text:
ATTORNEY GENERAL vs. JOSEPH BEDARD & others.
Present: RUGG, C. J., BRALEY, SHELDON, DE COURCY, & CROSBY, JJ.
Charity. Trust. Attorney General. Equity Jurisdiction, For an accounting. Labor Union. Strike.
If, at the time of a strike of many thousands of operatives employed in a manufacturing centre, resulting in suffering and privation among them and their families, a committee, organized for the purpose of supporting the strike and also for the support of those strikers who were suffering and in want, appealed for funds for the relief of the strikers in want and received many thousands of dollars from many persons both in this Commonwealth and elsewhere who were moved by the appeal and by the suffering incident to the strike, and such committee expended a part of such money for purposes different from those for which it was contributed, such as salaries, board and personal expenses, legal expenses and counsel fees for some of their own number, transportation of children to other cities for the purpose of making further appeals, and contributions to a national organization of the strikers, it is the duty of the Attorney General, at the relation of some of the contributors, to enforce by an information in equity the application of the funds so raised to the charitable purposes for which they were contributed, and a demurrer to such an information, brought against the secretary, treasurer and other members of the committee, must be overruled.
Where a committee, organized for the purpose of supporting a strike of many thousands of operatives in a textile manufacturing centre and also for the support of those strikers who are in suffering and want, in response to an appeal issued by them for money with which to relieve such want, receives a large fund for that purpose, those members of such committee who become the custodians and managers of the fund are under the same obligation as to the fund as if they expressly had been made trustees thereof; they must account for it and can be credited in the accounting only with disbursements made for the purposes of the trust; they must be charged with everything for which they do not properly account; they are bound to keep the fund distinguished from other moneys in their hands, and the consequences of any failure on their part to keep it so distinguished must fall upon themselves.
If the custodians and managers of such fund deliver to the chairman of their committee, who is not a custodian or manager but who was present during a large part of the strike and was the secretary of a national organization of the strikers, checks on the funds in a bank which are payable to third persons and which he knows are to be used for other purposes than those for which the fund was given, and such member receives the checks and delivers them to the payees, who thereupon receive the amount thereof, he is jointly responsible with the custodians and managers for the amount of those checks.
INFORMATION IN EQUITY , filed on March 11, 1912, by the Attorney General at the relation of James M. Prendergast, Herbert S. Johnson and Robert A. Woods against Joseph Bedard, Joseph Shaheen, William D. Haywood, Joseph J. Ettor, William Yates, William Trautmann and the Lawrence Trust Company.
Allegations of the information were in substance as follows:
For many weeks the many thousand operatives employed in the textile mills at Lawrence had been on a strike and during that period, because of lack of wages, a large number of them had come to be in suffering and distress for want of proper food and clothing. The personal defendants were leaders of the strike, or members of a "strike committee," organized for the purpose of supporting the strike, and, among other things, of raising funds to be applied for the support of those strikers who were suffering and in want. The defendant Bedard was the secretary and the defendant Shaheen was the treasurer of the strike committee.
For the purpose of raising a fund to be applied for the relief of such strikers as were in want, the personal defendants made and issued appeals to the public generally for contributions to the committee or its executive officers, representing that the funds would be applied by the committee and officers to the support of such of the strikers and their families as were in need, suffering and want. An appeal widely circulated read as follows:
"No.
"Help your fellow workers who need bread and your support.
"Twenty-five thousand men, women and children, employed in the textile mills of Lawrence, mostly employees of the American Woolen Co. are out on strike against a reduction in wages that at best was only an average of five to six dollars a week.
"The textile industry, especially the wool portion that receives the highest protection, pays the lowest wage scale of any industry in America.
"Workers have dared to rebel against conditions that were unbearable. Because they have dared to assert their manhood and womanhood and determinedly insisted for an opportunity to live by their labor, hired military hessians have been sent to Lawrence to terrorize the workers into going back to work.
"We workers, who have done our utmost share to clothe the world, are now asking the world of labor and all those who sympathize with the cause of the workers for bread.
"Contribute liberally. It is our fight to-day, who knows, it may be you to-morrow who will need support.
"Issued by authority of the Textile Workers' Strike Committee.
Joseph Bedard, Secretary,
9 Mason Street,
Lawrence, Mass.
Name	Address	Amount"
Many inhabitants of this Commonwealth and of other States, including the relators Prendergast and Johnson, being moved by such appeals and by sympathy for the poverty and suffering of the strikers and their families, and with a purpose and desire of aiding and benefiting such destitute persons, contributed for that purpose various sums of money amounting to many thousands of dollars, and delivered such sums to the defendant Bedard and to the other personal defendants to be held and used by them in trust to apply for the relief of the destitute and needy among the strikers and their families according to the tenor of the appeal above set out and other similar appeals. The defendant Lawrence Trust Company was the depositary of such funds.
The fifth paragraph of the information was as follows: "5. The plaintiff is informed and believes, and upon information and belief avers, that all the personal defendants, conspiring and agreeing together, have used substantial portions of said fund contributed as aforesaid for purposes entirely different from those for which the fund was donated by the contributors, and for purposes other than the proper promotion of the objects of the trust on account of which said contributions were made and received; that said fund has, in part at least, been improperly used for the private and personal uses of the personal defendants and their associates; that the personal defendants, or some of them, have
drawn sums from said fund as salaries — a purpose for which they had no right to appropriate the same; that among other improper uses substantial amounts have been contributed for the board and other private expenses of the defendant Ettor, now in confinement in the jail at said Lawrence; large amounts have been paid for the transportation, to the city of New York and other cities, of numbers of children for uses in connection with appeals for further contributions to said fund; sums have been paid to counsel and others engaged in defending said Ettor and others against criminal charges; and that large amounts have been turned over to an organization known as Industrial Workers of the World; all of said uses being contrary to the intent and purposes for which said fund was contributed, and in violation of the trust upon which said fund is held. There is danger that said fund, and other contributions thereto, may be further appropriated to uses other than those for which it is contributed, and further dissipated in illegal, improper expenditures, in violation of the trust."
The information further alleged a demand for an accounting and a failure to render an adequate accounting.
The prayers of the information were for temporary and permanent injunctions preventing the use of the fund for other purposes than those for which it was given, for a receiver to take charge of the fund, and "that an account be taken in relation to said trust fund and the amount thereof, and that an inquiry be made as to the extent of improper and illegal disbursements from said fund by the defendants, or any of them, or others controlling the same, and that the said defendants be made to account for and restore to said fund all sums improperly abstracted therefrom, and pay over to such receiver such amounts of said fund as shall have been found to have been wrongfully taken therefrom."
The personal defendants demurred. The demurrers were heard by Morton, J., and were overruled. The defendants appealed.
The case was referred to Winfield S. Slocum, Esquire, as master. He filed a report, and, upon a recommittal, a supplemental report. His findings as to the strike in Lawrence, the description of the personal defendants' official positions and the form of appeals for funds by the defendants were substantially in accordance
with the allegations of the information. Other material findings were as follows:
The strike in the Lawrence textile mills began on January 12 and ended on March 16, 1912. During the period of the strike the strike committee, described in the bill, received $62,564.40, "a large portion, but not all," of which was "received . . . in answer to the appeal" described on pages 379, 380.
The supplemental report of the master contained the following findings: "After the receipt of such funds they were so commingled and used that I am unable to find or state for what they were contributed excepting the following: During the period of the strike, meetings were held and money raised by the Socialists of Boston for general strike purposes. The amount of such funds so contributed was $3,316.01. This amount was paid in and mingled with the general fund."
"All sums received from whatsoever source were mingled in one common fund.
"The offices of the strike committee were at No. 9 Mason Street, Lawrence. In these offices correspondence was received and sent, the appeals for help were distributed, money was received and disbursed, the books of account were kept, and the financial business of the strike conducted. The defendant Shaheen was treasurer of the strike committee and was responsible for its funds. He signed checks, went to said headquarters nearly every day, and he also made some of the deposits in the bank. All checks were signed by Shaheen as treasurer, and by the defendant Joseph Bedard as financial secretary. Bedard was in general charge from the beginning of the strike to its end, was the financial secretary, and in charge of the headquarters. Funds in general were received by him, and were in his custody and deposited by him in bank. The defendants William Trautmann and William Yates were sent to Lawrence from the national headquarters of the Industrial Workers of the World because of their experience in affairs of this kind. Trautmann came about February 10, and took charge of and established the system of bookkeeping. He received some of the money, made some of the deposits in bank, and attended to and supervised the correspondence. Yates was secretary of the National Industrial Union of Textile Workers. He was chairman of the strike committee at Lawrence, and was
there from January 29 to the end of the strike. To some extent he also attended to the correspondence. . . .
"A large part of the money was deposited in the Lawrence Trust Company, in the name of the Industrial Workers of the World, Local No. 20. Other sums were not deposited in bank, but were kept or used as cash.
"I find that all of these defendants were responsible for such commingling of funds.
"They failed also to show, in respect to such funds in their possession or subject to their control, what amounts were contributed for charitable purposes and what amounts were contributed for other objects."
Of the funds so received, the master found that $18,695.86 was expended for other than charitable purposes. Of this sum, $2,800 was represented by a check payable to one Vincent St. John of Chicago, Illinois, who was secretary of the national organization of the Industrial Workers of the World, and $3,000 by a check payable to one Thomas Powers, a textile worker of Providence, Rhode Island, both checks being given to Yates. The master found Yates responsible for these two sums, and found Shaheen, Bedard and Trautmann responsible for the entire $18,695.86.
The master also found that of the foregoing sum $10,800 was deposited by Bedard in the bank in his own name, and that from that account he drew the above described checks for $2,800 payable to St. John and $3,000 payable to Powers, which were given to the defendant Yates, and also a check for $5,000 payable to one Desire Steuer of Lawrence.
The master also found that there was no evidence that any of the moneys received by the committee were received or paid to the defendants Ettor or Haywood.
Exceptions of the defendants to the first report of the master were waived by them.
The defendants Bedard and Shaheen filed exceptions to the supplemental report of the master, the first two grounds in both exceptions being the same. Only the exceptions of Shaheen contained a third ground. Shaheen's exceptions were upon the following grounds:
"1. That the master failed to credit the total amount expended
for other purposes than relief with the $3,316.01 contributed by the Socialists for general purposes.
"2. The refusal of the master to rule, as requested, that the total amount expended for purposes other than relief should be credited with the excess expenditures amounting to $2,886.40.
"3. That he [Shaheen] is responsible for the $10,800 deposited by Joseph Bedard in the Lawrence Trust Company and for the drafts issued thereon."
The exceptions were heard by Loring, J. The record states an interlocutory decree overruling Shaheen's exceptions, but states no decree as to those of Bedard.
A final decree was entered, declaring "that said defendants Bedard, Trautmann, and Shaheen are jointly and severally liable to account for the sum of $18,695.86, which was found by the master's report to have been paid out of strike funds for purposes other than relief, less the sum of $3,316.01 found to have been contributed for general purposes, leaving a balance of $15,379.85; also that said defendant Yates is liable to account for the sums of $2,800 and $3,000, paid out of strike funds and not accounted for, as found by the master;" and ordering "that the said defendants, Bedard, Trautmann, and Shaheen pay into the hands of the clerk of this court, to be held by him subject to the further order and direction of this court, said sum of $15,379.85, together with interest thereon from the date of the filing of the bill in this cause until fully paid; and that the defendant Yates pay into the hands of the clerk of this court, to be held by him, subject to the further order and direction of this court, said sum of $5,800, together with interest thereon from the date of the filing of the bill in this cause until fully paid; and that the plaintiff also recover his costs against said defendants Bedard, Yates, Trautmann, and Shaheen." The bill was dismissed as against the defendants Ettor and Haywood and the Lawrence Trust Company, with costs.
The defendants Yates, Bedard and Shaheen appealed.
The case was submitted on briefs.
J. F. Lynch, J. P. S. Mahoney & G. E. Roewer, Jr., for the defendants Yates, Bedard and Shaheen.
J. R. Dunbar, R. W. Dunbar & F. Leveroni, for the plaintiff.
SHELDON, J. The demurrer rightly was overruled. According
to the averments of the bill, the fund in question was raised by subscriptions as a relief fund, to relieve the necessities of a very great number of men who had engaged in a strike, and who thus had been left without any means of maintaining themselves and their families. The fund was raised and should be applied for the purposes of a public charitable trust. Jackson v. Phillips, 14 Allen 539, 556. Attorney General v. Goodell, 180 Mass. 538. Attorney General v. Compton, 1 Y. & C. Ch. 417. Attorney General v. Kell, 2 Beav. 575. It was upon the Attorney General that the duty rested of enforcing the proper application of the fund and of compelling the restitution of any part thereof which had been diverted to other purposes. R. L. c. 7, § 6. Parker v. May, 5 Cush. 336, 337. Burbank v. Burbank, 152 Mass. 254. Attorney General v. Vivian, 1 Russ. 226. Attorney General v. Cockermouth Local Board, L. R. 18 Eq. 172. Strickland v. Weldon, 28 Ch. D. 426. And see McQuesten v. Attorney General, 187 Mass. 185. And the occasion for the present application, the misappropriation of the fund by the defendants, is sufficiently averred. Attorney General v. Parker, 126 Mass. 216. Attorney General v. Bishop of Manchester, L. R. 3 Eq. 436.
The defendants' exceptions to the master's first report were waived, and those exceptions accordingly have been overruled by a decree from which no appeal has been taken.
The exceptions of the defendant Bedard to the master's supplemental report do not appear by the record before us to have been formally decided; but they really were disposed of by the action taken on the exceptions of the defendant Shaheen and by the final decree, which did not charge the defendants Bedard, Shaheen, Trautmann and Yates (hereinafter called the defendants) with any part of the sums contributed for general purposes. The failure to take formal action upon Bedard's exceptions is not material now, but it should be corrected.
The action taken on Shaheen's exceptions was sufficiently favorable to the defendants. The evidence heard by the master is not reported, and we cannot say that his findings were wrong. The defendants received the money in question as a trust fund. They must account for it, and can be credited only with disbursements which actually were made for proper purposes. They must be charged with everything for which they have not properly
accounted. This is a sound principle, and is abundantly supported by authority. Little v. Phipps, 208 Mass. 331, 335. Ashley v. Winkley, 209 Mass. 509, 525. Watson v. Thompson, 12 R. I. 466, 470. Blauvelt v. Ackerman, 8 C. E. Green, 495, 502. Frethey v. Durant, 24 App. Div. (N. Y.) 58, 61. Seaward v. Davis, 133 App. Div. (N. Y.) 191. Ward v. Armstrong, 84 Ill. 151. Chirurg v. Ames, 138 Iowa, 697. It was for the defendants to keep the trust fund distinguished from other moneys in their hands; and the consequences of any failure on their part to comply with this duty must fall upon themselves. International Trust Co. v. Boardman, 149 Mass. 158, 163. Snailham v. Isherwood, 151 Mass. 317, 321. Henderson v. Henderson, 58 Ala. 582. Lupton v. White, 15 Ves. 432.
We cannot doubt that the defendants, the custodians and managers of this fund, are under the same obligations as if they expressly had been made the trustees thereof. Attorney General v. Compton, 1 Y. & C. Ch. 417, 426. In re Hallett's estate, 13 Ch. D. 696. Dillon v. Connecticut Mutual Life Ins. Co. 44 Md. 386.
The defendant Yates rightly is held for the amount which came to his hands. He took it without consideration, and must be taken to have had notice of the trust upon which it was held. Otis v. Otis, 167 Mass. 245. But as this is a part of the amount for which the other defendants have been held liable, the decree should be so modified as to make it plain that no double payment is required.
As there has been no appeal by the Attorney General, we cannot consider whether costs rightly were allowed to the defendants Ettor and Haywood.
What we have said disposes of all the material questions. It is not necessary now to determine what disposition finally shall be made of the money ordered to be paid into court.
The decree appealed from must be modified by inserting a statement that Bedard's first exception to the master's supplemental report is sustained and his second exception overruled; by ordering the payment into court of the sum of $5,800, with interest, by the defendants Bedard, Trautmann, Shaheen and Yates, and of the further sum of $9,579.85, with interest, by the defendants Bedard, Trautmann and Shaheen; and by stating the
amount of the costs ordered to be paid. So modified, the decree must be affirmed with costs against the defendants Yates, Bedard and Shaheen, being the only parties who have appealed from the decree.


text:
Psicofisiologia também chamada de fisiopsicologia é o estudo das relações entre fenômenos psíquicos e fisiológicos.

Estudo
A psicofisiologia estuda a base fisiológica das funções motoras especialmente no que se refere aos reflexos, à postura, ao equilíbrio, à coordenação motora e ao mecanismo de execução dos movimentos.

As correntes psicofisiológicas mais radicais propõem a substituição da psicologia pela fisiologia, numa posição reducionista. No extremo oposto estão os psicólogos que entendem ser dispensável a base fisiológica para a psicologia. Considera-se a publicação de Rapports du physique et du moral de l'homme (1796 - 1802; Relações entre o físico e a moral do homem), obra de Georges Cabanis, precursor da psicofisiologia que viveu na segunda metade do século XVIII, como o marco inicial da psicofisiologia. Essa disciplina progrediu lentamente até que em 1929 o cientista alemão Hans Berger inventou a eletroencefalografia, técnica que permite registrar e interpretar as variações elétricas com sede no cérebro, cujos resultados são de utilidade para a medicina e para a cirurgia.

O surgimento da psicocirurgia e o avanço da psicofarmacologia marcaram o progresso da psicofisiologia, cujas contribuições mais importantes enfocam temas como níveis de vigilância, sono e sonho; motivação e emoção; memória e aprendizagem; personalidade e suas modificações. A evolução dos estudos sobre alterações de personalidade e mudança de comportamento determinou a substituição da intervenção cirúrgica chamada lobotomia, praticada com o objetivo de alterar a personalidade e conter assim a agressividade do paciente, pelo uso de drogas que atuam no cérebro. Essas drogas se classificam em três categorias: psicolépticas, que diminuem a atividade mental; psicoanalépticas, que estimulam a atividade mental; e psicodislépticas, que apresentam efeitos perturbadores. O primeiro grupo compreende os hipnóticos; os tranqüilizantes, de ação suave; e os neurolépticos, de ação vigorosa. O segundo grupo compreende as anfetaminas, drogas que atuam sobre o sistema de vigilância; e os antidepressivos, que operam sobre o humor. No terceiro grupo situam-se as drogas alucinógenas e despersonalizantes.

Bibliografia
 MILNER, Peter M. Psicologia fisiológica. SP, Cultrix, 1873
 TEITELBAUM, Philip. Psicologia fisiológica. RJ, Zahar, 1969

Psicologia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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text:
package org.jwifisd.mdns;

import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.io.OutputStream;

/**
 * message header of a mdns message.
 *
 * @author Richard van Nieuwenhoven
 */
public class DNSHeader extends DNSObject {

    /**
     * In both multicast query and multicast response messages, the OPCODE
     * MUST be zero on transmission (only standard queries are currently
     * supported over multicast). Multicast DNS messages received with an
     * OPCODE other than zero MUST be silently ignored.
     */
    enum OperationCode {
        /**
         * inverse query operation.
         */
        InverseQuery(1),
        /**
         * normal query operation.
         */
        Query(0),
        /**
         * status request operation.
         */
        Status(2);

        /**
         * the value in the mdns header.
         */
        private final int value;

        /**
         * Constructor for the Operation code.
         *
         * @param operationCodeToSet
         *            operation code to set
         */
        private OperationCode(int operationCodeToSet) {
            value = operationCodeToSet;
        }

        /**
         * find the operation code for the given value.
         *
         * @param operationCodeToSearch
         *            the value to search for
         * @return the operation code or null when not found
         */
        public static OperationCode operationCode(int operationCodeToSearch) {
            for (OperationCode operationCode : values()) {
                if (operationCode.value == operationCodeToSearch) {
                    return operationCode;
                }
            }
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("Unknown operationcode");
        }
    }

    /**
     * In both multicast query and multicast response messages, the Response
     * Code MUST be zero on transmission. Multicast DNS messages received
     * with non-zero Response Codes MUST be silently ignored.
     */
    enum ResponseCode {
        /**
         * formatting error.
         */
        FormatError(1, true),
        /**
         * name error.
         */
        NameError(3, true),
        /**
         * no error condition.
         */
        NoErrorCondition(0, false),
        /**
         * not implemented.
         */
        NotImplemented(4, true),
        /**
         * refused.
         */
        Refused(5, true),
        /**
         * server failuer.
         */
        ServerFailure(2, true);

        /**
         * is this an error response.
         */
        private final boolean isError;

        /**
         * the response code value.
         */
        private final int value;

        /**
         * Constructor for a response code.
         *
         * @param responseCodeValue
         *            the value to use.
         * @param isError
         *            is this response an error response?
         */
        private ResponseCode(int responseCodeValue, final boolean isError) {
            value = responseCodeValue;
            this.isError = isError;
        }

        /**
         * search a response with a special response code.
         *
         * @param responseCodeValueToSearch
         *            the value to search for
         * @return the found response code or an exception if it was not found
         */
        public static ResponseCode responseCode(int responseCodeValueToSearch) {
            for (ResponseCode responseCode : values()) {
                if (responseCode.value == responseCodeValueToSearch) {
                    return responseCode;
                }
            }
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("No ResponseCode known");
        }

        /**
         * @return true if the response code represents an error.
         */
        public boolean isError() {
            return isError;
        }
    }

    /**
     * In query messages, the Authoritative Answer bit MUST be zero on
     * transmission, and MUST be ignored on reception.
     *
     * In response messages for Multicast domains, the Authoritative Answer
     * bit MUST be set to one (not setting this bit would imply there's some
     * other place where "better" information may be found) and MUST be
     * ignored on reception.
     */
    private static final int MESSAGE_HEADER_AUTHORITATIVE_ANSWER_BIT = 0b0000010000000000;

    /**
     * bit shift for {@link #MESSAGE_HEADER_OPERATION_CODE_BITS}.
     */
    private static final int MESSAGE_HEADER_OPERATION_CODE_BIT_SHIFT = 11;

    /**
     * In both multicast query and multicast response messages, the OPCODE
     * MUST be zero on transmission (only standard queries are currently
     * supported over multicast). Multicast DNS messages received with an
     * OPCODE other than zero MUST be silently ignored.
     */
    private static final int MESSAGE_HEADER_OPERATION_CODE_BITS = 0b0111100000000000;

    /**
     * In both multicast query and multicast response messages, the
     * Recursion Available bit MUST be zero on transmission, and MUST be
     * ignored on reception.
     */
    private static final int MESSAGE_HEADER_RECURSION_AVAILABLE_BIT = 0b0000000010000000;

    /**
     * In both multicast query and multicast response messages, the
     * Recursion Desired bit SHOULD be zero on transmission, and MUST be
     * ignored on reception.
     */
    private static final int MESSAGE_HEADER_RECURSION_DESIRED_BIT = 0b0000000100000000;

    /**
     * In query messages the QR bit MUST be zero.
     * In response messages the QR bit MUST be one.
     */
    private static final int MESSAGE_HEADER_RESPONSE_BIT = 0b1000000000000000;

    /**
     * In both multicast query and multicast response messages, the Response
     * Code MUST be zero on transmission. Multicast DNS messages received
     * with non-zero Response Codes MUST be silently ignored.
     */
    private static final int MESSAGE_HEADER_RESPONSE_BITS = 0b0000000000001111;

    /**
     * In query messages, if the TC bit is set, it means that additional
     * Known-Answer records may be following shortly. A responder SHOULD
     * record this fact, and wait for those additional Known-Answer records,
     * before deciding whether to respond. If the TC bit is clear, it means
     * that the querying host has no additional Known Answers.
     *
     * In multicast response messages, the TC bit MUST be zero on
     * transmission, and MUST be ignored on reception.
     *
     * In legacy unicast response messages, the TC bit has the same meaning
     * as in conventional Unicast DNS: it means that the response was too
     * large to fit in a single packet, so the querier SHOULD reissue its
     * query using TCP in order to receive the larger response.
     */
    private static final int MESSAGE_HEADER_TRUNCATION_BIT = 0b0000001000000000;

    /**
     * bit shift for {@link #MESSAGE_HEADER_Z_BITS}.
     */

    private static final int MESSAGE_HEADER_Z_BIT_SHIFT = 4;

    /**
     * In both query and response messages, the Zero bit MUST be zero on
     * transmission, and MUST be ignored on reception.
     */
    private static final int MESSAGE_HEADER_Z_BITS = 0b0000000001110000;

    /**
     * In query messages, the Authoritative Answer bit MUST be zero on
     * transmission, and MUST be ignored on reception.
     *
     * In response messages for Multicast domains, the Authoritative Answer
     * bit MUST be set to one (not setting this bit would imply there's some
     * other place where "better" information may be found) and MUST be
     * ignored on reception.
     */
    private boolean authoritativeAnswer;

    /**
     * is this message a response massage?
     */
    private boolean isResponse;

    /**
     * the message header flags (bits are seperatly avaliable as booleans). the
     * separate bits are explained with the appropriate constants.
     */
    private int messageHeaderFlags;

    /**
     * Multicast DNS implementations SHOULD listen for unsolicited responses
     * issued by hosts booting up (or waking up from sleep or otherwise
     * joining the network). Since these unsolicited responses may contain
     * a useful answer to a question for which the querier is currently
     * awaiting an answer, Multicast DNS implementations SHOULD examine all
     * received Multicast DNS response messages for useful answers, without
     * regard to the contents of the ID field or the Question Section. In
     * Multicast DNS, knowing which particular query message (if any) is
     * responsible for eliciting a particular response message is less
     * interesting than knowing whether the response message contains useful
     * information.
     *
     * Multicast DNS implementations MAY cache data from any or all
     * Multicast DNS response messages they receive, for possible future
     * use, provided of course that normal TTL aging is performed on these
     * cached resource records.
     *
     * In multicast query messages, the Query Identifier SHOULD be set to
     * zero on transmission.
     *
     * In multicast responses, including unsolicited multicast responses,
     * the Query Identifier MUST be set to zero on transmission, and MUST be
     * ignored on reception.
     *
     * In legacy unicast response messages generated specifically in
     * response to a particular (unicast or multicast) query, the Query
     * Identifier MUST match the ID from the query message.
     */
    private int messageId;

    /**
     * number of entries in the question section.
     */
    private int numberOfEntriesInQuestionSection;

    /**
     * number of name server records in authority section.
     */
    private int numberOfNameServerRecordsInAuthoritySection;

    /**
     * number of resource records in additional records answer section.
     */
    private int numberOfResourceRecordsInAdditionalRecordsAnswerSection;

    /**
     * number of resource records in answer section.
     */
    private int numberOfResourceRecordsInAnswerSection;

    /**
     * In both multicast query and multicast response messages, the OPCODE
     * MUST be zero on transmission (only standard queries are currently
     * supported over multicast). Multicast DNS messages received with an
     * OPCODE other than zero MUST be silently ignored.
     */
    private OperationCode operationCode;

    /**
     * In both multicast query and multicast response messages, the
     * Recursion Available bit MUST be zero on transmission, and MUST be
     * ignored on reception.
     */
    private boolean recursionAvailable;

    /**
     * In both multicast query and multicast response messages, the
     * Recursion Desired bit SHOULD be zero on transmission, and MUST be
     * ignored on reception.
     */
    private boolean recursionDesired;

    /**
     * In both multicast query and multicast response messages, the Response
     * Code MUST be zero on transmission. Multicast DNS messages received
     * with non-zero Response Codes MUST be silently ignored.
     */

    private ResponseCode responseCode;

    /**
     * In query messages, if the TC bit is set, it means that additional
     * Known-Answer records may be following shortly. A responder SHOULD
     * record this fact, and wait for those additional Known-Answer records,
     * before deciding whether to respond. If the TC bit is clear, it means
     * that the querying host has no additional Known Answers.
     *
     * In multicast response messages, the TC bit MUST be zero on
     * transmission, and MUST be ignored on reception.
     *
     * In legacy unicast response messages, the TC bit has the same meaning
     * as in conventional Unicast DNS: it means that the response was too
     * large to fit in a single packet, so the querier SHOULD reissue its
     * query using TCP in order to receive the larger response.
     */
    private boolean truncation;

    /**
     * In both query and response messages, the Zero bit MUST be zero on
     * transmission, and MUST be ignored on reception.
     */
    private int z;

    /**
     * @return the message header flags (bits are seperatly avaliable as
     *         booleans).
     */
    public int getMessageHeaderFlags() {
        return messageHeaderFlags;
    }

    /**
     * @return the message id of the message.
     */
    public int getMessageId() {
        return messageId;
    }

    /**
     * @return number of entries in question section.
     */
    public int getNumberOfEntriesInQuestionSection() {
        return numberOfEntriesInQuestionSection;
    }

    /**
     * @return number of name server records in authoritySection.
     */
    public int getNumberOfNameServerRecordsInAuthoritySection() {
        return numberOfNameServerRecordsInAuthoritySection;
    }

    /**
     * @return number of resource records in additional records answer section
     */
    public int getNumberOfResourceRecordsInAdditionalRecordsAnswerSection() {
        return numberOfResourceRecordsInAdditionalRecordsAnswerSection;
    }

    /**
     * @return number of resource records in answer section.
     */
    public int getNumberOfResourceRecordsInAnswerSection() {
        return numberOfResourceRecordsInAnswerSection;
    }

    /**
     * @return true if this is a response message.
     */
    public boolean isResponse() {
        return isResponse;
    }

    @Override
    public void read(InputStream in) throws IOException {
        messageId = readUshort(in);
        messageHeaderFlags = readUshort(in);
        numberOfEntriesInQuestionSection = readUshort(in);
        numberOfResourceRecordsInAnswerSection = readUshort(in);
        numberOfNameServerRecordsInAuthoritySection = readUshort(in);
        numberOfResourceRecordsInAdditionalRecordsAnswerSection = readUshort(in);
        readMessageHeaderFlags();
    }

    /**
     * deseriaize the flags from the header bits.
     */
    public void readMessageHeaderFlags() {
        isResponse = /*                           */(messageHeaderFlags & MESSAGE_HEADER_RESPONSE_BIT) != 0;
        operationCode = OperationCode.operationCode((messageHeaderFlags & MESSAGE_HEADER_OPERATION_CODE_BITS) >> MESSAGE_HEADER_OPERATION_CODE_BIT_SHIFT);
        authoritativeAnswer = /*                  */(messageHeaderFlags & MESSAGE_HEADER_AUTHORITATIVE_ANSWER_BIT) != 0;
        truncation = /*                           */(messageHeaderFlags & MESSAGE_HEADER_TRUNCATION_BIT) != 0;
        recursionDesired = /*                     */(messageHeaderFlags & MESSAGE_HEADER_RECURSION_DESIRED_BIT) != 0;
        recursionAvailable = /*                   */(messageHeaderFlags & MESSAGE_HEADER_RECURSION_AVAILABLE_BIT) != 0;
        z = /*                                    */(messageHeaderFlags & MESSAGE_HEADER_Z_BITS) >> MESSAGE_HEADER_Z_BIT_SHIFT;
        responseCode = /**/ResponseCode.responseCode(messageHeaderFlags & MESSAGE_HEADER_RESPONSE_BITS);
    }

    /**
     * set the message id.
     *
     * @param messageId
     *            the new message id value
     */
    public void setMessageId(int messageId) {
        this.messageId = messageId;
    }

    /**
     * set the number of entries in question section.
     *
     * @param numberOfEntriesInQuestionSection
     *            the new value
     */
    public void setNumberOfEntriesInQuestionSection(int numberOfEntriesInQuestionSection) {
        this.numberOfEntriesInQuestionSection = numberOfEntriesInQuestionSection;
    }

    /**
     * set the number of name server records in authority section.
     *
     * @param numberOfNameServerRecordsInAuthoritySection
     *            the new value
     */
    public void setNumberOfNameServerRecordsInAuthoritySection(int numberOfNameServerRecordsInAuthoritySection) {
        this.numberOfNameServerRecordsInAuthoritySection = numberOfNameServerRecordsInAuthoritySection;
    }

    /**
     * set the number of resource records in additional records answer section.
     *
     * @param numberOfResourceRecordsInAdditionalRecordsAnswerSection
     *            the new value
     */
    public void setNumberOfResourceRecordsInAdditionalRecordsAnswerSection(int numberOfResourceRecordsInAdditionalRecordsAnswerSection) {
        this.numberOfResourceRecordsInAdditionalRecordsAnswerSection = numberOfResourceRecordsInAdditionalRecordsAnswerSection;
    }

    /**
     * set the number of resource records in answer section.
     *
     * @param numberOfResourceRecordsInAnswerSection
     *            the new value
     */
    public void setNumberOfResourceRecordsInAnswerSection(int numberOfResourceRecordsInAnswerSection) {
        this.numberOfResourceRecordsInAnswerSection = numberOfResourceRecordsInAnswerSection;
    }

    /**
     * set the {@link #isResponse} flag.
     *
     * @param value
     *            the new value.
     */
    public void setResponse(boolean value) {
        isResponse = value;
    }

    @Override
    public void write(OutputStream out) throws IOException {
        writeMessageHeaderFlags();
        writeUshort(out, messageId);
        writeUshort(out, messageHeaderFlags);
        writeUshort(out, numberOfEntriesInQuestionSection);
        writeUshort(out, numberOfResourceRecordsInAnswerSection);
        writeUshort(out, numberOfNameServerRecordsInAuthoritySection);
        writeUshort(out, numberOfResourceRecordsInAdditionalRecordsAnswerSection);
    }

    /**
     * serialize the message header flags into the heaser flag attribbute.
     */
    public void writeMessageHeaderFlags() {
        messageHeaderFlags = 0;
        if (isResponse) {
            messageHeaderFlags = messageHeaderFlags | MESSAGE_HEADER_RESPONSE_BIT;
        }
        if (operationCode != null) {
            messageHeaderFlags = messageHeaderFlags | operationCode.value << MESSAGE_HEADER_OPERATION_CODE_BIT_SHIFT & MESSAGE_HEADER_OPERATION_CODE_BITS;
        }
        if (authoritativeAnswer) {
            messageHeaderFlags = messageHeaderFlags | MESSAGE_HEADER_AUTHORITATIVE_ANSWER_BIT;
        }
        if (truncation) {
            messageHeaderFlags = messageHeaderFlags | MESSAGE_HEADER_TRUNCATION_BIT;
        }
        if (recursionDesired) {
            messageHeaderFlags = messageHeaderFlags | MESSAGE_HEADER_RECURSION_DESIRED_BIT;
        }
        if (recursionAvailable) {
            messageHeaderFlags = messageHeaderFlags | MESSAGE_HEADER_RECURSION_AVAILABLE_BIT;
        }
        messageHeaderFlags = messageHeaderFlags | z << MESSAGE_HEADER_Z_BIT_SHIFT & MESSAGE_HEADER_Z_BITS;
        if (responseCode != null) {
            messageHeaderFlags = messageHeaderFlags | responseCode.value & MESSAGE_HEADER_RESPONSE_BITS;

        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


On a very wet Saturday morning in Dublin I arrived at the Aishling Hotel for a seminar on coping with Advanced Melanoma. There were some familiar faces in the lobby where we gathered to have a quick coffee and chat before the presentations started.
Approx 30 people attended which wasn't a bad turnout considering out of the 900 or so that get diagnosed with a melanoma in Ireland yearly approx 120 have progressed to or are diagnosed stage 4.
Liz Yates who is CEO of Marie Keating opened the session with an introduction to the services they provide to patients which included the launch of a new patient advice booklet on coping with advanced Melanoma. I had a good read of it on the train home and although parts make for difficult reading especially regarding end of life care, I wish I had been given it when I was diagnosed stage 4 two years ago. It contains lots of very useful information on treatment and support services for advanced patients something that hadn't previously been available in one publication before now.
Dr Gullo of St Vincent's hospital who specialises in treatment of Melanoma was one of the two main speakers of the day. His presentation was very concise he explained clearly the origins of melanoma and the difficulty in some cases of finding the primary tumour where the cancer originated. He explained the different mutations and the complexity of treating melanoma one slide in particular of a cell with all the different cellular pathways and mutations looked like a jig saw puzzle that will never be solved. He went on to explain though the vast improvements that have been made in terms of treatment options which were basically none at stage 4 up to 2011 but now radiate hope for advanced melanoma cancer patients. There is no doubt that patients today stand a hugely enhanced chance of surviving much better than the desperation of a 6-9 month survival pre 2011. He finished his presentation with a case study of a patient who had presented at age 18 at stage 4 they are now age 22 and attending college with no sign of disease after receiving the combination treatment of Ipi/Nivo on a clinical trial the only long-term complications is the need to take steroids for damage to the thyroid gland from the treatment, if that's not radiating hope I don't know what is.
Next we had a somewhat technical presentation from Dr Lysaght from TCD on the role of our immune system in fighting cancer. It is a fascinating subject and the countless hours of research worldwide has led to the development of immune boosting drug treatments that help our own bodies to program themselves to fight cancer such as melanoma. It is such a different concept to standard chemotherapy of the past and is changing the landscape of cancer treatment for the future. We also got a sense of how bloody complicated the whole process is and the desperate need for continued research so better smarter drugs can be developed for all that give our own bodies the tools to recognise and fight cancer when it rears its ugly destructive head.
Thank you for sharing. I'm a melanoma survivor. Yes, there's hope!!
Thank you for sharing. I'm a melanoma survivor! There's hope!
I'm grateful for my life being spared. No complain about the residual side effects!


text:
Is It Me? Making Sense of Your Confusing Marriage: A Christian Woman's Guide to Hidden Emotional and Spiritual Abuse
By: Natalie Hoffman
Narrated by: Natalie Hoffman
Categories: Relationships, Parenting & Personal Development, Relationships
Healing from Hidden Abuse
A Journey Through the Stages of Recovery from Psychological Abuse
By: Shannon Thomas LCSW
Narrated by: Wendy Tremont King
Within every community, toxic people can be found hiding in families, couples, companies, and places of worship. The cryptic nature of psychological abuse involves repetitious mind games played by one individual or a group of people. Psychological abuse leaves no bruises. There are no broken bones. There are no holes in the walls. The bruises, brokenness, and holes are held tightly within the target of the abuse.
By Katina Phillips on 20-11-2017
The Covert Passive-Aggressive Narcissist
Recognizing the Traits and Finding Healing After Hidden Emotional and Psychological Abuse
By: Debbie Mirza
Narrated by: Debbie Mirza
The Covert Passive Aggressive Narcissist: Finding Healing After Hidden Emotional and Psychological Abuse is the most comprehensive and helpful audiobook on the topic of covert narcissism. This type of narcissism is one of the most damaging forms because the abuse is so hidden and so insidious. You can be in a relationship that can last for decades and not realize you are being psychologically and emotionally controlled, manipulated, and abused.
empowering read
The First Will Be Last
A Biblical Perspective On Narcissism
By: DC Robertsson
Narrated by: Jim Denison
The First Will Be Last: A Biblical Perspective on Narcissism is just what the title says - an A-Z look at the Biblical perspective on these toxic people; including who they are, how they got that way, and how to deal with them. From key words to Biblical case studies, it will unlock a new perspective and provide a framework in your search for truth.
Thank You Soul Saver 🙏
By Naomi on 02-12-2019
Boundaries in Marriage
By: Dr. Henry Cloud, Dr. John Townsend
Narrated by: Dick Fredricks
Drs. Cloud and Townsend help you understand the friction points and even the serious hurts in your marriage - and move beyond them to mutual care, respect, affirmation, and intimacy.
Every married person should read this
By Believer on 03-12-2016
The Verbally Abusive Relationship, Expanded Third Edition
By: Patricia Evans
Narrated by: Annette Romano
In this fully expanded and updated third edition of the best-selling classic, you learn why verbal abuse is more widespread than ever, and how you can deal with it. You'll get more of the answers you need to recognize abuse when it happens, respond to abusers safely and appropriately, and most important, lead a happier, healthier life. In two all-new chapters, Evans reveals the outside stresses driving the rise in verbal abuse - and shows you how you can mitigate the devastating effects on your relationships.
By Andrew on 14-12-2019
The Emotionally Destructive Marriage
How to Find Your Voice and Reclaim Your Hope
By: Leslie Vernick
Narrated by: Leslie Vernick
You can't put it into words, but something is happening to you. Your stomach churns, your heart aches, and the tension in your marriage is making you feel weary and a little crazy. The constant criticism, disrespect, cruelty, deceit, and gross indifference are eroding your confidence and breaking your spirit. For any woman caught in an emotionally destructive marriage, Leslie Vernick offers a personalized path forward.
A Great and Informative Book
By Julie Mahomed on 08-11-2017
Do any of the following quotes sound like you?
"Why do concerns I bring up never seem to be resolved? Why do I feel like Charlie Brown, flat on his back from having the football snatched away? Why, when I bring up a concern, do I always end up justifying my existence or being the one to apologize? How do things seem to get turned around on me?"
"I feel like I walk on eggshells, and I'm scared of his reactions to grievances I express, so I keep them to myself."
"I knew something was off for years but didn't know what it was exactly. I knew that we were different - I would hear of other husbands supporting their wives in pursuing their dreams and be absolutely blown away. I would hear of husbands encouraging their wives to go out with friends and not be able to relate at all. I would hear of decisions being made mutually and not understand how that even looked."
"I remember as a young wife thinking, 'Is this normal? Does everyone feel this way? Maybe this is why old wives seem bitter?' It wasn't until year seven that I finally acknowledged something was wrong, and there wasn't anything I could change to make it better. It was years 15 to 24 that I became unsure of reality and questioned my sanity."
"He always apologizes after looking at porn or after blowing up at me or the kids. But nothing ever changes. And he gets mad if we don't 'forgive and forget.'"
"He was a mechanic by trade, yet I was afraid to tell him whenever the car was acting up or making a noise. He would tell me he didn't want me putting miles on my car, so I would tell friends 'no' anytime they wanted me to come see them. I acted like a little kid afraid to ask permission to do stuff."
"Nobody yells 'Emergency! Call 911!' or 'Divorce!' with all those tiny little 'Hmmmm, that's-a-bit-off?' moments or maybe the 'Ouch! He hurt me!' scenes or the 'What the heck was THAT all about?' confusing moments that pile up over a period of years. All those tiny little pieces of the puzzle are things you just toss out with the trash because you're too forgiving, too patient, too loving, too empathetic, too kind, too giving, too enamored with him - until you start to secretly collect them and put the real pieces of the puzzle (the truth) together and see a much clearer picture."
One out of three married women sitting in an average conservative Christian church is in a confusing and painful marriage relationship. These women believe they are alone. I want them to know they aren't. They believe they can't find peace. I want them to know they can. They believe they don't have choices. I want them to know they do.
©2018 Natalie Hoffman (P)2019 Natalie Hoffman
What listeners say about Is It Me? Making Sense of Your Confusing Marriage: A Christian Woman's Guide to Hidden Emotional and Spiritual Abuse
Empowering Christian Women in Abusive Marriages
I have had many Christian marriage books over the years. I remember standing at my full bookshelf at all of these books and not one of them addressed the issues I was facing. The vast majority of them put the blame on the wife while "encouraging" her to be more, do more, etc. as if she was the sole person responsible for the marriage and if she only did ___ then she would have an amazing marriage and loving caring husband. ALL of these books are destructive to women in abusive marriages and can put the woman at risk for great harm. I got rid of every single Christian marriage book in my bookcase. I am so thankful for Natalie Hoffman and her willingness to pinpoint what is happening in abusive marriages. She takes the incredible confusion women in abusive marriages has and writes a clear path to define it. She takes Christian women through the process of identifying what is happening, giving the confusing abusive behavior names, helps to clear the confusion and empowers Christian women to take a stand against the abuse. Natalie also identifies spiritual abuse, gives examples and brings life giving scripture to dispel the destructive misused scripture. This book is a MUST READ for Christian women who are steeped in confusion knowing something is wrong in their marriage but they can't figure it out, traditional marriage books do not apply to her marriage and who is a shell of themselves as the person they were before the marriage is a faint memory. There is hope and healing in this book.
Waking Up to Hidden Dysfunction
The endless, foggy swirl of self-blame and confusion — that's what Natalie's book helped me identify and push through. I've said it before and want to shout it again to other women who are silently suffering. If you're not sure if this book is for you, it's for you! It's a bonus that her speaking voice is warm, relatable, and well-paced. She feels like a real friend over a cup of coffee, walking with you through the hurt she knows so well.
This has been one. of the most healing books I have ever read!! I too have a very confusing marriage and have never understood why my attempts to fix things have failed and with no rational explanation from.my husband the majority of the time, other than to blame me for why it's not working....so many long and wasted arguments over things I was trying to negotiate with him on so it could be a win win for both of us and they always simply ended in his way or no way.....and with no explanation of why I should accept such an unfair situation....so confusing....this and so many other things have kept me confused in this relationship leaving me feeling like it must be me...even knowing it's not all me....but still wondering why anything I say or do never seems to help....makes me feel like suchban immense failure not knowing where to tirn....this book really has shpwn me so many things and reasons why nothing has worked....I can't thank the author enough for writing it in order to help me and others....it is part of my journey going forward to help myself to climb out of this pit I'm in
Linda B. Rolf
Natalie's description of emotional and spiritual is spot on and very helpful. I love hearing books read by the author, and Natalie does not disappoint. The audio is clear, the enunciation crisp, and provides an overall enriching experience. Thank you Natalie!
Heidi A Foster
Thank you for taking the time to write this book. Thank you to anyone reading this book. Thank you that someone has chosen to be the voice crying in the wilderness. May women know that they are loved by our Lord and that he has created us in His image.
this book is great for any woman of faith that finds herself in a relationship with a narcissist or any other emotionally/psychologically/spiritually abusive male. I been trying to know the right thing to do for years and I've been in complete confusion and denial. I've held on to hope that a miracle would happen and prayed so many times that God would touch his heart. The thing is, the abuser doesn't want to change because they don't think they do anything wrong. This book really helps you understand the biblical support in getting out of abusive relationships and the book also helps you with healing process. The author notes many other helpful books throughout the book and she is absolutely wonderful to listen to or read. I'd give it 10 stars if I could.
Sarah McDugal
Is Your Marriage Hurting? Don't Miss This Book!
Natalie nails it in this powerful book, exposing the fallout of flawed theology to maintain power and control over women, shedding light on the path to healing after abuse, and bringing hope to those who have experienced hell in the name of Christian marriage. If you're in a marriage that seems to have more than its share of drama and difficulty, and no matter what you've tried it just never seems to get better -- you may be suffering from hidden abuse. God wants to offer you healing and hope, and that's just what "Is It Me?" will bring.
hugh and suzette davis
good but could be broader
I would like a resource on what to do if your spouse has some of these qualities and you recognize some of these qualities in yourself and you both are ready to change but uncertain how. life just doesn't feel as cut and dry this book feels. several good points and insights though.
Everything I needed to hear
So comforting to hear someone explain what I was dealing with in a way where I didn't feel guilt or ashamed of what was happening and that it wasn't my fault. Gives me confidence to move forward with my life without having to live in abuse and then pretend like everything is good. I feel like God answered my plea for help.
Didnt care for this....
geez. first 3 chapters was like he was talking to me. Needed some compassion ok

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Events | Have a break. Relax for an hour. Breathe better. De-stress. | Richmond, TeddingtonHave a break. Relax for an hour. Breathe better. De-stress.
Have a break. Relax for an hour. Breathe better. De-stress.
Massage tasters all day long with special OFFERS and a RAFFLE!
Apply the following coupon: edina10 to receive 10% discount on your ticket!
See you in India for a week of celebration and tantric meditations.
How Yoga Keeps the Spine Healthy?


text:
Café & Dining Room
Starring: Audrey Tautou
Director: Jean-Pierre Jeunet
Certificate: 15 - Contains frequent moderate sex references
Amelie Poulain has led a sheltered life - educated at home by over-protective parents, she retreats into a fantasy world of her own. When she finally leaves home and finds work as a waitress in a Parisian café, life is pretty uneventful until a chain of extraordinary events leads her to the discovery of a tin box containing a schoolboys long forgotten mementos. It is then that Amelie discovers her true vocation in life helping others find love and happiness which she sets about in her own unique and magical way. When Amelie falls in love herself, she realizes that making neat solutions in not as easy as it seems...
Screening Times
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We can give you a focused class on any of the following topics, or just come in with a laundry list of questions/problems and we'll go thru them on-on-one, together. You don't have to figure this out yourself, just give us a call!
We offer tutoring tailored to your specific needs. You can learn on your own equipment or ours. We have a computer room for software-related tutoring, and a fully outfitted repair shop for hardware-related topics.
Some of the tutoring we have is listed below, however we can accommodate most other topics as requested. Please call us to discuss your particular interests. Classes are generally one hour in length.


Solar Genesis is a pulsed light system that is exceptionally effective at treating pigmented skin at a comfortable energy level. Superior results are visible in just two or three treatments.
Virtually any part of your body with sun and age spots or freckles can be safely treated. The face, chest, shoulders and arms are the most popular areas for treatment because they typically have the most sun exposure. Both discrete spots and skin densely covered with freckles respond well to Solar Genesis.
When beginning age spot removal or sun spot removal the handpiece is placed on your skin, it will feel cool and comfortable. When the pulse of light is delivered, you may feel a mild brief pinching sensation.
Typically, two or three treatments are sufficient to see dramatic results. Additional treatments may be required for very large or dark spots or for densely covered areas.
Immediately following age spot removal or sun spot removal treatment, the spots may begin to darken. You may notice a slight reddening of the surrounding skin. This typically subsides within a couple of hours. Over the course of the next one to three weeks, darkened spots will fade and flake off.
Most patients find the majority of their treated spots have shown significant improvement within two to three weeks of treatment. However, your final results may not be apparent for a month or more following your course of treatment.


text:
Puerto Rico är en kommunhuvudort i Argentina.   Den ligger i provinsen Misiones, i den nordöstra delen av landet,  km norr om huvudstaden Buenos Aires. Puerto Rico ligger  meter över havet och antalet invånare är .

Terrängen runt Puerto Rico är platt. Den högsta punkten i närheten är  meter över havet,  km sydost om Puerto Rico. Puerto Rico är det största samhället i trakten.

I omgivningarna runt Puerto Rico växer huvudsakligen savannskog. Runt Puerto Rico är det ganska glesbefolkat, med  invånare per kvadratkilometer.  Klimatet i området är tempererat. Årsmedeltemperaturen i trakten är  °C. Den varmaste månaden är januari, då medeltemperaturen är  °C, och den kallaste är juni, med  °C. Genomsnittlig årsnederbörd är  millimeter. Den regnigaste månaden är december, med i genomsnitt  mm nederbörd, och den torraste är augusti, med  mm nederbörd.

Kommentarer

Källor

Orter i Misiones (provins)


text:
My summary of a Paleo/Ancestral way of eating: eating a Paleo/Ancestral diet means the biologically appropriate foods available to you today that will optimize your health, due to how they interact with your genetics, epigenetics, chemistry, metabolism, current nutrient levels and any other complex factors we may be unaware of.
Nicknames for Paleo/Ancestral diets and the principles behind them:
> ancestral diet, ancestral nutrition - origin unknown (I started using this term myself in 2004--including in the blog I created on OCTOBER 30, 2004, http://tiny.cc/ja0glw--because "Paleo diet" was confusing or offputting to some people, but it likely has been used for a long time by many people)
> "human ecology" - Walter Voegtlin, MD (1975, The stone age diet: Based on in-depth studies of human ecology and the diet of man, Vantage Press)
> "our ancient, genetically determined biology," "our ancient genome," "biological discordance vs. adaptation," "Paleolithic nutrition," "evolutionary nutrition" - Boyd Eaton, MD, Loren Cordain, PhD et al (February 2005, Origins and evolution of the Western diet: health implications for the 21st century, Am J Clin Nutr, http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15699220)
> "the evolutionary template" - Loren Cordain, PhD (June 2006, The Paleo Diet Newsletter Courier)
> "the Primal Blueprint" - Mark Sisson (somtime before May 30, 2009, http://www.marksdailyapple.com/the-primal-blueprint-for-busy-people-part-1-sleep-stress/#axzz27xUhel84)
> "the evolutionary metabolic milieu (EM2)," "PaNu," "Paleo 2.0," "Archevore" - Kurt Harris, MD (the EM2 and PaNu terms were retrieved June 13, 2009 at the now defunct http://www.paleonu.com/what-is-panu; Paleo 2.0 and Archevore are more recent terms)
> "The Paleo template" - Chris Kresser (June 17, 2011, http://chriskresser.com/beyond-paleo-moving-from-a-paleo-diet-to-a-paleo-template)
> Other popular colloquial nicknames include the "Hunter-Gatherer Diet," "Stone Age Diet", or "Cave Man Diet" and occasionally the "Garden of Eden diet"
> I sometimes also call it the "adaptivore diet," a term I independently arrived at sometime before March 10, 2012, because "omnivore" seemed to suggest that we can eat anything. I found that Peter Cox had used the term in his (ironically vegetarian) You Don't Need Meat book, published on November 1, 2003.
Some good summaries of the gist behind Paleo/Ancestral:
"As many of you are well aware, the Paleo Diet concept represents a powerful leveraging paradigm that provides scientists, nutritionists and lay individuals alike with an organizational template for answering complex diet/health related questions. The evolutionary basis for optimal human diet does not require a charismatic individual for its promulgation and success, ala fly-by-night popular diets that seemingly come and go with the change of seasons. Rather, the power of the Paleo Diet concept lies in its ability to simply uncover a pre-existing diet – a universal diet and dietary characteristics consumed by all humans until very recent times." - Loren Cordain, PhD on the Paleo Diet Concept: The Paleo Diet Newsletter Courier, Volume 2, No. 2, June 2006
-*-
"The Archevore diet and approach to health is centered on a simple idea - that the diseases of civilization are largely related to abandonment of the metabolic conditions we evolved under - what I have termed the "evolutionary metabolic milieu" - EM2.
I believe we can make sense of many of the diseases that are prevalent now and relate them to some simple but profound changes that have occurred with the introduction of agriculture and the more recent industrialization of our foodways. These changes are related to how the food environment, including it's cultural and biological availability, interacts with the metabolic environment in our bodies.
My conception of the EM2 is not derived from a single science or field of inquiry, but draws first on medical sciences like biochemistry and endocrinology, and only then looks back with history and paleoanthropology." - Kurt Harris, MD, http://www.archevore.com/archevore, retrieved 8.15.09
"There is an enormous misunderstanding about paleo diets held by scores of both proponents and detractors: That the paleo diet is about "what cavemen did". No, no, no! It is about what nature did to the cavemen. In other words, what needs to be figured out is which environmental inputs and stresses form the basis for how human physiology evolved. The answers then inform what the general dietary template for humans should be." - Christian Wernstedt on Misunderstanding the Paleo Diet: Tidbits from VitalObjectives,
TUESDAY, JULY 12, 2011, http://blog.modernpaleo.com
"While farmers concentrate on high-carbohydrate crops like rice and potatoes, the mix of wild plants and animals in the diets of surviving hunter-gatherers provides more protein and a bettter balance of other nutrients. In one study, the Bushmen's average daily food intake (during a month when food was plentiful) was 2,140 calories and 93 grams of protein, considerably greater than the recommended daily allowance for people of their size. It's almost inconceivable that Bushmen, who eat 75 or so wild plants, could die of starvation the way hundreds of thousands of Irish farmers and their families did during the potato famine of the 1840s. ....
Skeletons from Greece and Turkey show that the average height of hunger-gatherers toward the end of the ice ages was a generous 5' 9" for men, 5' 5" for women. With the adoption of agriculture, height crashed, and by 3000 B. C. had reached a low of only 5' 3" for men, 5' for women. By classical times heights were very slowly on the rise again, but modern Greeks and Turks have still not regained the average height of their distant ancestors. ....
Studies ... show these early farmers paid a price for their new-found livelihood. Compared to the hunter-gatherers who preceded them, the farmers had a nearly 50 per cent increase in enamel defects indicative of malnutrition, a fourfold increase in iron-deficiency anemia (evidenced by a bone condition called porotic hyperostosis), a theefold rise in bone lesions reflecting infectious disease in general, and an increase in degenerative conditions of the spine, probably reflecting a lot of hard physical labor. "Life expectancy at birth in the pre-agricultural community was bout twenty-six years," says Armelagos, "but in the post-agricultural community it was nineteen years. So these episodes of nutritional stress and infectious disease were seriously affecting their ability to survive." ....
Archaeologists studying the rise of farming have reconstructed a crucial stage at which we made the worst mistake in human history. Forced to choose between limiting population or trying to increase food production, we chose the latter and ended up with starvation, warfare, and tyranny.
Hunter-gatherers practiced the most successful and longest-lasting life style in human history. In contrast, we're still struggling with the mess into which agriculture has tumbled us, and it's unclear whether we can solve it." - Jared Diamond, "The Worst Mistake in the History of the Human Race," Discover Magazine, May 1987, pp. 64-66. http://www.ditext.com/diamond/mistake.html


Speed reading has been growing in popularity in recent months, with a slew of apps popping up promising to help you learn how to read much faster, in order to digest more information and learn about all of the things you may never have thought that you had the time for.
Of course, this all sounds great, it's almost like a superpower or at least a viable tool for learning, but does it really work? And what do we need to know about this process?
It 100 percent is possible to teach your brain to read faster, and there are many methods that promise to do this, many of which are apps, but here's why you should consider learning to do this from a book and not an app.
Research has shown that we digest information much more effectively when it is read from a book, rather than a backlit screen on a website, in the form of an article on the internet. Hmm.. interesting… what would really be the difference though? Let's have a look.
Most people read at a pace of around 200 – 400 words per minute. Those who claim to be able to speed read claim to be able to read between 1000-1700 words per minute, which is a minimum of about 4 times the speed of the average reader. Just imagine how much more information could be digested by learning this method. Also, you might wonder if you are actually able to take in the info while reading at that rate, but speed-readers commonly claim to be learning so much through the process of speed reading.
Some of the methods used to learn this technique include skimming, meta guiding, Rapid Serial Visual Presentation and some others.
The process of skimming involves glancing through the text to find the most important parts to read, even though this is generally considered a speed reading technique it doesn't involve actually teaching yourself to read faster. There are studies that show that we actually don't remember many details when we skim.
Meta guiding is an older technique that involves using your finger like a pen to guide your eyes to specific words. This method is believed to cut down external distractions so that you are more focused on the specific words and thus your reading speed increases.
Rapid Serial Visual Presentation (RSVP) is a method that is used by the latest digital speed reading systems. Only words, single words flash on the screen usually in an app, so you are only viewing one word at a time. Eventually, you increase the speed of the words flashing and it will tell you how much you have improved.
Other methods encourage you to read multiple lines at the same time simply by expanding your peripheral vision. This method takes a lot more practice.
Maybe. Some experts claim that this technique is only beneficial for reading actual books and learning from a book, for reading books is ideal. Research has been emerging that shows how reading information from a book is a lot more effective than reading something from a screen.
According to UKSG insights, a study was undertaken in 2013 with tenth-graders in Norway, where the students were divided into two groups. One group read two texts (1,400–2,000 words) in print and the other group read the same texts as PDFs on a computer screen. In the reading comprehension test that was administered, the students who read on paper scored significantly better than those who read the texts digitally. It was easier for those who read on paper to remember what they had read. This is likely because paper gives spatio-temporal markers while you read. Touching paper and turning pages aids the memory, making it easier to remember where you read something. Having to scroll on the computer screen makes remembering more difficult.
So, perhaps learning this method from a screen or an app wouldn't actually be as beneficial as learning from a book, if we do in fact digest information better in this way.
But as with almost every study there is almost always another that contradicts it.
Another study also conducted in 2013, compared reading effort in three forms; a paper page, an e-reader (with e-ink) and a tablet. Eye movement, brain activity and reading speed were all observed and monitored. The participants also answered questionnaires in order to determine reading comprehension. Despite the outcome every single one of the participants claimed to have preferred reading on paper even though this study did not find that it was more effort to read digital media or effective to read on paper. The older participants in the study also read both faster and with less effort on the tablet computer.


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Photos courtesy of Sonic Drive-In
MenuMasters 2018: Signature Slingers, Sonic Drive-In
Blending a burger that's gentler on the environment, more healthful and still tasty
Bret Thorn | May 17, 2018
Presented by Nation's Restaurant News and sponsored by Ventura Foods, the MenuMasters Awards honor culinary excellence in menu development.
The idea for Sonic Drive-In's Signature Slingers started at Canyon Ranch.
Related: MenuMasters 2018: Bar Fogo, Fogo de Chão
Scott Uehlein, the Oklahoma City-based quick-service chain's current vice president of product innovation and development, was chef at the health-oriented resort and spa when The Culinary Institute of America and The Mushroom Council started tinkering with an idea for a "blended burger," which would replace some of the beef, high in saturated fat and with a heavy carbon footprint, with mushrooms, which are gentler on the planet and easier on the heart and waistline.
Related: MenuMasters 2018: Walk-On's Bistreaux & Bar
Beef and mushrooms are a classic combination on hamburgers, and the umami in mushrooms enhances the meaty flavor of beef, making for a naturally flavorful patty that's better for both eaters and the Earth.
Uehlein, who was involved with the CIA's Menus of Change initiative, which seeks to promote a diet that's more healthful and better for the environment, thought the concept of a blended burger would be a good fit at a spa.
He was wrong.
"It was dead in the water," he said. "I really had a hard time getting traction on my idea."
But Uehlein didn't drop it. Instead, he took the idea with him to Sonic, where he began working in December 2015.
One of the first phone calls he made was to Mushroom Council president and CEO Bart Minor.
"I said, 'I know I'm at an indulgent brand, but I like the idea of layering up flavor, and if we can figure out how to do that, we can move forward,'" Uehlein said.
"He met my very, very skeptical team in January and we agreed to have an ideation session here in Oklahoma City in March," he said.
At the end of the session, the Sonic team showed what it was working on to company executives. Todd Smith, who at the time was chief marketing officer and CEO, bit into a blended patty melt, "and I remember him looking up with a mouthful of food and saying, 'Wow, that's a good burger,'" Uehlein said.
Sonic did blind tastings of blended and standard burgers with about 10 people on the team, and none chose the standard burger, Uehlein said.
It took more than a year of product development before Sonic launched its first test of Slingers in select markets in August 2017. The chain ultimately launched the burger systemwide as a limited-time offer in March and April.
The burger was originally priced at $2.59 as a small but premium sandwich, with marketing evoking the idea of a steakhouse sandwich. But with the relaunch, Sonic changed the messaging, as well as the price. The burger, priced at $1.99, now carries the tagline "All of the flavor, none of the guilt," and states that it is under 350 calories.
The change reflected how consumers "emerged and changed," during the course of the test, Uehlein said.
Still, the Slinger doesn't have the trappings of a light meal. The buttery brioche bun, similar to what Sonic uses for its chicken sandwiches, was retained. The burger also has real mayonnaise and full-fat American cheese, as well as pickles, onions, lettuce and tomato.
A Bacon Melt variation on the Slinger features the same patty and bun with melted American cheese, bacon and mayonnaise, at 420 calories and priced at $2.49.
"This is the real deal," Uehlein said.
The bun stayed because customers loved it, he said.
"And in my mind, from a chef's perspective, the sweet, buttery note just lends a premium nature to it," he said.
It also balances the sourness of the pickles and mayonnaise, bitterness from the grill notes, salt "and just the umami bomb from the mushrooms," Uehlein said, as well as the beef.
"None of the guilt," could also imply that the burger is gentler on the environment, but Sonic has stayed away from that messaging because it's hard to convey in the short snippets that consumers want.
"We went out with a message that we knew would resonate with our consumers," he said.
Winning qualities:
Blended burger patty: A beef-mushroom blend results in a patty that's lower in calories but arguably more flavorful than beef alone.
Buttery brioche bun: Sonic introduced this bun when the Slinger was marketed as a premium sandwich and customers loved it so much that the chain kept it.
Healthy Innovation: University of Connecticut Dining Services
Innovator of the Year: Fabio Viviani
Meet the 2018 MenuMasters
Contact Bret Thorn at [email protected]


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The changing talent game
Time to rethink strategies for attracting, engaging and retaining employees
By Rosalind Stefanac | January 09, 2020
Illustration by Kara Pyle
Over the last 10 years, Canada's labour market has changed dramatically. Rapid advances in technology, coupled with a substantial shift in workplace demographics and the rise of a flexible gig economy means retailers can't do the same things they've always done to successfully attract and retain employees.
"With unemployment at a record low, the demand for workers is strong. It's an ideal time to be an employee in Canada, but it's not so good for employers," says Sean Mullin, executive director of the Brookfield Institute for Innovation + Entrepreneurship at Ryerson University in Toronto. He notes that grocers, like many in the retail sector, are having a hard time because the jobs they're offering aren't highly skilled and workers are exercising their choice to shop around for the best fit. "[Grocers] have to figure out how to make these jobs more attractive or figure out how to use technology to move to a model where they're less reliant on a large number of lower-skilled workers," says Mullin. "A good mix of mid-career and younger workers will also diversify this risk and keep [grocers] less exposed."
Turnover is another big concern in today's retail labour market. According to a 2018 study by Korn Ferry, a global consulting firm, 29% of retail human resources teams reported an increase in employee turnover from the beginning to end of last year, with part-time employee turnover topping the charts at 81%. Respondents cited better opportunities and promotions as their primary reason for leaving, followed by more money and more hours.
Andrea Wynter, head of human resources at Toronto-based ADP Canada, a global provider of cloud-based human capital management solutions, says grocers no longer have the option to select talent because today's talent is picking them. "Talent is your new consumer," she says. "If you want to attract the best, you have to compete for them."
She says grocers who rely heavily on part-time talent will see increased competition from gig economy employers, such as Uber, that cater to the flexible needs of their workforce. That's why it's important for retailers to help potential employees understand why they might want to "buy your company as their place of employment," she says, and then differentiate yourself by offering perks not traditionally offered within a gig economy, such as employee health benefits, education assistance and mentoring programs.
TIPS FOR ATTRACTING THE BEST AND BRIGHTEST
"Attracting talent today is all about your employer brand, which is available to everyone all the time," says Wynter. Given that most Canadians apply for jobs online, she says a company's website and online brand are the first thing they see. "A lack of online presence could cause millennials and others to doubt if your job is worth applying for and perceive your brand as being behind the times," she says.
Wynter points to a successful recruiting campaign called "Assemble Your Career" launched by IKEA that leveraged brand recognition to attract potential candidates. The company put "Career Instructions" in every flat pack purchased, which Wynter says was an ingenious way to use customers and their love of the brand as a channel to recruit at minimal cost. Best of all, the campaign resulted in 280 new hires.
With technology at a point where people can get targeted job alerts right to their phones, Mullin says recruiters have to be particularly strategic in how they approach prospective candidates. "Yes, it's all about the web and social media but the apps that high-schoolers are using these days are not the same ones being used by the 26 year olds, and retailers need to know that," he says.
Independent grocery retailer Joe D'Addario, president of Ontario-based Nature's Emporium, says social media is also a key factor in attracting younger staff who are looking for employers they can personally align with. "Our brand ambassador Miranda Malisani does an excellent job and her message really resonates with millennials and gen Zs who want to work for organizations with high ethics and standards," he says. "Social media helps convey the message that we believe in good environmental stewardship and sustainability."
Even after an employee is on board, the employer has to do its part to keep employees happy and engaged, notes D'Addario. With several staff members who have been on Nature's payroll for 10 to 25 years, he says it's the culture at each of his four stores that keeps employees sticking around. "Grocers obviously have to offer prospective employees a competitive wage and robust benefits packages, but more importantly, the culture of the organization is an intangible component that great employees want and need," he says. At Nature's Emporium, he says that's a culture of family, respect and teamwork, which has been carefully crafted over the years. "When we first opened, it was actually very difficult to attract exceptional talent because we were new and our brand wasn't recognized … but now we are constantly sought out by people who are passionate about health and really want to be part of our team."
WHAT REALLY MATTERS TO LONG-TERM EMPLOYEES
While competitive wages do play a factor in most jobs, it's not the main motivator in retaining employees, believes recruiter David Gagner of Oakville, Ont.-based recruiting firm Platinum Edge. "In working with our clients, we always try to educate them about the fact that people are looking for more these days," he says. "When they go into work they want to feel like they make a difference and what they're doing every day counts—if they just feel like a number, why would they stay?"
In fact, ADP's recent Evolution of Global Work study showed that 82% of employees surveyed wanted to play an important role in their company. "This is especially true for millennials and gen Z, who want to feel valued and understand how their work is contributing to the company's success," says ADP's Wynter, noting that these cohorts are more likely to seek careers and employers that align with their personal values. "Many employees have a hard time understanding their importance and how they make a difference, so creating a sense of purpose and identity helps them feel valued at work."
Creating career pathways and ongoing opportunities for existing staff is another part of retention that grocers don't always take advantage of, says Steve Mendelssohn of Watershed Law Professional Corporation, an Oakville, Ont.-based lawyer who spent a good part of his career in senior HR and consulting roles in the grocery sector. He says his quarrel with grocers these days is that some don't want to think outside the box when it comes to their business model. "Instead of just hiring more junior employees, grocers might be able to run a better store if they had less turnover and weren't as worried about the average hourly rate," he says. "As retention becomes a bigger issue, retailers will be pushed to adapt and change."
Sobeys' national director of talent acquisition, Isaias Igreja, says his company has made conscious efforts to provide more programs and opportunities for employees interested in growing their careers in the grocery sector. "We even have summer programs where individuals can spend time in our offices to see if that's a fit for them," he says. "[The grocery sector] provides opportunities for all ages— just look at the cross-section of any successful store and you'll see it is inclusive and diverse."
As someone whose first job was slicing sandwich meats in a grocery deli, Igreja says it's important to tell young people about successful professionals in retail who started their careers "pushing carts" in the grocery aisles. "I had a manager who took me under his wing and I had great experiences working in different departments, which gave me an array of useful skills," he says. "There are a lot of employee career stories here with individuals who have grown up through the store."
Save-On-Foods in Western Canada is another retailer with a history of promoting within. Heidi Ferriman, vice-president of people & communications, says Save-On-Foods is especially keen to develop team members who show "a drive and appetite to develop themselves and advance their careers with us." The company recently implemented a master's degree sponsorship program and has partnered with Athabasca University and Thompson Rivers University to offer Save-On- Foods' team members opportunities for formal, post-secondary education.
"We're really focusing on being more vocal about the ways our existing and future team members can grow their careers with us," says Ferriman. "Just look at our company president [Darrell Jones] who started as a bag boy in high school in a small town in B.C."
Ferriman says people do better when they understand a company's plan and see how they can contribute to the company's success. "Our team members are by far our biggest asset—the foundation of our business—so we want to make sure we give them the tools to ensure they are well-trained, informed and engaged." With today's challenging labour market, she says it's easy to hire quickly and rush through the recruitment process, but advises taking the time to hire people who will do well in a company's culture.
Then, once employees are hired, she says it's critical for managers to get to know everyone on their teams. "Engage with them and find out what's important to them … When team members know their leaders are approachable and available, it just makes for a better workplace," says Ferriman. When they feel valued and respected, she says, employees are much more likely to stay, be productive and be advocates for the company. "Every single person brings something unique and valuable to the workplace and we really want to make sure that we take the time to build on the unique strengths of our team members."
This article appeared in Canadian Grocer's December 2019/January 2020 issue.


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Toll Roads in Kyrgyzstan
Toll roads will be constructed in Kyrgyzstan. The Kyrgyz Ministry of Transport offers to introduce payment for use of highways.
Allocated budget will be spent on maintaining the highways and building new roads.
Experts said that tariffs on public roads, which will be transferred to a fee-paying basis, will be tied to the average wage.
Regarding the trucks and buses, fees were tied to the wages as well. However, the tariff will be smaller. The road costs six soms for trucks per kilometer.
The Ministry of Transport proposes to include international roads into the number of toll roads.
According to the Kyrgyz Ministry of Transport, there will be a gradual transition to toll roads.
Initially, the commercial vehicles will have to pay followed by private cars.
The system of the payment on highways will be introduced close to 2025. Transport workers will have up to 30% of finances that are spent on repair of the highways each year.
Kyrgyzstanhighwaytoll road


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Polish opposition vows to end coal power by 2040
By Energy Reporters | 15.07.2019 | Environment
The main Polish opposition alliance has vowed to end coal power by 2040 as it launched its general election campaign against the populist Law and Justice (PiS) party.
"We must clean Poland up. We're not an island, nor are we a separate planet. The world's climate breakdown applies to us just as it does others. We have to take action," Civic Coalition leader Grzegorz Schetyna told the media.
Civic Coalition approved three new coal plants when it was in power from 2007 to 2015.
"By 2030 we will eliminate coal in heating houses and apartments… and by 2040 in the energy sector," Schetyna added.
He offered to work with other opposition parties in the election, repeating a coalition formed for the European election in May.
The right-wing PiS has led in most opinion polls since it took power in the 2015 election due to populist policies and robust social spending. In May it won 45.4 per cent of votes.
The European Coalition, made up of the Civic Platform, formerly led by the outgoing European Council president, Donald Tusk, and a group of left wing and rural parties, came second with 38.5 per cent.
Coal is the main source of energy for Poland. It also relies on imports. Poland, a country of 38 million people, has some of the EU's largest carbon emissions.
The nationalist PiS said in 2018 that it would use coal to generate 60 per cent of the Polish electricity needs in 2030.
Environmentally ruinous coal currently makes up about 80 per cent of Poland's energy generation and it is only expected to fall to 50 per cent by 2040. According to the European statistics agency, Eurostat, renewables made up 10.9 per cent of Poland's energy mix in 2017, which will need to increase to 15 per cent by 2020 to comply with the EU's environmental targets.
"One can talk a lot and promise much," PiS spokeswoman Anita Czerwinska said in response to the opposition promises. "We ask for calculations and concrete projects. If these are not revealed, then it could mean that Grzegorz Schetyna is not telling the truth."
The European Environmental Agency blames air pollution, caused to a large extent by the burning of coal, for an estimated 50,000 premature deaths in Poland per year.
An estimated 36 per cent of the world's energy is still produced by coal, although it is the largest contributor to climate change, and responsible for around 46 per cent of global carbon-dioxide emissions.
Poland says its coal dependency is a legacy of Soviet occupation. Picture credit: NeedPix
Civic Coalition coal Grzegorz Schetyna PiS Poland
A Biden administration should prioritize energy security to fight climate
Americans are forecast to elect a new president in November. According to polling on June 30, Democratic candidate Joe Biden is leading Republican President Donald Trump nationally 50.9% to
Earth Day at 50: A look to the past offers hope for the planet's future
Fifty years ago, on April 22, 1970, millions of people took to the streets in cities and towns across the United States, giving voice to an emerging consciousness of
By Philippe Tortell | 21.04.2020
Exclusive interview: Barbara Freese on coal and how industry denies climate change
Barbara Freese has been thinking about the environment for nearly her entire life. As an attorney, she witnessed how the
COVID-19's forced de-globalization will rewire and decarbonize energy
Climate change may be the most intractable psychological-sociological challenge that humanity has ever encountered. It has been occurring for decades if not centuries, yet we do not view the threat


Saturday, April 25th, 2015: Multiple events at the Sportsman's Bar (downtown Newaygo) - Starting with Parsley's Sport Shop fishing contest weigh in will be at the Sportsman's at 7:00, live minnow eating contest at 8:00,more Bobber Races, followed by the Troutfest Raffle Drawing at 9:00 then dance to music provided by a D.J.
All day fishing contest - On Saturday Parsley's Sport Shop fishing contest weigh in will be at the Sportsman's at 7:00p.m. More Details at Parsley's Sport Shop.
Following will be music with a D.J. and bobber races throughout the evening.