text:
YUI.add('aui-layout-builder-move-tests', function(Y) {

    var Assert = Y.Assert,
        container,
        layout,
        suite = new Y.Test.Suite('aui-layout-builder-move');

    suite.add(new Y.Test.Case({
        name: 'Layout Builder Move Tests',

        setUp: function() {

            layout = new Y.Layout({
                rows: [
                    new Y.LayoutRow({
                        cols: [
                            new Y.LayoutCol({
                                size: 3,
                                value: { content: 'foo' }
                            }),
                            new Y.LayoutCol({
                                size: 3,
                                value: { content: 'foo' }
                            }),
                            new Y.LayoutCol({
                                size: 3,
                                value: { content: 'foo' }
                            }),
                            new Y.LayoutCol({
                                size: 3,
                                value: { content: 'foo' }
                            })
                        ]
                    }),
                    new Y.LayoutRow({
                        cols: [
                            new Y.LayoutCol({
                                size: 4,
                                value: { content: 'foo' }
                            }),
                            new Y.LayoutCol({
                                size: 4,
                                value: { content: 'foo' }
                            }),
                            new Y.LayoutCol({
                                size: 4,
                                value: { content: 'foo' }
                            })
                        ]
                    }),
                    new Y.LayoutRow({
                        cols: [
                            new Y.LayoutCol({
                                size: 6,
                                value: { content: 'foo' }
                            }),
                            new Y.LayoutCol({
                                size: 6,
                                value: { content: 'foo' }
                            })
                        ]
                    }),
                    new Y.LayoutRow({
                        cols: [
                            new Y.LayoutCol({
                                size: 12,
                                value: { content: 'foo' }
                            })
                        ]
                    })
                ]
            });

            this.layoutBuilder = new Y.LayoutBuilder({
                container: Y.one('.container'),
                layout: layout
            });

            container = this.layoutBuilder.get('container');
        },

        tearDown: function() {
            this.layoutBuilder.destroy();
        },

        'should show cut row button if row is movable': function() {
            var firstRow = Y.one('.row');

            Assert.isNotNull(firstRow.previous('.layout-builder-move-cut-row-button'));
        },

        'should not show cut row button if row is not movable': function() {
            var firstRow = Y.one('.row'),
                firstLayoutRow = firstRow.getData('layout-row');

            firstLayoutRow.set('movable', false);
            Assert.isNull(firstRow.previous('.layout-builder-move-cut-row-button'));

            firstLayoutRow.set('movable', true);
            Assert.isNotNull(firstRow.previous('.layout-builder-move-cut-row-button'));
        },

        'should change row\'s position': function() {
            var cutButton,
                rows = this.layoutBuilder.get('layout').get('rows'),
                target;

            Assert.areEqual(3, rows[1].get('cols').length);

            cutButton = container.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-button');
            cutButton.simulate('click');

            target = container.one('.layout-builder-move-target');
            target.simulate('click');

            rows = this.layoutBuilder.get('layout').get('rows');

            Assert.areEqual(4, rows[1].get('cols').length);
        },

        'should be able to cancel the move action on clicked in the cut button again': function() {
            var cutButton,
                target;

            cutButton = container.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-row-button');
            cutButton.simulate('click');

            Assert.isNotNull(cutButton);

            target = container.one('.layout-builder-move-row-target');
            Assert.isNotNull(target);

            Y.one('body').simulate('keydown', {
                keyCode: 27
            });

            target = container.one('.layout-builder-move-row-target');
            Assert.isNull(target);
        },

        'should be able to cancel the move action on escape key press': function() {
            var cutButton,
                target;

            cutButton = container.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-row-button');
            cutButton.simulate('click');

            Assert.isNotNull(cutButton);

            target = container.one('.layout-builder-move-row-target');
            Assert.isNotNull(target);

            cutButton.simulate('click');

            target = container.one('.layout-builder-move-row-target');
            Assert.isNull(target);
        },

        'should hide move row button if disable enableMoveRows attribute': function() {
            var cutButton = container.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-row-button');

            Assert.isNotNull(cutButton);

            this.layoutBuilder.set('enableMoveRows', false);

            cutButton = container.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-row-button');

            Assert.isNull(cutButton);
        },

        'should hide move column button if disable enableMoveCols attribute': function() {
            var cutButton = container.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-col-button');

            Assert.isNotNull(cutButton);

            this.layoutBuilder.set('enableMoveCols', false);

            cutButton = container.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-col-button');

            Assert.isNull(cutButton);
        },

        'should not add move row button on rows that hasn\'t anything to move': function() {
            var moveButton,
                layout = new Y.Layout({
                    rows: [
                        new Y.LayoutRow({
                            cols: [
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    movableContent: false,
                                    size: 3,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                }),
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    movableContent: false,
                                    size: 9,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                })
                            ],
                            movable: false
                        })
                    ]
                });

            this.layoutBuilder.set('layout', layout);

            moveButton = Y.one('.layout-builder-move-button');
            Assert.isNull(moveButton);
        },

        'should not add cut row button if layout has only one row': function() {
            var cutRow;

            layout = new Y.Layout({
                rows: [
                    new Y.LayoutRow({
                        cols: [
                            new Y.LayoutCol({
                                size: 3,
                                value: { content: 'foo' }
                            }),
                            new Y.LayoutCol({
                                size: 3,
                                value: { content: 'foo' }
                            }),
                            new Y.LayoutCol({
                                size: 3,
                                value: { content: 'foo' }
                            }),
                            new Y.LayoutCol({
                                size: 3,
                                value: { content: 'foo' }
                            })
                        ]
                    })
                ]
            });

            this.layoutBuilder.set('layout', layout);

            cutRow = this.layoutBuilder._layoutContainer.one('.layout-builder-cut-row-button');

            Assert.isNull(cutRow);
        },

        'should not add cut col button if layout has 1 row and 1 col only': function() {
            var container = this.layoutBuilder._layoutContainer,
                cutCol;

            layout = new Y.Layout({
                rows: [
                    new Y.LayoutRow({
                        cols: [
                            new Y.LayoutCol({
                                size: 12,
                                value: { content: 'foo' }
                            })
                        ]
                    })
                ]
            });

            this.layoutBuilder.set('layout', layout);

            cutCol = container.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-col-button');
            Assert.isNull(cutCol);
        },

        'should not add targets around clicked row': function() {
            var cutButton,
                rows,
                row0,
                row1;

            rows = container.all('.row');
            row0 = Y.one(rows._nodes[0]);
            row1 = Y.one(rows._nodes[1]);

            cutButton = container.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-button');
            cutButton.simulate('click');

            Assert.isFalse(row0.ancestor().next().hasClass('.layout-builder-move-row-target'));
            Assert.isFalse(row1.ancestor().next().hasClass('.layout-builder-move-row-target'));
        },

        'should not add target before an unmovable row and the row to be moved': function() {
            var cutButton,
                layout = new Y.Layout({
                    rows: [
                        new Y.LayoutRow({
                            cols: [
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 3,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                }),
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 3,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                }),
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 3,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                }),
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 3,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                })
                            ],
                            movable: false
                        }),
                        new Y.LayoutRow({
                            cols: [
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 4,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                }),
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 4,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                }),
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 4,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                })
                            ]
                        }),
                        new Y.LayoutRow({
                            cols: [
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 4,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                }),
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 4,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                }),
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 4,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                })
                            ]
                        })
                    ]
                }),
                targetArea;

            this.layoutBuilder.set('layout', layout);

            cutButton = container.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-row-button');
            cutButton.simulate('click');

            targetArea = container.one('.layout-builder-move-target');

            Assert.areEqual(2, targetArea.getData('row-index'));
        },

        'should not add target after the row to be moved and the unmovable row': function() {
            var cutButton,
                layout = new Y.Layout({
                    rows: [
                        new Y.LayoutRow({
                            cols: [
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 3,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                }),
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 3,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                }),
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 3,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                }),
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 3,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                })
                            ]
                        }),
                        new Y.LayoutRow({
                            cols: [
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 4,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                }),
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 4,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                }),
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 4,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                })
                            ]
                        }),
                        new Y.LayoutRow({
                            cols: [
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 4,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                }),
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 4,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                }),
                                new Y.LayoutCol({
                                    size: 4,
                                    value: { content: 'foo' }
                                })
                            ],
                            movable: false
                        })
                    ]
                }),
                targetArea;

            this.layoutBuilder.set('layout', layout);

            cutButton = container.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-button');
            cutButton.simulate('click');

            targetArea = container.one('.layout-builder-move-target');

            Assert.areNotEqual(4, targetArea.getData('row-index'));
        },

        'should add targets on cols': function() {
            var buttonCutCol,
                row = container.one('.row');

            buttonCutCol = row.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-col-button');
            buttonCutCol.simulate('click');

            Assert.areEqual(row.all('.col').size() - 1, row.all('.layout-builder-move-target').size());
        },

        'should move col': function() {
            var col,
                colTarget,
                cutColButton;

            col = container.one('.col');
            Assert.areEqual('foo', col.getData('layout-col').get('value').content);

            cutColButton = container.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-col-button');
            cutColButton.simulate('click');

            colTarget = container.one('.layout-builder-move-col-target');
            colTarget.simulate('click');

            col = container.one('.col');
            Assert.isNull(col.getData('layout-col').get('value'));
        },

        'should move a row using keyboard': function() {
            var cutRowButton,
                firstRow = Y.one('.row'),
                lastRow,
                lastTarget;

            Assert.areEqual(4, firstRow.all('.col').size());

            lastRow = Y.all('.row').last();
            Assert.areEqual(1, lastRow.all('.col').size());

            cutRowButton = Y.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-row-button');
            cutRowButton.simulate('keypress', { keyCode: 13 });

            lastTarget = Y.all('.layout-builder-move-row-target').last();
            lastTarget.simulate('keypress', { keyCode: 13 });

            firstRow = Y.one('.row');
            Assert.areEqual(3, firstRow.all('.col').size());

            lastRow = Y.all('.row').last();
            Assert.areEqual(4, lastRow.all('.col').size());
        },

        'should move a col using keyboard': function() {
            var cutColButton,
                secondCall,
                firstLayoutCol,
                firstRow = Y.one('.row'),
                lastLayoutCol,
                lastTarget;

            firstLayoutCol = firstRow.one('.col').getData('layout-col');

            Assert.areEqual('foo', firstLayoutCol.get('value').content);

            lastLayoutCol = firstRow.all('.col').last().getData('layout-col');
            Assert.areEqual('foo', lastLayoutCol.get('value').content);

            secondCall = firstRow.all('.col').item(1);
            secondCall.getData('layout-col').set('movableContent', false);

            Assert.isNull(secondCall.one('.layout-builder-move-col-target'));

            cutColButton = firstRow.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-col-button');
            cutColButton.simulate('keypress', { keyCode: 13 });

            lastTarget = firstRow.all('.layout-builder-move-col-target').last();
            lastTarget.simulate('keypress', { keyCode: 13 });

            firstLayoutCol = firstRow.one('.col').getData('layout-col');
            Assert.isNull(firstLayoutCol.get('value'));

            lastLayoutCol = firstRow.all('.col').last().getData('layout-col');
            Assert.areEqual('foo', lastLayoutCol.get('value').content);
        },

        'should call _resetMoveUI method when change cols attribute': function() {
            Y.Mock.expect(this.layoutBuilder, {
                method: '_resetMoveUI'
            });

            Y.one('.row').getData('layout-row').set('cols', []);

            Y.Mock.verify(this.layoutBuilder);
        },

        'should not insert cut buttons on cols if columnMode is not enabled through responsiveness': function() {
            layout._set('isColumnMode', false);
            Assert.isNull(Y.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-col-button'));

            layout._set('isColumnMode', true);
            Assert.isNotNull(Y.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-col-button'));
        },

        'should add a CSS class that is indicating some item is moving': function() {
            var cutButton;

            cutButton = container.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-row-button');
            cutButton.simulate('click');

            Assert.isTrue(Y.one('.layout-builder-layout-container').hasClass('layout-builder-moving'));
        },

        'should remove a CSS class that is indicating some item is moving': function() {
            var cutButton;

            cutButton = container.one('.layout-builder-move-cut-row-button');
            cutButton.simulate('click');
            cutButton.simulate('click');

            Assert.isFalse(Y.one('.layout-builder-layout-container').hasClass('layout-builder-moving'));
        }
    }));

    Y.Test.Runner.add(suite);

}, '', {
    requires: ['test', 'aui-layout-builder', 'aui-classnamemanager', 'node-event-simulate'],
    test: function(Y) {
        return Y.UA.ie === 0 || Y.UA.ie > 8;
    }
});


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text:
Senate Republicans continue to spar over additional coronavirus aid to states
by: Jessi Turnure
WASHINGTON (NEXSTAR)- The Republican divide in the Senate continues over whether to provide further coronavirus relief to state and local governments.
Even professed fiscal conservatives are finding themselves on opposite sides of the debate.
"Let my people vote," proclaimed Sen. John Kennedy, R-LA, on the Senate floor.
Kennedy, Louisiana's former treasurer, has been trying to get the Senate to act on his latest bill. It would allow state and local governments to use the $150 billion Congress has already approved for coronavirus response for general operating expenses and remove the expiration date on the funds.
"If you don't like it, you can chew it up, spit it out and step on it, and vote no in front of God and country," Kennedy said. "But if you like it, you can vote for it."
Kennedy presented the idea with other Senate Republicans to President Trump at the White House this week. Kennedy called the meeting very positive, and the president is reportedly interested in the legislation.
However, Florida's former governor, Sen. Rick Scott, R-FL, has repeatedly blocked Kennedy's efforts on the Senate floor.
"We are bailing out liberal politicians who cannot live within their means, and now we are asking Floridians to pay for the incompetency of governors like Andrew Cuomo," Scott said.
Kennedy said the bill prohibits officials from diverting the money to shore up pension funds, but Scott isn't buying it.
Another sticking point for some Republicans is that the legislation would allow states to use the funds for construction projects.
Scott also argues Congress has provided even more than $150 billion to state and local governments indirectly by supporting things like small businesses, unemployment benefits and disaster funds.
"Regardless of whether we're removing the existing guard rails or talking about completely new funding, both actions would result in a blank check bailout for states," Scott said.
Other senators are working to give state and local governments additional coronavirus relief. Sens. Bill Cassidy, R-LA, and Bob Menendez, D-NJ, have introduced a bill that would provide the entities with $500 billion that would be distributed over time based on population, infection rate and economic impact.
"Somehow states and cities have got to find the money by which they can keep essential services open," Cassidy said. "If you don't have the police, the garbage, the fire to support your small business, the small business can't be open."
On Friday, the House will vote on Democrats' HEROES Act, which includes about $1 trillion more for state and local governments.
"Republican governors, Democratic governors, the League of Cities, the county executives, the state executives all agree that this is really necessary," said Rep. Mike Levin, D-CA.
Kennedy said the House plan has no chance of passing the Senate, but his legislation may be able to pass both chambers.
"It'll make a difference if the president supports it," he said. "That would likely mean Sen. McConnell will let my bill be heard."
Kennedy expects the White House decision to come down within the next week.
Washington D.C. Tweets
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
< > • Effective - 01 Jan 1981, see footnote
144.122. Records of department of revenue, political subdivision ineligible to require disclosure — effect of abuse of confidentiality — city may inspect county records. — Any county or other political subdivision in violation of the provisions of sections 32.057, 144.121 and 144.122 as determined by the director of revenue shall be ineligible to require disclosure of information from the state director of revenue; provided, however, that nothing herein shall be construed to prohibit a county imposing a sales tax pursuant to sections 66.600 to 66.635 from allowing any political subdivision which is a part of group B, as defined in section 66.620, to inspect* such sales tax information on the premises of the county seat of such county at such times as may be set by the chief executive officer of such county.
(L. 1973 H.B. 46, A.L. 1980 S.B. 910)
Effective 1-1-81
*Word "inspection" appears in original rolls.
---- end of effective 01 Jan 1981 ----


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A Bowerbag the award winning new messenger bag, backpack, and a saddlebag all in one. Carry everything from an I-pod to an elephant.
72 backers pledged $8,881 to help bring this project to life.
Carry everything from an I-pod to an elephant! Great for everyone, ages 8 to 88, students, or people on the go. For a $100 donation be the first to own a Bowerbag. Handcrafted with black ballistic nylon and custom artist's patterns created right here in Savannah, Ga.
Choose your custom fabric pattern!
Help me get to my goal in ten days and I'll give all $100 dollar and up backers the lastest BowerBag with removable pockets-BowerBags 2.0!
and the winning idea for its category at this year's FastPitch competition sponsored by the Creative Coast (http://thecreativecoast.org/networking/events-we-love).
I am looking to raise $8000 to create handcrafted Bowerbags, made right here in America, with custom pattern designs created by up and coming artists, such as Matt Hebermehl (www.hebermehl.com).
If you're strapped for cash, donate $10 and get some really cool pins from myself and other local artists.
For a $50 donation you receive limited edition litho-prints from myself and local artists.
For $250 dollars you can send me an image and I'll create a custom screen print of whatever design you want. This is the chance to design your very own custom Bowerbag! The sky is the limit! Imagine your own Bowerbag, it can look or say what you choose!
For $500 I'll get you the pins, the prints, a Bowerbag with artist Matt Hebermehl's signature skull pattern, a custom Bowerbag of your own design, and some other handcrafted goodies.
For $1000, I'll make you a bag that does whatever you want! Tell me what your into and I'll make you a bag thats designed for your lifestyle! Check out this configurable bag we made using garments donated by Andre 3000 for charity. Its a bag that transforms into a shirt, with a blanket pull out, a champagne holder, a whole picnic get-up, it does all kinds of crazy stuff! This bag was purchased at a charity auction for Andre 3000.
Special Thanks to Josh Branstetter at www.jabberpics.com for having the vision and heart to create a truly excellent bowhous video!
Art buttons to stick to your bag.
Signed limited edition letterpress prints from either myself or one of our local artists.
A Bowerbag, first run of the messenger bag, that transforms into a backpack or into a saddlebag. It's covered in the new hotness, i.e. custom artists fabrics and ready to handle all your travel needs. For a hundred bucks if you were kind enough to donate your getting the deal of the century! I will be sure to include some pins for you and info on the Bowhous and its artists. Thanks so much for the support!
A bowerbag, limited edition letterpress prints, and a whole lotta art buttons.
A bowerbag with whatever design you want, you send me the design or tell me what your looking for and I'll have it custom printed just for you!
For $500 Ill get you the pins, the prints, a Bowerbag with artist Matt Hebermehl's signature skull pattern, a custom Bowerbag of your own design, and some other goodies I'm working on as we speak.
For $1000, Ill make you a bag that does whatever you want, look at the pictures of the configurable bag I made (pictures shown in main body of project description) using garments donated by Andre 3000 for charity. Its a bag that transforms into a shirt, with blanket pull out, champagne holder, a whole picnic outing, it does all kinds of crazy stuff.
For $1000 tell me what you're into, example: if you like camping, I'll make you a bag that turns into a tent, or if your an artist, I'll make you a bag that turns into a sketch board, tell me what you're needs are and I design a bag to suit your lifestyle, when it comes to making things transform, Im the man!


The energy industry in America is undergoing remarkable transformation as the shift away from coal continues and renewable energy steps up to fill the void. Until recently, this was largely a public policy-driven shift that ebbed and flowed with the prevailing political winds.
But as wind and solar power now compete with fossil fuels on a cost basis alone, a new champion for clean energy and serious climate action has emerged.
Across the Fortune 500 and beyond, companies of all shapes and sizes are making deliberate choices to invest in clean energy solutions. This movement is not mandated by government regulation or focused on political favouritism but has its roots in the tenets of free market economics.
Economy-wide, customers and investors are growing more alert to the risks of climate change and the importance of sustainability to protect against unforeseen price spikes. This message is resonating in boardrooms everywhere, and today 'corporates' are emerging as a leading proponent of the renewable energy build-out.
The ripple effect of this demand has travelled out into the heartland of America. Take the Cactus Flats wind farm, a network of turbines spread over the range-land in Concho Country, Texas. This progress generates 148MW of power: enough electricity to meet the demand of over 100,000 homes. But this wind farm was built to supply corporate buyers, including automaker GM and food giant General Mills.
Along with power purchased from another Texas wind farm, GM has sourced 100% of the electricity needs for Arlington Assembly—the only GM assembly line in the world to produce the automaker's portfolio of full-size SUVs — from clean and reliable clean-energy sources. Thanks in part to these corporate-backed investments, there are more than 96GW of wind power capacity in the US today.
Yet, organisations across America will need more — much more — power from renewable sources led by wind and solar.
Demand for electricity from modern American businesses is tremendous. While the average US home consumes 0.4MWh annually, the US' biggest retail chain, Macy's, operates more than 100 million square feet of space and consume more than 1.4TWh every year — and data centers in the lower-50 devour more than 90TWh over the same time-frame.
In 2017, according to the Environmental Protection Agency, average emissions created by each additional MWh of power drawn from the US electric grid was 1,559lbs of CO2—that's nearly 1 gigatonne of carbon emissions to power that chain of department stores each year. If companies are going to get serious about environmental sustainability—and meet the demands of their customers—tackling electricity sector emissions is at the top of the list for many businesses.
Large, non-residential electricity customers are the best hope for dramatically reducing the emissions released by electricity generation. While electric utilities have mandates to source a small portion of their power from renewables — typically around 20% — many non-utility businesses and organisations are setting and reaching goals of sourcing 100% of their electricity from renewable sources. As a result, the market for clean electricity is exploding.
Since 2014, corporate power purchases agreements for wind and solar amounted to nearly 16GW of capacity. For perspective: in 2013, 320MW were procured; in 2018, the figure was 6.5GWW. So far, the biggest buyers of renewable energy have been technology companies like Google, Amazon, and Facebook, but major players are now found in every industrial sector, including Starbucks, GM, Walmart, and Lockheed Martin.
These buyers are paying for the construction of new renewable energy plants, not just buying renewable attributes — metadata associated with every kWh of electricity generated from a renewable source.
Concerted efforts to decarbonise the grid are not limited to Democratic states, government mandates or subsidy-driven technologies.
Today, energy users are taking control of their own power procurement, no longer willing to pay the same bill every month for electricity that makes climate change worse — not better. But the shift to renewables isn't easy, and many companies don't have the in-house expertise to easily adopt new energy procurement practices.
As non-residential buyers continue to enter the market for large-scale renewable energy, sharing lessons learned is critical. The community of renewable energy buyers, project developers, and service providers isn't just sharing information on how to reproduce successful strategies, they are also pioneering new transaction methods and deploying new technologies to meet the needs of different types of buyers. And it is this growing community that will make a rapid transition to a cleaner, prosperous, zero-carbon energy future possible.


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Drowned child's aunt urges help to avoid more migrant deaths
By KIRSTEN GRIESHABER, 02/09/2020
BERLIN (AP) — The aunt of three-year-old Alan Kurdi, whose drowning five years ago put a human face on the Syrian refugee crisis, appealed to the world Tuesday to help refugees in need and not allow their continued drowning deaths in the Mediterranean Sea.
Tima Kurdi told reporters in the southern German city of Regensburg that "while I couldn't save my own family, let's help save others in need."
The image of the little boy's lifeless body lying face down on a Turkish beach galvanized world attention to the refugee crisis, illustrating the magnitude of the suffering, the lives destroyed and the treacherous journeys migrants risked fleeing violence or seeking a better life.
While Turkish authorities have given the boy's first name as Aylan, his aunt says the family prefers that it be transliterated as Alan.
Alan's brother, Galip, and mother Rihan, were also among the five people who drowned on Sept. 2, 2015, when their boat sank on the ill-fated journey from the Turkish resort city of Bodrum to the Greek island of Kos.
Tima Kurdi, who later founded the Kurdi Foundation to help refugee children in need, is campaigning to show those who perceive migrants as a problem or threat the level of suffering migrants and refugees are exposed to.
"Those people are innocent victims, they flee from force, not by choice," she said, struggling to fight back the tears.
"Sadly, our family's tragedy is one of many," she added. "We cannot close our eyes."
Five years ago, during the height of Europe's migrant crisis, more than 1 million people mostly from war-torn Syria, Iraq and Afghanistan, fled to Europe, many of them by crossing the Mediterranean in flimsy smugglers's boats that often sank.
In March, the U.N. migration agency said since 2014, an estimated 20,000 migrants have died while trying to cross the Mediterranean.
Businesses reopen as searchers dig in Indonesia quake rubble
By NINIEK KARMINI and YUSUF WAHIL 20/01/2021


Concentric is part of an entire body of sculpture whose focus is on space and light. As the halves mirror one another, there is an interesting juxtaposition of negative to positive when the piece is viewed from different angles. Natural light plays through the piece, as well as within it; the shadows become a part of the sculpture.
In the words of Mark Stasz, the sculptor, "Sculpture is, for me a challenge I present to myself in terms of form, line, space and balance. Working with the materials I do-steel, bronze and stone-enforces the idea that the form itself is what is so appealing. The work overall is visually simple, but technically it is extremely complex. While some collector's know and understand this, to others it is not important. In this way it gives the work a duplicity, something which I strive to attain in each sculpture I create. "Concentric is part of an entire body of sculpture whose focus is on space and light. the way in which each half ring defines an area of negative space reinforces the presence of the positive space. As the halves mirror one another, there is an interesting juxtaposition of negative to positive when you view the piece from different angles. natural light plays through the piece, as well as within it; the shadows become a part of the sculpture. With directed light, the positive and negative spaces become increasingly apparent and become the focus of the piece. With "Concentric" there is an additional tension, on that is often found in my suspended works. the tension comes from proximity of each half ring to one another in their same half, and to one another across the dividing space of the two half circles. With the previous works, where tension plays an important part, it is usually because of the suspension of a stone. It was a surprise to be able to create that same feeling and energy within the sculpture without having to break the symmetry and balance of the overall composition.".


Speed Ramp Complete Kit - 50mm Economy.
At PITTMAN™ we a rubber speed bump for every traffic situation – whether it's a quiet residential close, a busy retail distribution centre or even a main thoroughfare. Traffic calming solutions are not a one size fits all – we have a big selection so you can be sure that the solution you choose from PITTMAN™ will last for years to come.
All of our modular speed bump systems come as mid-sections with end-caps for each end – all are designed to be bolted into asphalt, tarmac or concrete surfaces.
Which speed bump is best for you?
The 50mm economy speed bump is an economy solution ideal for residential areas where there is only light traffic (cars) and the occasional delivery or bin truck. Areas where this speed bump is regularly used is schools, apartment complexes, private roadways even quiet single commercial units.
Our 50mm Premium speed bump is our best-seller mainly because of its high quality and long life. Manufactured in Ireland from recycled and virgin PVC this is our hardest wearing speed bump. It is perfect for use where there is a medium to high volume of HGV traffic so industrial estates, ports, busy retail parks and anywhere you need the longest lasting possible solution. It's so tough we've moulded our name on it!
The GNR Easy Rider speed bump is a unique system manufactured in Canada and held in stock in the Ireland by ourselves. Because the mid-sections are longer than regular speed bumps, at 1200mm and 1800mm lengths, there are less sections needed, less handling, less bolts and less time needed for installation. So if you need a super-fast install choose the Easy Rider.
If there is medium to heavy HGV traffic in the area go straight for the 50mm Premium.
We also stock 75mm speed bumps, but these are extremely severe and can sometimes cause more problems than they solve! Only use where traffic is causing an increased risk to pedestrians e.g. where traffic drives directly up to or past a pedestrian entrance.


We transformed every child's favourite snack into the quickest and easiest treat you can make for Valentine's Day.
We've put together a DIY showing the kids how to make quick and easy bookmarks they can make from things you've most probably already got lying around in the house. Scroll down for the video and a few handy tips and tricks.
Are you all set to celebrate mom on Sunday? Here's a round-up of our ideas.
WATCH: This DIY gift is the perfect match for your Valentine!
Help your child to make these mini DIY gifts for all their friends. All you need are sweeties, matchboxes and our Parent24 printables.
There are lots of great ways to say thank you to the teachers who have made a mark on your children's lives. Here are a few ideas with pretty pot plants!
A collection of the cutest and most fun DIY activities to do with your family.
From a shaving and vanity kit to homemade marinade for dad's next braai, we've put together 5 gift ideas for Father's Day and they all fit perfectly into these reusable mason jars.
A quick and easy DIY showing you how to press flowers and incorporate them into a beautiful gift that ends up looking pretty as a picture!
Your little one might be looking for things to make and sell at their school's market day. How about these quick and easy DIY marble mugs?
Help the kids make something special for their friends this Valentine's Day with these printable cards and chunks of love (chocolate)!
Spread the joy with homemade mason jar presents for mom and granny on Mother's Day.


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Statistical significance
(Redirected from Significance level)
In statistical hypothesis testing,[1][2] a result has statistical significance when it is very unlikely to have occurred given the null hypothesis.[3][4] More precisely, a study's defined significance level, denoted by α {\displaystyle \alpha } , is the probability of the study rejecting the null hypothesis, given that the null hypothesis was assumed to be true;[5] and the p-value of a result, p {\displaystyle p} , is the probability of obtaining a result at least as extreme, given that the null hypothesis is true.[6] The result is statistically significant, by the standards of the study, when p ≤ α {\displaystyle p\leq \alpha } .[7][8][9][10][11][12][13] The significance level for a study is chosen before data collection, and is typically set to 5%[14] or much lower—depending on the field of study.[15]
In any experiment or observation that involves drawing a sample from a population, there is always the possibility that an observed effect would have occurred due to sampling error alone.[16][17] But if the p-value of an observed effect is less than (or equal to) the significance level, an investigator may conclude that the effect reflects the characteristics of the whole population,[1] thereby rejecting the null hypothesis.[18]
This technique for testing the statistical significance of results was developed in the early 20th century. The term significance does not imply importance here, and the term statistical significance is not the same as research, theoretical, or practical significance.[1][2][19][20] For example, the term clinical significance refers to the practical importance of a treatment effect.[21]
1.1 Related concepts
2 Role in statistical hypothesis testing
2.1 Significance thresholds in specific fields
3 Limitations
3.1 Effect size
3.2 Reproducibility
4 Challenges
4.1 Overuse in some journals
4.2 Redefining significance
Main article: History of statistics
Statistical significance dates to the 1700s, in the work of John Arbuthnot and Pierre-Simon Laplace, who computed the p-value for the human sex ratio at birth, assuming a null hypothesis of equal probability of male and female births; see p-value § History for details.[22][23][24][25][26][27][28]
In 1925, Ronald Fisher advanced the idea of statistical hypothesis testing, which he called "tests of significance", in his publication Statistical Methods for Research Workers.[29][30][31] Fisher suggested a probability of one in twenty (0.05) as a convenient cutoff level to reject the null hypothesis.[32] In a 1933 paper, Jerzy Neyman and Egon Pearson called this cutoff the significance level, which they named α {\displaystyle \alpha }
. They recommended that α {\displaystyle \alpha }
be set ahead of time, prior to any data collection.[32][33]
Despite his initial suggestion of 0.05 as a significance level, Fisher did not intend this cutoff value to be fixed. In his 1956 publication Statistical Methods and Scientific Inference, he recommended that significance levels be set according to specific circumstances.[32]
Related conceptsEdit
The significance level α {\displaystyle \alpha }
is the threshold for p {\displaystyle p}
below which the null hypothesis is rejected even though by assumption it were true, and something else is going on. This means that α {\displaystyle \alpha }
is also the probability of mistakenly rejecting the null hypothesis, if the null hypothesis is true.[5] This is also called false positive and type I error.
Sometimes researchers talk about the confidence level γ = (1 − α) instead. This is the probability of not rejecting the null hypothesis given that it is true.[34][35] Confidence levels and confidence intervals were introduced by Neyman in 1937.[36]
Role in statistical hypothesis testingEdit
Main articles: Statistical hypothesis testing, Null hypothesis, Alternative hypothesis, p-value, and Type I and type II errors
In a two-tailed test, the rejection region for a significance level of α = 0.05 is partitioned to both ends of the sampling distribution and makes up 5% of the area under the curve (white areas).
Statistical significance plays a pivotal role in statistical hypothesis testing. It is used to determine whether the null hypothesis should be rejected or retained. The null hypothesis is the default assumption that nothing happened or changed.[37] For the null hypothesis to be rejected, an observed result has to be statistically significant, i.e. the observed p-value is less than the pre-specified significance level α {\displaystyle \alpha }
To determine whether a result is statistically significant, a researcher calculates a p-value, which is the probability of observing an effect of the same magnitude or more extreme given that the null hypothesis is true.[6][13] The null hypothesis is rejected if the p-value is less than (or equal to) a predetermined level, α {\displaystyle \alpha }
. α {\displaystyle \alpha }
is also called the significance level, and is the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis given that it is true (a type I error). It is usually set at or below 5%.
For example, when α {\displaystyle \alpha }
is set to 5%, the conditional probability of a type I error, given that the null hypothesis is true, is 5%,[38] and a statistically significant result is one where the observed p-value is less than (or equal to) 5%.[39] When drawing data from a sample, this means that the rejection region comprises 5% of the sampling distribution.[40] These 5% can be allocated to one side of the sampling distribution, as in a one-tailed test, or partitioned to both sides of the distribution, as in a two-tailed test, with each tail (or rejection region) containing 2.5% of the distribution.
The use of a one-tailed test is dependent on whether the research question or alternative hypothesis specifies a direction such as whether a group of objects is heavier or the performance of students on an assessment is better.[3] A two-tailed test may still be used but it will be less powerful than a one-tailed test, because the rejection region for a one-tailed test is concentrated on one end of the null distribution and is twice the size (5% vs. 2.5%) of each rejection region for a two-tailed test. As a result, the null hypothesis can be rejected with a less extreme result if a one-tailed test was used.[41] The one-tailed test is only more powerful than a two-tailed test if the specified direction of the alternative hypothesis is correct. If it is wrong, however, then the one-tailed test has no power.
Significance thresholds in specific fieldsEdit
Main articles: Standard deviation and Normal distribution
In specific fields such as particle physics and manufacturing, statistical significance is often expressed in multiples of the standard deviation or sigma (σ) of a normal distribution, with significance thresholds set at a much stricter level (e.g. 5σ).[42][43] For instance, the certainty of the Higgs boson particle's existence was based on the 5σ criterion, which corresponds to a p-value of about 1 in 3.5 million.[43][44]
In other fields of scientific research such as genome-wide association studies, significance levels as low as 5×10−8 are not uncommon[45][46]—as the number of tests performed is extremely large.
LimitationsEdit
Researchers focusing solely on whether their results are statistically significant might report findings that are not substantive[47] and not replicable.[48][49] There is also a difference between statistical significance and practical significance. A study that is found to be statistically significant may not necessarily be practically significant.[50][20]
Effect sizeEdit
Main article: Effect size
Effect size is a measure of a study's practical significance.[50] A statistically significant result may have a weak effect. To gauge the research significance of their result, researchers are encouraged to always report an effect size along with p-values. An effect size measure quantifies the strength of an effect, such as the distance between two means in units of standard deviation (cf. Cohen's d), the correlation coefficient between two variables or its square, and other measures.[51]
ReproducibilityEdit
Main article: Reproducibility
A statistically significant result may not be easy to reproduce.[49] In particular, some statistically significant results will in fact be false positives. Each failed attempt to reproduce a result increases the likelihood that the result was a false positive.[52]
ChallengesEdit
Overuse in some journalsEdit
Starting in the 2010s, some journals began questioning whether significance testing, and particularly using a threshold of α=5%, was being relied on too heavily as the primary measure of validity of a hypothesis.[53] Some journals encouraged authors to do more detailed analysis than just a statistical significance test. In social psychology, the journal Basic and Applied Social Psychology banned the use of significance testing altogether from papers it published,[54] requiring authors to use other measures to evaluate hypotheses and impact.[55][56]
Other editors, commenting on this ban have noted: "Banning the reporting of p-values, as Basic and Applied Social Psychology recently did, is not going to solve the problem because it is merely treating a symptom of the problem. There is nothing wrong with hypothesis testing and p-values per se as long as authors, reviewers, and action editors use them correctly."[57] Some statisticians prefer to use alternative measures of evidence, such as likelihood ratios or Bayes factors.[58] Using Bayesian statistics can avoid confidence levels, but also requires making additional assumptions,[58] and may not necessarily improve practice regarding statistical testing.[59]
The widespread abuse of statistical significance represents an important topic of research in metascience.[60]
Redefining significanceEdit
In 2016, the American Statistical Association (ASA) published a statement on p-values, saying that "the widespread use of 'statistical significance' (generally interpreted as 'p ≤ 0.05') as a license for making a claim of a scientific finding (or implied truth) leads to considerable distortion of the scientific process".[58] In 2017, a group of 72 authors proposed to enhance reproducibility by changing the p-value threshold for statistical significance from 0.05 to 0.005.[61] Other researchers responded that imposing a more stringent significance threshold would aggravate problems such as data dredging; alternative propositions are thus to select and justify flexible p-value thresholds before collecting data,[62] or to interpret p-values as continuous indices, thereby discarding thresholds and statistical significance.[63] Additionally, the change to 0.005 would increase the likelihood of false negatives, whereby the effect being studied is real, but the test fails to show it.[64]
In 2019, over 800 statisticians and scientists signed a message calling for the abandonment of the term "statistical significance" in science,[65] and the American Statistical Association published a further official statement [66] declaring (page 2):
We conclude, based on our review of the articles in this special issue and the broader literature, that it is time to stop using the term "statistically significant" entirely. Nor should variants such as "significantly different," " p ≤ 0.05 {\displaystyle p\leq 0.05}
," and "nonsignificant" survive, whether expressed in words, by asterisks in a table, or in some other way.
Mathematics portal
A/B testing, ABX test
Fisher's method for combining independent tests of significance
Look-elsewhere effect
Multiple comparisons problem
Texas sharpshooter fallacy (gives examples of tests where the significance level was set too high)
^ a b c Sirkin, R. Mark (2005). "Two-sample t tests". Statistics for the Social Sciences (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 271–316. ISBN 978-1-412-90546-6.
^ a b Borror, Connie M. (2009). "Statistical decision making". The Certified Quality Engineer Handbook (3rd ed.). Milwaukee, WI: ASQ Quality Press. pp. 418–472. ISBN 978-0-873-89745-7.
^ a b Myers, Jerome L.; Well, Arnold D.; Lorch Jr., Robert F. (2010). "Developing fundamentals of hypothesis testing using the binomial distribution". Research design and statistical analysis (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 65–90. ISBN 978-0-805-86431-1.
^ "A Primer on Statistical Significance". Math Vault. 2017-04-30. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
^ a b Dalgaard, Peter (2008). "Power and the computation of sample size". Introductory Statistics with R. Statistics and Computing. New York: Springer. pp. 155–56. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-79054-1_9. ISBN 978-0-387-79053-4.
^ a b "Statistical Hypothesis Testing". www.dartmouth.edu. Retrieved 2019-11-11.
^ Johnson, Valen E. (October 9, 2013). "Revised standards for statistical evidence". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 110 (48): 19313–19317. doi:10.1073/pnas.1313476110. PMC 3845140. PMID 24218581. Retrieved 3 July 2014.
^ Redmond, Carol; Colton, Theodore (2001). "Clinical significance versus statistical significance". Biostatistics in Clinical Trials. Wiley Reference Series in Biostatistics (3rd ed.). West Sussex, United Kingdom: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. pp. 35–36. ISBN 978-0-471-82211-0.
^ Cumming, Geoff (2012). Understanding The New Statistics: Effect Sizes, Confidence Intervals, and Meta-Analysis. New York, USA: Routledge. pp. 27–28.
^ Krzywinski, Martin; Altman, Naomi (30 October 2013). "Points of significance: Significance, P values and t-tests". Nature Methods. 10 (11): 1041–1042. doi:10.1038/nmeth.2698. PMID 24344377.
^ Sham, Pak C.; Purcell, Shaun M (17 April 2014). "Statistical power and significance testing in large-scale genetic studies". Nature Reviews Genetics. 15 (5): 335–346. doi:10.1038/nrg3706. PMID 24739678.
^ Altman, Douglas G. (1999). Practical Statistics for Medical Research. New York, USA: Chapman & Hall/CRC. pp. 167. ISBN 978-0412276309.
^ a b Devore, Jay L. (2011). Probability and Statistics for Engineering and the Sciences (8th ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. pp. 300–344. ISBN 978-0-538-73352-6.
^ Craparo, Robert M. (2007). "Significance level". In Salkind, Neil J. (ed.). Encyclopedia of Measurement and Statistics. 3. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications. pp. 889–891. ISBN 978-1-412-91611-0.
^ Sproull, Natalie L. (2002). "Hypothesis testing". Handbook of Research Methods: A Guide for Practitioners and Students in the Social Science (2nd ed.). Lanham, MD: Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 49–64. ISBN 978-0-810-84486-5.
^ Babbie, Earl R. (2013). "The logic of sampling". The Practice of Social Research (13th ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. pp. 185–226. ISBN 978-1-133-04979-1.
^ Faherty, Vincent (2008). "Probability and statistical significance". Compassionate Statistics: Applied Quantitative Analysis for Social Services (With exercises and instructions in SPSS) (1st ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE Publications, Inc. pp. 127–138. ISBN 978-1-412-93982-9.
^ McKillup, Steve (2006). "Probability helps you make a decision about your results". Statistics Explained: An Introductory Guide for Life Scientists (1st ed.). Cambridge, United Kingdom: Cambridge University Press. pp. 44–56. ISBN 978-0-521-54316-3.
^ Myers, Jerome L.; Well, Arnold D.; Lorch Jr, Robert F. (2010). "The t distribution and its applications". Research Design and Statistical Analysis (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 124–153. ISBN 978-0-805-86431-1.
^ a b Hooper, Peter. "What is P-value?" (PDF). University of Alberta, Department of Mathematical and Statistical Sciences. Retrieved November 10, 2019.
^ Leung, W.-C. (2001-03-01). "Balancing statistical and clinical significance in evaluating treatment effects". Postgraduate Medical Journal. 77 (905): 201–204. doi:10.1136/pmj.77.905.201. ISSN 0032-5473. PMC 1741942. PMID 11222834.
^ Brian, Éric; Jaisson, Marie (2007). "Physico-Theology and Mathematics (1710–1794)". The Descent of Human Sex Ratio at Birth. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 1–25. ISBN 978-1-4020-6036-6.
^ John Arbuthnot (1710). "An argument for Divine Providence, taken from the constant regularity observed in the births of both sexes" (PDF). Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. 27 (325–336): 186–190. doi:10.1098/rstl.1710.0011.
^ Conover, W.J. (1999), "Chapter 3.4: The Sign Test", Practical Nonparametric Statistics (Third ed.), Wiley, pp. 157–176, ISBN 978-0-471-16068-7
^ Sprent, P. (1989), Applied Nonparametric Statistical Methods (Second ed.), Chapman & Hall, ISBN 978-0-412-44980-2
^ Stigler, Stephen M. (1986). The History of Statistics: The Measurement of Uncertainty Before 1900. Harvard University Press. pp. 225–226. ISBN 978-0-67440341-3.
^ Bellhouse, P. (2001), "John Arbuthnot", in Statisticians of the Centuries by C.C. Heyde and E. Seneta, Springer, pp. 39–42, ISBN 978-0-387-95329-8
^ Hald, Anders (1998), "Chapter 4. Chance or Design: Tests of Significance", A History of Mathematical Statistics from 1750 to 1930, Wiley, p. 65
^ Cumming, Geoff (2011). "From null hypothesis significance to testing effect sizes". Understanding The New Statistics: Effect Sizes, Confidence Intervals, and Meta-Analysis. Multivariate Applications Series. East Sussex, United Kingdom: Routledge. pp. 21–52. ISBN 978-0-415-87968-2.
^ Fisher, Ronald A. (1925). Statistical Methods for Research Workers. Edinburgh, UK: Oliver and Boyd. pp. 43. ISBN 978-0-050-02170-5.
^ Poletiek, Fenna H. (2001). "Formal theories of testing". Hypothesis-testing Behaviour. Essays in Cognitive Psychology (1st ed.). East Sussex, United Kingdom: Psychology Press. pp. 29–48. ISBN 978-1-841-69159-6.
^ a b c Quinn, Geoffrey R.; Keough, Michael J. (2002). Experimental Design and Data Analysis for Biologists (1st ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 46–69. ISBN 978-0-521-00976-8.
^ Neyman, J.; Pearson, E.S. (1933). "The testing of statistical hypotheses in relation to probabilities a priori". Mathematical Proceedings of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. 29 (4): 492–510. doi:10.1017/S030500410001152X.
^ "Conclusions about statistical significance are possible with the help of the confidence interval. If the confidence interval does not include the value of zero effect, it can be assumed that there is a statistically significant result." Prel, Jean-Baptist du; Hommel, Gerhard; Röhrig, Bernd; Blettner, Maria (2009). "Confidence Interval or P-Value?". Deutsches Ärzteblatt Online. 106 (19): 335–9. doi:10.3238/arztebl.2009.0335. PMC 2689604. PMID 19547734.
^ StatNews #73: Overlapping Confidence Intervals and Statistical Significance
^ Neyman, J. (1937). "Outline of a Theory of Statistical Estimation Based on the Classical Theory of Probability". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A. 236 (767): 333–380. doi:10.1098/rsta.1937.0005. JSTOR 91337.
^ Meier, Kenneth J.; Brudney, Jeffrey L.; Bohte, John (2011). Applied Statistics for Public and Nonprofit Administration (3rd ed.). Boston, MA: Cengage Learning. pp. 189–209. ISBN 978-1-111-34280-7.
^ Healy, Joseph F. (2009). The Essentials of Statistics: A Tool for Social Research (2nd ed.). Belmont, CA: Cengage Learning. pp. 177–205. ISBN 978-0-495-60143-2.
^ McKillup, Steve (2006). Statistics Explained: An Introductory Guide for Life Scientists (1st ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 32–38. ISBN 978-0-521-54316-3.
^ Health, David (1995). An Introduction To Experimental Design And Statistics For Biology (1st ed.). Boston, MA: CRC press. pp. 123–154. ISBN 978-1-857-28132-3.
^ Hinton, Perry R. (2010). "Significance, error, and power". Statistics explained (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Routledge. pp. 79–90. ISBN 978-1-848-72312-2.
^ Vaughan, Simon (2013). Scientific Inference: Learning from Data (1st ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 146–152. ISBN 978-1-107-02482-3.
^ a b Bracken, Michael B. (2013). Risk, Chance, and Causation: Investigating the Origins and Treatment of Disease (1st ed.). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. pp. 260–276. ISBN 978-0-300-18884-4.
^ Franklin, Allan (2013). "Prologue: The rise of the sigmas". Shifting Standards: Experiments in Particle Physics in the Twentieth Century (1st ed.). Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press. pp. Ii–Iii. ISBN 978-0-822-94430-0.
^ Clarke, GM; Anderson, CA; Pettersson, FH; Cardon, LR; Morris, AP; Zondervan, KT (February 6, 2011). "Basic statistical analysis in genetic case-control studies". Nature Protocols. 6 (2): 121–33. doi:10.1038/nprot.2010.182. PMC 3154648. PMID 21293453.
^ Barsh, GS; Copenhaver, GP; Gibson, G; Williams, SM (July 5, 2012). "Guidelines for Genome-Wide Association Studies". PLOS Genetics. 8 (7): e1002812. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1002812. PMC 3390399. PMID 22792080.
^ Carver, Ronald P. (1978). "The Case Against Statistical Significance Testing". Harvard Educational Review. 48 (3): 378–399. doi:10.17763/haer.48.3.t490261645281841.
^ Ioannidis, John P. A. (2005). "Why most published research findings are false". PLOS Medicine. 2 (8): e124. doi:10.1371/journal.pmed.0020124. PMC 1182327. PMID 16060722.
^ a b Amrhein, Valentin; Korner-Nievergelt, Fränzi; Roth, Tobias (2017). "The earth is flat (p > 0.05): significance thresholds and the crisis of unreplicable research". PeerJ. 5: e3544. doi:10.7717/peerj.3544. PMC 5502092. PMID 28698825.
^ a b Hojat, Mohammadreza; Xu, Gang (2004). "A Visitor's Guide to Effect Sizes". Advances in Health Sciences Education. 9 (3): 241–9. doi:10.1023/B:AHSE.0000038173.00909.f6. PMID 15316274.
^ Pedhazur, Elazar J.; Schmelkin, Liora P. (1991). Measurement, Design, and Analysis: An Integrated Approach (Student ed.). New York, NY: Psychology Press. pp. 180–210. ISBN 978-0-805-81063-9.
^ Stahel, Werner (2016). "Statistical Issue in Reproducibility". Principles, Problems, Practices, and Prospects Reproducibility: Principles, Problems, Practices, and Prospects: 87–114. doi:10.1002/9781118865064.ch5. ISBN 9781118864975.
^ "CSSME Seminar Series: The argument over p-values and the Null Hypothesis Significance Testing (NHST) paradigm". www.education.leeds.ac.uk. School of Education, University of Leeds. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ Novella, Steven (February 25, 2015). "Psychology Journal Bans Significance Testing". Science-Based Medicine.
^ Woolston, Chris (2015-03-05). "Psychology journal bans P values". Nature. 519 (7541): 9. doi:10.1038/519009f.
^ Siegfried, Tom (2015-03-17). "P value ban: small step for a journal, giant leap for science". Science News. Retrieved 2016-12-01.
^ Antonakis, John (February 2017). "On doing better science: From thrill of discovery to policy implications" (PDF). The Leadership Quarterly. 28 (1): 5–21. doi:10.1016/j.leaqua.2017.01.006.
^ a b c Wasserstein, Ronald L.; Lazar, Nicole A. (2016-04-02). "The ASA's Statement on p-Values: Context, Process, and Purpose". The American Statistician. 70 (2): 129–133. doi:10.1080/00031305.2016.1154108.
^ García-Pérez, Miguel A. (2016-10-05). "Thou Shalt Not Bear False Witness Against Null Hypothesis Significance Testing". Educational and Psychological Measurement. 77 (4): 631–662. doi:10.1177/0013164416668232. ISSN 0013-1644. PMC 5991793. PMID 30034024.
^ Ioannidis, John P. A.; Ware, Jennifer J.; Wagenmakers, Eric-Jan; Simonsohn, Uri; Chambers, Christopher D.; Button, Katherine S.; Bishop, Dorothy V. M.; Nosek, Brian A.; Munafò, Marcus R. (January 2017). "A manifesto for reproducible science". Nature Human Behaviour. 1: 0021. doi:10.1038/s41562-016-0021.
^ Benjamin, Daniel; et al. (2018). "Redefine statistical significance". Nature Human Behaviour. 1 (1): 6–10. doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0189-z. PMID 30980045.
^ Chawla, Dalmeet (2017). "'One-size-fits-all' threshold for P values under fire". Nature. doi:10.1038/nature.2017.22625.
^ Amrhein, Valentin; Greenland, Sander (2017). "Remove, rather than redefine, statistical significance". Nature Human Behaviour. 2 (1): 0224. doi:10.1038/s41562-017-0224-0. PMID 30980046.
^ Vyse, Stuart. "Moving Science's Statistical Goalposts". csicop.org. CSI. Retrieved 10 July 2018.
^ McShane, Blake; Greenland, Sander; Amrhein, Valentin (March 2019). "Scientists rise up against statistical significance". Nature. 567 (7748): 305–307. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00857-9. PMID 30894741.
^ Wasserstein, Ronald L.; Schirm, Allen L.; Lazar, Nicole A. (2019-03-20). "Moving to a World Beyond "p < 0.05"". The American Statistician. 73 (sup1): 1–19. doi:10.1080/00031305.2019.1583913.
Lydia Denworth, "A Significant Problem: Standard scientific methods are under fire. Will anything change?", Scientific American, vol. 321, no. 4 (October 2019), pp. 62–67. "The use of p values for nearly a century [since 1925] to determine statistical significance of experimental results has contributed to an illusion of certainty and [to] reproducibility crises in many scientific fields. There is growing determination to reform statistical analysis... Some [researchers] suggest changing statistical methods, whereas others would do away with a threshold for defining "significant" results." (p. 63.)
Ziliak, Stephen and Deirdre McCloskey (2008), The Cult of Statistical Significance: How the Standard Error Costs Us Jobs, Justice, and Lives. Ann Arbor, University of Michigan Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0-472-07007-7. Reviews and reception: (compiled by Ziliak)
Thompson, Bruce (2004). "The "significance" crisis in psychology and education". Journal of Socio-Economics. 33 (5): 607–613. doi:10.1016/j.socec.2004.09.034.
Chow, Siu L., (1996). Statistical Significance: Rationale, Validity and Utility, Volume 1 of series Introducing Statistical Methods, Sage Publications Ltd, ISBN 978-0-7619-5205-3 – argues that statistical significance is useful in certain circumstances.
Kline, Rex, (2004). Beyond Significance Testing: Reforming Data Analysis Methods in Behavioral Research Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.
Nuzzo, Regina (2014). Scientific method: Statistical errors. Nature Vol. 506, p. 150-152 (open access). Highlights common misunderstandings about the p value.
Cohen, Joseph (1994). [1]. The earth is round (p<.05). American Psychologist. Vol 49, p. 997-1003. Reviews problems with null hypothesis statistical testing.
Amrhein, Valentin; Greenland, Sander; McShane, Blake (2019-03-20). "Scientists rise up against statistical significance". Nature. 567 (7748): 305–307. doi:10.1038/d41586-019-00857-9. PMID 30894741.
Wikiversity has learning resources about Statistical significance
The article "Earliest Known Uses of Some of the Words of Mathematics (S)" contains an entry on Significance that provides some historical information.
"The Concept of Statistical Significance Testing" (February 1994): article by Bruce Thompon hosted by the ERIC Clearinghouse on Assessment and Evaluation, Washington, D.C.
"What does it mean for a result to be "statistically significant"?" (no date): an article from the Statistical Assessment Service at George Mason University, Washington, D.C.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Statistical_significance&oldid=992930947"
This page was last edited on 7 December 2020, at 21:48 (UTC).


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Power Rankings: Boyd Moves Up The List In WR Update
Dallas Cowboys Staff Writers
Power Rankings: Wide Receivers
Since the Cowboys have yet to introduce a formal depth chart, the website writers will start a daily series of ranking each position. Updated 8/5
Dez Bryant - 44
Terrance Williams - 40
Cole Beasley - 36
Dwayne Harris - 30
Devin Street - 30
LaRon Byrd - 18
Jamar Newsome - 22
OXNARD, Calif. – One of the most common questions we hear at training camp usually starts with the sentence "what are you seeing out of …"
And then you just fill in the blank. So after one and a half weeks of training camp here in sunny California, the Cowboys have yet to do an official depth chart. So the writers of DallasCowboys.com will unveil its position rankings each day.
And this isn't an exact list of the top performers out here in camp, but how they stack up on a would-be depth chart – at least in the eyes of the staff writers.
The writers looked once at the receivers, but with more time passed, the staff looks back at the position and makes a new depth chart for the group.
Dez Bryant (40)
Terrance Williams (36)
Cole Beasley (32)
Dwayne Harris (28)
Devin Street (24)
Chris Boyd (19)
LaRon Byrd (15)
Jamar Newsome (13)
Dezmon Briscoe (8)
Tim Benford (5)
David Helman:I tend to forget about Harris as a receiver, as he got so few looks last year and he excels so much in special teams. It's been hard to ignore how well he has practiced the past few days, however, showing that he's plenty capable of being the third or fourth receiver in this offense. Chris Boyd continues to stand out with acrobatic catches and toughness in his routes. I feel like Dezmon Briscoe has had a decent camp to this point, so it will be
interesting to see how he bounces back from the injury he sustained during the Blue-White scrimmage.
Bryan Broaddus: There has been no change in my mind when it comes to the top two players but Harris is much closer to Beasley than most people believe. It is not that Beasley has played poorly it's just that Harris has raised his game to that level. Street continues to be making nice strides in the development of his game. Byrd continues to be consistent and special teams work is an advantage. The one player that has shown up in the last two practices has been Chris Boyd. After a year off he is starting to regain some form that he had showed from his days at Vanderbilt which is nice to see.
Rowan Kavner: I moved Chris Boyd up in this one, considering he seems to make a flashy one-handed or fully extended catch once every day or two. Dwayne Harris is making the team regardless, so whether he's fourth or fifth on this list probably doesn't matter, but he's made a couple nice plays as a receiver the last couple days and deserved at least the fourth spot in my mind. I think he could be a viable third receiver, but his usefulness on special teams and the other options in that positions likely mean fewer reps in that spot for him.
Nick Eatman: The biggest change for me was Chris Boyd jumping up the list a few spots. The rookie from Vanderbilt is going to be tough to cut because he's got great size and he makes plays. Street might have closed the gap somewhat on Harris but he had a great practice Monday and I'll keep him at my fourth spot. Newsome dropped a few slots in my book but that can always change with a great game against the Chargers.


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Appalachian Preaching Mission
The Appalachian Preaching Mission was a coordinated effort among the Tri-Cities churches to bring religious speakers to the East Tennessee area. The Mission was first conceived as the Bristol Preaching Mission in 1940 by J. N. Lake and continued to operate until 1954. In 1955 several denominations from Johnson City and Kingsport requested to be incorporated into the Bristol Mission. A cooperative Mission was agreed upon by the three cities and the Appalachian Preaching Mission was formed. Elizabethton churches gained admittance into the Mission in 1956.
Mission speakers are selected from Baptist, Christian, Church of Christ, Church of the Brethren, Episcopal, Lutheran, Methodist, and Presbyterian denominations through individual nominations. The area chairperson and committee then selected a number of speakers from the list of nominations. These selections were submitted to the mission chairperson and committee of each city, voted on, and the tallies returned to the area chairperson. The area committee then made a final selection and invited the chosen speakers to talk to the various constituencies of the Appalachian Preaching Mission. The Mission's plan was designed to rotate the speaker's engagements among the four cities.
Found in 1 Collection or Record:
Appalachian Preaching Mission Records
Identifier: AppMs-194
Scope and Contents The Appalachian Preaching Mission Records cover the years 1954 to 1980 and concern primarily the Johnson City Mission. The collection includes brochures, correspondence, financial statements, memoranda, and minutes for city and area committee meetings, miscellaneous items connected with each year's mission (e.g. programs, photographs, ribbons, schedules), and tapes of Mission speakers. There also is a brief history of Johnson City's participation in the Mission and a brochure file which covers...
Found in: Archives of Appalachia / Appalachian Preaching Mission Records
Subject: Personal papers X


The Council Constitution is effectively the Terms and Conditions under which Sprowston Town Council operates known as Standing Orders . Below are details of the agreed Policies, Procedures and Protocols of the Council. Please click on a document to view.


Fairfax City honors lifesaving firefighter.
From left: Fairfax Mayor David Meyer presents a certificate commending firefighter/paramedic Gary Fitzsimmons for his lifesaving heroism. Photo by Bonnie Hobbs.
Firefighters aren't just first responders when they're on duty. Often, they respond to aid people needing help when they're off-duty, as well. And that's exactly what Montgomery County Firefighter/EMT Gary Fitzsimmons did.
His quick actions saved the life of a construction worker in the City of Fairfax. And before the Sept. 26 Fairfax City Council Meeting, Fitzsimmons was acknowledged and honored by the City in a special ceremony.
The incident occurred on June 20 at a road-work site at Routes 123 and 50, after a crane being operated by the construction worker accidentally hit a power line and sent a jolt of electricity through him. Just then, Fitzsimmons was in his vehicle, traveling on Fairfax Boulevard.
In a letter Meyer sent to Fitzsimmons's boss, Fire Chief David Pazos, the mayor praised and commended the firefighter's actions. "Gary's professional training and service ethic is an example for all of us and reflects well upon your organization and the entire Fire and Rescue units of Montgomery County," he wrote.
"When I heard about this event, I decided I wanted to recognize Gary for his actions," continued Meyer. But Fitzsimmons was scheduled to be on duty on Sept. 26, so Meyer asked Pazos to request that the firefighter be allowed to attend a City recognition ceremony in his honor.


There is no better way to enjoy a warm afternoon than having a family picnic at a park. There is something with the soft breeze, the warm sun, as well as some burgers on the grill that makes it very special, no matter how simple it may be. However, the traditional way of laying out your blanket where you can possibly relax may not be effective due to the presence of a tiny and six-legged army even before you know it. Well, the good news is that there are very good reliable alternatives, such as using benches, as well as spring/summer tables.
These days, parks are furnished with a bountiful supply of benches and tables for family picnic use. This alternative can save you from using your favorite blanket and gets you and your food off the dirty ground. They can also be a better alternative when it comes to encouraging older members of your family to join the fun. Your grandparents or older parents may not find it easy to get up and down the ground.
Reality dictates that in these modern days, family picnics are becoming rare. As a result, nature's beauty often goes unappreciated because of inconvenience. Children, in turn, get hooked up with video games and other homebound activities. There are some disadvantages to this. Aside from fostering bad health, it may also have an impact on the relationships between family members.
In order to change this pattern, parents need to come up with a way in getting away from TV/video games/computers and a lifestyle that is unhealthy. On the other hand, you may introduce family games during your family picnics in order to encourage clean fun, body movements, as well as fun activities. Having a pure outdoor family fun is possible in the least amount of money involved.
While the adults use the spring/summer tables as they catch up and socialize, and the others are doing the grills, younger children are free to run around and play sports. You may even choose a park that has a playground where your children can play about. While you may notice that an open yet simple field may not be appealing for your family picnic, public parks may be furnished with comforts as well as other amenities that can entertain every member of your family. Regardless of the activities that you have planned for the day, family picnics are a great way to catch up with each other's lives and at the same time allow them to have a better relationship moving forward. Rather than be entertained with the modern living, these natural entertainment is the better option.


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Near-extinct northern white rhino could be saved with embryo breakthrough
5 Jul 20181.31k Views
A pair of northern white rhinos. Image: Jiri Balek/Shutterstock
A major embryo breakthrough could help save one of the most endangered animals on the planet, and many more in the future.
Earlier this year, the rather sad news was announced that the last male northern white rhino had died. This put the species on the brink of extinction with seemingly no chance of natural reproduction as the only two known to exist are both female.
However, an important breakthrough in embryo research could be about to reinvigorate the species, according to the BBC.
In a paper published to Nature Communications, Prof Thomas Hildebrandt from the Leibniz Institute for Zoo and Wildlife Research in Berlin and a team of international researchers revealed they had recovered sperm from two dead male rhinos.
Using embryos made from eggs from a closely related sub-species, they were able to conduct IVF treatment with the hope that a fully northern white rhino baby could be born in as little a timeframe as three years.
Getting this far was no easy feat, however, as the team explained that it had to create an entirely new extraction device just to obtain an oocyte (egg) from the female rhino.
Even with the rhino put under anaesthetic, the procedure is very risky because there is a crucial artery right near the ovaries, and it could cause the rhino to bleed out if punctured.
Confident it can work
When the eggs were retrieved, the rhino sperm – several years old at this point – was inserted into the egg and then electrically stimulated to create a fusion between them.
"Everyone believed there was no hope for this sub-species," Hildebrandt said. "But, with our knowledge now, we are very confident that this will work with northern white rhino eggs and that we will be able to produce a viable population."
The challenge now is to find an effective way to accumulate northern white rhino eggs given that only two of the species are known to still exist, but the likelihood is that any embryos produced will need to be cryopreserved until a surrogate can be found.
Otherwise, attempts to prevent total extinction rely on eliminating poaching entirely, but this has proven tricky in the past and no doubt will in the future, too.
Speaking to the BBC, Dr Terri Roth from Cincinnati Zoo said: "The proper legislation must be passed, the resources to enforce the regulations must be provided and the law must be upheld."
Related: research, zoology, biology, nature
Early data shows Pfizer-BioNTech Covid vaccine could be 90pc effective
New RCSI biomaterial shows promise for healing bones faster
Greenland's ice sheets 'on pace' to melt at fastest rate in 12,000 years


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Q: How do I interpret this array? (VBA Excel) When stepping through code in Developer mode in Excel I see an array in VBA like so:
arrData(x)(y,z)

Is this a 2-dimensional array (the (y,z) part) stored inside an array (the (x) part)?
How do I access a particular element within the array and test if the value equals something I'm interested in?
If arrData(1)(2,3) = "orange" Then
End If

My above code yields Run-time error '9': Subscript out of range.  The max value of x and y is 1, and the max value of z is 100.

A: This is called a jagged array. Essentially it is an array inside an array. These can be implemented in VBA (as you discovered) and can be called just like a regular array.
This answer here on SO explains it nicely.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Visiting hours will be Sunday, January 10, from 1-3 p.m. at Morris, O' Connor and Blute Funeral Home, 58 Long Pond Drive, South Yarmouth.
When it came to baseball publicity, Joe Sherman was a jack-of-all-trades and did it all with panache and a bulldog tenacity.
The 74-year-old Sherman, who served as the Cape Cod Baseball League's senior writer, editor, league historian and director of special projects, died on Saturday after a long illness.
Sherman, a Falmouth, Mass., native, spent several years living in West Yarmouth with son Stephen, daughter Janice Sherman O'Brien, and his wife, Alice, who died three years ago. Sherman also served as Cape League's statistician and publicist in the early 1960s, while also overseeing coverage of the league as sports editor of the Cape Cod Standard-Times.
He was a member of the CCBL committee whose efforts brought about the "modern era" of the league starting in 1963, which combined the Upper and Lower Cape Leagues into one entity and began the process of becoming sanctioned by the NCAA, where all competing players would have remaining college eligibility.
Sherman was a former editor of the Cape Cod Standard-Times in the 1960s, later worked in television and radio in Worcester and on Cape Cod, and spent two stints on the editorial staff at the Boston Herald. He also did a stint as a minor league hockey executive with the Cape Cod Cubs. He retired 10 years ago as special projects editor after 29 years with Brockton's daily newspaper, The Enterprise.
He rejoined the Cape League in 2006 as website editor and later became coordinator of special projects. He continued to contribute stories to the website and to the league's thrice-yearly publication, Cape League Magazine, and was a member of the league's Hall of Fame Committee advisory board.
"Joe Sherman was the only man that could put a baseball into space," said CCBL President Chuck Sturtevant. "His knowledge of 'who's who' in baseball was next to none.
Sherman conceived and oversaw the 2011 "Spaceball" project, which resulted in a Cape League baseball being carried to and from the International Space Station on the Space Shuttle Endeavour by shuttle commander Capt. Mark Kelly.
In a moving ceremony that preceded the 2011 Cape League All-Star game at Fenway Park, NASA astronaut Catherine Coleman presented the ball to the family of 9-year-old shooting victim Christina-Taylor Green.
"Joe was a one-man show. Let himdo his thing, and he could literally put the Cape Cod Baseball League next to the stars," said longtime friend and Cape League colleague Dan Dunn. "Joe's left hand sent a CCBL game baseball on the Space Shuttle. With his right hand, he used that very ball to comfort a grieving family.
"Joe found ways to surprise every CCBL veteran I know and honored our colleagues often, but every person he pulled into his projects truly seemed honored to be a part of his amazing tributes," Dunn said. "Some of us were lucky enough to see Joe with his best pal (and son) Stephen building jigsaw puzzles at home.
"Talking virtually any sport with Joe was a history lesson. His love of sports, Cape Cod, media relations and his friends and family was always front-and-center. I remember many of us trying to limit Joe to a 'brief' update of his latest special CCBL project. Wouldn't we all welcome just one more Joe Sherman "crazy" idea … and of course, we all know he could make it happen. Joe was one of my best pals in my CCBL tenure. I'll miss you buddy," Dunn added.
One of Sherman's proudest accomplishments occurred in 2008 when he was one of three former Air Explorers who received special recognition at the Cape Cod & Islands Council's annual Scouters Recognition Dinner at the Elks Lodge in Hyannis.
More than 150 Scouts, Scout leaders and friends of Scouting were on hand to see the council present dozens of awards to men and women who excelled as Scout leaders during the past year and to see 23 young men receive their Eagle Scout medals. The highlight of the evening came with the presentation of the prestigious Silver Beaver Award to longtime Sea Scout leader Hugh C. "Tim" Millar.
But the most unusual aspect of the evening came when the council completed some unfinished business by honoring three former Air Explorers for their efforts as volunteer firefighters nearly 58 years ago.
The three – Sherman, of West Yarmouth and William Buckley and George Pelletier, both of East Falmouth – were teenage members of Air Explorer Squadron 45, Otis Air Force Base, on May 8, 1957, when they and three fellow squadron members mobilized to battle a major forest fire in Mashpee caused by the crash of a jet plane from Otis.
After that blaze was brought under control, they got word of another, much larger fire raging in the Myles Standish Reservation in Plymouth. Without hesitation, they sped to the state forest, where they were quickly put to work battling that blaze. All told, they spent roughly 20 1/2 hours on the fire lines.
The following November, the trio's exploits were chronicled in a full-page "Scouts in Action" feature in Boy's Life, Scouting's national magazine. But there was no formal recognition on the local level – until the three surviving members of the firefighting sextet were presented with mounted reproductions of the original Boy's Life page plus letters of commendation from Robert J. Mazzuca, Chief Scout Executive of the Boy Scouts of America.
When Sherman left the Cape Cod Standard Times in the late 1960s, the person hired to replace him was Mike Curran, who was also actively involved with the Cape Cod Baseball League and together they worked with a young student official scorer from University of Connecticut.
"When Joe contacted me about nine years ago, I was so surprised and delighted," said recently retired CCBL President Judy Walden Scarafile. "I had not seen or talked to Joe in close to 35 years, but here he was on email and phone. He said he'd recently retired from Brockton Enterprise and if we would like another writer in the PR department, he could help out and write a little.


Buy raw materials and supplies from environmentally sound sources.
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Advise our customers where we think more efficient products could be created for them.
One of the biggest and most obvious ways in which the print industry impacts on the environment is in its use of wood pulp for making paper. Our buying policy ensures that we use only paper from environmentally sustainable sources, where possible within Europe.
We currently recycle over 75% of our waste, and we are looking for ways to improve that figure.
In addition to the above policies John Mason Printers have also run tree planting campaigns to help replace indigenous hardwood trees into the Yorkshire Dales. Since 2005, we have planted in the region of 2500 trees, and the wood now appears on the latest OS map of the area!
By 2018, approximately 2500 trees have now been planted!