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Home / Essay Examples / Society / Discrimination / Racial Discrimination in Businesses
Racial Discrimination in Businesses
Civil Rights Act Of 1964 , Discrimination , Employment , Racial Segregation , Racism , Social Issues , Unemployment
Category: Society
Racism has been an issue for an extended period of time. There are a few different ways to characterize what racism is nevertheless this is the most ideal approach to truly comprehend it, it's prejudice, discrimination, or antagonism directed against someone of a different race based on the belief that one's own race is superior. People in our world believe that they use their race to bring others around them down, often it's done on purpose. Racial separation runs with prejudice since it's the point at which a man or woman is dealt with less positively than someone else in a comparative circumstance due to their race, color, descent, national or ethnic root or migrant status. Not only does racism or racial discrimination occur to people just walking on the streets, but it happens in workplaces such as the business world. The two forms of racial discrimination are direct discrimination and indirect racial segregation. An example of direct discrimination is if a real estate agent refused to rent a house to someone because of their skin color or status. Then for indirect racial segregation would be if a small company told their employees that they can't wear anything on their heads, this would be unfair to those with racial or ethnic backgrounds. The real question is, why is diversity so highly promoted in the employment field when there are so many instances of racial discrimination that appear.
To have a better handle of why racial separation happens among work, we have to realize what really causes racial segregation. It's extremely difficult to identify what exactly causes racial discrimination. There are levels to this comprehension the first is to actuate the declarations of separation. Second, is to comprehend what persuades a man or woman to separate along racial lines. If the internal motivations can be measured, then a concept can be formed. Even though racial discrimination has been around for a long time, gaining a better understanding as to why it happens might be a solution to end it.
The year of 1964 on July 2nd, President Lyndon Johnson passed the Civil Rights Act prohibiting discrimination in public places. Including in schools and other public facilities, and also made employment discrimination illegal. "President John F. Kennedy urged the nation to take action toward guaranteeing equal treatment of every American regardless of race" (Civil Rights Act, 1964). He encouraged the nation to have everyone be treated equally no matter their race. The act forbade discrimination in businesses like restaurants, hotels, and theaters. It even banned the spread of discriminatory practices when it came to giving people jobs, and segregation ended in public places such as schools, swimming pools, and libraries. In the same year, the Civil Rights Act was passed others along with the Senate disagreed with the act and tried to have it terminated. "The Senate filibuster was overcome through the floor leadership of Senator Hubert Humphrey of Minnesota, the considerable support of President Lyndon Johnson, and the efforts of Senate Minority Leader Everett Dirksen of Illinois, who convinced Republicans to support the bill" (Civil Rights Act, 1964).
With the Civil Rights Act achieved in 1964, racial discrimination and harassment still occur throughout the workplace environment. "40% to 76% of ethnic, minority employees encounter at least one undesired race related actions within a 12 to 24 month period" (Buchanan, N., Settles, I., & Yap, S., 2010, p. 9). Measurement investigation approaches contemplating separation by investigating the differences between particular groups. Rather than taking a gander at the states of mind or impression of others that might connect with demonstrations of separation, the new methodology should demonstrate the consequences of segregation in unemployment. Large-scale datasets will indicate different levels of underlying social advantages and disadvantages between groups and document their direction over time. Numerous racial separation claims are disregarded, neglected or unreported. Claims that are recognized and seen are valued to provide research to develop formal legal action. Many claims are deflected from legal action. Despite the fact that there has been an expansion in the work constrain the position of racial minorities, there's a lot of inconsistency. According to Devah Pager and Hana Shephard, "African Americans are twice as likely to be unemployed as whites, and the wages of both blacks and Hispanics continue to lag well behind those of whites" (2008, p. 183).
Procuring choices have tenaciously discovered relentless proof of racial segregation, white inclinations of contracting ranges from half to 240%. A study done by Bertrand and Mullainathan mailed out resumes to employers in Boston and Chicago but they used racially identifiable names to make it known that the person is of a specific race. "…names like Jamal or Lakisha, these names represent African American and Brad or Emily correlate with whites" (D. Pager & H. Shepherd, 2008, p. 190). Callbacks for work was half higher for whites than the individuals who are similarly qualified, dark candidates. "At more aggregate levels, research focuses to the steadiness of word-related segregation, with racial minorities moved in occupations with lower levels of security and power and with fewer opportunities to further a career" (D. Pager & H. Shepherd, 2008, p. 197).
The Racial Discrimination Act was passed in 1975, in Australia. This demonstration was set up wanting to stop racial separation. The Racial Discrimination Act needed racial biased conduct and benefit to the observer to stop however that arrangement didn't finish too well. Despite the fact that the Racial Discrimination Act did not fill in as viable as arranged they attempted. All that the nation wanted was for racial practices to stop. This Racial Discrimination Act may not be the solution but Australia is taking the right steps toward making an impact. The purpose behind the RAD not working was because of the way that there is so much ethnic and social decent variety that it's difficult to get everybody in agreement. "An individual's cultural identity is rather important so to have a law be forced upon people made the act not succeed" (B. Gaze, 2005, p. 185 & 186).
Racial segregation is in financial matters which incorporates salary, compensation, costs paid, and even credit. In most observations, most good jobs were not available to blacks. Not just by employers but it extended to labor unions. In World War II a no-strike pledge was established but due to the labor shortage, they tried to hire blacks. With the workers having a successful strike, it prevented the blacks to work. It's demoralizing to see that they would have individuals, not of shading, attempt to work when there was a NO-STRIKE vow amid that time. Another way one could detect discrimination was within estimating wage equations. Society and researchers need to know quantitative information of separation for money and knowing one's prosperity. Racial separation and financial implications are essential. Furthermore bringing issues to light may change gradually and lastly is the evidence of racial discrimination before 1964 would be helpful today. Sadly the passage of legislation no longer has evidence of racial discrimination. "Which means there is no way of knowing what happened and if there was anything that could've prevented racial discrimination" (K. Arrow, 1998, p. 93).
According to Michael Sovern, "The National Labor Relations Act; …although primarily concerned with other problems, must be reckoned among the significant elements in the variegated federal effort" (1962, p. 598). It is important mainly for its impact, actual and potential, upon racial discrimination by unions. With the power of labor unions, they either maintain or end discrimination to where there is no rival between employees. This is extremely out of line since it allows the economy associations to pick who lands the position. Individuals believe that Negroes are unimportant, they are confined to the lowest job classifications, along with being excluded from other things as well. Focuses of bigotry and racial separation incorporate blacks, especially in the work field. "The general arrangement is to have Negroes be excluded and have them be nonunion which makes it impossible to get any jobs" (M. Sovern, 1962, p. 625).
The joblessness rate and business populace proportion shift by race and ethnicity even in our current world, the Bureau of Labor Statistics demonstrate the information of various races that are jobless for the year 2016. "Black or African Americans were unemployed at a rate of 8.4%, Hispanic or Latino at 5.8%, White at 4.3% and Asian at 3.6%" (United States Department of Labor., 2017). The statistics used above were to conduct a data chart in the following groupings. The occupations and industries that groups worked at, geographic areas of the country where groups populated (urban and rural setting), education fulfillment, and the amount of discrimination in a workplace. People of color have a lower chance of getting a job compared to those who are white. Those who are black and have an education, mostly live in an urban area, have some job experience, are more than likely to become unemployed than whites who have the same characteristics. Wage inconsistency is also an issue other than hiring and employment. People who are white can be offered up to 15 cents an hour higher than blacks who are just as equally qualified as they are. "Studies show that white men earn about 15% more than black men and white women earn 6% more than black women" (D. Pager & H. Shepherd, 2008, p. 206). Real Fortune organizations comprise of generally white males, despite the fact that organizations get a kick out of the chance to advance decent variety. They think it's a need to have an assorted group. Research shows that "less than 2% of senior corporate positions are held by minority individuals. Further, women only hold 2.6% of the top executive positions in the Fortune 500" (D. Embrick, 2011, p. 7).
With the increase in black male CEOs, we have to think about how white males don't have to even try to get the position. This is extremely unfair to those of privilege to have the position handed to them, also for black men and women. Obstructions are set for women which makes it difficult to be coached, procure an advancement or given preparing openings. Research shows, "…the number of women and minority individuals is almost non-existent. There isn't a need to promote and mentor women and minorities if white males continue to control every corporation" (D. Embrick, 2011, p. 9 & 10). Managers including executive and HR managers did not have a say about their company's diversity policies or practices. "This is proof that there are many companies that don't care to provide equal opportunity in the workplace" (D. Embrick, 2011, p. 12 & 13). In Chicago, there was a case that involved black manufacturers that only formed a business upon racism and racial discrimination. Between the times of the Great Migration and the Great Depression, there were ethnic beauty aid industries that arose as a black establishment. Black community-based businesses began to disappear due to the Great Depression, along with other businesses. In order for a business to be a success, they need the attention of the public, along with creating a leadership and friendship with the black community as well. Black people extended their horizons by being entrepreneurs and the start of manufacturing more products. "Blacks pushed through the racial discrimination to prove those who were against them wrong and in the process, succeeded" (R. Silverman, 1998, p. 584).
To take part in mitigating racial segregation of work everybody should make this mindful. By hosting public events that can help spread the word and awareness of racial discrimination it can be beneficial to ease this issue. So many different advocates would be willing to fight for equality. In order for all of this to happen and actually work we need to have a balance of diversity. This means that there should be people of all different races, ages, gender, and color. By having this it will prove to everyone that we can all work together and support a movement that will help provide us all with the balance we can have. Any form of media can help with the spread of what racial discrimination is. With having the radio, TV, Youtube videos, tweets, podcasts, snapchat, Instagram and Facebook posts these can all help racial discrimination be heard. Our current world is currently going through a lot of injustice, to where people are fighting against that corruption. When building an alliance, the people need to feel safe with that alliance. With feeling safe in an alliance, it is the most important thing to have, because negativity could arise or even worse violence could escalate. Most people think that others will only listen to how you feel if you say it the right way, but there really is no right way of expressing how you feel.
When people want their voices to be heard people often tell them that it needs to be in a positive way. Even though racial discrimination is something that isn't so positive, we can make it positive by putting in all our effort to make it into something that can be positive. Everyone in the world needs equality, and without it, the world wouldn't function properly. Racial discrimination isn't helping our world be balanced. It's more terrible in light of the fact that there is such a large number of individuals in the world that want to work with others of various races, to pick up experience with an assorted group of individuals. In my life, I have experienced racial discrimination happen to people that I know. At my mom's old work her boss used racial discrimination when hiring people, personally, my mom didn't like it. She then quit that job because it was unfair to those of race, color, descent, national or ethnic root or migrant status. She now currently works at a dentist office that has barely any racial discrimination. When I'm older I want to work in a place just like my mom does right now. Racial discrimination where I live has slowly gotten better, but in other places, it might not be the same way. When I'm older I will not judge someone or pass over their application just because of their race, color, or status. In order for racial discrimination to get even better, we all need to spread the word about it.
Racial Discrimination in Businesses. (2020, May 07). Retrieved from https://papersowl.com/examples/racial-discrimination-in-businesses/
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Caribbean Jamaica
All Jamaica
8 Top Things to Do in Jamaica on Family Trips
By Teresa Plowright
Paul Thomas / EyeEm / Getty Images
Thanks in part to the island's many all-inclusive beach resorts, Jamaica has become a popular destination for family friendly getaways. If you want experience life beyond your resort, there are still plenty of activities to keep everyone busy—try your hand at zip-lining, bobsledding (riding on a mountain coaster), cruising around on a catamaran off Negril's beautiful coast, river rafting adventures, hiking to scenic vantage points of Dunn's River Falls, and learning more about Jamaica's past at the historic Rose Hall. Most attractions are within a few hours' drive of any of the main resort areas, plus the island is only about 146 miles wide and 51 miles from north to south, though road conditions and traffic may add more time to your trip.
When it comes to all-inclusive resorts, Jamaica offers many choices and conveniences for traveling families. Beaches is the family resort brand of Sandals' all-inclusive resort company, which happens to be based in Jamaica. Families will also be able to find several value-priced all-inclusive hotels with onsite waterparks and other fun features just for kids, while other properties offer different, more luxurious perks. At the Franklyn D. Resort and Spa, for instance, each family has access to their own vacation nanny throughout their stay.
Head to the Nearest Beach
Holger Leue / Getty Images
Doctor's Cave Beach, Montego Bay, Jamaica
Web Visit website
Whether you're based in Montego Bay, Ocho Rios, or another part of the island, you're not likely to be too far from a beautiful stretch of sand. Take your pick and bring the family for a refreshing dip in Jamaica's crystal-blue Caribbean Sea. For a real treat, head to Doctor's Cave Beach, pictured here, which offers calm waters perfect for wading and swimming (ideal for little ones as well as their grandparents) and water trampolines just offshore for those old enough to swim to them.
Discover Underground Beauty at Green Grotto Caves
GummyBone / Getty Images
Discovery Bay, Jamaica
Enter an underground labyrinth at Green Grotto Caves, located about half way between Ocho Rios and Falmouth in Discovery Bay. A popular national landmark, the site was once used by Jamaica's Indigenous Arawak and Taino people to hold ceremonial rituals and later as hideouts for Spanish soldiers during English control in the Caribbean, enslaved Africans who escaped Jamaica's plantations during the 1700s, and 20th-century smugglers who were sneaking weapons into Cuba. Check out the intricate cave system on tours led by guides; children as young as four are welcome to attend.
Go River Rafting on the Martha Brae
Jamaica Tourist Board
F89V+68J, Martha Brae, Jamaica
For an unforgettable only-in-Jamaica type of experience 40 minutes from Montego Bay, take the family rafting down the Martha Brae River. Jamaica Rafting offers packages including round-trip transportation from your resort, a 75-minute guided rafting adventure on a 30-foot bamboo raft down the Martha Brae River, a trip to Miss Martha's Herb Garden to learn about the medicinal purposes of herbs that can be found in the area, and the chance to shop for locally made arts, crafts, and souvenirs at the Rafter's Village.
Try Bobsledding at Mystic Mountain Rainforest Adventures
Rainforest Adventure
"Feel the Rhythm, Feel the Rhyme, Get on Up, It's Bobsled Time!" Whether or not you recognize the line from Cool Runnings, plan to spend several hours at Mystic Mountain Rainforest Adventures, located near Ocho Rios along the northern coast.
Children of all ages will be eager to take a ride on the bobsled, a type of mountain coaster that is becoming more popular at ski resorts throughout North America. Younger kids can even hop in and enjoy the ride on their own bobsled, which comes equipped with a special brake. The ride takes you on a beautiful trip through lush rainforests and best of all, guests can ride as many times as they like.
Other fun things to do at Mystic Mountain Rainforest Adventures include the SkyExplorer lift, which takes guests up and down the mountain, a waterslide, a beautiful butterfly garden, and a small museum that spotlights Jamaica's famous athletes—including the bobsled team from the film Cool Runnings—and gives a quick introduction of the country's history. For more adrenaline-seeking thrills, families can tack on a zip-line package.
Venture Out to Dunn's River Falls
Pauws99 / Getty Images
Main St, Ocho Rios, Jamaica
One of the best-known attractions in all of Jamaica is Dunn's River Falls, which makes an especially fun outing, as visitors can literally climb up the waterfall. Be aware that it's typically a popular and crowded spot, where people climb the falls in groups as a human chain (each group is led by a guide). Be sure to wear your swimsuits and bring your water shoes along for this sure-to-be-memorable adventure. Most resorts on the island offer day trips to Dunn's River Falls, which is located near Ocho Rios along the north coast, about an hour's drive west of Montego Bay.
Get to Know Negril
Du Boisberranger Jean / hemis.fr / Getty Images
Even if you're not staying in the area, consider taking a day trip to Negril, a beautiful area located on the western tip of Jamaica that's home to a famous 7-mile beach. It's also lined by an eclectic assortment of restaurants and small (and often family-friendly) hotel and resort properties. Negril also sports a very different cliffside area where you'll find a number of resorts as well as Rick's Cafe, where area locals and tourists are known to jump and dive off the cliffs into the beautiful blue water below.
Families who want to stay in Negril can choose from two Beaches all-inclusive family resorts, each of which have outstanding features for kids. Negril also has some great opportunities for staying at smaller non-all inclusive properties.
If you're just passing through and hoping to get a taste of Negril, opt to get picked up at your resort by the Island Routes catamaran cruise tour company for a relaxing half-day boat trip that includes lunch, snorkeling, and the chance to indulge your inner child and play on a water trampoline.
Learn About the Island's Dark Past at Rose Hall
Robert Harding / Getty Images
Rose Hall Road, Montego Bay, Jamaica
Rose Hall, located along Jamaica's north coast near Montego Bay, is one of the best examples on the island of a restored "Great House," or in this case, one of the mansions that presided over the plantations several centuries ago. Tours are offered and provide a glimpse into this part of the Caribbean's darker history, which involved slavery and a particularly terrible plantation owner's wife, whose cruelty made her known then and now as the White Witch of Rose Hall.
Get Outdoors with Chukka Caribbean Adventures
Jordane St-Hilaire Dupuis / EyeEm / Getty Images
Unit #2, Freeport Shopping Centre, Montego Bay, Jamaica
Chukka Caribbean Adventures offers several types of excursions, including zip-lining in the rainforest canopy (safe for children as young as 6 to do themselves), ATV safaris, dune buggy rides, horseback riding on the beach, river tubing, and kayaking, among other popular family-friendly adventure activities. There's something for everyone, with outposts in near Montego Bay, Negril, Falmouth, and Ocho Rios.
The company is perhaps best known for its eco-adventure outpost at Good Hope Estate, a 2,000-acre plot of land that was once a plantation and is now home to several wading pools, a 50-foot waterfall with a plunge pool, and a smattering of Caribbean-style bars and restaurants.
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Top Things to Do in Jamaica on Family Trips

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The 7 Most Innovative Cities
Jared Kaltwasser
Patents, venture capital, and startups are the signs of success when it comes to the tech sector. Which cities to the best job of creating innovation-friendly environments?
The US technology sector has in recent years been one of the brightest stars in the nation's economy. According to a new report by CompTIA, the sector employs more than 6 million Americans, and created 129,000 new jobs between 2013 and 2014 alone.
Statistics like that have prompted a number of cities to launch initiatives aimed at growing their tech sectors, including incubators to help startups get off the ground and economic incentives to get burgeoning companies to locate in the city.
The personal finance website NerdWallet recently took a look at the cities doing the best jobs of becoming technology hubs. The list includes a number of predictable cities, but is also includes lesser-known metropolitan areas. One other surprising finding? The top cities are entirely on the West Coast. Indeed, of the Top 10, only 2 cities—Burlington, VT, and Boston, MA—are in the Eastern half of the US, and they placed ninth and tenth, respectively.
To compile its list, NerdWallet looked at 3 statistics: the number of patents (per 1,000 residents) originating from that city from 2009-2013, the amount of venture capital funding per capita in the city in 2014, and the "tech startup density," a measure of how many new companies formed in the city. The startup density metric comes from the Kauffman Foundation.
What follows are the top 7 cities on NerdWallet's list.
Provo cracked the top ranks of the list thanks largely to its venture capital funding. At $833.42 in VC funding per capita, the city is bested only by handful of other cities. It also boasts a relatively strong startup density, well above the national average. The city is home to large tech firms including genealogy site Ancestry.com, and the online survey company Qualtrics.
Image by Ken Lund/Creative Commons License
Fort Collins is one of 2 Colorado cities on the list. We'll get to the other one in a few moments. Fort Collins is home to Colorado State University, and its tech startup density is 3 times the national average. That's enough to offset a very low $42.03 in VC funding per capita. Large tech companies in the city include processor firm AMD and computer-maker HP.
Image by Travis Swan/Creative Commons License
This one is likely no surprise to techies. After all, Internet retail giant Amazon makes its home in Seattle and software behemoth Microsoft is just a few miles down the road in Redmond. Seattle has strong scores in all 3 metrics used by NerdWallet to make its rankings. The city had $333.74 in VC funding per capita—a good score, though significantly lower than the smaller city of Provo.
This western Oregon city might be a surprise to many readers. However, it bears similar traits to other cities on the list. Its home to Oregon State University and one of its largest employers is HP. The city boasts a robust 12.29 patents per 1,000 people during the years used for this study, 2009-2013.
Image by Doug Kerr/Creative Commons License
San Francisco is a giant of the tech industry, tallying a staggering $3,485.31 in venture capital per capita in 2014, according to NerdWallet. The list of companies calling San Francisco home contains too many to name, though its startup density is far from the highest on the list, at 2.4, or just more than double the national average.
The highest-ranked Colorado city on the list is also best known for its university, the University of Colorado. However, NerdWallet notes that the region's TechStars startup incubator has been very successful at launching firms, creating a startup density 6 times the national average, and 10.20 patents per 1,000 people.
Image by Brian Boardman/Creative Commons License
Silicon Valley tops the list, a fact that will come as no surprise. However, some of the numbers might be. San Jose is the only city with more VC funding than San Francisco ($3,585.68 per capita), and its residents booked 27.39 patents per 1,000 people. Adobe Systems, Cisco Systems, and Ebay are all based in the city.
To read NerdWallet's complete list, including data for the top 50 metro areas, visit their website.


Our friends Ricard and Marta live in an old house in the center of Les Borges del Camp. They have a big empty space on top which they want to transform into their two little ladies rooms.
They also want to use this space as their second living room when the kids are not home. The structure is in good shape. They basically don't need any architect for legal issues, so they asked for advice on how they could make a better use of that space.
Although it is quite big and tall, the existing windows are small, and the atmospheric conditions are quite poor, with very little insulation and air renewal. Ricard loves to repair and upcycle old motorbikes. They are planning to build almost everything themselves.
So we prepare a custom-made plan for them. A CIY (complete-it-yourself) strategy. We produce a set of clear documents, precise instructions on how they can assemble walls, floors, ceiling, windows... from cheap standard studs and plyboards. We might help them on and off.


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AstraZeneca to Invest $360 Million in Advanced Manufacturing Facility in Ireland
Pharmaceutical Technology Editors
AstraZeneca will establish an API manufacturing facility near Dublin, Ireland.
AstraZeneca announced on Sept. 21, 2021 that they will be investing $360 million into a new manufacturing facility that will produce small molecule APIs in Ireland. The new plant is planned to support both late-stage development and early commercial supply.
According to a company press release, the facility will be capable of manufacturing various medicines, including new modalities such as antibody drug conjugates and oligonucleotides. The company also expects the facility to significantly reduce commercialization costs and lead times, as well as introduce more sustainable manufacturing processes. This would contribute to the company's Ambition Zero Carbon program, which aims to have zero carbon emissions by 2025.
The planned investment is at Alexion Campus in College Park, Dublin. The project, which was developed in collaboration with IDA Ireland—Ireland's investment agency—is expected to create approximately 100 highly skilled direct jobs, such as scientists and engineers, as well as additional indirect jobs.
"I warmly welcome today's announcement from AstraZeneca that it is to establish its first ever manufacturing facility in Ireland." said Micheál Martin, Taoiseach [prime minister of the Republic of Ireland], in the press release. "In choosing Ireland as the location for its new next-generation active pharmaceutical ingredient manufacturing facility, AstraZeneca joins the very strong and successful network of global life sciences companies we have in Ireland. I wish them every success with their operations here."
"This is a tremendously proud moment for us all at AstraZeneca, and I am delighted that we are bringing this very significant investment to Dublin which, with the support of the IDA, will create highly skilled jobs, nurture the country's dynamic life sciences sector and allow for the development of high value-added medicines." said Pascal Soriat, CEO of AstraZeneca, in the press release.
Source: AstraZeneca
Supplier NewsManufacturingAPI Synthesis and Manufacturing, Small MoleculeDevelopment
Asimov and Center for Breakthrough Medicines Collaborate for Viral Vector Production
Providing a Snapshot of the Industry


Svavar Ingi Hermannsson is an Information Risk Management expert at KPMG. He has over 20 years of experience in computer security. His expertise covers code auditing, penetration testing, and vulnerability assessment.
Until recently Iceland has been relatively untouched by serious cyber-attacks; however indications are that increasing sophistication is being used to target local entities. At Hacker Halted Europe, Svavar's keynote presentation addressed the current level of Network Security in Iceland, based on a recent nationwide study undertaken by KPMG.
As part of the study, they scanned the entire IPv4 range of Iceland. This scan discovered over 2,000 Cisco boxes, which had open ports running and over 700 of them had open telnet ports.


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Q: Stopping setInterval I am playing around with "ID's" trying to get comfortable and such. I know jQuery has a really quick solution, but I want to know how to do it via js.
     var startTimer = function init(){
                var n = 0;
                var e = document.getElementById("output");
                var myTimer = setInterval (function() {e.innerHTML = n++;},100);
                // clearInterval(myTimer);
                if(myTimer === 10){
                    clearInterval(myTimer);
                    return;

                }
            }

           startTimer();

A: Did you actually want this?
function initTimer(){
    var n = 0;
    var e = document.getElementById("output");
    var timerid = setInterval( function() {
        e.innerHTML = n;
        if (n < 10) // count until ten
            n++;
        else
            clearInterval(timerid); // this happens somewhen later
    }, 100);
}

A: You're comparing myTimer to 10, you should compare n instead:
if(n===10) ...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Q: Cookies duplicating with Internet Explorer (Node backend) I've got an Angular application with a Node/Express backend. I just tested it in Internet Explorer (11) and noticed a strange bug with the authentication.
At some point I update the authentication details, which are stored in a Json Web Token in a cookie. On chrome, I simply set a new cookie with the same name, and it works fine. However, with IE I found it didn't use the new cookie, and found it had actually stored two:

Both have the same name. They're both provided by the same code, on the same domain (though we do have a second subdomain hosted, it's nothing to do with this site).
Setting the cookie is simply:
response.cookie('jwt', token, { maxAge: 60 * 60 * 48 * 1000, httpOnly: true });

using cookie-parser.
All the other questions seem to suggest this is issues with sub-domains. But I can't see how to specify/set it?
It works fine hosted locally in development, but when deployed in production shows this problem.

A: I solved this by explicitely setting the domain of the cookie when set, rather than leaving it blank.
However, since Internet Explorer seemed to completely ignore cookies on localhost, I had to set add the line:
127.0.0.1    mydevdomain.com

to the windows host file at C:\Windows\System32\Drivers\etc\hosts.
I could then set cookies with the option: domain: 'mydevdomain.com' and it behaved as expected in development and when in production (updating the domain to the production domain).


The Library of Congress > Chronicling America > Air University dispatch.
About Air University dispatch. [microfilm reel] (Maxwell Field, Ala.) 1947-????
Air University dispatch. [microfilm reel] : (Maxwell Field, Ala.) 1947-????
Formed by the union of: Craig Field clarion, Tyndall Field target, and: Maxwell Field post.


text:
Khalil, F., Khalil, K., Abdallah, A., Gabra, W., Abdo, M. (2021). Comparison of B Type Natriuretic Peptide and Echocardiographic Findings among Patients with Various Stages of Liver Diseases. Afro-Egyptian Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases, 11(2), 161-169. doi: 10.21608/aeji.2021.55352.1126
Fawzi Attia Khalil; Khalil Ali Khalil; Ahmed Tag El-din Abdallah; Wanees Shawki Gabra; Mohamed Mahmoud Abdo. "Comparison of B Type Natriuretic Peptide and Echocardiographic Findings among Patients with Various Stages of Liver Diseases". Afro-Egyptian Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases, 11, 2, 2021, 161-169. doi: 10.21608/aeji.2021.55352.1126
Khalil, F., Khalil, K., Abdallah, A., Gabra, W., Abdo, M. (2021). 'Comparison of B Type Natriuretic Peptide and Echocardiographic Findings among Patients with Various Stages of Liver Diseases', Afro-Egyptian Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases, 11(2), pp. 161-169. doi: 10.21608/aeji.2021.55352.1126
Khalil, F., Khalil, K., Abdallah, A., Gabra, W., Abdo, M. Comparison of B Type Natriuretic Peptide and Echocardiographic Findings among Patients with Various Stages of Liver Diseases. Afro-Egyptian Journal of Infectious and Endemic Diseases, 2021; 11(2): 161-169. doi: 10.21608/aeji.2021.55352.1126
Comparison of B Type Natriuretic Peptide and Echocardiographic Findings among Patients with Various Stages of Liver Diseases
Article 9, Volume 11, Issue 2, June 2021, Page 161-169 PDF (390.88 K)
Fawzi Attia Khalil1; Khalil Ali Khalil1; Ahmed Tag El-din Abdallah2; Wanees Shawki Gabra1; Mohamed Mahmoud Abdo 1
1Department of Internal Medicine, Suez Canal University-Faculty Of Medicine, Egypt.
2Department of Cardiology, Suez Canal University-Faculty Of Medicine, Egypt.
Background and study aim: Cirrhotic cardiomyopathy of cirrhotic patients without heart diseases is a chronic cardiac disorder with impaired cardiac contractility, responding to stress as well as altered diastolic relaxation. More studies are required to address unanswered questions, including consensus definition, particular diagnostic tests, exact prevalence of such syndrome in addition to proper management approaches. Herein, we aimed at determining prevalence regarding cirrhotic cardiomyopathy in our patients and improving early diagnosis of this syndrome.
Patients and methods: 72 chronic liver disease (CLD) patients were recruited from gastroenterology department of Suez Canal University Hospital, Ismailia, Egypt. The patients were then divided into three main groups according to Child-Pugh criteria, and each group included 24 patients. All patients underwent a medical history assessment and clinical examination, laboratory investigations involving BNP levels, ECG in addition to echocardiography .
Results: QTc interval prolongation was present in 56% of our decompensated cirrhotic patients. Diastolic dysfunction exhibiting different grades (grade I- II) was found in most cirrhotic patients (82%) in this study, while LT atrial dilatation with different grades (mild to severe) was found in 69% of patients. Increased Child-Pugh class was significantly associated (p-value <0.05) with cirrhotic patients holding ECG abnormalities, diastolic dysfunction, in addition to increased BNP levels and left atrial diameter.
Conclusion: Herein, we demonstrated a statistically significant correlation in patients with cirrhosis between cardiac dysfunction and cirrhosis severity. BNP may be an early marker to identify cirrhotic cardiomyopathy's latent entity.
cirrhosis; ECG; echocardiography; cardiomyopathy
Gastroenetrology
In the past, liver cirrhosis caused cardiovascular abnormalities were believed to be a result of alcohol in the blood rather than a consequence of cirrhosis, even though cirrhotic patients typically present with hyper-dynamic circulation, resting tachycardia, bounding pulse, warm peripheries, and wide pulse pressure [1,2]. During the late 1980s, increasing interest in investigating cirrhosis associated cardiovascular complications was found due to increased cardiac-related mortalities (heart failure) following liver transplantation [2], trans-jugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent shunt (TIPS) insertion [3], and surgical portocaval shunts [4].Past evidence suggests that, regardless of the cause, cirrhosis affords significant cardiovascular complications. Similar cardiac manifestations, including weakened myocardium contractility responding to stress and electrophysiological and diastolic dysfunction, were demonstrated in human as well as animal models of non-alcoholic cirrhosis [5].
Liver cirrhosis associated cardiovascular abnormalities are commonly known as "cirrhotic cardiomyopathy," and until now, no method of diagnosis exists for such a condition [6]. Møller et al. found that cardiac markers (for stress and volume overload), including
Troponin-I, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and B type natriuretic peptide (BNP), were elevated in cirrhotic patients, which may be explained by the hyperactivity of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system resulting in indirect diastolic dysfunction [6]. There is limited information regarding the exact definition, prevalence, diagnosis, and management of this syndrome, which requires more robust research [7]. Our study aims to determine prevalence of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy among Egyptian chronic liver disease patients as well as to identify the best methods for early diagnosis.
This cross-sectional research involved 72 chronic liver disease (CLD) patients recruited from the gastroenterology department of Suez Canal University Hospital Ismailia, Egypt. Typically, the included patients were then divided into three groups of 24 according to the Child-Pugh criteria. Diagnosing cirrhosis was determined by means of clinical, laboratory, in addition to ultrasonography findings. Patients were excluded if they had a preexisting condition that affects cardiac function, such as critically ill patients, cardiovascular disease history, arrhythmias, diabetes mellitus, severe anaemia (Hb 1.5 mg/dL), alcohol consumption, and hypertension. Written informed consent was provided by all included patients agreeing to participate in this research.
The Hospital's independent Ethics committee evaluated and accepted both the protocol and the informed consent.
A full workup was done for all patients, which included a detailed medical history, clinical examination, laboratory investigation (complete blood count, liver function tests, serum electrolytes, blood glucose, serum creatinine, and BNP), abdominal ultrasound, ECG and echocardiography. Prior to echocardiogram, all subjects were subjected to 12-lead surface EGG in supine position.
All patients underwent a cardiac examination at the Suez Canal University Hospital Department of Cardiology. Cardiac assessment included transthoracic echocardiography performed with the patients at rest, as well as a Doppler echocardiography. Transthoracic Echo was performed using the machine model vivid 7 from the general electric health care company, with TDI mode and a 2.5 MHz phased array probe. One of the examiners was blinded to the patient's characteristics.
After collecting data, they were subjected to organization, followed by statistical analysis utilizing SPSS software statistical package version 12. Regarding quantitative groups, univariate parametric, as well as non-parametric analysis of variance, were utilized. Besides, T-test, as well as ANOVA tests, were utilized in order to compare the means of two groups. Pearson Product Correlation analysis was utilized for determining relationships between cardiac parameters as well as natriuretic peptide levels. Sensitivity and specificity were done by receiver operator characteristic (ROC). P values
The present study contains patients holding 54.65±9.34 years as mean age, exhibiting a range of 27-76 years. Patients were predominantly males (n=46, 63.89%). About 75% of patients reside in urban areas, while 25% of patients reside in rural areas. Hepatitis C was the most frequent reason toward liver disease, found in 75% of patients (Table 1). BNP level, prolonged QT, diastolic dysfunction, and LT atrial dilatation were increased in Child B and C patients in comparison to Child A patients, Table 2.
Electrophysiological abnormalities:
A longer QTc interval was documented in 56% of our decompensated patients and had a significant strong positive correlation with advanced Child class (r = 0.6, p <0.0001). We found that diagnostic accuracy of QTc duration for discrimination between compensated patients (Child A) and decompensated patients (child B + C) revealed an AUC of 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.707 – 0.897), with 91.6% sensitivity (95% CI, 80.0 – 97.7), and a specificity of 58.3% (95% CI, 36.6 – 77.9), Figure 1.
Diastolic function:
Diastolic function was diagnosed by conventional echocardiography and tissue Doppler imaging. Measurement of all relevant parameters included left atrial volume measurements, peak early (E) and atrial (A) velocities of mitral inflow, A wave duration, septal mitral annular e' velocities was used.
Normal diastolic function E/A 0.8-1.5, E : e'< 9
Grade 1 diastolic dysfunction E/A <0.8, E: e' <9
Grade 2 diastolic dysfunction E/A 0.8-1.5, E: e' 9-12
Grade 3 diastolic dysfunction E/A >2 , E: e' >12 [8].
Diastolic dysfunction exhibiting different grades (grade I- II) was seen in most cirrhotic patients (82%), with significant difference among patients in different Child groups (p > 0.008), and was correlated with cirrhosis severity, Table 2.
Systolic function:
In all cirrhotic patients, a normal or increased systolic function (at rest) was observed. We found statistically significant differences in ejection fraction between Child A and Child B group patients (p-value = 0.028), Table 2.
Left atrium dilatation:
Left atrial dilatation with different grades (mild to severe) existed in 69% of our cirrhotic patients, with significant differences among patients in different Child groups and correlated with cirrhosis severity, Table 2.
In this study, we demonstrated that BNP represents a valid marker toward diastolic dysfunction in cirrhotic patients (p<0.002, 95% CI, 0.63–0.84) having 66.1% sensitivity as well as 84.6% specificity, at 78 pg./ml cutoff value.
The diagnostic accuracy of circulating BNP for discrimination of between compensated (Child A) and decompensated liver cirrhosis (Child B + C) revealed an AUC of 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.671 - 0.872), with 79.1% sensitivity (95% CI, 65.0 - 89.5), and a specificity of 83.3% (95% CI, 62.6 - 95.3), Figure 2.
Patients having stable liver disease typically possess minor myocardial dysfunction that may not be obvious during a routine examination. However, a cardiac manifestation of liver cirrhosis may present either as the disease progresses or in the presence of physiological/ pharmacological stress [7]. During the last years, several studies have concentrated their attention on the existence of specific cardiac abnormalities in cirrhotic patients.
In this cross-sectional study, we evaluated cardiac functions of 72 cirrhotic patients using echocardiography and ECG in addition to serum BNP level.
In our study, liver cirrhosis was more prevalent in males holding 54.6 ± 9.3 years as mean age. This is comparable to studies done in other countries. Similarly, Kumar et al. reported that 78% of 90 cirrhotic patients were males having 46.2 ± 10.8 years as mean age [10]. Bhatti et al. stated that 58% of 166 cirrhosis patients were male, having a mean age of 57.05 ± 12.03 years [11].
The Egyptian demographic health survey demonstrated an increased viremia prevalence with age and gender (particularly males) [12]. In Egypt, hepatitis C virus (HCV) is mostly prevalent among lower socioeconomic groups [13]. In our study, the most prevalent CLD etiology was hepatitis C infection, which was expected since hepatitis C is hyperendemic in Egypt. The majority of our patients resided in rural areas (75%), which may be associated with the higher prevalence of hepatitis C and bilharziasis in these areas. It should be noted that even though cirrhotic cardiomyopathy is clinically unremarkable at rest, during stressful conditions such as exercise, infections, specific medications, hemorrhage, as well as any intervention, such as the insertion of TIPS, and liver transplantation, which may result in the conversion of latent cirrhotic cardiomyopathy into heart failure [14].
There is a need for more accurate and alternative screening tests in order to determine the severity of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, which may prove useful in managing liver cirrhosis patients. Considering the gradual course of cirrhotic cardiomyopathy, there may be a benefit to using new laboratory markers, ECG, in addition to echocardiography, mainly in combination [15]. One of the electrophysiological abnormalities found in cirrhotic patients is prolonged repolarization, which manifests as a prolonged QTc interval. This finding was demonstrated in our cirrhotic patients. A strong positive correlation existed between QTc and advanced Child class (r = 0.6, p <0.0001), degree of diastolic dysfunction (r = 0.373, p = 0.001), and LT atrium diameter (r =0.312, p<0.008).
We found that diagnostic accuracy of QTc duration for discrimination between compensated (Child A) and decompensated liver cirrhosis (child B + C) revealed an AUC of 0.81 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.707 – 0.897), with 91.6% sensitivity (95% CI, 80.0 - 97.7), and a specificity of 58.3% (95% CI, 36.6 – 77.9).
Our results are consistent with previously published studies, which found that QTc prolongation is prevalent among cirrhotic patients and directly correlated with liver dysfunction severity (Child-Pugh score), ascites, in addition to portal hypertension .
Prolonged QT interval and defective electromechanical coupling found in cirrhotic patients was linked to a volume overload [16], as well as a combination of ion-channel dysfunction, autonomic dysfunction, plasma membrane abnormalities, in addition to receptor-related pathway defects [17].
Diastolic dysfunction is defined as failure of left ventricular relaxation, which impedes blood flow through ventricle, thereby an increase in left ventricular end-diastolic pressure [18].
Using conventional Doppler echo, we found that different grades (grade I- II) of diastolic dysfunction existed in most cirrhotic patients (82%). A significant difference existed among patients in different child groups (p>0.008), correlated with cirrhosis severity.
 Our study demonstrated that increased Lt atrium diameter (OR, 7.96; 95% CI, 2.11–30.07, p = 0.002), advanced Child class (OR, 13.80; 95% CI, 1.58–120.38, p = 0.0017), increased BNP level (OR, 5.56; 95% CI, 1.51–20.51, p = 0.001), and prolonged QTc duration (OR, 10.12; 95% CI, 1.24–82.96, p = 0.03) were significant predictors for diastolic dysfunction.
Møller and colleagues found that many patients with cirrhosis exhibited various diastolic dysfunction degrees. Diastolic dysfunction in cirrhosis patients may be explained by increased myocardial wall stiffness resulted from myocardial hypertrophy, fibrosis, as well as subendothelial edema, which further results in elevated left heart (atrium and ventricle) filling pressures [7]. LV hypertrophy results in impaired diastolic relaxation, leading to lowered compliance and higher diastolic pressures [19].
Another research assessed HCV cardiovascular impact on Egyptian patients and noticed a significant increase in diastolic dysfunction among patients [20]. This goes in accordance with our findings.
There is limited evidence that supports pathogenesis of cirrhosis induced diastolic dysfunction. It is suggested that the cardiac impairment may be as a result of collagen configuration alteration, sodium retention in addition to activation of renin aldosterone system [21].
Diastolic dysfunction may progress to systolic dysfunction [22]. At rest, systolic function is either normal or increased in most cirrhotic patients, along with hyperdynamic circulation highlighted by elevated cardiac output as well as tachycardia. Stressors (pharmacological/ physiological) may exacerbate underlying systolic dysfunction in this patient group [23].
Our study found statistically significant differences in Ejection fraction between Child A and Child B group patients (p-value = 0.028).
Pagourelias et al. found that EF was significantly higher in cirrhosis patients (77 men) in comparison to the controls (20 healthy), which was accounted for by increased blood volume and cardiac adaptation [24].
Ziada and coworkers demonstrated that LVEF% has no difference among cirrhotic groups as well as controls [25]. Moreover, Eldeeb and coworkers stated that mean left ventricular systolic function parameters exhibited within normal range among the three Child groups' patients [26]. Systolic function is maintained in patients with cirrhosis with normal or even the presence of elevated ejection fraction at rest [14], as reported by Baik et al.
Lt atrial dilatation was seen in most of our studied patients, with significant difference among patients in different Child groups (p-value = 0.001, <0.0001) between Child A and B, Child B and C, respectively. Dilation was linked to cirrhosis severity. These findings were in line with studies conducted by Wong et al. and Pozzi et al. [23, 27].
Cardiac natriuretic peptides are considered markers of volume overload and cardiac dysfunction. Several researches have demonstrated that cirrhotic patients have elevated plasma concentrations of BNP as well as NT-pro-BNP, suggesting their use as markers of early cardiac dysfunction in cirrhotic patients [28].
Regarding levels of BNP among the three study groups, a statistically significant difference was indicated and higher in Child C group patients (p<0.001). BNP levels augmented with cirrhosis severity.
In this study, BNP was found to be a valid marker toward diastolic dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis (p<0.002, 95% CI 0.63–0.84), exhibiting 66.1% sensitivity and 84.6% specificity, at 78 pg./ml cutoff value.
The diagnostic accuracy of circulating BNP for discrimination of between compensated (Child A) and decompensated liver cirrhosis (Child B + C) revealed an AUC of 0.78 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.671 - 0.872), with 79.1% sensitivity (95% CI, 65.0 - 89.5), a specificity of 83.3% (95% CI, 62.6 - 95.3).
Our study demonstrated that HCV-related disease (OR = 0.24; 95%CI, 0.08–0.75, p = 0.013), diastolic dysfunction (OR, 5.56; 95% CI, 1.51–20.51, p = 0.01), increased LT atrium diameter (OR, 23.62; 95% CI, 6.30–88.54, p = 0.0001), and advanced child class (OR, 10.0; 95% CI, 2.54–39.29, p = 0.0009) are significant predictors for increased BNP level. Another study done in Egypt showed that BNP level was significantly higher in patients with cirrhosis than controls, but liver disease state, whether compensated or not, had no effect on its level [29]. Other researchers reported association between the level of BNP and pro-BNP and liver disease severity [30].
In multivariate analysis, adjusted for diastolic dysfunction, liver disease etiology, and Child C, risk of increased BNP was 18 times higher in patients Grade I-II LT atrium diameter than patients with normal diameter (OR, 18.17; 95% CI, (3.93–84.05, p = 0.0002), table (3).
Our findings are consistent with those of preceding researches, indicating that BNP level was significantly elevated with liver cirrhosis degree, liver failure, in addition to portal hypertension [30].
Our findings suggest that cardiac dysfunction is directly proportional to cirrhosis severity and linked to electrophysiological, echo-cardiographic, in addition to laboratory changes. Diastolic dysfunction, as well as Lt atrial dilatation, are mostly prevalent cardiac abnormalities, worsening with cirrhosis development. BNP is a highly specific and sensitive marker, and may be utilized toward the early detection of cardiac dysfunction in patients with cirrhosis.
Funding: none declared.
Conflict of interest: none declared.
Ethical considerations :
-confidentiality was assured.
-every individual was asked for a permission to do interview.
-examination steps of interview and examination was explained to the patient.
-patients faced no physical or psychological risks
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


AN organization of retired economic managers said the government needs to make upgrades to the agriculture sector in order to ease inflation.
THE Philippine Amusement and Gaming Corp. (PAGCOR) said revenue rose 18.3% to P67.85 billion in 2018.
SHARES ARE SEEN to rise on Wednesday following the better than expected inflation reading for the month of January.
COMPLAINTS filed by Sulu police against five suspected members of the terrorist group Abu Sayyaf have been submitted for resolution, an official of the Department of Justice (DoJ) said late Monday.
A BILL imposing penalties on negligent owners or lessors of properties used in the illegal drug trade hurdled the House of Representatives on third and final reading.
ONLY 36% of Filipino households reported "feeling fully prepared for disasters," according to a study by the Harvard Humanitarian Initiative (HHI) DisasterNet Philippines of Harvard University.
The US Pacific Air Force and the Philippine Air Force (PAF) marked the close of the Bilateral Air Contingent Exercise-Philippines (BACE-P) at the Cesar Basa Air Base in Pampanga, conducted from Jan. 21 to Feb. 1.
THE MARITIME Industry Authority (MARINA) has called on shipping firms to consider serving the 19 newly-opened missionary routes to help improve domestic travel.
People watch the fireworks display at the Lucky Chinatown Mall in Manila to welcome the new lunar year.
DEFENSE SECRETARY Delfin N. Lorenzana said the United States and neighboring countries have been helping the Philippine government in combatting terrorism, particularly the threat posed by the Islamic State's (IS) followers and allies in east Asia.
Police officers from the regions of Central Visayas and Caraga, and the Special Action Force (SAF) arrive in Lanao del Norte earlier this week to augment security forces in ensuring a peaceful and orderly Bangsamoro Organic Law plebiscite in parts of the province as well as in Cotabato.
On January 24, another criminal complaint related to the anti-dengue vaccine was filed with the Department of Justice (DoJ). The mother of a 39-year-old physician, Dr. Kendrick Gotoc, who was inoculated by the vaccine three times prior to his death on April 22, 2018, filed cases of obstruction of justice, reckless imprudence resulting in homicide, torture, and violation of the Consumer Act against Health Secretary Francisco Duque, former DoH chief Janette Garin, and 37 others.
JAMES HARDEN extended his streak of consecutive 30-point games to 27 as the Houston Rockets defeated the host Phoenix Suns, 118-110, on Monday.
NEW YORK -- Sunday's Super Bowl victory by the New England Patriots drew 98.2 million viewers on CBS Corp's US television network, a 5% drop from last year's game, according to preliminary Nielsen ratings data released on Monday.
CLARK, PAMPANGA -- Honda Philippines, Inc. (HPI), officially began its 2019 Motorsports season by conducting the Honda Pilipinas Dream Cup (HPDC) Tryouts on Jan. 26 at the Clark International Speedway in Pampanga. It served as the official selection process for nine talented young riders who will participate in the official races and undergo training in the Honda Racing Clinic.
Covering sporting events is surely exciting and fun but once in a while there are moments you just cringe in disbelief, more so if those are in the form of injuries.
Considering how developments have unfolded in the Anthony Davis sweepstakes, it has become eminently clear that he's determined to move to the Lakers, and fast. Yesterday, news of his transmittal of the short list of four teams he's willing to play for exploded in hoops circles, seemingly an indication of his expansion of options. In truth, however, it was a crafty chess move designed to make the Pelicans green-light his departure for the purple and gold before the trade deadline. After all, amenability is one thing, and desire is quite another.
Last year, when Volkswagen Philippines launched five new vehicles sourced from China, many people were livid. How could a German automaker with a rich heritage foist Chinese-made cars on them? Anywhere but China, commented some of these consumers. Much of the feedback was so negative that it was hard to tell whether customers were upset because they thought Chinese products were inferior or because they hated the People's Republic for entirely political reasons.
MALACAÑANG -- which has cracked down on businesses polluting Boracay and Manila Bay -- has assumed closer oversight of reclamation projects by placing the agency responsible for them under its direct supervision.


text:
var fs = require('fs')
var path = require('path')
var each = require('each-async')
var glob = require('glob')
var defaults = require('defaults')

var defaultOptions = {
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  dirnames: false
}

/**
* Read the contents of a directory asynchronously
* @name readDirectory
* @param {String} dir – The directory to read
* @param {Object} options
* @param {Object} options.fs – alternate fs implementation, optional
* @param {Boolean} options.dirnames – include or exclude subdirectory names in keys of returned object
* @param {String} options.encoding – encoding of files, default: utf8
* @param {String} options.filter – glob pattern for filtering files, examples: `*.md`, `*.css`
* @param {String} options.ignore – glob pattern for ignoring files
* @param {Array} options.ignore – array of glob patterns for ignoring files
* @param {Function} options.transform – A function you can use to transform the contents of files after they are read
* @example
* var read = require('read-directory')
* read('./files', function (err, contents) {
*   console.log(contents)
* })
**/
module.exports = module.exports.async = function readDirectory (dir, options, callback) {
  // browserify transform
  if (typeof dir === 'string' && !/\n/.test(dir) && options && options._flags) {
    var args = Array.prototype.slice.apply(arguments)
    return require('./transform.js').apply(this, args)
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  if (typeof options === 'function') {
    callback = options
    options = {}
  }

  options = defaults(options, defaultOptions)

  var xfs = options.fs || fs
  var transform = options.transform
  var dirnames = options.dirnames
  var encoding = options.encoding
  var filter = options.filter
  var ignore = options.ignore
  var contents = {}

  glob(filter, { cwd: dir, ignore: ignore }, function (err, files) {
    if (err) return callback(err)
    readAllFiles(files)
  })

  function readAllFiles (filenames) {
    each(filenames, readFile, end)

    function end (err) {
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      callback(null, contents)
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  function readFile (filepath, i, done) {
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      if (!stats.isFile()) return done()

      xfs.readFile(fullpath, encoding, function (err, file) {
        if (err) return done(err)
        var parsed = path.parse(filepath)
        if (transform) file = transform(file, parsed)
        filepath = parsed.name + parsed.ext
        if (dirnames) filepath = parsed.dir.length ? path.join(parsed.dir, filepath) : filepath
        contents[filepath] = file
        done()
      })
    })
  }
}

/**
* Read the contents of a directory asynchronously
* @name readDirectory.sync
* @param {String} dir – The directory to read
* @param {Object} options
* @param {Object} options.fs – alternate fs implementation, optional
* @param {Boolean} options.dirnames – include or exclude subdirectory names in keys of returned object
* @param {String} options.encoding – encoding of files, default: utf8
* @param {String} options.filter – glob pattern for filtering files, examples: `*.md`, `*.css`
* @param {String} options.ignore – glob pattern for ignoring files
* @param {Array} options.ignore – array of glob patterns for ignoring files
* @param {Function} options.transform – A function you can use to transform the contents of files after they are read
* @example
* var read = require('read-directory')
* var contents = read.sync('./files')
*/
module.exports.sync = function readDirectorySync (dir, options) {
  options = defaults(options, defaultOptions)

  var xfs = options.fs || fs
  var transform = options.transform
  var dirnames = options.dirnames
  var encoding = options.encoding
  var filter = options.filter
  var ignore = options.ignore

  var files = glob.sync(filter, { cwd: dir, ignore: ignore })
  var contents = {}

  files.forEach(function (filepath, i) {
    var fullpath = path.join(dir, filepath)
    var parsed = path.parse(filepath)
    var stats = xfs.statSync(fullpath)

    if (stats.isFile()) {
      var file = xfs.readFileSync(fullpath, encoding)
      if (transform) file = transform(file, parsed)
      filepath = parsed.name + parsed.ext
      if (dirnames) filepath = parsed.dir.length ? path.join(parsed.dir, filepath) : filepath
      contents[filepath] = file
    }
  })

  return contents
}


text:
UK and Oman to open new joint training base
7 November 2018	(Last Updated November 7th, 2018 10:05)
The UK Government has announced a new joint training base in Oman with an aim to support and strengthen its strong and special relationship with the Middle East country.
Omani tanks move towards a target, with smoke coming from missiles fired by UK and Omani forces during the Exercise Saif Sareea 3 firepower demonstration. Credit: Crown copyright.
Set to open in March, the Omani-British joint training base will help enhance the commitment of the UK to safeguard peace and stability in the Gulf.
UK Ministry of Defence Secretary Gavin Williamson said: "Our relationship with Oman is built on centuries of cooperation and we are cementing that long into the future with the opening of our new joint base.
"We stand as a beacon of stability in the region. This has never been more important as malign activity by hostile states and violent extremist organisations seek to undermine stability and subvert the rules-based order on which we all rely."
"Williamson also expressed the UK's intention to enter an agreement with Oman early next year to support defence commitment between the two nations."
UK soldiers will be deployed to work and train in close collaboration with troops from the Oman Armed Forces.
The joint training base in Oman is expected to support a wide range of combined and joint training activities that were carried out by the 5,500 UK military personnel over the last month during the Exercise Saif Sareea 3.
In addition to the opening of the Omani-British training base, Williamson also expressed the UK's intention to enter an agreement with Oman early next year to support defence commitment between the two nations.
In August, the UK Defence Secretary also proposed the signing of a memorandum of understanding by the end of this year to strengthen the country's defence cooperation with Romania in a bid to protect the European region.
TATRA TRUCKS
Heavy-Duty Hi-Mobile Vehicles for Military and Peacekeeping Operations


text:
AWAY DAYS: Dover Athletic
With the Wood Army fanbase growing significantly, we want to help to ensure that our supporters find a way to each of our away games.
Our dogfight at the bottom of the National League table continues, so Luke Garrard and the squad will need as many of the Wood Army at our National League match against Dover Athletic as possible, to help cheer them on.
As such, we have compiled this easy to follow guide on alternative travel to the match against Dover Athletic, which takes place today at 7.45pm.
The best station to travel to from Elstree and Borehamwood, is Dover Priory Railway Station. Although the station is over two miles away from the ground, it is served by trains from London St Pancras.
The train journey takes just over an hour from London St Pancras, to Dover Priory.
London St Pancras is just a short train ride from Elstree and Borehamwood station, with trains running around every half an hour.
You can also drive to Dover and it takes just under two hours to get there, depending on traffic.
There is free parking available at the rugby ground, inside the entrance.
Your attendance and efforts to get to the game would be hugely appreciated by the Chairman, management and players, as they continue with the National League campaign.


text:
Undoing the 'Nordic Paradox': Factors affecting rates of disclosed violence against women across the EU
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UniSAFE Ending Gender-Based Violence: Theoretical and Conceptual Framework
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Unraveling the Impact of Graphene Addition to Thermoelectric SrTiO3 and La-Doped SrTiO3 Materials: A Density Functional Theory Study
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Untangling collegiality and distributed leadership: Equality versus utility. A perspective piece
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Unveiling endogeneity between competition and efficiency in Chinese banks: a two-stage network DEA and regression analysis
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Use of antiplatelet drugs and the risk of mortality in patients with COVID-19: a meta‐analysis
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Use of DPP-4 inhibitors in patients with COVID-19
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Use of Famotidine and Risk of Severe Course of Illness in Patients With COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis
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Use of potentially inappropriate medications among older outpatients and inpatients in a tertiary care hospital in Malaysia
Hasan, S. S., Burud, I. A. S., Kow, C. S., Rasheed, M. K., Chan, K. S. C., Tay, P. K. & Ahmed, S. I., 1 Mar 2021, In: International Journal of Clinical Practice. 75, 3, 8 p., e13714.
Use of proton pump inhibitors and risk of adverse clinical outcomes from COVID‐19: a meta‐analysis
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Use of standardized terminologies in clinical practice: a scoping review
Fennelly, O., Grogan, L., Reed, A. & Hardiker, N., 1 May 2021, In: International Journal of Medical Informatics. 149, 11 p., 104431.
Use of Technology to Promote Health and Wellbeing of People Who Are Homeless: A Systematic Review
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Using Communities of Practice Theory to Understand the Crisis of Identity in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome/Myalgic Encephalomyelitis (CFS/ME)
Murray, R. & Turner, L., 1 Mar 2023, In: Chronic Illness. 19, 1, p. 56-64 9 p.
Using differential evolution and Moth–Flame optimization for scientific workflow scheduling in fog computing
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Using mixed methods to explore diabetes care in a medium-secure setting in England: A case study
Walker, T., Edmondson, A., Riley, F., Harper, M., Lucock, M. & Wright, N., 14 Dec 2021, In: Health Science Reports. 4, 4, 10 p., e462.
Using past performance to improve future clinical outcomes in pressure ulcer prevention
Stephenson, J., Ousey, K., Blackburn, J. & Javid, F., 2 Jun 2021, In: Journal of wound care. 30, 6, p. 440-447 8 p.
Using Wheel Impact Load Detector Data to Identify Defective Vehicles
Shackleton, P. & Sztrauch, K., 25 Jan 2021, 2 ed. University of Huddersfield. 61 p.
US trade deficit, a reality check: New evidence incorporating asymmetric and non-linear effects of exchange rate dynamics
Nasir, M. A. & Leung, M., 1 Mar 2021, In: World Economy. 44, 3, p. 818-836 19 p.
V2X Communications for the Support of GLOSA and Intelligent Intersection Applications
Chochliouros, I. P., Spiliopoulou, A. S., Lazaridis, P., Zaharis, Z., Kourtis, M. A., Kuklinski, S., Tomaszewski, L., Arvanitozisis, D. & Kostopoulos, A., 27 Jun 2021, Artificial Intelligence Applications and Innovations. AIAI 2021 IFIP WG 12.5 International Workshops: 5G-PINE 2021, AI-BIO 2021, DAAI 2021, DARE 2021, EEAI 2021, and MHDW 2021, Hersonissos, Crete, Greece, June 25–27, 2021, Proceedings. Maglogiannis, I., Macintyre, J. & Iliadis, L. (eds.). 1st ed. Cham: Springer International Publishing AG, Vol. IFIPAICT 628. p. 138-152 15 p. (IFIP Advances in Information and Communication Technology; vol. 628 IFIPAICT).
Vaccine nationalism and equitable access to COVID-19 pharmaceuticals: TRIPS Agreement under trial (again)
Chimpango, B., 19 Oct 2021, In: Journal of International Trade Law and Policy. 20, 3, p. 166-183 18 p.
Venous thromboembolism prophylaxis in patients undergoing knee replacements: comparison of real-world outcomes
Hasan, S. S., Sunter, W., Ahmed, N., Dawoud, D. M. & Razi Zaidi, S. T., 1 Jun 2021, In: International Journal of Clinical Pharmacy. 43, 3, p. 621-628 8 p.
Vibration Analysis Based Condition Monitoring for Industrial Robots
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Vibration Based Virtual Sensing of Nitrogen Oxide Emission in CI Engines
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Vibration Feature Evaluation of the Motor-Gear System with Gear Tooth Crack and Rotor Bar Error
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Vibration health monitoring of rolling bearings under variable speed conditions by novel demodulation technique
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Vibration Monitoring of Turning a Shaft on a Lathe Based on Signals from an On-Rotor Sensor
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Vibration responses of rotor systems in diesel multiple units under dynamic spatial misalignments and base motions
Wu, K., Liu, Z., Ding, Q., Shackleton, P., Cattley, R., Gu, F. & Ball, A., 3 Feb 2021, In: Journal of Sound and Vibration. 492, 20 p., 115817.
Vibration Signature Analysis for Broken Rotor Bar Diagnosis in Induction Motors Based on Cyclic Modulation Spectrum
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Victims' Communities as Knowledge Producers in Transitional Justice Processes: The Case of Post-conflict Colombia
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Rowlands, D., Youngs, D. & Canter, D., 1 Jan 2021, In: Journal of Substance Use. 26, 1, p. 94-101 8 p.
Videoformes: Nuit de l'Image: In Ecstasy
Hudson, G., 24 Aug 2021
Research output: Non-textual form › Exhibition
Videomedeja: International New Media Art Festival: Eventually
Hudson, G., 14 Oct 2021
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Rogers, M., Wattis, J., Moser, R., Borthwick, R., Walters, P. & Rickford, R., 1 Jan 2021, In: Journal for the Study of Spirituality. 11, 1, p. 7-23 17 p.
Vilnius International Film Festival Kino Pavasaris: Saint Marietta
Young, B., 18 Mar 2021
Violent Video Games and the P300: No Evidence to Support the Neural Desensitization Hypothesis
Goodson, S., Turner, K-J., Pearson, S. & Carter, P., 11 Jan 2021, In: Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking. 24, 1, p. 48-55 8 p.
Virology, Clinical Features and Diagnosis of COVID 19: Review Analysis
Bhusal, L., Amgain, K., Dangal, G., Tamang, P. D., Shahi, P., Budhathoki, P. & Paudel, A. K., 1 Jan 2021, In: Kathmandu University medical journal (KUMJ). 18, 70 2020 COVID-19 SPECIAL ISSUE, p. 75-79 5 p.
Visiones y revisiones: El discernimiento de Florence Nightingale
: Visions and revisions: The percipience of Florence Nightingale
Hallett, C. E., 10 Feb 2021, In: Revista Baiana de Enfermagem. 35, 2021, 8 p., e42139.
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Vitamin D Status in Distinct Types of Ichthyosis: Importance of Genetic Type and Severity of Scaling
Kim, M-R., Oji, V., Valentin, F., Traupe, H., Nofer, J-R., Hausser, I., Hennies, H. C., Eckl, K., Wudy, S. A., Sánchez-Guijo, A., Kerschke, L., Fischer, J. & Süßmuth, K., 1 Sep 2021, In: Acta Dermato-Venereologica. 101, 9, 6 p., adv00546.
Voices in the History of Madness: An Introduction to Personal and Professional Perspectives
Ellis, R., Kendal, S. & Taylor, S. J., 13 May 2021, Voices in the History of Madness: Personal and Professional Perspectives on Mental Health and Illness. Ellis, R., Kendal, S. & Taylor, S. J. (eds.). 1st ed. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 1-22 22 p. (Mental Health in Historical Perspective).
Voices in the History of Madness: Personal and Professional Perspectives on Mental Health and Illness
Ellis, R. (ed.), Kendal, S. (ed.) & Taylor, S. J. (ed.), 13 May 2021, 1st ed. Cham: Palgrave Macmillan. 430 p. (Mental Health in Historical Perspective)
Voting Age Reform, Political Partisanship and Multi-Level Governance in the UK: The Party Politics of 'Votes-at-16'
Tonge, J., Loughran, T. & Mycock, A., 14 Jul 2021, In: Parliamentary Affairs. 74, 3, p. 522-541 20 p.
Walking the Invisible
Stewart, M., 24 Jun 2021, HarperCollins. 288 p.
War Lace: Saving the Belgian Lace Industry in the First World War
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Most production waste is generated during well drilling and operations. The main waste types are drilling wastewater, drilling cuttings, used muds and oily sludges.
To reduce the adverse exposure to drilling waste, in its operations, the Company relies on environmentally safe mud components. On susceptible natural territories or in locations where the integrity of sludge reservoirs may be disrupted, it uses sumpless drilling (with purification and recurrent use of the liquid waste phase).
In 2016, Russian LUKOIL Group entities exceeded their performance targets, i.e. waste that was used, neutralized, transferred for disposal/neutralization to dedicated contractors, or buried (including drilling waste accumulating in Western Siberia over 2014–2015) exceeded the waste that was generated.
The Company continues to dispose of waste accumulated in the pre-privatization period. In 2015 –2016, the Company succeeded in reducing its total waste by almost 122,000 tons, with OOO LUKOIL-Volgogradneftepererabotka being the main contributor to this trend. As of January 1, 2017, 346,000 tons of pre-privatization oil-contaminated waste is still being held at the Group's facilities in Russia.
The 2016 progress in the remediation of land disturbed as a result of construction of oil and field facilities was considerably ahead of the timeframe set out in the Environmental Safety Program. In 2015–2016, a total of 11,937,000 hectares of disturbed land was subjected to remediation with resoiling, and turned over to its owners. A great deal of land was remediated in KMAA-Yugra (AO RITEK being the user of such land). The increase in the scope of work is related to expected changes in regional legislation (more stringent regulations on land reclamation and recovery).
At the same time, a downsizing of drilling operations lead to a curtailment of sludge pit decommissioning plans.