text:
// Copyright 2015 The Chromium Authors
// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be
// found in the LICENSE file.

package org.chromium.chrome.browser.settings;

import static org.chromium.chrome.browser.password_manager.PasswordManagerHelper.hasChosenToSyncPasswords;
import static org.chromium.chrome.browser.password_manager.PasswordManagerHelper.usesUnifiedPasswordManagerBranding;
import static org.chromium.chrome.browser.password_manager.PasswordManagerHelper.usesUnifiedPasswordManagerUI;

import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.content.pm.PackageManager;
import android.os.Build;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.os.Handler;
import android.provider.Settings;
import android.text.style.ForegroundColorSpan;
import android.text.style.RelativeSizeSpan;
import android.text.style.SuperscriptSpan;
import android.view.View;

import androidx.annotation.Nullable;
import androidx.annotation.VisibleForTesting;
import androidx.preference.Preference;
import androidx.preference.PreferenceFragmentCompat;

import org.chromium.base.ContextUtils;
import org.chromium.base.supplier.ObservableSupplier;
import org.chromium.chrome.R;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.flags.ChromeFeatureList;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.homepage.HomepageManager;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.night_mode.NightModeMetrics.ThemeSettingsEntry;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.night_mode.NightModeUtils;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.night_mode.settings.ThemeSettingsFragment;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.password_check.PasswordCheck;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.password_check.PasswordCheckFactory;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.password_manager.ManagePasswordsReferrer;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.password_manager.PasswordManagerLauncher;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.preferences.Pref;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.profiles.Profile;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.search_engines.TemplateUrlServiceFactory;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.signin.SyncConsentActivityLauncherImpl;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.signin.services.IdentityServicesProvider;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.signin.services.SigninManager;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.sync.SyncService;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.sync.settings.ManageSyncSettings;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.sync.settings.SignInPreference;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.sync.settings.SyncPromoPreference;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.sync.settings.SyncPromoPreference.State;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.sync.settings.SyncSettingsUtils;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.toolbar.adaptive.AdaptiveToolbarStatePredictor;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.tracing.settings.DeveloperSettings;
import org.chromium.chrome.browser.ui.signin.TangibleSyncCoordinator;
import org.chromium.components.browser_ui.settings.ChromeBasePreference;
import org.chromium.components.browser_ui.settings.ManagedPreferenceDelegate;
import org.chromium.components.browser_ui.settings.SettingsLauncher;
import org.chromium.components.browser_ui.settings.SettingsUtils;
import org.chromium.components.search_engines.TemplateUrl;
import org.chromium.components.search_engines.TemplateUrlService;
import org.chromium.components.signin.base.CoreAccountInfo;
import org.chromium.components.signin.identitymanager.ConsentLevel;
import org.chromium.components.signin.metrics.SigninAccessPoint;
import org.chromium.components.user_prefs.UserPrefs;
import org.chromium.ui.modaldialog.ModalDialogManager;
import org.chromium.ui.text.SpanApplier;
import org.chromium.ui.text.SpanApplier.SpanInfo;

import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

/**
 * The main settings screen, shown when the user first opens Settings.
 */
public class MainSettings extends PreferenceFragmentCompat
        implements TemplateUrlService.LoadListener, SyncService.SyncStateChangedListener,
                   SigninManager.SignInStateObserver {
    public static final String PREF_SYNC_PROMO = "sync_promo";
    public static final String PREF_ACCOUNT_AND_GOOGLE_SERVICES_SECTION =
            "account_and_google_services_section";
    public static final String PREF_SIGN_IN = "sign_in";
    public static final String PREF_MANAGE_SYNC = "manage_sync";
    public static final String PREF_GOOGLE_SERVICES = "google_services";
    public static final String PREF_SEARCH_ENGINE = "search_engine";
    public static final String PREF_PASSWORDS = "passwords";
    public static final String PREF_HOMEPAGE = "homepage";
    public static final String PREF_TOOLBAR_SHORTCUT = "toolbar_shortcut";
    public static final String PREF_UI_THEME = "ui_theme";
    public static final String PREF_PRIVACY = "privacy";
    public static final String PREF_SAFETY_CHECK = "safety_check";
    public static final String PREF_NOTIFICATIONS = "notifications";
    public static final String PREF_DOWNLOADS = "downloads";
    public static final String PREF_DEVELOPER = "developer";

    // Used for elevating the privacy section behind the flag (see crbug.com/1099233).
    public static final int PRIVACY_ORDER_DEFAULT = 18;
    public static final int PRIVACY_ORDER_ELEVATED = 12;

    private final ManagedPreferenceDelegate mManagedPreferenceDelegate;
    private final Map<String, Preference> mAllPreferences = new HashMap<>();
    private SyncPromoPreference mSyncPromoPreference;
    private SignInPreference mSignInPreference;
    private ChromeBasePreference mManageSync;
    private @Nullable PasswordCheck mPasswordCheck;
    private ObservableSupplier<ModalDialogManager> mModalDialogManagerSupplier;

    public MainSettings() {
        setHasOptionsMenu(true);
        mManagedPreferenceDelegate = createManagedPreferenceDelegate();
    }

    @Override
    public void onCreatePreferences(Bundle savedInstanceState, String rootKey) {
        createPreferences();
    }

    @Override
    public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
        getActivity().setTitle(R.string.settings);
        mPasswordCheck = PasswordCheckFactory.getOrCreate(new SettingsLauncherImpl());
    }

    @Override
    public void onViewCreated(View view, Bundle savedInstanceState) {
        super.onViewCreated(view, savedInstanceState);

        // Disable animations of preference changes.
        getListView().setItemAnimator(null);
    }

    @Override
    public void onDestroy() {
        super.onDestroy();
        // The component should only be destroyed when the activity has been closed by the user
        // (e.g. by pressing on the back button) and not when the activity is temporarily destroyed
        // by the system.
        if (getActivity().isFinishing() && mPasswordCheck != null) PasswordCheckFactory.destroy();
    }

    @Override
    public void onStart() {
        super.onStart();
        SigninManager signinManager = IdentityServicesProvider.get().getSigninManager(
                Profile.getLastUsedRegularProfile());
        if (signinManager.isSigninSupported()) {
            signinManager.addSignInStateObserver(this);
        }
        SyncService syncService = SyncService.get();
        if (syncService != null) {
            syncService.addSyncStateChangedListener(this);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onStop() {
        super.onStop();
        SigninManager signinManager = IdentityServicesProvider.get().getSigninManager(
                Profile.getLastUsedRegularProfile());
        if (signinManager.isSigninSupported()) {
            signinManager.removeSignInStateObserver(this);
        }
        SyncService syncService = SyncService.get();
        if (syncService != null) {
            syncService.removeSyncStateChangedListener(this);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onResume() {
        super.onResume();
        updatePreferences();
    }

    private void createPreferences() {
        SettingsUtils.addPreferencesFromResource(this, R.xml.main_preferences);

        cachePreferences();

        mSyncPromoPreference.setOnStateChangedCallback(this::onSyncPromoPreferenceStateChanged);

        updatePasswordsPreference();

        if (usesUnifiedPasswordManagerUI()) {
            setManagedPreferenceDelegateForPreference(PREF_PASSWORDS);
        }

        setManagedPreferenceDelegateForPreference(PREF_SEARCH_ENGINE);

        if (Build.VERSION.SDK_INT >= Build.VERSION_CODES.O) {
            // If we are on Android O+ the Notifications preference should lead to the Android
            // Settings notifications page.
            Intent intent = new Intent();
            intent.setAction(Settings.ACTION_APP_NOTIFICATION_SETTINGS);
            intent.putExtra(Settings.EXTRA_APP_PACKAGE,
                    ContextUtils.getApplicationContext().getPackageName());
            PackageManager pm = getActivity().getPackageManager();
            if (intent.resolveActivity(pm) != null) {
                Preference notifications = findPreference(PREF_NOTIFICATIONS);
                notifications.setOnPreferenceClickListener(preference -> {
                    startActivity(intent);
                    // We handle the click so the default action isn't triggered.
                    return true;
                });
            } else {
                removePreferenceIfPresent(PREF_NOTIFICATIONS);
            }
        } else {
            // The per-website notification settings page can be accessed from Site
            // Settings, so we don't need to show this here.
            getPreferenceScreen().removePreference(findPreference(PREF_NOTIFICATIONS));
        }

        if (!TemplateUrlServiceFactory.get().isLoaded()) {
            TemplateUrlServiceFactory.get().registerLoadListener(this);
            TemplateUrlServiceFactory.get().load();
        }

        new AdaptiveToolbarStatePredictor(null).recomputeUiState(uiState -> {
            // We don't show the toolbar shortcut settings page if disabled from finch.
            if (uiState.canShowUi) return;
            getPreferenceScreen().removePreference(findPreference(PREF_TOOLBAR_SHORTCUT));
        });
    }

    /**
     * Stores all preferences in memory so that, if they needed to be added/removed from the
     * PreferenceScreen, there would be no need to reload them from 'main_preferences.xml'.
     */
    private void cachePreferences() {
        int preferenceCount = getPreferenceScreen().getPreferenceCount();
        for (int index = 0; index < preferenceCount; index++) {
            Preference preference = getPreferenceScreen().getPreference(index);
            mAllPreferences.put(preference.getKey(), preference);
        }
        mSyncPromoPreference = (SyncPromoPreference) mAllPreferences.get(PREF_SYNC_PROMO);
        mSignInPreference = (SignInPreference) mAllPreferences.get(PREF_SIGN_IN);
        mManageSync = (ChromeBasePreference) findPreference(PREF_MANAGE_SYNC);
    }

    private void setManagedPreferenceDelegateForPreference(String key) {
        ChromeBasePreference chromeBasePreference = (ChromeBasePreference) mAllPreferences.get(key);
        chromeBasePreference.setManagedPreferenceDelegate(mManagedPreferenceDelegate);
    }

    private void updatePreferences() {
        if (IdentityServicesProvider.get()
                        .getSigninManager(Profile.getLastUsedRegularProfile())
                        .isSigninSupported()) {
            addPreferenceIfAbsent(PREF_SIGN_IN);
        } else {
            removePreferenceIfPresent(PREF_SIGN_IN);
        }

        updateManageSyncPreference();
        updateSearchEnginePreference();
        updatePasswordsPreference();

        Preference homepagePref = addPreferenceIfAbsent(PREF_HOMEPAGE);
        setOnOffSummary(homepagePref, HomepageManager.isHomepageEnabled());

        if (NightModeUtils.isNightModeSupported()) {
            addPreferenceIfAbsent(PREF_UI_THEME)
                    .getExtras()
                    .putInt(ThemeSettingsFragment.KEY_THEME_SETTINGS_ENTRY,
                            ThemeSettingsEntry.SETTINGS);
        } else {
            removePreferenceIfPresent(PREF_UI_THEME);
        }

        if (DeveloperSettings.shouldShowDeveloperSettings()) {
            addPreferenceIfAbsent(PREF_DEVELOPER);
        } else {
            removePreferenceIfPresent(PREF_DEVELOPER);
        }
    }

    private Preference addPreferenceIfAbsent(String key) {
        Preference preference = getPreferenceScreen().findPreference(key);
        if (preference == null) getPreferenceScreen().addPreference(mAllPreferences.get(key));
        return mAllPreferences.get(key);
    }

    private void removePreferenceIfPresent(String key) {
        Preference preference = getPreferenceScreen().findPreference(key);
        if (preference != null) getPreferenceScreen().removePreference(preference);
    }

    private void updateManageSyncPreference() {
        String primaryAccountName = CoreAccountInfo.getEmailFrom(
                IdentityServicesProvider.get()
                        .getIdentityManager(Profile.getLastUsedRegularProfile())
                        .getPrimaryAccountInfo(ConsentLevel.SIGNIN));
        boolean showManageSync = primaryAccountName != null;
        mManageSync.setVisible(showManageSync);
        if (!showManageSync) return;

        boolean isSyncConsentAvailable =
                IdentityServicesProvider.get()
                        .getIdentityManager(Profile.getLastUsedRegularProfile())
                        .getPrimaryAccountInfo(ConsentLevel.SYNC)
                != null;
        mManageSync.setIcon(SyncSettingsUtils.getSyncStatusIcon(getActivity()));
        mManageSync.setSummary(SyncSettingsUtils.getSyncStatusSummary(getActivity()));
        mManageSync.setOnPreferenceClickListener(pref -> {
            Context context = getContext();
            if (SyncService.get().isSyncDisabledByEnterprisePolicy()) {
                SyncSettingsUtils.showSyncDisabledByAdministratorToast(context);
            } else if (isSyncConsentAvailable) {
                SettingsLauncher settingsLauncher = new SettingsLauncherImpl();
                settingsLauncher.launchSettingsActivity(context, ManageSyncSettings.class);
            } else if (ChromeFeatureList.isEnabled(ChromeFeatureList.TANGIBLE_SYNC)) {
                TangibleSyncCoordinator.start(requireContext(), mModalDialogManagerSupplier.get(),
                        SyncConsentActivityLauncherImpl.get(),
                        SigninAccessPoint.SETTINGS_SYNC_OFF_ROW);
            } else {
                SyncConsentActivityLauncherImpl.get().launchActivityForPromoDefaultFlow(
                        context, SigninAccessPoint.SETTINGS_SYNC_OFF_ROW, primaryAccountName);
            }
            return true;
        });
    }

    private void updateSearchEnginePreference() {
        if (!TemplateUrlServiceFactory.get().isLoaded()) {
            ChromeBasePreference searchEnginePref =
                    (ChromeBasePreference) findPreference(PREF_SEARCH_ENGINE);
            searchEnginePref.setEnabled(false);
            return;
        }

        String defaultSearchEngineName = null;
        TemplateUrl dseTemplateUrl =
                TemplateUrlServiceFactory.get().getDefaultSearchEngineTemplateUrl();
        if (dseTemplateUrl != null) defaultSearchEngineName = dseTemplateUrl.getShortName();

        Preference searchEnginePreference = findPreference(PREF_SEARCH_ENGINE);
        searchEnginePreference.setEnabled(true);
        searchEnginePreference.setSummary(defaultSearchEngineName);
    }

    private void updatePasswordsPreference() {
        Preference passwordsPreference = findPreference(PREF_PASSWORDS);
        if (usesUnifiedPasswordManagerBranding()) {
            // TODO(crbug.com/1217070): Move this to the layout xml once the feature is rolled out
            passwordsPreference.setTitle(getPasswordsPreferenceElementTitle());
        }
        passwordsPreference.setOnPreferenceClickListener(preference -> {
            if (shouldShowNewLabelForPasswordsPreference()) {
                UserPrefs.get(Profile.getLastUsedRegularProfile())
                        .setBoolean(Pref.PASSWORDS_PREF_WITH_NEW_LABEL_USED, true);
            }
            PasswordManagerLauncher.showPasswordSettings(getActivity(),
                    ManagePasswordsReferrer.CHROME_SETTINGS, mModalDialogManagerSupplier);
            return true;
        });
    }

    private boolean shouldShowNewLabelForPasswordsPreference() {
        return usesUnifiedPasswordManagerUI() && hasChosenToSyncPasswords(SyncService.get())
                && !UserPrefs.get(Profile.getLastUsedRegularProfile())
                            .getBoolean(Pref.PASSWORDS_PREF_WITH_NEW_LABEL_USED);
    }

    // TODO(crbug.com/1217070): remove this method once UPM feature is rolled out.
    // String should be defined in the layout XML.
    private CharSequence getPasswordsPreferenceElementTitle() {
        Context context = getContext();
        if (shouldShowNewLabelForPasswordsPreference()) {
            // Show the styled "New" text if the user did not accessed the new Password Manager
            // settings.
            return SpanApplier.applySpans(context.getString(R.string.password_settings_title_gpm),
                    new SpanInfo("<new>", "</new>", new SuperscriptSpan(),
                            new RelativeSizeSpan(0.75f),
                            new ForegroundColorSpan(
                                    context.getColor(R.color.default_text_color_blue_baseline))));
        } else {
            // Remove the "NEW" text and the trailing whitespace.
            return (CharSequence) (SpanApplier
                                           .removeSpanText(
                                                   context.getString(
                                                           R.string.password_settings_title_gpm),
                                                   new SpanInfo("<new>", "</new>"))
                                           .toString()
                                           .trim());
        }
    }

    private void setOnOffSummary(Preference pref, boolean isOn) {
        pref.setSummary(isOn ? R.string.text_on : R.string.text_off);
    }

    // SigninManager.SignInStateObserver implementation.
    @Override
    public void onSignedIn() {
        // After signing in or out of a managed account, preferences may change or become enabled
        // or disabled.
        new Handler().post(() -> updatePreferences());
    }

    @Override
    public void onSignedOut() {
        updatePreferences();
    }

    private void onSyncPromoPreferenceStateChanged() {
        if (ChromeFeatureList.isEnabled(ChromeFeatureList.SYNC_ANDROID_PROMOS_WITH_ILLUSTRATION)
                || ChromeFeatureList.isEnabled(
                        ChromeFeatureList.SYNC_ANDROID_PROMOS_WITH_SINGLE_BUTTON)
                || ChromeFeatureList.isEnabled(ChromeFeatureList.SYNC_ANDROID_PROMOS_WITH_TITLE)) {
            // For promo experiments, we want to have mSignInPreference and
            // PREF_ACCOUNT_AND_GOOGLE_SERVICES_SECTION visible even if the personalized promo is
            // shown, so skip setting the visibility.
            return;
        }
        // Remove "Account" section header if the personalized sign-in promo is shown.
        boolean isShowingPersonalizedSigninPromo =
                mSyncPromoPreference.getState() == State.PERSONALIZED_SIGNIN_PROMO;
        findPreference(PREF_ACCOUNT_AND_GOOGLE_SERVICES_SECTION)
                .setVisible(!isShowingPersonalizedSigninPromo);
        mSignInPreference.setIsShowingPersonalizedSigninPromo(isShowingPersonalizedSigninPromo);
    }

    // TemplateUrlService.LoadListener implementation.
    @Override
    public void onTemplateUrlServiceLoaded() {
        TemplateUrlServiceFactory.get().unregisterLoadListener(this);
        updateSearchEnginePreference();
    }

    @Override
    public void syncStateChanged() {
        updateManageSyncPreference();
        updatePasswordsPreference();
    }

    @VisibleForTesting
    public ManagedPreferenceDelegate getManagedPreferenceDelegateForTest() {
        return mManagedPreferenceDelegate;
    }

    private ManagedPreferenceDelegate createManagedPreferenceDelegate() {
        return new ChromeManagedPreferenceDelegate() {
            @Override
            public boolean isPreferenceControlledByPolicy(Preference preference) {
                if (PREF_SEARCH_ENGINE.equals(preference.getKey())) {
                    return TemplateUrlServiceFactory.get().isDefaultSearchManaged();
                }
                if (usesUnifiedPasswordManagerUI() && PREF_PASSWORDS.equals(preference.getKey())) {
                    return UserPrefs.get(Profile.getLastUsedRegularProfile())
                            .isManagedPreference(Pref.CREDENTIALS_ENABLE_SERVICE);
                }
                return false;
            }

            @Override
            public boolean isPreferenceClickDisabledByPolicy(Preference preference) {
                if (PREF_SEARCH_ENGINE.equals(preference.getKey())) {
                    return TemplateUrlServiceFactory.get().isDefaultSearchManaged();
                }
                if (usesUnifiedPasswordManagerUI() && PREF_PASSWORDS.equals(preference.getKey())) {
                    return false;
                }
                return isPreferenceControlledByPolicy(preference)
                        || isPreferenceControlledByCustodian(preference);
            }
        };
    }

    public void setModalDialogManagerSupplier(
            ObservableSupplier<ModalDialogManager> modalDialogManagerSupplier) {
        mModalDialogManagerSupplier = modalDialogManagerSupplier;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
\section{Methods}

\textbf{Direct waveguide writing.} We write our waveguides into transparent fused silica wafers (Corning 7980 ArF Grade), using ultrashort laser pulses ($\tau<150$\,fs, $\lambda=800$\,nm) that are focused 250\,$\mu$m below the sample surface using a 20$\times$ microscope objective (NA\,$ \approx$\,0.35). The actual writing speed, achieved with a high-precision positioning system (Aerotech) is 100\,mm/min at a pulse energy of 200\,nJ and a repetition rate of 100\,kHz (Coherent Mira/Reg A). Such waveguides exhibit low propagation losses (\,$<$\,$0.3$\,dB/cm) and almost vanishing birefringence ($\Delta n_{H,V} \approx 10^{-6}$). With a supported mode field diameter of $12$\,$\mu$m\,$\times$\,$15$\,$\mu$m coupling losses of $3$\,dB are obtained with standard single mode fibers.

\textbf{Photon-pair generation and measurement.} We generate photon-pairs at $\lambda=815$\,nm using a standard type-I spontaneous parametric down-conversion source with a visibility of 93\%. A BiBO crystal is pumped by a $100$\,mW, $407.5$\,nm laser diode producing horizontally polarized photon-pairs, which are collected by polarization maintaining fibers. Commercial V-groove fiber arrays were used to couple the photons into the chip as well as collecting them at the output facet from the individual waveguides. We used high-NA multi-mode fibers in order to feed the photons to the respective avalanche photo-diodes, ensuring low coupling losses at the output side of the chip. From the data of the photo-diodes, the photon probability distribution at the output, as well as the inter-channel correlations, were computed using a correlation device (Becker-Hickl) and standard computer programs (LabView for the data acquisition and MatLab for the data processing). The photonic chip was fabricated such that the waveguide spacing at the input and output facets matched the standard fiber array spacing of $127\,\mu$m. The typical two-photon coincidence rates after propagating through the chip were approximately $30$Hz, and an integration time of around $20$ seconds was used for coincidence measurements.

\textbf{Algorithmic reconstruction.}
The algorithm for reconstructing the density matrix from a measured set of correlations uses the simultaneous perturbation
stochastic approximation (SPSA) \cite{Spall:1992-332:RAR}.
We follow an optimization process very similar to \cite{Ferrie:2014-190404:PRL}, except we adapt it to work with mixed quantum states.
This is achieved by defining the density matrix as, $\hat{\rho}(t)=\hat{T}^{\dagger}(t)\hat{T}(t)/\text{Tr}\{\hat{T}^{\dagger}(t)\hat{T}(t)\}$, as in Eq.~(4.5) of Ref.~\cite{James:2001-52312:PRA}. Then the optimization algorithm proceeds optimizing $t$, rather than $\psi$ as in previous approaches for pure quantum states.
We determine the reconstruction accuracy using the {\em experimentally measured} device transfer function. The recovery of 500 random density matrices is simulated, each for 1500 iterations of the algorithm. The reconstruction fidelity, the average fidelity between the true density matrix and the algorithm's final guess, is found to be $99.67\%$.

\section{Acknowledgments}
We acknowledge support by the Australian Research Council (ARC) (DP130100135, DP160100619); Erasmus Mundus
(NANOPHI 2013 5659/002-001); Alexander von Humboldt-Stiftung; Australia-Germany Joint Research Co-operation
Scheme of Universities Australia; German Academic Exchange Service.

\section{Author contributions}
J.G.T, A.S.S, and A.A.S developed the theoretical concept. J.G.T, M.G, R.H, and A.S designed and fabricated the photonic chip. J.G.T, M.G, and R.H preformed the experiments. All authors co-wrote the manuscript.

\section{Supplementary material}

     \subsection{Classical characterization of the device transfer function}

     \begin{figure}
     	\centering
     	\includegraphics[width = \textwidth]{Fig_4_supp}
     	\caption{\textbf{ Measurement of transfer function elements phases.} (a) Output intensities of each waveguide when a $810\,nm$ laser is coupled into each of the two input ports simultaneously using a beamsplitter. The intensity of each waveguide is normalized so that the maximum intensity value is 1 for each waveguide.  (b) Colored data points show the intensity in waveguide 2 against the intensity in waveguide 3. The time each data point is recoreded is shown by its color, with the earliest data points being blue.
     	}
     	\label{fig:4}
     \end{figure}

     Using the photonic chip for tomography requires that the action of the chip on an input photon can be accurately predicted. The propagation of a photon wavefunction through the chip can be described by $\mathbf{\hat{U}} \ket{\psi_{in}} = \ket{\psi_{out}}$, here $\mathbf{\hat{U}}$ is the transfer function of the chip, describing the mapping from the input waveguides to the outputs. Thus in order to use the chip for tomography this transfer function needs to be determined. This could be achieved using quantum process tomography, however we used a more straightforward method \cite{Heilmann:2015-96:RAR} requiring just classical light.

     We use a classical laser beam coupled into the chip in order to find its transfer function. The absolute values of each element in the transfer function, $|U_{i,j}|^2$ are found simply by coupling the laser into one of the inputs and measuring the intensity at each of the 6 outputs. For example coupling the laser into input waveguide $1$ and measuring the intensity at output waveguide 6 will give the transfer element $|U_{1,6}|^2$. Doing this for both the two input ports of the chip gives the absolute values of each of the $12$ elements in the transfer function.

     In a similar way the phases of the transfer function can be easily determined, up to a constant overall phase factor between the two columns of the transfer function.

     To do this we pass the laser through a beamsplitter, splitting it into two beams, then couple each beam into one of the two input waveguides. The two beams interfere within the chip. The output field in the $j^{\text{th}}$ waveguide is be given by,
          \begin{equation}
          U_{1,j}\,E_{1}^{(in)} + U_{2,j}\,E_{2}^{(in)} = E_{j}^{(out)}
          \label{map}
          \end{equation}
Here $E_{1}^{(in)}$ is the complex field amplitude at input waveguide number $1$ and $E_{2}^{(in)}$ is the complex field amplitude at input $2$.
Since the absolute values of the transfer matrix elements are already known, it makes sense to separate the transfer matrix into its absolute values and phase components.  Thus we rewrite Eq.~(\ref{map}) as,
     \begin{equation}
     \left|	|U_{1,j}||\,E_{1}^{(in)}| + |U_{2,j}|\,|E_{2}^{(in)}|e^{i(\phi_j+\Delta d/\lambda)} \right|^2 = |E_{j}^{(out)}|^2
     	\label{interference}
     \end{equation}
Here $\phi_j$ is the phase difference between $U_{1,j}$ and $U_{2,j}$, which we need to determine. The global phase $\Delta d/\lambda$ denotes a variable phase shift we will intentionally introduce by increasing the path length of the beam coupled into input 2.
Varying the phase of one input relative to the other is ultimately what will allow the unknown transfer matrix phases, $\phi_j$, to be determined. The changing phase produces oscillations in the intensity of each output waveguide. These oscillations measured in our chip are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:4}(a). The output intensity,  $|E_{j}^{(out)}|^2$, will oscillate with changing $\Delta d$ according to

          \begin{equation}
           |E_{j}^{(out)}|^2  = \frac{a}{2}[1 + \cos({\phi_{j}+\Delta d/\lambda)}] + b
          \end{equation}

    Here $a$ and $b$ are constants related to absolute values of the transfer matrix and input beams. Since $\Delta d/\lambda$ at a given time is the same for all output ports, the phase shifts between transfer matrix elements, $\phi_{j}$, can to be determined, up to an unknown phase shift, $\theta$, between the two columns of the transfer function. This is achieved by comparing the phase shifts between the oscillations of the different outputs in Fig.~\ref{fig:4}(a).
    To determine the phase shifts efficiently we plot the output intensity of waveguide $j$ against the intensity of waveguide $k$, which yields elliptical Lissajous curves. The shape and orientation of the ellipses' determine the phase difference between the oscillations of the intensity in waveguides $j$ and $k$. For example the Lissajous curve for waveguides $2$ and $3$ is plotted in Fig.~\ref{fig:4}(b). An ellipse is fitted to the data points and the parameters of the ellipse determine the phase difference between the oscillations in outputs $2$ and $3$, thus give the quantity $\phi_2-\phi_3$. This is repeated for all combinations of output ports to find all the phases of the transfer function, up to an unknown constant phase shift $e^{i\theta}$ between the two columns of the transfer function, as in \cite{Heilmann:2015-96:RAR}.

     After extracting the phases between all the elements in one column of the transfer function we can now write the transfer function up to the constant overall phase factor $e^{i\theta}$,
     \begin{equation}
     	|U_{1,j}|\,E_{1}^{(in)} + |U_{2,j}|e^{i(\phi_{j}+\theta)}\,E_{2}^{(in)}  = E_{j}^{(out)}
     \end{equation}
     This constant phase factor, $\theta$, is unknown because the absolute value of the phase shift between the two inputs $E_1^{(in)}$ and $E_2^{(in)}$ is never directly measured, all that is known is that the shift is changing with the displacement $\Delta d$.
This unknown phase factor could have been determined using an interferometric setup, but we chose not to do this since we can already observe relative phase differences between different density matrices without needing to know the absolute phase.

\subsection{The spatial density matrix of a broadband two-photon wavefunction}
In the main work, `Scalable on-chip quantum state tomography', we characterized the spatial density matrix of a number of different two-photon quantum states. Of course these states also have spectral and temporal properties, and these properties have an impact on the spatial density matrices we recover. In this section we show a link between the spectral/temporal properties of the photon-pair and the resulting spatial density matrices.
We do this starting from a general frequency dependent two-photon wavefunction of the type that would be produced by our SPDC source, then we integrate over the photon frequencies in order to derive the reduced density matrix of the spatial state of the two-photons.
Finally we link this analytic result to real measurements of two-photon states with different temporal delays, demonstrating that our approach to tomography can recover information about spectral/temporal distinguishably of photons.

First we write the frequency dependent two-photon wavefunction as

\begin{equation}
\ket{\Psi} =
\sum_{n,m} \int d\omega_1 d\omega_2 \,
\, \Psi_{n,m}(\omega_1,\omega_2) \,
\hat{a}_n^{\dagger}(\omega_1)\hat{a}_m^{\dagger}(\omega_2)\ket{0}
\end{equation}

Here  $\psi_{n,m}(\omega_1,\omega_2)$ is the joint spatial and spectral distribution of photons $a$ and $b$. The spatial mode of photon $a$ is denoted $n$ and the mode of photon $b$ is denoted $m$.

For comparison with experiment we now specify the form of the wavefunction to be an anti-bunched state, of the type that would be produced by our SPDC source. Specifically we set
\begin{equation}
\Psi_{n,m}(\omega_1,\omega_2) = \phi^{(a)}(\omega_1)\phi^{(b)}(\omega_2)\delta_{n,1}\delta_{m,2}
\end{equation}
Giving photons $a$ and $b$ spectra $\phi^{(a)}$ and $\phi^{(b)}$, and putting them in different spatial modes to make an anti-bunched state.

Elements in the reduced spatial density matrix $\hat{\rho}_{n,m,n',m'}$ can be calculated by projecting the two-photon wavefunction into the operator basis for the spatial density matrix, effectively integrating over frequency to leave a purely spatial description of the density matrix. So we will take inner products with the following operators,

\begin{equation}
	\ket{\boldsymbol{D}_{n,m}} \bra{\boldsymbol{D}_{n',m'}}  = \\
	\int d\omega_3 d\omega_4 \,
	D^\ast(\omega_3) \, F^\ast(\omega_4)\hat{a}_n^{\dagger}(\omega_3)\hat{a}_m^{\dagger}(\omega_4)\ket{0}
	\bra{0}
	D(\omega_3) \, F(\omega_4)\hat{a}_{n'}(\omega_3)\hat{a}_{m'}(\omega_4),
\end{equation}

Where $D$ and $F$ represent some spectral or temporal windows used to distinguish the two photons. In the case where the measurement apparatus is not designed to distinguish different photons we set $D^\ast(\omega_3)D(\omega_3)= F^\ast(\omega_3)F(\omega_3) = 1/\sqrt{2}$, to preserve normalization since each photon will be detected by both detection windows. Otherwise $D$ and $F$ can be set to be step functions in frequency or time, depending of whether photons are distinguished by their spectrum or arrival times.

So the elements of the anti-bunched state's density matrix are given by the expectation values,
\begin{multline}
	\hat{\rho}_{n,m,n',m'} = \bra{\Psi}\ket{\boldsymbol{D}_{n,m}} \bra{\boldsymbol{D}_{n',m'}} \ket{\Psi}=
	\\

	\frac{1}{2}
	\bra{0}
	\int d\omega_1 d\omega_2 \,
	\phi^{(a)\ast}(\omega_1)\phi^{(b)\ast}(\omega_2)
	\hat{a}_1(\omega_1)\hat{a}_2(\omega_2)
	\times\\
	\int d\omega_3 d\omega_4 \,
	D^\ast(\omega_3) \, F^\ast(\omega_4)\hat{a}_n^{\dagger}(\omega_3)\hat{a}_m^{\dagger}(\omega_4)\ket{0}
	\bra{0}
	D(\omega_3) \, F(\omega_4)\hat{a}_{n'}(\omega_3)\hat{a}_{m'}(\omega_4)
	\times\\
	\int d\omega_5 d\omega_6 \,
	\phi^{(a)}(\omega_5)\phi^{(b)}(\omega_6)
	\hat{a}_{1}^{\dagger}(\omega_5)\hat{a}_{2}^{\dagger}(\omega_6)\ket{0}.
\end{multline}

This can be evaluated to give,

\begin{equation}
\hat{\rho}_{1,2,1,2} =
\int d\omega_3 d\omega_4 \,
\phi^{(a)\ast}(\omega_3)\phi^{(b)\ast}(\omega_4)
\phi^{(a)}(\omega_3)\phi^{(b)}(\omega_4) = 1/2,
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
\hat{\rho}_{2,1,2,1} =
\int d\omega_3 d\omega_4 \,
\phi^{(a)\ast}(\omega_4)\phi^{(b)\ast}(\omega_3)
\phi^{(a)}(\omega_4)\phi^{(b)}(\omega_3) = 1/2,
\end{equation}
\begin{multline}
\hat{\rho}_{1,2,2,1} = \hat{\rho}_{2,1,1,2}^{\ast} =
\int d\omega_3 d\omega_4 \,
\phi^{(a)\ast}(\omega_3)\phi^{(b)\ast}(\omega_4)
\phi^{(a)}(\omega_4)\phi^{(b)}(\omega_3)/2 = \\
\int d\omega_3 \,
\phi^{(a)\ast}(\omega_3) \phi^{(b)}(\omega_3)
\int d\omega_4
\phi^{(b)\ast}(\omega_4) \phi^{(a)}(\omega_4)/2.
\end{multline}

All other density matrix elements are zero.
Thus general form of the anti-bunched state density matrix will be,

\begin{equation}
\hat{\rho} =
\frac{1}{2}
\begin{bmatrix}
0     & 0 & 0 & 0 \\
0 & 1   & I_{a,b}I_{b,a} & 0 \\
0 & I_{a,b}I_{b,a}   & 1 & 0 \\
0     & 0 & 0 & 0
\end{bmatrix},
\label{full_D}
\end{equation}
where $ I_{a,b} = \int d\omega\,
\phi^{(a)\ast}(\omega) \phi^{(b)}(\omega)$ is the spectral overlap between the two photons.
Clearly this spectral overlap
is an important factor in determining the exact form of the two photon density matrix. It can be equal to zero in cases where the photons have non-overlapping spectrum or if there is a temporal delay between the photons. In the case where the photons are indistinguishable the overlap will be unity, resulting in a different spatial density matrix compared to the non overlapping (distinguishable case) case.

The reduced density matrix of the anti-bunched state [Eq.~\ref{full_D}] can be recovered using our static photonic chip based approach to tomography. This can be achieved for quantum states of both distinguishable and indistinguishable photons, despite the fact that we do not use single-photon detectors to directly determine which photon was detected. Ultimately this is possible because of generalized Hong-ou-Mandel (HOM)  \cite{Hong:1987-2044:PRL} interference between the photons in the case where their spectra overlap.

        \begin{figure}
        	\centering
        	\includegraphics[width = 0.7\textwidth]{Fig_1_supp}
        	\caption{\textbf{HOM interference of photon source.} Standard HOM interference measurement of the two-photon source, using a fiber-splitter to give the interference. The HOM visibility is $93\%$, without subtracting the background counts. }
        	\label{fig:1}
        \end{figure}

    \begin{figure}
    	\centering
    	\includegraphics[width = \textwidth]{Fig_2_supp}
    	\caption{\textbf{Two-photon spatial correlations of anti-bunched two-photon states at the output of the photonic chip.} (a) Correlations between the six output waveguides when the photons in the anti-bunched state are separated in time (by $> 3$ ps).
        (b) Correlations between the six output waveguides when the photons in the anti-bunched state are overlapping in time (with $\approx 93\%$ visibility).
    	}
    	\label{fig:2}
    \end{figure}

To demonstrate this we use a two-photon source that can be tuned between producing an anti-bunched state of distinguishable or indistinguishable photon pairs. The distinguishably is achieved by introducing variable time delay between the two photons. The quality of this source is checked using traditional HOM interference, showing a visibility of $93\%$ [Fig.~\ref{fig:1}].
    With this photon source we can therefore create two different anti-bunched two-photon states, one state where the two photons are distinguishable because of a time delay between them, and one state where there is no time delay so the photons can't be distinguished. These correspond to non-degenerate and degenerate two-photon density matrices, respectively, both of which can be described by Eq.~\ref{full_D}.

\begin{figure}
    	\centering
    	\includegraphics[width = 0.7\textwidth]{Fig_3_supp}
    	\caption{\textbf{Reconstructed density matrices of distinguishable and indistinguishable photon-pairs.} (a,b) Reconstructed real and imaginary parts, respectively, of the distinguishable two-photon anti-bunched state density matrix, corresponding to the measured correlations in Fig.~\ref{fig:2}(a). (c, d) Reconstructed real and imaginary parts respectively of the indistinguishable two-photon anti-bunched state density matrix, based on the measured correlations in Fig.~\ref{fig:2}(b).
    	}
    	\label{fig:3}
    \end{figure}

    We then demonstrate recovery of both the distinguishable and indistinguishable anti-bunched states.
     We couple these two different states into our photonic chip, and observe the two distinct sets of two-photon correlations at the six outputs, much like in traditional HOM. For these two cases the two-photon correlations that are observed across the six output waveguides of the device are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:2}(a) and  \ref{fig:2}(b) for the distinguishable and indistinguishable cases respectively. There is a clear difference between these two sets of measurements, especially in the elements $(2,3)$, $(3,4)$, and $(4,5)$, which are much larger in the distinguishable case than the indistinguishable case. This is due to quantum interference as some parts of the two-photon wavefunction are non-orthogonal in the indistinguishable case and thus interfere with one another. Thus we can observe a generalized form of the HOM effect in our device.

    As can be seen in Eq.~\ref{full_D} the form of the density matrix we are recovering depends on the overlap between the (complex) spectrum of the photons being measured, so it contains information about how indistinguishable the photons are. Performing reconstruction of the input density matrices of the distinguishable and indistinguishable coincidence measurements from Fig.~\ref{fig:2}(a) and (b) allows us to see the difference between the density matrices. The real and imaginary parts of the reconstructed density matrix for the distinguishable case is shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:3}(a) and (b) and the density matrix for the indistinguishable case is shown in Figs.~\ref{fig:3}(c) and (d). Both reflect the expected form of the reduced density matrix that was derived in Eq.~\ref{full_D}. The density matrix of the distinguishable case has small off diagonal elements, suggesting that it is a `classical' state. In contrast the density matrix of the indistinguishable state has two large off diagonal elements, these show that there is quantum coherence between different states of the two particles, and thus the state will exhibit some non-classical statistics.

    Therefore, even without photon distinguishing detection schemes,  our approach to quantum tomography is capable of recovering distinguishable and indistinguishable multi-photon quantum states using generalized HOM interference.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


If you are a resident of Liverpool that want to install CCTV for their security system can find companies that will do this for them at reasonable prices. The key is to find companies that are not only well-known for putting these in, but are able to install them for reasonable prices. Additionally, you need to consider the technology that is involved with those CCTV Liverpool installations. Your goal is to have a state-of-the-art system, one that you can access from wherever you are, to see what is happening at your home or at your place of business. Here is an easy guide for finding CCTV installers in Liverpool that will be able to help you.
This technology is very unique in that you are able to see what is happening at your home or office while you are away. It is also very helpful because it is often connected with his security team that will be watching what is happening. Once the sensors are triggered, and the cameras come on, those people will be able to see who is there. If you can connect this to your smart phone, you will also be able to see what is going on. The cost of these systems can be quite expensive, which is why you need to get estimates from all of them.
How Do You Evaluate These Liverpool CCTV Companies?
Evaluating these businesses that you find online begins with social feedback. It's really the best way to determine what you can expect prior to hiring one of these businesses to help you. In some cases, the company that you are working with will give you a good discount, and also provide you with one of the best installations ever. It could cost you thousands, but it might be much lower than all of the other competitors that are offering similar systems that are as comprehensive.
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text:
By Caitlin Owens
Good morning, and happy Friday.
1 big thing: Wall Street has kind of soured on health care
The floor of the New York Stock Exchange last month. Photo: Drew Angerer/Getty Images
Many of the largest health care companies — including UnitedHealth Group, HCA Healthcare, Anthem and Humana — have reported blowout profits in the first quarter. And yet, the industry's stocks continue to take a pounding on Wall Street, Axios' Bob Herman and Courtenay Brown report.
Between the lines: Stock prices of health care companies have consistently outperformed broader indices over the past several years, so some pullback is natural.
But stock prices also are a reflection of future value, and everything from rising support of "Medicare for All" to drug pricing regulation is clouding the profit outlook.
The big picture: "Medicare for All" has dangled over stocks even though Wall Street firms know enacting that program would require several consecutive political miracles.
One investor told Axios that Medicare for All is a "utopian pipe dream."
Still, the S&P 500 health care index shed $150 billion of market value during a 4-day stretch in April — right after Sen. Bernie Sanders talked up his "Medicare for All" plan and UnitedHealth CEO Dave Wichmann called out the proposal.
Yes, but: "Medicare for All" is only one factor investors have been getting nervous about.
The Trump administration's drug rebate rule appears likely to go into effect in 2020, and that would drastically change how health insurers and pharmacy benefit managers negotiate for drugs.
Sales of many blockbuster drugs are maturing, leaving investors wondering what's next, Bloomberg reported.
Uttering "Amazon" and "health care" in the same sentence always spurs a freakout, and the e-commerce giant is more actively marketing PillPack, its recently acquired mail-order drug company.
Don't forget: Computers, not humans, do a lot of the stock trading — so a big part of the selloff also is tied to machines copying each other.
2. U.S. pharma trade policy has mixed results
American consumers may not have benefited all that much from the pharmaceutical components of trade deals, a new article in the New England Journal of Medicine argues.
The authors — the Council on Foreign Relation's Thomas Bollyky and Brigham & Women's Hospital's Aaron Kesselheim — write that the inclusion of these provisions has had "a mixed record in delivering on its goals."
The big picture: Starting with NAFTA, every U.S. trade agreement made since has included a pharmaceutical component.
The Trump administration's NAFTA replacement — the USMCA — gives biologics 10 years of market exclusivity, a huge industry win.
By the numbers: The pharmaceutical trade deficit has swelled to $52 billion, and the number of Americans employed by the drug industry hasn't changed much since 2001.
The Food and Drug Administration estimates that we import 80% of active drug ingredients and 40% of finished drugs, and drug companies have increasingly shifted patents and manufacturing abroad to avoid paying U.S. taxes.
While our pharma industry is very profitable, we're also spending more for their brand products, while other countries are still paying less than us for drugs.
The bottom line: "Americans and their representatives are ignoring history if they expect the inclusion in the USMCA of longer exclusivity for biologics to redress the U.S. trade deficit, loss of manufacturing jobs, and high prescription-drug prices," the authors conclude.
3. Not everyone likes their employer coverage
Reproduced from a Kaiser Family Foundation report; Chart: Axios Visuals
The higher an employee's deductible is, the less they tend to think of their plan, according to a new Kaiser Family Foundation-Los Angeles Times survey of people with employer coverage.
41% of respondents had an individual plan deductible higher than $1,500 or a family plan deductible above $3,000.
Why it matters: Deductibles keep going up — suggesting more employees are probably growing dissatisfied with their employer health coverage.
The more people don't like their employer insurance, the less rattled they're likely to be if it's taken away — key context in the "Medicare for All" debate.
Between the lines: People with higher deductibles, unsurprisingly, reported having a harder time affording care.
40% of respondents reported some kind of affordability problem, the most common of which was paying for medical bills while still in their deductible.
People with higher deductibles were more likely to report an affordability problem.
Go deeper: The LA Times dug deeper into how insurance has changed over the last decade and what it means for workers.
"There has been a quiet revolution in what health insurance means in this country," the Kaiser Family Foundation's Drew Altman told the LA Times. "This happened under the radar while everyone was focused on the Affordable Care Act."
Go deeper: Why some families with insurance still can't afford health care
4. Another drag on the drug rebate rule
A new analysis from the Congressional Budget Office reiterates the major concerns about the Trump administration's drug rebate rule — that it could be a budget-buster and a gift to pharmaceutical companies, Bob writes.
By the numbers: CBO estimates the regulation would raise federal spending by $177 billion over the next decade because health insurers and pharmacy benefit managers would raise premiums to offset the loss of rebates — similar to what actuaries at the Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services have projected.
CBO also believes drug manufacturers "would not lower their list prices" and "would withhold about 15%" of what they currently rebate to PBMs for themselves.
The bottom line: The CBO is yet another non-industry party — following comments from the likes of MedPAC, Pew and academic researchers — saying the rebate rule will cost taxpayers more money but will not guarantee lower drug prices.
5. Insys executives found guilty in opioids case
A jury yesterday found John Kapoor, the founder and former CEO of Insys Therapeutics, and 4 other executives guilty of a scheme that involved bribing doctors to prescribe the company's powerful opioid, Subsys, for patients who didn't need it and tricking health insurers to pay for it, Reuters reports.
Why it matters: This trial was a high-profile affair that many people viewed as a referendum on Big Pharma's role in the national opioid crisis.
Other major makers of painkillers, including Purdue Pharma and Johnson & Johnson, also are facing potential trials.
"The conviction is important because all too often when powerful executives orchestrate marketing maneuvers that put patients at risk, they go unpunished even as their companies pay fines or their lieutenants are prosecuted," Stat News' Matthew Herper writes.
Related: The West Virginia governor and attorney general's office yesterday announced a $37 million settlement with McKesson, resolving allegations regarding the company's distribution of controlled substances.
McKesson denies any wrongdoing.
The announcement from the attorney general's office said that this is believed to be the nation's largest state settlement of its kind against a single drug distributor.
Have a great weekend. Please keep sending the tips and feedback.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Geoffrey Chaucer Amorous Compleint has 91 lines, and 9% of them have strong matches at magnitude 15+ in Geoffrey Chaucer. 75% of the lines have weak matches at magnitude 10 to 14. 16% of the lines have no match. On average, each line has 0.15 strong matches and 3.26 weak matches.
That love hir best, but sleeth me for my trewthe.
That, for I love hir, sleeth me giltelees.
That I for hir love shal endyte.
I am so confus, that I can noght seye.
'Gladly,' quod she, 'sith it may yow lyke.
... with-oute avysement is eek a sinne. But lat us go now to thilke horrible swering of adiuracioun and coniuracioun, as doon thise false enchauntours or nigromanciens in bacins ful of water, or in a bright swerd, in a cercle, or in a fyr, or in a shulder-boon of a sheep. I can nat seye but that they doon cursedly and damnably, agayns Crist and al the feith of holy chirche.
I may hir have right sone, doutelees.
[For] certes, now, allas! allas! the whyle!
Wol he nat wedde? allas, allas the whyle!
[continues previous] Sir, ye ne be nat alwey in lyke disposicioun; for certes, som thing that somtyme semeth to yow that it is good for to do, another tyme it semeth to yow the contrarie.
[continues previous] Allas, allas! now may men wepe and crye!
And thus ye me from al my blisse exyle.
[continues previous] And I assente, al that hir list and lyketh!
Ther mighte asterte him no pecunial peyne.
This have I for I lovë you, swete herte!
She was to him in love, and more penible.
[continues previous] By certein tokenes that I can hir telle.
[continues previous] That for your love I swete ther I go.
What wonder is, thogh ye do me no grace?
Thogh ye to me ne do no daliaunce.
[continues previous] To wele or wo, sith hit lyth in hir might?
[continues previous] That litel wonder is, thogh I walwe and winde.
What wonder is, though swich oon have no grace?
[continues previous] Unwist, right as I com, so wol I wende.
That lasse lust hath to that sory pley.
In sory tyme she shal awake.
My lyf;' that song may have confusioun!
Alle thise diden, in that, me love yow dere.
In lovë; nay, but in dispayre I dye!
[continues previous] 'Blessed be god, that I shal dye a mayde.
[continues previous] [For this day in hir servise shal I dye].
[continues previous] But grace be, I see hir never with yë.
[continues previous] In-to this toun ne comth nought here Criseyde.
Hit is nat with hir wil that I hir serve!
[continues previous] And love hir best, although she do me sterve.
[continues previous] Sith I yow serve, and so wil yeer by yere.
That is to seyn, hir beutee and myn yë.
[continues previous] This is to seyn, to doon hir ful plesaunce.
If that she vouched sauf for to do so.
To seen hir servaunts dyen for hir sake!
That been, as wyde as world may dure.
That I was your, and shal, whyl I may dure.
Why that she lefte pite so behinde?
[continues previous] That is, or shal, whyl that the world may dure.
[continues previous] Hath seyn or shal, whyl that the world may dure.
[continues previous] Of bretherhede, whyl that hir lyf may dure.
It was, y-wis, a greet defaute in kinde.
[continues previous] bityden, yit ne have they no necessitee of hir kinde to bityden.
[continues previous] But this thing stont al in another kinde.
And I assente, al that hir list and lyketh!
[continues previous] And thus ye me from al my blisse exyle.
[continues previous] That man hath a feendly herte.
Endure the peyne ye have seid here?
In any worde to your displesinge.
Were me, as wisly god my soule save!
As I shal even Iuge been and trewe.
Ne never hadde, as god my soule save!
As wisly helpe me gret god of kinde!
[continues previous] To dyen in the peyne, I coude nought!
Forgiveth it me, myn owne lady dere!
A, Bialacoil, myn owne dere!
[continues previous] Or thou ne shalt nat loven Emelye.
[continues previous] To live or dye, I wol it never repente!
... womanes calle, in kerving overthwart the Almikanteras. And thise same strykes or divisiouns ben cleped Azimuthz. And they devyden the orisonte of thyn Astrolabie in four and twenty devisiouns. And thise Azimutz serven to knowe the costes of the firmament, and to othre conclusiouns, as for to knowe the cenith of the sonne and of every sterre. And for more declaracioun, lo here thy figure.
Alwey to oon, and chaungeth for no newe.
[continues previous] To gete ayein Criseyde, bright of hewe.
[continues previous] Ye mowe preve hit by assay.
For I am thyn, by god and by my trouthe!
[continues previous] Al freshly newe, and lat Criseyde go!
To live or dye, I wol it never repente!
Chese he, for me, whether he wol live or dye.
And love hir best, although she do me sterve.


Learn anytime, anywhere. Even offline Learn Spanish in just 5 minutes a day with our lessons. Whether you're a beginner starting with the basics or looking to practice your reading, writing, and speaking You can get an easy introduction to Spanish or just consolidate your basic knowledge with the beginner's course. Following the course step-by-step you can quickly gain an understanding of the most important ideas, and you can learn up to an advanced beginner's level of learning. This course is part of the Spanish for Beginners program, which will enable you to learn basic Spanish and discover the Spanish-speaking world.


text:
namespace Tokenization
{

Tools::Language TokenizerEnFast::GetLanguage() const
{
    return Tools::Language::EN_FAST;
}

}


text:
package com.brucecloud.fastclone.bean;

import java.math.BigDecimal;
import java.util.List;

import static com.brucecloud.fastclone.bean.BiddingWord.WordType.NORMAL;

/**
 * 竞价词.
 * created at 2016/10/21 17:22.
 *
 * @author yaoxh.
 */
public class BiddingWord {
    public WordType getWordType() {
        return wordType;
    }

    public void setWordType(WordType wordType) {
        this.wordType = wordType;
    }

    public User getUser() {
        return user;
    }

    public void setUser(User user) {
        this.user = user;
    }

    public List<User> getUserList() {
        return userList;
    }

    public void setUserList(List<User> userList) {
        this.userList = userList;
    }

    public int getAaaaa() {
        return aaaaa;
    }

    public void setAaaaa(int aaaaa) {
        this.aaaaa = aaaaa;
    }

    public enum WordType {
        CATEGORY(1, "类目词", 1),
        CATEGORY_PROP(2, "类目属性词", 2),
        CONTAINS_CATEGORY(3, "包含类目词", 3),
        NORMAL(0, "普通词", 99);

        private int order;
        private int type;
        private String name;

        WordType(int type, String name, int order) {
            this.name = name;
            this.type = type;
            this.order = order;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }

        public int getType() {
            return type;
        }

        public int getOrder() {
            return order;
        }

        public static WordType getWordType(Integer type) {
            if (type == null) {
                return NORMAL;
            }
            switch (type) {
                case 1:
                    return CATEGORY;
                case 2:
                    return CATEGORY_PROP;
                case 3:
                    return CONTAINS_CATEGORY;
                default:
                    return NORMAL;
            }
        }
    }

    public SortType getSortType() {
        return sortType;
    }

    public void setSortType(SortType sortType) {
        this.sortType = sortType;
    }

    public enum SortType {
        HOT_EXCELLENT(3, "热优词", 1),
        HOT(2, "热词", 2),
        EXCELLENT(1, "优词", 3),
        NORMAL(0, "普通词", 99);

        private int order;
        private int type;
        private String name;

        SortType(int type, String name, int order) {
            this.name = name;
            this.type = type;
            this.order = order;
        }

        public String getName() {
            return name;
        }

        public int getType() {
            return type;
        }

        public int getOrder() {
            return order;
        }

        public static SortType getSortType(Integer type) {
            if (type == null) {
                return NORMAL;
            }
            switch (type) {
                case 3:
                    return HOT_EXCELLENT;
                case 2:
                    return HOT;
                case 1:
                    return EXCELLENT;
                default:
                    return NORMAL;
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * 竞价词名称
     */
    private String name;

    /**
     * 相关性得分
     */
    private BigDecimal score;

    /**
     * 竞价词类型
     */
    private WordType wordType = NORMAL;

    private User user;

    private List<User> userList;

    private int aaaaa;

    private SortType sortType = SortType.NORMAL;

    public String getName() {
        return name;
    }

    public void setName(String name) {
        this.name = name;
    }

    public BigDecimal getScore() {
        return score;
    }

    public void setScore(BigDecimal score) {
        this.score = score;
    }

    @Override
    public boolean equals(Object o) {
        if (this == o) return true;
        if (o == null || getClass() != o.getClass()) return false;

        BiddingWord that = (BiddingWord) o;

        return name.equals(that.name);

    }

    @Override
    public int hashCode() {
        return name.hashCode();
    }
}


text:
Newsom loses first round of legal fight over California's sketchy "fee-shifting" law
By Cam Edwards | 9:30 AM on December 20, 2022
AP Photo/Jeff Chiu
After Texas lawmakers approved an anti-abortion bill allowing private citizens to sue abortion providers in the state, California Gov. Gavin Newsom responded by pushing California legislators to approve a similar bill, only directed at the firearms industry. SB 1327 not only provides an avenue for California residents to sue gun makers over any "assault weapon" illegally manufactured or sold in the state, but also imposed a bizarre new standard on any legal challenges to California's gun control laws.
Under the terms set out in SB 1327, any plaintiff suing over the constitutionality of the state's gun laws will be on the hook for California's legal fees unless they're successful on every count that they bring. On the other hand, if the plaintiffs do emerge victorious on every count, the state of California still doesn't have to hand over a penny in attorneys' fees to them. The law was clearly meant to chill the ability of Second Amendment advocates to curb the abuses of their fundamental rights, but that didn't stop 2A groups from the Second Amendment Foundation and Firearms Policy Coalition to the California Rifle & Pistol Association from challenging Newsom's latest anti-gun endeavor in federal court.
The case was assigned to U.S. District Judge Roger Benitez, who's previously delivered scathing rulings against the state's magazine ban, "assault weapons" ban, and other infringements on the right to keep and bear arms, and on Monday the judge handed another win to the Second Amendment groups and a stinging defeat to Gavin Newsom; ruling that enforcement of SB 1327 must be put on hold while the legal challenges continue.
It wasn't that hard of a decision for Benitez, to be honest. The federal judge was able to point out that even California Attorney General Rob Bonta found SB 1327 to be so constitutionally problematic that his office stepped away from defending the law, handing that role off to Newsom's office. In Benitez's ruling, the judge makes it clear that no matter what California officials might think about the legality of the Texas abortion law, putting their own unconstitutional provision in place in response is a non-starter.
The principal defect of § 1021.11 is that it threatens to financially punish plaintiffs and their attorneys who seek judicial review of laws impinging on federal constitutional rights. Today, it applies to Second Amendment rights. Tomorrow, with a slight amendment, it could be any other constitutional right including the right to speak freely, to freedom of the press, to practice one's religion, to restrict cruel and unusual punishment, and to be free from government takings without compensation. Section 1021.11 makes its threat by means of a lopsided, unorthodox attorney's fee-shifting scheme which ensures the citizen cannot win and may be forced to pay for the government's attorney's fees. The fee-shifting provision exacerbates the disincentive to litigation by threatening plaintiff lawyers with joint and several liability for paying the government's attorney's fees. By deterring citizens and coercing attorneys from accessing the courts for relief from constitutionally questionable laws, § 1021.11 severely chills both First Amendment rights and Second Amendment rights.
Newsom will undoubtably appeal Benitez's decision to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals. Ultimately the governor wants the Supreme Court to hear a challenge to SB 1327 under the assumption that if they strike down California's law they must also do the same for SB 8 in Texas. It wasn't Benitez's job to weigh in on the constitutionality of the Texas statute, but he did point out that California's law differs from the SB 8 in several ways; not just the subject, but the scope of the fee-shifting provisions.
The Intervenor-Defendant Governor describes the California law as identical or virtually identical to a Texas law known as S.B. 8. But that is not quite accurate. S.B. 8, among other things, creates a fee-shifting provision that applies only to cases challenging abortion restrictions. It is codified at Texas Civil Practice & Remedies Code § 30.022. California's Code of Civil Procedure § 1021.11 applies only to cases challenging firearm restrictions. Both provisions tend to insulate laws from judicial review by permitting fee awards in favor of the government, tilting the table in the government's favor, and making a plaintiff's attorney jointly and severally liable for fee awards. California's law then goes even further. As a matter of law, a California plaintiff cannot be a prevailing party. See § 1021.11(e). The Texas statute has no similar provision and thus it appears that a Texas prevailing plaintiff can be awarded his attorney's fees. The California provision, on the other hand, denies prevailing party status to a plaintiff, even a plaintiff who is entirely successful, and thus denies any possibility of recovering his attorney's fees. The California plaintiffs-never-prevail provision is not insignificant. And although both § 1021.11's and § 30.022's effect on court access should be constitutionally scrutinized, it is important to note that only § 1021.11 applies to laws affecting a clearly enumerated constitutional right set forth in our nation's founding documents.
It's entirely possible, then, that SCOTUS could uphold SB 8 in Texas while striking down SB 1327. That would be a much bigger loss for Newsom than a federal judge issuing an injunction against enforcement of the fee-shifting provisions, but it would also allow Newsom to play the victim and trash the Court for it's supposed judicial activism. Newsom loves the headlines painting him as as a progressive culture warrior, so I don't think he's going to back down from his latest attack on gun owners… even if the prospects of SB 1327 ultimately surviving legal scrutiny are slim.
Tags: GUN CONTROL VIDEO CALIFORNIA GAVIN NEWSOM JUDGE ROGER BENITEZ SB 1327
Geraldo Rivera once again reveals his ignorance of the Second Amendment


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You are here: Home About Council Media Releases 2017 Media ReleasesBusiness improvements result in award win and wins for the community
Business improvements result in award win and wins for the community
Willoughby Council has been recognised for its successful internal Business Improvement Program, winning the Excellence in Operational and Management Effectiveness award at the prestigious Local Government Awards, held last Thursday.
The award win coincides with a report to last night's Council meeting (Monday 10 April, 2017) highlighting the positive benefits of recent Business Improvements, including estimated costs savings of $175,000 in the 2015/16 year, increased staff efficiency and compliance, improved customer service and other positive flow-ons to the local community.
Initiated in 2015, Council's Business Improvement Program has resulted in new and improved internal systems for prioritising and managing projects, to ensure community needs are being met on time, on budget, with a quality product.
Key achievements to date include:
Council successfully completed 64 business improvement initiatives in 2015/16 resulting in estimated cost savings of $175,000 for Council and the community. Further savings and improvements are expected in the 2016/17 year, with 87 per cent of scheduled projects completed or on track for completion.
$80,000 in savings through an improved Development Application processes. This also resulted in improved application determination times, with a current applicant satisfaction rate of 73 per cent.
Improved procurement processes focused on mitigating operational risks. New processes, a new purchasing policy, and staff training has resulted in an increased procedural compliance rate of more than 90 per cent.
$30,000 worth of savings through improvements to book purchasing processes at Chatswood Library.
$9,900 worth of savings through improvements to Council's accounts payable processes
Occupational Health and Safety risk reduction and $30,000 in cost savings through the 5 'S' program – which looks at how staff operate safely and productively in the work space.
Significant staff conceptualised and led initiatives, aimed at creating new ways of delivering services more effectively. One example is the use of tablets by outdoor staff, allowing them to share maintenance schedules in different locations in real time. It also enables staff to complete other work in the field without the previous need to return to the office, and resolves the problem of inefficient and paper based scheduling. Council is actively exploring how this tool can be used beneficially across other areas of Council.
"The success of Council's business improvement program has resulted in a win for staff, and wins for our community. Congratulations to Council staff on their hard work. I know staff have been heavily involved and invested in the process of how they can improve the way they work to be more efficient, cost effective and productive - with the end goal being benefit to our community," said Willoughby Mayor Gail Giles-Gidney.
Acting Marketing and Events Manager
Email: Samantha.Connor@Willoughby.nsw.gov.au
For non media related enquiries contact Willoughby City Council on 9777 1000 or email@willoughby.nsw.gov.au


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Everybody's Going BZRK!
By Heather Sedlak • December 6th, 2011
Unwinnable's Heather Sedlak sat down with Michael Grant and Alex LeMay to discuss their newest project, GoBZRK – a transmedia foray into fiction.
Unwinnable: Tell me a little bit about the project.
Michael Grant: We think it's one of the earliest efforts to do transmedia with a book as the core. It started off with me thinking that I wanted to do transmedia before the word existed. I knew I wanted to do something vague and somebody else later on said, "Oh, that would be transmedia," and I thought, "Oh, excellent. That's great."
So I got a hold of Alex and said "Look, let's do the transmedia thing together and we'll do it around this book concept." It's a book called BZRK – it'll be at least three books. I came up with the idea for the book from the start thinking I want to build this out in such a way that we can have an Alternate Reality Game, so that we can get apps, games, fan sites, so we can create this larger universe that can tell multiple layers of stories. So the book is kind of a fixed point in that universe and everything else is more malleable, shiftable and reprogrammable, so to speak.
Unwinnable: Mr. LeMay, you created the online world?
Alex LeMay: Well, Michael created the universe, and we were able to take that and build things from it. There's tons of information in the universe – so much it can't fit into a book. So what Michael gave us in the beginning was basically the idea of wanting to have – before the iPad and all that – a sort of immersive world around a book where you could just click on everything and still read the book. Essentially, what we ended up doing was to combine technology and our ambitions together with the iPad and what the web can do now and how audiences are consuming media. They've all converged into this place.
Unwinnable: Can I experience them separately? That is, if I didn't want to read the book, could I still play the game?
M.G.: Well, if you don't want to read the book, curse you! [Laughs] You can just play the ARG if you want. Or don't play the ARG but download the app when that becomes available – it'll be free. Or you can just read the book. Or you can read the book plus play the ARG. Or ARG plus website. Or play the ARG, website, app and book.
This is the new movie of the 21st century. This is what it looks like – it doesn't take place in a dark room
Unwinnable: So it's like a customizable experience?
M.G.: That's right. You can have as much fun as you want to have or as little as you want. You investigate as much as you want. We tried to give you as much freedom as you want, and at the end if you think, "Eh, I'm not interested," then fine – walk away.
But if you're still interested, like if you go through the ARG and you think it'd be kind of cool to play a game based on that, then great! And if you then think that you'd like to read the book that originated the concept, then we would like you to do that too. We want to give you all those different options.
A.L.: There's an analogy in transmedia that gets used a lot. You and I go through the same gate to get in to the amusement park. You go right, and you do the roller coaster. I go left, and I do the spinning cups. We all kind of separate, and then we meet at the end. And we're all talking in the same world, but we're telling different stories because we went through that in our own ways. But we all kind of came out with the same result: It was a blast! And we bought some things from the gift shop, and it was wonderful.
Unwinnable: That kind of answers another question I had, but I'll ask it just to clarify. If I find a side character more interesting than the main character, could I follow that experience as opposed to the main character's experience?
M.G.: As always, there are limits to what we can do, but yeah. You find that anyway, even with just book series. People follow one character over another. Now what's interesting to me about this is that if BZRK continues beyond the first three books, I'll have long since have started getting feedback from the fans and so I'll know if they want to follow a side character more.
You're always surprised when you write books in a series or an ongoing thing by who becomes popular and who people really like. So you already think, "Oh God, it's already done, it's already baked in so I can't respond to it." We're trying to compress that timeline a little bit so we can get feedback from people into books. And these are easier, of course, into ARG, into the website at GoBZRK.com. And we're very interested in being able to do that – have fans tell us what they're interested in. That doesn't mean I'm going to turn over the whole story to them because, you know, I'm the storyteller, but that means if I see that people are really responding to a side character, I'm going to say, "Oh, interesting, so they really liked that character." Funny thing is, it'll usually be a character I like anyway. So I'll write more about one character and less about another. So we like you falling in love with secondary characters. That's cool.
Unwinnable: That's good because I often do and I'm often disappointed because there's just not enough.
A.L.: Transmedia allows you to do that. Very often it could be a tertiary character where you could build an entire world. Like he's writing something that will be a parallel story that will be part of the main story, but it'll be this whole other offshoot. It'll taste the same, it'll smell the same, it'll be part of the same universe, it'll have the same vibe, but it might take place in a different time. The great thing about transmedia is that after book one comes out, Michael can be writing a prequel and we can be creating a sequel online. So you can have narratives running simultaneously. That's what transmedia allows you to do – create that 3D sort of world. So it's really about world building.
M.G.: And we really invite fans to contribute. We're actively soliciting fans to submit fan fiction and fan art.
A.L.: It's a whole section on the website.
M.G.: We're gonna have that up on the website itself. We're not those people who are thinking, "You can't ever write anything about my characters." I know some writers do take that position. I take the exact opposite position. It's flattering and interesting and kind of cool. Except when they have one of my characters having sex with Harry Potter, in which case I wish they'd stop.
A.L.: [Laughs] It's gonna happen.
M.G.: Maybe they were made for each other, I don't know.
Unwinnable: Speaking of Harry Potter, I just wrote an article on Pottermore. Can you compare them?
A.L.: Yeah, I think that Pottermore is a different thing. Somebody described it yesterday, and I think they did a great job of it – it's a very big encyclopedia. I think that what it does serves a different purpose than what we're doing, which is really about unlocking story and unshackling stories from the four corners of the book.
What Michael and I want to be sure we say is that our publisher, Egmont, co-produced this with us. And we have come together in such a way that it's defining what a book looks like in the 21st century. When the printing press came, they didn't keep the monks in the basement printing off one book at a time. They stopped them from doing that, right? So we're not saying print is dead. It's just going to change, and it's going to become what it's going to become.
To have a publisher that is that brave to say, "Yeah, we're willing to sink some meaningful dollars into this and bring one of our tent pole authors as well as a digital entertainment studio together to create a single experience," has simply never been done before, and then to "game-ify" the whole thing so you're actually gaming your way through this universe – every time you play a puzzle or play with the app or something, it's going to unlock new content.
Unwinnable: When you speak about the game, is it more – and I'm just going on either extreme here – Neopets or World of Warcraft?
A.L.: You're talking about persistent world when you're talking about World of Warcraft, so it's probably more like that but nothing like that. It is a book; it is an iOS game; it is a comic book; it is a movie; it is a television show. It is all of these things that have been put in the atom smasher and have now become a whole new piece of media.
The way we describe it is: This is the new movie of the 21st century. This is what it looks like – it doesn't take place in a dark room. That's one little piece of the timeline. Michael's book is a piece of the timeline. The digital experience is a piece of the timeline. When you add all of those things together, what you get is the BZRK universe that came from him and whatever dreams he had. Also, we want to mention a shout-out to Rich Silverman, who is the author of the ARG portion, which is a vast story unto itself.
BZRK comes out on February 28, 2012 and is already available for preorder on Amazon. The GoBZRK website is online now, so go explore it!
BZRK, GoBZRK
Books, Games, Interview
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An important task of the higher professional education system is the formation of students thinking focused on the future professional activities. For the last ten years in the pedagogical discourse computational thinking began to be regarded as a special organization of cognitive processes that allows to analyze and resolve problems with an orientation to formulate them in such a way that solutions can be represented as a sequence of steps or algorithms that will be implemented with the help of computers. Computational thinking pretends to the status of a new cognitive skill of the information society of the 21st century. For the university ITstudents a well-developed computational thinking is the key to a future successful career. The potential possibilities and organization of the practice of solving physics learning tasks are considered in the context of formation computational thinking of the university IT-students. The analysis is carried out for organization the process of solving physics learning tasks, focused on the development of such components of computational thinking as abstraction, decomposition, algorithmization and generalization. Abstraction is an important component of physics and is associated with the process of solving problems. Students deal with idealized conceptual models of real objects and processes in solving problems. In solving physical problems, decomposition is associated with a speculative breakdown of the material systems under consideration into components, and the analyzed processes into stages. Generalization is used in the transition from individual learning tasks of various contents to their identification. It is an important stage for understanding the general meaning in different initial content. Algorithmization is present in solving physical problems as a sequence of actions. The same algorithm can be used by students for a selected class of learning tasks.
1. Wing J. Computational Thinking. Communications of the ACM, 2006, vol. 49 (3), pp. 33–35. DOI: 10.1145/1118178.1118215.
2. Haseski H. İ., İlic U., Tuğtekin U. Defi ning a New 21st Century Skill-Computational Thinking: Concepts and Trends. International Education Studies, 2018, vol. 11, no. 4, pp. 29–42. DOI:10.5539/ies.v11n4p29.
3. Denning P. J. Remaining Trouble Spots with Computational Thinking. Communications of the ACM, 2017, vol. 60, no. 6, pp. 33–39. DOI: 10.1145/2998438.
4. Aho A. V. Computation and Computational Thinking. The Computer Journal, 2012, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 832–835. DOI: 10.1093/comjnl/bxs074.
5. Wong K.-С. Integrating Computational Thinking into Discrete Mathematics. Conference Proceedings of International Conference on Computational Thinking Education 2017. Hong Kong: The Education University of Hong Kong. Pp. 127–131.
6. Khenner E. K. Vychislitel'noye myshleniye [Computational thinking]. Obrazovaniye i nauka – The Education and Science Journal, 2016, no. 2 (131), pp. 18–33 (in Russian). DOI: 10.17853/1994-5639-2016-2-18-33.
7. Aho A. V. Computation and Computational Thinking. The Computer Journal, 2012, vol. 55, no. 7, pp. 832–835. DOI:10.1093/comjnl/bxs074.
8. Klunnikova M. M., Pushkareva T. P. O podkhodakh k opredeleniyu ponyatiya "vychislitel'noye myshleniye" [On approaches to the defi nition of the concept "computational thinking"]. Innovatsii v obrazovatel'nom prostranstve: opyt, problemy, perspektivy: sb. nauch. st. [Innovations in the educational space: experience, problems, prospects: collection of scientifi c articles]. Krasnoyarsk, Siberian Federal University Publ., 2016. Pp. 35–39 (in Russian).
9. Klunnikova M. M., Pushkareva T. P. Metody i sredstva razvitiya vychislitel'nogo myshleniya pri obuchenii distsipline "Chislennyye metody" [Methods and tools for the development of computational thinking in teaching the discipline "Numerical methods"]. Sovremennoye obrazovaniye – Modern Education, 2017, no. 2, pp. 95–101. DOI: 10.25136/2409-8736.2017.2.23067 (in Russian). URL: http://e-notabene.ru/pp/article_23067.html.
10. Gladun A. D. Fizika kak kul'tura modelirovaniya [Physics as a culture of modeling]. Fizicheskoye obrazovaniye v vuzakh, 1996, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 41–45 (in Russian).
11. Larchenkova L. A. Obrazovatel'nyy potentsial uchebnykh fi zicheskikh zadach [The educational potential of the physics learning tasks]. Fizika v sisteme sovremennogo obrazovaniya (FSSO – 15): materialy XIII Mezhdunarodnoy konferentsii, Sankt-Peterburg, 1–4 iyunya 2015 g. T. 2 [Physics in the system of modern education (FSSO – 15): materials of the XIII International Conference, St. Petersburg, June 1–4, 2015. Vol. 2]. St. Petersburg, Fora-print Publ., 2015. Pp. 114–117 (in Russian).
12. Gilev A. A. Praktikum po resheniyu fi zicheskikh zadach v tekhnicheskom vuze: uchebnoye posobiye [Practicum on solving physical problems in a technical college: textbook]. St. Petersburg, Lan' Publ., 2008. 144 p. (in Russian).
13. Politsinskiy E. V., Rumbeshta E. A. Realizatsiya deyatel'nostnogo podkhoda v protsesse obucheniya shkol'nikov resheniyu fi zicheskikh zadach [Realization of the activity approach in the process of teaching schoolchildren to solve physical problems]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta – TSPU Bulletin, 2006, vol. 6 (57), pp. 58–162 (in Russian).
14. Zelichenko V. M., Larionov V. V. O problemno oriyentirovannom podkhode k resheniyu zadach po fi zike v profi l'noy shkole i vuze [Problem-oriented approach to solving tasks in physics at special schools and university]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta – TSPU Bulletin, 2009, vol. 5 (83), pp. 10–15 (in Russian).
15. Zelichenko V. M., Larionov V. V., Pak V. V. Proyektnyy potentsial uchebnykh zadach po fi zike i ego diagnostika na primere zadach iz razdela "Elektrostatika" [Project potential of learning tasks in physics and its diagnostics on the example of tasks from the section "Electrostatics"]. Vestnik Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta – TSPU Bulletin, 2017, vol. 4(181), pp. 64–70 (in Russian). DOI: 10.23951/1609-624X-2017-4-64-70.
16. Baranov A.V. Proyektnaya deyatel'nost' komp'yuternogo modelirovaniya v fi zicheskom praktikume tekhnicheskogo universiteta: organizatsiya, trebovaniya, kriterii otsenki [The project activity of computer modeling in the physics practicum of the technical university: organization, requirements, evaluation criteria]. Innovatsii v obrazovanii – Innovation in Education, 2016, no. 10, pp. 158–170 (in Russian).
17. Baranov A. V. Obucheniyye komp'yuternomu modelirovaniyu mekhanicheskogo dvizheniya v Mathcad na sisteme "skvoznykh" zadach. Chast' 1 [Teaching computer modeling of mechanical motion in Mathcad on a system of "end-to-end" tasks. Part 1]. Distantsionnoye i virtual'noye obucheniye, 2014, no. 11 (89), pp. 98–109 (in Russian).


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Kyra E. Hicks (born October 1, 1965) is an author, quilter and quilt historian. She writes about African-American quilt history and encouraging quilt documentation. She has created story quilts, such as Black Barbie, which is in the permanent collection of the Fenimore Art Museum in New York City.

Education
Kyra Hicks graduated from Howard University and the University of Michigan. She works professionally as an ecommerce and marketing director. She lives in Arlington, Virginia.

Quilting
Hicks specializes in creating narrative or story quilts. The themes include being a single black woman, politics, family, and religion. All of her quilts include words as well as designs.

Her Patriotic Quilt (1995) is in the permanent collection of the Museum of Arts and Design in New York. It includes the names of prominent American black women Lani Guinier, Joycelyn Elders, and Anita Hill.

Hicks created her Black Barbie quilt, which was displayed in the Fenimore Art Museum's exhibition Through the Eyes of Others: African Americans and Identity in American Art (2010). She addressed issues of body image, western society's obsession with beauty, and the neglect of the African American when creating toys and other ephemera for children. The illustration features the American Barbie doll depicted as a black woman, with the text "Barbie" above it, and below it the phrase: "Was never intended for me." But Mattel sold the first black Barbie fashion doll in 1980.

Research
In her quilt history research, Hicks found only the second known photograph to exist of Harriet Powers, an African-American slave, folk artist and quilt maker from rural Georgia. Powers used traditional appliqué techniques to record local legends, Bible stories, and astronomical events on her quilts. Two if her quilts have survived: Bible Quilt (1886) and Pictorial Quilt (1898).

Hicks has confirmed the price of Pictorial Quilt, paid by owner Maxim Karolik. After acquiring it, he donated the quilt to the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston.

Hicks was one of four African-American women quilters profiled in a PhD dissertation by Yolanda Woods, New World African Conjurers Who Edify and Heal the Community.

Bibliography

 Martha Ann's Quilt for Queen Victoria (2007)
 This I Accomplish: Harriet Powers' Bible Quilt and Other Pieces (2009)
 1.6 Million African American Quilters: Survey, Sites, and a Half-Dozen Art Quilt Blocks (2010)
 The Lord's Supper Pattern Book: Imagining Harriet Powers' Lost Bible Story Quilt (2011)
 How to Self-Publish Your Own Quilt Catalog: A Workbook for Quilters, Guilds, Galleries and Textile Artists (2012)
 Franklin Roosevelt's Postage Stamp Quilt: The Story of Estella Weaver Nukes' Presidential Gift (2012)
 Liberia: A Visit Through Books (2008, co-author)
 The Return of the Guinea Fowl: An Autobiographical Novel of a Liberian Doctor (2011, co-author)
 Crafted Lives: Stories and Studies of African American Quilters, Patricia A. Turner. University Press of Mississippi (2009). Kyra Hicks wrote the foreword
 The Quilt: A History and Celebration of an American Art Form, by Elise Schebler Roberts, with contributions from Jennifer Chiaverini, Sandra Dallas, Kyra Hicks and Helen Kelley. Voyageur Press (2007). Hicks contributed the article "Black Women Have Always Quilted."
 St. James Guide to Black Artists.  Edited by Thomas Riggs. St. James Press (1997). Hicks contributed the profile of Sonia Boyce, British Painter and Mixed Media Artist.

References

External links

American art historians
Quilters
1965 births
Living people
Writers from Los Angeles
Howard University alumni
University of Michigan alumni
American women historians
Women art historians
Artists from Los Angeles
20th-century American historians
20th-century American women writers
20th-century American artists
20th-century American women artists
American textile artists
21st-century American historians
21st-century American women writers
21st-century American artists
21st-century American women artists
Historians from California

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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The bonding hormone oxytocin inhibits the fear center in the brain
Frightening experiences do not quickly fade from memory. A team of researchers under the guidance of the University of Bonn Hospital has now been able to demonstrate in a study that the bonding hormone oxytocin inhibits the fear center in the brain and allows fear stimuli to subside more easily. This basic research could also usher in a new era in the treatment of anxiety disorders. The study has already appeared in advance online in the journal Biological Psychiatry. The print edition will be available in a few weeks.
Significant fear becomes deeply entrenched in memory. Following a car accident, for example, it is difficult to manage street traffic once again - even screeching tires can evoke significant anxiety. Scientists refer to this as "conditioning". Certain images or noises are very closely intertwined in the brain with the experience of pain or fear. Only gradually does one learn that not every screeching tire means danger. This active overwriting in the memory is known as "extinction". "In this process, however, the original contents of the memory are not erased but instead merely overlaid with positive experiences," explains Prof. Dr. Dr. René Hurlemann from the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy of the University of Bonn Hospital. If there are dangerous situations once again, the fear, which was believed to have been already overcome, frequently flares up once more.
Extinction is often used in therapy for anxiety disorders. For example, a person suffering from a spider phobia will gradually and increasingly come face to face with spiders. First the patient has to view photos of spiders and then look at living examples until finally he holds a tarantula in his hand. When people with an anxiety disorder experience as frequently as possible the fact that they do not need to fear the trigger, their fear is reduced. "However, this can take a very long time, because this confrontation with the fearful situation frequently has to be experienced. In addition, there may be relapses because the original trace of fear is still anchored in the memory," reports Prof. Hurlemann. This is why therapists seek a possibility for "overwriting" the fearful memory in a faster and longer-lasting way.
Oxytocin facilitates overwriting of fearful experiences
It has been known for a long time that the hormone oxytocin does not just have a bonding effect in the mother-child relationship and in the case of sex partners but that it is also considered to be anxiolytic. The scientists at the Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy at the University of Bonn, together with their colleagues from the German Cancer Research Center in Heidelberg and the University of Chengdu (China) have now been able to prove its helpful effect in overwriting fearful experiences. "Oxytocin actually reinforces extinction: Under its influence, the expectation of recurrent fear subsequently abates to a greater extent than without this messenger," says study director Prof. Hurlemann, summarizing the result.
The team of scientists induced fear conditioning in a total of 62 healthy male subjects. In the brain scanner, using video glasses, the test subjects viewed photos, for example of human faces. For 70 percent of the images, they received a very brief, unpleasant electrical shock to the hand via electrodes. "In this way, certain images were associated with an experience of anxiety in the test subjects' memory," explains Prof. Hurlemann. The scientists used two methods to prove that this pairing of a particular photo and pain was actually anchored in the test subjects' brains: The expectation of an electrical shock was demonstrated by increased cold sweat which was measured via skin conductivity. In addition, the brain scans prove that the fear regions in the brain were always particularly active.
Half of the test subjects received oxytocin via a nasal spray. The rest received a placebo. Then the extinction phase began in which the test persons were shown the same pictures several times as before but they no longer received electrical shocks. In the men under the influence of oxytocin, the amygdala, as the fear center in the brain, was overall far less active than in the control group, whereas fear-inhibiting regions were more stimulated. Over time, the messenger caused the fear to initially be somewhat greater but then it abated to a far greater extent than without oxytocin. The scientists explain this through the special effect of the messenger: "Oxytocin initially reinforces the test subjects' conscious impressions and thus the reaction to the electrical shock, yet after a few minutes, the anxiolytic effect prevails," explains Prof. Hurlemann.
The scientists hope that anxiety patients can be helped more quickly with the aid of oxytocin and that a relapse can be better prevented. In addition, the researchers presume that the hormone likely facilitates bonding between the therapist and the patient and thus the success of the treatment. "However, this must first be demonstrated by clinical studies," says the scientist from the University of Bonn Hospital.
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