water from the springs inside the Monastery walls.
The white-stone Church of the Intercession on the Nerl in Vladimir makes you think of a swan or a ship's sail.
Having visited dozens of churches that form the Lavra complex, you may taste the authentic monastery food in a budget-friendly eating place.
Back in the 12th and 13th centuries, the Golden Gate of Vladimir was the city's front gate created to welcome special guests. Clad with gilded copper, its oak tree wings glittered brightly in the sun giving the Golden Gate its poetic name.
A 14-meter (46 ft) high white-stone triumphal arch contributed to the majestic look of this edifice. This was a symbol of prosperity and the princely power. Even today, many believe that a wish made while passing through the Golden Gate will come true. Many fires and enemy raids have significantly changed the initial shape of the Golden Gate. Today the edifice hosts an exposition on war and history exhibiting arrow heads and spear heads, hauberks, shell guns, banners, and military decorations.
A kitchen apron and a pair of felt boots are definitely a must-have!
The Golden Ring is a wealth of unmatched cathedrals and churches. These are attractive even for those who are far from being expert in Orthodox culture. Ipatievsky Monastery is one of the best known monasteries in Russia.
This was a family shrine of the Romanov Dynasty that ruled Russia from 1613 to 1917. Inside the Monastery there are unique wall-paintings telling many different stories. This Monastery is located in Kostroma. The exact date of the city foundation is still not known, but it is generally believed that its history goes back almost nine hundred years.
Kostroma is a major jewellery center of Russia. For centuries, craftsmen from Kostroma and the nearby ancient village of Krasnoe-na-Volge were famous for their workmanship. Visiting the jewelry factory, you will see with your own eyes the whole cycle of making jewelry: from the design sketch to the shop counter.
In Kostroma you will see how they make earrings and rings and in Ivanovo you will have a chance to learn more about textiles. For several centuries, Ivanovo was one of major textile industry centers of Russia. By the way, kitchen aprons and tea towels decorated with traditional Russian motifs as well as painted pinafores are great souvenirs. Schudrovskaya Palatka, the city's eldest all-brick building, is another place of interest in Ivanovo. In the old days, craftsmen painted their fabrics there.
The Golden Ring is also famous for a variety of museums. Here you will find museums of smoothing irons, samovars, advertising signboards, vases, pitchers, tea-pots, spoons, and coins.
Many towns have museums exhibiting old arts and crafts, like woodcarving, bone carving, lace, miniature lacquer painting, painted enamel and many others. Shchurovo Gorodishche Museum in the city of Suzdal makes you dive in the everyday life and traditions of the Ancient Rus. The most daring of the visitors can even have a whack in farm work. Here you have a real smith's shop, an armorer shop, live goats, pigs, and a vegetable garden. Just like the peasants used to have it in the 10th century. It looks like a village of that period has come to life. Lukova Sloboda Museum in Rostov Veliky is a wooden building that looks like a traditional izba. Here you will taste the onion-based dishes and learn about the history of onion-growing in the region. A provincial town of Myshkin attracts tourists with its Mouse Museum, Vodka Museum, and Retro Cars Museum. And in the Felt Boots Museum you will see the whole process of making the Russian traditional winter sheep wool footwear.
Shchurovo Gorodishche Museum has a real smith's shop, an armorer shop, live goats, pigs, and a vegetable garden. Just like the peasants used to have it in the 10th century.
People residing in the cities of the Golden Ring have a passion for public festivities. One more must-see is festival of the famous Romanov Sheep held in the town of Tutaev. The Romanov sheep is a breed developed in the Yaroslavl Region and considered to be one of the region's crown jewels. It is hard to recognize the town during this festival. It becomes brightly decorated and bustling, everywhere lamb-shaped spice cakes and savories are sold, hot samovars are puffing smoke, people dress up as sheep, play accordions and according to the ancient Russian hospitality tradition, they welcome guests with bread and salt. And the star attraction of the day is the a competition of shearers, people who shear wool.
Amazing is the splendid nature of the Golden Ring. Lake Pleshcheyevo near the town of Pereslavl-Zalessky is a wonderfully romantic place. This is a major isolated water body joined by dozens of rivers and streams. The lake is at least 30,000 years old. It is inhabited by many fish species, including the famous ryapushka that was served to the Tsar's table in the old days.
They call Lake Pleshcheyevo the birthplace of the Russian Navy. In the late 17th century it won over the young Emperor Peter I. He was fascinated by the beauty and the size of the lake and it occurred to him to set up his poteshnaya (toy) flotilla, a navy of tiny ships, the forefather of the Russian Navy. Peter I personally took part in constructing the yachts and boats. Now, this place hosts the Botik of Peter the Great estate museum, a must-see for the curious tourists.
Every city of the Golden Ring has a charm of its own worth of discovering by all the visitors attracted by the long-standing Russian culture and history as well as the splendor of the country's nature.


I think I'm going to switch to doing all of my reports here at work in that font.
^ Works if you use # "1" instead of "i"
One problem with Solemnity is the T is the curved one, as opposed to the straight T in the Saints wordmark.
I found a version someone modified of Solemnity with the correct T's and I's if anyone is interested.
I would like to have it as well.
No problems, guys. Just PM me your emails and I'll send it.
EDIT: I attached the font in my first post above so now I no longer have to email it.
Nice! But it actually is and OLD basketball nickname. Air Al. Nothing "air" about me now though.


text:
Information on German Foreign Policy: News + Interviews + Analyses + Background
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An Army of the Europeans
BERLIN | 11/29/2018
BERLIN (Own report) - The program of the Berlin Security Conference, which ended yesterday, included discussions on new steps toward creating an "army of the Europeans," concerns over the possible erosion of the West's "margin in defense capabilities" vis à vis Russia and China, as well as the role of artificial intelligence in future wars. Unlike the Munich Security Conference, this conference is not oriented on foreign policy but specifically on military policy and the arms industry, with more than a thousand military and business representatives, state officials, and politicians participating. Germany's Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen used the platform to launch a debate on steps toward limiting parliamentary reservations concerning an "army of the Europeans." In the future, "Europe may have to provide for its own security, perhaps even completely independently" from US support, according to experts. This calls for rapidly enhancement of the use of artificial intelligence in warfare and a "European narrative" to legitimize EU wars.
Military Union in the Making
At this year's Berlin Security Conference, which ended yesterday, German Defense Minister Ursula von der Leyen promoted new steps toward creating an "army of the Europeans." According to von der Leyen, "the question is no longer if, but how to reach strategic autonomy" of the EU with its own armed forces. "The European defense union is in the making."[1] Delicate questions will be raised in the near future, such as that of establishing "independent command capabilities," alongside those of NATO, for future EU missions and streamlining decision-making structures. German parliamentary reservations should not be abolished, but rather reframed. Brussels could establish a "committee of legislators from national parliaments specializing in defense," which could rapidly prepare decisions - in questions of war and peace. In addition, compulsory EU consensus in foreign policy should be abandoned. "European foreign policy decisions on the basis of large majority support must be made possible." This would mean that individual member countries could be compelled to support a foreign policy against to their interests.
Strategic Autonomy
The German foreign policy establishment is already discussing the outline for the further development of the "army of the Europeans." To actually achieve "strategic autonomy, Europe, more than ever must provide for its own security - perhaps even completely," according to Jan Techau, Director of the European Program of the German Marshall Fund of the United States.[2] This would mean that, not only conventional, but "nuclear deterrence," as well, must be "independently organized in Europe."[3] This, in turn, must be accompanied "by a significantly enhanced independent intelligence competence and activity." Furthermore, with the "shift of acts of aggression to the sector of information technology (IT), and the hybrid warfare in the sectors of media and public opinion influence," the guarantee of European security will be extended to fields, where Europe ... is not among the world leaders," concluded Techau. In the future, "the Europeans, and above all, Germany, must accomplish in these fields things that, by far, surpass what the United States has been able to achieve until now." The "scope of the task" also demands that in the future "strategy be taught at German universities ... and strategic education be required as a career-obligation for all civil servants from the B-6 salary level upwards." And ultimately, "a federal security council" should "be the hub connecting the various strands of ministerial activities on all central questions" so that "the chancellor may have access to thorough strategic advice."
Booming Western Military Budgets
At the Berlin Security Conference, experts gave voice to their worries about whether the West's margin in defense capabilities vis à vis Russia and China is not "eroding."[4] Both countries are "growing stronger" in armaments, according to Jürgen Beyerer, Chair of the Fraunhofer Institute for Optronics, System Technologies, and Image Exploitation (IOSB). The high government expenditures for the military have made this possible. In fact, China and Russia are spending much less on their armed forces than western powers. This can be seen in statistics published by the International Institute for Strategic Studies (IISS). According to these statistics, the US military budget for 2017 was at US $602.8 billion, compared to US $150.5 billion for China and US $61.2 billion for Russia - one-tenth of the US military budget.[5] Russia is even investing less for its military needs than Saudi Arabia, with US $76.7 billion. In 2017, with US $163.9 billion, the four EU countries with the largest military budgets, earmarked for their armed forces more than China and nearly three times more than Russia. Moreover, Germany is drastically increasing its military budget, which went from €34 billion in 2015 to €38.9 billion this year and will spend €43.2 billion next year on the Bundeswehr. Berlin also has additional plans for billions in "authorized commitments" to expensive arms projects. The Bundeswehr's new "capability profile" shows that Germany's military budget is supposed to be increased to around €60 billion by 2023. (german-foreign-policy.com reported.[6]) Germany would be spending more on its military than Russia does currently.
Mechanical War Intelligence
At the Berlin Security Conference not only the debate about cyber, drone, and robotic warfare is playing an increasingly prominent role, but also the question of the use of artificial intelligence (AI) for military purposes. The fact that wars of the future will "above all be waged in cyber space," as well as with drones and robots is clear; "presence" on the battlefield "is no longer required" to wage war.[7] "Mechanical intelligence will also be seen on the battlefields of the future." AI will "develop so rapidly," that human decision making "will be lagging behind."[8] In the debate among German elites, AI plays a role in predicting future conflicts. For example, experts expect that the use of robots in industry will put masses, particularly "in countries of the southern hemisphere," out of work and this "proletariat, made 'useless' through digitalization will ... resist the state order." AI can predict this sort of conflict, it is claimed.[9] Should rebellions actually take place, "defense forces" can "isolate" the areas of conflict ("'no-go'-areas"), "fencing them in with automatic barriers and monitor them with drones." This is but one example of the variety of AI uses.
A "European Narrative"
The experts were also discussing the issue of how future European wars of this kind can be best conveyed to the population. For example Géza Andreas von Geyr, who heads the Political Department in Germany's Ministry of Defense, was quoted saying during a podium discussion at the security conference that "a common European narrative" is needed, to be able to infuse "the term 'European Defense Union' deep into the society of the European population." "Robust missions" of the "army of the Europeans" must be included in this calculation."[10] In such a case, this "narrative" could help to counteract potential opposition to the EU's future wars.
For more information on this theme see also Coalition of Those Willing to Go to War (II).
[1] Rede der Verteidigungsministerin zur Eröffnung der Berlin Security Conference. bmvg.de 27.11.2018.
[2] Jan Techau: Strategiefähigkeit und Weltschmerz. Die deutsche Außenpolitik bis 2030. deutschland-und-die-welt-2030.de.
[3] See also Die deutsche Bombe and Die nukleare Frage.
[4] Adrian Bednarski: Erosion des westlichen Verteidigungsvorsprungs? behoerden-spiegel.de 28.11.2018.
[5] Warum die Welt wieder mehr Geld für Militär ausgibt. orange.handelsblatt.com 19.02.2018.
[6] See also Die Kosten der Weltpolitik (II).
[7] Katarina Heidrich: "Partner sein über den Ozean hinaus". behoerden-spiegel.de 28.11.2018.
[8] Adrian Bednarski: Verteidigung zwischen 5G und KI. behoerden-spiegel.de 27.11.2018.
[9] Ayad Al-Ani, Jörg Stenzel: Verteidigungsplattformen als Streitkräfte der Zukunft. deutschland-und-die-welt-2030.de.
[10] Übergreifende politische Kultur notwendig. bmvg.de 27.11.2018.
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