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Zimbabwe History
The area that is today Zimbabwe had been populated by bantams for hundreds of years when European settlers began to arrive in the latter half of the 19th century. In 1923, the country became a British colony named Southern Rhodesia. In 1965, the white minority government in Rhodesia declared the country to be independent, but the secession from Britain was not internationally recognized.
After a liberation war, the country became an independent nation in 1980, taking the name Zimbabwe, after the ruin city of Great Zimbabwe, the capital of the historic kingdom of Zimbabwe.
Older history
Zimbabwe is one of the most populous parts of Africa. Archaeological finds from around 500,000 years ago probably originate from the ancestors of the hunter and sanctuary people who found refuge in the country about 20,000 years ago and for which there are many finds in the form of cave paintings. They belonged probably san – the people who lived throughout southern Africa. They were later displaced, including to the Kalahari Desert, where they are still living. Bantu-speaking peoples immigrated from Central Africa from the 400s AD and are probably the ancestors of today's Shona speechfolk. With the boom migration, tools of iron, better cultivation methods and permanent settlement were introduced. Significant gold discoveries were made and trade with Arab merchants on the East African coast began. See abbreviationfinder for geography, history, society, politics, and economy of Zimbabwe.
From the 1100s, economic progress laid the groundwork for state formation that partly existed side by side, and partly followed one another, until the 1830s. The largest of these is the Zimbabwe dynasty (c. 1100–1450), from which the well-preserved Great Zimbabwe ruins originated, and which has given the modern state its name. This kingdom was followed by the Torwa dynasty, which ruled for about 200 years.
According to oral tradition, a Bantu-speaking people known as rozvi moved into Zimbabwe in the 1300s. Their leader took the title Munhu Mutapa, and in the 1400s, the Munhu Mutapa kingdom reached its greatest extent and controlled most of Zimbabwe as well as parts of today's Mozambique. The kingdom entered into agreements with the Portuguese, who were allowed to travel and trade in the country. The Portuguese established trading stations, and conflicts arose. The Munhu Mutapa empire disintegrated after Portuguese military action against the empire in 1628-1629. Portuguese trade continued and even the eastern parts of Zimbabwe were haunted by slave traders.
A clan that erupted from Munhu Mutapa, from the 1680s, formed another significant state, the Rozvi Empire, gradually with a center of gravity in the south and southwest, including by subjugating the Torwa state. New strong state formation did not emerge after Rozvi was weakened in eastern and southern parts of the country, but the Shona people organized themselves into smaller chiefs. Buhera, an ancient state established in the 13th century, continued to exist, but was fragmented. A number of small states joined the Duma Confederation.
A larger movement of Bantu-speaking people from present-day South Africa took place from 1830, and also affected Zimbabwe. In the early 1800s, Venda and Sotho- speaking people came from the south and settled in the south and southwest. In the early 1830s, ngoni people moved through Zimbabwe. They helped to weaken the Rozvi Empire, but wandered further and settled further north and east. Greater influence had the Ndebele invasion in 1837, when Zulu General Mzilikazi went north and settled in Matopos in western Zimbabwe. He was subservient to the Rozvi Empire, which after an attempted military uprising in 1857 was defeated – and disintegrated.
COUNTRYAAH.COM: Provides latest population data about Zimbabwe. Lists by Year from 1950 to 2020. Also includes major cities by population.
At the same time, an Ndebele state emerged, which, from the 1870s, had its heyday under Mzilikazi's successor Lobengula, with attacks against the smaller Shona states, which towards the end of the century had better access to weapons and were better able to defend themselves. The immigration and state formation of the Ndebele has had a lasting impact on Zimbabwe, with contradictions between the Ndebele minority and the Shona majority being a political conflict dimension in modern times as well.
From the 1850s, European hunters, traders and missionaries visited Zimbabwe, and formed ties with Mzilikazi and Lobengula. Of greatest importance was the group of colonists from South Africa who settled in the future capital of Salisbury (Harare) in 1890. The invasion was part of the construction of the British Empire from Cape to Cairo, and was staged by Cecil Rhodes, businessman and prime minister of the Cape Colony. He, with British diplomatic support, used his British South Africa Company(BSAC) to the invasion, which ended with King Lobengula being deposed in 1893, after he had tried to fight the invaders, and white rule was also introduced in Matabeleland.
Faced with the European threat, with the seizure of land and cattle, as well as forced labor, both the Ndebeles and Shona groups in 1896–1997 revolted against the occupation, in what is referred to as the first liberation struggle (chimurenga). The Ndebeles signed a peace agreement with the colonists; the Shonas were beaten without any deal. Prior to this, in 1889, Portuguese interests had made efforts to gain a foothold in eastern Zimbabwe. The rebellion of the 1890s gained long-term political significance, both by strengthening the position of the whites, until the country became a British colony of internal autonomy in 1923, and by fueling the War of Liberation (the Second Chimurenga) in the 1970s.
BSAC continued to rule Rhodesia after the uprising, and increased European immigration, establishment of farms and mining. After World War I, the demand for self-government increased, and a vote among the country's 34,000 European citizens in 1922 gave a majority for self-government rather than association with the South Africa Union. When the country subsequently became independent as a self-governed British colony (1923), it was ruled by a white minority of about 5 percent of the population. Discriminatory laws from the BSAC board were continued, and an apartheid regime was institutionalizedwhich ensured European control over land and cheap African labor. The land was divided into zones and distributed between Africans and whites, the latter receiving a disproportionate share and in addition the parts most suitable for agriculture.
World War II led to economic upswing in Southern Rhodesia, and after 1945 the white population increased from 80,000 to 205,000 in 1958 – and with that demand for independence. At the same time, urbanization increased, even with a large influx of Africans, which promoted political organization and demands for equal rights. In 1953–1563 Southern Rhodesia was part of the Central African Federation along with Northern Rhodesia (Zambia) and Nyasaland (Malawi). The federation collapsed when Zambia and Malawi became independent in 1964.
The white minority in Southern Rhodesia opposed independence with majority rule, and after the Rhodesian Front (RF) won the election in 1965, the new government, led by Prime Minister Ian Smith, declared Rhodesia an independent state on November 11, 1965. Smith's regime was illegal and was condemned by the United Nations, which in 1968 adopted financial sanctions against the country. The British colonial power did not want to intervene against the rebels, although Rhodesia was still formally British. Under Smith's rule, racial segregation was tightened, and earlier attempts at liberalization were reversed. On March 2, 1970, Smith declared Rhodesia a republic.
Category: Africa Tags: Zimbabwe
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ABOUT MUZE IT
The Muze It Outreach Program's mission is to use the creative and ethical gifts of African and American music and cultural heritage as a form of artistic expression; and also to promote positive images and to help young people become better students such that they reach their full potential as leaders in their communities and beyond.
Muze It is a foundational musical and cultural program with a curriculum grounded in Djembe drum based rhythm repertoire and other dances of the West African Mande diaspora. Muze It is also a range of educational activities that expose students and the public to the artistry, meaning, and cultural background of hip-hop dance performance. When combined, Muze It is a continuum of teachings from the historical black, cultural traditions of the Motherland (Africa) and the African American diaspora.
Muze It addresses its mission by providing the following goals: 1) to provide artistic development to students through ongoing practices, workshops and performance opportunities where participants acquire discipline, presentation and critical thinking skills; 2) to provide leadership training to prepare students to be educators and to support their learning and understanding of certain mathematical skills (to master the techniques of drum and dance one must use certain basic mathematical timing and sequencing); and 3) to encourage social activism and social responsibility by working with a host of community partners throughout Baltimore City and region to raise the standards of thinking for budding student artists and audiences alike.
This Program is sponsored in part by: OSI-Baltimore Community Fellowship. Watch Video or Click here to learn more.
MUZE IT @ YOUR SCHOOL
CLICK HERE TO BRING MUZE IT TO YOUR SCHOOL OR ORGANIZATION
Muze It Outreach Program and Festival - Barclay Elem 2016
MUZE IT FESTIVAL 2016
Muze It Program
Urban Foli is a musical theater performance group that expresses traditional African drumming and dance bridged with contemporary sound and movements. Urban Foli uses ethnomusicology to cultivate a mixture of West African and African American percussion and culture.
Under ancient tradition, each ethnic/tribal group or percussionist develops their own sound; Urban Foli encourages its members to combine ancient teachings with the evolution of R&B and hip-hop culture and sound. The goal is not only to preserve traditional music and history, but to continue the legacy of percussion and movement that has been passed down in the Americas. The group's mission is to expose as many as possible to the fusion of mainstream contemporary music and culture with ancient African beats, movement and sounds.
booking@urbanfoli.com
Class Location: 1634 Guilford Ave. Baltimore MD 21214 (Lanvale St., Entrance)
© 2020 by Urban Foli Djembe Orchestra Performing Arts Inc. Webmaster Be Light Media LLC
URBAN FOLI

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Already an editorial GN4 customer, the Newbury Weekly News, added Gemstone Advertising, Production Tracking and CMS3000 to complete the full multi-channel capabilities of the newspaper.
June 2016, Bracknell, Berkshire, UK – Miles 33 is proud to announce that the Newbury Weekly News successfully went live with the recently added Gemstone advertising suite that includes Production Tracking, Credit Management and Accounts Receivables.
The Newbury Weekly News, an existing Miles 33 customer had previously implemented a multi-channel GN4 editorial content management system plus a VirtualCMS web publishing system. The Gemstone implementation completes the across-the-board technology update at the paper.
The Gemstone suite comes pre-loaded with powerful apps for CRM, ad booking, digital inventory management, workflow automation, audience analysis and sophisticated sales progress monitoring. Gemstone will not only allow sales staff to sell and book classified and ROP ads, but also sell full digital ad campaigns thanks to a tight two-way integration with Google's DFP, the leading ad server.
James Gurney, CEO of Newbury Weekly News commented "Having recently joined Newbury, one of my very first goals was to give the staff the best possible solutions to deliver upon their personal targets, making it easier to achieve more. Seeing Gemstone from Miles 33 and the suite of sales tools available it was really a simple and quick decision".
Furthermore, using Gemstone, online Ad inventory can be better planned and managed as Gemstone will automatically alert sales staff of inventory availability at booking time. The system is expected to dramatically reduce the amount of ad trafficking, which was previously required to fulfill ad inventory. Integrated self-service solutions are also being deployed.
The Newbury Weekly News is an award-winning English local weekly newspaper, covering Newbury and West Berkshire. The paper's website is known as Newbury Today. It is published by the Newbury Weekly News Group.
The newspaper was first published in 1867 and has been independently and family-owned since its establishment.
Best Paid-For Weekly Newspaper (2006), Best Website Produced by a Weekly Newspaper, and Newspaper Website of the Year (2007), an award it shared with The Sun.


Proven mating face and high voltage potential with new termination technology – the Han® Q 2/0 from HARTING will also be available with crimp termination in the future. It draws on the proven Han® C power contacts in the cross-section range from 1.5 mm2 to 10 mm2 or 16 AWG to 8 AWG. The performance data of the connector, which is already in use in the axial screw version as a true "Power" interface in the widest range of industrial areas such as drive and automotive engineering and railroad technology, remain unchanged in the crimp version. The standard version, with a rated voltage of 400 V at a nominal current of 40 A is the entry model, while the connector's "high voltage" version offers a rated voltage of 830 V to satisfy the more demanding applications.
In keeping with proven HARTING tradition, the connector pairs are naturally plug-compatible, in spite of the different termination technology. This makes combinations such as a male insert with crimp contacts on the device side and a female insert with axial screw contacts on the cable side easily possible. Users also have the full range of options available for the connector assembly, from efficient processing of the contacts with an automatic crimping tool to field installation with a simple hexagonal wrench.
Like the axial screw version, the "crimp" also provides the safety of finger protected contacts and the certainty of 16 coding options for avoiding confusion with other positioned interfaces. And all this in size 3 A, the smallest and most compact size that HARTING offers in housings with up to IP 67 protection.


Hotel Premiere Villa offers genuine 360 degree hospitality designed to ensure that our guests enjoy a truly memorable experience. Our unique offering addresses the holistic guest journey, anticipating every guest touch point throughout, while understanding all the complexities of travelling in the modern world, it defines and delivers brand components in answer to every question and need arising along the way. Some of them may be small but all of them are significant. In this mystical land, the spiritual capital of India, discover the perfect blend of comfort and convenience at Premiere Villa, the new boutique hotel in Varanasi. Modern architecture and lavish set up, the hotel has to offer 18 contemporary rooms including well appointed Premium rooms and Suites with all the facilities at hand.
The hotel offers below services and facilities that make our hotel the finest choice of the first-rate travelers.


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Ridgewood challengers keep it civil
By Matt Friedman • 05/13/08 3:54pm
RIDGEWOOD – Anne Zusy recently registered as a Democrat to vote for Barack Obama. Paul Aronsohn likes Hillary Clinton. And Keith Killion, who's registered as a Republican, is a John McCain supporter.
But the three stood outside of a post office in Ridgewood today to run as a team for three council seats, saying that the village needs new blood in its government. The fact that the three of them could run together, they say, is evidence how seriously this traditionally Republican town takes its non-partisan elections.
Their opponents are incumbent council members Betty Wiest, the town's Deputy Mayor, and Jacques Harlow. Wiest spent most of the day at home calling supporters to get them out to the polls, while Harlow competed in a senior citizens' tennis tournament, which he said would help take his mind off of the election.
At least one of the challengers will get a spot on the council, and a voice to choose whether Mayor David Pfund will keep his post (if he wants to) or whether he'll lose those stripes and become merely another councilman.
Zusy said that she's only focusing on the council election and hasn't thought about whether she'd be interested in becoming mayor herself. Killion and Aronsohn both say that they'd prefer one of the council members with more experience to take the reigns.
As they paused to shake hands with the occasional passer-by and ask whether they voted yet, the three challengers lamented what they said was the slow pace of the village government.
"I've watched the council for quite a while, and there's a failure to get things done in a timely manner," said Killion, who's retiring as the village's Captain of Detectives in July.
Killion was upset to learn that he was lumped with Wiest and Harlow in a robocall put out by the county's Republican organization – which both Harlow and Wiest, who said they had nothing to do with, have condemned.
"I am suspect, not necessarily of Betty Wiest but I'm suspect of the whole incident," he said.
Aronsohn, who worked in the Clinton State Department, served as former Gov. Jim McGreevey's press secretary and ran for Congress before taking on this decidedly lower profile task, also condemned the call.
"It's injecting partisan politics into a non-partisan election," he said.
That robocall was the first flare-up in what has been, up to this point, a race with about as much conflict as the average meeting of the county's notoriously lock-stepped Democratic organization.
But this is not a Bergen County battleground, and things are generally kept civil in this upper-middle-class village.
"I think that Ridgewood is a town known for its gentility. Everything is kind of handled with kid gloves," said Zusy.
To Wiest, the complaints about the glacial pace of council business are founded in unrealistic expectations. Only when you're in the position, she said, do you understand all the hoops you have to jump through to do something as simple as, say, put a fence around a pool.
"It's not that we're not responsive. If you don't dot your i's and cross your t's in the end, if something goes wrong it's very difficult to get back on track," she said. "Having been there for four years, frankly, until you're in the spot, you don't realize what you have to go through. And I can certainly list a whole page of accomplishments that we've managed to take to fruition."
And Wiest, whose husband was mayor from 1986 to 1990 and is considered a potential pick for the spot if she wins reelection, would prefer not to address that aspect of the race.
"I'm not going to go there…. I haven't made any claim or innuendo," she said. "I'm here to tackle issues and try to do something for the village in a positive way."
SEE ALSO: Goow campaign focused in Ward 2


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HomeEV NewsVolkswagen to sell only EVs from 2024 in Norway
Volkswagen to sell only EVs from 2024 in Norway
Volkswagen has recently announced that only EVs will be sold in Norway from the brand 2024 onwards. Norway is the world's leading country in the transformation from combustion engine vehicles to electric vehicles. In 2021, around 64% of the cars sold were fully electric.
Though it is a major oil exporter, Norway is one of the world's most sustainable countries. Over the past 10 years, the country has heavily invested in renewable energy and EV charging infrastructure. The Norwegian government also offers many incentives for EVs, such as VAT exemptions and the ability to drive in the bus and taxi lanes. In general, it's much more affordable to buy an all-electric car in Norway than to buy petrol, hybrid, or diesel vehicle.
Norwegian outlet Posten wrote, "Volkswagen will cut off all sales of petrol, diesel and hybrid cars in Norway on 1 January 2024. Director Ulf Tore Hekneby of Volkswagen importer Harald A. Møller will announce an event at Arendalsuka on Thursday."
In the first half of 2022, the best-selling EV in Norway was the Tesla Model Y. It was closely followed by the Volkswagen ID.4 and Škoda Enyaq. Interestingly, Tesla Model 3 sales have significantly decreased in Norway – probably due to the arrival of new competitors like the BMW i4 and the European launch of the Tesla Model Y.
"The 2025 target has been a huge success, with the cross-party agreement and good means of action. But we are only a little bit along the way because there is still a very large part of the car fleet on the passenger car side that is not zero emission cars. Only 18 percent of the car fleet is fully electric today, and when we look to the future, we have to look at what that target should be." Hekneby refers to a report by the Institute of Transport Economics, which has calculated that only 50 percent of Norway's cars will be electrified by 2036 if all current incentives, including a zero VAT, are kept in full force and effect. Hekneby wants Volkswagen to be at the forefront of the EV revolution in Norway. Ideally, he would like the company to start selling only zero-emissions vehicles by 2035 — five years before the rest of the market.


Founded in 1879 in Northampton, at the heart of England's most famous shoe-making town, Crockett & Jones, makers of fine English leather shoes and accessories is now in its 5th generation as a family run business.
The company has continued to produce British-made footwear and accessories in their original factory, with the same attention to detail as the company founders; ensuring that the standards of the past are still maintained today.
With an expanding store portfolio, numerous stockist's and a new website, they have become a true global manufacturer and retailer.
With continued growth anticipated, the heritage company recognised the need to evolve and invest in a system that would future-proof the business – that's when they contacted Prima Solutions.
experience and expertise to take our business forward; Prima Solutions met all of our criteria and more.""
"" We have been able to re-examine all of our business processes to ensure they are now fit for-purpose and suitable for sustained growth.""


189,948 full-text articles. Page 4692 of 5006.
We examine a specific security problem in wireless body area networks (WBANs), what we call the ıt one body authentication problem. That is, how can we ensure that the wireless sensors in a WBAN are collecting data about one individual and not several individuals. We explore existing solutions to this problem and provide some analysis why these solutions are inadequate. Finally, we provide some direction towards a promising solution to the problem and how it can be used to create a usably secure WBAN.
Many people believe mobile healthcare (mHealth) would help alleviate the rising cost of healthcare and improve the quality of service. Bluetooth, which is the most popular wireless technology for personal medical devices, is used for most of the mHealth sensing applications. In this paper we raise the question – Is Bluetooth the right technology for mHealth? To instigate the discussion we discuss some shortcomings of Bluetooth and also point out an alternative solution.
Rationally designed racemic and quasiracemic sulfonamidecinnamic acids assemble to give hydrogen-bonded dimers with coplanar alignment of neighboring olefins. The quasiracemate phase contains near inversion-related motifs with chemically distinct components forming supramolecular heterodimers that undergo asymmetric photodimerization.


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Smokeless tobacco, World Series home-field advantage highlight MLB labor deal
A new labor deal keeps the peace between MLB owners and players, but the real changes are to the World Series and chewing tobacco rules.
When the Twins go to the World Series next season they won't have to worry about the All-Star Game deciding who gets home-field advantage.
Major League Baseball owners and the Players' Union agreed to a five-year labor deal late Wednesday night – meaning no lockout for at least five years – and part of the agreement includes awarding home-field advantage in the World Series to the team with the best record.
That means the league that wins the All-Star Game will no longer get the advantage, like the Cleveland Indians did this past fall despite winning fewer games than the eventual champion Chicago Cubs.
Bye bye, smokeless tobacco
Smokeless tobacco will be banned for incoming players. All current players can still use it because they're "grandfathered" in, according to the New York Post.
Hall of Fame player Tony Gwynn died of mouth cancer in 2014 and he blamed his cancer on an excessive use of chewing tobacco.
Leading up to the two-year anniversary of Gwynn's death, Twins manager Paul Molitor told the Pioneer Press that Gwynn's death was "an extreme consequence of usage," but chewing tobacco in baseball is "part of its history, right or wrong."
Last year, MLB banned players from chewing tobacco during pregame and postgame interviews and they aren't allowed to carry tins in their back pockets. The NCAA already has a ban on chewing tobacco and it's been banned in the minor leagues since 1993, according to USA Today.
Twins playersTarget FieldMLB
Twins offer $5 ticket deal to help 'restore home field advantage'
Attendance at Target Field ranks 23rd in MLB.
Chewing tobacco ban lifted at Target Field
For the first time in Target Field history fans will be allowed to use smokeless tobacco inside the stadium. Chewing tobacco was banned for the first two seasons, but the Twins found "it not to be an issue", according to team spokesman Kevin Smith.
Is Target Field really a home-field advantage for Twins?
The one hope for Twins fans is that a return trip home could help their favorite team take a deep breath.
There's a man flushing his friend's ashes at MLB stadiums – and he's been to MN
He's traveling to every MLB ballpark with his lifelong friend's ashes.
The MLB agreed on a new CBA – here's what it means
There will be significant changes to the MLB season going forward.


HOUSTON, Texas (KTRK) -- The holidays might be over, but it's going to feel like Christmas morning this weekend for a group of kids who need help getting around.
Ambucs, out of Longview, Texas, is spending the next two days assembling tricycles. The trikes are custom-built to help people with mobility issues get around.
"You would not believe the joy that you see on their face," Ambucs member Paul Herring said.
The trikes also add excitement for their parents, because they average around $700. The giveaway is Saturday, but Herring didn't have to wait until then to see the trikes' power.
On Friday, dozens of kids rode them around Shriners Hospital for Children in Houston. They are devices that therapists say are great for kids, but work wonders on anyone who struggles to move.
"Obviously, somebody who has a disability that affects their legs," Shriner's Hospital for Children in Houston physical therapist Eryn Housinger said. "They also have bikes where you can pedal with your arms. So if somebody has had a spinal cord injury, somebody who has poor balance and maybe can't balance a two-wheeled bicycle would benefit from it."
Ambucs has spent four months getting the trikes, money, and names of children ready.
To learn more about Ambucs and how to get a tricycle, click here.
Follow Nick Natario on Twitter and Facebook.


Calabasas, CA, June 6, 2008 -- MusicBox, a leading music production company that provides thousands of cuts from its original music catalog, as well as original composition and scoring, for television programs, promos, and commercials, has provided music, through client Cliff Freeman & Partners, to a national Quiznos TV campaign, and to a viral web "Quiznos� spot, entitled "Evil Hand.� "Evil Hand� will be email blasted on June 6th to over 1.2 Million people who are listed in the Quiznos database.
The new "Evil Hand� viral web spot for Quiznos follows on the heels of MusicBox having also recently supplied branded music for 8 new Quiznos' national television spots, comprising the Quiznos "All Foods� campaign. Cliff Freeman & Partners was tasked with scoring or licensing music for the campaign, and they found what they were looking for via the MusicBoxLIVE search engine.
Says Aaron Davis, VP, Licensing, MusicBox, "Our original Quiznos TV campaign music was a jazz piece with a walking bass line and shuffle feel. It was pretty sparse, but had a nice clip to it – it was definitely 'cool,' and very well recorded. Cliff Freeman asked us if we could accent that existing track with additional instrumentation, as they had some specific segments that needed to jump out a bit more.� As a result, MusicBox producer/co-founder Joel Goodman brought in a sax player to track some flourishes, and also added some piano accents. Within a few days, MusicBox had reached a final new version of the music, which has since been featured in the 8 "All Foods" Quiznos TV spots.
Following the success of these TV spots, Cliff Freeman again went to MusicBox, this time for MusicBox's music supervisory skills and original music. Cliff Freeman was seeking music to be included in a viral web Quiznos piece called "Evil Hand� to replace a waltz from the "Eyes Wide Shut� soundtrack that they were using as a temp background. "Evil Hand� was submitted to the Cannes Film Festival.
For the "Evil Hand� project, MusicBox worked with Cliff Freeman's Executive Creative Director Tom Christmann, and Creative Directors Jeff St. Jean and Kristen Koop. Said Christmann, "The idea behind this spot was to give it a tone of mystery and weirdness, so that the heavy viral user would be inclined to pass this along to his friends. We tried to make the spot as non-commercial as possible, and we knew that the music would play an important role in this piece. The music we got from MusicBox was perfect, it was funny and whimsical, and heightened the magic of what we were going for. It added very much to the overall viral allure we were seeking.�
Adds Davis, "The original waltz piece Cliff Freeman was using within 'Evil Hand' helped convey the peculiar mood they were looking for, but it didn't address the conflict featured in the story of 'Dan,' the hungry guy who wants to eat a Quiznos sandwich, but can't, because he's experiencing major conflict between his 'left hand' and his 'right hand.' Dan's right hand is happy because it gets to hold his food, while his left hand feels betrayed and rebels against him. We chose a track from our MusicBox library that straddled love and languish, the have and have not, but in a desperate, uneasy sort of way. Cliff Freeman loved this new idea, and while it was a step away from their original one, everyone felt it worked better. The new music helped to convey more feeling from all the spot's characters -- Dan the eater, his left hand and his right!�
Led by co-founders and composers Dan Stein and Joel Goodman, MusicBox provides all genres of music to network and cable TV programs, TV promos, major motion pictures, independent films, movie trailers, national advertising campaigns, and radio spots. The company's library, comprised of five collections entitled "MusicBox,� "PromoBox,� "Cue,� "MusicBox Classics� and "Private Reserve,� culminate to provide over 200 premium quality discs, and over 7500 musical tracks for the discerning film/television producer or editor.
MusicBox also composes, produces and records original themes, underscore, custom promo music and transitions that are unique and exclusive to each project, by calling upon its diverse staff of composers based in both New York and Los Angeles. The company also works with top music supervisors, popular artists and DJ's to provide appropriate music for virtually any production genre.


by experienced framers in the Orange Park and Fleming Island area for over 30 years. For your home or office, you deserve the expert advice and personal service you can receive from the staff of Great Hang Ups. We can help you to create a distinctive art piece that reflects your personal style. Frame your cherished memories and artwork at Great Hang Ups, and feel the confidence of designing an environment that is uniquely yours.
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At Great Hang Ups, we understand that your photos are worth remembering. This is why we provide photo retouching and art restoration services. Once improvements have been made to your piece, our professionals can then transfer the image to archival materials that are ready to frame.
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Please look at some samples in the window below of the art and framing you can experience at Great Hang Ups Gallery and Custom Framing.


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Drama, Comedy, Sci-Fi & Fantasy
Shin Hye-sun, Kim Jung-hyun, Bae Jong-ok, Kim Tae-woo, Seol In-ah
Park Kye-ok, Yun Seong-sik, Choi A-il, Ham Jung-yeub
In the modern age, Jang Bong-hwan is a chef who works for the country's top politicians at the Blue House. He has a free spirit, but he one day finds himself in the body of Queen Cheorin in the Joseon period.
1. Jang Bong Hwan in Wonderland
Bong Hwan is a successful young chef, but he finds himself in trouble. After accidentally falling into a swimming pool while being chased by the police, he wakes up in the Joseon dynasty in a woman's body. And the body he is trapped in belongs to the future queen of all people. Bong Hwan must find a way to go back.
2. Nobody Knows
Bong Hwan's life as So Yong, the queen, begins in earnest. The rigidity of the palace wears Bong Hwan out, but he runs into the woman of his dreams. The problem is that she is Jo Hwa Jin, the woman King Cheoljong is in love with. Meanwhile, the Grand Queen Dowager and Kim Jwa Geun sense that something is off with So Yong.
3. Sleeping With The Enemy
So Yong escapes from danger with the help of her cousin, Byeong In. Cheoljong becomes aware of the Kim clan's movements to protect So Yong and grows suspicious of her. Meanwhile, So Yong misses modern food and decides to make it herself in the royal kitchen. She decides that she must win over the Grand Queen Dowager's heart with food.
4. The Man Who Knows Too Much
So Yong gets furious as she realizes it is Cheoljong who is trying to kill her. Cheoljong also assumes So Yong is planning revenge over him as O Wol, the court maid of Hwa Jin, goes missing after that.
5. Susceptible Heels
To save Hwa Jin, So Yong reveals the truth about the lake incident in front of everyone. Grand Queen Dowager gets angry at So Yong for ruining her plan in bringing down the Jo clan. Meanwhile, Cheoljong feels bad for So Yong as he realizes that she jumped into the lake by herself.
6. Between Understanding and Misunderstanding
Cheoljong saves So Yong when she jumps into the water to go back to the present day. Cheoljong starts to see So Yong differently and tries to start fresh with her. Meanwhile, So Yong is hopeless as she fails to go back even when she drowns herself in the lake. She attempts every method to get in touch with the spirit that is in Bong Hwan's body.
After inventing delivery system in Joseon dynasty, So Yong gains motivation in her new life. However, she suddenly travels back into the body of Bong Hwan in the present day and realizes that he is in a vegetative state. Meanwhile, as the spirit of Bong Hwan left the body of So Yong, she collapses and that leaves the Palace in an uproar.
8. A Dangerous Relationship
When Bong Hwan wakes up in So Yong's body again, he regains more memories of actual So Yong. He gets upset as he loses his true identity from the present day. Meanwhile, Hwa Jin feels insecure as Cheoljong visits So Yong in her family house. Hwa Jin quickly follows after him to stop Cheoljong from seeing So Yong.
9. Light and Darkness
So Yong wants to go back to the Palace, but Cheoljong suggests staying one more day as he is still looking for the secret ledger. Cheoljong goes out to the street in disguise, and So Yong accompanies him. Meanwhile, Queen Dowager braces herself to fight Grand Queen Dowager back after she gets insulted.
10. Living a Nightmare
Cheoljong returns to the Palace without finding the ledger. He wonders who took it away before he did. Meanwhile, So Yong tries to become a perfect queen to satisfy the Grand Queen Dowager when she returns to the Palace. Also, she starts the investiture of the Royal Concubine to hunt down the Han family.
11. The Unforgiven
Cheoljong appears in So Yong's dream and So Yong is confused about her feelings. She assumes it is a side effect from travelling back and forth in time. She decides to focus on the investiture of the Royal Concubine to retrieve her true identity. Meanwhile, Cheoljong prepares for the royal banquet, but someone tries to ruin it behind his back.
12. Dancing on The Swor
So Yong tracks down the man who looks exactly like Secretary Han and notices his shady move in the Royal Kitchen. As she knows how much effort Cheoljong has put into the banquet, she helps him by doing what she does best. Meanwhile, Kim Jwa Geun suddenly delivers a piece of news in front of everyone to threaten Cheoljong.
13. There is No Tomorrow
Cheoljong gets seriously injured from the explosion and become unconscious. Kim Jwa Geun threatens So Yong again to accept his suggestion, and So Yong jumps into the lake to regain more memories. Meanwhile, Kim Jwa Geun believes that So Yong is no longer on his side as he finds out that So Yong helped Cheoljong to save the banquet.
14. A Woman Who Must Die To Live
So Yong gets drunk and mistaken Cheoljong for Hong Yeon. So Yong starts avoiding Cheoljong when she finds out that they spent the night together. Cheoljong gets upset because So Yong treats him harshly. Meanwhile, someone comes to see Cheoljong and tells him that So Yong is in danger.
15. The Crazy X In This Palace
Everyone who lives in a palace has secrets. Bong Hwan is a chef working at the Blue House in the present day. He is so talented that he can figure out one's health conditions and even get into their mind by just observing what they pick for their side dishes. He somehow gets trapped in the body of Kim So Yong, a queen in the Joseon dynasty, and meets King Cheoljong, the two-faced king full of secrets.
16. All In
After Cheoljong shares about the future of Joseon he dreams of with So Yong, she decides to help Cheoljong to fulfill his dream by applying knowledge from the present day. Byeong In feels jealous as Cheoljong and So Yong become closer every day. Meanwhile, Hwa Jin decides to tell Cheoljong the truth about the well incident.
17. Pregnancy Is Beautiful
Everyone including Cheoljong in the palace is happy to hear about the Queen's pregnancy. However, So Yong can't believe that she is pregnant and is not happy about it. Cheoljong is suspicious about So Yong's reaction and he tries to comfort her. Meanwhile, a fierce rumour also starts to spread with the news of the Queen's pregnancy.
18. The Counterattack of Memories
Cheoljong leaves the Palace to protect So Yong. So Yong worries about him as he disappears without any explanation. Meanwhile, the Grand Queen Dowager regains her regency as soon as Cheoljong leaves his spot, and she brings back Kim Jwa Geun to assist her. Byeong In tries to persuade So Yong to reconcile with the Kim clan, but she rejects his suggestion.
19. The Man Who Came Back From The Dead
So Yong runs away from the Palace to look for Cheoljong, and Byeong In chases after her. Byeong In tries to kill So Yong on the edge of a cliff. Meanwhile, the Palace is busy with the preparation of the enthronement ceremony. However, someone goes around the streets and spreads the news that the King is still alive.
20. My Life Without Me
Cheoljong and So Yong plans to go back to the Palace in safety while Grand Queen Dowager and Kim Jwa Geun strictly restrict the entry. However, Bong Hwan's soul suddenly leaves So Yong's body when she is in danger. Will they be able to stop Kim Jwa Geun before the enthronement ceremony?
Scarlet Heart: Ryeo
The Liar and His Lover
Welcome to Waikiki
Hunter x Hunter: Greed Island Final
Hunter x Hunter: Greed Island
Hunter x Hunter: Original Video Animation
My ID is Gangnam Beauty
Weightlifting Fairy Kim Bok-Joo
The Sarah Jane Adventures
Jewel in the Palace
Hur Jun
The Moon Embracing the Sun


This week on Sunday Self-Love I had the opportunity to sit down with Janiece McIntosh. We dished the tea on all things self-love, fitness, relationships, spirituality and holistic love.
As Certified Yoga Instructor holistic health nutritionists and Life Coach, Janiece McIntosh works with young women focusing on relationships, self-esteem, and coping with transitions. She is a creative writer and author, poet and artist helping young women emerge as confident leaders ready to achieve their entrepreneurial goals/dreams. Janiece is the CEO/Founder of Young Artists Hub (Y.A.H) and Fabu Phit. Fabu Phit provides Holistic Health, Fitness and Beauty personal/group training services that can be accessed online. Fabu Phit offers specialized life coaching and counselling services over Skype or in - person, and has customary services such as Chakra Healing, Skype Therapy, Holistic Nutrition, Bare Beauty, Spa programs and Reiki Message.
After attending a Fabu Phit workshop I wanted to share with you some of the truths and real about self-love Janice and I have come to.
This is an inside look at starting a holistic journey.


I DID NOT lose someone on September 11, 2001. I DID NOT know anyone on the planes, in the Pentagon, or even in the World Trade Center. I was one on the lucky ones.
My husband and I, with our daughter, were traveling across the country to our new home in New York. We didn't even have the safety of our home to retreat to.
Now I awake each morning and go to bed each night cherishing each and every moment. I pray for some of the strength that I have seem victims' families demonstrate. It could have been me. I pray it never has to be anyone else. Bless you all, for you are always in my thoughts.
On the morning of September 11, 2001, I was teaching my 6th grade DARE class. I am a police officer in Ohio, and this morning was no different than any other, until I got the horrific news as everyone else did. I watched the events unfold on the TV and for days to come felt a huge emptiness and loss for our country, the victims and families of the attack. At the same time, I was planning my wedding, which was to take place on September 15, 2001. I was angry, hurt, and sad all at the same time. How can this happen to us??? I want to thank the heros and the families of the victims/heros of September 11, 2001. Your strength got me through this long year. GOD BLESS YOU and OUR GREAT NATION!


text:
\section{Introduction}
Dusty plasma is a complex system which is consisted of micron or sub--micron
sized dust grains in the background of conventional two-component plasma. These
particles are either formed as a result of agglomeration of reactive species or
deliberately injected into the plasma. In low temperature plasma environment,
highly mobile electrons resides on the dust surface and make these dust grains
negatively charged up to $10^3-10^5$ times of an electronic
charge\citep{Charging}. Above a critical density, these highly charged dust
grains inside a plasma show collective nature similar to other plasma species
(electrons and ions). Theoretical predication as well as experimental
observation shows that the dusty plasma medium frequently supports the
excitation of linear and nonlinear waves. Dust acoustic waves
\citep{raodaw1,daw2,daw3}, dust density waves \citep{ddw1,ddw2,ddw3}, dust
acoustic transverse waves  \citep{lmode,tsw}, dust lattice waves
\citep{dlw1,dlw2,tdlw} are some of the linear modes whereas dust acoustic
solitary waves \cite{kdv,pdasw}, dust ion acoustic shock waves \citep{diasw}
and dust acoustic shock waves \citep{dasw,expdasw,exp1dasw} are the nonlinear
modes which have been studied broadly since last couple of decades.\par
After the invention of dust acoustic wave in 1995 \citep{daw2}, an extensive work (see the review paper by Merlino et al. \cite{dawmerlino}) on spontaneously excited DAWs has been carried out both theoretically and experimentally. Dust acoustic mode is an extremely low frequency compressive mode in which the dust particles provide the inertia and the shielding electron and ion clouds provide the thermal pressure effects. To understand the physics underlying the propagation characteristics of such low frequency modes, various experimental configurations have been employed to confine the dust particles \citep{dustydevicer, mddw, ddwfortov, pramanikddw, defectddw, icpddw}. It is experimentally shown in most of the studies that the self$-$excited dust acoustic waves in DC discharge dusty plasma are the consequence either of the streaming ions through dust cloud \citep{instability1,instability2} or dust charge variation in the confined dust cloud \citep{icpddw}. Theoretical studies \citep{instability3,instability4,instability5} confirms that the spontaneous DAW gets triggered in most of the cases either by ions streaming or dust-charge fluctuation in the dust cloud which essentially supports the experimental observation.
\par
The influence of a floating or biased object (more specifically the probe) on
the confined dust cloud is an research area of current interest. In general, it
is observed that a dust free region (called void) is formed around a floating
object inserted inside a dust cloud in an anodic plasma \citep{moveprobe}. The
dust void around a negatively biased probe and its size dependence on the bias
voltage is examined by Thomas et al.\citep{void}. In the co-generated dusty
plasma, a dust free region is formed around a ring shaped positively biased
electrode\citep{ringvoid}. Klindworth et al.\citep{microgravityvoid} studied the
dust void around a Langmuir probe in a RF produced dusty plasma under
microgravity conditions. Kim et al.\citep{diffraction} experimentally
investigated the dust acoustic wave which gets diffracted during the interaction
with a floating cylinder. The experimental observation of the interaction of
flowing dusty plasma with an electrically biased wire is studied by Meyer et
al.\citep{flowing}. In their study they found the floating wire excites the bow
like shock structures. The effect of positively (or negatively) biased
cylindrical probe on a strongly coupled dusty plasma (in crystalline state) is
reported by Law et al.\citep{circulation}. They observed that the biased probe,
placed near the RF-sheath edge, alters the crystal properties around it and as a
result a circulation of the dust particles is observed. { The modification in
the propagation characteristics of DAWs in presence of a floating object has not
been explored much in these previous studies and is the subject matter of the
present manuscript.}
\par
In this paper, we report an experimental observation of self$-$excited dust acoustic wave (DAWs) and its propagation characteristics in absence and presence of a floating cylindrical object in a DC glow discharge plasma. Similar to earlier observations, in absence of the rod, the dust cloud shows a spontaneous excitation of dust acoustic waves for a given discharge condition. The propagation characteristics of the dust acoustic waves are found to get significantly modified during the interaction with the floating rod. The modified characteristics of DAWs are explained on the basis of combined sheath electric field formed due to the presence of a floating object in the cathode sheath.
\par
The manuscript is organized as follows: Sec.~\ref{sec:exp_setup} deals with the detailed description on the experimental setup. Sec.~\ref{sec:plasma} describes the plasma production and its characterization.  A detailed description of dusty plasma production and its characterization is provided in Sec.~\ref{sec:dusty_plasma}. The experimental observation of dust acoustic waves and its characteristics is discussed in Sec.~\ref{sec:DAW_char}. Sec.~\ref{sec:DAW_rod} highlights the detailed characteristics of DAWs in presence of a floating rod. A brief summary of the work along with a  concluding remarks is provided in Sec.~\ref{sec:conclusion}.
\section{Experimental Setup}\label{sec:exp_setup}
Experiments are performed in a borosilicate glass tube with an inner diameter of
15 $cm$ and length of 60 $cm$. The glass tube has 5 radial and 2 axial ports,
used for pumping, gas feeding, plasma production and plasma/dusty plasma
diagnostics purposes. A rotary pump and gas dosing valve are attached to a
Stainless Steel (SS) buffer chamber of 30 $cm$ length and 15 $cm$ diameter,
which is connected to the glass tube.{ The geometrical (3D) view of the
experimental setup is described in more details elsewhere \citep{expsystem}}.
This experimental assembly prevents the direct gas flow induce neutral drag on
the dust particles in the main experimental chamber where the dusty plasma
experiments are carried out. The schematic of operating configuration is
presented in the Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1}. A SS cylindrical rod of 5 $mm$ diameter is
inserted in the experimental chamber over the cathode using a Wilson
feedthrough. The experimental chamber is evacuated below $10^{-3}\ mbar$
pressure using the rotary pump and the argon gas is then fed into the chamber.
The chamber is pumped down again to the base pressure. This process is repeated
several times to reduce the impurities from the vacuum vessel. Finally the
operating pressure is set to 0.07 $mbar$ by adjusting the gas dosing valve and
pumping speed.
\begin{figure}[h]
\includegraphics[scale=0.60]{Fig1}

  \caption{\label{fig:fig1}Schematic of experimental configuration:(1) cylindrical rod. (2) Stainless steel(SS) flange (working as an anode). (3) solid$-$state red laser. (4) plano$-$convex cylindrical lens. (5) kaolin dust particles.(6) SS disk electrode (cathode) with a ring like step at corner (represented by yellow ring). (7) CCD camera. (8) Stainless Steel circular electrode (anode). (9) Discharge power supply (1kV and 3A) . (10) grounded. $I_{d1}$ and $I_{d2}$ represent the currents flowing in separate discharge path.}
 \end{figure}

 \section{Plasma production and its characterization} \label{sec:plasma}
 A DC glow discharge plasma is initiated by applying a voltage in the range of
300--500 V in between a  cathode and two anodes as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig1}.
The disk shaped cathode of 10 $cm$ diameter is having plane surface in one side
whereas the other side having a step of 5 $mm$ width and 2 $mm$ height around
its periphery. The plane surface of the cathode is parallel to a SS disk of 4
$cm$ in diameter, which is a one of the anodes (lower anode). This lower anode
is kept 10 $cm$ below from the cathode. Another anode (upper anode) is a SS
flange of 7 $cm$ diameter is parallel to the dust particles containing cathode
surface. This upper anode is fixed 15 $cm$ above the cathode. {These above
configuration of anodes and cathode demands minimum voltage to breakdown the
argon gas}. Both the anodes are kept grounded through a resistance of $R=100
\Omega$ to measure the discharge currents in each path. The experimental chamber
is purposefully made of dielectric material and all the axial and radial ports
are closed by toughened glasses and/or perspex flanges so that additional
discharge paths can be avoided. There are some advantages to use this discharge
configuration for performing dusty plasma experiments. In this present set of
experiments, the dust particles are sprinkled homogeneously over the cathode
surface which acts as a dielectric covered electrode. For breaking down the gas,
cathode electrode is made negatively biased with respect to the grounded anodes.
In absence of lower anode, 30$-$40 V more bias voltage is required to break down
the gas and as a result it becomes difficult to form an appropriate dust cloud
at lower gas pressure.
 \par
The variation of discharge current $(I_d)$ in both the discharge paths with  discharge voltage $(V_d)$ are measured in absence of dust particle. The  $I_d-V_d$ curves at pressure p = 0.07 $mbar$ are displayed in
Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}(a). It is clearly seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}(a) that at  first, $I_{d1}$ (represented by closed rectangular) starts flowing at 320 V whereas $I_{d2}$ (represented by closed circle) is initiated at 340 V. It  indicates that the plasma initially forms in between the cathode and lower anode at about 320 V and later it strikes between the cathode and the upper  anode. It is also to be noted that $I_{d1}$ stays always higher than the
$I_{d2}$ for the whole range of discharge voltage. {It is also worth mentioning
that at a particular discharge condition, the flowing currents ($I_{d1}$ and
$I_{d2}$) in each path depend upon the dimension of each electrodes.}
\par
 The plasma parameters at various discharge conditions are measured using a
cylindrical Langmuir probe of length 7 $mm$ and radius of 0.25 $mm$. { The
variations of plasma parameters with discharge voltage are displayed in the
Fig.~\ref{fig:fig2}(b). The plasma density ($n$) and the electron temperature
($T_e$) change from $\sim$ 1$\times10^9$ to 7$\times10^9$ $cm^{-3}$ and $\sim$
2.5 to 5 eV, respectively with the change of discharge voltage from 380 to 540 V
at a constant pressure p = 0.07 $mbar$. The measured values shows that the
plasma density increases whereas the electron temperature decreases with the
increase of discharge voltage. This essentially signifies that with the increase
of discharge voltage the electron Debye length
($\lambda_e=\sqrt{\epsilon_0kT_e/ne^2}$) decreases}. The ions are assumed at
room temperature i.e.$T_i\sim 0.025$ eV. At a given discharge condition, these
plasma parameters (measured outside the cathode sheath region) are used to
calculate the dusty plasma parameters.

 \begin{figure}[h]
 \centering
\subfloat{{\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{Fig2a}}}%
\vspace*{-0.13in}
  \qquad

    \subfloat{{\includegraphics[scale=0.4]{Fig2b}}}%
  \caption{\label{fig:fig2}(a) Discharge current $(I_{d1}$ and $I_{d2})$ variation with discharge voltage (between cathode and anodes). Discharge currents are computed by dividing the voltage drop across a resistance of 100 $\Omega$. (b) Variation of plasma density $(n)$ and electron temperature $(T_e)$ with the discharge voltage. The argon pressure is set to 0.07 $mbar$}
  \end{figure}

 \section{Dusty plasma and its characterization}\label{sec:dusty_plasma}
In course of dusty plasma experiments, kaolin dust particles with mass density $(\rho)$ of 2.6 $gm/{cm^3}$ of radii $(r_d)$ ranging from 0.5 to 5 $\mu$m, are sprinkled over the cathode surface. For producing the dusty plasma, DC glow discharge is initiated between cathode and anodes at 0.07 $mbar$. The discharge current$-$voltage characteristics in presence of dust particles follow the similar behavior as shown in Fig~\ref{fig:fig2} but with slightly lower values of discharge currents. In presence of the plasma, the dust particles get negatively charged because of impinging of more electrons than ions on the surface of dust particles. The negatively charged dust particles lifted up from the cathode surface and levitate at the interface of plasma and cathode sheath region. The cathode geometry (ring at its periphery)provides the better radial confinement to the levitated dust particles. The levitated dust cloud is then illuminated by a red laser of 632 $nm$ wavelengths and power ranges from 1$-$100 $mW$. The point laser source is converted into a laser sheet using a plano--convex cylindrical lens of focal length of 25 $mm$ which can be oriented in vertical as well as horizontal plane. This laser sheet is efficient enough to illuminate $\sim$2 $mm$ wide vertical (or horizontal) slice of the dust cloud. Due to the poly--dispersive nature of the particles, the heavier dust particles levitate at the bottom whereas the lighter particle levitate at the top of the sheath by balancing the electrostatic force and the gravitational force. The dynamics of the particles in vertical as well as in horizontal plane are recorded at 130 frames per second (fps) by a Lumenera CCD camera with the resolution 1088 pixels$\times$2048 pixels. The data is then transfer to a high speed computer for the purpose of further analysis using different softwares.\par
 The effect of discharge parameters on the levitated dust cloud is also
necessary to understand the propagation characteristics of dust acoustic waves.
Therefore the sheath thickness and the width of the dust cloud are measured at
given pressure for various discharge voltages. The sheath thickness is estimated
as the distance between the cathode and the topmost layer of the dust particles
whereas the difference of topmost and the bottommost layers gives the width of
the dust cloud. The sheath thickness is found to decrease with the increase of
the applied discharge voltage as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3} (represented by
solid rectangular). { This experimental observations is in accordance with the
theoretical estimation. According to Child-Langmuir law, the high voltage
cathode sheath is function of the plasma Debye length (in general sheath
thickness is ten to hundred times more than the Debye length
\citep{sheaththickness}). As mentioned earlier, with the increase of discharge
voltage the electron Debye length decreases which results in the decrease of
sheath thickness. As sheath thickness reduces, the electric field gradient at
sheath edge increases therefore the dust cloud  get suppressed.} The variation
of width of the dust cloud with discharge voltage is also shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3} (represented by solid sphere).
  \begin{figure}[h]
 \centering
   \includegraphics[scale=0.40]{Fig3}

\caption{\label{fig:fig3}The variation of sheath thickness (solid rectangular) and dust cloud width (solid sphere) with applied discharge voltages. The argon filling pressure during the experiment is set at 0.07 $mbar$.}
  \end{figure}

 \section{Excitation and propagation characteristics of Dust Acoustic Waves }\label{sec:DAW_char}
 The dust particles form a steady state equilibrium approximately at 40$-$45
$mm$ above the cathode at $V_d=340$ V and $p=0.07$ mbar. If the discharge
voltage is increased slightly to $\sim$ 350 V, an appearance of spontaneous Dust
Acoustic Wave (DAW) is found. {  This wave originates in the upper part of the
levitated dust cloud and propagates towards the cathode (along the gravity)}. A
typical video image of this self$-$excited DAWs (in Y$-$Z plane) at $V_d = 380$
V and $p = 0.07$ mbar is presented in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig4}$(a)$. { The
stable dust cloud shows the excitation of spontaneous dust acoustic wave when
the ratio $E/p$ crosses a threshold value \citep{instability1}. This ratio
increases either with the increase of electric filed (or the discharge voltage)
or decrease of gas pressure. At higher pressure and higher discharge voltage,
the wave could not excites due to frequent ion-neutral collision. Whereas at
higher discharge voltage and lower pressure, the dust acoustic wave gets highly
unstable \cite{pramanikddw}. Hence keeping both the points into mind, a
constant pressure at p = 0.07 $mbar$ is chosen to perform the experiments at a
range of discharge voltage }. The average intensity profile of
Fig.~\ref{fig:fig4}$(a)$ is shown in the Fig.~\ref{fig:fig4}$(b)$. {
It is observed in the figure that the wave initially gets excited with smaller
amplitude on the top and then propagates with increasing amplitude. It happens
due to the non-uniformity of electric field inside the cathode sheath. The ions
initially enter into the sheath with Bohm velocity and then accelerate towards
the cathode and as a result these ions exert more pressure on the dust particles
when they reach towards the cathode. It results in the increase of  amplitude of
DAWs while they propagate towards the cathodes.}
 \begin{figure}[h]
 \centering
\subfloat{{\includegraphics[scale=0.61]{Fig4a}}}%
\vspace*{-0.13in}
  \qquad

    \subfloat{{\includegraphics[scale=0.72]{Fig4b}}}%
  \caption{\label{fig:fig4}(a) A video image of Dust Acoustic Waves in vertical (Y$-$Z) plane. Arrow indicates the velocity vector for DAW from anode to cathode. (b) Average intensity profile of scattered laser light coming from dust particles (in dotted region) in -$\hat{z}$ direction. Discharge voltage and gas pressure are set at 370 V and 0.07 $mbar$, respectively.}
  \end{figure}

For the detailed characterization of DAWs, few consecutive frames are
considered. The time evolution of average intensity profile is shown in the
Fig.~\ref{fig:fig5}. The red dashed line in the figure indicates the trajectory
of a particular crest of the DAW. The phase velocity $(v_{ph})$ and wavelength
$(\lambda)$ are found to be $\sim$ 2$-$3$~cm/sec$ and $\sim$ $1.5-2.5$ $mm$,
respectively. The wave frequency $(f_d)$ can be estimated from $v_{ph}$ and
$\lambda$ and comes out to be $\sim$ 10$-$15 Hz. { It is also to be noted that
the distance between two consecutive crests increases with time as the higher
(smaller) amplitude wave moves with faster (slower) velocity\citep{pdasw} }.
These values of the wave parameters are consistent with the theoretical
estimation of dust acoustic waves. For cold dust ($T_d$ = 0) and in long
wavelength limit $(k_D>>1)$, the phase velocity of dust acoustic wave $v_{ph} =
z_d\left({kT_i}{n_{d0}}/{m_d}n_{i0}\right)^{1/2}$ , where $k$, $T_i$, $m_d$,
$n_{d0}$, $ n_{i0}$, and $z_d$  are Boltzmann constant, ion temperature, dust
particle mass, equilibrium dust density, ion density and dust charge number,
respectively\citep{sounddaw}. { $z_d$ can be estimated by assuming
the dust grains are spherical capacitors. Hence, the charge resides on the dust
surface can be expressed as  $Q_d = z_de=4 \pi \varepsilon_0 r_d V_s$. The dust
surface potential, $V_s \sim -4kT_e/e$, is estimated from OML theory
\citep{Charging} }. The estimated phase velocity ($v_{ph}$) of the DAW is found
to be $\sim$ $3.3$ $cm/sec$ for parameters $T_e = 4$~eV, $T_i=0.025$ eV, $m_d$
(for an average radius $r_d \sim $ 3 $\mu$m) $\sim$ $3\times10^{-13}$ kg,
$n_{d0}\sim$ 1$\times$ $10^5$ $cm^{-3}$, $n_{i0}\sim$ $1\times$ $10^9$
$cm^{-3}$, and $z_d \sim$ 3 $\times$ $10^4$. Therefore, theoretical predicted
value of the phase velocity is in close agreement with the experimental phase
velocity of DAWs.\par
   \begin{figure}[h]
 \centering
{\includegraphics[scale=0.80]{Fig5}}%
\caption{\label{fig:fig5}Time evolution of intensity profile of five video frames taken at time step of 15.2 $ms$ along the selected region (in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig4}(a)) in the vertical plane. Discharge voltage and argon pressure are set at 370 V and 0.07 $mbar$ respectively for this particular set of experiments}
  \end{figure}

As discussed, the spontaneous DAWs are observed to propagate in the direction
of anode to cathode (along the gravity) which essentially in the direction of
ion flow. It suggests that the DAW in the present set of experiment could be
excited due to ion$-$dust streaming instability. According to earlier
investigations \citep{instability1,instability2}, in a dc discharge dusty
plasma, the ion$-$dust streaming is responsible to excite DAW if ion$-$drift
velocity $(u_{i0})$ becomes in the  order or higher than the ion thermal
velocity $(v_{Ti})$ i.e. $u_{i0}\geq v_{Ti}$. In our experiments, the ion
thermal speed $v_{Ti} = \sqrt{(8kT_i/m_i\pi)} \sim 3.9\times10^4$ cm/sec, where,
$m_i$ $(=6.7\times10^{-26}$ kg) is the mass of argon ions. The ion drift
velocity $(u_{i0})$ can be estimated from, $u_{i0} = \mu_i$E, where $\mu_i$ and
E are the ion mobility and the sheath electric field, respectively. The sheath
electric field is estimated from the equilibrium condition of dust particles
where the gravitational force is exactly balanced by the electrostatic force.
Hence at equilibrium, $e z_d E = m_d g$, where $e$ $(= 1.6\times 10^{-19}$ C) is
the electronic charge and $g$ $(= 9.8$ m/sec$^2$) is the acceleration due to
gravity. For a given values of $m_d \sim$ $3\times10^{-13}$ kg and $z_d \sim$ 3
$\times 10^4$, the calculated electric field $E\sim$ $6~V/cm$. The mobility of
Ar ions $\sim 1.8\times 10^3/p(torr)$ $cm^2 s^{-1} V^{-1}$\citep{tsw} . At
p=0.07 $mbar$, $\mu_i \sim 3.5\times10^4$ $cm^2 s^{-1} V^{-1}$. Therefore, the
estimated ion$-$drift velocity, $u_{i0}$, becomes $\sim 2 \times 10^5$ $cm/sec$
({for E~$\sim$6 V/cm}). The ratio of $u_{i0}/v_{Ti}$ is $\sim 5$. Hence the
above estimation assures that the excitation of DAWs in our experiments is
mainly due to the ion--streaming through the dust cloud. It is also found that
at higher pressure $(\geq 0.2~mbar)$, the ion$-$neutral collision frequency
increases as a result the oscillations of dust particles get suppressed due to
frequent ion$-$neutral collisions and therefore the waves could not be excited.
\section{Characteristics of Dust Acoustic Waves in presence of a floating rod}\label{sec:DAW_rod}
 \subsection{Vertically aligned floating rod}
After a thorough characterization of Dust Acoustic Wave (DAW), an experiment is
carried out to study the modification of its propagation characteristics in
presence of a floating object. In this set of experiments, a cylindrical rod is
chosen as a floating object and introduced inside the plasma perpendicular to
the cathode plane as mentioned in Sec.~\ref{sec:exp_setup}. The dimension of the
rod is taken in such a way that $r  >> \lambda_D$. where, $r$ is the
radius of the rod and $\lambda_D$ $\sim$ $\lambda_{Di}$ ($= \sqrt{\epsilon_0
kT_i/ne^2}$) is the dust Debye length. In our discharge regimes, $\lambda_D$
varies from $0.015$ $mm$ to $0.03$ $mm$. In this regime, it is
found that a wire of radius, $r\sim \lambda_D$, does not affect (perturb) the
dust cloud therefore radius of the rod is chosen bigger in
dimension (($r$ = 2.5~$mm$)) so
that its influence on DAW can be observed. The effective changes on the dust
cloud or DAW in presence of floating cylindrical rod near the upper layer of
dust cloud is examined for three different discharge voltages at a particular
pressure, p = 0.07 $mbar$. The dust free region (void) around the floating rod
is found to be observed at lower discharge voltage where the dust cloud does not
exhibit wave structures. This is the case when discharge voltage is $\sim 350$ V
at the pressure 0.07 $mbar$. However, the detail study on dust free region
(void) around the floating rod is not the scope of present study and will be
reported in future.\par

  \begin{figure}[h]
 \centering
\includegraphics[scale=0.74]{Fig6}
 \caption{\label{fig:fig6}A video image of dust acoustic waves in presence of a vertically aligned floating rod. Three distinct regions are observed: (I) Dust void (dotted curve). (II) Stationary dust cloud (region between dotted curve and lines). (III). dust acoustic wave (outside the dotted lines). Argon pressure and discharge voltage are set at 0.07 $mbar$ and 380 V, respectively.}
  \end{figure}

At higher discharge voltage (beyond $380$ V) and the presence of the floating rod (kept far from the dust cloud), the levitated dust cloud exhibits similar kind of propagation of DAWs in the direction of ion flow/gravity as discussed in Sec.~\ref{sec:DAW_char}.
In this situation, the measured floating potential of the rod which is placed near the upper layer of levitated dust cloud  is $\sim-12$ V. To study the modification of wave properties, the horizontal (in X--Y plane) as well as the vertical (in Y--Z plane) slices of images near the floating rod are captured.  A typical image (see Fig.~\ref{fig:fig6}) of Y--Z plane shows the influence of cylindrical rod on the propagation of DAWs. The consecutive frames are used to analyze the dynamical behavior of the dust grains near by the rod. Three distinct regions are found when the rod is brought near the topmost layer of the dust cloud.
These regions are classified as: region$-$I, dust free region near the rod
(between rod and dotted curve), region$-$II, stable dust cloud (between the
dotted curve and dotted lines) and region$-$III, dust acoustic wave (outside
the dotted lines). The length of dust free region (length from rod surface to
dotted curve) is $\sim$ 2 $mm$ whereas the length of affected region (length
from rod surface to dotted line) is extended upto $\sim 6-7$ $mm$. Outside the
dust free region (in region$-$II), the dust grains only show the random motion
instead of participating in the propagation of DAW. The boundary of different
regions changes with the change of discharge parameters and the dimension of
the rod.\par
In the presence of a floating rod, the sheath around it modifies the
electric field profile of cathode sheath. The resultant electric field is the
consequence of the coupling between the sheaths formed around the rod and the
cathode, which has been investigated in details by Barnat \textit{et al.}
\cite{Efieldaroundprobe} in a two component plasma. Hence, as a result the
dynamics of ions as well as dust particles get modified in the overlapping
sheath region. In the region--I, dust grains are expelled near the rod surface
due to the strong sheath electric field which cause the formation of dust void
\citep{moveprobe,void}. The random motion of dust grains in the region--II is
result of the suppression of ion streaming towards the cathode (along the
direction of gravity). It is observed that the instabilities in dust cloud are
triggered above a critical electric field \citep{instability3}.  {
In presence of the rod, the electric field becomes weaker
\cite{Efieldaroundprobe} (in the region --II) that causes the suppression of
ion--streaming instabilities in the dust cloud and transforms the wave crests
into stable dust cloud}. In the region--III, the influence of floating rod is
negligible therefore the dust cloud exhibits the usual dust acoustic waves.
\par
With the further increase of discharge voltage (beyond 450 V), the DAWs become unstable (see Fig.~\ref{fig:fig7}(a)) due to the higher value of $E/p$ as reported in ref \citep{instability1} but still propagate in the direction of cathode (along the gravity($-\hat{z}$)). With the increase of discharge voltage, the sheath thickness reduces to nearly 28 $mm$ (as shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig3}) whereas the sheath electric field increases. Hence the ratio of $E/p$ increases for a given pressure. In this situation, the average wavelength and velocity of DAW are measured as $\sim$ 2 $mm$ and $\sim$ 4 $cm/sec$, respectively. \par
  \begin{figure}[h]
 \centering
\subfloat{{\includegraphics[scale=0.65]{Fig7a} }}%
\vspace*{-0.13in}
   \qquad

   \subfloat{{\includegraphics[scale=0.65]{Fig7b} }}%
    \vspace*{-0.14in}
    \qquad

   \subfloat{{\includegraphics[scale=0.748]{Fig7c} }}%
   \caption{\label{fig:fig7}(a) A video image of dust$-$acoustic waves in vertical plane (in absence of rod).(b) Image of modified DAWs in vertical (Y$-$Z) plane with floating rod where discharge voltage is 470 V. (c) A video image of DAWs in horizontal (radial plane of rod) plane just below the floating rod. Arrow indicates the velocity vector of DAWs in this plane. Argon filling pressure and discharge voltage are set at 0.07 $mbar$ and 450 V, respectively}.
  \end{figure}

In this particular discharge condition,  when the floating rod, with potential
$\sim -8$ V, is moved from plasma to the upper layer of dust cloud, an unique
features in the dust cloud adjacent to the object is observed. A typical image
of modified DAW in Y--Z plane $\sim 2 mm$ away from the rod  is shown in
Fig.~\ref{fig:fig7}(b). It is observed that the dust particles are lifted up a
height of few mm from the previous equilibrium position (\textit{i.e.}, in
absence of the rod) adjacent to the floating rod as depicted in
Fig.~\ref{fig:fig7}(b). It means that the dust particles are now levitated at
new equilibrium position in presence of the rod and DAWs are originating because
of collective oscillatory motions of charged dust particles around their
equilibrium position. In addition, the linear wavefronts of DAW becomes curved
in nature and found to propagate in Y--Z plane. It is to be noted that the
average wavelength and phase velocity of DAW are $\sim 2.5~mm$ and $\sim
3~cm/sec$, respectively. It is worth mentioning that wavelength of DAWs
increases whereas the velocity decreases when the rod is brought nearer to the
dust cloud.
For further characterization of DAWs, the the images are taken in the  horizontal (X--Y) plane. In this plane, the circular wave front of DAWs originates at the outer edge of the perturbed region and propagates in the inward direction (i.e., in the direction of the rod) are observed. A typical video image of DAWs just below the rod in horizontal plane is presented in the Fig.~\ref{fig:fig7}$(c)$. Hence, it can be concluded from (Fig.~\ref{fig:fig7}(b) and Fig.~\ref{fig:fig7}(c)) that the floating rod modifies the propagation characteristics of DAWs which are found to propagates obliquely (along radial ($-\hat{r}$) and gravity ($-\hat{z}$)).
  \par
It is a fact that the dust grains always follow equipotential contours where the
electrostatic force acting on them is exactly balanced by the gravitation force.
In the presence of a floating rod, the cathode sheath electric field gets
modified and dust grains now follow the modified equipotential contour to get an
equilibrium position. Hence the dust particles are lifted up a height of few mm
adjacent to the rod (in perturbed region). In addition, the dynamics of the
ions gets changed due to the change of sheath electric field. Initially (in
absence of the rod), the direction of ion streaming is always in $-\hat{z}$
direction whereas in presence of the rod the ion flow direction become oblique,
having velocity components along radial ($-\hat{r}$) and gravity
($-\hat{z}$)). As it is discussed in earlier section,
the streaming ions is the main responsible cause to excite the dust acoustic
waves therefore its propagation direction is changed to oblique. \par
\subsection{Horizontally aligned floating rod}
To get more insights of the wave$-$rod interaction, a set of experiments is
performed with a horizontally aligned floating rod which is kept always
perpendicular to Y--Z plane. To study the propagation characteristics of DAWs
the images are taken in the Y--Z plane for a particular location of X.  A series
of experiments have been carried out to study the propagation characteristics of
DAWs for various discharge voltages $(V_d)$ at a fixed gas pressure (0.07
$mbar$). It has to be noted that the position of  the floating rod is always
kept just above the dust cloud (cathode sheath edge) even though the dust cloud
position changes with the change of discharge voltage. The change of propagation
characteristics of DAWs are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig8}(a--d) for different
discharge voltages. In this range of this discharge voltages, the average
wavelength and phase velocity of DAWs also changes from $\sim 2.6 - 1.7 mm $ and
$ \sim 3.3 - 4.2 cm/sec$, respectively. These figures clearly indicate the DAWs
propagates obliquely with two velocity components (along Y and Z) in the
presence of a rod. The Z$-$component dominates over the Y$-$component at lower
discharge voltage (400 V) whereas Y$-$component dominates over the Z$-$component
at higher discharge voltage (520 V). The arrows in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig8}(a) to
Fig.~\ref{fig:fig8}(d) indicates the propagation dirction of DAWs which is
obtained by analyzing the consecutive frames for different discharge voltages.
It is also observed that the dust particles are lifted up a height of few mm
near the rod and this effect becomes significant for higher discharge voltage
(Fig.~\ref{fig:fig8}(c) Fig.~\ref{fig:fig8}(d). Similar to earlier case (with
vertical aligned rod), a dust free region always presents near the rod. The
volume of the dust free region reduces with the increase of the discharge
voltage. It is also found that the dust particles just below the rod always
shows random motion at a discharge voltage of $(380-420 V)$. \par
   \begin{figure*}[ht]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[scale=0.850]{Fig8}
  \caption{\label{fig:fig8}Video images of dust $-$ acoustic waves with floating rod in horizontal plane: (a)$-$(d) for discharge voltage $(V_d)$ 400, 430, 490, and 520 V, respectively. The experiments are performed with kaolin particles and gas pressure is set at 0.07 $mbar$. The yellow dotted lines represent the location of floating rod. Green arrow indicates the direction of the velocity vector with respect to direction of gravity.}
 \end{figure*}

In the case of horizontally oriented floating rod, sheath around it interacts with cathode sheath. It is expected that modified (resultant) sheath electric field changes with the change of discharge parameters. At lower discharge voltage (400 V), a thick sheath region (strong E--field) around the rod repels the dust grains and dust free region is formed (see Fig.~\ref{fig:fig8}(a)). With the increase of discharge voltage (at 520 V), the sheath thickness around the rod decreases significantly and as a result the void size reduces (see Fig.~\ref{fig:fig8}(d)). The size of dust free region depends on the magnitude of electrostatic and ion--drag force acting on the dust grains.  The size of dust void reduces with increasing the ion--drag force compared to the electrostatic force. A Increase of discharge voltage (from 400 V to 520 V) causes a considerable changes in the sheath electric field which results in a significant change of ion dynamics. It is observed that at lower discharge voltage, the velocity component of ions along Y--direction becomes smaller compare to at higher discharge voltage. As a result the DAWs propagates almost in vertical direction (along the gravity) at lower discharge voltage whereas obliquely at higher discharge voltage. This effect is clearly seen in the Fig.~\ref{fig:fig8}.\par
 At last, we have further examined the propagation characteristics of DAWs by keeping the floating rod at various Z--locations (measured from cathode surface) for a given discharge condition, $V_d \sim 410$ V and $p \sim 0.07$ mbar. Fig.~\ref{fig:fig9}(a--d) shows the propagation characteristics of DAWs in  presence of this rod for Z $\sim$ 32, 25, 17 and 10 $mm$, respectively. It is to be noted that Z $\sim$ 32$~mm$  corresponds to the location of the topmost layer of the dust cloud. As the floating rod is moved from Z $\sim$ 32 to $25~ mm$, the rod reaches almost to the middle of the dust cloud and modifies the propagation characteristics of DAWs, which is shown in Fig~\ref{fig:fig9}$(b)$. It is seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig9}$(b)$, a dust free region of length $\sim$ 2 $mm$ is formed around the cylindrical rod whereas in the outside of the void region, DAW fronts become concave in nature. It is observed that at $Z \sim 17~mm$, the dust cloud takes cone like structure above the floating rod and DAWs propagate obliquely as discussed in earlier section. In the case of Fig~\ref{fig:fig9}$(d)$, the floating rod is moved deeper to the cathode sheath ($Z \sim 10~mm$) where the electric field is most strong compared to three previous locations. In absence of the rod, the dust particle normally could not be found at $\sim 10~mm$ whereas in presence of the rod particles are found to exhibit the oscillatory motion. Interestingly at this location, the dust particles follow the floating rod inside the sheath in the form of a cone like structure which is shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:fig9}$(d)$.  \par
 The observed results with floating rod at different locations provide a strong
evidence of sheath E$-$field modification around the floating rod while it
interacts with the dust cloud. { In Fig.~\ref{fig:fig9}$(b)$ (when the rod is
kept at the edge of cathode sheath), the variation of E--field around the rod is
similar to that is reported in the ref\citep{Efieldaroundprobe}. The strong E--
field near the rod pushes the dust grains against ion drag force and as a result
dust void is formed. Outside the void region, weak E--field gives rise to the
curved shape dust cloud (along with the DAWs). In Fig.~\ref{fig:fig9}(c) and
\ref{fig:fig9}(d), the cone shaped profile of unstable dust cloud is the result
of modified E$-$field above the rod \citep{Efieldaroundprobe}. The electric
field gets weaker around the floating rod when it is placed inside the sheath
region. This lower electric field provides an equllibrium to the dust particles
above the rod. Dust Acoustic Waves are found to propagate towards the cathode
inside the confined dust cloud.}
  \begin{figure*}[ht]
 \centering
 \includegraphics[scale=0.85]{Fig9}
 \caption{\label{fig:fig9}Video images of DAWs with floating rod at various locations in the sheath region: (a) rod is about near the edge of presheath or sheath. (b) Rod is inside the sheath region where dust particles are levitated. (c) Rod is just below the lower edge of levitated dust cloud. (d) Rod is near the cathode or inside the sheath. The yellow dotted lines represent the location of rod in this plane. The position of floating rod is measured with respect to the cathode surface. Discharge voltage and pressure are set at 410 V and 0.07 $mbar$.}
 \end{figure*}

 \section{Summary and conclusions}  \label{sec:conclusion}
 In this paper, we report the experimental observation of self--excited dust
acoustic waves and its propagation characteristics in the absence and presence of a
floating cylindrical object. The DC glow discharge dusty plasma is produced in a
glass tube in the background of argon gas. Plasma and dusty plasma parameters
are measured/estimated in a wide range of discharge condition. { In our
experiments, the cathode sheath E--field serves two purposes. Firstly, it
provides an electrostatic force that balances the dust particles against
gravity. Secondly, the electric field drives the strong downward ion flow which
in result excite the DAWs in the dust cloud.}  A thorough investigation on the
propagation of this dust acoustic wave is carried out with and without a
floating rod. The main findings of our experimental observations are summarized
as follows:
 \begin{enumerate}
 \item  Dust acoustic waves are excited spontaneously in an equilibrium dust cloud above a threshold discharge current and below a critical background neutral gas pressure. The low frequency waves are found to propagate along the direction of flow of  ions (towards cathode). A detailed characterisation of DAWs are made by measuring the velocity and the wavelength.
 \item The propagation characteristics of self--excited DAWs get modified during
the interaction of a floating cylindrical object either kept vertically or
horizontally. The modification of DAWs  in presence of the rod is extended up to
 $> 100\lambda_D$ from the surface of the object.
 \item In presence of a floating rod (aligned vertically), the DAWs disappear in the perturbed region at lower discharge voltage ($V_d \sim 380-400$ V) whereas at higher discharge voltage (above $V_d \sim 420$ V), the DAW are found to propagate obliquely. The obliqueness of DAWs changes with the change of discharge parameters.
\item In case of horizontally aligned rod, the DAWs gets excited in a cone
shaped dust cloud in the cathode sheath region. Displacement of dust grains in
downward (upward) direction confirms that the cathode sheath electric field
becomes weaker (stronger) in presence of the floating objects.
\end{enumerate}
The excitation of dust acoustic waves and the modification of its propagation characteristics in presence of a floating object can be explained in terms of streaming ions inside the dust cloud. In absence of the rod, the streaming ions towards the cathode exert a pressure on the levitated dust grains and turns the dust medium into an unstable state, results in the excitation of DAWs which are found to propagate in the direction of gravity. In presence of the rod (kept either vertically or horizontally), the sheath around it alters the potential profile of cathode sheath. It happens due to the coupling between the sheaths formed around the cylindrical rod and the cathode electrode. In this coupling, spatial distribution of electric field gets modified in the perturbed region. In this region, dust grains follow the modified equipotential surfaces to get an equilibrium position therefore they are lifted up near the rod. The direction of flow of ions changes according to the sheath electric field and as a results the DAWs are found to propagate obliquely.

 \section*{Acknowledgement}
 One of the authors M.C. is thankful to Prof. A. Sen, Dr. R. Ganesh and M.
Sengupta for their valuable suggestion. The authors are greaful to Dr. M.
Bandyopadhyay for his invaluable inputs to improve the manuscript.

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text:
Dr. Jason Pek
Medical Aesthetics Director
MBBS (NUS), MRCS (Edinburgh), Pg Dip Pract Derm (Cardiff)
Dr Jason graduated from the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University Singapore. Upon graduation, he pursued further studies and obtained post-graduate qualifications from the Royal College of Surgeons (Edinburgh) as well as a Postgraduate Diploma in Practical Dermatology (Cardiff). He also obtained the American Academy of Aesthetic Medicine (AAAM) Certificate in Aesthetic Medicine and accreditation by the Singapore Medical Council (SMC) Aesthetic Practice Oversight Committee to perform numerous facial aesthetic and body contouring procedures.
His previous clinical experience and rotations in the departments of Dermatology, National Skin Centre, and Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic surgery, SGH have given him broad exposure and strong fundamentals in aesthetic medicine. As a student, Dr Jason also did elective postings in Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic surgery both in Singapore and in St Thomas Hospital, London.
Dr Jason believes in lifelong learning and has attended dozens of conferences both locally and overseas to keep up-to-date in new research findings and techniques which he adapts for use in his own patients. He has also attended hands-on cadaveric dissection courses held locally and overseas in order to improve his anatomy knowledge. Through these courses, Dr Jason has received guidance and tutelage by various renowned international experts in their field. He also spends time to read up on the latest research and journal articles in order to practice evidence-based medicine.
click here to find out more about Dr. Jason
Dr. Desmond Chin
MBBS (Hons) (Monah University, Melbourne), (AAAM)
Dr Desmond graduated with Honours from Monash University, Melbourne, with a degree in Bachelor of Medicine and Bachelor of Surgery. He subsequently served in the public hospitals and underwent training in various medical and surgical departments. It was there that he honed his procedural skills, improved his dexterity, and learnt how to optimise pain control to provide a comfortable patient experience. He brought these skills along as he ventured into the field of aesthetics.
Dr Desmond is fully accredited by the Singapore Medical Council Aesthetic Practice Oversight Committee to perform a wide range of aesthetic procedures including botulinum toxins, fillers, non-surgical facelift, chemical peels, lasers, body contouring etc. Prior to joining Astute, he was practicing in an established medical aesthetics group where he also oversaw the training and development of new doctors.
Dr Desmond believes that every individual is unique and takes pride in customizing treatment plans for each individual according to their goals and expectations. He adopts a holistic approach when formulating his treatment plans and is dedicated to help his patients look and feel the best they can. His expertise lies in providing combination treatments that are evidence-based, safe and effective with minimal pain and downtime. Dr Desmond is committed to stay up to date with the latest advancements and trends in aesthetic medicine. He regularly reads up medical journals for the latest developments and attends conferences internationally.
Outside of work, Dr Desmond is an avid traveller who has travelled extensively. His love for nature has brought him trekking in the far corners of the world. He is also a sports enthusiast with a flair for ball and racket games
Dr. Walter Chee
Senior Doctor
MBBS (National University, Singapore), (AAAM)
Dr Walter graduated from the Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore. He did a number of postings in local healthcare institutions, where he learned skills that would be invaluable to the field of aesthetics.
Dr Walter is fully accredited by the Singapore Medical Council Aesthetic Practice Oversight Committee to perform aesthetic procedures. He had also completed a course with the American Academy of Aesthetic Medicine (AAAM).
Dr Walter is a strong proponent of evidence based treatments that are safe and effective. As an advocate of lifelong learning, he continues to attend conferences and workshops in his free time to keep up with the latest developments, and to learn from the best in the region and the world.
Carrie Yap
Director of Medical Aesthetics, Dental, Spa & Wellness and Trichology
Carrie Yap, founder and medical aesthetics director of ASTUTE MEDICAL AESTHETICS & LASER CLINIC, she is an experienced director in invasive medical aesthetics and wellness treatment.
She has more than 10 years of experience providing perfect solutions to help her clients achieve their objective & concerns in beauty, her clients are well assured of the quality and effective solutions with the most desired outcome.
Carrie always been filled by passion. She is known for her experiences, devotion and infinite knowledge. She believes different concerns in different aspect needs to be addressed correctly to achieve divine beauty. She strongly believes that individualized solutions will bring about more effective results for her clients.
Her dedication to the business has paid off with the success of Astute which has grown to become the trusted brand we know today, well-known for its superior and technology-driven products as well as treatments for face, body and scalp.
Today, Carrie is actively involved in the clinic operation and training her exceptional staff, which she personally trains herself, as well as the Research and Development divisions of Aesthetics, Trichology, Dental and Spa & Wellness for ASTUTE, playing a huge role in the direction, growth and expansion of the enterprise.


text:
Q: How to catch interrupts generated by TimeConstrained? Mathematica has the CheckAbort function which allows to catch and handle user-generated and programmatic Aborts. But it does not allow to catch interrupts generated by such functions as TimeConstrained and MemoryConstrained:
TimeConstrained[CheckAbort[Pause[100], Print["From CheckAbort"]], 1]

(does not print "From CheckAbort").
Is there a way to catch such interrupts in Mathematica?
EDIT: I do know that third argument of TimeConstrained and MemoryConstrained allows to evaluate some code in the case of interrupt but this way is not what I need: I need a way to handle such interrupts entirely inside of my function allowing a user do not care of its internals.
P.S. The reason why I need this is that I have a function that creates MathLink objects which must be closed in the case of any interrupts or aborts but not in other cases.

A: Here is improved version of WReach's solution (he suggested it in a comment to the answer by Daniel Lichtblau). I should redefine my function f as follows (and now call it as ff):
ClearAll[ff];
SetAttributes[ff, HoldAllComplete];
ff[expr_] /; (Unset[done]; True) :=
 Internal`WithLocalSettings[Null, done = f[expr],
  AbortProtect[If[! ValueQ[done], Print["Interrupt!"]]; Unset[done]]]

Examples:
ff[1 + 1]
(*=>f[2]*)
TimeConstrained[ff[Pause[10]; 1 + 1], 1]
(*=> prints "Interrupt!"*)
TimeConstrained[ff[Pause[.10]; 1 + 1], 1]
(*=>f[2]*)

A: The construct for this is available in undocumented form.
Internal`WithLocalSettings[
  preprocessing,
  code,
  postprocessing]

will cause postprocessing to take place before returning from aborts or various types of jumps.
See also:
Reliable clean-up in Mathematica
Import big files/arrays with mathematica
Daniel Lichtblau

A: TimeConstrained[Pause[100], 1, Print["-->Aborted"]]

and
MemoryConstrained[100!, 1, Print["-->Aborted"]]

A: I am putting this here just to flesh out Danny's answer.  I think this is clearly a bug in CheckAbort, and would use this as a workaround:
Attributes[myCheckAbort] = {HoldAll};
myCheckAbort[arg1_, arg2_] := Block[
    {res, aborted},
    WithCleanup[
        aborted = True
        ,
        res = arg1;
        aborted = False;
        res
        ,
        If[aborted,
            arg2;
            res = $Aborted
        ]
    ]
]

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