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How slums and their negative connotations can be utilised as a positive agent in future urbanisation and in creating resilient
adaptable, mobile, sustainable cities? Introduction This study will investigate the current trends in urbanisation and the resulting effects on the environment. Weaknesses in the current master planning techniques will be identified; in addition the informal city structure will be studied to discover how their structure develops. Architects are intrigued by the complex flexible nature of the informal city and how it functions. The informal city may hold the potential to develop stronger social networks which could enhance the lives of the existing communities and their experience of the city. Population Growth Global population growth is measured through the natural population increase. The natural population increase is the difference between the difference between the death rate and higher birth rate. On the 31st October 2011, United Nations studies showed that the world population had reached the 7 billion mark. Based on these figures and fertility rates the United Nations went on to produce six projections of the potential future populations; the medium (average) scenario would see a continual growth rate before it is estimated to peak at 9.4 billion in 2070 before starting to decline. Whereas the high case scenario, based on continued fertility rates of 2.25 children per woman would create a population of approximately 30 billion people in 2300. It is essential to understand expected growth and the rate of which it is occurring; as to develop a suitable strategy to cope with expected growth. An understanding of these predictions is required an acceleration of population growth could increase the rate of migration, resource depletion and urbanisation.
Source: United Nations Population Division, 2007 Figure 1 shows the global projected human population growth from 1750 - 2050
As the population continues to increase there is a greater demand on resources such as energy, water and housing. (Anderson, 2012) The United Nations estimate that by 2050 food production need to increase by 70% to meet the expected demands of the expanding populations: this issue needs to be resolved and strategies need to be developed to stabilise current consumption rates as based on a study completed by The Guardian (Cavangah, 2012) the global population levels have never exceeded their level of consumption. The current populations trend of consumption habits are causing a detrimental effect on the environment and with an additional 3 billion middle class consumers by 2030: (Anderson, 2012) action needs to be taken in order to reduce current levels of consumption and to develop strategies need to be developed so that an equilibrium can be reached as the city becomes more sustainable. Immigration trends Throughout history the human population has survived on a mainly rural lifestyle dependent on hunting and agriculture. Around 10,000BC some clans began to Alongside this the clans learnt abandon hunting; having learnt how to control and rear animals to increase their numbers, once meat is needed they were killed. they are then harvested. how to prepare soil ready for seeding; once they have been planted and matured This process has taken many years to perfect with the aid of technological advancements (vlibe.ive.it/carrie/reference/worldhistory/sections/03agricu.html) Due to the agricultural revolution and the increased use of machinery, jobs where lossed and people began to move in search of work: as the population grew cities developed. In 1800, the area began to urbanise with 3% of the worlds population lived in the built environment; by 1900 the population growth had exploded leading to almost 14% of the population living in an urban area. At this time only 12 cities had a population of 1 million or more. 2008 marked the first time that the amount of people living in the city and rural environment was equal. (PRB, 2012)
Source: (nordpil, 2012) The worlds map above highlights the distribution of the urban centres and their population densities in 2005.
The move of population was caused by a variety of push and pull factors which encouraged the move towards the city. A push factor is a force that drives people from a place such as a lack of employment, whereas a pull factor is what draws people to city including more employment opportunities, better quality of life. (geography.about.com/od/geographyglossary/g/ggpushpull.html) The continual appeal of the city has continued to encourage migration and by 2015, at least 50 megacities will exist worldwide with at least 23 cities having an estimated population of more than 10 million. (www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2088/12/081219745.htm) Urbanisation Urbanisation is the process by which urban areas increase in size and population density (six sense. 2005) It is the process of a population density concentrating in an urban centre, the process of urbanisation is usually developed with social and economic growth. But the speed at which it is occurring at present is straining the capacity of local and national governments resources as they struggle to provide basic services like water, electricity and sewage; as a result slums are formed. Urbanisation was first present in the More Economically Developed Countries (MEDCs) during the industrial revolution as it was the source of many pull factors that accelerated the shift in population from the rural to urban areas in search of work. Technology aided the growth of the city through the development and improvement of the transport system as it increased accessibility into the city distances, in 1990 the urban surface area increased by 20%, exceeding the population growth which was just 6%. (www.unanpopulaplante.org/en/the-human-footprint/urbanisation-andtransportation.html) suggesting a sprawl like development with the city comprising of low density housing models that cover a greater distance.
Source: (Radberg, 1988) in Gren,2006, 18.Figure 3: Density of different urban blocks in Sweden, highlighting the potential of different built forms In comparison to the slums this suburban development leads to many housing being constructed on the fringe of the city a greater distance from its centre. Continued growth in this way leads to greater social fragmentation and the reduction of natural areas and productive farmland. 95km2 of productive farmland is lost to soil erosion and other forms of land degradation, weekly the area lost is equivalent to the size of New York every week, or a standard football pitch every 7 seconds. (Land Commodities, 2009) Due to the horizontal approach has been adopted for city growth distances between city and the home resulting in a large proportion of this destruction is due to the amount of transport infrastructure required to maintain high accessibility to all areas of the city. Increased use of transport will accelerate the rate that natural resources are depleted for example in India more than 50,000 hectares of croplands are lost each year due to urbanisation. (Davis, 2006) and also the fact that current transport systems are 98% dependent on oil (figure 4) (www.unanpopulaplante.org/en/the-human-footprint/urbanisation-andtransportation.html)
Fuel Reserves Years until depletion Oil 1,386 billion barrels 46.2 Gas 187.1 trillion cubic metres 58.6 Coal 860,938 million tonnes 118 Source: BP with reserves calculated at current prices and technologies
The Informal City Urbanisation is occurring at a faster rate in Less Economically Developed Countries (LEDCs) with more people migrating to urban areas. The International Development Committee noted that Africa is one of the fastest urbanising regions and that by the middle of the century it is expected that Africa will be home to around quarter of the worlds urban population. (Social Structure and Cultural Practices in Slum: A Study of Slums in Dhaka City by Tulshi Kumar Das) In many
LEDCs such as Africa urban population growth is rapidly increasing so much so that it has outpaced the ability of the cities authorities to cater to their needs resulting in a lack of the necessary housing and the environmental health infrastructure. A large proportion of the migrating population in LEDCs had a low income so they could not afford traditional housing. Thus creating the concept that poverty is urbanising and as a result shanty towns/ informal cities are developed. This resulted in the rural migrants to build their own houses in close proximately to the city on land that is free and could be built on. (Davis, 2006) A negative aspect of this is that the migrants swap safety and health for a small area of land that often is no more than a few square metres with some security from eviction, leading to the migrants becoming pioneer settlers of swamps, mountains, chemical dumps, railroad sidings and desert fringes, (Davis, 2006 p. 121)
Source: (Sultana, 2007) These images show the poor living conditions that the migrants settle for, just to get a space within the city.
Continued migration of the rural poor to city consists of a mainly young demographic of adults between the ages of 20 30 year olds who are employed in some short term employment with little job prospects or expectations the workforce is willing to do any form of work. (Social Structure and Cultural Practices in Slum: A Study of Slums in Dhaka City by Tulshi Kumar Das) As the majority of migrants are young, they use their expertise to construct their own homes using scrap materials including scrap wood and metal sheeting. These informal self-built cities continue to attract new migrants because they remain cheap, thus being the only affordable means of accommodation, unlike traditional city planning, slums are still produced, modify and expanded by the inhabitants which has led to its organic form, slums continue to have negative connotations and according to UN-Habitat a slum is defined as a run-down area that is characterised by substandard housing. However slums are considered to be one of the most efficient urban settlements due to their high density as often the population density within the slums is often a minimum of 16 times higher than an average city density, yet the average of size of a slum cluster is approximately 0.37acres suggesting a very compact form of living. (WHERE, 2009) The
compactness of the city has led to little need for motorised transport as everything can be accessed on foot, which has lessened there reliance on oil and as a result of pestrianisation the informal city consists of multiple communities with a strong social network. (Social Structure and Cultural Practices in Slum: A Study of Slums in Dhaka City by Tulshi Kumar Das) Life in a Slum Life within the slums is very sustainable as the high population ensures low costs per capita as everything is provided for the mass on site which enables the creation of more jobs within the informal sector, including casual or unskilled labour or in some case it can be unregistered and illegal work. slums and it is found in Mumbai. (Internet Geography, 2010) This can be expressed in the Case Study of Dharvai which is one of Indias largest Almost 20 percent of Indias GDP comes from Mumbai where at least half of the citys 12 million residents live in slums. 85% of the local slum dwellers have found employment within the informal sector which amounts to approximately one million dollars in turnover per year. (Kevin McCloud, Slumming It) Even though the income is generated within the informal economy the residents are now able to afford more luxury goods and services located outside of their informal neighbourhoods boosting the surrounding economy. which makes the informal city a major asset to the countrys GDP. In sub Saharan Africa 78% per cent of the countries non agricultural employment is in the slum which makes up 42 per cent of the countrys GDP. As the informal sector continues to develop new small scale enterprises will be created; thus increasing employment opportunities, which in total account for a minimum of 90% of the jobs generated in the next decade.(www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/Press_SG-visit_Kibera07/SG%2013.pdf) Lack of funds for expensive equipment in the informal city results in more jobs as all aspects of the production process are labour intensive, unlike in the planned city where most aspects are now mechanised. The disadvantages to this are that the informal city has widespread diseases which are a result of a lack of health and safety laws within the work matters. The organic compactness of the informal city creates a balance between the needs of the individual in compact yet well-equipped individual spaces and the needs of the community with multi functional public spaces (African Perspectives Conference 2011, The African Metropolis, Sarah Laisney and Sustainable Development of the Informal City, pg 4) (CNN, 2008) The Informal city generates more employment opportunities with cities in LEDCs
Source: (Sultana, 2007) Images highlight the different uses of space with image one showing washing hanging in a narrow walkway whereas the other shows a small market stall also along a footpath.
However life in the informal sector is hard as represented in the name penned for these sectors: slum is always used as a shorthand term for blighted, dirty, dysfunctional and unacceptable, all are true except for dysfunctional as slums may appear highly chaotic and disorganised but they are highly organised and flexible system that forms a highly defined organic structure. (www.iascblog.com/maa2011-2012-theoryconcepts/2012/01/slums-as-a-model-forfuture-projects) The organic form of the slum network has led to the creation of a maze of alleys and narrow courtyards with a mosaic of different colour and material buildings that are divided into small blocks (www.iaacblog.com/maa20112012-theoryconcepts/2012/01/slums-as-a-model-for-future-projects) suggesting a complex network of forms which are extremely difficult to navigate; impossible by motorised transport leading to all informal cities being pedestrianized. Due to the whole area being pedestrianized there is a strong sense of community as everyone knows each other leading to the creation of a strong social structure that is constantly evolving as traditions are inherited , which creates a sense of a respect and belonging to the area. (Kevin McCloud,Slumming IT) A Model for Change Designers and architects have come to respect the slum phenomenon as architecture in its own right as a creative, dynamic model that is flexible and can be maintained by community initiatives. The informal city is seen as a prime example of Vernacular Architecture. (African Perspectives Conference 2011, The African Metropolis, Sarah Laisney, Design and Sustainable Development of the Informal City, pg 4) Rio de Janerio in Brazil is a case study example of how the government is trying to improve living conditions within the slums. Rio de Janerio is one of Brazils largest urban settlements with a population of approximately 11.7million people; 67 per cent of the population growth is a result of migration. (www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/urbanprobsledus.html) This rapid influx in population has led to millions of people having to construct their own
home on the fringe of the city, Rocinha is the largest favela (slum) in Brazil and it is located on the southern hillside that overlooks the city and is just one kilometre from the beach. This favela is home to between 60,00 and 150,000 migrants (www.unanpourlaplanete.org/en/the-human-foorprint/urbanisation-andtransportation.html) Due to these housing shortages and the need for the migrants to build their own homes, the authorities have produced a series of self-help schemes where the authority provides the local residents with the materials required to construct permanent accommodation including breeze block and cement. As the residents provide the labour and the money saved is used to improve basic amenities like electricity and clean water.
Source: http://www.travel-images.com/photobrazil150.html Image shows brick slums in Rochina.
Source: http://www.architecturestudent.com/sustainable-design/slums-in-citiesproviding-low-cost-housing-to-end-slums/ Images showing traditionally constructed slums in Mumbai.
In comparison to a traditional slum, Rochina currently has a better and more developed infrastructure with most of the housing built from concrete and brick that vary from a few to four stories tall with basic sanitation, plumbing and electricity. Rio de Janeiro is an example of how simple changes can improve living conditions for existing favela residents, which could aid the development of vernacular architecture. Planned Urban Development In the next 40 years a large proportion of population growth will be absorbed by the city, the lack of planning results in the concentrate of poverty. (http://www.7billionactions.org/uploads/browser/files/7b_factsheets_urbanization_v5.p df) Planned Urban Development (PUD) has a critical role in limiting the effects of poverty within the city as it can improve the populations quality of life through the
provision of clean water and sanitation. Currently PUD is used to develop a classification for an area of land that can be zoned and eventually developed into a mixture of residential, non residential and open land. (Business Dictionary, 2012) Spatial planning is key in creating a sustainable development plan at the local level as, if it is utilised correctly the impact of settlements on the environment can be reduced whilst living conditions are improved (www.unhabitat.org/downloads/docs/10691-1-59420.pdf) The aim of a Planned Urban Development strategy is to create efficient and flexible infrastructure services and strategies that are realistic and attainable through consultation between the government and the key stakeholders. Previously issues have arisen at all levels of planning (orientation, master and detailed area) as they are developed by experts who have a clear vision of what their city could become with unlimited resources, yet they possess limited knowledge of the practicalities in how things function within a slum and what is actually attainable. (siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPINFRASTRUCT/Resources/Urban.pdf) CASE STUDY: Vietnam The spatial planning of the towns and cities in Vietnam were designed with the intention; that all construction of the master plan was to be carried out by state. The limitations of this are highlighted in the fact that before 2004, 80 per cent of the housing units where constructed by the owner, most of which have little living space with an area of less than 3 metres squared. (siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPINFRASTRUCT/Resources/Urban.pdf) highly ineffective. (siteresources.worldbank.org/INTEAPINFRASTRUCT/Resources/Urban.pdf) The increase in self built housing may be a result of the baby boom which occurred after the Vietnam war; resulting in an increase in people that the government was not prepared for. As a result it has been widely acknowledged that the master plans created for Vietnam where
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base
The 2005 population pyramid shows that the life expectancy is increasing due to an increase in economy and profits, which has allowed investment in health-care. However the population in Vietnam is expected to grow at a exponential rate; which the government is struggling to cope with. The government continues to fear that another population explosion will strain health and education services by reducing economic growth as currently two thirds of 86 million people living in Vietnam are under the age of 35 the two child policy has been re- introduced. (MacKinnon, 2008) Below is the 2050 population pyramid for Vietnam suggesting that dynamic interventions need to be developed in order to provide enough resources for the expected aging population.
Source: U.S. Census Bureau, International Data Base.
Vietnam is a large scale example of the negative associations with the informal city; the cases study of Vietnam allows some of the issues faced by developing cities when the experience rapid population growth and urbanisation to be identified and understood so that interventions can be developed and applied. Statistics highlight some of issues; in 2002 a survey was conducted of all Vietnams water supply companies which was used to determine the existing water supply coverage, the survey revealed that on average only 50% of the urban residents had access to clean piped water. Further health issues are present as none of the cities or towns in Vietnam have wastewater treatment facilities and with the government classifying fifty urban dump sites as environmental hazards. The contaminations of water and land resources are expected especially as all Vietnams largest cities are known to flood in the rainy season. (Coulthart, Quang and Sharpe, n.d.) Vietnam most fertile soils are found along the river deltas and alluvial plains making this land the most suitable land for agriculture for food production. This has resulted in a spatial association of settlements along the Mekong and Red river Delta; as 75% of Vietnams population is known to live in rural settlements (Change is Vietnam, 2009) the population has moved to these areas due to exploit the potential of fertile soil to increase food production which should create more employment opportunities. This trend is clearly highlighted in the map below which
shows density and distribution of the population. Highlighting the uneven spread of people and how overcrowding may be apparent in the small settlements along the river.
Source: (Change is Vietnam, 2009) As a result of this flooding
may also be prominent as the largest cities of Hanoi,
HCMC and Haiphong are located river deltas. (Change is Vietnam, 2009) Especially as they continue to develop along the river bed as Vietnam is known to transform 10,000 hectares of prime agricultural land to urban every year. (Coulthart, Quang and Sharpe, n.d.) Flooding and continued expansion has the potential to cause resource depletion. Nevertheless the rivers make up a large proportion of their economy and due to the close proximity to the river little energy is required to transport produce as most of the food grown is transported and sold on boats along the river as shown in the image below.
Source: (Change is Vietnam, 2009) A floating market; selling local produce on the Mekong River.
Issues of Master planning In order to plan for future growth in a more sustainable manner: master
plans need to become more effective through the incorporation of phased work stages as it will generate a more flexible structure that can be implemented in co ordination with social economic plans. Inflexibility is one of the main weaknesses of master planning as they lack the ability to accommodate changes to population growth etc. at the rate required. The plans should be more realistic in terms of resource availability and how this can impact the implementation of a strategy. In comparison the spontaneity of slum developments allows them to become more flexible, modelled on planned cities and towns with all the amenities that are deemed the norm for example paths are widened in selected areas to serve ass good can be bought or traded. (Woods, 2001) As slum structures are built on a local level by the individual/community involved; it gives them a more adaptive form developed through immediate responses to immediate space issues. Resulting in spaces being altered as required which creates a complex spatial cityscape woven together with a labyrinth off footpaths. Vietnam has begun a process of decentralisation with the aim of creating more local strategies to generate more flexible plans that can be adapted for the community involved. Currently planning issues within Vietnam are dealt with through the four levels of government which maintain its 64 provinces that have populations ranging from 6 million to 0.3 million. The size and scale of some of places in Vietnam is emphasised by the fact that five of the countrys largest cities Hanoi, Ho Chi Minch City, Hai Phong, Danang and Can Tho where awarded provincial status. All 64 provinces have been subdivided into 643 districts which are made up of a total 10,602 communities. (Coulthart, Quang and Sharpe, n.d.) Each layer of decentralisation process has been allocated an individual government allowing all decisions to be made at the relevant scale; this has created the opportunities for a
large variety of tasks to be performed at the local scale including the use and allocation of resources. Decentralisation of Vietnam will provide immediate benefits The District People Committee brings the decision Due to the to communities as decisions will be made immediately allowing the governments to respond faster to change. making to those who will be affected by the change; allowing appropriate resources to be delivered, which in turn will delivers a more sustainable solution. success of decentralisation; the total expenditure of local governments has almost doubled in ten years. Vietnam has become one of the decentralised countries (Coulthart, Quang and Sharpe, n.d.) Urban Sprawl Sprawl is defined as the slow decentralisation of human occupancy (Cornell University, 2006) through the development of low density housing developments that spread out from the town centres; this type of development is known as suburbia. (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2008) In comparison to the informal city these types of developments lack local facilities which have social, economic, political and environmental repocushions due to the dependency on motorised transport and the consumption of fossil fuels and the fragmentation of the cityscape which eats up valuable agricultural land and habitats whilst destroying any sense of community identity. (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2008) Until the nineteenth century the growth of the city was generally limited with more localised amenities and employment opportunities. further away from the workplace. As the transport system developed it gave people the option of escaping the city as they could now live Suburban growth has accelerated by the mass production of motorcars and residential homes and the availability of cheap fuel and mortgages fuelled the cultural desire to own a home of their own which led to households to abandon the city and move up and out to greener pastures. (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2008) the image below: This effect is shown in
Source: (GeogOnline, 2009)
Quebec is a prime case study of urban sprawl as between the period of 1971 and 2001 the urban area grew by 248% whereas the population grew by a mere 42& in comparison. (sagacitymovie.org/category/planned-urbanization/) Horizontalisation of the city has continued at the expense of the environment and agriculture as in an eight year period 7594 hectares of agricultural land was urbanised. Yet thousands of hectares of non agricultural land sat empty available for urbanisation. (sagacitymovie.org/category/planned-urbanization/) Suggesting if future developments where planned more carefully spaces within the city may be used more efficiently and land can be zoned and developed depending on suitability for either agriculture or settlement. This may limit the environmental impacts of sprawling urbanisation including fragmentation of land and its communities. Slum dwellers have a strong social structure as all communities have a strong neighbourhood identity because their city is walkable, not only does it cut down on emissions but allows residents to become familiar with their neighbours by chance encounters, some cities especially in South America have little opportunities for such encounters. Due to how some housing estates are designed with no footpaths or pavements along roads, which makes it impossible for people to travel around on foot. (International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2008) Dubai has a reputation for being extremely difficult to navigate on foot, with only eleven footbridges a simple journey across the road can result in a ten minute car ride down six lane motorways, complete with frequently lethal U-turns, simply to get across the street. (Global Culture, 2008) Increased transport infrastructure and the dependency on motorised transport is a symptom of current urban development, as
the urban perimeter continues to expand from the city centre; travelling distances are increased alongside congestion, air pollution and respiratory diseases. The Slum Phenomenon Slums are a result of rapid urban growth, they are generally located on the fringe of the city, they are constructed as a result of rapid population growth and they are often located close to employment opportunities. (Davis, 2006) Due to the limited space available the individual self-constructed structures are small and compact yet as multiple structures and the tight knit communities within them evolve; which enables the growth of shanty towns to continue, eventually merging into continued belts of shanty towns, forming what is known as Mega slums. (Davis, 2006) Informal settlements are the fastest growing segment of the urban population with the expected amount of people living in slums by 2050; estimated to be in the region of 3 billion, this equates to one in three of the worlds citizens. (New Towns for the 21st Century, The Planned vs. The Unplanned City, International Town Institute pg. 13) The slum phenomenon represents a form of proto planning that enables the inhabitants the option to modify and expand their own home as required, due to the lack of restrictions and laws within the informal city new ideas can be tried and tested which has led to innovative use of space. compactness of the city has many advantages through the use of vertical built forms to maximise space on the ground. The high density and flexible organic nature of the informal city is an example of the how it has the potential to form a highly sustainable model for future growth; as each dweller consumes less land, less water and generates less waste and pollution than areas of lower densities (Brand, 2010) Vernacular Architecture The informal city is one of the prime examples of Vernacular Architecture, which is defined as informal architecture or architecture without architects, the structures usually characterised by their simple design and use of locally sourced materials. (Farex, 2012) Similar together architecture it has a distinctive aesthetic and in the case of the slums each cluster represents local conditions and materials. Slum developments fill a necessary gap within the architecture field (Maat, 2012) as the residents have an accurate knowledge of local construction methods, these skills need to be maintained and perfected as can be used in future development programs. 90% of the worlds architecture is considered to be vernacular (Arboleda, 2006) suggesting that these skills can become invaluable. Especially since vernacular architecture is considered to be the future for sensitive development schemes that provide for the low ethnic minorities (Arboleda, 2006) by using their traditional The
architectural skills and materials.
These types of architecture are considered to be
more socially and environmentally beneficial. (Arboleda, 2006) Case Study: Dharavi Dharavi in India is prime case study of how one piece of land can serve as a workshop for multiple industries that make a huge contribution to Indias GDP as with 60,000 structures it is known to generate an annual economic output is estimated to be between $600 million to $1 billion. (The New York Times, 2011) This GDP is achieved through efficient use of space; for example in one building it is known that carpenters are assembling furniture on the ground floor. crouched over sewing machines making blouses. are fashioning mens suits and wedding apparel. businesses. (The New York Times, 2011) Urban planners could learn from slum dwellers ingenious use of both indoor and outdoor space to maximise social and economic sustainability; these model enterprises require investment from the government to improve sanitation and the necessary equipment to complete tasks without detrimental effects to the employees health. These multi-functional aspects of the slum are one of the assets to be used in Planned Urban Development; especially in the form of green infrastructure which currently being developed to improve social and ecological connectivity with the aim of improving sustainability and improve the populations wellbeing. (http://usheffield.academia.edu/IanMell/Papers/997530/GREEN_INFRASTRUCTURE__INNOVATIVE_LANDSCAPE_PLANNING_FOR_MULTI-FUNCTIONAL_ENVIRONMENTS Green Infrastructure-Innovative Landscape Planning for Multi-functional Environments? Ian C. Mell and Maggie Roe, Fabos Landscape Planning and Greenways Symposium, March 31st 2007, Amherst-Massachusetts) The use of green infrastructure and multifunctional spaces will increase connectivity within the city through decreasing landscape fragmentation; as a result more sustainable spaces will develop. One floor up, men are busily cutting and stitching jeans. Upstairs from them, workers are And at the top still more workers One crumbling shanty. Four
Source: (asla, 2009) The image above highlights how green infrastructure can be integrated into the urban framework. Green infrastructure is a concept for a multifunctional cityscape that provides a framework two levels of change. The first aspect is how they perform on an ecological level as it has the potential to connect park and wildlife systems and secondly on a urban level as increased green infrastructure will reduce energy consumption and water run-off. (asla, 2009) Slum Upgrading Education of authorities is required to gain a better understanding of how informal city works, to allow for the allocation of safe land that is suitable for settlement by the poor migrants, once this is achieved and the population feel secure in their right to inhabit this land, the residents will start to invest in the area themselves which will lead to gradual upgrading. (The Cities Alliance, 2012) Slum upgrading is a movement to improve all basic living conditions for the residents within the informal city; this generally includes gradual steps to improve existing economic, social and institutional services including citizenship; everything that is available to the residents of the planned city. Slum upgrading is essential for future urban development; as they continue to grow rapidly other issues such like poverty to continue to exist which slows all city development. (The World Bank Group, 2000) These services provide the slum dwellers with land tenure, infrastructure, and social services. More action is required than the obvious need for water and drainage facilities (The Cities Alliance, 2012) Education and health services are a priority, as many of these residents will become the future workforce and tax payers. Upgrading may be more successful then slum clearance and relocation of the population as it has been noted that some residents were allocated land or a home elsewhere which they sold and then have moved back to their previous dwelling within the slums. (Planet of Slums, Mike Davis, First published by Verso, 2006, Verso, London, and Chapter 2: The Prevalence of Slums, pg. 74) This may be caused through the disruption of the social and economic structure if people are moved to far from their original dwelling. These reasons need to be fully understood; in order to discover how slums work and what the best strategy of relocation could be. Upgrading and the prevention of new slum formation are key for the development of future sustainable cities because if slum conditions are allowed to deteriorate or if the population explodes crime and disease may impact the whole city. (The Cities Alliance, 2012)
Source: http://freepages.family.rootsweb.ancestry.com/~thecohens/feldbergdna.html
The informal cities where built due to rapid growth of population within the city as people searched for a better way of life. The fact that the population now wish to remain in the informal city suggests that a greater understanding of why this is, can be used as a tool to maintain migration rates are sustainable level. Slum upgrading will improve how these informal cities develop now, which in the future may become a solution for arising issues in the planned city. Upgrading will create a new image for the slum and as a result it will release a whole range of skills that can be utilised within the planned city to further economic development and enhance local productivity. Careful planning of how As a result the quality slums are to be upgraded will help the government to understand and address underlying city issues caused by uncontrolled urbanisation. secure. (The Cities Alliance, 2012) of life will be improved through provision of permanent shelter that is safe and
Source: (SLUM LAB, 2008) Expansible Units concept is an example of how slums can be upgraded.
In order for the upgrading to be successful and implemented on site, the strategies must be affordable, flexible and viable it is essential that the population of the informal city understands why these changes are important and that the strategies will benefit the community. Community participation is one of the main aspects of slum upgrading and it can be established in conjunction with other initiatives such as, the preservation of historic areas, traditions, health, education and a solution to poverty to become more successful. Conclusion Urban Heat Island Rapid urbanisation has led to many issues including the un planned city layouts like slums: these developments have consumed prime retail land, thus limiting future planned growth. (Gultzar, 2011) The continued consumption of land informally has led to an overdeveloped urban mass with little or no green space. The lack of green space within the urban mass has created the phenomenon known as the Urban Heat Island.
Source: (censam, 2008) Image shows the effect of the urban heat island on the night temperature.
The Urban Heat Island is a product of Urbanisation; the effect is enhanced when large proportions of surfaces like concrete and asphalt are installed. The properties of dark surfaces have an adverse effect on the surrounding environment, as they can efficiently absorb heat from the sun which is then reradiated through thermal infrared radiation which results in the surface being 50 70 degrees Fahrenheit hotter than the surrounding area. (www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/articles/urban_sprawl_and_Public_Health_PHR.pdf - Urban Sprawl and Public Health, Howard Frumkin, MD, Dr, PH, Public Health Reports/ May June 2002/Volume 117) This is may become an issue as Urban Heat Islands are known to contribute to climate change and the greenhouse effect which contributes
to global warming. These effects are enhanced during hot days as increase is known to have the most negative effects on poor ventilated buildings and areas with little thermal isolation. These promote living conditions are prominent within the informal city, the extreme thermal discomfort is known to increase the risks of heat related illness including: heatstroke, exhaustion, syncope and cramps. (Urban Heat islands, 2011) Large areas of undisturbed urban environment lead to an increased opportunity for direct exposure to sun light, which is known to enhance this effiency. has proven efficient at lowering the temperatures that are re-radiated, in comparison to other inanimate objects that have the same colour. (Shashua-Bar and Hoffman, 2000) Investment in vegetation especially trees will be beneficial for the urban environment as they provide invaluable shade preventing up to 30% of the sun energy from reaching the surface below. (Climate Protection Partnership Division, n.d. p2) As a result the maximum temperature can be reduced by 45 degrees Farinheight. (Climate Protection Partnership Division, n.d. p2) and they have the ability to cool the air through evapotranspiration. Additionally integration of vegetation in the built form can help improve air quality through the reduction of CO2 by photosynthesis. www.cdc.gov/healthyplaces/articles/urban_sprawl_and_Public_Health_PHR.pdf - Urban Sprawl and Public Health, Howard Frumkin, MD, Dr, PH, Public Health Reports/ May June 2002/Volume 117). The use of green infrastructure within the slum could improve current slum conditions caused by the Urban Heat Island for example the implementation of green roofs or walls could benefit the residents through the process of evapotranspiration (shown below) which will cool the air. Vegetation
Source: Climate Protection Partnership Division, n.d.p3.
Green walls have proven effective at reducing solar heating especially on a south and west facing wall and are known to reduce daily fluctuations in temperature by 50%. (livingroofs.org, 2012)
Multifunctional Space The Informal Unplanned City is known to have positive and negative associations which have the potential to be modified and replicated to increase sustainability of the planned city. Kowloons Walled City was known as a dense labyrinth of high-rise self-built structures up to 16 stories high and covering an area of just 6.5 acres. The total population was 33,000 leading to Kowloons Walled being one of the most densely populated places in the world. (Urban Photo, 2011) The entire city was built by the residents; due to the lack of master planning the dense high form of the city led to tall dark narrow passages with unplanned staircases and bridges as the form of access available.
Source: (Urban Photo, 2011) Kowloons Walled City
The city was known as an intense hive of human activity, as multiple businesses where found within one structure; for example factories may exist in one room which is built next to a residential home that is followed by a restaurant. (Urban Photo, 2011) Typical slum conditions existed on the ground with piles of rubbish and hazardous waste, led many of the residents to escape the squalor by socialising on the rooftops amongst the freshest air (Urban Photo, 2011) suggesting that these spaces have the potential to continue the multi-functional design approach through the creation of green recreation spaces which would provide spaces to relax and socialise with the additional environmental benefits.
Source: (Urban Photo, 2011) the rooftops of Kowloons Walled City which have potential for future green spaces.
(Homa Therapy, 2009) Future visualisation of high rise recreational green spaces.
Due to the high level of waste in the unplanned cities with investment in this negative aspect could be redeveloped as a potential source of renewable energy.
Source: (Inhabitat, 2009) Cairo Garbage City
A prime example of this potential is explored in Mekano Architects concept design for Cairo Garbage City. The concept was a response to the current living conditions of Zabbleen which was once a recycling centre, the design intention was to improve the sites living conditions whilst maintaining its core economy of recycling. potential for energy production in the form of methane production. The prefabricated homes where stacked on multi-functional pole stilts which were designed to act as conduits for biogas, water and electricity; in addition to the fact that they were designed to act like wind stalks in order to harvest the wind that The resulting design was a layered city that stood above the ground whilst utilising its
can be utilised within the settlements.
Finally all non-organic waste is to be
recycled as building components; in a similar way to how slums are built.
Source: (Green Prophet, 2011) Images of Mekano Architects Cairo Garbage City
This concept highlights some aspects that need to be considered in any future development such as how to deal with waste. Recycling is core part of what make the slum sustainable with all structures are made from recycled materials. On site waste utilisation either through biofuel, compost or recycling is essential as in 2011 23.5 million tonnes of waste was sent to landfill. (defra, 2012) This concept utilises the potential of the negatives; through a productive resource which is similar to how a slum is developed with everything having a function. Green Walls Future developments have the potential for multifunctional aspects to be built into them; an example of this is green walls and roofs. Green Walls have the potential to reduce the urban heat island effect. Traditionally Hedra is one of the most commonly used species for wall climbers and under the right conditions the vegetation can be used to generate a self-regenerating cladding system which can reach heights of 25 metres; through the use of sufficient irrigation greater heights can be achieved. (livingroofs.org, 2012) Aesthetically the softer green surfaces break up a mass of bleak urban surfaces, as a result additional greenery is known to improve the publics perception of the city.
As the slums occur mostly in tropical and sub-tropical zones a different planting palette is required; this provides the opportunity for a more dynamic possibly productive finish. Simple additions of a wooden trellis can provide the opportunity to grow fruit on vines including Kiwis, Grapes and Passion Fruit which could enhance the economy of a local slum. (MaCabe, 2010) Careful selection of vines can improve biodiversity as varieties with flowers and fruit can serve as a nectar source for insects and food for birds. (livingroofs.org, 2012) Additionally climbers are very effective at trapping dust, thus reducing air pollution. Studies have shown that the concentration of lead and cadmium where the highest in the dead leaves and wood; having stored the pollutants the metals and dispatching of them with minimal environmental impact. (livingroofs.org, 2012) There effectiveness of climbers will contribute to the reduction of air pollution, energy consumption, water run-off and improving biodiversity within the future cities. Green walls should be seen as an asset for future slum upgrading because they are designed to maximise the productivity of a vertical space whilst consuming little horizontal space making green walls especially suitable for the informal city. As more than 90% of construction in the informal city is done by the residents (www.policyinnovations.org/ideas/innovations/data/000161) as green walls would be a viable option for the informal city as with some education green walls can be planted and maintained by the residents. CASE STUDY: Puente Piedra Pitagoras school is one of the poorest schools in the Lomas de Zappalli community which has a population of 27,000 a small part of the mega-slum which has 1.5 million inhabitants. (University of Washington, 2012) As part of an Exploration Seminar with the University of Washington worked with the community to develop a number of designs for the 600 square metre park that connects both the upper and lower sections of the school, which has now become a ecological learning landscape with all vegetation labelled for reference. (University of Washington, 2012 The park was constructed over a two week period by the community. An estimated 200 plants ranging from geraniums to African tulip trees Additionally a grey water irrigation were planted. (University of Washington, 2012)
system was developed and installed alongside a program for further collaboration with the Slum Dwellers International to aid future Slum Upgrading (University of Washington, 2012)
Source: (University of Washington, 2012) Before:
Source: (University of Washington, 2012) After:
The informal city is known to be constructed and developed by its residents through a bottom up approach to urbanisation, in many cases this has led to the creation of a self-sufficient city. Construction materials are often scrap pieces of wood and metal sheeting; as migrants come to the city with nothing they are often very entrepreneurial as they continue to strive to better themselves by making the most of the assets available. (www.ft.com/cms/S/0/92994d10-f854-11e0-a41900144feab49ahtml#axzzlx6DEEfa0) As a result an organic, flexible city structure is developed which has a strong cultural heritage maintained by the presence of older generations that generates a strong community and social network. CASE STUDY: Rural Studio The rural studio was created to provide students with first-hand experience of designing and constructing buildings in a rural setting that are more appropriate response. This is due to the students living on site within the community which will enable them to gain an understanding; this should allow them to develop a more suitable response based on what is viable on site with the locals skills and materials, without the contradictions and opinions generated in an academic setting. (designboom, 2010) The project was developed as a form of context-based learning, which was created with the aim of improving living conditions in rural Alabama. (designboom, 2010) Some of their projects include:
(designboom, 2010) Hale
(designboom, 2010) Perry Lakes
County Animal Shelter
Park Project Bridge
Both examples are result of a flexible organic design approach, simple to the approach adopted by the slum dwellers that develop the Informal City. CASE STUDY: Metro Cable In comparison to how the planned city has developed with its intensive transportation network which has caused fragmentation of the city and its communities. The adverse effects of the transport network has been recognised by the Urban Think Tank when they developed the Metro Cable Car system in Caracas, the project was developed through observation and conferences over a three year period. The aim of the project was to treat a public transport system for the slum As the half an walk to the top of Barria community without destroying any homes or communities in the process of constructing the necessary infrastructure. la Cruz hill is the equivalent to the height of a 39 storey building, the journey consists of a dangerous 1000 stepped incline with spontaneous curves that wind their way up the hill. (www.policyinnovations.org/ideas/innovations.data/00161) Metro Cable is a cable-car system that was designed to integrate the slum communities to the subway lines in Caracas. The sensitive nature of the development causes minimal disturbance on site whilst maximising accessibility: this form of approach should be adopted in future slum upgrading. Urban Farming Urban farming could become a viable solution for the future of food production as the shortage of agricultural land becomes more prominent with currently over 800 million hectares committed to agriculture which equates to about 38% of the earths total landmass. In the next 50 years based on current (Despommier, n.d.) Community agricultural techniques it is expected that an additional 109 hectares (the size of Brazil) is required to feed the expected population. led urban farms within todays planned cities would increase social interaction and The
improve respect for an area through an increase in social connections. centres which are commonly known as Vertical Farms. agricultural land on every the
concept of an urban farm has been explored in the form of food production Tall buildings made with level will enhance productively immediately by increasing
land available, as well as the climate conditions as they can be monitored and Production on site with city would significantly reduce reliance on
adapted eliminating the risk of severe weather conditions such as flooding or drought. imported goods which in turn will reduce energy use and emissions. A long-term benefit of vertical farming is that gradually the earths natural ecosystems which have been damaged by intensive agriculture will begin to repair themselves. (Despommier, n.d.) Further benefits could be benefited from the structure itself These systems could through water collection and recycling, all other waste has the potential to be recycled on site and utilised within the city energy network. consist of utilising animal waste for methane collection, leaf litter for composting and where applicable algae can be used for harvesting; all of which are sustainable energy sources. CASE STUDY: inFARMal network The sustainability of the slums is achieved through their access to local amenities, as everything is located within walking distance. Zarachary Aders explored this idea through his concept of an Urban Farm which he designed as an additional layer to an existing informal city. options. In order to determine the arrangement of the agricultural layer Aders studied exiting slums to discover possible siting In order to develop an appropriate framework he studied the existing A key aspect of his approach was urban density and the topography of the land.
that it could be constructed from the existing housing structures; this would be achieved by pouring additional concrete around exiting or cleared housing footings. The sensitive nature of Aders approach was built on the foundations of existing structures; which allows it to form pre-determined networks which were unintentionally designed by the residents. The organic nature of the farm allows it to wind its way around existing houses with minimal intervention, but achieving maximum impact. (slumlab, 2008) Aders worked the concept on a new layer elevated above the ground to maximise productivity and to generate potential to improve energy and drainage within the slum.
Source: (slumlab, 2008)
Images illustrating concept
A raised farm will minimise impact on the ground as it would not interfere with the existing dynamic economy and finally by raising the farm it disconnected the productive space from the ground and its diseases improving food security. (slumlab, 2008)
Bibliography (Resource depletion: Opportunity or looming catastrophe, Richard Anderson, BBC News 12 June 2012) (The Guardian A record population increase? Its OK, Britain can cope, Matt Cavangah, Tuesday 17 July 2012) Population Reference Bureau, 2012. Human Population Urbanization [online] Available at <www.prb.org/educators/teachersguides/humanpopulation/urbanization.aspx>[Accesse d 17 August 2012]. Nordpil, 2012. World map of urban areas in 2005 [online] Available at <http://libweb.anglia.ac.uk/referencing/harvard.htm>[Accessed 17 August 2012] Six sense oldham six form college, 2005. Geography Definitions [online] Available at <http://sixthsense.osfc.ac.uk/geography/pages/settlements/definitions.asp>[Accessed 17 August 2012] Radberg, 1988 in Gren,2006, 18 Land Commodities, 2009. Investment Fundamentals [online] Available at <http://www.landcommodities.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=main.dspInvestmentFundament als>{Accessed 17 August 2012] Davis, M., 2006. Planet of Slums. London: Verso WHERE Imagining an urban future, 2009. Dharavi 2: Does This Look Like a Slum? [online] Available at <thewhereblog.blogspot.co.uk/2009/06/dharavi-ii-does-this-looklike-slum.html> [Accessed 15 August 2012] Internet Geography, 2010. Urbanisation [online] Available at www.geography.learnontheinternet.co.uk/topics/urban.html [Accessed 15 August 2012] edition.cnn.com/2008/TECH/06/10/slumcity/index.html) Business Dictionary, 2012, Planned Urban Development (PUB) Definition [online] Available at <www.businessdictionary.con/definition/planned-urban-developmentpup.html> [Accessed 17 August 2012] MacKinnon, I., 2008. Vietnam plans return to two-child policy to tackle population growth. The Guardian, [online] 21 November. Available at <http://www.guardian.co.uk/world/2008/nov/21/vietnam-population-baby-boom> [Accessed on 18 August 2012] Coulhart, A., Quang, N., and Sharpe, H., n.d. Urban Development Strategy Meeting the challenges of rapid urbanization and the transition to a market oriented economy [pdf] Available at:
<www.scribd.com/doc/17736067/Urban-Development-Strategy-in-VietnamWorld.Bank> [Accessed 15 August 2012] Change is Vietnam, 2009, Effects of human interaction in Vietnam [online] Available at <http://changeisvietnam.wordpress.com/human-change-to-population-in-vietnam/> [Accessed 16 August 2012] Lebbus Woods, 2011, SLUMS: a too-long story [online] Available at <http://lebbeuswoods.wordpress.com/2011/04/29/slums-a-too-long-story/> [Accessed 16 August 2012] Cornell Unversity, 2006, The Definition of Sprawl [online] Available at <http://devsoc.cals.cornell.edu/outreach/cardi/programs/land-use/sprawl/definition_sprawl.cfm> [Accessed 14 August 2012]
International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, 2008,Urban Sprawl [online] Available at <http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/Urban_sprawl.aspx> [Accessed 15 August 2012]
GeogOnline, 2009, Challenges of Living in a Built Environment [online] Available at <http://www.geogonline.org.uk/gcse_theme1_KI1.2.htm> [Accessed 15 August 2012] Global Culture, 2008, made up urban spaces [online] Available at <globalculture.net/2008/10/29/made-up-urban-space/> [Accessed 16 August 2012] Brand,s., 2010, How slums can save the planet. The Prospect App [online] 27 January. Available at < www.prospectmagazine.co.uk/magazine/how-slums-can-savethe-planet/> [Accessed 14 August 2012] Farex, 2012, vernacular architecture . [online] Available at <http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/vernacular+architecture> [Accessed 18 August 2012] Maat, S., 2012, Slum, the Vernacular Architecture of Swelling Cities The other way around. [online] Available at <http://theperfectslum.blogspot.co.uk/2009/11/slum.html> [Accessed 18 August 2012} Arboleda, G., 2006, What is Vernacular Architecture? [online] Available at <http://www.vernaculararchitecture.com> [Accessed 18 August 2012] Yardley, J., 2011, In One Slum, Misery, Work, Politics and Hope, The New York Times [online] Available at <http://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/29/world/asia/in-indian-slum-misery-work-politicsand-hope.html?pagewanted=all> [Accessed 16 August 2012] Asla, 2009, Green Infrastructure (asla) [online] Available at <http://wwwater.blog.edu.cn/2009/464127.html> [Accessed 18 August 2012]
The Cities Alliance, 2009, About Slum Upgrading [online] Available at <www.citiesalliance.org/About-slum-upgrading> [Accessed 18 August] The World Bank Group, 2000, What is Urban Upgrading? [online] Available at <http://web.mit.edu/urbanupgrading/upgrading/whatis/what-is.html> [Accessed 18 August 2012] SLUM LAB, 2008, Expansible Units [online] Available at <http://slumlab.org/page/4#/post/1111596440> [Accessed 16 August 2012]
Censam, 2008, Built & Natural Environment [online] Available at <http://censam.mit.edu/research/res1/index.html> [Accessed 19 August 2012] Gultzar, 2011, Issues from urbanization trends in India [online] Available at < gulzar05.blogspot.co.uk/2011/07/issues-from-urbanization-trends-in.html>[Accessed 17 August 2012] Urban Heat Islands, 2011, The Urban Heat Island (UHI) Effect [online] Available at <http://www.urbanheatislands.com/> [Accessed 19 August 2012] Energy and Buildings, 2000, Vegetation as a climatic component in the design of an urban street An empirical model for predicating the cooling effect of urban green areas with trees [pdf] Available at: < http://jwc.cicp.edu.cn/resource/data/080704/U/150/data/coursefile/5446.pdf> [Accessed 17 August 2012] Climate Protection Partnership Division, n.d. Reducing Urban Heat Islands: Compendium of Strategies green Roofs. [pdf] Available at <http://www.epa.gov/hiri/resources/pdf/GreenRoofsCompendium.pdf> [Accessed 19 August 2012] Livingroofs.org, 2012, Green Walls. [pdf] Available at <livingroofs.org/2010030363/green-rooftypes/grwalls.html> [Accessed 17 August 2012] Urban Photo, 2011, Whats Left of the Kowloon Walled City. [online] Available at: <http://www.urbanphoto.net/blog/2011/01/08/whats-left-of-the-kowloon-walled-city/> [Accessed 16 August 2012] Homa Therapy, 2009, Ecological News [online] Available at <http://www.homatherapyindia.com/aggregator/categories/1> [Accessed 19 August 2012] Inhabitat, 2009, Incredible Garbage City Rise Outside of Cairo [online] Available at <http://inhabitat.com/incredible-garbage-city-rises-outside-of-cairo/ > [Accessed 15 August 2012] Green Prophet, 2011, Mekano Designs Renewable Energy Skyscraper For Cairos Filthy Garbage City [online] Available at
<http://www.greenprophet.com/2011/03/mekano-garbage-city-skyscraper/> [Accessed 15 August 2012] Defra, 2012, Local Authority collected waste for England-annual statistics [online] Available at <http://www.defra.gov.uk/statistics/environment/waste/wrfg23wrmsannual/> [Accessed 19 August 2012] McCabe, 2012, Tropical Green Building Tour [online] Available at <http://www.puravidasunsets.com/green-building-tour.html> [Accessed 19 August 2012] University of Washington, 2012, A Peruvian slum gets a massive green makeoverwith slide show [online] Available at <http://www.washington.edu/news/2012/02/13/aperuvian-slum-gets-a-massive-green-makeover-with-slide-show/> [Accessed 19 August 2012] Designboom, 2010, The Rural Studio [online] Available at <http://www.designboom.com/history/rural_studio.html)> [Accessed 19 August 2012] Despommier, D., n,d, The Vertical Farm: Reducing the impact of agriculture on ecosystem functions and services. [online] The Vertical Farm Available at <(www.verticalfarm.com/more?essay1> [Accessed 19 August 2012] SLUM LAB, 2008, inFARMal network [online] Available at < http://slumlab.org/page/4#/post/1126349326> [Accessed 16 August 2012]
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text:
"Son, I do not have a choice": Ronnie Nathanielsz recalls why he refused to leave Marcos camp pre-EDSA
In 1973, President Marcos made Sri Lankan Ronnie Nathanielz a Filipino citizen by virtue of a presidential decree.
Culture	Books
In this excerpt lifted from his posthumously published memoir, the sports analyst reveals the dynamic he had with his children despite stubbornly and starkly different views. Amidst talks of assassination attempts, his oldest son fervently pleaded for him to stand down. But the Marcos defender would not be deterred.
Ronnie Nathanielsz | Apr 03 2019
We made it a point to enroll our two daughters, Cleonie and Elizabeth, in the University of the Philippines in Los Baños and our son, Clifford, in the University of the Philippines Diliman. I didn't wish to influence their thinking or their attitude with my own perception of what was the right or wrong. This helped develop their sense of independent thinking and a healthy, but respectful difference with us about the administration of President Marcos under martial law and the manner in which some of his friends or cronies amassed what my son in particular consider ill-gotten wealth.
My two daughters were far less aggressive in discussing these issues over the dinner table. However, there was one incident involving my daughter Elizabeth.
When then Education Secretary Onofre Corpuz addressed a student forum at Los Baños, he was subjected to grilling by Elizabeth. Corpuz recalled asking her, "Who is Ronnie Nathanielsz to you?" She replied, "He is my father, Mr. Secretary."
When Secretary Corpuz and I met some days later on a TV interview for Face the Nation, he recounted the exchange with my daughter and credited her for being a smart girl.
Months before the snap election of 1986, Clifford pleaded with me to part ways with President Marcos. This was the same request made by two of my most valued and respected friends and tennis buddies: Danny Gozo, who later joined President Cory Aquino's media operations, and Eduardo "Eddie" Sanchez, who died in a tragic accident along South Super Highway. The last time he visited me at my home in Parañaque, they suggested that I leave President Marcos and join the forces that supported Ninoy Aquino. I clearly recall telling them that I would never abandon President Marcos. After his term ended, however, I would consider joining them in the Ninoy Aquino camp.
Nathanielsz with his children Elizabeth, Cleonie, Cliff, and Geraldine during his visit in the United States in 2011
More memories from Martial Law days:
This Bionic Boy's Life: what happened after Malacañang
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As the election approached, my son's pleas became more fervent. On the eve of the TV coverage of the snap election, he went to my office and begged me not to do it. He was concerned about the "country being in turmoil" and noted that I was "in the front and center in the media representing your views."
He impressed on me the thought that "the country needed a change" and asked me "to step down from the post and not be the front for what others interpreted as a loyalist view." He said, "While I know you will stand up for what you believe in, I am fearful for your life hence I am pleading with you to step down."
Ronnie Nathanielsz (middle), together with Malacañang reporters (right) preparing for the interview with Ninoy Aquino On Face The Nation on March 10, 1978.
As Clifford recalled, my reply was something like this, "Son, I do not have a choice. I have to stand for what I believe in and I would do it even if it was not asked of me."
I tossed in bed for hours, pondering my son's plea. In fact, I left our home late so the coverage began with my co-host Rita Gaddi Baltazar, an articulate and talented anchor person perfectly capable of handling the task, all by herself.
When I finally arrived, Rita and the staff, which included director and producer Ed Finlan, were somewhat relieved since they knew of my son's visit and his plea. My son's fear for my safety were well-founded.
In a book one of my friends at that time, Gerry Esguerra, published later on, he revealed that he wanted "to make a statement" by assassinating me. Fortunately, Colonel Rolando Abadilla had assigned two crack security men; one to Rita and one to me.
On the way to an interview with Dong Puno, I was instructed by my security escort, who rode in a backup vehicle, to stay close to the center aisle so that no gunman could get close to me. My security was positioned in such a way that they would ward off any threats, which they actually did.
Ronnie Nathanielsz with his children Elizabeth, Clifford, and Cleonie in the 60s.
I had been given a snub-nosed .38 silver dum-dum bullets by Malacañang for my personal protection. But I hated guns, convinced that a gun was an invitation to disaster. And so it was Amelia Lupena, my partner, who used to carry the gun in her handbag, ready to defend me at all costs. It reinforced my affection and respect for her.
The recent launch of the broadcaster's memoir was attended by different personalities in different sports, including PBA great Robert Jaworski, Tim Cone, and Norman Black as well as the widow of boxing legend Flash Elorde, and the Nathanieslz' youngest daughter Rachael.
Click on the arrows for slideshow
Basketball greats Norman Black, Tim Cone, and Robert Jaworski
Dyan Castillejo
Flash Elorde_s wife Laura Elorde
Former Senator and PBA coach Freddie Webb
Meralco Bolts head coach Norman Black
Ginebra San Miguel head coach Tim Cone
Rachael Nathanielsz
Sports analyst Atty Ed Tolentino
Sports analyst Mike Ochosa
The Living Legend, former Senator Robert Jaworski
My Reflection on 50 years in the Philippines by Ronnie Nathanielsz is available at National Book Store.
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/ancx/culture/spotlight/07/15/19/life-at-the-top-where-the-worlds-lavish-penthouses-can-be-found

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The professionals at Woodsman Tree Experts have been performing quality tree services in the Columbia, Maryland area for over 20 years. Columbia is a beautiful place to work and live and we are helping to continue this by providing only the highest level of aborist services. We respect and value the beauty of trees and strive to show this in every job we perform.


British Thermal Unit. This is the amount of heat it takes to raise one pound of water one degree Fahrenheit. For your home, it represents the measure of heat given off when fuel is burned for heating or the measure of heat extracted from your home for cooling.


A couple months ago, I shot a pictorial showing how to use Impossible Project film in a Mamiya RB67. Ever since then, I've been intrigued with the idea of using instant film in various cameras. The fact that you can use film in a camera it's not intended for is so cool to me! You can breathe life into old cameras. This morning, I was looking at the size of PZ680 Spectra film, and I noticed a dusty old Polaroid 95A sitting on my shelf. When I got this thing, it was basically useless. Film for this camera hasn't been made in a loooong time.
Would the back be big enough to fit a frame of Spectra film in?
Like a glove. I did some quick research online about the camera; f/8.8 with shutter speeds from 1/12th – 1/100th & a bulb setting. Using this technique, I extracted the photo from my Spectra and put it inside the 95A while in the darkroom,*my closet*. NOTE: When closed, the 95A's back holds the film in place perfectly. Nothing extra is needed to keep the film flat & in place. If you're removing film from your camera in the darkroom/closet, you will need a darkslide to put over the top of the cartridge BEFORE inserting it back in the camera.
The camera has notches for focusing from 3.5 – 50ft. To check its close focus, I snapped a quick photo inside my bathroom, with the lens roughly 21 inches away from the mirror. I metered the scene; 1/4th, f/8 @ 640. I tripped the shutter at the #1 setting @ 1/12th.
EDIT: Once I shot the image, I took the camera into the darkroom/closet to extract the photo, slid it back into an empty cartridge, stuck the cartridge in the Spectra and it ejected the image to start development.
When testing, the speeds were a little erratic. They would jump around slightly, but for the most part, when I pressed the shutter release slowly, the results were fairly consistent.
NOTE: If this is something you are going to try, take in account that with the 95A you might have, there will be some variances to the shutter speeds because of aged mechanical parts. Also, when using this method, because of the 95A's limited range of functionality & Impossible's film sensitivity, you will be restricted as to where and when you can shoot.
I loaded up another image later on in the evening and shot a 1 second exposure of a reflection near my house focusing at 50 ft. I used the bulb setting on the 95A and estimated the one second exposure.
It's a little overexposed (and not too great of an image) BUT at least I know for the things I'll use this for, the focusing works.
If you've got a Polaroid 95A just sitting on the shelf, like so many people do, it can still be used! When/if you try this, I WISH YOU THE BEST OF LUCK! As long as there are no light leaks and you gently handle the film when moving it from place to place, everything should be OK. Granted, it's not the easiest way to make an image, and there are a handful of extra variables, but who cares. If you enjoy a roundabout creative process, pick yourself up some Spectra film and try it out!
My question is this, after taking the shot, how did you do the rest of the processing? (Breaking the reagent pods, etc) I am asking because I, too, have a Model 95.
Harold – Once the image has been shot, you take the camera into a darkroom/closet to extract the photo, slide it into a cartridge, stick the cartridge in the Spectra and it ejects/develops the image.
If you have any other questions, send them my way!
Hi, My name is Daniel and I have a Polaroid land camera 95b which was in working condition. I just found some film and was so excited to take some photos. Well now the shutter is not working and i cannot fix it! Can you help me? There is a connection that is not allowing the shutter to move.
I noticed you said you put the exposed film back into the Spectra to develop it. Is there any way of going around this step as I don't have a spectra?
Chloe, you'll need a Spectra to develop the film as it has to pass through the rollers in order for the chemistry to spread across the film to start development.
Fuji Instax Wide film might also fit… It's an ASA 800 & nice color quality & develops instantly!


text:
2.1Roman period
2.2Byzantine period
2.3Crusader period
3Dimensions
4Ecosystem
Mamilla Pool
Ancient reservoir in Jerusalem
Mamilla pool in Jerusalem (1854), showing the adjacent Mamilla Cemetery
Mamilla pool (2005)
Mamilla Pool (also known as Birket Mamilla) is one of several ancient reservoirs that supplied water to the inhabitants of the Jerusalem.[1] It is located outside the walls of the Old City about 650 metres (710 yd) northwest of Jaffa Gate in the centre of the Mamilla Cemetery.[2][3] With a capacity of 30,000 cubic metres, it is connected by an underground channel to Hezekiah's Pool in the Christian Quarter of the Old City. It was thought as possible that it has received water via the so-called Upper or High-Level Aqueduct from Solomon's Pools,[4] but 2010 excavations have discovered the aqueduct's final segment at a much lower elevation near the Jaffa Gate, making it impossible to function as a feeding source for the Mamilla Pool.[5][6]
There are a number of theories on the origin of the name Mamilla. John Gray writes that it may be a corruption of the Hebrew word for 'the filler' (m'malle'), though that is uncertain.[7]
According to Vincent and Abel, the name of the pool may be derived from a Byzantine-period woman, Mamilla being a Latin female name, possibly abbreviated from Maximilla.[8][9] They mention in this context a 9th-century pilgrim who wrote that the pool was named after a pious matron, Mamilla, the wife of Thomas, who survived the 614 fall of the city.[9] This they find to be plausible, conceding that there was no proof for the connection as of 1922.[9] They further speculated that she might have sponsored the construction of the pool in a year of drought, for the benefit of the quarter adjacent to the Church of the Resurrection.[9] Pringle concurs in 1993 with Vincent & Abel that it is more likely that the church was named after the pool, rather than the other way around,[8] a theory proposed for instance by George Williams and Robert Willis in 1849, who saw the pool named for a church that once stood near the pool and dedicated to Saint Mamilla or Babila.[10]
The pool's original date of construction is unknown.[4][8] Biblical scholar Edward Robinson speculated that the pool may have been the Upper Pool mentioned in the Book of Isaiah (Isaiah 36:2), seeing that it is the only pool situated on the highest ground outside of Jerusalem,[11] and entraps the runoff waters of the upper watercourse of the Hinnom valley.[12] Others have speculated that it may have been the Serpent's Pool mentioned by Josephus.[13]
Roman period[edit]
A Herodian construction date, proposed by older researchers, has been disputed by more recent studies, which date the construction of the pool to the Byzantine period.[6]
The older theory is based on the fact that during the rule of Herod the Great (37 - 4 BCE), improvements were made to the water supply system in Jerusalem. It posits that two new pools constructed during his reign, the Pool of the Towers and the Serpent's Pool (Birket es-Sultan or Sultan's Pool), were fed by the Mamilla Pool via aqueducts.[14] Itzik Schwiki of the Jerusalem Center Site Preservation Council attributes the construction of the Mamilla Pool itself to Herod.[15]
Byzantine period[edit]
The possibility that the pool was built during the Byzantine period has had its supporters among researchers for at least a century.[8][9]
Following the Persian capture of Jerusalem from the Byzantines in 614, tens of thousands of Christians were massacred by Jews at the pool.[16][17][18] Israeli archaeologist Ronny Reich estimates a death toll of 60,000 people before the Persian authorities put an end to the killing.[19]
The eyewitness account of Strategius of St. Sabas narrates: "Jews ransomed the Christians from the hands of the Persian soldiers for good money, and slaughtered them with great joy at Mamilla Pool, and it ran with blood."[19] The Sulha al-Quds, the treaty of Jerusalem's capitulation to Muslim forces in 638, can only be understood in the context of the massacre at Mamilla. In it, the Christian Patriarch Sophronius of Jerusalem required that the Arab ruler Umar protect the people of Jerusalem from the Jews.[19]
Crusader period[edit]
During the period of Crusader rule over Jerusalem in the 12th century, Mamilla pool was known as the Patriarch's Lake, and the Pool of Hezekiah inside the city walls that it fed was known as the Pool of the Patriarch's Bath.[8]
In the 19th century, Horatio Balch Hackett described the pool:
At the distance of several hundred yards we come to another pool, Birket el-Mamilla, generally supposed to be the Upper Gihon of Scripture, (Isaiah 36, 2.) This reservoir is still used, and on the ninth of April contained three or more feet of water. It is about three hundred feet long, two hundred wide, and twenty feet deep. It has steps at two of the corners, which enable the people not only to descend and fetch up water, but to lead down animals to drink. It is customary, also, to bathe here. [20]
After the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, the Jerusalem municipality temporarily tried to connect the pool to the Jerusalem water supply, and coated the pool with cement.[16] Eventually, the pool fell into disuse.
A staircase descends into the now empty Mamilla pool
Dimensions[edit]
The pool's dimensions as recorded by Edward Robinson in the mid-19th century give a depth of 18 feet (5.5 m), a length of 316 feet (96 m), and a width of 200 feet (61 m) at its western end and 218 feet (66 m) at its eastern end.[11] In 2008, the dimensions are given as 291 feet (89 m) x 192 feet (59 m) x 19 feet (5.8 m).[21] Scholars have noted that a cistern at the bottom, below the lower end of a Mamilla pool, leads to a staircase that ends in a small room. There is a drainage pipe, measuring 53 cm in diameter at the exit of the pool and is later reduced to 23 cm, and which once allowed the flow of water into the city to be regulated.[12]
Ecosystem[edit]
With the first rains, the pool hosts an ecosystem of crabs, frogs, and insects. During spring, it becomes a haven for migrating birds.[16]
In 1997, a previously unknown species of tree frog was discovered in the pool. The researchers named their find Hyla heinzsteinitzi, in honoir of Heinz Steinitz, a deceased Israeli marine biologist. As of 2007, the species is assumed to be extinct.[22][23]
Jerusalem's water supply: from the 18th century BCE to the present, by Zvi Abells, Asher Arbit, 1993, p. 25
^ Avraham Negev, Shimon Gibson (2005). Archaeological encyclopedia of the Holy Land (Revised, illustrated ed.). Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 9780826485717.
^ Robert Walter Stewart (1857). The tent and the khan: A journey to Sinai and Palestine. Oliphant, Hamilton, Adams.
^ Asem Khalidi (Spring 2009). "The Mamilla Cemetery: A Buried History". Jerusalem Quarterly. 37.
^ a b Jerome Murphy-O'Connor (2008). The Holy Land: an Oxford archaeological guide from earliest times to 1700 (5th ed.). Oxford University Press. p. 168. ISBN 978-0-19-923666-4.
^ Wilke Schram (2013). "Pools of Jerusalem". Roman Aqueducts. Retrieved 2014-12-15.
^ a b Gurevich, David (November 5, 2020). "The Enigma of the High-Level Aqueduct to Jerusalem and the Mamilla Water System". Tel Aviv Journal. 47 (2): 268–281. doi:10.1080/03344355.2020.1820057. S2CID 226263091. Retrieved November 14, 2020.
^ A history of Jerusalem, John Gray, Praeger, 1969, p. 49
^ a b c d e Pringle, Denys (1993). Cemetery Chapel of St Mamilla (No. 330). The Churches of the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem: A Corpus: Volume 3, The City of Jerusalem. Cambridge University Press. pp. 217–220 [217]. ISBN 0521390389. Retrieved 14 June 2022. Pringle cites Vincent and Abel.
^ a b c d e Vincent, Louis-Hugues; Abel, Félix-Marie (1922). Sainte-Mamilla. Jérusalem: Recherches de topographie, d'archéologie et d'histoire. Vol. 2 (2nd part). Paris: Librairie Victor Lecoffre. pp. 868–71 [869–70]. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
^ George Williams and Robert Willis (1849). The Holy city: Historical, topographical, and antiquarian notices of Jerusalem, Volume 1. J. W. Parker. pp. 65–66.
^ a b Robinson, E.; Smith, E. (1841). Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount Sinai and Arabia Petraea: A Journal of Travels in the Year 1838. Vol. 1. Boston: Crocker & Brewster. pp. 483–484. OCLC 989455877.
^ a b Schiller, Eli, ed. (1988). Charles Wilson - Jerusalem the Holy City (צ'רלס וילסון - ירושלים העיר הקדושה) (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ariel. p. 125. OCLC 745100584.
^ Schiller, Eli, ed. (1988). Charles Wilson - Jerusalem the Holy City (צ'רלס וילסון - ירושלים העיר הקדושה) (in Hebrew). Jerusalem: Ariel. p. 126. OCLC 745100584.
^ Bromiley, Geoffrey W. (1982). International Standard Bible Encyclopedia: E-J (Revised ed.). Eerdmans. pp. 1024–1025. ISBN 9780802837820. Retrieved 14 June 2022.
^ Schwiki, Itzik (February 8, 2005). "The Total Experience from Dismantling and Rebuilding Teaches that This is a Highly Dubious Way of Preservation" (in Hebrew). 02net. Archived from the original on March 26, 2005. Retrieved 2007-07-20.
^ a b c Hidden Treasures in Jerusalem Archived 2017-01-06 at the Wayback Machine, the Jerusalem Tourism Authority
^ Idinopulos, Thomas A. (1991). Jerusalem blessed, Jerusalem cursed: Jews, Christians, and Muslims in the Holy City from David's time to our own. I.R. Dee, Chicago, p. 152.
^ Horowitz, Elliott S. (2006). Reckless Rites: Purim and the Legacy of Jewish Violence. p. 229.
^ a b c "Massacre at Mamilla". Jerusalem Post.
^ Illustrations of Scripture: suggested by a tour through the Holy Land By Horatio Balch Hackett, Heath & Graves, 1856, p. 269
^ The Land of Israel; A Text-Book on the Physical and Historical Geography of the Holy Land Embodying the Results of Recent Research, Robert Laird Stewart, 2008. Page 214
^ Who's to blame for disappearance of a new species of amphibian?, By Ofri Ilani, Haaretz, 2007
^ Grach, Plesser, and Werner, 2007, A new, sibling, tree frog from Jerusalem (Amphibia: Anura: Hylidae), 41: 714.
Coordinates: 31°46′40″N 35°13′14″E / 31.77778°N 35.22056°E / 31.77778; 35.22056
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mamilla_Pool&oldid=1134725343"
Reservoirs in Jerusalem
Classical sites in Jerusalem
Establishments in the Herodian kingdom


text:
Jennifer Lawrence and Eddie Redmayne talk The Hills, Chinese food and MORE Hunger Games
"I projectile vomited the entire way down the corridor!"
By Claire Hodgson
Prepare to fall madly in love with Jennifer Lawrence and Eddie Redmayne (if you aren't already), because they have just interviewed each other for Interview Magazine and it is truly wonderful.
We're not entirely sure why Jen is interviewing Eddie, other than the fact that they have met each other a few times and, in their words, she "knows a bit about sci-fi". But the reason doesn't really matter.
It's a pretty mahoosive chat at over 3000 words, so here's the 9 absolute best bits that you need to know.
1. Jennifer would TOTALLY be Katniss Everdeen again
When Eddie asks about The Hunger Games, J-Law reveals that they've just got "one scene to do for the end." When Eddie says he hopes they'll write more, she replies: "I know, right? I would totally do it." OOOH.
Eddie's edgy Interview shoot
Interview/Craig McDean
2. J-Law gets really nervous about acting
When Eddie admits he was petrified of accepting a role which carries as much pressure as Stephen Hawking, Jen admits, "that would scare the shit out of me."
Even more interesting, considering her movie history, is that she absolutely HATES having to fake stress, admitting that she gets really self-conscious filming emotional scenes. "I don't know if you get this, but I get embarrassed really easily when I have to have big meltdown scenes."
3. But then, so does Eddie
"I'm just one gigantic ball of rancid fear and self-consciousness. I'm entirely fuelled by fear, so the fact that I knew it could be a catastrophic disaster made me unable to sleep, and made me work quite hard."
Yeah… acting sounds kinda stressful.
4. Jen also HATES seeing herself on screen
We're really starting to wonder why Jennifer became an actress. Obviously, we're mega glad she did, but it sounds like it's pretty much her worst job ever what with the nerves and the self-criticism and general stress of it all.
"Every time I'm at a premiere, all I'm doing is thinking, 'Oh, you shouldn't have said it like that!'"
5. Eddie is a MASSIVE Fan of The Hills
Yep. For real. "I come home from trying to pretend to know about astronomy and physics all day and turn on The Real Housewives. I've been a closet lover of faux-reality TV since The Hills. It's bad." No it's not Eddie. It's so SO good.
"I'm a bit vintage. I go back to The Hills. Occasionally Audrina [Patridge] or Whitney [Port] will be on a website that I shouldn't be looking at, and I'm like, "You know, I just want to check that they're doing all right, because it's my youth."
6. In fact, J-Law would rather stalk reality stars than anything
Talking about meeting one of the stars of The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills, Jen explains: "I had her sign a bottle of vodka, and when she gave it to my friend who was with me at the Oscars, my friend said, 'Jennifer, this is so much better than the Oscars!'.
Plus, she says she is "bored with movies" because "I know that that's fake and blah, blah." But reality TV has her hooked, because she can never figure out what's real and what isn't.
7. Eddie once vommed at the BAFTAs
"Do you remember that time I saw you at the BAFTAs in London? I'd flown in from Berlin that day and eaten some dodgy salmon on a plane."
Jen then remembers him yelling "I've got to go!" rushing out and, as Eddie puts it: "I legged it down some stairs in the Royal Opera House just out of the auditorium and preceded to projectile vomit the entire way down the corridor!"
Jen: "I wish you had told me. I would've taken pictures!"
8. Jen is super-excited about asking the questions
Eddie: Good question.
Jennifer: I know! And I just came up with it, too.
Eddie: I think you've got a sideline. Oprah beware.
9. Jennifer really loves Chinese food
Half way through the interview, she says, "Sorry, I'm eating Chinese food. This is my breakfast. I had it for dinner and breakfast, and I ordered so much that I'll probably have it for lunch."
It is not physically possible for us to love her more.
Claire Hodgson Digital Editorial Director Claire Hodgson is the Editor of Cosmopolitan.com/UK, overseeing all things digital.
So, how much are the Bling Empire cast worth?
Eddie Redmayne used to model knitting patterns
Hot new hair crush alert!
Jennifer talks Bradley Cooper
Eddie Redmayne might be joining Harry Potter
The first photo of Jennifer Lawrence in The Hunger Games: Mockingjay has landed
Eddie Redmayne is the cutest EVER at the SAG awards


text:
geoharvey
Daily News about Energy and Climate Change
Archive for July 9th, 2017
July 9 Energy News
¶ "Sell Your Fossil Fuel Stocks" • For people who claim to support states' rights and the free market, the support for fossil fuels is the height of hypocrisy and delusion. When Republicans say they want to run the government "like a business," what they apparently mean is, "run government like a Trump casino headed straight for bankruptcy court." [HuffPost]
Nodding donkey (Greg Goebel, Wikimedia Commons)
Science and Technology:
¶ The collapse and melting of the Eurasian ice sheet at the end of the last ice age led to chaos all across the European continent, according to a new study published in the journal Quaternary Science Reviews. The collapse of the ice sheet led to serious changes to ecological systems and environments, and to the region's human habitability. [CleanTechnica]
¶ A new analysis has been published by researchers involved with Climate Central's World Weather Attribution program and partners. It concluded that climate warming from anthropogenic greenhouse gasses increased the intensity and frequency of extreme heat in the June 2017 heat wave in Europe by as much as a factor of 10. [CleanTechnica]
¶ A study using complex computational models finds that smart solid-state transformers could be used to make a stable, reliable "smart grid." This may help realize the idea, which has been around for years, that a smart grid could handle power flows not just from the power company to our homes, but also from our homes to the power company. [pvbuzz media]
¶ Engineering giant IHI Corp unveiled an "ocean current power generator" prototype, which harnesses the energy in ocean currents. It will be tested in a demonstration project off the coast of Kagoshima Prefecture. A similar experiment with wave power was announced by Mitsui Engineering and Shipbuilding Co in April. [The Mainichi]
Prototype ocean current power generator (Mainichi)
¶ Negotiations over the wording of the final communiqué from the G20 meeting carried on late into Saturday morning. The sticking point? Disagreements over the US's preferred phrasing for the group's position on climate change and renewable energy. Bafflingly, the US wanted to state that it will help other nations with access to fossil fuels. [Gizmodo]
¶ Chile's Santiago metro system will soon source as much as 60% of its energy requirement from renewable energy sources. The metro system, which serves 2.4 million people every day, will acquire 42% of its energy needs from a solar power project and 18% from a wind energy project. Both projects are located in the Atacama Desert. [CleanTechies]
Metro de Santiago (Credit: Ariel Cruz Pizarro | CC-BY-SA 2.0)
¶ The South African nation of Zimbabwe is planning a big push in the renewable energy sector with specific capacity targets and financial support to project developers, according to reports. A document reviewed by Bloomberg News says that Zimbabwe plans to have 1 GW of renewable energy capacity operational by 2025. [CleanTechnica]
¶ Warren Buffett's Berkshire Hathaway agreed to pay $9 billion to buy the parent of Texas power transmission company Oncor Electric Delivery Co, as it pursues steady profits from utilities and infrastructure deals. Given federal and state approval, it will gain control of one of the largest US transmission companies. [The News International]
Transmission towers (From energy.gov, Wikimedia Commons)
¶ In the past six years, rooftop solar panel installations have grown explosively – as much as 900% by one estimate. But that growth is projected to be reversed, with a decline in new installations of 2%, according to Bloomberg New Energy Finance. This is due in part to well-funded lobbying campaigns in state capitals. [WatertownDailyTimes.com]
¶ Coal mines have actually been hiring in North Dakota in recent years, a sharp contrast to other coal regions. Utilities have been investing significant money in coal-powered plants. The state's coal industry "isn't immune to what's occurring in the rest of the US, but it may be the last place where it hits," one economist said. [Minneapolis Star Tribune]
Refurbishing a turbine (Richard Tsong-Taatarii)
¶ Southwestern New Hampshire is on its way to becoming a solar-power mecca. Keene, Chesterfield, Fitzwilliam, and Hinsdale have projects at various stages of capturing energy from the sun. The developer of the Fitzwilliam and Hinsdale projects has proposed approximately 30-MW, and up to 65-MW, systems, respectively. [The Keene Sentinel]
¶ While hackers working for a foreign government recently breached at least a dozen US power plants, including the Wolf Creek nuclear facility in Kansas, regional and local electric utilities say they have found no evidence that a recent wave of cyberattacks infiltrated any of their power plants and computer networks. [The Daily Nonpareil]
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