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Elisabeth Vrba (* 27. Mai 1942 in Hamburg) ist eine südafrikanisch-US-amerikanische Paläontologin und Professorin für Geologie und Geophysik an der Yale University in New Haven (Connecticut).

International bekannt wurde sie 1980 durch eine Fachveröffentlichung im South African Journal of Science. In dieser Publikation griff sie in eine seit Anfang der 1970er-Jahre geführte Debatte zur Evolutionstheorie zwischen Vertretern des Gradualismus und des Punktualismus zugunsten des Punktualismus ein und formulierte zugleich erstmals die heute allgemein bekannte Hypothese, dass Klimaveränderungen vor 2,5 bis 2 Millionen Jahren in Afrika zu einem beschleunigten "Artenwandel" führten. Ihre vor allem durch Studien an fossilen Antilopen gestützte Hypothese strahlte rasch aus auf die Erforschung der Stammesgeschichte des Menschen, da in dieser Epoche – dem Übergang von Pliozän zum Pleistozän – in Afrika auch die Gattung Homo aus der Gattung Australopithecus hervorging.

Gemeinsam mit Stephen Jay Gould entwickelte Elisabeth Vrba 1982 in Abgrenzung zur Adaptation das Konzept der Exaptation.

Werdegang
Elisabeth Vrba wurde in Hamburg geboren. Sie war zwei Jahre alt, als ihre Mutter mit ihr nach Südwestafrika auswanderte, nachdem ihr Vater – ein Professor für Rechtswissenschaften – auf See gefallen war. In Südwestafrika lebte bereits eine Schwester ihrer Mutter. Dort heiratete ihre Mutter in zweiter Ehe einen Schafzüchter, der eine qualifizierte Ausbildung von Mädchen als nutzlos empfand. Elisabeth konnte dennoch ihren Wunsch durchsetzen, eine High School zu besuchen und später in Südafrika die Universität Kapstadt. Dort erwarb sie 1964 den Bachelor-Grad für Mathematische Statistik und 1965 für Zoologie. Danach wechselte Vrba für ein Jahr ans Zoologische Institut der Witwatersrand-Universität in Johannesburg, und von 1967 bis 1968 unterrichtete sie High School-Schüler des St. Alban's College in Pretoria. 1967 heiratete sie ihren Mann George.

Von 1969 bis 1972 arbeitete Elisabeth Vrba – zunächst unentgeltlich – als Sachverständige für das Transvaal Museum in Pretoria. Dort hatte dessen langjähriger Leiter, Charles Kimberlin Brain (*  1931), eine große Sammlung von Überresten fossiler Antilopen zusammengetragen, die von anhängendem Gestein gereinigt und sortiert werden mussten. Im Verlauf ihrer darauf aufbauenden Doktorarbeit erkannte sie, dass Antilopen – anders als die meisten anderen Wirbeltiere – ein markantes Merkmal besitzen, aus dem ihre Zugehörigkeit zu einer bestimmten Art abgeleitet werden kann: Während männliche und weibliche Tiere vieler Arten einander beispielsweise anhand ihres Verhaltens, ihres Federkleids oder ihrer Fellfarbe erkennen (an Merkmalen, die nicht fossil überliefert werden), erkennen sich die Angehörigen einer Antilopen-Art an der Gestalt ihrer Hörner. Das Wissen darüber war der Grundstein ihrer ab 1980 formulierten Überlegungen zu den Mechanismen der Evolution. Ihre hierdurch entstandene internationale Bekanntheit führte dazu, dass ihr 1982 in Südafrika der Star Women of the Year Award (sinngemäß: berufstätige Frau des Jahres) zuerkannt wurde.

Von 1973 bis 1986 leitete Vrba die Abteilung für Paläontologie und Paläoanthropologie des Transvaal Museums; 1975 erwarb sie an der Universität Kapstadt den Doktorgrad im Fachgebiet Zoologie/Paläontologie. Von 1976 bis 1986 leitete sie Ausgrabungsprojekte an der Australopithecinen-Fundstätte von Kromdraai sowie bei Broederstroom in der südafrikanischen Nordwest-Provinz. Von 1977 bis 1986 war sie zugleich stellvertretende Direktorin des Museums.

1986 wechselte Elisabeth Vrba auf eine Professur für Geologie und Geophysik der Yale University und unterrichtet seit 1987 zugleich im Fachgebiet Biologie. Ebenfalls seit 1987 ist sie als Kuratorin für Wirbeltier-Paläontologie und Osteologie am universitätseigenen Peabody Museum of Natural History tätig.

Forschungsthemen

Zunächst publizierte sie (1968) über Fischschädel. Nachdem Elisabeth Vrba 1969 mit der Zuordnung von Antilopen-Fossilien zu bestimmten Arten begonnen hatte, fiel ihr auf, dass die seinerzeit übliche Definition von evolutionärem Erfolg auf die Antilopen nicht anwendbar war: Als erfolgreich galten jene Chronospezies, die sich – wie die Gnus – in besonders viele Nachfolge-Arten aufgespalten hatten. Vrba stellte demgegenüber fest, dass viele Gnu-Arten bereits eine Million Jahre nach ihrem ersten Auftreten wieder ausgestorben waren, während beispielsweise fossile Verwandte der Impalas vier Millionen Jahre existierten und in dieser Zeit nur wenige Nachfolge-Arten aus ihnen hervorgingen. Gemeinsam mit einem Kollegen konnte Vrba zudem nachweisen, dass auch unter den im Kruger-Nationalpark lebenden rezenten Antilopen die evolutionär angeblich weniger erfolgreichen Impalas sehr viel häufiger vorkamen als die Gnus der diversen Arten. Zugleich fiel ihr auf, dass Gnus spezialisiert sind auf die Gräser in trockenen, offenen Savannen, während Impalas sowohl Savannen als auch bewaldete Flächen besiedeln. Hieraus leitete sie ab, dass Nahrungsspezialisten empfindlicher auf Klimaänderungen in ihrer Umwelt reagieren als Generalisten und daher einerseits darauf rascher im Sinne eines Artenwandels reagieren können, andererseits aber auch dem höheren Risiko des Aussterbens ausgesetzt sind. Ihre 1980 im South African Journal of Science publizierten Daten und Überlegungen trugen der bis dahin international nicht beachteten Forscherin Einladungen zu Fachvorträgen an zahlreichen renommierten Universitäten ein, u. a. nach Harvard, Oxford und Cambridge.

Da Elisabeth Vrba inzwischen auch die paläoanthropologische Sammlung des Transvaal Museums und Ausgrabungen in Kromdraai leitete (wo Robert Broom 1938 das erste Fossil von Paranthropus robustus entdeckt hatte), fielen ihr Parallelen der Entwicklungsgeschichte von Antilopen und Hominini auf: Zur gleichen Zeit, als sich vor rund 5 Millionen und dann erneut vor 2,5 bis 2 Millionen Jahren die Artenzusammensetzung der Antilopen rasch änderte, gab es entscheidende Änderungen in der Artenzusammensetzung bei den Menschenaffen. Zunächst trennten sich die Entwicklungslinien der Schimpansen und der Hominini; vor 2,5 Millionen Jahren kam es zum Übergang von den "grazilen" Australopithecinen zu den "robusten" Australopithecinen der Gattung Paranthropus und parallel dazu zum Übergang von den "grazilen" Australopithecinen zur Gattung Homo. Vrba führte diese Veränderungen im Sinne einer adaptiven Radiation auf klimatische Veränderungen in Afrika zurück; dies leitete sie ab aus der Analyse von fossilen Antilopenzähnen, deren Beschaffenheit zuvor auf einen Aufenthalt in feuchten Waldgebieten (mit weichen Blättern als Nahrung) und danach in trockenem Grasland (mit weniger weicher Nahrung) schließen ließ. Paläoklimatologische Analysen bestätigten später, dass die Schließung der Landbrücke zwischen Nord- und Südamerika zu einer Umlenkung von Meeresströmungen und vor rund 2,5 Millionen Jahren zu einer Abkühlung in Afrika geführt haben (vergl. Känozoisches Eiszeitalter). Seinerzeit wurde Afrika trockener und die Regenwaldflächen gingen zurück.

Ihre Deutung der Ursachen für den Artenwandel wurde im englischen Sprachraum bekannt unter der Bezeichnung "turn-over pulse"-Hypothese (etwa: Hypothese über die Ursachen, die den Anstoß zur Veränderung geben). 1992 verknüpfte sie diese Hypothese mit weiteren ökologischen Evolutionsfaktoren zu einer Habitat-Theorie der Makroevolution. Diese ergänzt das Wettbewerbs-Paradigma ("Survival of the Fittest"), dem zufolge einzelne Arten allmählich von anderen Arten bis hin zum Aussterben verdrängt werden. Der Habitat-Theorie zufolge sind es vor allem dramatische Umweltveränderungen, die den Anstoß geben sowohl zu einer raschen Anpassung – und hierdurch zum raschen Entstehen neuer Arten – als auch zu einem raschen Verschwinden bestehender Arten.

Schriften (Auswahl)
 Role of Environmental Stimuli in Hominid Origins. In: W. Henke, H. Rothe, I. Tattersall (Hrsg.): Handbook of Palaeoanthropology, Vol. 3: Phylogeny of Hominines. Springer-Verlag, New York 2006, S. 1–41.
 mit David DeGusta: Do species populations really start small? New perspectives from the Late Neogene fossil record of African mammals. In: Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society Lond. B. Band 359, 2004, S. 285–293, .
 Climate, heterochrony, and human evolution. In: Journal of Anthropological Research. Band 52, Nr. 1, 1996, S. 1–28, doi:10.1086/jar.52.1.3630234.
 mit G. H. Denton, T. C. Partridge, L. H. Burckle (Hrsg.): Paleoclimate and Evolution with emphasis on Human Origins. Yale University Press, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995.
 Mammals as a key to evolutionary theory. Plenary Keynote Address, 70th Congress of American Society of Mammalogists, June 1990, Frostburg, Maryland. In: Journal of Mammalogy. Band 73, Nr. 1, 1992, S. 1–28.
 Environment and evolution: alternative causes of the temporal distribution of evolutionary events. In: South African Journal of Science. Band 81, Nr. 5, 1985, S. 229–236.

Literatur
 Ulf von Rauchhaupt: Auf Du und Du mit dem Gnu. In: Frankfurter Allgemeine Sonntagszeitung. 22. November 2009, S. 61.

Weblinks

 Webseite von Elisabeth Vrba im Fachgebiet Wirbeltier-Paläontologie der Yale University.

  Im Original erschienen in: Natural History. Nr. 5/1993, S. 47–51.
 Ellen Ruppel Shell: Waves of Creation. Auf: discovermagazine.com vom 1. Mai 1993.
  Bericht zu den Hypothesen von Elisabeth Vrba auf cartage.org.

Belege

Paläontologe
Zoologe
Hochschullehrer (Yale University)
Südafrikaner
US-Amerikaner
Geboren 1942
Frau


Culture Fusion is Bradford's state of the art MyPlace centre, one of 63 other MyPlace centres throughout England. Bradford YMCA is the lead partner for Culture Fusion and we relocated our existing range of services into this one centre.
The City of Bradford YMCA is responsible for the running of this centre and we are working in a respectful and cooperative partnership with various key co-located services, which include LEAP, NHS Services, Hft, LEAP and Bradford Youth Service STAR Group.
Culture Fusion is a way of life, always leading by example and showing the world how children, young people and partners from different backgrounds are able to come together to make a difference. It will be a second home for children and young people in their time of need and an exciting, ever-changing and inspirational place for them to have fun, learn, relax and fulfil their potential.
For more information about Culture Fusion, please feel free to contact Reception on 01274 307228, via e-mail at reception@brafordymca.org.uk or visit the website at culturefusion.org.uk.
Here at Culture Fusion, we have a wide variety of rooms for hire in order to facilitate various events. Opened in 2011 and located in Bradford City Centre, Culture Fusion is a state of the art MyPlace building, situated withing walking distance of Bradford Interchange and City Park.
Please make enquiries with reception on 01274 307228 or via e-mail reception@bradfordymca.org.uk for more information and keep an eye out for upcoming events at Culture Fusion.


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What is Baud Rate and Bits per Second
sivaranjith April 25, 2018, 6:26am #1
What are the difference between Baud band and Bits per second?
When referring to modem transmission, the terms baud rate and bite per second are sometimes used to describe the speed of the channel. The term baud rate is sometimes used in low speed communication channels (usually a modem). Sometimes, it is incorrectly understood that bits per second (bps) and baud rate (bytes per second) have the same meaning. The root of the problem is the fact that as communication channels have become faster and other methods are being used, such as broadband, they generally use bits per second as an indication of channel speed…
Baud rate:
Baud rate is a measure of the number of times per second a signal in a communications channel varies, or makes a transition between states (states being frequencies, voltage levels, or phase angles). One baud is one such change. Thus, a 300 baud modem's signal changes state 300 times each second, while a 600 baud modem's signal changes state 600 times per second. This does not necessarily mean that a 300-baud and a 600-baud modem transmit 300 and 600 bits per second.
Bits per second (bps):
Bits per second are a measure of the number of data bits (digital 0's and 1's) transmitted each second in a communications channel. This is sometimes referred to as "bit rate." Individual characters (letters, numbers, etc.), also referred to as bytes, are composed of several bits. While a modem's bit rate is tied to its baud rate, the two are not the same.
Determining bits per second:
Depending on the modulation technique used, a modem can transmit one bit, more than one bit or less than one bit with each baud or state change. To illustrate this, first consider a modem with a baud rate of 300, using a transmission technique called FSK.
When using FSK, each baud (state change) transmits a bit; only one change of state is required to send a bit. Therefore, the modem's bps rate is also 300: 300 baud per second X 1 bit per baud = 300 bps. Similarly, if a modem operating at 1200 bauds would use a state change to send each bit, that modem's bps speed would be 1200. Now, consider a hypothetical 300-baud modem using a modulation technique that requires two changes of state to send a bit, which can also be seen as 1/2 bit per baud. The bps rate of that modem would be 150 bps: 300 baud per second X 1/2 baud per bit = 150 bps.
In modern industries there is a technique that has a higher bit rate than the baud rate. For example, 1200 bps modems that comply with the Bell 212A standard (which includes most 1200 bps modems used in the US) operate at 300 bauds and use a modulation technique called phase modulation that transmits four bits per baud. These modems are capable of operating at 1200 bps, but not at 2400 bps because they are not 1200 baud modems; They use a baud rate of 300.
(300 bauds) * (4 bit/baud ) = 1200bps
Arduino programming tutorial
Communication connection types of Simatic PLC with other hardware

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Veselé Vánoce, Charlie Mansone (v anglickém originále Merry Christmas, Charlie Manson!) je šestnáctý díl druhé řady amerického komediálního animovaného televizního seriálu Městečko South Park.

Děj
Kyle a Kenny jedou s Cartmanem k jeho babičce, ale Stanovi to nechtějí dovolit jeho rodiče, tak uteče a bez dovolení se s kluky a Cartmanovou mámou vydává do Nebrasky. S Cartmanovou babičkou žije i Cartmanův děda, strýček Stinky, teta Lisa, bratranec Fred, sestřenka Alexandra, tlustý Bob, pes Jimmy a prababička Florence. Z vězení k nim uteče strýček Howard, který domů přivede Charlieho Mansona. Kluci chtějí do obchodu vidět pana Hankeyho, vánoční hovínko, ale nikdo je nechce svézt a Charles se nabídne. Stanovi rodiče zavolají jeho matce Liane, čímž zjistí, že je Stan v Nebrasce. V obchodě kluci vidí pana Hankeyho, ale na pohled vidí, že je to jen člověk v kostýmu, a tak mu strhnou masku. To se ostatním dětem nelíbí a v obchodě vzniká panika. V obchodě policisté poznají Mansona, který s kluky rychle odjede zpátky za Cartmanovou babičkou. Policie se Stanovými rodiči obklíčí dům. Howard s Mansonem mohou utéct, ale když se k nim chce připojit Stan, Manson mu to rozmluví a rozhodne se vzdát. Nakonec všichni vyjdou z domu a policie zatkne uprchlé vězně. Sharon a Randy Stanovi slíbí, že na všechno zapomenou a jedou si užít zbytek svátků domů, avšak po svátcích ho za to potrestají. Z Mansona se díky pohádkám, které viděl, stává dobrý člověk, ale zůstává ve vězení opuštěný. V noci ho nečekaně navštíví Cartmanova rodina, Kyle a Stan a popřejí mu hezké Vánoce, z čehož je Manson dojat.

Díly seriálu Městečko South Park

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Groove X
Groove X, humanoid startup by former Pepper project leader, raises up to $57M
Tokyo-based Groove X, the humanoid robot developer founded by Kaname Hayashi — who was responsible for the Pepper project at Softbank — announced on Monday it has raised up to 4.35 billion yen ($38.7 million in US) in their latest series A round. Participating investors in this round were Mirai Creation Fund, Japanese government-backed investment company Innovation Network Corporation of Japan (INCJ), Shenzhen Capital Group, Line Ventures, Dai-ichi Seiko (TSE:6640), Global Catalyst Partners Japan (GCPJ), Taiwan's Amtran Technology (TPE:2489), OSG (TSE:6136) and SMBC Venture Capital. Mirai Creation Fund is run by Tokyo-based investment company Sparx Group (TSE:8739) with financial backing from Toyota Motors (TSE:7203) and Sumitomo Mitsui Bank. INCJ has agreed to additionally invest up to 2.1 billion yen ($18.7 million in US) in a series B round. This round follows the company's previous seed funding in January and September of 2016 when they raised 1.42 billion yen ($12.6 million) from Mirai Creation Fund, Amtran and Dai-ichi Seiko, in addition to GCPJ. With all these funding rounds in the past and in planning, the company will have raised a total of 8 billion yen (about $71.1 million) through series B. During the press conference on Monday, Hayashi announced that his…
Groove X founder and CEO Kaname Hayashi
From Groove X's YouTube video
Tokyo-based Groove X, the humanoid robot developer founded by Kaname Hayashi — who was responsible for the Pepper project at Softbank — announced on Monday it has raised up to 4.35 billion yen ($38.7 million in US) in their latest series A round.
Participating investors in this round were Mirai Creation Fund, Japanese government-backed investment company Innovation Network Corporation of Japan (INCJ), Shenzhen Capital Group, Line Ventures, Dai-ichi Seiko (TSE:6640), Global Catalyst Partners Japan (GCPJ), Taiwan's Amtran Technology (TPE:2489), OSG (TSE:6136) and SMBC Venture Capital.
Mirai Creation Fund is run by Tokyo-based investment company Sparx Group (TSE:8739) with financial backing from Toyota Motors (TSE:7203) and Sumitomo Mitsui Bank. INCJ has agreed to additionally invest up to 2.1 billion yen ($18.7 million in US) in a series B round.
This round follows the company's previous seed funding in January and September of 2016 when they raised 1.42 billion yen ($12.6 million) from Mirai Creation Fund, Amtran and Dai-ichi Seiko, in addition to GCPJ. With all these funding rounds in the past and in planning, the company will have raised a total of 8 billion yen (about $71.1 million) through series B.
During the press conference on Monday, Hayashi announced that his company aims to introduce a humanoid robot called Lovot, named by combining Love and Robot, in late 2018 followed by commencing sales in 2019. Details of the concept have not been unveiled but the new product is expected to be one optimized for the lifestyle of urban residents.
Edited by "Tex" Pomeroy
Japan's Sumitomo Mitsui showcases five finalists from first ever FinTech hackathon
Old meets new as Puzzle & Dragons collaboration adds Space Invaders characters
Japanese 'robotics legend' joins telexistence startup Gitai as COO to create space robots


Childhood is commonly perceived as the best time of a person's life, since it is when you're supposed to have the most fun and not need to work for anything. With this in mind, children should not be spending up to 18 years in classrooms with drab, stale textbooks in the spotlight. The excessive and laborious educational process means that students are already entering adulthood at approximately 21 years of age when they graduate, having lost most of their youth. All the time invested on studying now translates into three certainties – death, taxes, and work.
Reductions need to occur to the time spent in middle school – grades six to eight. Currently, much of the content in middle school classes prove to be repetitive, thus learning is slow-paced and students are unable to pursue new knowledge. Countless "learning activities" regurgitate ideas that are already understood, stagnating academic progress while disposing of precious time.
For starters, schools could offer an optional pre-high school program, taking between 0-2 years, depending on individual capabilities. Students with adequate knowledge that are emotionally mature enough may move on to high school, while those who require a transitional period have access to this program. Another intriguing possibility is the introduction of a break between elementary and high school. Here, students spend 1-2 years pursuing interests such as art, sports or music. By the end of elementary school, many have already developed a prowess or talent for a particular career. Former world chess champion Garry Kasparov had already been travelling around the world to compete in tournaments as a grandmaster by the time he was 13. The freedom of these "break" years may give students a taste of what it's like to be a full-time athlete, for example, before granting them the possibility of returning to school after their exploratory trial.
This is not a new conjecture. Harvard's Ed magazine published an article in 2012 titled "Do Middle Schools Make Sense?", comparing middle school programs to systems where students move directly into high school. The evidence presented indicates that the removal of middle school years links to lower dropout rates, smoother transitions into high school, and higher standardized test scores. By no means does this mean that all systems across the world should be changed instantly, but adjustments must happen over time to revamp the current structure, as organizations learn to adhere to the benefits of this new method.
There is no one-size-fits-all approach to a person's development in life. We deserve the freedom to analyze our individual potential and create a path that suits us. Besides, who knows what the future might hold for aspiring minds who are currently bound to a redundant system?
"Eye Time Five Before Twelve." Pixabay, Creative Commons, Dec. 2017, pixabay.com/en/eye-time-five-before-twelve-dial-3001154/.
Tamer, Mary. "Do Middle Schools Make Sense?" Harvard Graduate School of Education, Harvard Ed. Magazine, 5 Sept. 2012, 10:15a.m., http://www.gse.harvard.edu/news/ed/12/09/do-middle-schools-make-sense.
"USNEI." Structure of U.S. Education, U.S. Department of Education, 22 Feb. 2008, www2.ed.gov/about/offices/list/ous/international/usnei/us/edlite-structure-us.html.
Waitzkin, Fred. "King Kasparov." The New York Times, The New York Times, 7 Oct. 1990, http://www.nytimes.com/1990/10/07/magazine/king-kasparov.html.
Very interesting points, I think that the whole idea of 'living in the moment' also ties into this. The article made me realize that life is not even that long and we should try to spend more time enjoying our youth (y).
Very nicely written! I like how you ended your article with a question.
A very interesting topic that you brought about here, I completely agree with your statement that children need break years. If this were to come to fruition would you be proud of the fact that more kids now have the potential to achieve greater success by exploring their own individual skill sets?


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The Laguna-Raimunda Frog (Atelognathus reverberii) is an IUCN-Vulnerable species, endemic from northern Patagonia steppe in Argentina. Distributional range of this frog is restricted to about 100 meters of the bank of temporary and isolated lagoons placed over a volcanic plateau at more than 800 m elevation. This frog is facing decline in extent and quality of its habitats due to extreme weather and the trampling of lagoons by livestock. In previous researches, we observed that the species is highly infected by Chytrid fungus and we also recorded that local human inhabitants dig water pits on the shores of lagoons, promoting the death of hundreds of frogs, which enter inside the pits for reproduction, but then drown in their attempts to get out. Throughout this project we will conduct research, awareness raising activities and management aimed at improving the conservation of this species, as a continuation of the work started in our previous RSG. We also will extend our work to include the Valcheta Frog (Pleurodema somuncurense), an IUCN-Critically Endangered species also endemic from Somuncura plateau.
7) write a Conservation Action Plan for both species.
Valcheta frog and its clutch.


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Chapter 5 - Use of Energy | The Art of War by Sun Tzu
Divide Up Numbers
Sun Tzu said: The control of a large force is the same principle as the control of a few men: it is merely a question of dividing up their numbers.
WWI, 1914-1918
In World War I, the British Army grew in size to a peak of nearly four million men. To keep the troops fed, housed, trained and organised a system of structures and ranks were used.
Approximate number of
men under command
Field-Marshal Army Group 2,000,000
General Army 300,000
Lieutenant-General Corps 60,000
Major-General Division 12,000
Brigadier-General Brigade 3,500
Captain Company 200
Lieutenant Platoon 50
Corporal Section 12
Private None 0
By dividing and subdividing an army into units with officers in command of each, a large force can be controlled and directed regardless of size as the principals are the same.
Size management is also a problem in business. A strict hierarchy can ensure high level strategy reaches operational management.
Signs & Signals
Fighting with a large army under your command is nowise different from fighting with a small one: it is merely a question of instituting signs and signals.
Pheidippides ran between Marathon and Athens to give news of a military victory. The Romans dedicated entire units to military communication and had a state run courier service, Cursus publicus (The "Public Way"). Modern day communications are now instantaneous, regardless of distance.
The important common factor is that instructions reach the front line quickly. Hierarchies help as long as the information is not blocked or distorted. A well-managed communications network is vital to get information in both directions along the hierarchy, quickly and efficiently.
Weak Points & Strong
That the impact of your army may be like a grindstone dashed against an egg – this is effected by the science of weak points and strong.
In the biblical account of David and Goliath, David is victorious against his much stronger opponent by hitting him with a stone in the forehead.
A strong item, such as a grindstone can be ruined by something that appears weak, like an egg. What is required is for the physics to be understood.
Indirect Fighting
Indirect tactics, efficiently applied, are inexhaustible as Heaven and Earth, unending as the flow of rivers and streams; like the sun and moon, they end but to begin anew; like the four seasons, they pass away to return once more.
Battle of Salamis, Greece, 480BC
When the Persians tried to invade the Greeks for the second time, they fought in the Battle of Salamis. The Persians had four times as many ships but in the narrow stretches of water where the battle took place, their huge numbers became a hindrance. The Greeks were able to flank the disorganised Persian ships, resulting in a decisive Greek victory.
Fighting is a direct method, challenging soldier against soldier. There are also indirect alternative methods to fighting, attacking from the side or rear being two examples which cause surprise and reaction. By using numerous indirect assaults, you can compound the confusion of your opponent, yielding an easier victory.
There are not more than five musical notes, yet the combinations of these five give rise to more melodies than can ever be heard.
In a game of chess, there are only six different types of pieces and 64 spaces on the board. However, the number of different possible positions after four moves each is over 288 billion.
In business, online ads can be tweaked endlessly to find the most successful combination of colours, fonts, wording, audience and so on.
Combinations begin with a few items that are combined into patterns. These simple items combine into many possibilities that may ultimately succeed or fail. Understand the elements. Design blends and patterns that suit the situation.
Two Methods, Many Manoeuvres
In battle, there are not more than two methods of attack--the direct and the indirect; yet these two in combination give rise to an endless series of manoeuvres.
Battle of Chancellorsville, Virginia, 1863
Confederate General "Stonewall" Jackson used a classic indirect flanking attack to defeat Union General Joseph Hooker, on 2nd May 1863. By sweeping around the Union while Hooker concerned himself with a direct threat from another general, Jackson's initial assault surprised the Union soldiers so much that Jackson's battle line charged through camps where soldiers were still resting and cooking their meals.
Direct and indirect methods can be used in various arrangements to confuse an adversary. A series of indirect feints that cause troops to move can be followed by direct attacks into the gaps that were created.
You don't need to always invent new ways of competing to succeed. Find new ways of combining existing methods. They can be just as successful.
Never Ending Possibilities
The direct and the indirect lead on to each other in turn. It is like moving in a circle - you never come to an end. Who can exhaust the possibilities of their combination?
Battle of Bannockburn, Scotland, 1314
The overconfidence and lack of preparation led to the disastrous defeat of the English, led by Edward II, to the Scots, led by Robert the Bruce at the Battle of Bannockburn.
Victory disease refers to when complacency or arrogance brought on by victory causes an encounter to end in disaster for a leader and his forces. A leader may employ strategies which were previously effective but prove disastrous against a new or smarter enemy.
As yin and yang, each entity creates its opposite. Attacking the enemy creates a counter-attack. Design your battles in terms of ebbs and flows, indirect and direct, defence and attack.
Winning can lead to losing by arrogance leading to sloppiness. Losing can lead to winning by turning sorrow into determination.
The onset of troops is like the rush of a torrent which will even roll stones along in its course.
Scotland, 1297
After Scotland was conquered in 1296, an uprising began the following year when William Wallace assassinated an English sheriff. This initial act led to a revolt spreading through Scotland. The uprising gained momentum as men joined Wallace to carry out raids and separate rebellions occurred elsewhere, liberating large parts of the country.
Water flows fast over and under stones, rolling them onwards. When warriors flow fast, they will bowl over anything in their way.
Flow occurs when a rapid sequence of blows leaves the enemy no time to recover or resist before the next attack arrives. A company can flow by releasing a superb new product then, even before competitors bring out a response, they advance again with another, even better replacement.
Quality Of Decision
The quality of decision is like the well-timed swoop of a falcon which enables it to strike and destroy its victim.
Battle of Trafalgar, Spain, 1805
When HMS Victory slowly went into action at the Battle of Trafalgar, she was exposed to a storm of shot and shell for several minutes before replying with a single gun. Admiral Lord Nelson calmly waited until he was within close range, then wrecked havoc on the enemy's nearest ships.
Like a falcon, harness self restraint to keep from swooping on your target until the right moment. Timing is critical in many situations. The same effort will have very different effects at different times.
Potential and Kinetic Energy
Energy may be likened to the bending of a crossbow; decision, to the releasing of a trigger.
Minutemen were settlers who organised themselves forming militia groups. They trained themselves in weapons, strategy and tactics during the American War of Independence. Their name came from their capacity to be ready at a minute's notice, providing highly mobile, rapidly deployed units.
When you bend a bow, it has potential but static energy. When letting go of the bow, it releases dynamic and kinetic energy. The bent bow represents the readiness of your fighters. The release of the bow leads quickly to them flowing rapidly over the enemy. Your decision when to release the arrow determines whether it hits or misses its target.
The Power Of Disorder
Amid the turmoil and tumult of battle, there may be seeming disorder and yet no real disorder at all; amid confusion and chaos, your array may be without head or tail, yet it will be proof against defeat.
Battle of the Bulge, Belgium, 1944
At the Battle of the Bulge, German armoured divisions secretly assembled near the German border smashed through American infantry divisions in a Belgian forest. Large tanks rolled down wooded roads the allies considered unfavourable to armoured warfare, so they were barely defended. Despite many believing the enemy was nearly defeated, the Americans experienced the power of a German blitzkrieg ("lightning war"); a coordinated manoeuvre involving coordination between air and land forces.
True chaos occurs when there is a loss of control. Apparent chaos occurs where patterns cannot be distinguished. Complex sequences of quick movement mean patterns are hard to detect.
Control amidst disorder comes with skill. This comes from learning, training and preparation.
Simulation & Postulation
Simulated disorder postulates perfect discipline, simulated fear postulates courage; simulated weakness postulates strength.
Battle of Hastings, England, 1066
In the Battle of Hastings, the Anglo-Saxon force consisted of many working men called up to form an army for their kings. During the combat, the Normans pretended to run away, then turned and cut down the Saxons when the inexperienced men chased them.
You display control if you act in an unvarying way. To show disorder, each person must be acting differently. If your rival thinks you have lost control, they will make mistakes.
Fear leads to disorder but the risk in showing fear is that it may spur your opposition on. To put yourself at a disadvantage takes bravery, but by misleading the enemy in this way, you can lead them into mistakes.
Keeping the Enemy Moving
Thus one who is skilful at keeping the enemy on the move maintains deceitful appearances, according to which the enemy will act. He sacrifices something, that the enemy may snatch at it.
Gaul, 52BC
During his conquest of Gaul, Julius Caesar used deception in his tactics to achieve the crossing of a river. The enemy (Vercingetorix) shadowed Caesar's force from the opposite side of the river, challenging any attempted crossing. Camping in a wood one night; when leaving the next day, Caesar left a third of his army behind, dividing the remaining men to appear at full strength. Once safe to proceed, the hidden army rebuilt a damaged crossing and established a bridge.
Wars can be won with little fighting using the skill of deceit, if it is highly developed. Business can also be won using this same method.
Using Baits
By holding out baits, he keeps him on the march; then with a body of picked men he lies in wait for him.
Battle of Arcola, now Italy, 1796
In 1796, a Baron commanding Austrian forces (Joseph Alvinczy) attempted to remove the French from Verona. However, he was drawn forward by Napoleon and in doing so, exposed his force's flank, letting Bonaparte surround and then defeat him.
There are many forms of deceit, including baiting and ambushes. Lure the enemy into traps to increase the chance of achieving an easy win.
Combined Energy
The clever combatant looks to the effect of combined energy, and does not require too much from individuals. Hence his ability to pick out the right men and utilise combined energy.
The Mongol armies used several different tactics which, when combined, made them extremely successful in battle. They used units that would charge the enemy and then retreat, trying to draw the enemy onto more favourable terrain. The Mongol leaders used trickery by spreading rumours about the size of their armies. They also tried to deceive their opponents visually by keeping several spare horses in their cavalry, mounted with dummies made of straw. On the battlefield, the Mongols used many other tactics to deceive the enemy, including lighting fires to act as a smokescreen and enticing enemies into traps.
Using numerous tactical methods so that their potential is multiplied causes the enemy to be quickly overwhelmed. Combined energy provides synergy, where the effect is greater than if the various tactics were used independently.
Understand the power both of the army as a whole and of talented individuals, and how these are best combined. This will ensure success.
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"Wrecks of Ancient Life": Genetic Variants Vetted by Natural Selection
View ORCID ProfileJohn H. Postlethwait
Genetics July 1, 2015 vol. 200 no. 3 675-678; https://doi.org/10.1534/genetics.115.178442
John H. Postlethwait
Institute of Neuroscience, University of Oregon, Eugene, Oregon 97403
ORCID record for John H. Postlethwait
The Genetics Society of America's George W. Beadle Award honors individuals who have made outstanding contributions to the community of genetics researchers and who exemplify the qualities of its namesake as a respected academic, administrator, and public servant. The 2015 recipient is John Postlethwait. He has made groundbreaking contributions in developing the zebrafish as a molecular genetic model and in understanding the evolution of new gene functions in vertebrates. He built the first zebrafish genetic map and showed that its genome, along with that of distantly related teleost fish, had been duplicated. Postlethwait played an integral role in the zebrafish genome-sequencing project and elucidated the genomic organization of several fish species. Postlethwait is also honored for his active involvement with the zebrafish community, advocacy for zebrafish as a model system, and commitment to driving the field forward.
Genetics blossomed as a science spurred by wise selections of compliant organisms. One hundred years ago, the first paper in the first issue of GENETICS used genetic maps and chromosome anomalies in Drosophila melanogaster to support the chromosomal theory of inheritance (Bridges 1916). Fruit flies, along with mice, mold, and maize (e.g., Beadle and Ephrussi 1937; Beadle 1939; Beadle and Tatum 1941) have been joined by newcomers like nematodes, zebrafish, and Arabidopsis. Only recently, however, have biologists had access to the vast array of Darwin's "endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful" (Darwin 1859, p. 483) for in-depth genetic investigations of development, physiology, and evolution. Rapid genome sequencing, transcriptomics of small populations of differentiating cells, powerful bioinformatics, and broadly applicable genome-editing methods can now convert nearly any species inhabiting Darwin's "tangled bank" (Darwin 1959, p. 482) into a "model organism."
I am only surprised that more wrecks of ancient life have not been preserved… (Darwin 1959, p. 136)
To Darwin, "wrecks of ancient life" were species that lost features associated with ancestral forms, like cave crabs that retain the eyestalk while missing the eye that crowns the stalk of terrestrial crabs (Darwin 1859). We called these rare species "evolutionary mutant models" because they offer important genetic variants that can shed light on the mechanisms of development and physiology in the wild (Albertson et al. 2009). Phenotypes exhibited by these "wrecks of ancient life" would be disease states in related species, but in particular environments are instead functional. Understanding the genetic basis for the wrecked phenotype provides insights into disease mechanisms, and learning how wrecked species cope with the altered phenotype can offer hints toward novel therapies.
Only recently [...] have biologists had access to the vast array of Darwin's "endless forms most beautiful and most wonderful" for in-depth genetic investigations of development, physiology, and evolution. —J.H.P.
Darwin's prototypic living wrecks inhabit caves. Researchers have made remarkable progress investigating the Mexican blind tetra cavefish Astyanax mexicanus (Protas and Jeffery 2012; Stemmer et al. 2015) and have used the Astyanax genome sequence coupled with QTL analyses to identify candidate genes for cave phenotypes (McGaugh et al. 2014). In cave Astyanax, lens apoptosis induces eye degeneration. We investigated gene expression in the blind cyprinid cavefish Sinocyclocheilus anophthalmus and, in contrast to Astyanax, results suggested a lens-independent reduction in retinal cell proliferation and down-regulation of transcriptional factors that control retinal development and maintenance (Meng et al. 2013a,b). These results show that cavefish derived from different clades can use alternative genetic mechanisms to converge on a phenotype that in many ways mimics retinal degeneration in aging people. The full developmental genetic program that distinguishes retinal development in cave and surface fish is still being explored.
In 1871, Darwin realized that larval tunicates (urochordates) have morphologies similar to vertebrate embryos. He suggested that in "an extremely remote period" (p. 125) animals with these morphologies produced one lineage leading to vertebrates and another lineage "retrograding in development" (p. 125) to become today's tunicates (Darwin 1871). Tunicates are now recognized as forming the sister group to vertebrates (Delsuc et al. 2006). The urochordate Oikopleura dioica represents a curious case of a wrecked genome despite retaining the ancestral chordate body plan even in the adult. The Oikopleura genome has a reduced repertoire of developmental regulatory genes, drastically reorganized introns, and a highly altered gene order (Canestro and Postlethwait 2007; Canestro et al. 2010; Denoeud et al. 2010). In spite of its modified genome, we and others showed that the pattern of developmental gene expression in Oikopleura embryos suggests that supposed vertebrate innovations, such as placodes and the thyroid, originated in chordate ancestors (Bassham et al. 2008; Canestro et al. 2008). The recent development of methods to knockdown gene expression in Oikopleura now enables functional investigations of gene action in this morphologically beautiful chordate with a wrecked genome (Mikhaleva et al. 2015; Omotezako et al. 2015).
Dr. Postlethwait's work began the molecular genetic era of zebrafish research and has helped to demystify the evolution of genes and genomes. He has also strengthened the zebrafish community through his generous data sharing, collaborative spirit, and help for dozens of labs in mutation and gene mapping. —Alex Schier, Harvard University
The voyage of the Beagle did not stray quite far enough South to encounter an amazing shipwreck of an animal, Antarctic icefish, which inhabit the icy (−1.9°) waters of the Southern Ocean. Icefish have acquired adaptations for survival in the cold, including antifreeze proteins (Devries 1971), a constitutive "heat shock" response (Place and Hofmann 2005), and modified membrane phospholipids (Logue et al. 2000). Icefish ancestors were bottom dwellers, possessing red blood and densely mineralized bones but lacking a swim bladder, which is the organ of neutral buoyancy in most fish (Eastman 1993). As the Southern Ocean cooled, fish species occupying the water column became extinct, providing unexploited habitats for ambush predators with neutral buoyancy (Eastman 1993). In the absence of a swim bladder, icefish ancestors accumulated mutations that cause lipid accrual, decreased skeletal ossification, and reduced bony scales (Friedrich and Hagen 1994; Near et al. 2009; Eastman et al. 2014). These phenotypes would be maladaptive in a person or even in most fish. Icefish are also unique among vertebrates in having lost functional hemoglobin genes and red blood cells, which generated an anemic phenotype compensated by the diffusion of oxygen through scale-less skin, decreased oxygen demand, increased heart size, high cardiac pumping volume, decreased blood viscosity, extensive vascularization, increased muscle cross-sectional area, and amplified mitochondrial density and lipid content in heart and oxidative skeletal muscle (Sidell and O'Brien 2006; Detrich and Amemiya 2010). For species with low bone density, we found that embryos maintain the youthful chondrogenic program and postpone or abandon the mature osteogenic program for most bones. This suggests that altered timing of skeletogenic gene expression may have been a significant adaptation in the radiation of Antarctic fish from the ocean bottom into the water column (Albertson et al. 2010). More work is required to identify the molecular genetics behind these heterochronic shifts. Recently developed tools now provide the means to study icefish and other wrecks of ancient life, just as mutations in model organisms like maize and Drosophila (e.g., Postlethwait and Nelson 1964; Gelinas et al. 1969; Postlethwait and Schneiderman 1969, 1971; Postlethwait and Girton 1974) provide insights into the genetic mechanisms of development, organ function, and evolution.
Natura non facit saltum (Darwin 1859, p. 160)
Seven times in On the Origin of Species, Darwin invoked the concept that "nature does not make leaps. Over 50 years after Darwin's treatise was published, and now 100 years ago, an article published in the first year of the fledgling journal GENETICS discussed a situation in which nature does in fact make leaps—the origin of novel morphologies after a jump in genomic content by genome duplication (Tupper and Bartlett 1916). Genome duplication appears to have shaped vertebrate evolution in two rounds before the divergence of fish and mammalian lineages (Holland et al. 1994; Dehal and Boore 2005). It was previously known that gene families are often larger in teleosts than in mammals, but it was unclear if this condition arose due to excess preservation of tandem duplicates or to an additional genome duplication event, as suggested by S. Ohno (Ohno 1970). To resolve this question, we used genetic mapping to find the genomic locations of duplicated gene pairs in zebrafish. We found that gene pairs reside on duplicated zebrafish chromosomes, and these duplicated chromosome segments are shared with the pufferfish fugu, suggesting that distantly related teleosts share an ancestral genome duplication event (Postlethwait et al. 1994, 1998, 1999, 2002; Amores et al. 1998; Taylor et al. 2003; Jaillon et al. 2004). Gene expression patterns in zebrafish and other teleosts showed that gene duplicates from the teleost genome duplication (TGD) are often expressed in subsets of tissues or developmental times shared by their mouse orthologs (e.g., Ekker et al. 1992; Akimenko et al. 1994, 1995; Thisse et al. 1995; Risinger et al. 1998; Oates et al. 1999). These findings led to the idea that, after genome duplication, duplicated genes (called ohnologs when originating in a genome duplication) are redundant, so some of their ancestral functions—like expression domains, protein functional domains, or protein quantities—can reciprocally degenerate. But as long as the two ohnologs complement for essential functions, both can be retained in the genome, a process we called "subfunctionalization" (Force et al. 1999). Alternative outcomes include the loss of one of the copies or the origin of a new, positively selected function (which we called "neofunctionalization") (Ohno 1970; Force et al. 1999). Thus, although nature did make a leap—from diploid to tetraploid in perhaps a single clutch of fish ∼300 million years ago—gradual genetic changes afterward likely led to the origin of teleost morphological innovations (such as dorsal–ventral symmetrical tails that improve swimming and mobile upper jaw bones that facilitate prey capture). Perhaps these changes occurred because having twice as many mutation targets accelerated the genetic changes that led to teleost novelties. However, we still do not know whether or how genome duplication might increase the rate of speciation or increase the likelihood of evolutionary innovations.
…seven genera of Ganoid fishes…these anomalous forms may be called living fossils… (Darwin 1859, p. 106)
Understanding the genetic mechanisms by which doubled genomes became modified in ancient teleosts requires the study of a surviving lineage that diverged from the teleost lineage before the TGD. Darwin's paradigmatic examples of what he called "living fossils" were fish that contain ganoid scales, such as spotted gar. The spotted gar represents a sister group of the teleosts, as we showed using genetic maps that capitalize on massively parallel DNA sequencing (Amores et al. 2011), novel software to analyze these sequences (Catchen et al. 2011a), and bioinformatic algorithms to perform comparative genomics (Catchen et al. 2011b). Analysis of the spotted gar genome showed that it links mammals to teleosts in ways that illuminate evolutionary mechanisms (Braasch et al. 2015). For example, conserved noncoding elements, many of which act as genetic regulatory elements, are often not detectable when directly comparing mammals to teleosts, but become evident when mammals are first compared to gar and then gar is compared to teleosts. Furthermore, these "cryptic" teleost elements can drive function in mammalian development in patterns similar to those of their mammalian orthologs (Gehrke et al. 2015). The gar genome promises to better link the duplicated genomes of teleost medical models to human biology.
…so much variety and so little real novelty… (Darwin 1859, p. 185)
We are living in a remarkable time for genetics. For the first time, tools are available for mechanistic investigations of "so much variety" in the form and function of nonlaboratory species, allowing us to seek the origins of "real novelty."
Available freely online.
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, 2003 Genome duplication, a trait shared by 22000 species of ray-finned fish. Genome Res. 13: 382–390.
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, 1995 Expression of snail2, a second member of the zebrafish snail family, in cephalic mesendoderm and presumptive neural crest of wild-type and spadetail mutant embryos. Dev. Biol. 172: 86–99.
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Bartlett H. H.
, 1916 A comparison of the wood structure of Oenothera stenomeres and its tetraploid mutation Gigas. Genetics 1: 177–184.
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In addition to our quality systems solutions, our integrators can now also offer a smart financing option that is perfectly tailored towards the needs of the commercial end-user.
LIVINGSTON, N.J. & DUBLIN, Ga.--(BUSINESS WIRE)--CIT Group Inc. (NYSE: CIT), a leading provider of financing to small businesses and middle market companies, today announced a vendor financing relationship between CIT Vendor Finance and MAGE SOLAR USA, a leading provider of residential, public and commercial solar energy systems.
Under the terms of the agreement, the two companies established a financing program that will offer a cost-effective source of financing to installers and commercial end-user customers of MAGE SOLAR's photovoltaic systems.
The program will provide integrators of MAGE SOLAR products a tool that offers affordable financing with flexible payment and terms to their commercial customers. In addition, energy savings derived from the progressive conversion to MAGE SOLAR's products may be used to offset monthly financing payments, which will allow customers the ability to preserve valuable working capital and increase operating cash flow.


Feeding your cat is one of the tasks you must do every day. However, sometimes you may be busy or away from home but your cat will still need to be fed. What can you do in this situation? The solution is to use an automatic cat food dispenser.
There are different types of cat feeders in the market. If you are buying one for the first time, there are a number of things you should keep in mind to get the right feeder. The last thing you want is to spend hundreds of dollars buying different feeders, which all end up not being good solutions for your cat.
You will come across some high-priced feeders that are worth the amount they are being sold for. However, there are some expensive feeders that are cheap and will not work with your cat. To find the best feeder, do not simply look at price when shopping. You should go through customer reviews of different feeders to know their quality. Sometimes, all that glitters is not gold.
You may have the best automatic cat feeder but if your pet is determined to get extra food, she will try to break it. Cats are usually obsessed with food and if you don't teach them to respect the feeder, you should not expect it to last long.
Therefore, look for a feeder that is strong and will not be easily broken. Apart from this, teach your cat from the onset to respect the feeder and discourage her from trying to break it.
Some breeds like Siamese and Bengal are known to try to manipulate the units to get extra food from them. However, this does not apply to all cat breeds as each has its personality. You know your cat better and should be able to determine whether she will try to break the feeder. For example, if your cat knows how to manipulate things in general or open doors, you should protect your automatic feeder. Make sure the automatic cat breeder you are buying is foolproof for versatile and smart cats.
You can rely on automatic feeders to dispense food to your cat when you are away from home. Therefore, it makes sense to buy one when going on a trip. However, for your cat to get used to the automatic solution, she will have to go through a learning curve. The same also applies to you. As you use the feeder, you will learn some of its failures and how they can be fixed. Apart from this, you will know how your cat behaves with the feeder.
The learning process takes longer than just a few days. Sometimes, it will take weeks for your cat to learn when the feeder dispenses food and get used to it.
The batteries may not last long as you expect and hence the unit may stop working.
If the feeder works with an AC adapter, your cat might unplug it when walking around.
If you have not read the programming instructions well, the feeder may jump one or more feeding cycles.
Things may go smoothly during the first week. However, in the coming weeks, your cat may break into the feeder and try to get all the food out at once.
The above are some of the incidents that can happen when you are still new with the automatic pet feeder.
Automatic cat food dispensers perform differently depending on the pellet sizes. You should know the pellet size that the feeder you want to buy can dissipate. For example, if you feed your cat small pellet size (1/4" diameter) and want her to eat small portions, make sure the feeder can dissipate that amount.
Feeders designed with a roller and baffle system work well with small kibbles. The system allows the feeder to push out small amounts of food at a time. If you would like a feeder that dispenses big pellet sizes (1/2" diameter), look for those that work with a screw system.
Check the warranty of the cat food dispenser you want to buy. Make sure the brand you are buying comes with at least one year warranty.
Also, if you will be leaving home for a trip, ask a friend to check your cat every day just to make sure things are okay.
Below is an overview of the best cat feeders on the market.
If you are looking for a programmable cat feeder, the PetSafe Healthy automatic cat feeder is a great choice. With this unit, you can customize the amount of food serving you would like your cats to have and schedule them properly. This means you can limit your cat's food intake if you wish.
A portion-control system operates the electronics of the PetSafe Health feeder. This system features a conveyor belt that can reduce the food portions, from 4 cups to about 1/8 cup.
The unit can also be used to dispense wet or moist cat food. You can program the automatic cat feeder for 12 easting cycles every day.
SureFeed is a high tech automatic cat feeder that uses a microchip to verify your feline pet and give them the proper food serving based on your program.
This cheap automatic cat feeder work with RFID technology. The feeder's chip is implanted on your cat's collar tag. When your cat comes close to the feeder, the sensor will recognize the microchip and open the feeder's lid, allowing your cat to have access to the food.
The automatic cat food dispenser can track up to 32 pets. This is the best automatic cat feeder for multiple cats or cats with special dietary needs.
With the CSF-3 Feeder, you can feed your cat using the same or different bowls, allowing your feline friends to eat their meals in separate bowls to avoid bugging each other. This cat feeder has a Super Feeder option for dispensing food.
You can also automate the feeding process in different amounts. The feeder reduces the amounts from less than one cup to some cups of food daily. The feeder has a digital timer that you can program for different feeding cycles.
The attractive and portable LUSMO Pet Feeder is easy to program for your pet's specific needs. You can program up to three meals, each with separate portions.
The automatic cat feeder is colorful and has a 24-hour LCD monitoring clock. If you are a busy cat owner, this may be the best cat feeder for you.
This durable and stable Bergan automatic cat feeder for multiple cats stands out with its water combo. The feeder does not use timers. Instead, it uses gravity to dispense food. This is the cheapest automatic feeder that we recommend. This feeder is an excellent option if you have pets that have strict dietary requirements or have multiple cats.
All the cat food dispenser above great, are made of solid materials and can be used to feed multiple cats. We especially love the PetSmart Health cat feeder for its large capacity (can hold up to 24 cups of food) and customizable meal plans (you can program up to 12 meals). The cat feeder can dispense flexible portions based on how much you would want your cat to eat and is easy to clean.


What if you're walking the streets of a crowded city and all of a sudden come across a stunningly gorgeous display of flowers? Instead of being arranged in a vase, hundreds of brightly colored peonies, tulips, and lilies fill a garbage can creating the ultimate life-size flower arrangement. Would you stop and smell the roses? Most likely, yes—at least that is what floral designer Lewis Miller is betting on. About once a month, the New York City-based flower guru hits the streets with a truck full of flowers. He arranges them in the wee hours of the morning, in unexpected places—around the subway entrance, draped over a park bench, and in cardboard boxes.
"I've started doing what is called Flower Flashes," Miller told Haute Living of his lush floral pop-ups at a recent event at Salvatore Ferragamo. "It's a little unorthodox, and it's pushing my creativity against the wall. It's also about giving back and breaking barriers creatively and also doing something that people can enjoy." His over-the-top everyone-can-enjoy arrangements have caught the eye of many of the city's top tastemakers. When fashion designer Tory Burch had a surplus of pink carnations leftover from her runway show, she gave the blooms to Miller. He turned them into a fabulous and fun Valentine's Day Flower Flash.
Why does he think the world is so infatuated with flowers? "I think it's the exact opposite of what everyone is holding in their hands. You know our little black mirrors," he says, referring to smartphones. "Tech constantly runs our life, and flowers are ephemeral. They're fleeting, and they're natural, and they're soft, and they're beautiful, and they're luxurious. Our schedules are all so crazy, and technology is just driving us all bonkers, and we're living on the edge of all having nervous breakdowns. Flowers are a comfort. They're beautiful. Anywhere we can bring that back to counterbalance the realities of modern living is a good thing." Big brands agree with Miller's point of view. Tiffany & Co. has tapped him to create a series of Flower Flashes in collaboration with their recently released Paper Flowers collection.
To get a better look at Miller's Flower Flashes, follow him on Instagram.


text:
McEachern holds thesis exhibits for MFA graduates
Jude Anogwih's art was on display at the McEachern Art Center in Macon, Ga. Jan. 23.
Media by Ashley Pemberton
By Ashley Pemberton
February 19, 2021 | 1:14pm EST
Mercer University's McEachern Art Center has offered its space to a choice group of MFA graduates to exhibit their theses and tell their stories. Each exhibit offers a glimpse into the artists' worlds, and each piece has a unique story to share. Additionally, the McEachern hosts "artist talks," where each artist has the opportunity to talk about their work and process.
Caroline Ennis
Caroline Ennis is a visual artist who creates work inspired by her experiences living near the Gulf of Mexico. In her thesis, "The Gulfs, The Shallows, The Deeps," Ennis explores the duality between shallow and deep water and incorporates those themes into many aspects of her work.
"My thesis is a culmination of three years of creative practice and academic research that sources from a lifetime of personal experiences on the water, specifically the Gulf of Mexico," Ennis said during her artist talk.
Ennis received her MFA from Florida State University in 2020. During her time there, Ennis explored various mediums to depict her vision of the coastline, including unfired clay, ceramics and drawing. Ennis took to unfired clay, and, as she continued to work with the medium, related the movement of the clay to water.
In her thesis, Ennis depicts the multifacetedness of the shallow and deep waters on the gulf. The piece consists of three glazed ceramics sculptures placed equidistant from each other, meant to emulate the texture and feel of the gulf's seafloor.
Various nets hang above the sculptures. The nets are made of dyed fabric, and they are inspired by the relationship Ennis's family has with cast net fishing. In cast net fishing, the fisher stands at the dock and looks to catch passing schools of fish, a skill that takes time to perfect. Ennis connects cast net fishing to her interpretation of shallow water.
"The gulf has been the constant driver in my work, and it is intrinsically etched into my upbringing, my ways of thinking and my way of life," Ennis said.
Toni Ardizzone
Toni Ardizzone's art was on display at the McEachern Art Center in Macon, Ga. Jan. 23. (Image: Ashley Pemberton)
Toni Ardizzone received her MFA at Florida State University in 2020. She is a painter who uses her skills to explore the cyclical themes of loss and death and their relation to the living.
"Death's within life. It's a very heavy statement, but it's an expression that I've been referencing for my practice and my work for quite a while. This idea has evolved into attempting to create objects that reflect the contradictions in survival," Ardizzone said during her artist talk.
Her work has been partly influenced by a traumatic medical event she experienced during graduate school. The event influenced her piece, "Combat Zone," which depicts a bouquet of wilting flowers, emulating the wilting flowers that friends and family gifted her while she was in recovery.
Her thesis, "Triage," reflects her experience with creating her work and cultivating her message while also shifting under the constraints of the COVID-19 pandemic. The piece serves as a timestamp of the work created during the pandemic.
Ardizzone finished her artist talk Jan. 21 with a quote by Francis Bacon that she feels emcompasses her work: "The feelings of desperation and unhappiness are more useful to an artist than the feeling of contentment because desperation and unhappiness stretch your whole sensibility."
Jude Anogwih
Jude Anogwih is an artist who strives to bend the conventional definition of art as "aesthetically pleasing" by instead conceptualizing the artistic process as an authentic expression of thoughts, experiences and aspirations.
"I am intentionally looking into the intra/interfaces between the edge and the center of painting and a painting; the rhetoric of mark making, lapping and overlapping constraints and speculations with tapes and lines," Anogwih said during his artist talk.
Anogwih completed his MFA at The University of Alabama. His work has been recognized both nationally and internationally, with pieces featured in the International Society of Experimental Artists 29th Annual Juried Exhibition, Videonale, an art exhibition based in Lagos, Nigeria, and at Gund Gallery at Kenyan College.
"My work deals with my personal travels, my assumptions and how I want to explore issues around shelter, issues around migration, movement, mobility, community—how I really want to deal with the multidimensionality of art-making," Anogwih said.
In his thesis, Anogwih experiments with relationships, encompassing how those relationships work with each other. He uses duct tape to emphasize personal and global tension, stretching the medium across his canvas to emulate the feeling of restriction. Anogwih also takes great care in the installation process of his pieces, believing installation shifts the work from individual pieces into a cohesive meaning.
"It's all about the question of my own encounters and how I try to create a vision message that allows that layer of engagement, that layer of entanglement, in what I do," Anogwih said.
Heather McLelland
Heather McLelland received her MFA in ceramics at East Carolina University in 2020. In 2018, McLelland began making ceramics that related to her home life. Living with a Korean mother and Scottish-American father, McLelland drew inspiration from the elaborate dinners her parents would make for her.
"I love how, if I look at my pots, it kinda tells a story about my own personal timeline, what I was doing and when I was doing it," McLelland said at her artist talk.
In her thesis, McLelland strives to express her familial experiences through the clay. Her piece, "Family Table", represents her experience growing up as an only child. The piece features an array of plates, mimicking the many plates set on the table at dinners she would eat with her family.
McLelland draws inspiration from other creators, including Rirkrit Tiravanija, who performed live installations making pad thai in galleries, and John Neely, a professor at Utah State University who practices wood firing and specializes in making detailed teapots.
One piece in her thesis, titled "Conversations over coffee," encompasses the warmth of family and connecting to others.
"The fact that you can sit down with somebody, and have a conversation with someone over coffee—that's really important to me, kind of getting this connection with people," McLelland said.
Christina Foard
Christina Foard completed her MFA at the University of Georgia in 2020. Foard's thesis, "In the Cacophony of Voices, I Only Remember What Wasn't Said," is currently on display at the McEachern Art Center.
Foard's past work was influenced by surrealism, utilizing bold colors and stark lines to accentuate different shapes in her pieces.
"The images nod to shifts in time, movement, and hint at narratives. Each is an autobiographical sensation or memory —dream-like symbols of figures and relationships," Foard said in an interview with VoyageATL. "The occlusion of information (blockades and blurred spaces) is a primary theme in my work."
Foard will speak more about her work at her artist talk on Thursday Feb. 11. Tune in at 4 pm to hear about her process via the McEachern Art Center's Facebook page.
REVIEW: SZA returns after five years with impressive sophomore album
Mercer's Filipino Student Association holds its first "Palabok" and "Lumpia" stand


Apple has released its January security updates fixing a list of common CVE flaws affecting iOS and macOS with Safari, watchOS, tvOS and Windows iCloud smattering.
This latest version fixes the iPhone 5s and later sizable list of CVEs and iPad and iPod Touch 6th Generation. Almost all external researchers reported to Apple.
CVE-2019-6200, Bluetooth remote code execution (RCE) and CVE-2019-6224, another RCE that an attacker could exploit via FaceTime.
Another nine CVEs, including CVE-2019-6229, are fixed for the WebKit browser engine, which could allow cross-site scripting through a malicious web page.
Six CVEs account for kernel-level flaws, all of which would allow an attacker to sneak a malicious app past Apple to raise privileges, break out of the sandbox or execute malicious code.
The update should appear without intervention or by clicking Settings> General > Software Update you can check it manually.
Most of the CVEs mentioned in the iOS v12.1.3 update, including those for BlueTooth, FaceTime, WebRTC, CoreAnimation, SQLite, IOKit and those affecting the kernel, are also known as Security Update 2019-001 for Sierra and High Sierra. Specific to macOS Sierra / High Sierra are CVE-2018-4452, an RCE weakness affecting the Intel graphics driver, and CVE-2018-4467, which could give rise to a privilege problem affecting the hypervisor of the operating system.
CVE-2019-6220, an out – of-bound flaw in QuartzCore that could allow an attacker to read limited memory, affects all versions. System Preferences > Software Update can initiate updating. If you haven't clicked the box marked, keep my Mac up to date automatically, it might be a good idea to do that now.
Finally, Apple's update would not be complete without something for Safari that gets CVE-2019-6228, fixing a cross-site scripting vulnerability with better URL validation in the Reader browser.
ICloud updates for Windows (v7.10), watchOS (v5.1.3) and TVOS (v12.1.2) are also available.


We offer technical support for students and staff including assistance with software, devices, passwords and more. We also offer several online resources including Olds College accounts, passwords and app support.
The Learning Commons has a number of laptops and iPads that can be borrowed on a first come, first served basis. To borrow a laptop or iPad, bring your student ID card and ask at the front counter in the Learning Commons.
Visit the Apple Store For Education for student discounts on iPads and Accessories.
How do I connect to Olds College Wifi?
Guests can connect to our free, public, wireless network called OldsCollegeWifi. This network provides internet access only and is the easiest network to connect to, with no password requirements.
Students and staff can connect to our secure wireless network, called OldsCollegeSecure. Use your Olds College username and password to connect. This network will provide access to printers, projectors and network storage.
Do I have to pay to print?
Each student receives $5 of printing credit to their accounts at the beginning of each semester.
Students are charged a fee for printing based on the fee schedule below. The fee is automatically deducted from the student's printing account. Once your printing credit is used up, you can purchase further printing credit at the Learning Commons front desk.
How do I change or reset my Olds College password?
Click on Change My Password to change your password.
Click on Reset Password to reset your password.
How do I unlock my Olds College account?
Student: Student ID including all 0's: 00001234.
Enter current password for account.


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Spiceworks Support
Spiceworks General Support
Spiceworks is very slow after upgrading from 6.2 to 7.0
by agoubault
on Sep 6, 2013 at 15:10 UTC
Solved Spiceworks General Support
Next: How to add remote machines to a new domain
This topic was created during version 7.0.
The latest version is 7.5.00107.
Moreira Sep 11, 2013 at 16:30 UTC
yep. Faster using browse viwe
James B (Spiceworks) Sep 11, 2013 at 16:32 UTC
eason1 wrote:
We are experiencing this too here. We don't use the inventory anymore but the HelpDesk is extremely slow now when refreshing or switching between ticket views. It's the same across all browsers, remotely, and on the server itself. Upgraded to 7 last night.
The fixes being worked on for this issue will affect Inventory only. If you are seeing slowness in the help desk you may want to contact Spiceworks Support so they can take a look at your logs.
Dave.12
Sep 11, 2013 at 16:35 UTC
I deleted an installed Plugin we had and its running much faster now.
eason1 Sep 11, 2013 at 16:42 UTC
Will do, thanks!
I have switched to browse view and it is still very slow for me.
RPMiller Sep 11, 2013 at 16:47 UTC
James B (Spiceworks) wrote:
Hey guys, quick question. Are you still seeing the same slowness if you enable Browse View (using the Switch View link in the upper right corner of Inventory)? I think this may be a valid workaround until we get it fixed.
Yes, that allows me to jump around in the inventory faster.
nls73m Sep 11, 2013 at 18:40 UTC
Is this a workaround until a new version gets released? Are we to wait for a patch? A new updated version? Or are we to use the workaround listed below??
"Hey guys, quick question. Are you still seeing the same slowness if you enable Browse View (using the Switch View link in the upper right corner of Inventory)? I think this may be a valid workaround until we get it fixed.
Matej390 Sep 11, 2013 at 20:28 UTC
Hi, same here.. Inventory is very slow. I'm running it on very powerful server with brand new HP 3PAR storage which has excelent I/O performance so there is no issue. Is it possible to downgrade to 6.2 and use remote agents from version 7? Thanks
nls73m wrote:
Yes, this should be able to get you through until we can get a patched build out. Currently we have a few fixes in the works that should help. We're going to release that and have you guys try it out to see if this resolves the issues. If not we may have to add in some more fixes in another build after that. The hope is that this will fix it, though.
Matej390 wrote:
Instructions on how to roll back can be found here. I recommend holding off and trying the patched version of 7.0 when it is released shortly. You can also switch to Browse View to increase speed in Inventory until we get the patch out.
Using the Agent on every machine is not recommended and will likely cause more performance issues than you are seeing now (specifically issues of the crashing variety). The problems described in this thread are specific to loading devices on the Inventory page and aren't directly related to scanning. If you are seeing issues you believe are related to scanning you should contact Spiceworks Support so they can look through your logs.
I know there is slower performance when using agent on too many devices, but it's ok if you storage is capable of tousands of I/O operations. With 6.2 there was no issue. I have same problems as described here since upgraded to ver 7. Very very slow loading on the inventory page.
Having fast storage does improve the performance of the Spiceworks server. The problem is that the server can only handle so many connections to the database at one time. When you have the Agent installed on many devices this connection pool gets used up very quickly and causes lock ups and crashing on the central site.
The problem with the Inventory in slowness in 7.0 is mentioned here. The fix we have planned should cut down on some of that extra data.
JamesBaker Sep 11, 2013 at 21:11 UTC
Just so as to toss my information into the ring--death slow inventory on an HP G6 dual xeon server running Windows Server 2012 with 32G of RAM. This acts as the central Spicework unit and collects information from 3 other remote Spiceworks systems. Completely clean install within the past 30 days as the server will eventually be a minor IIS / SQL development server--thus the horsepower.
On this machine it took 9 minutes, 38 seconds to open the inventory, and that was after a clean reboot and after the server had been up for 10 minutes to make sure nothing was still loading.
Ran fine under 6.2 but after upgrading to 7 yesterday the inventory is all but unusable because it is so death slow and the purchasing tool that we've used exclusively for the past year is nearing the same speed. All of the remote Spiceworks "servers" have been updated to the same version of 7 as well.
I know you're working on a fix so no real need to respond. Thanks!!
If you set up agent to report once or two times per day, then is no problem with performance. I just reverted snapshot on vmware from before upgrade and i can confirm that agent from version 7 is backwards compatible with server 6.2. I hope you fix it quickly ,then i will test on another server(not production anymore). Just for information: I created a firewall rule which blocked all client communication to spiceworks and performance was the same as without this rule. So if you storage is fast enough, more connections can database handle as those requests are processed more quickly and closed.
Laura4927 Sep 11, 2013 at 21:40 UTC
Using older server for spiceworks - rolled back as this new upgrade evidently does not consider the lower end less monied users - very sorry this happened - hope the new patch will be better. Not all users are using state of the art equipment guys.
Phil Cole Sep 11, 2013 at 23:37 UTC
Yeah i always use the browse view in the inventory. Still slow unfortunately.
Well getting to the Inventory page is slow, but once your on the page browsing through inventory is normal.
I just want to re-iterate that this is not a system resources issue. It has to do with some inefficient queries that are loading more data than needed. Instead of just pulling the necessary components to display the device information on the page. There would still be a delay even if you threw one of these bad boys at it.
We're working on getting the queries cleaned up and you should see performance increase after that. We've got a first run at it coming out very soon, and likely more to follow. In the meantime it is best to roll back to 6.2 or use Browse View until it is 100% fixed.
I sincerely apologize that these issues are affecting so many of you and can assure you we're working diligently to get it resolved.
M.Alias Sep 12, 2013 at 06:09 UTC
I also experienced the disastrously slow load speeds on inventory items, as well as a few other anomalies I haven't seen people describing.
Firstly, inventory loading/use being slow aside, some of my devices (specifically a Mikrotik routerboard which I polled via SNMPv2), suddenly had Spiceworks trying to use a completely random SSH account (which has never been assigned as an account for use with this device) to authenticate on it.
I then tried using some of the new inventory settings (after much patience) to try manually set the device to be accessed using SNMPv2 to no avail - I would continuously get login errors for this random SSH account it would try to use.
This is also in addition to what other users have noted, whereby my Timeline would get flooded with DNS entries continuously being added and removed repeatedly.
I ended up rolling back to 6.2 since these issues were too much of a disruption.
Really can't wait to see the update rolled out!
What I was able to experience as part of version 7, like Android inventory, the new UI of the Helpdesk and the range of other new features and improvements, it looks great!
agoubault Sep 12, 2013 at 06:34 UTC
You meant the upper left corner, I presume.
Really fast again. Thanks for the workaround
Concerning the agent, I did not notice any problem when I started it with v6.2 and it seems to work fine with v7. Computers are updating the agent progressively but those which remain with the old version are compatible.
We decided to use the agent not to load the network with the automatic scan which was painful because many computers could be OFF. We could delete a wide range of IP addresses in the scan settings. Only PCs are concerned, not servers nor any device permanently connected.
Barbi355 Sep 12, 2013 at 07:00 UTC
Keeeeeen for the update - we have the slow scan issue too though im sure its Global. New Spiceworks user as of 1 month ago (Downloaded it yonks ago, but you know how it is!). Update seems flasher, but its all new to us - Spiceworks Rocks!!! Keen to see the inventory scan speed fixed to see what other sorts of awesome spiceworks has!!! We will be watching this space.
Manuel Suarez Sep 12, 2013 at 07:29 UTC
Hi, with browse view, i can navigate into inventory faster than before. this is a good "work arround" but i like the other view, i'm waitng the new reléase. Great job with the new version.
Brandon (Spiceworks) Sep 12, 2013 at 13:07 UTC
We just uploaded a new build (7.0.01234) which should help to improve performance in quite a few areas if you want to give that build a try.
That looks good ! SW is now as fast as with version 6.2
And you've also fixed the problem when clicking on a device in a group would change the group to all devices.
So, many thanks for your good job
Ok, I'll try it.


text:
What are grooved pins?
By Michelle Froese | October 18, 2019
By Dr. Jody Muelaner
Grooved pins are solid pins with grooves running axially along their surface. The grooves are swaged, which displaces material and increases the diameter of the pin. When the pin is forced into a hole, the grooves close — giving grooved pins more elasticity than dowel pins.
Knurled pins behave in a similar way, but grooved pins have higher pullout forces. Grooved pins are available in mild steel and stainless steel.
Typically there are three grooves, at equal spacings around the circumference of the pin. The grooves may run for all or part of the length of the pin. This can allow a hole of uniform diameter, drilled through a stack of components, to lock securely over one section of the pin while having clearance around another section. This can be useful when one component must be free to rotate around the pin.
Grooves running part-length may be at one end or in the middle, depending on the application. Where grooves are at an end, a "pilot" is sometimes included. This is a short length of plane pin before the grooves start. Since the grooves increase the diameter, this short length before the grooves start allows the pin to align with the hole before it is driven home.
Grooves may be parallel or tapered. Parallel grooves give a tighter fit. This means that pins are less likely to work loose when subjected to vibration but they require higher insertion forces.
Due to their rigidity, dowel pins often require a highly precise, reamed hole. The improved elasticity of grooved pins enables them to lock securely into holes with a wider range of diameters and greater circularity defects. This means that simple drilled holes can be used. Their elasticity also allows grooved pins to be removed and reused.
Compared to spring pins, grooved pins are less elastic but also considerably stronger due to their solid construction.
What purpose do press-fit pins and receptacles serve?
Mill-Max introduces new spring-loaded connectors
Pivot Point's SLIC Pin functions as an all-in-one self-locking pin & cotter
Groov-Pin named "Healthiest Employer" in Rhode Island