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The presence of a number of planets orbitting Eta Cassiopeia A and B were discovered during the late-21st century, but it wasn't until the mid-22nd century that the atmospheres of Upesc and Nisp were observed. The system was properly surveyed in 2187 by independent explorers. The documentation of Nisp's biosphere in the following decades led to early outposts by a number of parties interested in studying and/or hunting the wildlife. By 2238 an official colony was registered with Solgov, with several more popping up in various regions. A number of businesses in the pharmaceutical research and gas mining industries had also set up shop in the area to harvest their respective products, many of which were later bought out by Zheng-Hu and Aether. The colonies expanded quite rapidly, given the appeal of a lush, tropical biosphere and year-round summer, although a number failed to account for the hostile wildlife, and most of those that couldn't muster a healthy militia, or contract one, were abandoned in due course. Thus, a number of military contractors also appeared on the planetary scene, where they had a wealth of particularly lethal subjects to test new weapons on.
At around 2290, the various civilian colonies recognized the gains to be had from more formally working together, and unified into the Nispan Planetary Council. While each individual colony was still largely self-governing, the Council had the power to raise permanent armies for the defense of settlements, and declare system-wide legislation. Early settlements very quickly established strict ecological and conservationist laws, and while they have restricted Nisp's industrial manufacturing capacity quite severely, ecological conservation is still very important to the people today. What the planetary governors failed to account for, however, was the growing extra-planetary economy that was also subjected to the Council's verdicts, per many of their foundational charters.
The Kessan Confederation came about following a brief internal conflict from 2309 to 2312 as orbital settlements, particularly in the Gendaran system, chafed against locally unpopular laws and regulations that were dangerous for an orbital colony trying to keep breathable air in, but entirely natural for a landbound colony trying to keep a world full of dangerous wildlife out. The capital, Elysium, was constructed at the system's barycenter: isolated from either system, but also perfectly in between them. The Kessan Republic was then founded as a form of checks and balances, and while minor rivalry does exist between the polities, all three cooperate intensely.
While the confederation was largely unaffected locally by the Human-Unathi War, troops were requisitioned by Solgov to retake captured planets. Returning soldiers were celebrated as heroes.
Given the atmosphere of Nisp, it was one of a handful of planetary colonies to receive significant numbers of Unathi immigrants. This caused it to also be among the more affected colonies by the Lizard Riots. However, the individual riots tended not to last very long, as each city is quick to quell internal conflict when there's a world of things that want to eat everyone involved, and has a well-respected standing army that's quite capable of breaking up mobs.
The primary language throughout both systems was Sol Common, although as trade relations with the Skrell improved, there was a large growth of Tradeband speakers as a means to encourage business with Skrellian partners in the early 25th century, and it has eclipsed Sol Common as the primary language in most settlements on Nisp. This also delayed the uptake of Galactic Common within school curriculum, though the orbital polities became more mixed, with only some adopting Tradeband, some adopting Galactic Common, and others holding fast to Sol Common.
Because living on Nisp brings with it such substantially different challenges than living in orbital habitats, the Kessan Confederation is split between three major polities: the Gendaran Assembly, the Nisp Planetary Council, and the Kessan Republic.
In general, the Kessan Republic and Gendaran Assembly are more liberal, while the Nisp Planetary Council tends to be more conservative politically.
All three polities are individually represented in Solgov.
The populations of the orbital polities are reflective of most orbital demographics in human space. Nisp, meanwhile, features significantly more Skrell and Unathi, as the climate is particularly suited to their biologies. There is still a fair amount of suspicion and racism towards the Unathi following the Lizard Riots, but hate crimes have dropped significantly in the past decade following the Lizard Riots.


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'Real Housewives' Taylor Armstrong Writing Tell All Book
BY Allison Blaney on December 3, 2011 | Comments: Leave Comments
Related : Books, Russell Armstrong, Taylor Armstrong
Just three months after her estranged husband Russell Armstong killed himself, "Real Housewives of Beverly Hills" star Taylor Armstong has penned a tell-all memoir. The book, titled "Hiding from Reality: My Story of Love, Loss, and Finding the Courage Within" is set for release from Simon & Schuster on February 2012.
Armstrong told Entertainment Tonight that the 272-page book is meant to help women in emotionally and physically abusive relationships, "I hope my book gives readers a better understanding of my life and struggle, behind the scenes of all the Beverly Hills glamour, and will help women, and men, too, suffering in their own abusive relationships."
So far, this season of "Real Housewives of Beverly Hills" has focused on Armstrong, who is outspoken about her therapy work and claims to have 'found her voice'. However, on the show, Armstrong appears to be dealing with overwhelming emotion and at times seems to come apart at the seams. On a trip to Camille Grammer's Colorado house, Armstrong has an emotional breakdown and spends the night in tears. Most of the cast downplay her dramatic behavior, blaming alcohol and the high altitude, but Lisa Vanderpump fears there is something else at work. On another occasion, the women allude to rumours they've heard about possible abuse in the Armstrong household.
On the last episode of "RHOBH," during a fight and impromptu intervention, Camille Grammar says, "We've been protective of you… Because we don't say that he hit you, or he broke your jaw, or he beat you up. We don't say that, but now we've said it."
Abuse allegations from the 38-year-old Oklahoma native are sadly ironic, as Armstrong has been helping other victims of domestic abuse at Los Angeles 1736 Family Crisis Center since 2004.
Russell Armstrong, a venture capitalist, killed himself in August 16th 2011, a month after Taylor filed for divorce. The couple has a 4-year-old daughter named Kennedy.
Stay up-to-date with us! Follow us on TWITTER, like us on FACEBOOK , subscribe to our RSS FEED or E-MAIL us! We love hearing from you!
Taylor Armstrong's Friends Held Intervention To Get Her To Leave Russell
Courtney Love Shocks And Horrifies In New Autobiography
Cary Grant Used LSD To Find Peace And To Talk To God
Book Reading for Lonely Planet's New Book 'Lights, Camera… Travel!' (Photos)
Russell Armstrong's Business Associate Commits Suicide – 24hrs After Him!
Lady Gaga's Bare Naked Butt In P. Diddy's 'Culo' Picture Book (Photo)
Perez Hilton's New Picture Book THE BOY WITH PINK HAIR
'The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills' Premiere's Post Armstrong Suicide

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Florida Senate Committee Votes to End Mandatory Minimum Sentences for Some Non-Violent Offenses
Home » St. Petersburg Criminal Defense Blog » Florida Senate Committee Votes to End Mandatory Minimum Sentences for Some Non-Violent Offenses
The Florida Senate Criminal Justice Committee voted unanimously in support of a bill ending some mandatory minimum sentences on Tuesday. According to reports from the Tampa Bay Times, the lawmakers who support the bill believe it could save the state millions of dollars each year. It currently costs Florida taxpayers nearly $20,000 a year to house, feed, and care for each of the nonviolent offenders in the state's prison system.
Mandatory minimum sentencing laws require a judge to order a minimum amount of jail time for certain crimes. The amount varies based on the offense, but the laws leave little room for leeway. Many prison reform advocates blame these laws for overcrowded jails and ballooning Department of Corrections budgets.
What would the "prison diversion bill" do?
, called the "prison diversion bill," would end mandatory sentencing for many drug-related and non-violent offenses. St. Petersburg Senator Daryl Rouson sponsored the bill and believes it could save the state more than $130 million each year. Next up, the rest of the Senate will take a look at the bill.
Florida currently has almost 120 mandatory minimum sentences on the books. This measure would allow judges to use their discretion when sentencing nonviolent offenders and those convicted of drug possession and similar crimes. The passage of Senate Bill 0290 would not alter the laws relating to drug trafficking or violent offenses.
How much of an impact could this change have?
The Florida Department of Corrections reports that in Fiscal Year 2013-14, taxpayers spent almost $50 a day — $18,064 per year — to house each inmate in the state's prison system. With almost 101,000 inmates, this expense adds up quickly. Sen. Rouson and other supporters of Senate Bill 0290 see little advantage to paying so much when most of these offenders pose little harm to the general public.
Florida's neighbor to the north, Georgia, instituted similar prison reform laws to help reduce the prison population and save taxpayers money in 2012 and 2013. Just a year later, the Atlanta Journal-Constitution reported a 20 percent decrease in the number of African Americans sentenced to jail time in the state.
The results could be even more dramatic in Florida. The Florida Department of Corrections reported that only 53.4 percent of the 100,873 inmates in the FL prison system were violent offenders (as of December 31, 2014). Many of the remaining 46.6 percent might have avoided jail time if not for the state's mandatory minimum laws in place at the time of their conviction.
Sen. Rouson's estimate of $130 million saved equates to a reduction of only about 1,000 inmates. This means the measure could save taxpayers even more.
Goldman Wetzel: St. Petersburg Defense Lawyers
If you are facing jail time in Tampa Bay, St. Petersburg or the surrounding area, call Goldman Wetzel at 727-828-3900 to schedule a time to speak with our defense attorneys.
Medical Marijuana Legalization in Florida Expanding: What You Need to Know
New Law Restricts Minors from Purchasing Cough Syrup in Florida
How Florida's New Hemp Law Is Impacting Marijuana Arrests and Prosecutions


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


One of the most popular forms of Yoga practice, Hatha Yoga centers on igniting your willpower through asanas (poses) and pranayama (breath work). The Hatha Flow explores common Yoga poses with detailed guided instruction. Classes begin with breath work to connect to inner energy, and transition to a slow-to-medium speed physical practice. Open to all Yoga skill levels and backgrounds, Hatha Flow classes are no-pressure spaces to engage in Yoga at a pace that works best for students' abilities and bodies.
Based on the culture and hieroglyphics of Egypt (originally named Kemet), Kemetic Yoga is a meditative practice of renewing mind, body, and soul. Yogis connect with Self through controlled deep breathing, conscious muscle movements, and geometrically progressive postures honoring the symbolic deities of Kemet. Rooted in the YogaSkills School of Kemetic Yoga system, this slow flow class explores the core principles, poses, and sequences of Kemetic Yoga grounded in African-Egyptian mythology and history.
Yoga beginners are welcome, but should have a basic understanding of Yoga movement.
Ideal for those with little-to-no Yoga experience, the Beginner Flow explores common Yoga poses one step at a time. This casual class focuses on executing proper and safe physical alignment, finding the best position for your unique body, and answering your questions about Yoga. The ultimate goal is to help students build their confidence in the physical practice of Yoga.
As spirit beings dwelling in physical bodies, our inner thoughts and feelings directly affect our outer energy. This flow combines Reiki energy healing with gentle Yoga poses. With controlled breathing, deep stretches, and hands-on energy assists, I help you relax your body and soothe your soul. This practice helps remove energy blockages and facilitates emotional release and physical healing.


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People of Republic of Congo
BeingAfrican is a platform that strives to preserve African cultures, traditions, and languages. It is a meeting place where African cultures are explained within scope.
In recent decades, the emergence of large African diaspora communities within Africa itself, Europe, America, and elsewhere has resulted in the loss of traditional knowledge of African cultures. At the same time, the westernization of African countries has posed the same at home. Our platform is an attempt to preserve many of our centuries-old customs and traditions.
At BeingAfrican we understand that preservation of culture and protocols is everyone's responsibility (parents and children) but mainly it lies with the elders.
Learn about you, your people, and why you should be proudly Congolese
Know who you married-cross cultural marriages
Understand the people of the country you intend to visit-Hello tourists!
Learn the language-Basic language exposure. Say something in Kituba, Lingala,French…
Share your rich Congolese culture and language
Be present in appreciating the Congolese in you and Congolese around you. Understand Congolese marriage practices, clans and totems, pregnancy traditions, manners and protocols, dining and hosting, music, art and dance, death and funerals.
As a Congolese, you have a culture, and you have a language!
CONGO AT A GLANCE
Independence: 15 August 1960
Area: 342 000 square kilometres
Languages: French, Lingala, Kituba
Ethnic groups: 40.5% Kongo, 16.9% Teke, 13.1% Mbochi, 5.6% Sangha, 23.9% Other African/Europeans
Where is Congo on the continent of Africa?
Congo is a country located in the western coast of Central Africa. The country is bordered to the west by Gabon, to its northwest by Cameroon and its northeast by the Central African Republic, to the southeast by the DR Congo, to its south by the Angolan exclave of Cabinda and to its southwest by the Atlantic Ocean.


Have you found an online vendor selling Neisson Vieux?
Visited the Neisson distillery while vacationing in Martinique. Self guided distillery tour ended with an open tasting bar. Neisson Vieux was priced at EUR 35 per bottle at the distillery. Very nice and sturdy bottle design with a great old school label. Golden color. Traditional sweet Rhum Agricole flavors complemented with plenty of grass, some florals, a lot of oak and a massive amount of citrus notes to the nose and palate. Very strong burn at the end. Rhum Agricole fan boys can easily add 2 points to my score.


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Battle of Guilford Courthouse; British Earn Pyrrhic Victory Against Continentals and Militia
March 14th, 2012 by Siggurdsson
"Battle of Guilford Courthouse, 15 March, 1781" 1st Maryland Regiment Reforms
Today in Military History: March 15, 1781
Today's romp in military history deals with a British victory which was far more costly to the victor than the vanquished. In fact, many historians regard this fight as the turning point in the American colonies' final victory in the American War of Independence.
The year 1780, the sixth year of the American Revolution, began with a final resolution still very much in doubt. This situation was complicated by British victory at Camden, South Carolina, where the only major American army in the southern colonies was destroyed. A large number of Loyalists inhabited Georgia and South Carolina, greatly complicating American plans to unite and defeat the British.
However, the British defeat at the battle of Kings Mountain in October, followed by the American win at Cowpens in January of 1781, saw a dramatic reversal of fortune for the "lobsterbacks." [For more on the battle of Cowpens, please see my two posts from January of 2011, "Battle of Cowpens: American Forces Rout Tarleton's 'British Legion'" and "Battle of Cowpens: 'Our Success was Complete.'"] Lieutenant General Charles Cornwallis, the British southern commander, became distraught over the loss of most of his light infantry at Cowpens. These light infantrymen were highly useful in the terrain of the southern colonies. Consequently, Cornwallis burned most of his supplies and began to pursue the American Army commanded by General Nathaniel Greene.
Profile: Charles, the Earl of Cornwallis
Lt. General Charles, the 2nd Earl of Cornwallis (1738-1805)
Painting by Thomas Gainsborough, c. 1783
Charles Cornwallis was born in London to an aristocratic family whose estates were in the county of Kent. He entered the military 1757, buying a commission as an ensign in the Grenadier Guards. Traveling abroad for further military study, he learned that Britain was sending troops to Europe. He managed to rejoin his regiment, and participated in several battle of the Seven Years War (1756-1763). He became the 2nd Earl of Cornwallis in 1760, eventually serving in both the House of Commons and later the House of Lords. [While he was a member of Parliament, Cornwallis sympathized with the American colonists, voting against the Stamp Act of 1765.]
When war between England and her American possessions finally materialized, Lord Cornwallis sought active service. He was eventually promoted to lieutenant general, and served under General William Howe's New York campaign. In 1778, Cornwallis was in command of the British rear guard of the British forces which abandoned Philadelphia. He managed to hold off American forces that threatened the British at Monmouth on June 28, 1778. Cornwallis was then sent south to initiate the "southern strategy" which almost won the war for the British crown.
Profile: Nathaniel Greene, "The Fighting Quaker"
General Nathaniel Greene (1742-1786)
Portrait by Charles Wilson Peale, c. 1783
Nathaniel Greene was born in Rhode Island in 1742 to a prominent Quaker family. Although his faith discouraged "literary accomplishments," he trained himself in mathematics and law. He eventually took over his father's foundry business. In 1774 he formed a local militia unit. At this time Greene began to acquire many expensive volumes on military tactics and began to teach himself the art of war. In December 1774, he was on a committee appointed by the Rhode Island assembly to revise the militia laws. It has been speculated that his zeal in attending to military duty led to his expulsion from the Quakers in 1773.
With the start of the American Revolution, Greene was quickly promoted. By June of 1775, he was appointed a brigadier general in the Continental Army. George Washington appointed him to command the American encirclement of Boston. Over the next five years, Greene participated in many of the major battles of the Revolution, including Trenton, Brandywine, and Monmouth. From March of 1778 to June of 1780, he was Quartermaster General of the Continental Army. During the summer of 1780, Greene was appointed to command the important post of West Point after its near-betrayal to the British. He presided over the trial which condemned captured British spy John André to death.
Shortly afterward, Congress asked Gen. Washington to appoint a new commander of American forces in the South. Only one day after receiving the letter, Washington recommended Nathaniel Greene, which Congress accepted. Greene's command was for all American troops from Delaware south to Georgia, making him essentially second-in-command of the Continental Army.
Prelude to Battle
The American southern army was weak, badly equipped, and opposed by a superior force under Cornwallis. Greene decided to divide his own troops, thus forcing the division of the British as well, and creating the possibility of some strategic interplay of forces. After the overwhelming victory at Cowpens, Greene began a strategic retreat which forced Cornwallis to divide his forces and begin a pursuit. The American forces made their way north into North Carolina.
Cornwallis and his British and Loyalist forces followed, with headquarters established in Hillsborough, North Carolina. Cornwallis' men then began foraging for supplies as their leader issued proclamations seeking to recruit North Carolina Loyalist militia. His "call to arms" yielded few militiamen; however, large numbers of slaves deserted their plantations and joined the British to fight for their freedom. Most of the freedmen were sent to either Nova Scotia, London, or Jamaica.
Greene's army crossed into Virginia temporarily, allowing him to fire off a quick letter to Virginia governor Patrick Henry [yes, the "give-me-liberty-or-give-me-death" guy] asking for militia reinforcements. The American army then returned to North Carolina, making camp at Guilford Courthouse. On March 14, Cornwallis received intelligence of the American army's location. He immediately ordered his baggage train detached with a minimal guard. The British army began marching before breakfast on the 15th, arriving at Guilford by noon.
The Southern Campaign, January – April, 1781
Tomorrow: Battle of Guilford Courthouse, Part II
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a16z Podcast: Pandemic Relief and Fraud
by	Bharat Ramamurti, Naftali Harris, Alex Rampell, and Lauren Murrow
This episode examines the potential for misuse and fraud among those applying for the Paycheck Protection Program (PPP)—and how fintech and software provide overlooked tools to stop it.
On March 27th, the government enacted a $2.2 trillion dollar stimulus package called the CARES Act, the largest aid measure in history. The act provides more than $500 billion for the Paycheck Protection Program, or PPP, a low-interest, forgivable loan program designed to help small businesses and self-employed individuals retain workers and stay afloat during the pandemic. Since March, the Small Business Administration has approved billions of dollars in PPP loans. But it is also estimated that U.S. losses from coronavirus-related fraud and identity theft have reached almost $100 million. According to the New York Times, the Small Business Administration's fraud hotline has received 42,000 reports about coronavirus-related cheating and misuse; by comparison, last year it had less than 800.
To date, the Department of Justice has charged more than 40 cases of PPP-related schemes, from claiming non-existent employees or non-existent businesses to identity theft, kickback schemes, fake tax documents, and multi-state fraud rings. Most of those cases have alleged fraud of more than a $1 million. But what about the countless others that may be cheating taxpayers out of smaller—but not insignificant—sums? How does the government decide who should get money and who shouldn't among millions of applications from businesses of all industries and sizes—and what role do banks play? How does the program then distribute that money quickly and accurately—or not, in many cases? And what tools are at our disposal to catch those who cheat the system?
Host Lauren Murrow is joined by Bharat Ramamurti, the original member of the COVID-19 Congressional Oversight Commission, which is tasked with evaluating the impact of coronavirus relief loans; Naftali Harris, the CEO of SentiLink, a software company that builds technology to detect synthetic fraud; and a16z fintech general partner Alex Rampell.
Lauren Murrow (a16z): The potential for fraud was a concern from the beginning. All the way back on March 16th, before the CARES Act was signed, Attorney General Barr directed U.S. Attorney's offices to prioritize investigating and prosecuting PPP loan fraud cases. But how prevalent is fraud in the program thus far?
Bharat Ramamurti (member of the COVID-19 Congressional Oversight Commission): We're still trying to analyze that that. There have been some prosecutions on PPP, but that's obviously not the full universe of fraud. I think one issue that's come up already is transparency. A good way of detecting fraud is to make sure that every single borrower through the PPP program is publicly disclosed. But the government is not doing that. They're only disclosing recipients of loans above $150,000. And something like 80 percent of recipients had loans under that amount. So at the moment, we only know 20 percent of the companies who got money through this program, which is a serious issue.
Naftali Harris (CEO of SentiLink): Well, Bharat, from our perspective, we appreciate the fact that you were able to get at least some of the loans publicized because, my firm has actually gone through some of them. And even with the very limited data that's available, we found some pretty clear instances of fraud, which we've escalated to the banks that actually issued the loans. There's not too much you can do with more limited information that's available.
Bharat: It's really important to track what these companies are doing with the money. And I think a big part of what the Oversight Commission should do and will be doing is scrutinizing the companies that get money through these programs to evaluate how that money is flowing thereafter.
Lauren: Alex, after the stimulus package passed back in March, you wrote this op-ed that argued, I'll quote, "The last mile of identifying, adjudicating, and dispersing assistance without a sea of fraud is a new challenge, one which the government is wholly unprepared for, and for which technology is the needed answer." It's now been nearly five months. Do you stand by that assessment?
Alex Rampell (a16z general partner): I do, unfortunately. I mean, there's no time machine. If there was, I would do many things with my new piece of technology.
The only way of explaining this whole process really is as a very, very complex, worst way to do it, in my personal opinion, Rube Goldberg machine. And it took such a long time for many businesses to actually apply and figure all of this out, and their bank couldn't do it. And, of course, somebody like some giant burger chain got the PPP loan and not the 10 businesses that really needed it. A lot of businesses have failed. And I think it's terrible.
Lauren: The Small Businesses Administration then started accepting loan applications just a week after the CARES Act passed. And that pace, as you mentioned, raised some concerns. For one, to help quickly disperse those funds—which, of course, speed was essential—the SBA allowed lenders to rely on borrower certifications to determine their eligibility. Was that a mistake?
Alex: That's not how I would have done it. I think there was a little bit of a disconnect in terms of the people that set the policy, the speed at which the policy needed, in all fairness, to get rolled out, and then the level of technical understanding in terms of how the financial system works in 2020 with a lot of tools that have been developed, frankly, in the last 5 or 10 years.
But just to walk through what I meant by that, what does identify mean? Well, if you're born in this country and you're a U.S. citizen, you've got a Social Security Number. And you might think that every business has a Federal Employer Identification Number, which would be the equivalent, but what about sole proprietorships? Or what about people that just use an illegally fictitious name for their own quasi business? There's not really a way of identifying them. There's not really a way of knowing what their income was before coronavirus. And, after coronavirus, how much of an impact that actually had.
Like, you'll say that you're self-employed, but there's not really knowledge that you have this business. So you're one of the 30 million small businesses in America, but it's just not really known as an entity to the government.
Naftali: The PPP really shined a light on how bad identity verification is in the United States. In addition to really not knowing who the people are or who the businesses are, if you look at the applications themselves and look at who's on payroll, really no good way of verifying that. And I think if the United States was able to know who citizens are, and if there's a way of identifying them, this whole system would have been a lot easier to run.
Lauren: How could that improve?
Naftali: If you look at other countries like India or like Estonia, the government actually takes a very active role in identifying its citizens. In India, they have the Aadhaar system. In Estonia, they have government-issued IDs which even have public-key cryptography on them. And so, in the same way that you can give everyone a bank account, you could also give every citizen in the United States or every business, public and private, key pairs and actually allow them to verify their identities that way. If you did that, you can even prove that an individual actually was on payroll at a given company.
Alex: I think the way to have done it is to say, "Let's get your banking information." And there's a way of doing that, because there's a company called Plaid where if you go sign up for a mint account, or if you go sign up for any kind of account online, it asks for your banking credentials from your current bank so that it can import all of the data. It's an API, an application programming interface, to go read that information from the bank. It really is effectively as close as you can get to a certified copy of the financials.
It's much, much harder to somehow falsify information that is actually coming directly from your bank, coming directly from your credit card processor, or coming directly from your payroll company. And the great thing about 2020 is that there are APIs largely through companies like Plaid that allow that to happen.
And I just feel like PPP it was done in arguably the worst way possible because you'd go to the SBA website and it would say, "Okay, to find a lender that can give you a PPP loan, enter your zip code." You'd enter in your zip code, and no matter what zip code you entered, it would give you 56,000 results. As a small business, you'd go to bank A and they'd say, "Sorry, we can't help you." So then you went to bank C, bank D, bank E, bank F, and then you actually applied 10 times not out of fraud, but because you need the money, so you don't have to lay off all of your employees and declare bankruptcy.
Lauren: Bharat, do you agree with that assessment?
Bharat: Yeah, I agree. And I think it goes back to the original policy choice that Congress made when this crisis hit. I like to point to Denmark, which took a different approach. Denmark said, "Regardless of how big your business is, if you are taking a hit from all these public health restrictions, we will step in and cover a significant percentage of your payroll costs. And you look at the result of that: In Denmark, the unemployment rate was about 4 percent before the crisis and it peaked at about 5 percent.
In the U.S., it jumped from 4 percent to about 20 percent. And it's still in double digits as of today. And as Alex said, a lot of companies have payroll processors that have this information handy in order to feed the money into the right places. The government could have partnered with those companies to make sure that the money was distributed. You could have done something through the IRS, which is an idea that Congress is currently looking at.
Alex: I totally agree that other countries have done this better than we have, on the how do they handle their economic woes. And if we just said, "All right, here's what we're going to do. We're just going to support people on payroll not for an arbitrary two and a half months, but we're going to support them for an indefinite period of time, provided that sales for the business are below some percentage of baseline," maybe that's a better way of doing it.
Bharat: I think that that original decision by Congress to treat companies of different sizes differently, and to send them money for different things, created a lot of the complexity that we're seeing now.
Alex: I largely agree with that. If you look at a company like Amazon that's grown into the pandemic, arguably they don't need any help supporting employment. But this is the this is where you get information from the financial statements of a company, whether it's public or private. Because I totally agree with you, there's a lot of: "This company shouldn't be getting a Paycheck Protection loan because they're rich." But it's like, yeah, but if their sales are down by 90 percent and they're going to fire 90 percent of their workers, how would you feel if you're a worker where you pick the wrong company to work at, and therefore that's why you're losing your job?
So, I think you actually could have threaded the needle on this, which is to not base it on employment, but to base it on: Were your sales impacted? Basically, there were companies that saw massive decreases in sales. And I think the most unfortunate thing about this entire situation is the government did end up picking winners and losers, where mom-and-pop retail just got eviscerated. And Target just announced their best quarter ever. It's like this giant transfer of wealth from a lot of small businesses to large businesses. If more money is going into your bank account after COVID than before COVID, that's a pretty good hint that you probably shouldn't be getting any kind of assistance from the government.
Bharat: Alternatively, what you could have done at the beginning when maybe you don't have a sense of which companies were going to benefit and which ones weren't, is that you just get the money out the door quickly to everybody and then you can recoup it on the back end, on 2020 taxes, which are collected in 2021.
But I think the larger point stands, which is that if you care about helping workers, then you shouldn't really care about whether that worker happens to work at a really big company or a really small company. And I think that the congressional response resulted in very different outcomes for different types of workers and different types of businesses based on factors that I think aren't really relevant.
Lauren: In addition to the application process, one aspect that seemed to pose a particular challenge was the disbursement. To give one example, the Treasury Inspector General for Tax Administration found that as of April 30th, nearly $1.4 billion had mistakenly gone to descendants. How might the disbursement piece have been done differently?
Alex: The government has never had an organ where it's like, "We need to send money to people." I think in a future world, if you were building a nation state from scratch, you'd probably just have your Social Security Number also be a bank account. Where if I, as the government, wanted to give everybody money, I could just push a button, and then boom, it gets deposited into the government bank account. Because you're already paying the government anyway.
You know, my idea would be: every citizen should have some direct channel of actually both sending money to the government and receiving money from the government, which would ideally be some kind of quasi-government bank account.
Bharat: That is a proposal that is working its way through Congress. A number of Democrats support an idea called Fed Account where every person and every business would automatically have an account at the Federal Reserve, like banks have now. It's a way of sending money out to individuals and businesses very quickly. But I think we've seen now that there are significant costs to not having that ability both for businesses and individuals.
Alex: The problem with the disbursement in many cases was that you'd apply with 20 banks, not because you wanted to apply with 20 banks, not because you wanted to cheat the government and get 20 loans, you just had no idea if you were going to get your money in time.
Because many big banks just don't do SBA loans. Before this happened, the largest bank by count of SBA loans per quarter was Wells Fargo, which did 692 loans in the quarter before COVID hit. And now we have 30 million small businesses in this country, many of which are going out of business. The SBA just isn't set up for this. And it was so complicated, partially because the government didn't want to be in the business of picking winners and losers in terms of, "This bank is competent, this bank is not competent." They just said, "Here's every bank, we're going to let the private market figure this out."
My proposal would have been—every business now accepts credit cards. So the credit card processing company now has a pretty good idea of what your sales are. Most companies use an electronic payroll system, so they have a login for paychecks, or ADP, or Gusto. And most businesses also use QuickBooks or some kind of online accounting system. So to identify them, to adjudicate them, and to disperse with much lower fraud, there are tools to do this. But the tool is not either a community bank or Citibank. That was the worst organ for disbursement.
Bharat: I agree with a lot of that. And had similar critiques of the PPP program as they were still trying to think through how to design it. Number one, because it operated through banks, and the way that the bank regulations work, there's a significant incentive for banks to cater to their existing customers first. Which meant that companies that had an existing small business relationship with a bank were put at the front of the line. But for a lot of small businesses who may not have that kind of existing relationship with the bank, they did not get the loan that they needed. And a lot of minority-owned small businesses are in that category. And that's why you've seen this highly disparate racial impact when it comes to small business closures.
Alex: I would differ on this correlation of which people got the loans quickly versus not quickly. There was this just kind of like randomness around which bank you worked with. A lot of it was just this crapshoot: if you happen to bank with a bank that knew what they were doing. And a lot of members of Congress were like, "Oh, see, it's the local and community banks that knew what they were doing." But actually, think about the old-fashioned way of making a car, where somebody would assemble it by hand, and the new-fashioned way of doing it, which is an assembly line. These big banks are assembly lines and the small banks are effectively doing things by hand.
And it turned out, in the early weeks of this, the small banks were a lot more effective than the big banks. And that was really what caused this disparity. It's like, if you happen to be in the assembly line bank, you were screwed. And then you had to scramble to go find a local, do-it-yourself handyman bank.
Bharat: Yes, on that last point, there's a lot of good PPP data by state, and you'll notice that the state that was the most successful at getting PPP loans to businesses was North Dakota. And North Dakota is the only state in the country that has its own state-run bank. And so, it's another data point in support of building out our public infrastructure in terms of delivering money to people and to businesses.
Naftali: Some organizations were very excited about this. "This is free money from the government, let's pass out as many of these PPP loans as we possibly can and collect some money that we have no risk in." And others were, I think, a lot more conservative and said, "You know what, this is a new program. I'm not even sure we want to do this at all." And only based on significant pressure from their customers did they even do this. And so, you ended up with a very uneven patchwork approach and very uneven experiences for different small businesses.
Alex: There's always this rule in anything where you're allowing transactions, which is the best way of stopping all fraud is to stop all transactions. And when you need to move quickly to stop businesses from failing, which was the debacle that we were in and, unfortunately, still are in, you're going to let more erroneous or fraudulent transactions through. It's inevitable.
Lauren: Right. To that point, there are many different means of fraud. So, some who have been charged have claimed non-existent employees or misrepresented the number of employees. Others claimed non-existent businesses. Some submitted forged bank statements or used to fake tax documents. There was a software engineer who created fake tech companies to obtain over a million dollars in funds. We've had several instances of kickback schemes. And there was a pretty well-publicized PPP fraud ring in which five people from three different states were paying each other for services that were never rendered. Naftali, in a program of this scale, what methods of fraud are you most concerned about here? And what are the tools at our disposal to catch these bad actors?
Naftali: I have been thinking about this as three different categories of fraud or, put more mildly, misuse of funds. The worst, for sure, is creating totally fictitious businesses and fake employees and just using it to steal money from all of us citizens. That's one category.
I think another category is someone that does have a business, they actually are employing people, but they're misusing the funds that are coming to them. They're using it to pay themselves a better salary or take money from the loans that they shouldn't be doing. The last category is about who should really be getting this: Is this business really one that was at risk of going out of business?
I think the ones that I'm most concerned about are really the ones in that first category. Because that's where you're really, really ripping off the government and taxpayers.
Lauren: Your company, SentiLink, aims to detect synthetic fraud, which, as you mentioned, is creating a fake person or a fake identity from the ground up. Typically, my understanding is that kind of fraud is coming from more organized crime rings. Is that a concern here?
Naftali: Absolutely. And we've seen quite a lot of that in the PPP because it's very helpful, in this case, to be able to have a bunch of fake people that are on payroll, or to have a fake person that you can list as the owner of a business so that nothing will tie back to the fraudster themselves. It's actually relatively simple to create a synthetic identity. And so, for the PPP, we've also seen a lot of lone wolves attacking it, people like that software engineer, for instance.
I'd also say for the payroll stuff in particular, since there's very little verification, if any, of the people that are supposed to be on the payroll itself, that's a case where it's even easier. You know, there's even an indictment we saw where the identities that were used as employees on payroll were actually literally generated online in one of those fictitious name generators. So for a program like this, you really need to have a strong ability to audit it at the back end and prosecute in cases where the government and all of us citizens have been ripped off.
Lauren: Right. The DOJ has filed, I think, between 30 and 40 fraud cases [ed: now more than 40]. Most of them are for more than a million dollars.
Naftali: My personal favorite is the guy with the Lamborghini.
Lauren: Describe.
Naftali: Oh, It's a really great indictment. Essentially, some guy has this lame business he claims has like 107 employees, which is patently not true. He gets the money and immediately uses it for, I think, a Lamborghini, and a diamond watch, and a whole bunch of crazy stuff. But my favorite part of this whole indictment is that it ends with: "These are not approved purposes for PPP loans." Very understated.
Lauren: [laughs] Yeah. Though while those individual headlines are sensational, so far we've only heard about, a very minuscule percentage of those funds that have been fraudulent, versus the funds that are going to help small businesses. We don't know yet.
Alex: Well, that's part of the problem. Fraud is not black or white. I mean, in most cases people think there are good guys, there are bad guys, and the good guys chase the bad guys. But as an example, what if you didn't buy a Lamborghini? But what if you paid yourself a slightly higher salary than you used to, as the business owner? There's also something that you certified on the PPP loan application, which was: "These funds are absolutely necessary for the continued operation of my business."
That one's a little bit more subjective. But I think there's a whole spectrum of, "I didn't even need this thing, but I applied for it anyway because why not? Free money from the government never hurt of anybody." There's all of these different gradations of, perhaps we shouldn't throw people in prison kind of fraud like we should the Lamborghini guy, but this is not being used as was intended. It certainly didn't meet the spirit of the law, and it certainly didn't meet the letter of the law. How much of that is going on? Or: I wanted to try to hire back all of these employees, but I can't.
Lauren: Right. And more than 85 percent of the loans issued were for under $150,000. So, arguably, the speed and the scale of the PPP program means we're likely dealing with much more fraud than usual, but it's not necessarily the usual fraudsters. It could be—according to the cases charged thus far—a woman with an Etsy store, or a guy who runs an auto body shop, or someone who just takes the money and spends it at a casino. So, are we missing the smaller schemes because of the need to actually get this money out quickly? Does it matter?
Naftali: You know, I'll tell you, we've been helping some of the organizations process some of the smaller loans. Not for every PPP lender out there, but for a subset of them. And we've certainly seen a lot of fraud in that smaller dollar range. To your point, it's around $100,000 or so, not so huge that it would be triggering huge alarm bells, but also not so small that it's not really worth their time. And the number of fraud attempts that we're seeing has actually been pretty significant.
Alex: We're not going to know for a while. Because you have to kind of play the game theory here. Right now, these are loans and there's an application to apply for forgiveness of the loan. Now, if you're a criminal and you already bought a private jet with all your PPP proceeds and put your Lamborghinis on the jet, and fled to some country that doesn't extradite to the U.S., would you apply for forgiveness for all the loans? No, of course not.
So ironically, the companies that plan on surviving, that apply for forgiveness, I would argue are going to be that second tier of fraud. The actual, abject criminals that created fake businesses that don't exist, that already got the money and ran off with it, they're not going to apply for forgiveness or anything. And the SBA is going to be on the hook to reimburse the banks and the banks try to collect on that money. So I think you're going to know once the applications for forgiveness start coming through, and the announcements by the bank to go claim money from the SBA from businesses that defaulted, and, by the way, that have been completely non-responsive to any kind of collections effort.
Lauren: Yes, I do want to talk about that question of loan forgiveness. In order to get Paycheck Protection loans forgiven, meaning you don't have to repay the money, small business owners have to show proof that at least 60 percent of the money was used for payroll. They have to rehire and retain workers at the same salary levels. So, there's currently a proposal in Congress for automatic forgiveness of loans that are $150,000 and under. Basically, it requires the borrower to say, "Yep, I used it like I was supposed to." Some critics say that there's not enough information available yet to say whether the program is actually working to save jobs, and that by easing forgiveness requirements you could potentially heighten the risk of fraud. Bharat, what's your perspective?
Bharat: Yes, I share the concerns that you mentioned about that. As I noted before, they're not disclosing the names of companies that received under $150,000. And what is the level under which you get automatic forgiveness? It's $150,000. So that seems to be a troubling overlap. I think, at a minimum, you should be publicly disclosing the names of all these companies before you do blanket forgiveness for that set of companies.
Second of all, look, I am I'm in favor of figuring out ways to minimize the paperwork responsibilities for companies to get loan forgiveness. But there's an important public policy issue here which is that the money was supposed to go to support payroll and keeping people employed. And if companies ended up not using the money for that purpose, then I don't think that they should be getting their loans forgiven. And so I think it's important to verify that that actually happened. And the only way to do that, I think, is to require them to jump through at least some hoops before the loans are forgiven.
Lauren: I'd like to talk about how we might potentially improve this, as additional stimulus measures are passed and extended. One issue in detecting and preventing fraud was also the issue of faulty data. SBA data showed that many companies claimed to have retained more workers than they actually had, in some cases not by the fault of the business owner. The analysis also showed that for more than 875,000 borrowers, zero jobs were supported, or no information was listed. Bloomberg reported data that at least a quarter of a million dollars may have listed the wrong location for the borrowers. How can we improve the data to better assess the success or the shortcomings of this program?
Alex: I think there are two things here. My favorite article just took apart the data dump that was provided by Treasury on every single person above $150,000. And Pennsylvania, the state, was spelled like 155 different ways. Because the E-Tran system for processing these loans was just not very good, business owners did not have access to it directly. So they filled out a PDF, sent it to the bank, and then it got transcribed. And then the information was wrong, but as long as you got an ICHRA number on the other side then the bank would disperse the money, knowing that if the business failed, they'd be made whole.
So, I'd say two things. If you're a restaurant, and you took a PPP loan, and your sales went down by 70 percent, and they're still down by 70 percent, it does not make sense to employ any people. That's part of the problem; that would not be a case of fraud. The thing that's missing from that data, my point, is what the sales have been. We just don't have the data on how the businesses have performed, except in aggregate.
Bharat: Just a slightly different point, one of the things that I've found in government is that simplicity is probably the biggest virtue. When we're trying to figure out how to design a program, I would say that the simpler the program, the easier it is for businesses to comply with it, the easier it is to get good data on it, the easier it is to monitor compliance, the easier it is to enforce whatever the rules are of that program. And my other rule would be: when in doubt, make sure you're being over-inclusive rather than under-inclusive. Okay, so maybe some businesses get money that you don't think should get money at the margins. To me, that is a small price to pay for, number one, getting money out quickly. And number two, making sure that companies that do need the money are getting it.
And so, I think that on those two metrics, the congressional response so far has been fairly shaky, in that, if the goal is to make sure that businesses get money in order to keep people employed, there are about 10 different ways of doing that more directly than the one that Congress chose. And the result is that we're going to have to collect a lot more data and there's just a lot more opportunities for people to slip through the cracks and for fraud to occur because we created all these intermediaries and we created all these different hoops you have to jump through.
And so, as a result, you create all sorts of weird incentives and outcomes for companies where there may not be a way of getting people to come back. Like, what if all of their employees have childcare problems and they can't work right now because they can't leave the home? And so, when you have a country of 300 million-plus people, and however many businesses, there's always going to be edge cases that opponents of the program are going to seize on to say this was a bad idea. But at the end of the day, the goal is to get the most help to the most people as quickly as possible. And I think doing things as simply as possible is the key. And I think learning from this experience, to develop basic infrastructure so that you can deliver relief more effectively in the future, is also really important.
Lauren: Well, to your point, we're talking about potential improvements here. But the current administration says that 51 million jobs have been "supported" by the Paycheck Protection Program. The program has been credited with driving down the unemployment rate. Is it cynical to focus on fraud, which, as we discussed, may be limited, when in fact, we should be celebrating the program's success thus far?
Alex: I mean, look, if a business has had sales go down by 50 percent and they got a loan that was basically handling two and a half months of payroll, and we're in month five of this, it just seems like a very hard to believe claim. So I think actually the claim itself should be investigated and not just taken at face value.
Bharat: You know, I would say on PPP, I'm deeply skeptical of the number that came out of the administration. David Autor, a professor at MIT, did an independent analysis of PPP. He found that there was a pretty wide range when it came to the cost per job saved through this program. But the median amount, or the middle of his range, was about $200,000 per job. Which, frankly, isn't that great. And I think this speaks to both flaws in the design of the program and inefficiency in delivering the money to the companies that that really needed it.
And, of course, that that also doesn't account for the cost of potentially allowing tens of thousands of businesses that could have qualified for PPP to fail because we were unable to locate them and provide them with money in time.
Naftali: One thing that I've made a point to do is when I get takeout or go to a small business, I'll ask, "Hey, did you apply for the PPP?" And more often than not, they'll say, "No, I didn't. I don't want to have a loan like that," or "I didn't know how to complete it," And that's a huge shame. And I just hope that the next time that we do this, if we have to do it, we'll be able to serve those deserving businesses.
I think if you look at the spectrum between 'let's lock down this money as well as possible and make sure it only goes to the most deserving businesses' as opposed to [inviting] fraud, the program was skewed towards the 'let's give out money more quickly.' And I think that was the right thing to do. But on the flip side, it's taxpayer dollars that all Americans have worked hard for and given to the government.
And the fact is that I don't think limiting fraud or finding the fraudsters is all that challenging or all that expensive to do. And so even if the amount of fraud is limited, I still think that from a matter of morality, we as a society should go after the people that have stolen money from deserving businesses.
Bharat: I totally agree with that. I think that it's totally reasonable to focus on fraud. I would just argue that there are other important factors for the government to consider when developing these types of stimulus or relief programs. And that in some cases, there are there are trade-offs where you make choices that could potentially open the door to more fraud, but they have upsides either in terms of speed, or inclusiveness, or whatever the case may be, that that that make it worth it.
Honestly, I was frustrated after PPP came out and so much of the focus was on a handful of big companies that got money that were essentially shamed into returning it. You know, if they weren't eligible under the rules of the program that's one thing, and certainly they should be required to return the money in that case. But there was far more focus on that issue than on the fact that tens of thousands of companies that were eligible weren't getting the money. And that a disproportionate number of them were owned by black or Hispanic owners because they lacked traditional banking relationships or there weren't banks participating in the program in their area. That, to me, is a much bigger tragedy than a couple of burger chains getting money they shouldn't have.
Lauren: So, you're effectively saying some fraud is price we have to pay for getting people the aid that they need in a short period of time.
Bharat: Yeah. I would say that there is a trade-off between efficiency, inclusiveness, and potential fraud. Now, you can solve the fraud on the back end by identifying cases of it and bringing enforcement actions to cut down on that or to hold people accountable. And I'm all for that. but I find that what happens more often than not in government is that this idea that "the most important thing is making sure that people who don't deserve the money don't get it" leads to all sorts of terrible policy designs and outcomes that have much greater harm than, you know, some small group of people getting money that we think aren't deserving.
Lauren: Naftali, you mentioned it's not that challenging to catch this type of fraud, particularly in the first category, which was people who are claiming non-existent employees or misrepresenting their number of employees. How can we do this better?
Naftali: I think we should have, in addition to private banks or other lenders checking for fraud, uniform checks that are done by the SBA themselves. There are lots of products in the space to detect various different kinds of fraud, including a uniform check that the beneficial owners are actually real people and who they say they are, that the people listed on payroll actually exist, as well, so that we're not just at the least common denominator of whichever lender wants to issue the most money as fast as possible.
Lauren: We've talked about how the stimulus is unprecedented. Alex, do you have a perspective on how potentially tech could help detect fraud as additional measures are passed?
Alex: Well, we can only do it in the constraints that are provided by the bill that is or is not in existence. There's a lot of stuff that you can change to better adjudicate what is fraud and what isn't. I mean, I 100 percent agree with Bharat that focusing on this kind of "envy capitalism" or whatever—"Oh, this person got money, they didn't deserve it. And we should have really made it a one-year process before anybody got money so that not a single cent was wasted."—that itself is so pennywise and pound foolish that it could just topple over the economy. So, that doesn't make sense.
But I think the main thing is get data from companies and use that as an automatic adjudication mechanism. And then ideally, just have a disbursement mechanism that comes from not banks but from the government directly rather than paying banks $15 billion to give away the government's own money, which is the people's own money.
Lauren: Bharat, from your perspective on the Oversight Commission, do you get the sense that in future stimulus measures they're looking to standardize the process into something that would improve some of these issues?
Bharat: So, I think step one is strengthening the authorities that we have. So, for example, we don't have direct oversight authority of PPP. We don't have subpoena power to, force people to testify before us or to get documents from other agencies. So, strengthening those oversight authorities would, go a long way towards ensuring that there's robust, independent, and bipartisan oversight.
I think that we have learned from the experience of PPP, or Congress has learned and is pushing towards different approaches. So using the tax code to provide direct support to companies without having to go through banks, that's included in the HEROES Act, which is the bill that the Democrats in the House passed in May. And that's been sitting in the Senate ever since.
And I think that there's been a lot of discussion recently about what data is necessary for full transparency and accountability for these programs. So, the PPP discussion has led to follow on legislation about mandating that every single loan recipient is disclosed, even if they got under $150,000. Mandating, and I think this is critically important, certain demographic data about the nature of recipients, so that we can get harder data about black and Hispanic borrowers, for example, systematically being excluded from this program, either because of purposeful discrimination or because of things like access to traditional banking services. And, if so, is there something additional we should be doing to target those communities?
So, I think there's been a lot of congressional interest in strengthening oversight authority, in improving the quality of the data that's being collected, and in tweaking these programs so that the money is delivered more efficiently.
Lauren: Alex, if you were to write your op-ed again today, what would you adjust based on what you've learned over the past five months, since the rollout of the CARES Act?
Alex: Honestly, I wouldn't adjust that much except the duration. So, I still think everything that I wrote, I still stand behind that's the right way to do it going forward. However, what if this goes on for a year? What's happened to businesses where, there's still demand, there's still supply, but the government has said you can't go there, which has helped Amazon. That's why you're having this transfer of wealth from, in some cases, mom-and-pop businesses to big corporations that are able to meet their COVID requirements. Like, say I need to buy Plexiglas to have an ordering station. As a small Mexican restaurant, I can't do that. But Chipotle can. There are all sorts of kind of winners and losers being created here, which is really fundamentally unfair.
If this is going to go on for a long time, it's actually healthy in capitalism to have weak businesses fail. The airlines, should they have gotten bailed out? Maybe, maybe not. But if nobody wants to fly anymore, the answer's no. If the government stops you from flying, the answer is probably yes. A little bit more nuance than that. So, I think the real question is, if this goes on for a very, very long time, and it's not just a blip, does it make sense for the government to say, "Everybody's a winner? And we're going to protect businesses that weren't doing a good job before?"
Because if you look at the restaurant space, a lot of restaurants go bankrupt on their own. So if this plays out for years, should we be on the hook as taxpayers for bailing out everybody who provided bad service to customers? I don't think anybody would say the answer to that is yes, even if workers will be impacted. But where do you draw the line? And since this has been going on for a much, much longer time now than when I wrote that in March—it was like a stopgap measure. it's very hard to have a one-year stop measure.
Lauren: Thank you all so much for joining us on a16z podcast.
Alex: Thank you.
Bharat: Thank you.
Naftali: Thank you.
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text:
package com.guojianyiliao.eryitianshi.MyUtils.adaper;

import android.content.Context;
import android.content.Intent;
import android.graphics.Bitmap;
import android.support.v7.widget.RecyclerView;
import android.util.Log;
import android.view.LayoutInflater;
import android.view.View;
import android.view.ViewGroup;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.ProgressBar;
import android.widget.TextView;
import android.widget.Toast;

import com.guojianyiliao.eryitianshi.MyUtils.bean.AllLecturesBean;
import com.guojianyiliao.eryitianshi.MyUtils.interfaceservice.GetService;
import com.guojianyiliao.eryitianshi.MyUtils.manager.RetrofitClient;
import com.guojianyiliao.eryitianshi.MyUtils.utlis.MyLogcat;
import com.guojianyiliao.eryitianshi.MyUtils.utlis.SharedPreferencesTools;
import com.guojianyiliao.eryitianshi.MyUtils.utlis.StringUtils;
import com.guojianyiliao.eryitianshi.MyUtils.utlis.TimeUtil;
import com.guojianyiliao.eryitianshi.MyUtils.utlis.ToolUtils;
import com.guojianyiliao.eryitianshi.MyUtils.view.activity.ImagePagerActivity;
import com.guojianyiliao.eryitianshi.R;
import com.jaeger.ninegridimageview.ItemImageClickListener;
import com.jaeger.ninegridimageview.NineGridImageView;
import com.jaeger.ninegridimageview.NineGridImageViewAdapter;
import com.nostra13.universalimageloader.core.ImageLoader;
import com.squareup.picasso.Picasso;
import com.wx.goodview.GoodView;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

import butterknife.BindView;
import butterknife.ButterKnife;
import de.hdodenhof.circleimageview.CircleImageView;
import retrofit2.Call;
import retrofit2.Callback;
import retrofit2.Response;

/**
 * Created by zmc on 2017/5/8.
 */

public class zmc_GrowUpRecyclerviewAdapter extends RecyclerView.Adapter<RecyclerView.ViewHolder> implements View.OnClickListener {

    /**显示脚部布局**/
    private static final int TYPE_FOOTER = 1;
    /**显示数据布局**/
    private static final int TYPE_ITEM = 0;

    private Context context;
    private List<AllLecturesBean.ListBean> list;
    private LayoutInflater inflater;
    String userid;
    private onItemClickListener onItemClickListener;

    private FootViewHolder footViewHolder;

    /**没有更多数据标识**/
    private boolean DataNoMore = false;

    public void setDataNoMore(boolean dataNoMore) {
        DataNoMore = dataNoMore;
        if(footViewHolder != null){
            footViewHolder.bind();
        }
    }

    public void setOnItemClickListener(zmc_GrowUpRecyclerviewAdapter.onItemClickListener onItemClickListener) {
        this.onItemClickListener = onItemClickListener;
    }

    public zmc_GrowUpRecyclerviewAdapter(Context context, List<AllLecturesBean.ListBean> list, String userid) {
        this.list = list;
        inflater = LayoutInflater.from(context);
        this.context = context;
        this.userid = userid;
    }

    @Override
    public int getItemViewType(int position) {
        if (position + 1 == getItemCount()) {
            return TYPE_FOOTER;
        } else {
            return TYPE_ITEM;
        }
    }

    /**
     * 创建viewholder
     *
     * @return ViewHolder
     */
    @Override
    public RecyclerView.ViewHolder onCreateViewHolder(ViewGroup parent, int viewType) {
        if(viewType == TYPE_ITEM){
            View vh = inflater.inflate(R.layout.a_fragment_growup_listviewitem, null);
            vh.setOnClickListener(this);
            return new ViewHolder(vh);
        }else if(viewType == TYPE_FOOTER){
            if(footViewHolder == null){
                View view = LayoutInflater.from(context).inflate(R.layout.zmc_item_foot_view,null);
                footViewHolder = new FootViewHolder(view);
            }
            return footViewHolder;
        }
        return null;
    }

    /**
     * 将视图与数据进行绑定
     */
    @Override
    public void onBindViewHolder(RecyclerView.ViewHolder holder, int position) {
        if(holder instanceof  ViewHolder){
            ((ViewHolder)holder).bind(list.get(position),(ViewHolder)holder,position);
            holder.itemView.setTag(position);

        }else if(holder instanceof FootViewHolder){
//            ((FootViewHolder)holder).bind((FootViewHolder)holder);
        }
    }

    @Override
    public void onBindViewHolder(RecyclerView.ViewHolder holder, int position, List<Object> payloads) {
        if(holder instanceof ViewHolder){
            if(((ViewHolder)holder).isInitialization){//已经初始化了 可以对部分控件进行数据修改
                if(payloads.isEmpty()){
                    ((ViewHolder)holder).bind(list.get(position),((ViewHolder)holder),position);
                    holder.itemView.setTag(position);
                }else if("dianzan".equals((String)payloads.get(0))){//更新点赞事件
                    AllLecturesBean.ListBean bean = list.get(position);
                    ((ViewHolder)holder).ivGrowDef.setSelected(bean.isIsagree());
                    ((ViewHolder)holder).tvGrowEagrees.setText(bean.getEagrees() + "");
                }else if("guanzhu".equals((String)payloads.get(0))){//更新关注事件
                    AllLecturesBean.ListBean bean = list.get(position);
                    if (bean.isIsfocus()) {
                        ((ViewHolder)holder).tvGrowGz.setText("已关注");
                    } else {
                        ((ViewHolder)holder).tvGrowGz.setText("+ 关注");
                    }
                }
            }else{//当前viewholder没有初始化的时候 我们不能只对部分控件进行数据绑定
                ((ViewHolder)holder).bind(list.get(position),((ViewHolder)holder),position);
                holder.itemView.setTag(position);
            }
        }else if(holder instanceof FootViewHolder){
//            if(payloads.isEmpty()){//
//                ((FootViewHolder)holder).bind((FootViewHolder)holder);
//            }
        }

    }

    @Override
    public int getItemCount() {
        return list.size() == 0 ? 0 : list.size() + 1;
    }

    @Override
    public void onClick(View v) {
        if(onItemClickListener != null){
            onItemClickListener.onItemClick(v,(int)v.getTag());
        }
    }

    /**
     * 脚部视图
     */
    public class FootViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder{

        @BindView(R.id.foot_view_pb)
        ProgressBar pb;
        @BindView(R.id.foot_view_tv)
        TextView tv;

        public FootViewHolder(View itemView) {
            super(itemView);
            ButterKnife.bind(this, itemView);
        }

        public void bind(){
            if(DataNoMore){
                this.pb.setVisibility(View.GONE);
                this.tv.setText("数据见底啦");
            }else{
                this.pb.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
                this.tv.setText("加载中...");
            }
        }
//        public void bind(FootViewHolder holder){
//
//        }
    }

    /**
     * 内容视图
     */
    public class ViewHolder extends RecyclerView.ViewHolder{

        /**当前的ViewHolder是否初始化了**/
        boolean isInitialization = false;

        @BindView(R.id.iv_icon)
        CircleImageView ivIcon;
        @BindView(R.id.tv_grow_name)
        TextView tvGrowName;
        @BindView(R.id.tv_grow_time)
        TextView tvGrowTime;
        @BindView(R.id.tv_grow_gz)
        TextView tvGrowGz;
        @BindView(R.id.tv_grow_title)
        TextView tvGrowTitle;
        @BindView(R.id.tv_grow_content)
        TextView tvGrowContent;
        @BindView(R.id.nineGrid)
        NineGridImageView nineGrid;
        @BindView(R.id.tv_grow_see)
        TextView tvGrowSee;
        @BindView(R.id.tv_grow_comment)
        TextView tvGrowComment;
        @BindView(R.id.iv_grow_evaluate)
        ImageView ivGrowEvaluate;
        @BindView(R.id.iv_grow_def)
        ImageView ivGrowDef;
        @BindView(R.id.tv_grow_eagrees)
        TextView tvGrowEagrees;
        private View rootView;

        public ViewHolder(View itemView) {
            super(itemView);
            ButterKnife.bind(this, itemView);
            nineGrid.setAdapter(mAdapter);
        }

        private NineGridImageViewAdapter<String> mAdapter = new NineGridImageViewAdapter<String>() {

            @Override
            protected void onHideView(NineGridImageView<String> view) {
                Log.e("myBind","onHideView ");
                view.setVisibility(View.GONE);
            }

            @Override
            protected void onDisplayImage(Context context, ImageView imageView, String s, String tag, NineGridImageView<String> view) {
                //根据tag去防止错位以及NineGridImageView的显示错误
                Log.e("myBind","onDisplayImage ");
                if(view.getTag().equals(tag)){
                    Log.e("onDisplayImage","url:"+s);
                    view.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
                    Picasso.with(context).load(s).config(Bitmap.Config.RGB_565).fit().placeholder(R.drawable.default_icon).into(imageView);
                }else{
                    view.setVisibility(View.GONE);
                }
            }

            @Override
            protected ImageView generateImageView(Context context) {
                return super.generateImageView(context);
            }

            @Override
            protected void onItemImageClick(Context context, ImageView imageView, int index, List<String> list) {
                //TODO 图片点击查看处理
                imageBrower(index, (ArrayList<String>) list);
            }
        };

        public void bind(final AllLecturesBean.ListBean data,final ViewHolder holder,final int position){
            isInitialization = true;
            Log.e("myBind","position = "+position);
            ImageLoader.getInstance().displayImage(data.getUser().getIcon(), this.ivIcon);
            this.tvGrowName.setText(data.getUser().getName());
            long epubtime = 0;
            try {
                epubtime = data.getEpubtime();
                MyLogcat.jLog().e(" q:" + epubtime);
                String datas = TimeUtil.SJC(epubtime + "");
                this.tvGrowTime.setText(datas);
                MyLogcat.jLog().e("data:" + datas);
            } catch (Exception e) {
                MyLogcat.jLog().e(":" + e.getMessage());
            }
            if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(data.getEmemo())) {
                this.tvGrowTitle.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
                this.tvGrowTitle.setText(data.getEmemo());//标题
            } else {
                this.tvGrowTitle.setVisibility(View.GONE);
            }
            if (!StringUtils.isEmpty(data.getEcontent())) {
                this.tvGrowContent.setVisibility(View.VISIBLE);
                this.tvGrowContent.setText(data.getEcontent());//内容
            } else {
                this.tvGrowContent.setVisibility(View.GONE);
            }
            this.tvGrowSee.setText("浏览" + data.getEtimes() + "次");//浏览
            if(data.getUserid().equals(SharedPreferencesTools.GetUsearId(context,"userSave","userId"))){//自己
                this.tvGrowGz.setVisibility(View.GONE);
            }else{
                //是否关注
                if (data.isIsfocus()) {
                    this.tvGrowGz.setText("已关注");
                } else {
                    this.tvGrowGz.setText("+ 关注");
                }
            }

            this.tvGrowGz.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
                @Override
                public void onClick(View v) {
                    if (!ToolUtils.isFastDoubleClick()) {
                        if (data.isIsfocus()) {
                            if(onItemClickListener != null){
                                MyLogcat.jLog().e("关注 onClick 1:" + data.isIsfocus());
                                onItemClickListener.unFollow(holder.tvGrowGz, data.getUser().getUserid(),position);
                            }
                        } else {
                            if(onItemClickListener != null){
                                MyLogcat.jLog().e("关注 onClick 2:" + data.isIsfocus());
                                onItemClickListener.Follow(holder.tvGrowGz, data.getUser().getUserid(),position);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            });
            this.tvGrowEagrees.setText(data.getEagrees() + "");
            if (data.isIsagree()) {
                MyLogcat.jLog().e("已经点赞:" + data.isIsagree());
                this.ivGrowDef.setSelected(true);
            } else {
                this.ivGrowDef.setSelected(false);
                MyLogcat.jLog().e("未点赞:" + data.isIsagree());
            }

            this.ivGrowDef.setOnClickListener(new View.OnClickListener() {
                @Override
                public void onClick(View v) {
                    if (!ToolUtils.isFastDoubleClick()) {
                        MyLogcat.jLog().e("点赞:onClick" + data.isIsagree());
                        if (data.isIsagree()) {
                            if(onItemClickListener != null){
                                onItemClickListener.unFabulous(holder.ivGrowDef, holder.tvGrowEagrees, data.getEid(), data.getEagrees(),position);
                            }
                        } else {
                            GoodView goodView = new GoodView(context);
                            goodView.setText("+1");
                            goodView.show(v);
                            if(onItemClickListener != null){
                                onItemClickListener.Fabulous(holder.ivGrowDef, holder.tvGrowEagrees, data.getEid(), data.getEagrees(),position);
                            }
                        }
                    }
                }
            });
            this.tvGrowComment.setText(data.getEcommontcount() + "");//多少评论
            try {
                nineGrid.setTag(epubtime+"");
                String[] split = data.getEimages().split(";");
                List<String> imgUrlList = new ArrayList<>();
                for (int i = 0; i <split.length ; i++) {
                    imgUrlList.add(split[i]);
                }
                nineGrid.setImagesData(imgUrlList,epubtime+"");
            } catch (NullPointerException e) {
                /**
                 *  此处抛出异常 我们也进行setImagesData  不过传递为空
                 *  我们对imgUrlList的值进行监听  当为空我们将nineGrid进行隐藏
                 *  这样可以防止滑动过快时  没有图片显示  nineGrid却为VISIBLE
                 */
                nineGrid.setImagesData(new ArrayList<String>(),epubtime+"");
            }
        }
    }

    /**
     * 打开图片查看器
     *
     * @param position
     * @param urls
     */
    protected void imageBrower(int position, ArrayList<String> urls) {
        Intent intent = new Intent(context, ImagePagerActivity.class);
        // 图片url,为了演示这里使用常量,一般从数据库中或网络中获取
        intent.putExtra(ImagePagerActivity.EXTRA_IMAGE_URLS, urls);
        intent.putExtra(ImagePagerActivity.EXTRA_IMAGE_INDEX, position);
        context.startActivity(intent);
    }

    /**
     * 自定义点击接口回调
     */
    public interface onItemClickListener{
        /**点击监听**/
        void onItemClick(View v,int position);
        /***请求点赞*/
        void Fabulous(ImageView ivGrowDef, TextView tvGrowEagrees, String eid, Integer eagrees,int position);
        /**取消点赞**/
        void unFabulous(ImageView ivGrowDef, TextView tvGrowEagrees, String eid, Integer eagrees,int position);
        /**请求关注**/
        void Follow(TextView tvGrowGz, String focusedid,int position);
        /**取消关注**/
        void unFollow(TextView tvGrowGz, String focusedid,int position);
    }

    /**
     *  更新所有数据
     * @param list
     */
    public void Updata(List<AllLecturesBean.ListBean> list){
        this.list = list;
        this.notifyDataSetChanged();
    }
    /**
     *  更新选中数据集合
     * @param list
     */
    public void Updata(List<AllLecturesBean.ListBean> list,List<Integer> position,String payloads){
        this.list = list;
        for (int i = 0; i <position.size() ; i++) {
            this.notifyItemChanged(position.get(i),payloads);
        }
    }

    /**
     * 更新单条数据
     */
    public void UpdateItem(List<AllLecturesBean.ListBean> list,int position,String payloads){
//        //移除某个item
//        list.remove(position);
//        this.notifyItemRemoved(position);
//        //添加某个item
//        list.add(position,bean);
//        this.notifyItemInserted(position);
        this.list = list;
        this.notifyItemChanged(position,payloads);
    }
}


A case being heard by the Supreme Court could have far reaching consequences when it comes to healthcare fraud.
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After a long wait, the Supreme Court's verdict is in: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is constitutional.
The Supreme Court's verdict is in: The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act is constitutional.
As if the shifting deadline for the ICD-10 transition and complex meaningful use rules weren't enough, now the recent Supreme Court hearings on healthcare reform are creating even more uncertainty about the future of health IT.


text:
Q: ElasticBlockStore with StorageClass I can't connect EBS to SC.
Here is an error in PersistentVolumeClaim:
Failed to provision volume with StorageClass "gp2": Failed to get AWS Cloud Provider. GetCloudProvider returned <nil> instead

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
WPXI
Report calls for Department of Education to improve process for investigating misleading colleges
Samantha Manning
From the cost of tuition to the course requirements, incoming students consider a lot of different factors when picking a college that is right for them.
But that information isn't always clear or even accurate in some cases.
A new watchdog report from the U.S. Government Accountability Office (GAO) is calling on the U.S. Department of Education to improve how it investigates and penalizes misleading colleges and universities.
"Education has not completed written procedures for investigating colleges and has not updated its written procedures for imposing penalties for substantial misrepresentation," the report said. "Having complete and updated written procedures will help Education investigate the highest-risk colleges and impose appropriate penalties on those the agency finds to have engaged in substantial misrepresentation."
Students we spoke with said information on cost especially can determine how a student prepares financially and getting wrong information can have long-lasting consequences.
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The report points to concerns about colleges being misleading about things like "the nature of their educational programs" and "the employability of their graduates."
It said the Department of Education imposed penalties on 13 colleges for "substantial misrepresentation" in FY 2016-2021.
"If students are lied to, they may not be able to graduate from their programs," said Emrey-Arras. "They may have trouble getting a job and they may have trouble paying back their student loans."
In response to the report, the Department of Education agreed with the recommended changes and said it is working on updating and revising its policies for investigating and penalizing misleading colleges.
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