text:
Why do people keep asking about an "official" way to build a multi-tenant app on Laravel?
June 30, 2019 by themsaid
I work at Laravel, and I'd like to help make it easier to build multi-tenancy applications on Laravel since that's the most common question we get.
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13 thoughts on "Why do people keep asking about an "official" way to build a multi-tenant app on Laravel?"
At my company, we are using laravel for new development on a customer portal. We are basically building a CRM that our users can use to maintain contacts. This means we need to make sure we don't let other accounts/users see the wrong information. Took me a while to realize this is the definition of multi-tenancy.
For us, I'm simply using a few traits and IoC things to make it easier to pull in the "current account" when browsing the website. It usually means adding account\_id automatically to any query, if it is present in the IoC.
samuelstancl
When I wanted to implement tenancy into my e-commerce system, I was overwhelmed. It isn't exactly straightforward what it means to implement multi-tenancy. You need to know a lot about the inner workings of Laravel.
Say you figure out that you need to switch the database connection after you identify the tenant. Your app now works, but then you show one tenant's data to another because you forgot to make the cache multi-tenant. Then the same thing happens because you forgot to make Redis multi-tenant. And then you want to store files, so you have to think about the structure of the `storage` directory. Is it `storage/app/tenant123/photos` or `storage/tenant123/app`? And how do you manage tenant databases (migrations, seeding, etc)?
I also felt a lot like having to change my code to be multi-tenant is problematic because I forgot about one model, or one Cache facade call and there's a data leak.
When I was implementing tenancy into my app, I decided to first build a [multi-tenancy package](https://github.com/stancl/tenancy) so that others don't have to face this (and so that I can code my future SaaS projects as if tenancy didn't exist and let the package automatically everything related to tenancy).
Before making that package I tried to implement the hyn/multi-tenant package into my project but was [*very* overwhelmed](https://i.imgur.com/gJ6rFJy.png).
(I don't mean to put down other packages, I'm simply saying that I created mine because I was overwhelmed with them.)
If you want to make it easier for developers to implement multi-tenancy, write a documentation page about it, split into two sections — single-database tenancy and multi-database tenancy. With single-database tenancy, explain that model traits should be used, etc.
Explain all the changes that need to be made and exactly how they should be made (switching DB connection, setting Redis prefix to specific connections, tagging cache and extending `'cache'` in the IoC container, changing filesystem roots (storage_path() and the Storage facade have to be configured separately).
Speaking of storage, it isn't as simple as appending the storage root with `tenant123`. I have a section [about that](https://github.com/stancl/tenancy#filesystemstorage) in my package's docs. (I had to come up with a somewhat ugly hack to correctly change the fs roots).
outofideas555
if you want to provide a SAAS platform multi-tenancy is about the only way to go. There are deeper levels of multi-tenancy like Main account and then users with access so that could be another thing to consider
We have one level where user gets campaign builder, map search, credit purchases etc in the platform for their account
Then another level of User where its a more or less company account and then sign up users to share the information in the company account (you can go down the road of permissions for users as far as modules they can use and data they can access within the company account but that might be a little difficult for a package)
jammy-git
I'd like to jump on this topic – why is multi-tenancy dealt with so differently to multi-user?
With multi-user, surely you have the same requirements. An entity across which you don't want to leak data/files. Why does multi-tenancy mean you have to have separate databases and folder structures?
platinumpt
It's often a legal requirement or stipulated as a 'must-have' in some finance industry regulations.
Not saying I agree in every case, but it does seem to go one step further to preventing data leaking possibilities.
fletch3555
I'm not sure what "official" multi-tenancy functionality would look like. I've been supporting the https://www.laravel-tenancy.com package(s) for a while now, both as a contributor and maintainer, and the one thing I've learned is that everyone's needs are completely different.
u/themsaid, I mean absolutely no disrespect, but your recent blog posts on multi-tenancy are not really fair to the readers. You make some very good points, but miss the mark on a number of more complex topics, which may lead your readers to believe it's an incredibly easy topic. As another user has already said on here, what about database switching? What about cache? What about filesystem storage? What about sessions? If you don't want separate databases per tenant, then you need to make sure you're keeping all of your tenant data separate.
Anyway, you're doing great work, and I do hope you keep at it. If you ever figure out a good way to build dynamic multi-tenant functionality into laravel, I'm all for it. But for now, I think the https://github.com/tenancy packages meet that need quite well.
To anyone curious about the packages or needing help with implementation, please join our discord server and/or post on our forum (recently started, so not much there). If you're interested in contributing, we welcome the help! The successor to hyn/multi-tenant is coming along nicely and we hope to have it released soon.
robclancy
Anyone who has asked seems to not even know basic Laravel yet alone how to do multi tenant in a good way. It makes me feel like it's someone asked to upgrade a legacy system 90% of the time.
Or a legal requirement. But it seems so easy to do it with Laravel if you have used it for even a single real project that I don't understand why people have such issues in doing it.
NotJebediahKerman
my .02 – people are so used to 'install these packages to do your work for you' so they expect a multi-tenancy package along with everything else. That you can handle multi-tenancy in 12 lines of code or less is often lost on most people. Everyone wants the "easy" way and a few lines of code is scary.
GravityGod
The hardest part I've run into is getting routes to to work with both a default domain name, and with a custom domain name.
Furthermore, using the route () helper to work with both styles of domain names.
ollieread
I think the biggest reason people ask is thst its one of those things that genuinely does sound more complicated than it is. It throws so many theoretical spanners into the work that it breaks the normal train of thought.
The problem as you've stated, is that there are so many different options for how to implement multi-tenancy, and so many side effects that'd have on the rest of the codebase that an official solution would be considerably difficult to achieve without discounting some options, or making life hard for those that don't want to use it.
I've written an article that goes into multi-tenancy with laravel in quite some detail, and it's a fairly simple process. It requires more explanation and reasoning than code.
That being said, there is definitely an interest in it, and I'm working on both a course and packaged solution that hopefully helps those in this situation.
I rolled my own solution and it worked for years, it wasn't until I read /u/ollieread's blog post on it, that I was confident with my own solution, as they were quite similar. The way that Ollie uses middleware was a better design so I implemented that.
https://ollieread.com/blog/2018/08/06/laravel-multi-tenancy-avoiding-over-engineering
crnkovic
Isn't multitenancy simply a concept of running the same application instance but serving multiple consumers? If I add a global scope to every model that scopes to the current tenant id, this is, by definition, a multi tenancy, right?
I don't understand the need for a database-per-customer need. What is the point of this? Leaking data? Well, you have tests that cover that…
exxy-
There's an abundance of tutorials in the Laravel community that focus on smaller concepts like: toast notification, relating objects, building a blog. These concepts are easy to rip out and replace and don't have a larger impact on a codebase.
Multi-tenancy is a larger, more impactful, feature to implement that, if done incorrectly, can really screw a developer over in the long run.
A developer knows that Laravel provides features, like query scoping, that can make multi-tenancy a breeze. Identifying the right features to use and implementing them the "Laravel way" can be challenging for a beginner.
When faced with a significant task, like multi-tenancy, I like to mimic the Laravel way and to do that I often look to the official Laravel resources to guide me. It gives me more confidence in my solution and it lets me focus my anxiety on my cruddy business logic–something I can't always find guidance on.


ACTIVE SASKATCHEWAN is the network of individuals and organizations focused on working together to create a province where physical activity is the cultural norm.
Our flagship program is Saskatchewan in motion.
On behalf of the Active Saskatchewan Board of Directors, I am pleased to present the 2017-2018 Active Saskatchewan Annual Report.
It has been a pleasure to serve as the founding President of the Active Saskatchewan board of directors for the past two years. I am pleased to report that, together with my colleagues, we have built a solid foundation for Active Saskatchewan to grow and to fulfill our mandate to inspire healthy active living in our province.
This past year our efforts have focused on the creation of our fund development policies and plan. This work has helped the board of directors set a clear path toward ensuring the financial health of our organization.
As I wind down my term on the Active Saskatchewan board, I would like to sincerely thank my fellow board members for sharing their many talents. Your dedication and hard work has been such a pleasure to witness. I feel so privileged to have worked alongside such a talented and dedicated group of individuals.
Thank you also to the staff for the exceptional work you do throughout the province. There is no question that you are the heart and soul of this organization and I truly appreciate all that you do to support the people of our province in becoming more physically active.
The 2019-2022 Active Saskatchewan Strategic Plan will guide the organization toward inspiring a province where physical activity is a cultural norm.
Watch for its release in November 2018.


A woman was shot dead and a man injured in a shooting incident in Sugar Grove on Wednesday evening.
SUGAR GROVE, Pa. — Warren County Coroner Jerry Borden was en route to the scene of shooting at a Brown Hill Road residence in Chandlers Valley.
According to Pennsylvania State Police, a confirmed shooting has taken place at the residence.


text:
Russia deploys improved version of MiG-29 fighter aircraft to Syria
Mig-29SMT
The Ministry of Defense of the Russian Federation has deployed the four MiG-29SMT fighter aircraft toHmeymim airbase, near Latakia, in western Syria.
According to a statement released by the Russian Ministry of Defense, the Russian Aerospace Forces will begin using the improved version of the MiG-29 Fulcrum fighter aircraft in Syria to conduct missions against terrorist groups inside the country.
It's the first time the modernized version of the baseline Fulcrum jet is deployed to take part in the Syrian Air War.
The modernised aircraft is equipped with high-precision air-to-air and air-to-surface weapons to deliver high combat efficiency against aerial, ground, and sea-based targets. It incorporates enhanced cockpit and avionics, additional fuel tanks, upgraded engine, and increased weapons carriage capacity.
The length of the fighter jet is 17.32m, whilst the wing span is 11.36mm and the height is 4.73m. The normal and maximum take-off weights of the aircraft are 17,000kg and 22,000kg respectively.
The ferry range of the aircraft is 1,800km, without any external tanks. The range can be extended up to 2,400km with one drop tank, and up to 3,000km with three drop tanks.
The aircraft can reach a maximum range of more than 5,000km when fitted with three drop tanks and one single in-flight refuelling. Service ceiling is 17,500m, the maximum G-load is nine, and the maximum M-number is Mach 2.25.
The U.S Air Force has achieved a significant milestone with the development of the new X-60A air-launched rocket. The Air Force...
U.S. Air Force remove nuclear gravity bombs from B-52H approved weapons configuration
Sikorsky-Boeing SB-1 Defiant helicopter hits 100 knots

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Home Pan American World Airways Records Page 1
Clipper, Vol. 11, No. 12, June 23, 1955
Read From California To Calcutta, From Alaska To Australasia
Voi 11 No. 12	PUBLISHED BY THE EMPLOYEES OF PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS	June 23, 1955
FIRST AT NEW TOKYO TERMINAL
When the new terminal building was opened last month at Tokyo International Airport, guess who arrived first with an airplane! PAA Captain Gib Blackmore is shown being greeted by terminal hostess Kyoko Ogura, while Purser Lee Seegers also received a bouquet from T. Akiyama, president of the building. More pictures of the opening appear on page three
THE BEST OVER-WATER WATER
New Filters Being Installed In Strato Clippers Will Assure Customer Appeal For Drinking Water
Guatemala Case Will Soon Go To President
Favorable Decision Will Add San Francisco As Co-Terminal
Pan American should be permitted to give the San Francisco area the one-plane direct service to Latin America that the city's government, Chamber of Commerce and civic leaders have requested. So said Pan American in a brief filed this month with the Civil Aeronautics Board in support of a recommendation by the Board's chief examiner that such service should be speedily established.
The brief also asked for permanent renewal of PAA's certificate for direct service between Los Angeles and Guatemala.
Citing the fact that 38.8 per cent of the passengers carried on the Los Angeles-Guatemala flights originated in the San Francisco Bay Area, the brief pointed out that experience gained since World War II has made it clear that the principal international routes must he brought to the major population and business centers of the United States.
Besides the convenience to passengers that would be afforded by the addition of San Francisco to the route, other benefits would be the expediting of cargo shipments and a reduction of $61,000 in Pan American's subsidy requirements.
Oral arguments have now been concluded in the case, and after the CAB sends its report to the President he will make his decision.
Charles "Tex" Fitzgerald of Ships Equipment is shown installing one of the new water filters in the lounge of a B-377. Their introduction has sounded the death knell of that popular highball— scotch and chlorine.
The Pacific-Alaska Division is now installing new water filters on all of its B-377's.
The provision of good tasting water has long been a problem for Pan Amercian in the Pacific, where it must obtain its water from many different areas.
Harmless organisms in this water frequently gave it a bad taste, smell, color or all three. Naturally, passengers complained about this.
In order to kill the algae in any water that might be put aboard Clippers, it was decided to super-chlorinate it with chlorine tablets. The Engineering department knew that this would not completely solve the problem, however, as many times the taste of the chlorine was worse than that of water that had not been chlorinated.
After examining several types of filters, the engineering department selected the Everpure filter. Three of these are now being installed on each Boeing.—one at the forward drinking fountain, one in the galley and one in the bar.
All the water used on the B-377's comes from one 40-gallon tank. The Wash water will be chlorinated but not filtered.
In addition to assuring good tasting and appearing water, these filters will effect an annual saving of $10,000. Before installation of the filters routine flushing and disinfecting the aircraft water system required 260 man-hours every month. An additional 160 manhours were spent every month in checking out planes written up on a discrepancy report.
The filters, which add 25 pounds to each aircraft, will be replaced about every four months.
United Shareholders Award Goes To President Trippe
The United Shareholders Annual Meeting Award has been presented to Pan American President Juan T. Trippe for "meritorious achievement in the field of management-shareholder relationship."
The engraved certificate cited the Pan American president for "encouraging participation in American corporate ownership so essential to strengthening the pillars of our Constitutional form of Government and upgrading our American way of life, for notable leadership and in association with his confreres."
PAA Will Partidpate In Another F0A Project
24 More Will Be Sent To Train Personnel Of Turkish Airline
For the second time within as many months the U.S. Government's Foreign Operations Administration has called upon Pan American to provide technical assistance to a foreign airline.
A program similar to the one recently undertaken with Pakistan will be conducted in Turkey. Twenty-four Pan American experts will train personnel of the Turkish airline, Devlet Hava Yollari, in the latest techniques of both air and ground operations.
The airline has a fleet of 30 airplanes that serve Athens, Cyprus and Beirut in addition to 20 to 25 cities (depending on the season) in Turkey. Its personnel numbers 1,200.
FOA will finance 70 per cent of the cost of the program, with the remainder being borne by the Turkish Government.
A resolution by the Michigan State Senate endorsing PAA's bid for a Pacifi® Great Circle route has been forwarded to the President, Congress and the CAB.
SNAP SHOT
This baby loggerhead turtle was too young to snap at stewardess Janece Bertschi when he and his brother departed San Francisco for Honolulu this month. The turtles were a gift from the Stein-hart Aquarium in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park to the Honolulu Aquarium. Natives of Florida, they were acquired in a swap for a California octupus. When full grown they will measure several feet across their shell.
Title Clipper, Vol. 11, No. 12, June 23, 1955
Alternative Title Pan American World Airways, Pacific-Alaska Division clipper; Pan American World Airways clipper; Pan Am clipper Pacific-Alaska Division (June 1957-)
Uniform Title Clipper (Pan American World Airways, Inc. Pacific-Alaska Division)
Creator Pan American World Airways, Inc. Pacific-Alaska Division
Subject Pan American World Airways, Inc. Pacific-Alaska Division -- Employees -- Periodicals
Aeronautics, Commercial -- Periodicals
Airlines -- Periodicals
Publisher [United States] : The Division
Call Number HE9803.P36 T73
Preceding Title Transpacific (Pan American World Airways, Inc. Transpacific Division)
Collection Title Pan American World Airways, Inc. records
Series Printed Materials: Periodicals
Container Box No. 19 of 49
Box Title: Clipper Pacific-Alaska Division, Transpacific Division 1942-1959
Folder Title: Clipper/Pacific-Alaska Division, Pan American Airways, Vol. 11 1955
Sponsor This item was digitized as part of the "Cleared to Land" project, supported by a grant from the National Historical Publications & Records Commission (NHPRC).
Rights This material is in the public domain in the United States. The Pan Am brand remains under trademark. For additional information, please visit: http://merrick.library.miami.edu/digitalprojects/copyright.html
Full Text Read From California To Calcutta, From Alaska To Australasia Voi 11 No. 12	PUBLISHED BY THE EMPLOYEES OF PAN AMERICAN WORLD AIRWAYS	June 23, 1955 FIRST AT NEW TOKYO TERMINAL When the new terminal building was opened last month at Tokyo International Airport, guess who arrived first with an airplane! PAA Captain Gib Blackmore is shown being greeted by terminal hostess Kyoko Ogura, while Purser Lee Seegers also received a bouquet from T. Akiyama, president of the building. More pictures of the opening appear on page three THE BEST OVER-WATER WATER New Filters Being Installed In Strato Clippers Will Assure Customer Appeal For Drinking Water Guatemala Case Will Soon Go To President Favorable Decision Will Add San Francisco As Co-Terminal Pan American should be permitted to give the San Francisco area the one-plane direct service to Latin America that the city's government, Chamber of Commerce and civic leaders have requested. So said Pan American in a brief filed this month with the Civil Aeronautics Board in support of a recommendation by the Board's chief examiner that such service should be speedily established. The brief also asked for permanent renewal of PAA's certificate for direct service between Los Angeles and Guatemala. Citing the fact that 38.8 per cent of the passengers carried on the Los Angeles-Guatemala flights originated in the San Francisco Bay Area, the brief pointed out that experience gained since World War II has made it clear that the principal international routes must he brought to the major population and business centers of the United States. Besides the convenience to passengers that would be afforded by the addition of San Francisco to the route, other benefits would be the expediting of cargo shipments and a reduction of $61,000 in Pan American's subsidy requirements. Oral arguments have now been concluded in the case, and after the CAB sends its report to the President he will make his decision. PURE FOR SURE Charles "Tex" Fitzgerald of Ships Equipment is shown installing one of the new water filters in the lounge of a B-377. Their introduction has sounded the death knell of that popular highball— scotch and chlorine. The Pacific-Alaska Division is now installing new water filters on all of its B-377's. The provision of good tasting water has long been a problem for Pan Amercian in the Pacific, where it must obtain its water from many different areas. Harmless organisms in this water frequently gave it a bad taste, smell, color or all three. Naturally, passengers complained about this. In order to kill the algae in any water that might be put aboard Clippers, it was decided to super-chlorinate it with chlorine tablets. The Engineering department knew that this would not completely solve the problem, however, as many times the taste of the chlorine was worse than that of water that had not been chlorinated. After examining several types of filters, the engineering department selected the Everpure filter. Three of these are now being installed on each Boeing.—one at the forward drinking fountain, one in the galley and one in the bar. All the water used on the B-377's comes from one 40-gallon tank. The Wash water will be chlorinated but not filtered. In addition to assuring good tasting and appearing water, these filters will effect an annual saving of $10,000. Before installation of the filters routine flushing and disinfecting the aircraft water system required 260 man-hours every month. An additional 160 manhours were spent every month in checking out planes written up on a discrepancy report. The filters, which add 25 pounds to each aircraft, will be replaced about every four months. United Shareholders Award Goes To President Trippe The United Shareholders Annual Meeting Award has been presented to Pan American President Juan T. Trippe for "meritorious achievement in the field of management-shareholder relationship." The engraved certificate cited the Pan American president for "encouraging participation in American corporate ownership so essential to strengthening the pillars of our Constitutional form of Government and upgrading our American way of life, for notable leadership and in association with his confreres." PAA Will Partidpate In Another F0A Project 24 More Will Be Sent To Train Personnel Of Turkish Airline For the second time within as many months the U.S. Government's Foreign Operations Administration has called upon Pan American to provide technical assistance to a foreign airline. A program similar to the one recently undertaken with Pakistan will be conducted in Turkey. Twenty-four Pan American experts will train personnel of the Turkish airline, Devlet Hava Yollari, in the latest techniques of both air and ground operations. The airline has a fleet of 30 airplanes that serve Athens, Cyprus and Beirut in addition to 20 to 25 cities (depending on the season) in Turkey. Its personnel numbers 1,200. FOA will finance 70 per cent of the cost of the program, with the remainder being borne by the Turkish Government. A resolution by the Michigan State Senate endorsing PAA's bid for a Pacifi® Great Circle route has been forwarded to the President, Congress and the CAB. SNAP SHOT This baby loggerhead turtle was too young to snap at stewardess Janece Bertschi when he and his brother departed San Francisco for Honolulu this month. The turtles were a gift from the Stein-hart Aquarium in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park to the Honolulu Aquarium. Natives of Florida, they were acquired in a swap for a California octupus. When full grown they will measure several feet across their shell.


text:
The Liberty Papers
Life. Liberty. Property. Defending individual freedom and liberty, one post at a time.
What Is The Liberty Papers?
Category Archives: District of Columbia v. Heller
Heller v. District Of Columbia, Round Two
July 29, 2008 Doug Mataconis	Constitution, District of Columbia v. Heller, Individual Rights, Keep and Bear Arms, Legal
Just over a month after the United States Supreme Court struck down the District of Columbia's handgun ban, the man who brought that case is suing the District again over it's response to the Supreme Court's ruling:
The man who successfully challenged the D.C. handgun ban before the U.S. Supreme Court filed a second federal lawsuit yesterday, alleging that the District's new gun-registration system is burdensome and continues to unlawfully outlaw most semiautomatic pistols.
Dick A. Heller, a 66-year-old security guard who lives on Capitol Hill, and two other plaintiffs allege in the lawsuit that the D.C. government violated the letter and the spirit of the landmark Supreme Court decision, issued June 26, that struck down the District's decades-old handgun ban.
The 5 to 4 ruling concluded that the Second Amendment grants individuals the right to possess guns for self-defense but said governments may impose reasonable restrictions. The lawsuit filed yesterday in U.S District Court says the District's restrictions go too far.
The suit urges U.S. District Judge Richard M. Urbina to toss most of the District's new requirements, which include ballistics tests of registered handguns. It also asks him to eliminate restrictions on semiautomatic handguns and to order D.C. police to approve the handgun applications of the three plaintiffs.
To call the District's "response" to the Supreme Court ruling cynical would be putting it nicely, so it's nice to see Heller and the others moving quickly to bring this issue before the Courts. Something tells me, though, that Dick Heller may have another date with the Supremes in two or three years.
Doug Mataconis
http://www.belowthebeltway.com
July 16, 2008 Brad Warbiany	Constitution, District of Columbia v. Heller, Dumbasses and Authoritarians, Government Regulation, Individual Rights, Keep and Bear Arms
DC City Council Chairman Vincent Gray, on the District's new gun legislation:
We're trying to figure out how close we can get to where we were before.
Judging from the "emergency" law, which continues to ban semiautomatic weapons and requires trigger locks or the firearm to be disassembled at all times (except when used against an intruder), I'd say they've gotten pretty close.
This story is just too good, though, and offers a second gem:
Nickles said residents could neither keep their guns loaded in anticipation of a problem nor search for an intruder on their property. The porch is off-limits, he said, as well as the yard and any outbuildings.
Yes. You see, you have to wait until an intruder is next to your bed with his gun drawn on you before you're allowed to assemble your weapon, load ammunition, and defend yourself. This is how DC is keeping you safe!
Hat Tip: Billy Beck
Brad Warbiany
http://thelibertypapers.org/
A Human Right, A Civil Right: Fundamental, Pre-existing, Strictly Scrutinized, Universal, and Incorporated
June 26, 2008 Chris Byrne	Constitution, Crime and Punishment, District of Columbia v. Heller, Equal Protection, Founding Fathers, Government Regulation, History, Human Rights, Individual Rights, Keep and Bear Arms, Legal, Politics, The Bill Of Rights, The Nanny State, Theory and Ideas
This morning, I'm noting a lot of ill informed …or perhaps just informed by misunderstanding of the text… opinions and statements regarding the historic Heller ruling on the scope and applicability of the 2nd amendment.
This of course is unsurprising when many people of varying levels of knowledge about law, history, and firearms have just a short time to digest a 90 page majority opinion and another 70 pages of dissents and cites.
In the table below, I've selected out the critical passages, and highlighted some of those I consider most instructive or important (bold for important, red for critical).
Briefly, I need to specifically address some points:
1. Incorporation: Scalia makes it clear in his majority opinion that the second amendment is a fundamental right, that must be treated the same as other fundamental rights such as the first amendment. He specifically notes it in respect to the 14th amendment NUMEROUS times. This decision will be applied universally within the domain of the court, and should be considered controlling upon the states (this is clarified in the later references by the way).
2. Universality: This decision applies to all within the jurisdiction of the court. Excepting prohibited persons (and there is a clear definition under federal law of who those persons are by the way), all individuals under the jurisdiction of U.S. law, have the right to keep and bear arms.
3. Scrutiny: Again, this issue is clear. Though in the opinion itself Scalia does not explicitly state that second amendment issues should be reviewed with strict scrutiny, this is made clear in the text by equating the 2nd amendment with the first, 4th, 14th etc… Further, Scalia explicitly dismisses Stevens call for a "balance of interests" standard of medium scrutiny. This is in effect strict scrutiny, with certain well defined exceptions (such as for felons, the insane, and weapons of mass destruction).
4. Class III (machine guns and other): This one is mixed. Although the majority expresses that some restrictions are permissible, it also explicitly denies outright bans. It is clear that weapons that are in the common usage and available to citizens, are protected. That includes machine guns (machine guns are not illegal for the general public to own, they are just very expensive and tightly restricted). Although Scalia points out that Miller said it was OK to ban short barreled shotguns, he also noted that the decision is flawed, because it only took judicial notice of what was presented to the court, and the original apellant (Miller, though technically he was the respondent for the appeal to the supremes) never presented a case (he died before the date set for arguments, and his attorney didn't bother to show up).
Based on my reading, I would say that the current law prohibiting the new manufacture of machine guns for civilian sale after May of 1986 (actually that's not what it says, but that is how the ATF chose to interpret it) is out; after some long and difficult litigation. However, the door is open for other laws restricting such weapons, fi properly written to pass constitutional scrutiny.
This of course applies to other weapon types specifically targeted for bans; for example the requirement that all weapons imported into the United States have a "sporting purpose", and that certain shotguns are considered "destructive devices" simply by arbitrary features; are also disallowed (again with the caveat that new laws could be written to pass a constitutional standard).
5. Scope: I think it is clear, though it will require significant litigation to hash out details; that no outright ban on any type of weapon (including machine guns as currently construed), excepting weapons of mass destruction, can stand muster. This means that all state "Assault weapons bans" will be struck down… eventually; along with magazine capacity bans, hollowpoint bullet bans etc… (though likely the ban on "armor piercing" handgun ammunition will continue).
I also think it is clear that there is significant room for licensing programs, and standards (including standards for weapons features and functionality)to be set, so long as the requirements for licensing are not discriminatory, arbitrary, capricious, or onerous. Of course, again, that is going to require years of litigation to define better.
I do think that clearly this means the end of Chicago gun laws, and most likely the radical reformation of laws in Massachusetts, New York, California, Hawaii, and New Jersey.
I should note that this does not mean universal "shall issue" concealed carry, but it almost certainly DOES mean that all states which allow concealed carry must allow it on a "shall issue" basis; using those standards as a guideline. Unless someone is a prohibited person, as spelled out under law since 1968, you MUST license them (presuming licensing exists).
Additionally, I believe this actually DOES set a requirement for lawful OPEN carry throughout the country; in that self defense is a recognized lawful, and traditional purpose of the bearing of arms.
And of course, this ruling does specifically allow for the restriction of carry of firearms in some ways, and some locations. As Scalia repeatedly says, no constitutionally protected rights are absolute (under the law).
Finally, any legislation that does not EXPLICITLY violate the above prohibitions, but would have the effect of doing so, is certainly disallowed. This means that standards for licensing, firearms design, dealer sale regulations etc… cannot be set so as to constitute an effective ban, or an onerous burden.
Now we just need to spend the next 15 years suing to define what constitutes an onerous burden.
Summary of Impact: So you can't ban guns, or any particular types of guns; you can't keep anyone not a prohibited person from buying, owning, keeping, bearing, and using guns for all lawful purposes (including self defense); you can license and set standards for guns to be sold, and for persons to purchase, own, keep, and bear them; but those standards cannot be discriminatory, arbitrary, capricious, or onerous.
Oh and of course, that doesn't get into the halo effect this has on other cases dealing with fundamental rights issues (remember how many times they state that this is simply protecting a pre-existing right).
Excerpts from the text of the majority decision:
1. The Second Amendment protects an individual right to possess a
firearm unconnected with service in a militia, and to use that arm for
traditionally lawful purposes, such as self-defense within the home…
… 2. Like most rights, the Second Amendment right is not unlimited.
It is not a right to keep and carry any weapon whatsoever in any
manner whatsoever and for whatever purpose: For example, concealed
weapons prohibitions have been upheld under the Amendment
or state analogues.
The Court's opinion should not be taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places such as schools and government buildings, or laws imposing conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale of arms.
Miller's holding that the sorts of weapons protected are those
"in common use at the time" finds support in the historical tradition
of prohibiting the carrying of dangerous and unusual weapons.
Pp. 54–56.
3. The handgun ban and the trigger-lock requirement (as applied to
self-defense) violate the Second Amendment.
The District's total ban on handgun possession in the home amounts to a prohibition on an entire class of "arms" that Americans overwhelmingly choose for the lawful purpose of self-defense.
Under any of the standards of scrutiny the Court has applied to enumerated constitutional rights, prohibition—in the place where the importance of the lawful defense of self, family, and property is most acute—would fail constitutional muster.
Similarly, the requirement that any lawful firearm in the home be disassembled or bound by a trigger lock makes it impossible for citizens to use arms for the core lawful purpose of self-defense and
is hence unconstitutional.
Because Heller conceded at oral argument that the D. C. licensing law is permissible if it is not enforced arbitrarily and capriciously, the Court assumes that a license will satisfy his prayer for relief and does not address the licensing requirement.
Assuming he is not disqualified from exercising Second Amendment rights, the District must permit Heller to register his handgun and must issue him a license to carry it in the home.
Affirmed..
We turn first to the meaning of the Second Amendment.
The Second Amendment provides: A well regulated
Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the
right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be
infringed."
In interpreting this text, we are guided by the
principle that "The Constitution was written to be understood
by the voters; its words and phrases were used in
their normal and ordinary as distinguished from technical
Normal meaning may of course include an idiomatic
meaning, but it excludes secret or technical meanings that
would not have been known to ordinary citizens in the
founding generation.
"Right of the People." The first salient feature of
the operative clause is that it codifies a "right of the people."
The unamended Constitution and the Bill of Rights
use the phrase "right of the people" two other times, in the
First Amendment's Assembly-and-Petition Clause and in
the Fourth Amendment's Search-and-Seizure Clause. The
Ninth Amendment uses very similar terminology ("The
enumeration in the Constitution, of certain rights, shall
not be construed to deny or disparage others retained by
the people"). All three of these instances unambiguously
refer to individual rights, not "collective" rights, or rights
that may be exercised only through participation in some
…This contrasts markedly with the phrase "the militia" in
the prefatory clause. As we will describe below, the "militia"
in colonial America consisted of a subset of "the people"—
those who were male, able bodied, and within a
certain age range.
Reading the Second Amendment as
protecting only the right to "keep and bear Arms" in an
organized militia therefore fits poorly with the operative
clause's description of the holder of that right as "the
We start therefore with a strong presumption that the
Second Amendment right is exercised individually and
belongs to all Americans.
… in the course of analyzing the meaning of
"carries a firearm" in a federal criminal statute, JUSTICE
GINSBURG wrote that "[s]urely a most familiar meaning is,
as the Constitution's Second Amendment . . . indicate[s]:
'wear, bear, or carry . . . upon the person or in the clothing
or in a pocket, for the purpose . . . of being armed and
ready for offensive or defensive action in a case of conflict
with another person.' "
We think that JUSTICE GINSBURG accurately captured the
natural meaning of "bear arms." Although the phrase
implies that the carrying of the weapon is for the purpose
of "offensive or defensive action," it in no way connotes
participation in a structured military organization.
Putting all of these textual elements together,
we find that they guarantee the individual right to
possess and carry weapons in case of confrontation.
This meaning is strongly confirmed by the historical background
of the Second Amendment.
We look to this because it has always been widely understood
that the Second Amendment, like the First and
Fourth Amendments, codified a pre-existing right.
The very text of the Second Amendment implicitly recognizes
the pre-existence of the right and declares only that it
"shall not be infringed." As we said in United States v.
Cruikshank, 92 U. S. 542, 553 (1876), "This is not a right
granted by the Constitution. Neither is it in any manner
dependent upon that instrument for its existence. The
Second amendment declares that it shall not be infringed"
There seems to us no doubt, on the basis of both text
and history, that the Second Amendment conferred an
individual right to keep and bear arms. Of course the
right was not unlimited, just as the First Amendment's
right of free speech was not, see, e.g., United States v.
Williams, 553 U. S. ___ (2008). Thus, we do not read the
Second Amendment to protect the right of citizens to carry
arms for any sort of confrontation, just as we do not read
the First Amendment to protect the right of citizens to
speak for any purpose.
We reach the question, then: Does the preface fit with
an operative clause that creates an individual right to
keep and bear arms? It fits perfectly, once one knows the
history that the founding generation knew and that we
have described above.
That history showed that the way
tyrants had eliminated a militia consisting of all the ablebodied
men was not by banning the militia but simply by
taking away the people's arms, enabling a select militia or
standing army to suppress political opponents. This is
what had occurred in England that prompted codification
of the right to have arms in the English Bill of Rights.
The debate with respect to the right to keep and bear
arms, as with other guarantees in the Bill of Rights, was
not over whether it was desirable (all agreed that it was)
but over whether it needed to be codified in the Constitution.
We may as well consider at this point (for we will have
to consider eventually) what types of weapons Miller
permits.
Read in isolation, Miller's phrase "part of ordinary
military equipment" could mean that only those
weapons useful in warfare are protected. That would be a
startling reading of the opinion, since it would mean that
the National Firearms Act's restrictions on machineguns
(not challenged in Miller) might be unconstitutional,
machineguns being useful in warfare in 1939.
We think that Miller's "ordinary military equipment" language must
be read in tandem with what comes after: "[O]rdinarily
when called for [militia] service [able-bodied] men were
expected to appear bearing arms supplied by themselves
and of the kind in common use at the time." 307 U. S., at
179. The traditional militia was formed from a pool of
men bringing arms "in common use at the time" for lawful
purposes like self-defense. "In the colonial and revolutionary
war era, [small-arms] weapons used by militiamen
and weapons used in defense of person and home were one
and the same."
As for the "hundreds of judges," who have relied on the
view of the Second Amendment JUSTICE STEVENS claims we endorsed in
Miller: If so, they overread Miller. And their erroneous reliance upon
an uncontested and virtually unreasoned case cannot nullify the
reliance of millions of Americans (as our historical analysis has shown) upon the true meaning of the right to keep and bear arms.
In any event, it should not be thought that the cases decided by these judges
would necessarily have come out differently under a proper interpretation
of the right.
The amendment's operative clause furthers the purpose announced
in its preface. We therefore read Miller to say
only that the Second Amendment does not protect those
weapons not typically possessed by law-abiding citizens
for lawful purposes, such as short-barreled shotguns.
It should be unsurprising that such a significant
matter has been for so long judicially unresolved.
For most of our history, the Bill of Rights was not thought
applicable to the States, and the Federal Government did
not significantly regulate the possession of firearms by
law-abiding citizens.
Other provisions of the Bill of Rights
have similarly remained unilluminated for lengthy periods.
This Court first held a law to violate the First
Amendment's guarantee of freedom of speech in 1931,
almost 150 years after the Amendment was ratified, see
Near v. Minnesota ex rel. Olson, 283 U. S. 697 (1931), and
it was not until after World War II that we held a law
invalid under the Establishment Clause, see Illinois ex rel.
McCollum v. Board of Ed. of School Dist. No. 71, Champaign
Cty., 333 U. S. 203 (1948).
Even a question as basic
as the scope of proscribable libel was not addressed by this
Court until 1964, nearly two centuries after the founding.
See New York Times Co. v. Sullivan, 376 U. S. 254 (1964).
It is demonstrably not true that, as JUSTICE STEVENS
claims, post, at 41–42, "for most of our history, the invalidity
of Second-Amendment-based objections to firearms
regulations has been well settled and uncontroversial."
For most of our history the question did not present itself.
Like most rights, the right secured by the Second
Amendment is not unlimited. From Blackstone through
the 19th-century cases, commentators and courts routinely
explained that the right was not a right to keep and
carry any weapon whatsoever in any manner whatsoever
and for whatever purpose…
…Although we do not undertake an
exhaustive historical analysis today of the full scope of the
Second Amendment, nothing in our opinion should be
taken to cast doubt on longstanding prohibitions on the
possession of firearms by felons and the mentally ill, or
laws forbidding the carrying of firearms in sensitive places
such as schools and government buildings, or laws imposing
conditions and qualifications on the commercial sale ofarms.26
We also recognize another important limitation on the
right to keep and carry arms.
Miller said, as we have explained, that the sorts of weapons protected were those
"in common use at the time." 307 U. S., at 179. We think
that limitation is fairly supported by the historical tradition
of prohibiting the carrying of "dangerous and unusual
It may be objected that if weapons that are most useful
in military service—M-16 rifles and the like—may be
banned, then the Second Amendment right is completely
detached from the prefatory clause. But as we have said,
the conception of the militia at the time of the Second
Amendment's ratification was the body of all citizens
capable of military service, who would bring the sorts of
lawful weapons that they possessed at home to militia
It may well be true today that a militia, to be as
effective as militias in the 18th century, would require
sophisticated arms that are highly unusual in society at
large. Indeed, it may be true that no amount of small
arms could be useful against modern-day bombers and
tanks. But the fact that modern developments have limited
the degree of fit between the prefatory clause and the
protected right cannot change our interpretation of the amendment
We turn finally to the law at issue here.
As we have
said, the law totally bans handgun possession in the home.
It also requires that any lawful firearm in the home be
disassembled or bound by a trigger lock at all times, rendering
it inoperable. As the quotations earlier in this opinion demonstrate,
the inherent right of self-defense has been central to the
Second Amendment right. The handgun ban amounts to a
prohibition of an entire class of "arms" that is overwhelmingly
chosen by American society for that lawful purpose.
The prohibition extends, moreover, to the home, where the
need for defense of self, family, and property is most acute.
Under any of the standards of scrutiny that we have applied
to enumerated constitutional rights,27 banning from the home "the most preferred firearm in the nation to 'keep' and use for protection of one's home and family," 478 F. 3d, at 400, would fail constitutional muster….
… See also State v. Reid, 1 Ala. 612, 616–617 (1840) ("A
statute which, under the pretence of regulating, amounts
to a destruction of the right, or which requires arms to be
so borne as to render them wholly useless for the purpose
of defence, would be clearly unconstitutional").
It is no answer to say, as petitioners do, that it is permissible
to ban the possession of handguns so long as the
possession of other firearms (i.e., long guns) is allowed. It
is enough to note, as we have observed, that the American
people have considered the handgun to be the quintessential
self-defense weapon.
There are many reasons that a
citizen may prefer a handgun for home defense: It is easier
to store in a location that is readily accessible in an emergency;
it cannot easily be redirected or wrestled away by
an attacker; it is easier to use for those without the upperbody
strength to lift and aim a long gun; it can be pointed
at a burglar with one hand while the other hand dials the
police. Whatever the reason, handguns are the most popular weapon chosen by Americans for self-defense in the home, and a complete prohibition of their use is invalid.
After an exhaustive discussion of the arguments for and against
gun control, JUSTICE BREYER arrives at his interest balanced
answer: because handgun violence is a problem,
because the law is limited to an urban area, and because
there were somewhat similar restrictions in the founding
period (a false proposition that we have already discussed),
the interest-balancing inquiry results in the
constitutionality of the handgun ban. QED
We know of no other enumerated constitutional right
whose core protection has been subjected to a freestanding
"interest-balancing" approach. The very enumeration of
the right takes out of the hands of government—even the
Third Branch of Government—the power to decide on a
case-by-case basis whether the right is really worth insisting
A constitutional guarantee subject to future judges' assessments
of its usefulness is no constitutional guarantee at all.
Constitutional rights are enshrined with the scope they
were understood to have when the people adopted them,
whether or not future legislatures or (yes)even future
judges think that scope too broad.
We would not apply an "interest-balancing" approach to the prohibition
of a peaceful neo-Nazi march through Skokie. See
National Socialist Party of America v. Skokie, 432 U. S. 43
(1977) (per curiam).
The First Amendment contains the freedom-of-speech guarantee
that the people ratified,which included exceptions for
obscenity, libel, and disclosure of state secrets,
but not for the expression of extremely unpopular and wrong-headed views.
The Second Amendment is no different.
Like the First, it is the very product of an interest-balancing
by the people—which JUSTICE BREYER would now conduct for them anew.
And whatever else it leaves to future evaluation, it surely
elevates above all other interests the right of law-abiding,
responsible citizens to use arms in defense of hearth and
In sum, we hold that the District's ban on handgun
possession in the home violates the Second Amendment,
as does its prohibition against rendering any lawful firearm
in the home operable for the purpose of immediate
self-defense. Assuming that Heller is not disqualified
from the exercise of Second Amendment rights, the District
must permit him to register his handgun and must
issue him a license to carry it in the home.
We are aware of the problem of handgun violence in this
country, and we take seriously the concerns raised by the
many amici who believe that prohibition of handgun
ownership is a solution.
The Constitution leaves the District of Columbia a variety
of tools for combating that problem, including some measures
regulating handguns,see supra, at 54–55, and n. 26.
But the enshrinement of constitutional rights necessarily
takes certain policy choices off the table.
These include the absolute prohibition of handguns held
and used for self-defense in the home.
Undoubtedly some think that the Second Amendment
is outmoded in a society where our standing army is
the pride of our Nation, where well-trained police forces
provide personal security, and where gun violence is a
serious problem. That is perhaps debatable, but what is
not debatable is that it is not the role of this Court to
pronounce the Second Amendment extinct.
We affirm the judgment of the Court of Appeals.
Chris Byrne
I am a cynically romantic optimistic pessimist. I am neither liberal, nor conservative. I am a (somewhat disgruntled) muscular minarchist… something like a constructive anarchist.
Basically what that means, is that I believe, all things being equal, responsible adults should be able to do whatever the hell they want to do, so long as nobody's getting hurt, who isn't paying extra
http://anarchangel.blogspot.com
Presidential Candidates Respond to D.C. vs. Heller Ruling
June 26, 2008 Stephen Littau	Constitution, Democrats, District of Columbia v. Heller, Election '08, Founding Fathers, General, Government Regulation, History, Human Rights, Individual Rights, Keep and Bear Arms, Legal, Libertarians, Politics, Quote of the Day, Republicans, The Bill Of Rights, Theory and Ideas
Given that the D.C. vs. Heller ruling is a historically important ruling for the Second Amendment and given that the next president could appoint between two and three Justices to the Supreme Court over the next four years, I think the responses from Bob Barr, John McCain, and Barack Obama might give us some insight into what kind of judges each would appoint and how each views the Second Amendment. Below are the complete official press releases from each candidate's web site.
June 26, 2008 10:16 am EST
Washington, DC – Today the U.S. Supreme Court upheld the individual right of Americans to own guns in District of Columbia v. Heller. The ruling "will go down as one of the Supreme Court's most important rulings on behalf of liberty," says Libertarian Party presidential candidate Bob Barr.
Until today, the Court had never held that the Second Amendment directly applied to individuals. "Today's decision marks a new era for gun rights in America," explains Barr, who is a member of the Board of Directors of the National Rifle Association. Barr also drafted the Libertarian Party's amicus curiae brief in Heller. "By protecting an individual's right to keep and bear arms, the Second Amendment ensures that all Americans are able to participate in sporting activities, hunt, and protect themselves and their families," he explains.
The right to self-defense is particularly important for women and minorities in a city like Washington, D.C. "Where crime rates are high, a gun may be the only means for law-abiding citizens to safeguard themselves and their families," Barr notes. "Lawful gun ownership deters an untold number of crimes every year."
But the Court's ruling, though welcome, is not enough. "It is important to have a president who also supports the right of Americans to own firearms," says Barr. "Sen. Barack Obama says that he believes in such a constitutional right, but he supports the District of Columbia's ban, which gives criminals an advantage over law-abiding citizens," notes Barr.
Sen. McCain has not advocated an absolute prohibition, "but he cosponsored legislation which could require registration of attendees at gun shows and even ban such shows," Barr warns. And Sen. McCain's campaign legislation "curtailed the First Amendment right of gun owners to protect their rights by participating in election campaigns."
As part of the Bill of Rights, the Second Amendment undergirds American liberty. "The individual's right to keep and bear arms helps ensure all of our freedoms," says Barr. "The Supreme Court's recognition of the constitutional right to gun ownership is a recognition of the right to life, liberty, and property for all Americans."
Barr represented the 7th District of Georgia in the U. S. House of Representatives from 1995 to 2003, where he served as a senior member of the Judiciary Committee, as Vice-Chairman of the Government Reform Committee, and as a member of the Committee on Financial Services. Prior to his congressional career, Barr was appointed by President Reagan to serve as the United States Attorney for the Northern District of Georgia, and also served as an official with the CIA.
Since leaving Congress, Barr has been practicing law and has teamed up with groups ranging from the American Civil Liberties Union to the American Conservative Union to actively advocate every American citizens' right to privacy and other civil liberties guaranteed in the Bill of Rights. Along with this, Bob is committed to helping elect leaders who will strive for smaller government, lower taxes and abundant individual freedom.
Contact: Press Office
Statement by John McCain on Today's Supreme Court Ruling on Second Amendment Rights
ARLINGTON, VA– U.S. Senator John McCain today issued the following statement regarding today's United States Supreme Court ruling on District of Columbia v. Heller:
Today's decision is a landmark victory for Second Amendment freedom in the United States. For this first time in the history of our Republic, the U.S. Supreme Court affirmed that the Second Amendment right to keep and bear arms was and is an individual right as intended by our Founding Fathers. I applaud this decision as well as the overturning of the District of Columbia's ban on handguns and limitations on the ability to use firearms for self-defense.
Unlike Senator Obama, who refused to join me in signing a bipartisan amicus brief, I was pleased to express my support and call for the ruling issued today. Today's ruling in District of Columbia v. Heller makes clear that other municipalities like Chicago that have banned handguns have infringed on the constitutional rights of Americans. Unlike the elitist view that believes Americans cling to guns out of bitterness, today's ruling recognizes that gun ownership is a fundamental right- sacred, just as the right to free speech and assembly.
This ruling does not mark the end of our struggle against those who seek to limit the rights of law-abiding citizens. We must always remain vigilant in defense of our freedoms. But today, the Supreme Court ended forever the specious argument that the Second Amendment did not confer an individual right to keep and bear arms.
I have always believed that the Second Amendment protects the right of individuals to bear arms, but I also identify with the need for crime-ravaged communities to save their children from the violence that plagues our streets through common-sense, effective safety measures. The Supreme Court has now endorsed that view, and while it ruled that the D.C. gun ban went too far, Justice Scalia himself acknowledged that this right is not absolute and subject to reasonable regulations enacted by local communities to keep their streets safe. Today's ruling, the first clear statement on this issue in 127 years, will provide much-needed guidance to local jurisdictions across the country.
As President, I will uphold the constitutional rights of law-abiding gun-owners, hunters, and sportsmen. I know that what works in Chicago may not work in Cheyenne. We can work together to enact common-sense laws, like closing the gun show loophole and improving our background check system, so that guns do not fall into the hands of terrorists or criminals. Today's decision reinforces that if we act responsibly, we can both protect the constitutional right to bear arms and keep our communities and our children safe.
Stephen Littau
http://fpffressminds.blogspot.com/
Supreme Court Upholds Individual Right To Keep And Bear Arms
June 26, 2008 Doug Mataconis	Constitution, District of Columbia v. Heller, Individual Rights, Keep and Bear Arms
After nearly two centuries of silence, the Supreme Court today struck down a District of Columbia gun ban and affirmed that the Second Amendment protects an individual right to keep and bear arms:
WASHINGTON — The Supreme Court ruled Thursday that Americans have a right to own guns for self-defense and hunting, the justices' first major pronouncement on gun rights in U.S. history.
The court's 5-4 ruling struck down the District of Columbia's 32-year-old ban on handguns as incompatible with gun rights under the Second Amendment. The decision went further than even the Bush administration wanted, but probably leaves most firearms laws intact.
The court had not conclusively interpreted the Second Amendment since its ratification in 1791. The amendment reads: "A well regulated militia, being necessary to the security of a free state, the right of the people to keep and bear arms, shall not be infringed."
The basic issue for the justices was whether the amendment protects an individual's right to own guns no matter what, or whether that right is somehow tied to service in a state militia.
Justice Antonin Scalia, writing for four colleagues, said the Constitution does not permit "the absolute prohibition of handguns held and used for self-defense in the home."
In dissent, Justice John Paul Stevens wrote that the majority "would have us believe that over 200 years ago, the Framers made a choice to limit the tools available to elected officials wishing to regulate civilian uses of weapons."
Yes, that's right Justice Stevens, they did. It's called the Second Amendment.
While the devil is, as always, in the details and, as I noted in March, this is far from the end of the Constitutional debate about gun control, this is, all in all, a great day for individual liberty.
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Keep Your Friends Close, But Don't Unfriend Your Enemies Either
An Open Letter to Democrats on the Day After
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A guide to your bins - what goes in each bin?
FAQs about waste and recycling?
Making your garden beautiful is even easier when you use a compost bin! As well as being a great way to get rid of kitchen scraps, compost bins make fantastic, great value, soil improver for your garden, and getting started composting is cheap too, thanks to our partnership with getcomposting.com. As well as great value compost bins, you can also order subsidised water butts, kitchen caddies and even kitchen composters.
What can I compost at home?
Do not put meat, bones or fish scraps in your home composter (as these could attract pests), put these in your black bin.
Do not put animal waste in your compost bin either, particularly if you are going to use it to grow food.
getcomposting.com is brought to you by Straight PLC, the UK's leading supplier of recycling and water conservation products that have been successfully supplying products to UK households through partnerships with local authorities and water companies for nearly 20 years.
Recently the team has been working harder than ever to bring you products selected for their green credentials, which will allow you to reduce your carbon footprint, and lead a more environmentally sustainable lifestyle. Special offers are available too!


This program highlights the career of the 2010 IEEE Medal of Honor recipient Dr. Andrew Viterbi. Dr. Viterbi is an entrepreneur, industry leader, innovator, author, inventor, researcher, teacher and engineer.
Entrepreneur, industry leader, innovator, author, inventor, researcher, teacher, engineer; a few words that one could use to refer to Dr. Andrew Viterbi, recipient of the 2010 IEEE Medal of Honor. Dr. Viterbi is an icon in the field of wireless communications, and has created some of the technology that can be found in all wireless communication devices today. He has started two companies that have changed the industry, he has worked for the government, earned numerous awards from different countries, but his only goal was to become a professor, which he accomplished.


Practicum refers to a course of study in which you apply your learned skills or knowledge – you put them into practice. In other words, it is a project or duty where you apply your skills and learning.
An Independent Study provides you with an opportunity for individual faculty mentoring and engagement in the completion of a project. Consult with a faculty member who will oversee your project.
Internships are a great way to gain career experience and further your professional development. With an internship, you can start to build networks and references as you apply the skills and ideas from the classroom out in the world – all while earning college credit!
The internship must consist of at least 120 hours of work.
Your employer cannot be a family member.
Have completed at least 6 hours of major coursework at NIU.
Complete the internship application and all related documents.
Complete final evaluations and all related documents at the end of the internship.
Complete final evaluations and all related assignments.
You can find the internship credit application and directions here.


The movie Blitz: trailer, clips, photos, soundtrack, news and much more!
Blitz – You know what that is?
The upcoming action thriller movie is starring Jason Statham as a tough cop who's dispatched to take down a serial killer who has been targeting police officers.
Blitz – Do I look like I carry a pencil?
The movie Blitz revolves around a tough cop (Jason Statham) who's dispatched to take down a serial killer who has been targeting police officers.
Jason Statham at his best!
Jason Statham is perfect for this kind of role: we may expect a lot of action in the movie Blitz!
The movie Blitz is based on Ken Bruen's novel of the name. There's no official release date yet.


Many people carry a modest amount of fat under their chin and can benefit from liposuction of the neck. This improves jawline definition and contours the neck, giving a more youthful and elegant profile. Liposuction of the full neck can be a quick, safe, effective method of reducing a double chin. The benefits are immediate and long-lasting. The results achieved will be influenced by bone structure, skin texture, hereditary and how much and how long the fat has been in the neck.
Not all "beefy" or full necks are due to excessive fat. The salivary glands, muscles and bones of the neck and jaw may all contribute to a full neck, and it may be more appropriate to work on these to produce a more slender, elegant neck. A thorough evaluation of your specific situation is performed at your consultation and your options for producing a sharper angle of the neck and jawline will be discussed.
Liposuction of the neck is performed in the office under local anaesthetic with oral sedative tablets, or may be performed in hospital as a day only procedure using a light general anaesthetic. Liposuction of the neck can be a standalone procedure, or can be combined with a facelift, neck lift, chin implant, or any other facial rejuvenation procedures.
In neck liposuction, several 3 mm well-concealed stab incisions are made to administer local anaesthetic containing a blood vessel constrictor (to limit bruising and bleeding). These same incisions are used to remove the fat using a small suction cannula.
The incisions are so small they are generally not stitched, as they seal themselves within 24 hours.
Cotton wool and a neck dressing are applied for the first day or so. These may be removed the day after surgery and you can have a gentle lukewarm shower.
Most people having liposuction of the neck are back at work within a week or so.
Is there an ideal age for liposuction of the neck?
Liposuction of the neck is suitable for men and women in their 20's to 50's who have a double chin but who don't have excessive sagginess or looseness of the lower facial and neck skin. If there is excessive skin looseness, a procedure that tightens the skin may be more appropriate.
Where is the surgery performed and will I need to stay in hospital?
Liposuction of the neck is commonly performed in the office under local anaesthetic with oral sedative tablets, but can be performed in an accredited hospital under light general anaesthetic if desired..
Generally, there are 4 incisions of 3mm each hidden in the chin crease and around the ears. These are barely noticeable at first and even less so with time.
Dr Nettle's surgeon fee is approximately $4,500. This does not include the room fee, or hospital, anaesthetist or assistant fees if required.
There are no Medicare rebates for liposuction of the neck, as this is considered a cosmetic procedure.
Are there any non-surgical alternatives to neck liposuction?
There are several non-surgical treatments that can improve the neck, although neck liposuction is far more effective for reducing the double chin and sharpening the neck-jawline angle. At Silkwood's Medispa we offer CoolSculpting under the chin (CoolMini), which reduces the fat bulge, and Ultherapy, which is a non-surgical skin-tightening treatment.
Dr Nettle will see you a few days after your surgery, and then follow-up appointments are made as needed on an individual basis.
You will be given a Plastic Surgery Recovery guide upon booking your surgery. This is a highly valuable document that explains in great detail all of your after care for surgery.


"Understanding your heritage and whakapapa can be very moving.
This website is where whanau can discover and contribute to their family history and whakapapa, online. It contains details of 13,921 individual people, including 2,858 unique surnames making up 4,356 families!
You are invited to join us on this voyage of discovery and collaboration.
To gain access to the genealogy records within this database, you will need to log in . If you have no log in codes, you will need to register for a new user account and submit your whanau affiliation.
To find out if you or any of your tupuna affiliate to this whakapapa, you may intiate a surname search. Please note that the search results will abbreviate first names of living people.
If you have stumbled across this website and are not whanau, we will not be able to grant you access.
Navigate to your whanau branch home page here. Alternatively, you may navigate via the "Branches" dropdown menu at the top right of any page on this site.
To view the latest updates, visit our What's New page.
We are looking for information about these ancestors.
- If you would like to add or update the information about a specific individual or their family that are already on this site, please use the "Suggest" or "Submit Photo/Doc" tabs found on that individual's page.
- If you have infromation of a specific individual or family that aren't yet on this site, you may contact us. Their photos or documents may be submitted here.
- If you would like to become a website editor, and edit the database yourself, you may contact us.


text:
Srgjan Zaharievski (* 12. September 1977 in Kriva Palanka, Jugoslawien) ist ein ehemaliger mazedonischer Fußballspieler und heutiger Trainer.

Karriere

Spieler

Verein
Srgjan Zaharievski spielte bis 1999 in seiner Heimat beim FK Sileks und gewann dort dreimal die Meisterschaft sowie einmal den nationalen Pokal. Die Saison 1999/2000 verbrachte er dann bei der Reservemannschaft des VfB Stuttgart, wo er nur zu einem Regionalliga-Einsatz kam. Anschließend ging er für sechs Monate zum SC Campomaiorense in die portugiesische Primeira Liga und stand dort in acht Ligaspielen auf dem Feld. Dann kehrte er zurück nach Mazedonien zum FK Vardar und gewann mit dem Hauptstadtverein zwei weitere Meisterschaften. Die folgenden fünf Spielzeiten war er in Griechenland bei Doxa Drama, AS Rodos und Anagennisi Karditsa aktiv. Dann wechselte er zum FK Teteks Tetovo, wo er 2010 erneut Pokalsieger wurde. Die Saison 2011/12 stand er beim FK Metalurg Skopje unter Vertrag und beendete anschließend seine aktive Karriere.

Nationalmannschaft
Der Mittelfeldspieler bestritt von 1996 bis 2002 insgesamt 22 Länderspiele für die mazedonische A-Nationalmannschaft und erzielte dabei drei Treffer.

Trainer
Nach dem Karriereende wurde er 2012 erst Jugend- und anschließend Cheftrainer seines ehemaligen Vereins FK Metalurg Skopje. Dort blieb er bis 2015 und war dann zwei Jahre ohne neuen Verein, ehe ihn 2017 FK Pelister Bitola als Übungsleiter verpflichtete. Dort wurde er allerdings nach vier erfolglosen Monaten wieder entlassen, die Mannschaft stieg am Saisonende trotzdem als Tabellenletzter in die Zweitklassigkeit ab. Seit März 2020 trainiert Zaharievski nun den Erstligisten FC Struga und führte ihn schon ein Jahr später in die 1. Qualifikationsrunde der UEFA Europa Conference League, wo man aber Skonto Riga aus Lettland unterlag.

Erfolge

Spieler
 Mazedonischer Meister: 1996, 1997, 1998, 2002, 2003
 Mazedonischer Pokalsieger: 1997, 2010

Weblinks

Fußballnationalspieler (Nordmazedonien)
Fußballspieler (AS Rhodos)
Fußballspieler (Anagennisi Karditsa)
Fußballspieler (Doxa Dramas)
Fußballspieler (FK Metalurg Skopje)
Fußballspieler (FK Teteks Tetovo)
Fußballspieler (SC Campomaiorense)
Fußballspieler (Sileks Kratovo)
Fußballspieler (Vardar Skopje)
Fußballspieler (VfB Stuttgart)
Fußballtrainer (Nordmazedonien)
Mazedonischer Meister (Fußball)
Nordmazedonier
Geboren 1977
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Our Camps
Elementary Camp
Jr High Camp
ID Camp
Facilities and Directions
Loper Camps
Ron & Carol Cope Stadium at Foster Field
Recognized as one of the most historic fields in UNK athletic history, Ron & Carol Cope Stadium at Foster Field has withstood the test of time and taken on a new and improved look.
Located on the North side of campus, just west of the Nebraskan Student Union, Cope Stadium at Foster Field enjoys a location that is accessible to community and students alike.
It has been home to the Loper football team since 1939; the track & field team used a since-removed outdoor track for several decades.
The stadium was named Foster Field to honor former track and football coach Charlie Foster. Ron & Carol Cope, well known in the Kearney community for their philanthropy work, were added to the marquee in 2005 due to their contributions to the new facility.
In recent years, the field and stadium complex has been the focus of major renovations with more than $8 million in improvements completed.
Construction projects at the stadium have touched on improvements for fans as well as players in all areas:
NCAA Division II Women's Soccer Attendance Record
Wayne Game Crowd
New state-of-the-art field turf (275' x 400') added in August of 2004.
3 story stadium upgrades including 7 press/media suites, hospitality room (90 cap.), full game viewing deck, ticket booth, two concession stands, elevator, 4 bathroom sets, and 4 stadium entrances.
The installation of an additional 1,500 seats.
A new north end zone facility with home and away locker rooms, meeting rooms, training facilities, concession stand, official's quarters, and equipment storage.
Inner fencing structure to separate field from fans
New state of the art LED message center (13'x 17'6"/80x112 Led Daktronics Prostar)
State-of-the-art sound & lighting.
The University of Nebraska Kearney played its first game on the renovated field on Saturday, September 3, 2004 vs. Wayne State in front of 3,804 people.
The second phase was completed the following year and included the addition of the press box and north end zone building. A crowd of 8,823 fans packed into the facility to watch the Lopers take on the Mavericks of UNO.
Wayne Game Post
Today, Foster Field is home for the UNK football and soccer teams as well as the Kearney High Bearcat football team.
Other athletic teams benefit from it's surface as a practice facility during off seasons and winter months as well.
The 2009 season marked the first year that women's soccer used the complex. The season opener vs. Wayne State drew 3, 227, which set an NCAA Division II attendance record. The previous record at a Division II game was 2,004.
Tremendous thanks go out to these individuals and groups who so graciously have contributed to the Cope Stadium at Foster Field project. Your legacy will forever be experienced by student-athletes and fans.
Campus Map ( )
UNK Address: 905 West 25th Street, Kearney, NE 68849
UNK Campus Driving Directions
From Interstate 80: Take Exit 272, Kearney. Turn onto NE-44 North/North 2nd Avenue and drive 2.3 miles. Turn left onto U.S. Highway 30/West 25th Street and drive 0.5 miles until you arrive at the UNK campus.
Continue on U.S. Highway 30/West 24th Street until you reach the west edge of campus. Turn right into the parking lot between the College of Business and Technology West Center building and the softball fields. Parking for the Frank House is located at the north end of this lot.
Google Map - UNK Campus
UNK - Soccer powered by My Online Camp
Member of Ryzer & Soccer Camps USA


text:
Sangamon is a county in Illinois. It may also mean:

 the Sangamon River
 Sangamon, Illinois, an unincorporated community in Illinois
 Sangamonian, a climate period 125,000 - 75,000 years ago
 multiple ships named USS Sangamon
 the Sangamon (train), a train operated by the Illinois Terminal Railroad


Discussion in 'Android Devices' started by Baltimoretint, May 6, 2012.
I cant quickly silence incoming text message but i can tap the volume and silence incoming calls , any ideas ? I have sprint galaxy lte .
How long is your txt notification??? Try using a shorter one. Sorry, that's the best I can come up with.


Want to convert Candelaria time to different time zone? Our -03 Time Zone Converter will help you find and compare Candelaria time to any time zone or city around the world.
Additionally you can select one of our popular time converters, allowing convert Candelaria -03 timezone to GMT, PST, EST, CET, PDT, CST, EDT, IST, BST, CEST timezones.


Greetings friends and fellow crafters, LeeAnn here with my project for Kennedy Grace Creations using the Just A Rose stamp set, I stamped using Versamark ink and heat embossing using Gold Embossing Powder. I then sprinkled my paper with Green Color Bursts powder. I sprayed it with water and let it do its job. I love the way it turned out. And since the next holiday coming up is St. Patrick's Day here I thought it was fitting. I stamped the sentiment and heat embossed in gold, on black cardstock, and layered it on the little banner piece, I then fanned 3 banner pieces together and attached with a brad.
I hope you have enjoyed my project today. It sure was fun making it.