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The Abdominal Aorta
Filed under Cardiovascular
CHAPTER 102 The Abdominal Aorta
Martin L. Gunn, Jonathan H. Chung, Michelle M. Bittle, Jeffrey H. Maki
Modern advances in noninvasive imaging of the aorta, including multidetector row computed tomography (MDCT), magnetic resonance angiography (MRA), and CT-positron emission tomography (CT-PET) have almost completely replaced diagnostic catheter angiography. Coupled with these advances has been the development of minimally invasive treatments of aortic disease, especially endovascular aortic aneurysm repair.
The choice of imaging technique used to evaluate the aorta is determined by patient and disease-specific indications. Plain radiography has a limited role except following endovascular stent graft placement. Ultrasound has been shown to be an effective screening tool and has the advantages of portability, price, absence of ionizing radiation, or potentially nephrotoxic contrast. MDCT has much greater spatial resolution than any other cross-sectional modality and offers the added advantage of clear demonstration of visceral organs and extremely rapid image acquisition. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) techniques can provide additional physiologic information such as flow quantification. There is increasing evidence that PET-CT may be useful in the evaluation of the inflammatory and the noninflammatory aortic aneurysm.
CT Techniques
With recent advances in MDCT technology, routine acquisition of a high resolution isotropic volumetric dataset at the peak of contrast enhancement is easily achieved. There are several advantages to MDCT, but perhaps the greatest is the ability to analyze and display the aorta and branch vessels in any plane and to perform three-dimensional volume rendering for improved visualization and vascular diagnosis.
Using MDCT, a helical volume is acquired with a detector collimation of between 0.5 and 1.5 mm, and reconstructed with a similar thickness using a matrix size of 512 × 512 or greater. The use of tube current modulation techniques (e.g., automated exposure control) reduces radiation exposure compared to fixed-tube current techniques. For MDCT angiography, increased vascular enhancement can be achieved by reducing the kVp to 100 keV (or 80 keV in smaller patients) because this increases photon attenuation by iodinated contrast and moves the mean energy closer to the k-edge of iodine (33.2).1
Prior to acquisition of the arterial phase images, a noncontrast CT image set can be obtained. This is particularly useful where significant vascular calcification is expected, or in instances in which intramural hematoma is a differential consideration. Proper timing of the CTA volume acquisition with peak arterial contrast enhancement is critical for optimal arterial illustrations. For detection of associated parenchymal abnormalities, scar tissue, and endoleaks, the addition of delayed phase images can also be helpful. If multiple phases are used routinely, acquisition of those additional phases using lower radiation dose techniques should be considered to minimize patient radiation exposure doses.
After the patient is scanned, the dataset can be sent to a postprocessing workstation for both two-dimensional and three-dimensional image reconstruction, and for evaluation of the aorta and branch vessels in a double-oblique true axial plane.
MRI Techniques
Coils and Patient Position
Patients are imaged supine, ideally in a 1.5T or 3.0T MR scanner. Arms should be placed above the patient's head, or folded across the chest to prevent wrap artifact (also known as image aliasing artifact).
Coil Choice
Signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) can be maximized with a surface phased array torso coil, positioned to cover the region from the suprarenal abdominal aorta to the iliac vessels. More than one coil may be used in series to maximize range in the z-axis.
The extra SNR, greater signal uniformity, and number of coil elements provided by phased array torso coils enable the use of parallel imaging techniques, higher spatial resolution, more rapid signal processing (if there are enough receiver channels), and lower doses of intravenous contrast. In obese or especially tall patients, a body coil can be employed, although this will result in lower SNR.
MR Pulse Sequences
Precontrast Techniques
Localizers: During a breath-hold, localizers are initially obtained in the sagittal, coronal, and axial planes. Performing localizers during breath-hold ensures that the intra-abdominal organs will be located in a similar place to the post-gadolinium sequences which are typically acquired using breath-holding. Localizers can be performed using a variety of sequences, but nongated two-dimensional steady-state free precession sequences (SSFP) provide good tissue contrast and bright-blood images of vessels. Alternatively, HASTE (half-Fourier acquisition single shot turbo spin echo) or SSFSE (single shot fast spin echo) sequences can be performed, which provide a single breath-hold overview of the abdominal organs, with rapidly flowing blood appearing black.
Precontrast Sequences
Axial T1 Weighted Sequences: To survey the intra-abdominal structures, axial T1 weighted images are useful. These can be performed as breath-hold in and out of phase sequences, or using a double inversion fast spin echo technique to eliminate signal from slowly flowing blood. Precontrast T1-weighted images are particularly important for evaluation of the aortic wall for possible pathologies, such as intramural hematoma, which may have high T1 signal related to the presence of hemorrhage. Axial T2 fast spin echo sequences (usually with fat suppression) can also be performed from the diaphragm to the iliac crests to evaluate mass lesions and fluid collections around grafts.
Steady-State Free Precession: Steady-state free precession sequences (also termed balanced-FFE, true-FISP, and FIESTA) are rapid, have high intrinsic contrast resolution, and have been shown to be accurate in evaluating renal artery stenosis,2 aneurysm sac contents (Figure 102-1),3 thoracic aortic dissection, and aneurysm.4 These sequences can be performed with breath-hold techniques or free breathing with navigator gating, and they provide an overview of the aneurysm sac and surrounding contents.
Figure 102-1 Coronal (A) and axial (B) steady-state free precession sequence. A rapid breath-hold sequence without intravenous gadolinium, providing an overview of the aneurysm (arrows) location, relationship to major branch vessels, size, and internal contents.
Velocity Encoded Cine MR Techniques: Unlike the thoracic aorta, velocity encoded cine MR techniques (also known as cine phase contrast MR) are not widely used in the abdominal aorta. However, in cases of abdominal aortic coarctation or stenosis, these techniques may assist in quantifying the hemodynamic severity of the obstruction.
Postcontrast MRA: Following contrast injection, the abdominal aorta is scanned using a 3D spoiled gradient echo pulse sequence. The sequence should be optimized to acquire a near isotropic voxel size of 1 to 1.5 mm, in approximately 10 to 15 seconds.
CONTRAST MEDIA
A bolus of intravenous gadolinium-chelate contrast agent for MRA, or of iodinated contrast agent for CTA, is typically injected through a peripheral vein followed by a saline flush. The aim of MRA or CTA of the abdominal aorta, as with MRA and CTA elsewhere in the body, is to achieve peak arterial enhancement during the critical imaging periods, which for CTA is during the whole helical acquisition, and for MRA, is during the acquisition of the central lines of k-space. Proper synchronization of imaging for the arterial transit of the bolus through the target vascular bed will ensure optimal arterial illustration.
The time that it takes for a contrast bolus to pass from the site of intravenous injection until it reaches the abdominal aorta varies widely between individuals, from as little as 10 seconds to as long as 60 seconds. Consequently, varying techniques are available to synchronize MR and CT acquisition with peak arterial enhancement.
Contrast Media Dose
For abdominal aortic CTA, doses of up to 150 mL of nonionic contrast delivered at 3 to 6 mL per second have been routinely used in the past. However, with rapid acquisition techniques, doses as low as 50 mLs have been used, especially in smaller patients.5 For MRA, a typical gadolinium-chelate contrast agent dose is 0.2 mmol/kg injected at 2 mL/sec.
Empiric Bolus Timing Techniques
These "best guess" techniques estimate the patients circulation time based on general population rates, and can be modified by patient age and size. This technique works in about 85% of cases. To achieve more consistent results, a higher dose of contrast agent or a slower injection rate is typically used.
Timing Bolus Techniques
A small "test-bolus" (0.5 to 4 mL of gadolinium-chelate contrast agent or 10 to 20 mL of iodinated contrast agent) is administered followed by a saline flush at the same injection rate as the main bolus. From the beginning of contrast injection, images through the proximal abdominal aorta are obtained every 1 to 2 seconds for approximately 30 to 40 seconds. A time-intensity (MR) or time-attenuation (CT) curve can be generated using a region of interest (ROI) over the aorta, and the time to peak enhancement can be calculated. The circulation time and the time to inject the contrast are used to calculate the scan delay, which should correlate with the acquisition of the central k-space data (MR) or the helical CT data acquisition. For MRA, the formula used to determine scan delay depends on the relative timing for central k-space data acquisition and depends on whether a sequential, centric, reverse centric, or other means of k-space ordering is used.
Bolus Detection/Triggering Methods
Bolus detection methods monitor the arrival of the full contrast bolus using a series of 2D images or low-dose CT sections, which are acquired every few seconds over the vessel of interest. When adequate vascular enhancement is achieved, the CT or MRI acquisition is initiated. Triggering can be manual (the technologist or radiologist starts the acquisition when contrast can be seen to arrive in the aorta) or automatic by software detection. With automatic triggering, an ROI is placed on the aorta, and the software commences the acquisition (in MRI, usually using centric ordered k-space acquisition) when aortic enhancement reaches a predetermined threshold.
MRA: K-Space
For MR angiography, there are a variety of k-space acquisition schemes. Common ways of filling k-space for an MRA include sequential and centric phase ordering. In sequential k-space filling, the central lines of k-space are filled during the middle part of the acquisition period. To maximize contrast resolution, and therefore enhancement, it is best that the scan delay should lead to the maximum of enhancement in the middle of the acquisition window. In centric k-space filling, the central lines of k-space are filled in the first part of the acquisition period. Hence, the scan delay should be equal to the circulation time to ensure match of key image data with peak arterial contrast enhancement, If a bolus detection method is used for MRA, a centric ordered k-space scheme is typically used to ensure improved synchronization of the central k-space data acquisition with bolus arrival into the target vascular bed.
By using time-resolved magnetic resonance imaging (TR-MRA) techniques, the dynamics of blood flow in the abdominal vessels can be demonstrated in a way similar to conventional angiography. In TR-MRA, there is over-sampling of central k-space, which is acquired every 2 to 8 seconds for 1 to 3 minutes after gadolinium injection, without the need of a timing bolus. Time-resolved MRA has been shown to be an effective means of classifying endoleaks following endovascular repair.6
Abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA) is enlargement of the abdominal aorta above a diameter of 3 cm.7
Prevalence and Epidemiology
Abdominal aortic aneurysms are nearly five times more common in men than in women and almost twice as common in people of European descent than African Americans. The prevalence of aneurysm is also increased in those with a family history of AAA, and is strongly related to a history of smoking.8 Other risk factors include age, coronary artery disease or another manifestation of atherosclerosis, high cholesterol, and hypertension. In a large ultrasound screening study,9 an abdominal aortic aneurysm was detected in approximately 5% of males older than 65 years. Ruptured AAA occurs in 1% to 3% of men per year aged 65 years or more, and mortality is 70% to 95%. Left untreated, AAA leads to death in about one third of patients.8
Although the exact etiology of AAA remains unclear, it appears that degradation of elastin, collagen, and other structural proteins in the aortic wall is a major factor.10 Atherosclerosis is considered to play an important role in the etiology, likely via chronic inflammation in the aortic wall. An imbalance of T-helper and T-suppressor lymphocytes leads to a proliferation of B-lymphocytes. Elastin-derived peptides (EDPs), which are breakdown products of medial elastin, are thought to be the initiating and propagating antigen in this process. Chronic inflammation leads to excess matrix metalloproteinases and degradation of medial elastin and collagen.11 However, the etiology is unquestionably multifactorial. Current research suggests that genetic, environmental, hemodynamic, and immunologic factors all contribute to the development of aneurysms.
Clinical Manifestations of Disease
Most AAAs are asymptomatic and are discovered incidentally on routine physical examination or during other imaging studies. Patients with ruptured AAAs often present with an abrupt onset of back pain as well as abdominal pain and tenderness. Patients may present critically ill. Most will have a pulsatile abdominal mass. Rupture has a high mortality rate, with 25% mortality prior to arriving at the hospital and an overall 30-day survival rate of approximately 10%.12
The rate of aneurysm growth increases with increasing diameter in concordance with Laplace law. Aneurysms smaller than 4 cm grow at 2 to 4 mm/year, those measuring 4 to 5 cm grow at 2 to 5 mm per year, and aneurysms >5 cm grow at 3 to 7 mm per year.13 The risk of rupture increases with aneurysm size and rate of aneurysm expansion. In the U.K. Small Aneurysm Trial,14 aneurysms with a cross-sectional diameter of 5 to 5.9 cm in size had an annual risk of rupture of 6.5%. Elective AAA repair carries a 4% to 6% mortality. Recommendations10 suggest elective repair of aneurysms greater than 5.5 cm in males, and greater than 4.5 to 5 cm in women. Aneurysm length is not thought to be associated with rupture risk.15
Imaging Indications and Algorithm
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force (USPSTF)16 recommends screening for AAA in men aged 65 to 75 years of age who have ever smoked. It can also be considered in patients with a strong family history of AAA. Ultrasound is the modality of choice for screening in most patients. Its advantages include the absence of intravenous contrast, absence of ionizing radiation, and relatively low cost.
For asymptomatic and smaller aneurysms, ultrasound surveillance is recommended (Table 102-1). For aneurysms >4.5 cm, CT or MRI offer the advantages of greater measurement accuracy, better depiction of the suprarenal aorta and branch vessels, and superior reproducibility versus ultrasonography.
TABLE 102-1 Rescreening Intervals for Asymptomatic AAAs
Diameter up to
Re-image aorta in
<3.5 cm 3 years
<4.5 cm 1 year
<5 cm 6 months
5-5.5 cm 3-6 months*
* Also consider referral to a vascular surgeon.
Derived from Isselbacher EM. Thoracic and abdominal aortic aneurysms. Circulation 2005; 111(6):816-828.
Imaging Techniques and Findings
The presence of calcification in the abdominal aortic wall, although commonly present, is not invariable. Moreover, a tortuous and calcified aorta may mimic an AAA. A lateral radiograph (Fig. 102-2) may depict aortic calcification more clearly. However, radiographs are unreliable for diameter measurements of the aortic wall and are not recommended for diagnosis or surveillance.17
Figure 102-2 Lateral radiograph of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Fusiform dilation of the infrarenal aorta with calcification of the intima (arrows). The superior and inferior extent of the aneurysm sac are not visible.
Examination of the abdominal aorta is an essential component of a complete abdominal ultrasound study, and should be examined in all patients presenting with acute abdominal pain. Abdominal aortic aneurysms should be detectable by sonography in up to 100% of patients.18
The aorta appears on ultrasound as a hypoechoic tubular structure with echogenic walls (Fig. 102-3A). The anterior and posterior walls of the aneurysm are usually better seen than are the lateral walls. Mural thrombus (see Fig. 102-3B) has low to medium echogenicity and is attached to the margins of the aortic wall. At times, mural thrombus will have a lamellated appearance. Thrombus that appears to "flutter" during the cardiac cycle may be at risk of embolization.
Figure 102-3 A and B, Abdominal aortic aneurysm on ultrasound. Transverse and sagittal ultrasound images of the aorta demonstrate a small aortic aneurysm, not appropriate for surgical repair. C, Abdominal aortic aneurysm containing mural thrombus. Measurements of the aneurysm are from outer wall to outer wall, not the caliber of the patent lumen.
Ultrasound measurements of abdominal aortic aneurysms are accurate and repeatable. The measurements are taken from the outer-to-outer wall of the aorta in a plane perpendicular to the long axis of the aorta.
In suspected aneurysm rupture, a bedside ultrasonogram may be helpful for those patients who are too unstable for CT, or if CT is not readily available. Ultrasound scanning may assist in determining the aneurysm size and the presence of retroperitoneal or intraperitoneal fluid (Fig. 102-4), although the role of ultrasonography in identifying impending rupture is limited.19
Figure 102-4 Bedside ultrasound (A) and subsequent CT (B and C) on a hypotensive patient with a pulsative abdominal mass. On ultrasound, a 9 cm aneurysm (asterisk) was diagnosed, but retroperitoneal blood was not suspected. On subsequent CT (B), a small periaortic hematoma was identified (arrow), in addition to a "draped aorta sign" of a deficient posterior wall. More inferiorly (C), a small fissure has formed within the posterior aspect of intramural thrombus (arrow). Ultrasound is not accurate in excluding small retroperitoneal ruptures.
CT and MRI
Compared to ultrasonography, CT and MRI (Fig. 102-5) provide superior depiction of the extent and shape of the aneurysm, involvement of the renal, mesenteric, and iliac arteries, and the suprarenal abdominal and thoracic aorta. On average, ultrasound underestimates aneurysm size by 3 to 9 mm compared to CT angiography.20 Due to their excellent contrast resolution and multiplanar capabilities, CT and MR angiography are now the mainstay of aneurysm characterization prior to endovascular or surgical repair. CT is the modality of choice for the evaluation of suspected rupture of the abdominal aorta19; usually it can be performed within minutes, and has clear benefits in showing alternative causes of acute abdominal pain. Contrast-enhanced CT provides information about the lumen size, location, extent, relationship to branch vessels, presence of active contrast extravasation, and complications secondary to aneurysm rupture.
Figure 102-5 Infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm (arrow) demonstrated on maximum intensity projection (MIP) reconstruction of a gadolinium-enhanced MRA. The neck of the aneurysm and relationship to the renal arteries is clearly shown, as are the associated stenoses of the renal arteries and common iliac arteries.
Signs of Rupture, Impending Rupture, and Contained Rupture
Noncontrast CT is useful in demonstrating the presence of an abdominal aortic aneurysm, maximum aneurysm size, and the presence of retroperitoneal hemorrhage. A high attenuating crescent within the wall of aneurysm (Figs. 102-6 and 102-7) is a sign of impending or frank aneurysm rupture.21 A high attenuation crescent is denser than the psoas muscles (on enhanced CT) and the lumen (on nonenhanced CT scans).
Figure 102-6 Noncontrast CT of the abdomen demonstrates a high-density crescent in the periphery of the aneurysmal wall suggesting impending rupture (arrow).
Figure 102-7 In patients unable to receive intravenous contrast, noncontrast CT is useful in evaluating the presence of an aneurysm and retroperitoneal hematoma. A large left heterogeneous retroperitoneal hematoma is present on noncontrast abdominal CT. Crescentic hyperattenuating thrombus is also present within the posterior wall (arrows).
The most common finding in aneurysm rupture is a retroperitoneal hematoma adjacent to the abdominal aortic aneurysm (see Figs. 102-4, 102-7, and 102-8). This blood usually tracks into the pararenal and perirenal spaces (Fig. 102-9). Active extravasation (Figs. 102-9 and 102-10) is frequently visualized on contrast-enhanced CT images. The "draped aorta sign," where the abdominal aorta is closely applied to the spine with lateral "draping" of the aneurysm around the vertebral body (see Fig. 102-4), has been described as a finding of a deficient posterior wall of the aorta and a contained leak.22 Other sites of rupture include the bowel (most commonly the duodenum), and inferior vena cava (Fig. 102-11).23 Signs of AAA rupture, impending rupture, and contained rupture are (1) periaortic and retroperitoneal hemorrhage; (2) contrast extravasation; (3) high attenuating crescent sign; and (4) draped aorta sign.
Figure 102-8 A, Early rupture of an abdominal aortic aneurysm. Contrast-enhanced axial CT of the abdomen shows a large abdominal aortic aneurysm with adjacent fat stranding (arrow) suggesting aortic leak or impending rupture. B, Contrast-enhanced coronal CT of the abdomen demonstrates a saccular aneurysm of the infrarenal aorta (black arrow) with adjacent fat stranding (white arrows) suggesting aortic leak or impending rupture.
Figure 102-9 A and B, Ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysm. Contrast-enhanced axial CT and VR images of the abdomen demonstrate a saccular infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm with frank rupture into the left retroperitoneum. Active contrast extravasation is also present (arrows). C, Contrast-enhanced coronal CT of the abdomen demonstrates a saccular infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm with a massive left retroperitoneal hemorrhage (thin arrows). Active contrast extravasation is again present (thick arrow). Sparing of the perinephric space excluded the kidney as the bleeding source.
Figure 102-10 Two ruptured abdominal aortic aneurysms. A, Intraperitoneal contrast extravasation (arrow) is uncommonly encountered. B, More commonly retroperitoneal extravasation is seen (arrow).
Figure 102-11 A, Abdominal aortic aneurysm with a fistula between the aorta and inferior vena cava. Axial images from arterial phase of a contrast-enhanced CTA demonstrates a large infrarenal abdominal aortic aneurysm; a crescentic structure just lateral to the aorta demonstrates enhancement during this arterial phase study (arrow). B, Sagittal reconstruction demonstrates a fistula connection between the abdominal aortic aneurysm and the inferior vena cava (arrow). C, Volume rendered AP image of the aorta demonstrates contrast filling the right iliac vein and the lower IVC (arrows).
FDG-PET
Recent evidence suggests that increased aortic wall metabolism, as measured by FDG-PET, may suggest increased rupture risk. Increased metabolism may represent increased activation of inflammatory cells in the aortic wall, which leads to increased degradation of elastin and collagen in the aneurysm wall.24 Pilot studies examining the role of FDG-PET-CT in asymptomatic and symptomatic AAAs,25 have demonstrated increased activity in those with symptomatic AAAs, and increased activity in focal areas of increased inflammation and collagen degradation.
Nonruptured AAAs are often asymptomatic. Pain associated with a ruptured aneurysm is nonspecific. Other diagnoses which could manifest similarly include biliary disease, renal colic, diverticulitis, pancreatitis, cardiac ischemia, and mesenteric ischemia.
The imaging findings of AAA are pathognomonic in the correct clinical situation. The differential diagnosis of atherosclerotic AAA includes mycotic aneurysms and traumatic pseudoaneurysms.
Medical therapy is usually instituted in patients with smaller aneurysms not treated surgically or endovascularly. Smoking cessation is paramount because smoking plays a major role in aneurysm growth.26,27 Although the effect of hypertension and dyslipidemia on aneurysm growth and rupture are unknown, treating these conditions may prolong survival. Statin therapy has been shown to reduce mortality and slow aneurysm growth.26 β-blockers may slow the expansion rate of aneurysms.28
Surgical/Interventional
In patients requiring surgery, options for open repair include the traditional transabdominal route or the recently popularized retroperitoneal approach. Surgical complications include acute renal failure, distal embolization, infection, aortoenteric fistula, colonic ischemia, and vascular injury. The complication rate has decreased with better surgical techniques. In patients with concomitant cardiorespiratory conditions, perioperative pneumonia, atelectasis, myocardial ischemia, and arrhythmia are not uncommon. Endovascular stent repair may also be performed because it is less invasive and more appropriate in poor surgical candidates. However, the long-term outcome of patients after endovascular repair is not yet known.
INFLAMMATORY AORTIC ANEURYSM
A variant of aortic aneurysm, inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms (IAAAs) are characterized by peri-aneurysmal fibrosis and adhesions and are a surgical challenge. Surgical repair is associated with a higher morbidity and mortality than surgery for degenerative AAAs.
Inflammatory abdominal aortic aneurysms are defined by the presence of a thickened aneurysm wall, marked peri-aneurysmal and retroperitoneal fibrosis, and dense adhesions of adjacent abdominal organs.11
IAAAs constitute approximately 3% to 10% of abdominal aortic aneurysms. Male sex and smoking are both strong risk factors, with a male-to-female ratio ranging from 6 : 1 to 30 : 1. From 77% to 100% of patients smoke.11 Other risk factors include northern European descent and autoimmune disease.
Like AAA, the etiology of IAAAs is multifactorial. Current understanding suggests a common immune-mediated inflammatory pathogenesis shared with degenerative AAA, but in IAAA, the inflammation is more pronounced. White blood cells in the aortic wall cause degradation of the extracellular matrix by releasing proteolytic enzymes and cytokines. Based on this knowledge, steroid and other anti-inflammatory agents have been found by some to inhibit aneurysm growth. Some have postulated a role of infection in the aortic wall. Suggested agents include herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, and Chlamydia organisms.
Unlike degenerative AAAs, in which back or flank pain is present in a minority of patients, a great majority of patients with IAAAs have back pain. In patients with a known aneurysm, the classic triad of back pain, weight loss, and elevated erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) is highly suggestive of an inflammatory aneurysm.
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Evening With Rockwell: An Exclusive Viewing
« Evening With Rockwell: An Exclusive Viewing
Summer With The Arts: Healing Arts Celebration »
June ushers in longer days and warm summer nights. It also heralds evenings of art and conversation at the Military Women's Memorial.
Join us for Happy Hour and an exclusive viewing of a never-before-seen original work by the iconic American artist Norman Rockwell. The piece, a stunning original sketch, measuring 21 x 35 inches, is the maquette drawing for the Women In the Armed Forces bas-relief panel featured on the Women's Memorial Bell Tower at the Cathedral of the Pines in New Hampshire.
A brief respite from the stress of the day, the Military Women's Memorial Evening with Rockwell offers happy hour beverages and snacks, exclusive viewing of an American treasure, commentary about the piece and a private viewing of the Memorial's newest exhibition, Summer With the Arts: Healing, Freedom, Family, a UnitingUS exhibit featuring works of art by veterans or their family members.
Dates: June 10, 17, and 24, from 5:15-6:45 PM.
Location: Military Women's Memorial, gateway Arlington National Cemetery
Cost: $59.99 per person which includes: hors d'oeuvres, beer, wines, soda and water. A $10 discount is offered for those purchasing tickets 5 days in advance of each evening event.
PURCHASE YOUR TICKETS NOW!
Rockwell and the Story of America's Women:
Norman Rockwell reflected the American experience and identity through, among other work, his covers for the Saturday Evening Post, however his work also notes the diversity within the American experience. Rockwell seems to take special care to create images defining not only the American identity, but more specifically the experience of women in America. His career, from his first Saturday Evening Post cover in 1916 and going well into the 1970s, overlapped with almost constant progression in women's rights. From the decision of Congress to endorse the Nineteenth Amendment in 1920, a great success for the National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA), to the flight of Amelia Earhart in 1932, and the shifting roles of women during World War II era of the 1940s.
Upon conclusion of these exclusive Evenings with Rockwell, the Women In the Armed Forces maquette drawing will be loaned to the Cathedral of the Pines, the nationally renowned memorial in southern New Hampshire. Among its many monuments is the Women's Memorial Bell Tower, which is believed to be the first monument in the United States devoted specifically to the service and sacrifice of women. Four large bronze bas-relief plaques, designed by Norman Rockwell and cast by his son Peter, decorate the tower's four archways. One of the bas-relief plaques is called Women in the Armed Forces and represents the women of the United States Army, Navy, Air Force, Marine Corps, and Coast Guard.
Group Reservation Policy
Groups may book the entire venue for the evening for a total of 125 guests per event. Cost $5,000 for total event. Contact Donna Houle, Senior Director, Memorial Engagement and Impact by email to [email protected] with questions about group reservations.
About Summer With The Arts
The Military Women's Memorial in collaboration with UnitingUS, Community Building Art Works and Armed Services Arts Partnership, offers summer-long creative programming for the military-affiliated community. Our Education Center continues to serves as a space for relevant conversation about the healing benefits of the arts through a powerful exhibit and events for visitors of all ages! The presenting sponsor of Summer With The Arts is OptumServe.
About the Military Women's Memorial
We are the leading memorial and education center honoring women's contributions to the service of our nation.   As the only historical repository documenting all military women's service, we educate and inspire through innovative and interactive exhibitions, our world-class collections, and engaging programs and events for all generations. We honor the commitment, contributions and experiences of every woman who serves in, or with, the Armed Forces.
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This statistic shows the type of grocery shopping trip made most recently among consumers in Canada as of January 2016. During the survey, 39 percent of the respondents said their most recent grocery shopping trip was to purchase a few needed items.
For hypermarkets, what are the improvements that you would consider to be priorities and which would encourage you to attend them more?


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> Materials
Fjällräven Samlaren | Giving Life to Surplus Materials
by David Vo, June 4, 2021
As the story goes, in 1964, Fjällräven founder Åke Nordin was developing his groundbreaking Thermo Tent and he tried using a fabric but it did not quite make the cut. He stowed that roll away and years later, pulled it out of storage, and used it to make the first Greenland Jacket. Fjällräven, the Swedish outdoors company, has had a long history of environmentalism and sustainability. Some examples include using recycled materials, switching to fluorocarbon-free treatments in 2012, and working with the Fair Labor Association to promote and improve workers' rights and conditions.
Earlier this year, the brand launched its Samlaren initiative. This aims to bring new life to surplus materials by repurposing them into practical products. The name, Samlaren, is Swedish for "the Gatherer". By taking scraps and leftover materials off the cutting room floor, Fjällräven is bringing them together to form unique collectible products that will be released in recurring and limited capsule collections.
When the company realized they had shelves full of excess material, they set out to find a way to give them purpose. This is the reverse design process that companies take. Usually, a product is created to meet a consumer's need or demand. In the case of Fjällräven Samlaren, the company wanted to create products to use the materials. With that starting point, they set out to create products that still met the same quality and usefulness customers expect.
One of the most resource-intensive parts of clothing and bag creation is the actual production of fabric. It uses a large amount of water, chemicals, and power and produces emissions and by-products. By using materials that are already in their mills and factories, new products can be produced without having the cost of production go to waste.
The first collection is made out of surplus G-1000 fabric. It includes the classic Greenland jacket, Kånken backpack and updated versions of the tote bag and even a cap. The designers cleverly employ color blocking to add a touch of playfulness but also subtly signal the items are upcycled.
The Fjällräven Samlaren Jackets come in three colorways for men and three in the women's cut. The Kånken backpack is slightly larger than the original model. It features padded shoulder straps and several pockets – open, zippered, and with button closures. There are four colors to choose from. Similarly, the Totepack is also available in four colorways and has a simple design with an open main compartment. A small buttoned inside pocket provides quick access to small items. Lastly, two caps round out the collection and feature contrasting shades in the bottomside.
Many companies are taking sustainability and conscientious production more seriously recently. But this has been top of mind for Fjällräven throughout the company's history. With advances in material production and recycling processes, consumers no longer have to make a decision between buying green versus a quality product. Companies have proven that products using recycled or upcycled components perform just as well as those using virgin materials.
However, Fjällräven's ultimate goal, naturally, is to become so efficient in their design, patterning, and material production that they no longer have excess or leftover materials that need a home. Ironically, if the brand reaches this goal, the Fjällräven Samlaren project will become obsolete. But they'll be an even better brand for it. Respect.
David Vo
David gets right into the details, in a way that few can. He prefers carry gear that lets him get active. He rides bikes, eats good food, and has a digital footprint approaching a yeti.
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Former Jazzman Jarron Collins Could Be Future NBA Head Coach
Jun 9, 2020, 3:48 PM | Updated: 3:49 pm
Jarron Collins (Photo by Lisa Blumenfeld/Getty Images)
(Photo by Lisa Blumenfeld/Getty Images)
BY BEN ANDERSON, KSL SPORTS
SALT LAKE CITY, Utah – Could former Utah Jazz center Jarron Collins be a future NBA head coach? According to ESPN's Kevin Arnovitz, Collins could lead a team in the right situation. Collins made the list, along with several former players, coaches, and current assistant coaches.
Collins has been an assistant coach with the Golden State Warriors since 2014. Head coach Steve Kerr hired Collins after the former Jazzman served as a scout for the Los Angeles Clippers in 2013. Collins has been a part of five Finals runs and three championships with the Warriors.
"A former NBA player and an essential part of the Warriors' championship staff, Jarron Collins has experience working with superstars," Arnovitz wrote. "Devising high-stakes strategy and navigating the precarious contours of team culture at the highest level."
Annual must-read from @kevinarnovitz on coaching candidates generating the most buzz around the NBA. This year's edition includes Ty Lue, Charles Lee, Chris Finch, Jamahl Mosley and yes, Thibs https://t.co/bUeAe8t1Rb
— Glenn Yoder (@glennyoder) June 9, 2020
Collins Time In Utah
Collins was drafted by the Jazz with the 53rd overall pick in the 2001 NBA draft. The center quickly earned the respect of head coach Jerry Sloan and started 68 of the 70 games he appeared in as a rookie.
Collins recorded career highs in scoring, rebounding, and blocked shots during his debut NBA season. The center spent four seasons at Stanford with his twin brother Jason. Jason was a first-round pick by the Houston Rockets in the same season.
.@Warriors assistant coach (now 3x NBA champ) Jarron Collins back when he played for the 🌲.#BackThePac pic.twitter.com/Aa3754ZYDe
— Pac-12 Network (@Pac12Network) June 9, 2018
The former Cardinal spent eight seasons with the Jazz and appeared in 480 regular-season games. Collins had a brief stint with the Phoenix Suns, Los Angeles Clippers, and Portland Trailblazers before retiring in 2011.
Jazz Players Before Collins As NBA Head Coaches
Collins is far from the only Sloan protege to be considered for a job as an NBA head coach. Similarly, several former Jazz players have climbed through the coaching ranks.
To date, eight former players under Sloan have been named head coaches in the NBA.
Jerry Sloan's coaching tree has deep roots and expanding branches. 🌳 #TakeNote #NBATwitter #JerrySloan https://t.co/4Lv6h64zmQ
— KSL Sports (@kslsports) May 22, 2020
Marc Iavaroni (Memphis), Larry Krystkowiak (Milwaukee), Jeff Hornacek (Phoenix, New York), Jacque Vaughn (Orlando, Brooklyn current), Mark Jackson (Golden State), Tyrone Corbin (Utah, Sacramento), Derek Fisher, (New York, Los Angeles WNBA,) and Earl Watson (Phoenix) have all served as head coaches for professional franchises.
Collins interviewed for the vacant Memphis Grizzlies head coaching position in 2019.
Utah Jazz Scoreboard
Utah Jazz Team Leaders
Utah Jazz Standings
Chandler Holt
Jazz Partner With Travis Scott, Cactus Jack To Bring All-Star Events To SLC
With NBA All-Star weekend just around the corner, the Utah Jazz announced plans for venues and events to be held with the All-Star's in town.
Ben Anderson
Report: Jazz Have 'Strong Interest' In Dorian Finney-Smith
The Utah Jazz have reportedly expressed strong interest in Dallas Mavericks forward Dorian Finney-Smith according to Shams Charania.
Jazz Host RSL In Rare Practice Crossover
The Utah Jazz had a rare opportunity at practice on Monday to welcome members of Real Salt Lake to the Zions Bank Basketball Campus.
Jazz Defense Stifles Shorthanded Mavericks
The Utah Jazz played one of their best defensive games of the season and held off the Dallas Mavericks 108-100 at Vivint Arena.
Jazz Survive Late Push From Dallas Mavericks
The Utah Jazz survived a late score from the shorthanded Dallas Mavericks and walked away with a 108-100 win.
Malik Beasley Hits Impossible Fading Three To Beat Shot Clock
In the fourth quarter against Dallas, Malik Beasley hit a tough fading jumpshot to beat the shot clock and give the Jazz a 20-point lead.


text:
Marinibacterium is a Gram-negative genus of bacteria from the family of Rhodobacteraceae with one known species (Marinibacterium profundimaris). Marinibacterium profundimaris has been isolated from deep seawater from the Atlantic Ocean.

References

Rhodobacteraceae
Bacteria genera
Monotypic bacteria genera

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Turnip kept a close eye on the fruit-vendor as they scurried through the crowded streets. A maid from one of the noble houses would be passing this way soon, and she always stopped to pick up a fresh orange. Cobbles said that the fruit-vendor was sweet on the maid, and that meant her otherwise watchful gaze would be distracted away from her produce; the perfect time to strike. Timing was everything–the slightest hesitation could cost you your life. Or worse.
Turnip slipped around a crate to the left, reflexively following a gut instinct, and a guard jangled past to the right. Turnip offered a brief prayer of thanks to whoever was listening. It was an odd habit they had picked up from Tusks; she believed that there were still gods out there who cared about people. Turnip wasn't so sure, and had started doing it to poke fun at her–but there was something sort-of reassuring about it.
"Ah, good morning Miss Dolomite," the fruit vendor said, a certain tone to her voice. The maid had arrived.
She's too early. Something's wrong.
Unable to shake the feeling, Turnip moved to get a better view of the exchange. Miss Dolomite, the maid, seemed shaken. Cobbles signalled from the other side of the street–go now! Turnip signalled back–caution!–and scanned the crowd. Guards–too many of them. Something was not right. A metal hand clamped down on the elf's shoulder, and Turnip froze.
Turnip nodded. "Thanks," they said as they slipped away, and surprised themselves by meaning it. The guard's tone had been pleading, rather than threatening; Turnip felt sad for him, suddenly. I guess we all have to do things we don't want to do.
"Must be some enemy," Turnip said.
Naeris ducked into an alleyway, the hard thudding of boots not far behind. "Hacha!" they swore as they skidded to halt in front of a wall. Behind them, a guard blocked the only exit.
"Was that spell supposed to do anything?" the guard asked, as he narrowly missed Naeris with his axe.
"Didn't you just say you were going to kill me?" the guard said, his axe slicing open Naeris' left arm.
"I'd prefer not to, all things considered," Naeris' said. "Killing's not my game; not my bosses' either." A waved hand and a muttered spell healed the damaged arm.
"Someone who believes in second chances," they said. "And it's pretty hard to offer those to dead men." Naeris' blades hit something soft and fleshy.
"Urk," the guard bubbled and fell to the ground; his helmet falling off as he went.
"Moradin's beard, you're Naeris?" The dwarf was incredulous.
A drop of water landed on Naeris' forehead, and interrupted their trance. It feels like it was all so long ago, they thought as they pulled up their hood. I hope he found peace, in the end.
Naeris sat quietly in the tree they had been sleeping in, and watched the rain.


text:
DJ Software, Free DJ Tools, Karaoke Software
Halloween-Themed 'Shaders' to Use With DEX 3 or LYRX
Your Halloween Parties and Events are in full swing and your task is to bring the atmosphere -- using Halloween-Themed 'Shaders' to generated spooktatcular visualizations is one way to help set the mood. Shaders are real-time visualizations…
https://i0.wp.com/www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/10/shaders-2019-cover.jpg?fit=706%2C360&ssl=1 360 706 Ryan Sherr https://www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/pcdj-logo-website.png Ryan Sherr2019-10-25 10:13:512019-10-25 10:13:51Halloween-Themed 'Shaders' to Use With DEX 3 or LYRX
DJ Software, Karaoke Software
DEX 3 DJ Software | "Embracing Karaoke"
Unlike other professional DJ software on the market, designed for traditional audio only of audio/video mixing, we haven't been shy about embracing karaoke in our flagship product - DEX 3. Through many calls, emails, and PCDJ Facebook User…
https://i0.wp.com/www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/embracingkaraoke.jpg?fit=706%2C360&ssl=1 360 706 Ryan Sherr https://www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/pcdj-logo-website.png Ryan Sherr2019-09-27 10:22:172019-09-27 10:22:17DEX 3 DJ Software | "Embracing Karaoke"
DJ Software, General PCDJ News
Download the DEX 3.13.0.6 free update below! DEX 3.13.0.6 is a maintenance release that addresses a few issues and improves overall performance and stability. Due to a recent change in file format protocols at Shadertoy.com, the…
https://i1.wp.com/www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/dex31306update.jpg?fit=706%2C360&ssl=1 360 706 Ryan Sherr https://www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/pcdj-logo-website.png Ryan Sherr2019-09-09 10:48:512019-09-09 10:48:51DJ Software | DEX 3.13.0.6 Maintenance Release Now Available
New LYRX Karaoke Skin Features in DEX 3.13.0.5 (Video)
New in DEX 3.13.0.5 are improvements and updates to the included "LYRX" skins, designed to host karaoke more efficiently. A new, rapid method for searching singer history, independent tempo control slider, improvements to the key detection…
https://i0.wp.com/www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/dex3lyrxskinupdate-coverimage.jpg?fit=706%2C360&ssl=1 360 706 Ryan Sherr https://www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/pcdj-logo-website.png Ryan Sherr2019-08-28 17:11:362019-08-28 17:11:36New LYRX Karaoke Skin Features in DEX 3.13.0.5 (Video)
DJ Software | DEX 3.13.0.5 is Ready for Download
Version 3.13.0.5 of DEX 3, our best DJ program for the versatile DJ, is ready for download! Considered an interim release, DEX 3.13.0.5 now includes the recently updated LYRX (our new karaoke software) skins along with improvements that include…
https://i1.wp.com/www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/08/dex31305-cover.jpg?fit=706%2C360&ssl=1 360 706 Ryan Sherr https://www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/pcdj-logo-website.png Ryan Sherr2019-08-08 11:35:382019-08-08 11:35:38DJ Software | DEX 3.13.0.5 is Ready for Download
DJ Technology, DJ Tips And Tutorials
DJ Software Windows 10 System Optimization Guide
Equate your shiny new Windows 10 laptop to a stock car you're about to take on the racetrack. It may be super clean and in top working order, straight from the factory, but it's not race ready. The following is a guide for Windows 10 optimizations…
https://i1.wp.com/www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/windows10-optimize.jpg?fit=706%2C360&ssl=1 360 706 Ryan Sherr https://www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/pcdj-logo-website.png Ryan Sherr2019-07-22 11:27:532019-07-22 11:28:10DJ Software Windows 10 System Optimization Guide
DJ and Karaoke Industry News, Music
SoundCloud Go+ Subscription | Now Available in 5 New Markets!
The DJ-centric SoundCloud Go+ music subscription service recently launched in 5 new markets - Belgium, Italy, Portugal, Spain and Switzerland. The expanded territory allows DEX 3 DJ software users in those countries to subscribe ($9.99…
https://i0.wp.com/www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/soundcloud-newcountries.jpg?fit=706%2C360&ssl=1 360 706 Ryan Sherr https://www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/pcdj-logo-website.png Ryan Sherr2019-06-13 10:01:462019-06-13 10:01:46SoundCloud Go+ Subscription | Now Available in 5 New Markets!
DJ and Karaoke Industry News, DJ Life, DJ Technology
Is Streaming The Future Of DJing?
Technology continues to evolve in leaps and bounds. The world of DJing has always eventually moved with changes to technology. Professional DJs and hobby DJs who have a home DJ setup have benefited from these changes. From the days of spinning…
https://i1.wp.com/www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/06/streaming-future.jpg?fit=706%2C360&ssl=1 360 706 Robert Calabrese https://www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/pcdj-logo-website.png Robert Calabrese2019-06-05 11:39:332019-06-05 11:44:29Is Streaming The Future Of DJing?
DJ Software, DJ Tips And Tutorials, Music
SoundCloud x DEX 3 Pro Tip | The Power of the LIKE Button
As DJs, especially the mobile variety, we've all been there before... You've booked an event that requires you to perform with a genre of music you're only vaguely familiar with, because hey, you're in the DJ business not only for your love…
https://i1.wp.com/www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/soundcloud-go-like-cover.jpg?fit=706%2C360&ssl=1 360 706 Ryan Sherr https://www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/pcdj-logo-website.png Ryan Sherr2019-05-23 10:26:002019-05-23 10:33:29SoundCloud x DEX 3 Pro Tip | The Power of the LIKE Button
DJ Software, DJ Technology, Karaoke Business
Why DEX 3 is the Best DJ and Karaoke System for a Bar or Nightclub
DEX 3 is a true all-in-one entertainment software solution -- the best DJ and karaoke system for a bar. Why, you ask? With the recent introduction of SoundCloud Go+ for legal music streaming and Party Tyme Karaoke providing in-app access…
https://i0.wp.com/www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/best-dj-karaoke-system-for-a-bar.jpg?fit=706%2C360&ssl=1 360 706 Ryan Sherr https://www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/pcdj-logo-website.png Ryan Sherr2019-05-21 13:55:052019-05-21 14:18:34Why DEX 3 is the Best DJ and Karaoke System for a Bar or Nightclub
DEX x SoundCloud | 3 Pro Tips for Using the Streaming Service with DEX 3
This week we announced our new partnership with SoundCloud and in-app support for SoundCloud Go+, offering DEX 3 DJs in-app access to SoundCloud's massive 200+ million song catalog of popular and underground artists for only $9.99-a-month after…
https://i1.wp.com/www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/soundcloud-go-dex3-protips.jpg?fit=706%2C360&ssl=1 360 706 Ryan Sherr https://www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/pcdj-logo-website.png Ryan Sherr2019-05-02 11:47:242019-05-02 11:47:24DEX x SoundCloud | 3 Pro Tips for Using the Streaming Service with DEX 3
DJ and Karaoke Industry News, DJ Software, General PCDJ News, Music
DJ Software creators Digital 1 Audio (PCDJ) have released DEX 3.13 with in-app support for the SoundCloud Go+ subscription service, providing DJs with the ability to access and mix over 200 million songs for a low monthly fee. Clearwater,…
https://i0.wp.com/www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/04/soundcloud-go-dex3-cover.jpg?fit=706%2C360&ssl=1 360 706 Ryan Sherr https://www.pcdj.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/pcdj-logo-website.png Ryan Sherr2019-04-30 09:53:082019-04-30 09:53:08DEX 3 x SoundCloud Go + Press Release | Access and Mix Over 200 Million Songs


text:
Q: Changing border-bottom to border-top I want to have a transistion on my menu list when hovered but I want to change the border-bottom to border-top.
How can I do this?

  .sliding-middle-out {
 display: inline-block;
 position: relative;
 padding-bottom: 3px;
}
.sliding-middle-out:after {
 content: '';
 display: block;
 margin: auto;
 height: 3px;
 width: 0px;
 background: transparent;
 transition: width .5s ease, background-color .5s ease;
}
.sliding-middle-out:hover:after {
 width: 100%;
 background: blue;
}

Features

A: You can use the :before pseudo element instead of the :after pseudo element so the line is displayed on top of (before) your link:

.sliding-middle-out {
 display: inline-block;
 position: relative;
 padding-bottom: 3px;
}
.sliding-middle-out:before {
 content: '';
 display: block;
 margin: auto;
 height: 3px;
 width: 0px;
 background: transparent;
 transition: width .5s ease, background-color .5s ease;
}
.sliding-middle-out:hover:before {
 width: 100%;
 background: blue;
}

Features

Note that the line isn't made with the border property but with the background of the pseudo element

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Angling is a social event expertise which includes getting crude fish at Fishing spots. Angling requires a scope of devices, for example, crawfish pens and angling poles, a large portion of which are as of now put away in a player's device belt when their record is made. Getting a few sorts of fish likewise expects players to utilize different kinds of lure, one of which is spent each time that a fish is gotten. Step up the Fishing expertise expands the rate at which players get fish and increase understanding while at the same time angling.
Wearing parts of the angling outfit gives a rate increment in the measure of base experience picked up while angling. There are four pieces in the set: the cap, coat, waders, and boots. Every thing can be acquired for 140 reward tokens from the Fish Flingers minigame, in this manner obtaining the majority of the set's pieces costs 560 tokens. On the off chance that all bits of the set are worn, an extra set reward impact is given.
Capacity to flip between accepting fish while angling, or having fish be crushed as they are gotten (by means of a right-click alternative on the head opening thing).
Possibility of getting a fish is expanded by 5%.
Living rock animals in the Living Rock Caverns won't be forceful towards players.
In the event that a player possesses a total angling outfit, at that point they will get its 5% expanded base experience impact while wearing a shark outfit.
At the point when a player claims all bits of the shark outfit, consumed shark outfit and tiger shark outfit they may consolidate these outfits' parts to frame the anger shark outfit. This outfit gives better advantages than those given by the other shark outfits. Players gain the accompanying rewards from an anger shark outfit: Capacity to flip between accepting fish while angling, or having fish be annihilated as they are gotten (by means of a right-click choice on the head space thing).
Possibility of getting a fish is expanded by 7% (rather than 5% with the other shark outfits). Living rock animals in the Living Rock Caverns won't be forceful towards players. In the event that a player claims a total angling outfit, at that point they will get its 5% expanded base experience impact while wearing a shark outfit. 10% shot of getting two fish immediately while angling, giving twofold understanding. 60-70% possibility of not spending snare when a fish is gotten.


Going through the lists of E3 games to see if there's anything which I missed, and I hit on Heroes of the Three Kingdoms. It's a PvP-focused free-to-play MMO… yeah, stop that now. It's got a few things which make it more interesting. Its setting isn't the trad fantasy one… but frankly, when your combat looks like it does, it may as well be. Secondly, it isn't class based in a traditional way. It's weapon based, with your role changing depending on what you choose to tool up with. Finally – and most RPS-interestingly – in the end game, after you've formed legions and conquered cities, leads to a large-scale board-game which apparently involves keeping your population happy and taxation and similar. The trailer below is mainly the fighting, but PCG grabbed a quick hand-phone shot of the map to give you an idea. If that interests you, you can try and sign up for the closed beta on the game's site.
Tagged with Heroes of Three Kingdoms.


of individual readiness for organizational change based on Prochaska et a/.'s (1994) questionnaires and tested several assumptions of individual and organizational readiness for change models.... Aims: The aims of this study were to investigate the performance of the treatment version of the Readiness to Change Questionnaire (RCQ[TV]) among individuals currently receiving alcohol detoxification and to develop a treatment version of the Treatment Readiness Tool (TReaT[TV]).
Abstract � The present study explored the reliability and validity of a Spanish version of the Readiness to Change Questionnaire (RCQ) (12-item short form) as it might be used for opportunistic intervention.


text:
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Ian Black obituary
theguardian.com News of the death of Ian Black, at the age of 69 from a rare brain disease, brought a pair of emails within minutes of each other: one from a Jew with strong ties to Israel,…
Sending 'Dumb' Weapons From Israel to Ukraine Is Smart
washingtonpost.com It may have come as a surprise to many Americans that the US has a substantial amount of combat material and equipment forward-deployed in Israel. But to those of us deeply…
What to Know About Netanyahu's Far-Right Government in Israel
washingtonpost.com Benjamin Netanyahu was sworn in Dec. 29 for a sixth time as Israel's prime minister, in a right-wing coalition in which his Likud Party is the most moderate member.…
Climate crisis and neglect threaten Spain's saffron crop
theguardian.com A sharp wind shunts clouds across the low and endless skies of La Mancha as Carlos Fernández stoops to pluck the last mauve flowers of the season from the cold earth. Their…
Practical Steps to Help Along Iran's Next Revolution
newsweek.com Revolutions are hard to predict. Long fuses of smoldering economic and political discontent are often lit by unplanned and unexpected events. Few anticipated that a handful…
Saudi Arabia's Challenge to Biden: Let's Abandon FDR's Deal With Ibn Saud
newsweek.com Speaking to the Saudi English-language newspaper Al Arabiya, Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu made his case for peace between Israel and the Kingdom of Saudi…
Bookseller 'fundraising for a dream' to open Arabic bookshop in London
theguardian.com A former bookseller at London's largest Arabic bookshop, which closed at the end of 2022, has set up a crowdfunding appeal to launch a new bookshop and community space. Al…
What to Know About Netanyahu's Far-Right Government in Israel: QuickTake
washingtonpost.com Itamar Ben Gvir. Named national security minister, Ben Gvir is the leader of the nationalist Jewish Power party. As a teenager, he led the youth wing of the Kach party,…
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U.S. Army 1-114th Regiment conducts Urban Operations
The U.S. Army 351st Psychological Operations Company conducts Urban Operations training at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, N.J. on Nov. 19, 2022. Training factors in U.O. include the presence of civilians and the complexity of urban terrain. Urban combat operations may be conducted to capitalize on strategic or tactical advantages associated with the possession or the control of a particular urban area or to deny these advantages to the enemy.
NEWS | Dec. 2, 2022
U.S. Army 351 Psychological Operations Company conducts Urban Operations
By Senior Airman Matt Porter 87th Air Bse Wing
JOINT BASE MCGUIRE-DIX-LAKEHURST, N.J. –
The U.S. Army 351st Psychological Operations Company conducts Urban Operations training at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, N.J. on Nov. 19, 2022.
Training factors in U.O. include the presence of civilians and the complexity of urban terrain. Urban combat operations may be conducted to capitalize on strategic or tactical advantages associated with the possession or the control of a particular urban area or to deny these advantages to the enemy.
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Godrej Greens & Godrej Prana is coming with great news for potential property seekers, with luxurious features & amenities in Undri Pune. Godrej Properties offers a brand new creation as nice name Pune city. You can book your dream property in 1 bedroom, 2 bedrooms, and 2.5 bedroom configuration. Godrej Greens & Godrej Prana Pune is spreading beyond 31 acres area. The developer has combined 1800 apartments of diverse types. The home property spread in the vast region and included multiple towers having the 12-storey residential floor with 2 podium level car parking area. This stunning residential project is inviting you to book flats in the range of 1057 to 1870 square feet. You can book small 1 bhk flats in 477 to 634 square feet era and (large) 1 bhk can book in 500 to 665 square feet range. 2 bhk home will be the book in 656 square feet and 872 square feet. 2 bhk (large) flats will book in 680 square feet to 904 square feet. The developer has created a golden venture in form of Godrej Greens & Godrej Prana Undri.
The current residential demand in Pune is giving impetus to expansion of the city. Undri, is one such location that is fast gaining prominence in southern side of Pune due to its picturesque views of Sahyadri hills, sloping meadows and evolving infrastructural development. Undri is the third most preferred location for home buyers in Pune which offers a great mix of affordable and premium housing spaces. Its proximity to the IT hubs of Magarpatta and SP Infocity is also attracting many home buyers. Known for housing reputed schools, providing good and quality educational infrastructure Undri is also home to the Corinthians Club and Country Club thereby offering multiple avenues for lifestyle indulgences.Overall Undri is the perfect place for a family with kids and senior citizens due to its fresh environment and social infrastructure such as schools, clubs, retail & connectivity through internal roads & national highways in that area.
Godrej Greens is project encompasses the quick access to the key number of public transports services of the real-time such as Monorail, Metro railway, fastest road transports, and air transport services, etc. Godrej Greens Undri comprises of 2 and 3 BHK sets of residential spaces. Godrej Greens Pune residential spaces are planned to develop in the dimensions ranging from 563 sq. ft. to 930 sq. ft. This project is overspread in the total land area of 10 acres. It is equipped of 2 acre of greenery or central garden.
Godrej Greens enjoys the immediate access to Katraj-Undri-Hadapsar Bypass road, Solapur-Pune Highway, Mumbai Highway, Bangalore-Pune Highway connects the inhabitants to numerous desirable destinations. There are numerous amazing features planned to merge in this residential project. Various social amenities like advanced medical centers, banks, social hubs, schools, colleges, etc. According to the Godrej Greens Undri price structure, residential spaces inside this development are estimated @ Rs.38 lakhs to 59 lakhs.
©2014Godrej Prana Undri | All rights reserved.


Worth Reading won't be around next week, due to the holidays, so it's time to savor this week's roundup of the best games writing around.
It's not hard to imagine why so many people would want to get into writing and reporting about games. Make passion a career? Hard to pass up! It's the reason I count my lucky stars each day. But it's a tough gig to keep, as this piece outlines. There's a reason you can count the numbers of older writers and journalists in games on a single hand—generally speaking, it's not sustainable. Winkie highlights the new paths forged by places like Giant Bomb and Kinda Funny, but in those cases, the personalities driving them were already popular when they struck out on their own. If you're new, breaking in? Good luck.
Simply put, this is a confusing era in games journalism, especially if you're someone with roots in the media like Jeff Green. At one point in his life Green thought he'd be publishing his magazine until the day he retired. This would be his legacy. It was etched in stone. But then the world changed. Quickly, chaotically, leaving him out in the cold.
Sam Coster profiled a developer trying to finish a game while struggling with cancer at the same time. It sounds like a nightmare.
Mike Diver tried to predict what eSports looks like in 2016 by speaking with Rod "Slasher" Breslau. I've chatted with Breslau before—knows his stuff.
Laura Parker hung out with YouTube star PewDiePie to find out what makes him tick. People may be tired of PewDiePie, but I remain fascinated.
Mike Drucker podcasted about his time at Nintendo. These days, Drucker is a writer for Late Night With Jimmy Fallon.
Simon Parkin scored one of Hideo Kojima's few post-Konami interviews, revealing the designer considered taking a year off on a deserted island.
YTMND hosted this touching, heartbreaking story about Animal Crossing. Get your tissues ready, people.
Justin Barrasso spoke with rising WWE star Xavier Woods about his obsession with games.


Vachhani S, Tsai JY, Moon T. Tracheal resection with regional anesthesia. J Clin Anesth. 2014 Dec; 26(8):697-8. PMID: 25457174.
Younker D, Reeves-Viets JL, Gopinath SP, Tsai PI, Moon TL, Cuzick LM. Cardiac arrest upon induction of general anesthesia: transesophageal echocardiography-assisted diagnosis of impending paradoxical embolus. Anesthesiology. 2009 Sep; 111(3):679-80. PMID: 19672171.
The Use of Intraoperative Dexmedetomidine Is Not Associated with a Reduction in Acute Kidney Injury after Lung Cancer Surgery. Journal of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Anesthesia. 30:51-55.


text:
Q: "Cayley's theorem" for Lie algebras? Groups can be defined abstractly as sets with a binary operation satisfying certain identities, or concretely as a collection of permutations of a set.  Cayley's theorem ensures that these two definitions are equivalent: any abstract group acts as a collection of permutations of its underlying set, and this action is faithful.
Similarly, rings can be defined abstractly as sets with a pair of binary operations satisfying certain identities, or concretely as a collection of endomorphisms of an abelian group.  There is a "Cayley's theorem" here as well: any abstract ring acts as a collection of endomorphisms of its underlying abelian group, and this action is faithful.
The situation for Lie algebras seems much less clear to me.  The adjoint representation is not generally faithful, and Ado's theorem comes with qualifications and doesn't have the simplicity of the two theorems above.  For me, the problem is that I don't have a good sense of what the concrete definition of a Lie algebra is supposed to be.
I suspect that a good concrete definition of a Lie algebra is as a space of derivations on some algebra closed under commutator.  In that case, is it correct to say that a Lie algebra acts faithfully as derivations on its universal enveloping algebra?  Is this a good analogue of Cayley's theorem?
(Motivation: in the books on Lie algebras I have read, the authors verify that Lie algebras which occur in nature satisfy alternativity and the Jacobi identity, but I have never seen any simple justification that these axioms are "enough" in the same way that Cayley's theorem tells you that the axioms for a group or a ring are "enough."  There is just Ado's theorem which, again, comes with qualifications and is hard.)

A: A finite-dimensional real Lie algebra always arises as the Lie algebra of
a Lie group. Of course, the proof of this does use Ado's theorem, as well
as some Lie group theory (a subalgebra of a Lie algebra of a Lie group $G$
is also a Lie algebra of a Lie group, but not necessarily the Lie
algebra of a closed subgroup of $G$). The upshot is that over $\mathbb{R}$
the definition of (finite-dimensional) Lie algebra suffices to deal
with all Lie groups.

A: Due to the Peter-Weyl theorem every finite dimensional Lie group is isomorphic to a subgroup of the
orthogonal group O(m) for some m. Therefore its Lie algebra is a subalgebra of the
Lie algebra of the orthogonal group which is the same as the Lie algebra of the spin group Spin(m).
Now, the Lie algebra of the spin group is the bivector subalgebra of the clifford algebra Cl(m).
Thus every finite dimensional Lie algebra is isomorphic to a Lie subalgebra of the bivector subalgebra of a clifford algebra.
This point of view seems analogous to the Cayley's theorem for the following reasons:

*

*There exists a projective representation of the symmetric group in the Clifford algebra:
(a,b) --> e_a - e_b. Thus the Clifford algebra may be seen as a kind of quantization of the symmetric group.

*This construction generalizes at least to the case of affine Kac-Moody algebras which have similar
realizations in the infinite dimensional Clifford algebra.

A: Classically, the "concrete" definition of what a Lie algebra is is simply a subspace of $\mathrm{End}(V)$, for some vector space $V$, which is closed under commutators. It is a theorem, then, that such a thing is the same thing as a pair $(\text{vector space},\text{antisymmetric bracket})$ satisfying the Jacobi identity. This theorem is quite important when one develops the theory that way, because it means that one can describe abstractly Lie algebras through equations.
(This should be compared with the situation for Jordan algebras, as explained in Jacobson's amazing book on the subject: special Jordan algebras, those subspaces of $\mathrm{End}(V)$'s closed under the product $A\bullet B\dot=\tfrac12(AB+BA)$, are not characterizable through equations only; this is a consequence of the fact that the class of special Jordan algebras is not closed under quotients)

A: Here is a way of avoiding Ado's theorem, at the expense of using the Poincare-Birkhoff-Witt Theorem. The PBW theorem has no finite dimensionality or characteristic hypotheses, so you may like this better. Note, however, that I will realize finite dimensional Lie algebras as endomrophisms of infinite dimensional vector spaces.
Let's define a concrete Lie algebra to be a vector space $V$, and a vector subspace $\mathfrak{h}$ of $\mathrm{End}(V)$ closed under commutator.
Theorem: Every Lie algebra is isomorphic to a concrete Lie algebra.
Proof: Let $\mathfrak{g}$ be a Lie algebra and $U$ its universal enveloping algebra. The Lie algebra $\mathfrak{g}$ acts on $U$ by left multiplication, so this gives a map $\mathfrak{g} \to U$ taking bracket to commutator. We must prove this map is injective.
Choose a basis ${ v_i }$ for $\mathfrak{g}$. Suppose that left multiplication by $\sum a_i v_i$ is $0$. Then $\left( \sum a_i v_i \right) \cdot 1 = \sum a_i v_i$ would be zero in $U$. But, by the PBW theorem, the $v_i$ are linearly independent in $U$, a contradiction. QED
As far as I know, this special case of PBW is as hard as the whole theorem.


text:
Highest Rated: 93% Vortex (2021)
Lowest Rated: 17% Destricted (2006)
Birthday: Dec 27, 1963
Birthplace: Buenos Aires, Argentina
Though he directed only a handful of movies, filmmaker Gaspar Noé achieved maximum impact by creating some of the more dark and disturbing films on either side of the Atlantic. In fact, Noé's films triggered something of a backlash against the director, with critics unabashedly expressing either their adulation or loathing of his work. Noé made his feature debut with the depressing "I Stand Alone" (1998), but it was his unrelenting second film, "Irreversible" (2002), that put him on the map for better or worse. At the film's heart was a graphic, nine-minute rape scene featuring star Monica Bellucci that triggered outrage and many walkouts over its harsh portrayal of such a humiliating act. Never one to back down or apologize, the unassuming Noé shrugged off such criticisms while his movie became a box office hit. Thanks to the success of "Irreversible," he went on to direct his dream project, "Enter the Void" (2009), a dream-like experimental film that once again polarized critics. This time, however, the film was a financial flop. Love him or hate him, Noé was a unique filmmaker capable of eliciting strong visceral reactions to his work, proving with his kinetic style that he offered something new to the medium.
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63% 65% Lux Æterna Director,
Producer $50.0K 2019
69% 65% Climax Director,
Film Editing $813.8K 2018
40% 38% Love Director,
40% 34% 7 Days in Havana Director - 2012
72% 72% Enter the Void Director,
17% 25% Destricted Director - 2006
58% 80% Irréversible Director,
88% 81% I Stand Alone Director,
Film Editing $54.7K 1998
No Score Yet 86% Tangos: The Exile of Gardel Assistant Director - 1985
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text:
(Blondes, Bombs and Bunkers Part 2)
© Roger Lambert
9 Platoon, C Company,
2nd Tour
Readers of the earlier Magpie 31 article would be aware that, having tracked down AIRCDR (retd) John Whitehead, DSO, we arranged to meet when his wife and he were in Sydney in October last year. Having exchanged contact details, we arranged a mutually suitable date/time and venue for us to meet.
In preparation for the get together, I compiled a series of photographs which I printed and placed in a folder to give to John. Some of these images have appeared in support of my earlier Magpie 31 article while others were relevant to John's career from flying Meteor twin-jet fighters in Korea to flying the Canberra bomber with 2 Squadron (2 Sqn) in Vietnam while he was the Commanding Officer (CO).
I must admit that I was like a "kid in a candy shop" thinking about the prospect of finally meeting the pilot of Magpie 31 (A84-236) when John and his navigator/bomb aimer, the late SQNLDR Bruce Hunt, provided close air support (CAS) to my platoon on 21 September 1969. To say that I was eagerly looking forward to the meeting would be a gross understatement.
As the appointed rendezvous drew near, however, I began to feel some nervous trepidation about finally meeting the pilot of Magpie 31 some 44 years after the event. I need not have worried...
My wife, youngest daughter (she is an avid follower of all things 5 RAR) and I spent a most enjoyable evening with John, his wife Adrienne and their second son Andrew at the apartments where they were staying. It was rather strange being greeted at the door by a person whom I'd never actually met but yet feeling as though I had known him for 40 odd years. We were afforded a very warm welcome and made to feel very much at home from the outset. There were some tears from Adrienne and they were genuinely interested in my personal account of the events of 21 September 1969. I guess it helps having been part of the ADF 'family' but one really felt comfortable in their company.
John is a really interesting gentleman to speak with and some of his recollections of his time in Korea and South Vietnam on active service were fascinating to hear. I think what made John relax somewhat was the fact he realised very early on that I had a very good knowledge of aircraft and aircraft types, and that he wasn't just speaking with a 'dumb grunt'.
Typically military however in that John couldn't help rub in the fact that their aircrew lifestyle at Phan Rang was diametrically opposed to that of the infantryman in country, He could get up in air-conditioned comfort, have a hot shower, breakfast of bacon and eggs, briefings, fly on ops ― sweat like hell for a while, debrief, shower and change, get some paperwork out of the way back in the air-conditioned comfort of the office. All of that five or six times a week, every week, relentlessly. Then there were mortar/rocket attacks on the base almost every other week, but no mud and slush to speak of, etc. Discussing Phan Rang/Nui Dat lifestyles was interesting ― good natured banter but typical inter-service rivalry.
I was amazed that John actually flew some 260 bombing missions plus some ― training, test flights, ferry, and others during his time as CO of 2 Sqn. He had some interesting tales to tell including, on more than one occasion, having his Canberra hit by AK47 fire, or shrapnel from his own bombs on low-level missions.
Adrienne was especially interested in my perspective of the events of the day on 21 Sep 69, starting with my 'blonde encounter' and running through the day leading up to John in "Magpie 31" providing the CAS for my platoon. We even toasted "Magpie 31"
With his 77 Sqn service, John said it was pretty uneventful. He did however prick his ears up when I referred to the "blue note" generated by the Meteor when 'doing a rate of knots'. John said it was a real 'buzz' to get that sound going during a high speed pass in the Meteor F.8. He couldn't be sure but he thought that the 'note' was generated by the spent cartridge ejection chutes that, as John put it, "acted like tin whistles under the aircraft."
"John also told of the time when some 'big wig' at Command HQ decided that the RAAF would assist with the Australian Gliding Championships been held at Waikerie, South Australia. John was CO of ARDU at the time when he was told that the RAAF would be providing Commonwealth Aircraft Corporation (CAC) Winjeels as tow aircraft for the championships, the 'big wig' stating that the Winjeel could easily tow a glider. John pointed out that that was possibly not the case because of potential cylinder head temperature problems with the extra drag and weight of the glider. The HQ insisted that the Winjeels would be used and John equally insisted that they couldn't ― and won the day after his trials showed serious overheating problems. Required modifications were too costly. An insight into the measure of the man."
Incidentally, John did fly the Winjeel as a flying instructor during 1961/62 and was aware of its engine problems.
He's a fascinating man to listen to. He pointed out that the 77 Sqn Meteors came home from Korea on HMAS Vengeance with wings removed late in 1954. Vengeance docked at Garden Island, the Meteors were off-loaded onto barges and then towed up the Parramatta River where they were transferred to road transports and taken to the Aircraft Depot at Richmond for re-erection. John was temporarily based at Richmond and was the pilot as each Meteor was reassembled and test flown or as John put it "to make sure that the wings didn't fall off." After that, unlike after Vietnam, 77 Squadron had a welcome-home parade down Bridge Street to Martin Place in Sydney, with a fly-past of its Meteors. A happy ending.
All in all, it was a great evening albeit a late one but one that 'my girls' and I thoroughly enjoyed. From my perspective, I've closed a small chapter in history. It's hard to describe but I felt a sense of overwhelming relief as we drove home ― a sense of mission accomplished.
But it's not all over yet. I've identified the 9 Sqn aircrew of the two "Bushrangers" that supported the company that day and the quest to track them down has commenced...
Roger Lambert
9 Platoon, C Company, 5 RAR, 1969/70
BACK TO ONCE WE WERE SOLDIERS | BACK TO CONTENTS PAGE


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text:
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/* @var $dataProvider yii\data\ActiveDataProvider */

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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub