text:
TheRichesOf.com
Marijuana Cannabus
Marijuana (Cannabus) Marijuana (Cannabis) Cannabis sativa, the hemp plant, grows wild throughout most of the tropic and temperate regions of the world. Prior to the advent of synthetic fibers, the cannabis plant was cultivated for the tough fiber of its stem. In the United Stated, cannabis is legitimately grown only for scientific research. In fact, since 1980, the United States has been the only country where cannabis is licitly cultivated for scientific research. Cannabis contains chemicals called cannabinoids that are unique to the cannabis plant. Among the cannabinoids synthesized by the plant are: cannabinol, cannabidiol, cannabinolidic acids, cannabigerol, cannabichromene, and several isomers of tetrahydrocannabinol. One of these, delta-9-tetrhydrocannabinol (THC), is believed to be responsible for most of the characteristic psychoactive effects of cannabis.
Research has resulted in development and marketing of dronabinol (Marinol), a product containing synthetic THC, for the control of nausea and vomiting caused by chemotherapeutic agents used in the treatment of cancer, and to stimulate appetite in AIDS patients. Cannabis products are usually smoked. Their effects are felt within minutes, reach their peak in 10 to 30 minutes, and may linger for two or three hours. The effects experienced often depend upon the experience and expectations of the individual user as well as the activity of the drug itself. Low doses tend to induce a sense of well-being and a dreamy state of relaxation, which may be accompanied by a more vivid sense of sight, smell, taste, and hearing as well as by subtle alterations in thought formation and expression.
This state of intoxication may not be noticeable to an observer. However, driving, occupational or household accidents may result from a distortion of time and space relationships and impaired coordination. Stronger doses intensify reactions. The individual may experience shifting sensory imagery, rapidly fluctuating emotions, a flight of fragmentary thoughts with disturbed associations, and an altered sense of self-identity, impaired memory, and a dulling of attention despite an illusion of heightened insight. High doses may result in image distortion, a loss of personal identity, and fantasies and hallucinations.
Three drugs that come from cannabis–marijuana, hashish, and hashish oil–are currently distributed on the U.S. illicit market. These drugs have not currently been an accepted medical use in treatment in the United States. Today, cannabis is illicitly cultivated, both indoors and out, to maximize its THC content, thereby producing the greatest possible psychoactive effect. Marijuana is the most frequently used illicit drug in America today. The term marijuana, as commonly used, refers to the leaves and flowering tops of the cannabis plant.
A tobacco-like substance produced by drying the leaves and flowering tops of the cannabis plant, marijuana varies significantly in its potency, depending on the source and selection of plant materials used. The form of marijuana known as sinsemilla (Spanish, sin semilla: without seed), derived from the unpollinated female cannabis plant, is preferred for its high THC content. Marijuana is usually smoked in the form of loosely rolled cigarettes called joints or hollowed out commercial cigars called blunts. Joints and blunts may be laced with a number of adulterants including phencyclidine (PCP), substantially altering the effects and toxicity of these products. Street names for marijuana include pot, grass, weed, Mary Jane, Acapulco Gold, and reefer. Although marijuana grown in the U.S.
was once considered inferior because of a low concentration of THC, advancements in plant selection and cultivation have resulted in highly potent domestic marijuana. In 1974, the average THC content of illicit marijuana was less than 1 percent; in early 1994, potency averaged 5 percent. The THC of today's sinsemilla ranges up to 17 percent. Marijuana contains known toxins and cancer-causing chemicals, which are stored in fat cells for as long as several months. Marijuana users experience the same health problems as tobacco smokers, such as bronchitis, emphysema and bronchial asthma.
Some of the effects of marijuana use also include: an increased heart rate, dryness of the mouth, reddening if the eyes, impaired motor skills and concentration, and frequent hunger and an increased desire for sweets. Extended use increases risk to the lungs and reproductive system, as well as suppression of the immune system. Occasionally hallucinations, fantasies and paranoia are reported. Hashish consists of the THC-rich resinous material of the cannabis plant, which is collected, dried, and then compressed into a variety of forms, such as balls, cakes, or cookie-like sheets. Pieces are then broken off, placed in pipes and smoked. The Middle East, North Africa, and Pakistan/Afghanistan are the main sources of hashish.
The THC content of hashish that reaches the United States, where demand is limited, averaged 6 percent in the 1990s. The term hash oil is used by illicit drug users and dealers but is a misnomer in suggesting any resemblance to hashish. Hash oil is produced by extracting the cannabinoids from plant material with a solvent. The color and odor of the resulting extract will vary, depending on the type of solvent used. Current samples of hash oil, a viscous liquid ranging from amber to dark brown in color, average about 15 percent THC. In terms of its psychoactive effect, a drop or two of this liquid on a cigarette is equal to a single joint of marijuana. Science.
The Antipornography Feminist Movement
Herbicidetolerant Crops
A Touch Of Elegance
The Great Depression Was The Worst Economic Slump Ever In Us
Office Depot Case Study
Handling Stress
Plato And Gatto On Divisions In Society
Free Argument Essays
Mcse Analyisis
Different Types Of Explosives
History Of Portugal
Erythropoietin Essay
Three Reasons Why Im Attending College
Predicting School Violence
The Pyramids
Postwar Poland
The Outsiders By Se Hinton
TheRichesOf.com. All Rights Reserved Theme by Grace Themes
I'm Adrienne!


(QUINCY)—Quincy Police continue to investigate a shooting incident reported at 5:04 Saturday afternoon. Police were sent to an ambulance call in the 900 block of Hampshire. A 25-year-old male was found in an apartment suffering from a gunshot wound. He was taken to Blessing Hospital for treatment.


text:
Elder Justice Innovations: Helping Individuals Transition from APS to other Community-Based Supports
Benjamin Rose Institute on Aging is committed to highlighting the important Elder Justice work being implemented across the country. Presented in partnership with the Elder Justice Coalition, attendees heard from the Administration for Community Living about the 2021 Elder Justice Innovation Grants. A select group of grantees discussed their work focused on the various community services that help individuals transition from short-term adult protective service programs to community services in their area to prevent the recurrence of abuse.
By Hilary Dalin, Traci Lee, Farida Ejaz, Marian Liu, Zachary Hass, Joy Solomon, Kavita Ahluwalia | 01/27/2022
Annual Caregiving Conference: Engaging Caregivers in Evidence-Based Programs
The conference explores successes and challenges in the dissemination of evidence-based programs to family and friend caregivers. Keynote speaker, Erin Long, MSW, Team Lead, Alzheimer's Disease Programs Initiative of the Administration for Community Living, discusses experiences with engaging caregivers in programs and services, along with marketing strategies. Presentations also highlight experiences of organizations engaging caregivers and delivering evidence-based programs, including strategies to overcome barriers that keep caregivers from enrolling in support programs, and lessons learned through their marketing efforts.
By David Bass, Rachel Cannon, Erin Long, Branka Primetica, Donna Barrett, Christine Jensen, Ginger Ragans, Lisa Weitzman | 01/24/2022
Caring for Loved Ones with Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities and Dementia
Caring for a loved one with intellectual and development disabilities (IDD) already presents a unique set of challenges from those faced by most caregivers. When a loved one with IDD presents with changes in behavior, memory and sometimes mobility, those challenges are then joined with the challenges of being a dementia caregiver—and can often feel confusing, overwhelming and at times even too much to handle.
Caregiving for Older Loved Ones through Natural Disasters
For caregivers, preparing for and responding to the aftermath of a natural disaster comes with the additional challenge of protecting the safety and needs of a vulnerable loved one. This challenge can be compounded further by a loved one's disability or illness. Whether we live in the South and need to prepare for hurricane season and flooding, live in the West and face earthquakes and wildfires, or live in the North and risk snow- and ice-related power outages, it is crucial for us to be proactive when taking care of a loved one during a disaster. A helpful way to stay prepared is by developing an emergency preparedness plan.
By Sara Powers, PhD | 01/18/2022
Stigma and Working Caregivers: Why Are We Afraid to Talk About Caregiving at Work?
Caring for an older loved one or friend touches many of us. According to the Family Caregiver Alliance, one in six employed Americans report assisting with the care of an older loved one. Moreover, an estimated 10 million millennials are now a part of the caregiver population. So why are we still afraid to talk about caregiving while at work? The answer is stigma.
Showing 1 - 5 of 552 results.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The popular 1-2-3 Magic parenting program has been adapted to be introduced from a child's point of view! This innovative guide explains the child discipline system―from counting and time-out methods to how better behavior benefits the entire family and leaves more time for play―with clear, easy-to-understand language and lots of illustrations. 1-2-3 Magic for Kids describes the basics of the 1-2-3 Magic program, including positive reinforcement, charting, and the docking system.
• What if I don't go to my room?
• Will I still be counted if I have a friend over?
• What kinds of things can we do for one-on-one fun?
Crossword puzzles, word searches, and journal suggestions further encourage children to apply what they've learned about the methods, and make 1-2-3 Magic for Kids a fun way to get kids on board with the new rules at home.
Great introduction to 123 Programme for children - even if they are familiar with it. It resulted in a better 'buy-in' from our 2 kids (boy 9 and girl 6)!


text:
> OBZ>Don't Let's Go To The Dogs Tonight
Don't Let's Go To The Dogs Tonight
Author: Fuller, Alexandra
OBZ: African Biographies (Biography)
Softcover. English. Picador Africa. 2002. 310pp.
In good condition.
How you see a country depends on whether you are driving through it, or live in it. How you see a country depends on whether or not you can leave it, if you have to. As the daughter of white settlers in war-torn 1970s Rhodesia, Alexandra Fuller remembers a time when a schoolgirl was as likely to carry a shotgun as a satchel. This is her story - of a civil war, of a quixotic battle with nature and loss, and of a family's unbreakable bond with the continent that came to define, scar and heal them. Shortlisted for the Guardian First Book Award in 2002, Alexandra Fuller's classic memoir of an African childhood is suffused with laughter and warmth even amid disaster. Unsentimental and unflinching, but always enchanting, Don't Let's Go to the Dogs Tonight is the story of an extraordinary family in an extraordinary time.


text:
Here's how Google plans to celebrate 50th year of Apollo 11 mission
Gadgets & Tech / Internet
San Francisco: Ahead of the upcoming 50th anniversary of mankind's first successful trip to the moon, Google has recreated the Apollo 11 rocket's command module with Augmented Reality (AR).
On July 16, 1969, Apollo 11 was launched into space and on July 20, it landed the first two humans on the Moon — Commander Neil Armstrong and lunar module Eagle's pilot Buzz Aldrin.
To celebrate the milestone, when users would Google search Apollo 11 on an AR-enabled device, they would see an AR option in the Knowledge Panel and tapping on it would let users explore a 3D recreation of the command module, Engadget reported on Wednesday.
According to Google, this is the first time it has added a cultural artefact in AR feature on Search, which debuted in May.
The search-engine giant has teamed up with the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum for this project.
As part of Google's initiative, users would get to explore 20 new stories about lesser-known aspects of the mission and the people who contributed to it, the report added.
More features such as moon- and space-related tours and quizzes on Google Earth have also been lined up from July 15.
In a different report, Engadget said that Denmark-based toy company Lego is also marking the historic day with NASA Apollo 11 lunar lander set that would cost $100.
Designed with inputs from NASA itself, the 1,087-piece kit would come with a pair of astronaut figures representing Armstrong and Aldrin.
http://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/heres-how-google-plans-to-celebrate-50th-year-of-apollo-11-mission/articleshow/70176556.cms
Tags: Apollo 11, AR, google
Ubisoft PC Games on Disc Makes a Comeback in India: Here's the Full List
AirPower Wireless Charging Mat Spotted in Fresh Images on Apple's Australia Website: Is Launch Finally Near?
Microsoft Surface Go Review


text:
Michael Edward Hicks-Beach, 1. hrabia St Aldwyn (ur. 23 października 1837 w Londynie, zm. 30 kwietnia 1916 w Coln St. Aldwyns) – brytyjski polityk, członek Partii Konserwatywnej, minister w rządach lorda Beaconsfielda i lorda Salisbury'ego.

Był synem sir Michaela Hicks-Beacha, 8. baroneta, i Harriett Sratton, córki Johna Strattona. Wykształcenie odebrał w Eton College i Christ Church w Oksfordzie, gdzie ukończył kurs prawa i historii współczesnej. Po śmierci ojca w 1854 r. odziedziczył tytuł 9. baroneta.

Karierę polityczną rozpoczął w 1864, kiedy to zasiadł w Izbie Gmin jako reprezentant okręgu East Gloucestershire. W 1868 został parlamentarnym sekretarzem przy Radzie Praw Ubogich i podsekretarzem stanu w Ministerstwie Spraw Wewnętrznych. W 1874 został Głównym Sekretarzem Irlandii. W latach 1878–1880 był ministrem kolonii. W roku 1885 zmienił okręgu wyborczy na Bristol West. Został też kanclerzem skarbu i przewodniczącym Izby Gmin. W 1886 został ponownie Głównym Sekretarzem Irlandii, ale problemy ze wzrokiem skłoniły go do rezygnacji ze stanowiska w roku następnym.

W 1888 Hicks-Beach wrócił do polityki i objął stanowisko przewodniczącego Zarządu Handlu. Pozostał na tym stanowisko do wyborczej porażki konserwatystów w 1892. Po powrocie Partii Konserwatywnej do władzy w 1895 ponownie został kanclerzem skarbu. Próbował zmniejszyć dług państwowy, który wynosił 25 000 000 funtów, przez podwyższanie podatków i wprowadzanie nowych. Nie było to łatwe, gdyż coraz większe sumy z kasy państwowej wydawane były na toczącą się wówczas II wojnę burską. Hicks-Beach opuścił gabinet razem z premierem, lordem Salisbury, w 1902 r.

W następnych latach Hicks-Beach został prezesem Królewskiej Komisji ds. Praktyk Rytualnych w Kościele. Był również członkiem Food-free League. W 1906 r. został parem Zjednoczonego Królestwa jako 1. wicehrabia St Aldwyn. W 1915 r. tytuł podniesiono do rangi hrabiego.

6 stycznia 1864 r. poślubił Caroline Susan Elwas (1845 – 14 sierpnia 1865), córkę Johna Henry'ego Elwasa i Mary Bromley, córki admirała Roberta Bromleya, 3. baroneta. Małżeństwo to nie doczekało się potomstwa.

3 września 1874 r. poślubił lady Lucy Catherine Fortescue (1851 – 19 marca 1940), córkę Hugh Fortescue, 3. hrabiego Fortescue, i Georgiany Dawson-Damer, córki pułkownika George'a Dawsona. Michael i Lucy mieli razem syna i trzy córki:
 Eleanor Lucy Hicks-Beach (29 października 1875 – 1 grudnia 1960), żona Johna Keane'a, 5. baroneta, miała dzieci
 Michael Hugh Hicks-Beach (19 stycznia 1877 – 23 kwietnia 1916), wicehrabia Quenington, ojciec 2. hrabiego St Aldwyn
 Susan Hicks-Beach (ur. 15 czerwca 1878)
 Victoria Hicks-Beach (ur. 12 września 1879)

Lord St Aldwyn zmarł w 1916 r., tydzień po swoim jedynym synu. Tytuły odziedziczył jego wnuk.

Linki zewnętrzne

 thepeerage.com

Kanclerze skarbu
Arystokracja brytyjska
Brytyjscy parlamentarzyści 1859–1865
Brytyjscy parlamentarzyści 1865–1868
Brytyjscy parlamentarzyści 1868–1874
Brytyjscy parlamentarzyści 1874–1880
Brytyjscy parlamentarzyści 1880–1885
Brytyjscy parlamentarzyści 1885–1886
Brytyjscy parlamentarzyści 1886–1892
Brytyjscy parlamentarzyści 1892–1895
Brytyjscy parlamentarzyści 1895–1900
Brytyjscy parlamentarzyści 1900–1906
Urodzeni w 1837
Zmarli w 1916
Brytyjscy samorządowcy
Politycy Partii Konserwatywnej (Wielka Brytania)
Ludzie urodzeni w Londynie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Join the camaraderie of the Tioga Pass Run: 3,200 feet of elevation gain over a 12.4-mile-long course along the shoulder of one of the most scenic highways in the country. Proceeds from the run benefit the Mono Lake Committee.
The 2019 Tioga Pass Run will be held on Sunday, September 8, 2019.
Registration is now open, and the race fills up with 150 entrants. Register by August 1 to get a T-shirt.
Sign up before June to get the lowest price of $40 per person. June 1–July 31 the price is $50. August 1–September 6 the price is $60, and September 6 is the last day to sign up online. Same-day registration is available from 6:30 to 7;30am and costs $60.
Start times are 7:00am for walkers and 8:00am for runners. Top male and female runners are awarded after the run, and there is a prize raffle for all racers.
Runners take off in front of the Mono Lake Committee in Lee Vining.
Located on the eastern side of the Sierra Nevada mountain range, Tioga Pass is the eastern gateway to Yosemite National Park. The start line is in the town of Lee Vining at an elevation of 6,781 feet above sea level and the finish line is at the top of Tioga Pass at 9,945 feet.
This run allows you to truly enjoy the beauty of the Eastern Sierra from Mono Lake to Tioga Pass. Proceeds from the Run benefit the Mono Lake Committee.
Be prepared for any weather, from warm late summer temperatures to early winter snow flurries. Weather conditions can vary greatly from the start to finish line. There will be aid stations at miles 3, 6, 9, and the finish. Car shuttles will be available to transport gear bags to the finish line during the Run and to provide participants with transportation back to Lee Vining after the Run.
Questions about the run? Contact Alana Gillmore at (760) 717-0176.
The 2018 Tioga Pass Run was held on Sunday, September 9, 2018 and was a great success. Nearly 150 participants turned out for the 38th annual run!
Thank you to the sponsors for donating gear and prizes; to our volunteers for staffing aid stations and shuttling racers; and the Whoa Nellie Deli for hosting the post-race celebratory lunch.
Be sure to check out the Tioga Pass Run on Facebook.
The Tioga Pass Run is dedicated to the memory of Ferdinand Castillo, who is part of the history of the Tioga Pass entrance to Yosemite National Park. He cheered on the Tioga Pass Run finishers for the first 13 years of the run, and is with us in our memories, reminding us to tread carefully on the delicate alpine environment of Tioga Pass.


This condo consists of 2 hotel rooms and a studio - making it a combined 3BR + 2 loft/4BA condo that sleeps 12 guests comfortably. A truly unique condo in the Mountain Village core at ski-in/out convenience.
Blue Mesa Penthouse is located in the bldg that sits on the east end of the plaza on the opposite end of the La Piazza restaurant. The front door is on the north end of the building.
Enter this 2-level condo from the 4th floor hallway (elevator access) through the #40B door to find a living room with gas fireplace, sofa-sleeper, TV w/VCR and DVD, balcony with views of the plaza below and San Sofia Ridge beyond. A full kitchen and dining area offer gathering space. Up the spiral stairs is the loft with a queen bed.
In the attached unit #40C, there is a sitting area, a nook with queen bed, TV w/ VCR and DVD, kitchenette, and spiral stairs up to the loft with 2 twin beds (recommended for children). Each bathroom has a shower/tub combo.
The 3rd attached unit, #40A, has a queen bed in the loft and a sleeper sofa in the living room, kitchenette and sitting area and a private bath.
The complex offers common laundry room and ski lockers for each unit. This condo has 1 parking space in the Blue Mesa parking garage. Additional parking is available at the intercept lot for $25.00 per night. The ski runs are less than 100 feet from the building, considered ski-in/ski-out.


Amazingly soft with a flawless fit, this top-selling men's crew by Alternative Apparel is a wardrobe staple you can't live without. It comes in colors for every day of the week, and then some. Whether you wear it to a sporting event or out to dinner, you'll look and feel top-notch in this shirt.


text:
Krabbendam is a village in the Dutch province of North Holland. It is a part of the municipality of Schagen, and lies about 10 km north of Alkmaar.

History
The village was first mentioned in 1413 or 1414 as Crabbendamme. A "krabbendam" is an engineer's term for a structure of poles in front of a dike to break the waves and diminish the impact on the dike. There is no relation with crabs. Almost the entire village was destroyed during the Battle of Krabbendam. Krabbendam was home to 109 people in 1840. The Reformed Church was built in 1846, and is nowadays used for weddings and cultural activities.

Gallery

References

External links

Schagen
Populated places in North Holland


text:
«Forget to Remember» es un sencillo de la banda estadounidense Mudvayne, lanzado en 2005. Hace parte del tercer álbum de estudio Lost and Found. Contiene tres minutos y medio de duración y fue producido por Dave Fortman bajo el sello discográfico Epic Records. La canción es uno de los discos incluidos en la banda sonora de la película Saw II.

Video
En septiembre de 2005, la banda se reunió con el director de cine Darren Lynn Bousman, cuya película Saw II estaba en producción y que contaba con este sencillo. Bousman les mostró una escena que representa a un hombre cortando su ojo fuera de su cráneo para recuperar una llave. Chad Gray habló con Bousman sobre el tema en el restaurante Big Boy Bob, dos años antes, y Bousman reveló que él llevaría a cabo sus reuniones de producción en el restaurante, y que Saw II se había basado en un guion que escribió años antes. Gray apareció en un pequeño papel en la película, y Bousman dirigió el video musical de «Forget to Remember», que contó con clips de la filmación y actuación en uno de los conjuntos de la película.

Posicionamiento en las listas

Véase también
 Lost and Found
 Anexo:Discografía de Mudvayne

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Página web oficial de Mudvayne

Canciones de Mudvayne
Sencillos de 2005
Canciones en inglés
Canciones de nu metal


Create a sleek and subtle look in your living room or bedroom with this throw pillow.
Create a sleek and subtle look in your living room or bedroom with this throw pillow. This accent piece features a classic plaid pattern in shades of grey and white. Mix and match this 18" pillow with fun colors and exciting patterns from our wide selection of toss pillows. Made in the USA and constructed with 100% durable cotton material.


At CentriKid, we promise to free your hands of all the little distractions associated with kids ministry. For one week out of the year, hand us the clipboard. We'll handle lunch, plan Bible Study, set up Recreation, organize leaders, and lead Worship sessions. You, along with your other leaders, have one main job: make every minute count. We want to help you build life-changing relationships in ministry at church and at CentriKid!


Document Notes: FBI Director Hoover reports to the Chief of the Special Defense Unit on an MID report concerning the Imperial Comradeship Society of California. Report includes pledge to do sabotage and inclusion of second generation Japanese (U.S. citizens) in the organization. This memo draws from MID information relating to this organization. It contains, almost verbatim, information in a report from Hawaii in Oct., 1941.


text:
Publication - Progress report
A Scotland without fuel poverty is a fairer Scotland: report
Directorate:
Housing and Social Justice Directorate
Report by the Scottish Fuel Poverty Strategic Working Group proposing a fresh approach to delivering affordable warmth and energy use in Scotland.
Full list of recommendations
2. Vision and framing for a future fuel poverty strategy
3. Address all four drivers of fuel poverty
4. Collaborative partnerships at the local level
Appendix 1: Scottish Fuel Poverty Strategic Working Group
Appendix 2: Stakeholder engagement
Appendix 3: Mitigating Fuel Poverty Logic Model
Appendix 4: Dormont Park Passivhaus
Appendix 5: Framework of current actions to address fuel poverty
Appendix 6: Macmillan Care Plan
Appendix 7: Other definitions / indicators of fuel poverty
Appendix 8: Monitoring and evaluation - background information
After nearly four years as Chairman of the Scottish Fuel Poverty Forum, I stepped down in 2015. Later in the year the Scottish Government asked me to chair a short-life, independent, strategic working group tasked with developing a vision for the eradication of fuel poverty in Scotland and producing a report with recommendations for a new fuel poverty strategy. The purpose of the work was to advise Ministers and provide the basis for a wider debate.
This report contains the culmination of a year's work by the twelve members of the group who have each brought their specialist knowledge and experience to bear during that time. Details of the group are shown in appendix 1 of the report and I would like to thank each one of them most sincerely for their efforts along with the many stakeholders who have also provided input.
I would also like to single out Elizabeth Leighton for special thanks. As the working group's Policy Advisor she has certainly gone the extra mile in co-ordinating the drafting of the final report and in providing briefing and support to members on the very wide ranging subject matter covered in our investigations. I should also thank Christine McArthur of Energy Action Scotland who has provided the group with excellent administrative management.
My own sense is that now is a critical time for Scotland to improve the results of past efforts to reduce disadvantage caused through fuel poverty. As the November 2016 date for the fulfilment of current targets passes, the situation is significantly worse than when the target commitments were made fifteen years ago.
Our report provides analysis of why that situation exists and recognises the significant resources deployed by the Scottish and UK governments to improve the energy efficiency of homes in Scotland. However, we conclude that whilst fabric improvement will provide some of the answer it cannot on its own resolve the problem. Nevertheless, we recommend that future programmes have a very specific objective to deal quickly with hard to treat and other poorly performing housing stock occupied by the most financially disadvantaged.
I believe there is a significant opportunity to be seized given the ongoing commitment to eradicating fuel poverty only recently restated by the Minister for Local Government and Housing. This can be enabled given the new investment in a National Infrastructure Priority for Energy Efficiency and the new devolved powers soon to be available.
Scottish government, local government, energy companies and local communities should take advantage of the new powers, and of cross-party support for warm homes, to invest collaborative effort in mounting a renewed push on tackling fuel poverty.
Currently, the measures to reduce fuel poverty are mainly the preserve of the Better Homes Division within Scottish Government and these are embedded within a programme focussed on climate change improvement through energy efficiency measures, many of which target disadvantaged groups.
Alongside this necessary activity we seek integrated action on several other important fronts, particularly involving social work and primary healthcare within local communities, focussed on finding and responding to families and individuals who are failing to prosper due to fuel poverty. Our proposals are based on an expectation that local partnerships would take more of a lead in this regard, working with nationally funded programmes.
Our recommendations look to a cross-departmental programme which forms a mainstream part of the Scottish Government's overall approach to poverty reduction. We hope to see that embodied in statute and measured and monitored for regular parliamentary scrutiny.
I look forward to receiving the Scottish Government's response to our report.
David Sigsworth
Scottish Fuel Poverty Strategic Working Group


Obesity treatment using stem cells is the topic of 2013's most-visited news release on EurekAlert!
For the second year in a row, obesity research features prominently in the group of 10 most-visited news releases posted on EurekAlert! during the 2013 calendar year. Other subjects covered in 2013's list of most visited news releases are energy efficiency, animal behavior, mental health, and several other diverse fields.


Grate all veg and fruit together in a bowl.
Toast seeds on low heat then set them aside to cool.
In a small bowl, mix oil, vinegar, honey and lemon to taste and whisk until emulsified (combined).
Stir into grated mix and season to taste.
Add toasted seeds and combine. Enjoy!!


text:
Profile / Biography
Celebrating Olufela Olusegun Oludotun Ransome-Kuti, Nigerian Music Icon And Activist
ACEworld Publishers — 01 October 2018 add comment
Fela was born Olufela Olusegun Oludotun Ransome-Kuti, on 15 October 1938 in
Abeokuta , Ogun State , Nigeria into an upper-middle-class family. His mother, Chief Funmilayo Ransome-Kuti , was a feminist activist in the anti-colonial
movement; his father, Reverend Israel Oludotun Ransome-Kuti , an
Anglican minister and school principal, was the first president of the
Nigeria Union of Teachers . His brothers, Beko Ransome-Kuti and Olikoye
Ransome-Kuti , both medical doctors , are well known in Nigeria. Fela is
a cousin to the Nigerian writer and Nobel laureate Wole Soyinka , the
first African to win the Nobel Prize for Literature .
attended Abeokuta Grammar School. Later he was sent to London in 1958 to
study medicine but decided to study music instead at the Trinity
College of Music , the trumpet being his preferred instrument. While
there, he formed the band Koola Lobitos, playing a fusion of jazz and
highlife . In 1960, Fela married his first wife, Remilekun (Remi)
Taylor, with whom he would have three children ( Femi , Yeni , and
Sola). In 1963, Fela moved back to Nigeria, re-formed Koola Lobitos and
trained as a radio producer for the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation.
He played for some time with Victor Olaiya and his All Stars.
1967, he went to Ghana to think up a new musical direction. That was
when Kuti first called his music Afrobeat . In 1969, Fela took the band
to the United States where they spent 10 months in Los Angeles. While
there, Fela discovered the Black Power movement through Sandra Smith
(now Sandra Izsadore), a partisan of the Black Panther Party. The
experience would heavily influence his music and political views. He
renamed the band Nigeria '70. Soon afterwards, the Immigration and
Naturalization Service was tipped off by a promoter that Fela and his
band were in the US without work permits. The band immediately performed
a quick recording session in Los Angeles that would later be released
as The '69 Los Angeles Sessions.
After Fela and his band
returned to Nigeria, the group was renamed The Afrika '70, as lyrical
themes changed from love to social issues. He then formed the Kalakuta
Republic, a
commune , a recording studio, and a home for the
many people connected to the band that he later declared indepent. Fela
set up a nightclub in the Empire Hotel, first named the Afro-Spot and
then the Afrika Shrine, where he both performed regularly and officiated
at personalized Yoruba traditional ceremonies in honour of his nation's
ancestral faith. He also changed his name to Anikulapo (meaning "He who
carries death in his pouch", with the interpretation: "I will be the master of my own destiny and will decide when it is time for death to take me").
He stopped using the hyphenated surname "Ransome" because it was a slave name .
Fela's music was popular among the Nigerian public and Africans in
general. In fact, he made the decision to sing in Pidgin English so that
his music could be enjoyed by individuals all over Africa, where the
local languages spoken are very diverse and numerous . As popular as
Fela's music had become in Nigeria and elsewhere, it was also very
unpopular with the ruling government, and raids on the Kalakuta Republic
were frequent. During 1972,
Ginger Baker recorded Stratavarious
with Fela appearing alongside Bobby Tench . Around this time, Kuti
became even more involved in the Yoruba religion .
Fela and the Afrika '70 released the album Zombie , a scathing attack on
Nigerian soldiers using the zombie metaphor to describe the methods of
the Nigerian military . The album was a smash hit and infuriated the
government, setting off a vicious attack against the Kalakuta Republic,
during which one thousand soldiers attacked the commune. Fela was
severely beaten, and his elderly mother (whose house was located
opposite the commune) was thrown from a window, causing fatal injuries.
The Kalakuta Republic was burned, and Fela's studio, instruments, and
master tapes were destroyed. Fela claimed that he would have been killed
had it not been for the intervention of a commanding officer as he was
being beaten. Fela's response to the attack was to deliver his mother's
coffin to the
Dodan Barracks in Lagos , General Olusegun Obasanjo 's
residence, and to write two songs, "Coffin for Head of State" and
"Unknown Soldier", referencing the official inquiry that claimed the
commune had been destroyed by an unknown soldier.
Fela and his band
then took residence in Crossroads Hotel, as the Shrine had been
destroyed along with his commune. In 1978, Fela married 27 women, many
of whom were his dancers, composers, and singers. The marriage served
not only to mark the anniversary of the attack on the Kalakuta Republic
but also to protect Fela, and his wives, from false claims from
authorities that Fela was kidnapping the women. Later, he was to adopt a
rotation system of keeping only 12 simultaneous wives. The year was
also marked by two notorious concerts, the first in
Accra in which
riots broke out during the song "Zombie", which led to Fela being banned
from entering Ghana . The second was at the Berlin Jazz Festival after
which most of Fela's musicians deserted him, due to rumours that Fela
was planning to use the entire proceeds to fund his presidential
campaign.
Despite the massive setbacks, Fela was determined to come
back. He formed his own political party, which he called Movement of the
People (MOP), in order to "clean up society like a mop".
Fela states in an interview, "Stressing the point that, " I have to make
Africans aware of the fact that Egyptian civilization belongs to the
African. So that was the reason why I changed the name of my band to
Egypt 80." Fela continued to record albums and tour the country. He
further infuriated the political establishment by dropping the names of
ITT Corporation vice-president Moshood Abiola and then General Olusegun
Obasanjo at the end of a hot-selling 25-minute political screed entitled
"I.T.T. (International Thief-Thief)".
In 1984, Muhammadu
Buhari 's government, of which Kuti was a vocal opponent, jailed him on a
charge of currency smuggling which Amnesty International and others
denounced as politically motivated. Amnesty designated him a prisoner of
conscience , and his case was also taken up by other human rights
groups. After 20 months, he was released from prison by General Ibrahim
Babangida . On his release he divorced his 12 remaining wives, saying
that "marriage brings jealousy and selfishness".
Once again, Fela
continued to release albums with Egypt '80, made a number of successful
tours of the United States and Europe and also continued to be
politically active. In 1986, Fela performed in Giants Stadium in New
Jersey as part of the Amnesty International A Conspiracy of Hope
concert, sharing the bill with Bono ,
Carlos Santana, and The Neville Brothers . In 1989, Fela and Egypt '80 released the anti-
apartheid Beasts of No Nation that depicts on its cover U.S. President
Ronald Reagan , UK Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher and South African
State President Pieter Willem Botha , that title of the composition, as
Barrett notes, having evolved out of a statement by Botha: "This
uprising [against the apartheid system] will bring out the beast in us."
Fela's album output slowed in the 1990s, and eventually
he stopped releasing albums altogether. In 1993, he and four members of
the Afrika '70 organization were arrested for murder. The battle against
military corruption in Nigeria was taking its toll, especially during
the rise of Sani Abacha . Rumours were also spreading that he was
suffering from an illness for which he was refusing treatmentreatments.
On 3 August 1997, Olikoye Ransome-Kuti , already a prominent AIDS activist and former
Minister of Health , announced his younger brother's death a day
earlier from complications related to AIDS . However, there has been no
definitive proof that Kuti died from complications related to HIV/AIDS,
and much skepticism surrounds this alleged cause of death and the
sources that have popularized this claim. For example, it is widely
claimed that Fela suffered and may have possibly died from Kaposi's
Sarcoma , which is a symptom of HIV/AIDS infection. However, there are
no known photos of Kuti with telltale lesions; moreover, Kuti was
honored with a lying-in-state in which his remains were encased in a
five-sided glass coffin for full public viewing. More than one million
people attended Fela's funeral at the site of the old Shrine compound.
The New Afrika Shrine has opened since Fela's death in a different
section of Lagos under the supervision of his son Femi.
We are proud to celebrate this Nigeria Afrobeat Icon and activists. May his soul continue to rest!.
Credit: McCoy Major Golding
About the Author: ACEworld Publishers
At ACEworld Publishers, we publish Latest Opportunities, Jobs & Free Online Courses. Join us on Twitter .
» Men Are Not Beasts by John Chizoba Vincent on 15 Aug, 2020
» 10 Interesting Facts You Probably Don't Know About Chinua Achebe, Father of African Literature on 13 Aug, 2020
» Celebrating The Contemporary Goddess of African Literature, Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie on 13 Aug, 2020
» Dealing With Some Hungry Nigerian Feminists. on 10 Aug, 2020
» Letter To The Boys Of Tomorrow; A poetic appraisal of John Chizoba Vincent's For Boys of Tomorrow by Aire Joshua Omotayo on 8 Aug, 2020
» Another Side Of Paul Word Uma; A Review Of 'Be Me' on 8 Aug, 2020
» New Book Alert: Pun Poetry Anthology on 6 Aug, 2020
» Published: This is Nigeria (The Grey Anthology) on 5 Aug, 2020
» Kanyinsola Olorunnisola, Dhee Sylvester, Eze Ossai and 3 others make Anarchi Shortlist on 4 Aug, 2020
» Diary of an Orisa by Mariam Ayoife Olajide on 4 Aug, 2020


CoA Writ Petition 5942 of 2004 In In the High Court of Judicature at Bombay. Vol. Architects Act, 1972. New Delhi, India: Council of Architecture, 2004.
Writ Petition No. 5942 of 2004 filed by Shri Prince Shivaji Marathma Boarding House's House's College or Architecture, Kolhapur & Another Vs. State of Maharashtra.
20. In the light of the above observations it is obvious that the Legislature never intended to confer on the AICTE a super power undermining the status, authority and autonomous functioning of the existing statutory bodies inareas and spheres assigned to them under the respective legislations. There is nothing in the AICTE Act to suggest a legislative intention to belitle and destroy the authority or autonomy of Council of Architecture which is having its own assigned role to perform. The role of the AICTE vis-a-vis the Council of Architects is advisory and recomenadatory and as a guiding factor and thereby subserving the cause of maintaining appropriate standards and qualitative norms. It is impossible to conceive that the Parliament intended to abrogate the provisions of the Architects Act embodying a complete code for architectural education, including qualifications of the architects by enacting a general provision like section 10 of the AICTE Act. It is clear that the Parliament did have before it the Architects Act when it passed AICTE Act and Parliament never meant that the provisions of the Architects Act stand pro tanto repealed by section 10 of the AICTE Act. We, therefore, hold that the provisionsofthe Architects Act are not impliedly repealedbythe enactmentof AICTE Act because in so far as the Architecture Institutions are concerned, the final authority for the purposes of fixing the normsand standards would be Council of Architecture. Accordingly, we quash and set aside the order of the Deputy Director reducing the intake capacity of the petitioner college of architecture from 40 to 30. Rule is accordingly made absolute in terms of prayer clauses (a) and (b) with no order as to costs.
All Secretaries of Higher Technical Education and Director of Technical Education of States & UTs.
All authorities granting recognized qualifications under section 14 of the Architects Act, 1972.
All Universities offering 5 year B.Arch. Courses.
All Schools/institutions/colleges imparting Architectural Education. .
All authorities conducting Admission and Aptitude Test for admission to 5 year B.Arch. Courses.
All the members of the Council of Architecture.
Subject : In the High Court of Judicature at Bombay, Writ Petition No. 5942 of 2004 filed by Shri Prince Shivaji Marathma Boarding House's House's College or Architecture, Kolhapur & Another Vs. State of Maharashtra, AICTE and COA (AICTE Act, 1987 Vs. Architects Act, 1972] - regulating norms and standards for architectural education - reg.
I have to inform you that a Writ Petition bearing no. 5942 of 2004 was filed by Shri Prince Shivaji Maratha Boarding House's College of Architecture, Kolhapur & Another against State of Maharashtra, All India Council for Technical Education constituted under the AICTE Act, 1987 and Council of .Architecture constituted under the Architects Act, 1972, in the High Court of Judicature at Bombay. I am pleased to enclose herewith a copy of the judgment dated 81b September, 2004 delivered by The Division Bench of Bombay High Court comprising Justice Mr. A.P. Shah and Justice Mr. S. U. Kamdar, in the above matter. In this landmark judgment the court has ruled that the Architects Act 1972 is a Special act and the Council of Architecture is the final authority for the purpose of fixing the norms and regulating standards of architectural education in India.
The Hon'ble Court has further held that as far as Architectural Education is concerned, the Architects Act, 1972 is a special legislation and the AICTE Act is a general legislation and therefore the provisions of the AICTE Act to lay down functions for technical education generally cannot be construed to disp1ace the authority of the Council of Architecture constituted under the Architects Act, 1972. Further, the court has applied the Legal Maxim "generalia specialibus non derogant" in the instant case. The court observed that the doctrine of implied repeal by a later act is not applicable as Architects Act, 1972 is a complete code in itself for registration and education of architects specificaJ1y deals with recognized qualifications for architects includes the regulation and monitoring of the course contents and standards of education. The Court has held that on combined reading of Sections 14 to 17 and Section 21of the Architects Act, 1972 leaves no manner of doubt that in the field of architectural institutions the Architects Act has been given overriding effect over the other laws.
This is for favour of your information and necessary action.
CORAM : A.P. SHAH & S.U. KAMDAR JJ.
2. The learned counsel appearing for the respondents waive service. By consent, rule is made returnable forthwith.
3. This petition raises a short and interesting question, of some importance, whether the All India Council of Technical Education Act, 1987 (for shot, 'AICTE Act') overrides the provisions of the Architects Act, 1972 in the matter of prescribing and regulating norms and standards of architectural institutions. In other words, whether the AICTE Act which is a later Act has impliedly repealed the provisions of the Architects Act. For a better appreciation of the question it becomes necessary to state few facts. The petitioner no. 1 is a college of architecture established by the petitioner no. 2 trust. The respondent no. 1 is the State of Maharashtra. The respondent no. 2 is the Director of Technical Education, State of Maharashtra. The respondent no. 3 is the All India Council for Technical Education, (for short, 'AICTE') a statutory body constituted under the AICTE Act. The respondent No. 4 is the Council of Architecture established under the provisions of the Architects Act. The petitioner no.1 college is affiliated to Shivaji University, Kolhapur and the intake capacity of the college was 40 students per year. During the inspection jointly held on 25th April 2003 by the AICTE and Council of Architecture certain deficiencies and shortcomings were found in the college and, therefore, for the Academic years 2003-04 and 2004-05 the intake capacity was reduced from 40 students per year to 30 students per year. On 27th August 2003 the petitioner submitted compliance report pointing out fulfillment of all conditions as mentioned in the inspection report. The Council of Architecture on the basis of the compliance report forwarded by the petitioner carried out inspection of the petitioner college on 9th/10th March 2004 and after having been satisfied with the compliance issued a letter dated 18th May 2004 restoring the intake capacity of 40 students per year. In the meantime, the Director of Technical Education published rules for admission to Bachelor of Architects Course through Common Entrance Test (CET). The Director of Technical Education fixed the intake capacity of 30 students in respect of the petitioner no. 1 college on the basis of the norms and standards fixed by the AICTE. It is this action of the Director of Technical Education which is questioned in this petition. The petitioners contend that the provisions of the Architects Act and regulations framed thereunder shall prevail over the provisions of the AICTE Act and the director of Technical Education has no power to fix the intake capacity contrary to the decision taken by the Council of Architecture. The Council of Architecture has wholly supported the petition. On the other hand the AICTE has maintained that the matter of prescribing and regulating the norms and standards of architectural education falls exclusively within the domain of AICTE under the AICTE Act. Thus the contest is really between the AICTE and Council of Architecture both claiming right to decide architectural education's standards.
4. Mr. Rafiq Dada. learned counsel appearing for the Council of Architecture submitted that the Architects Act, 1972 is a special law dealing with the subject of architecture providing for prescribing, regulating and maintaining of the standards of architectural education, registration of architects, their conduct and other related matters and complete code by itself. As against this the AICTE Act deals with several disciplines in technical education one of which is architecture. Therefore the AICTE Act is a general law whereas Architects Act is a special law and is not overridden or superseded by the AICTE Act. Mr. Dada urged that the principle generalia specialibus non derogant would be clearly attracted in the instant case and unless the special law is abrogated by express words or by making a provision which is wholly inconsistent with it, cannot be said to have been abrogated by mere implication. According to Mr. Dada there is nothing in the AICTE Act to belittle or destroy the authority or autonomy of the Council of Architecture which is established under the Architects Act. The role of AICTE as far as architectural institutions are concerned is only advisory and for coordination, strengthening and development of architectural education. The general provisions in the AICTE Act touching the subject matter of architecture therefore do not abrogate the provisions of the Architects Act and are not repugnant or inconsistent with the Architects Act. Mr. Dada urged that the AICTE Act does not supplant the provisions of the Architects Act but at the highest supplement them. Mr Thorat, appearing for the petitioners, adopted the submissions of Mr. Dada.
5. Mr. Chinoy, appearing for the AICTE, on the other hand, submitted that the provision of the AICTE Act deal with the same subject matter as that of the Architects Act, 1972 in so far as promoting, maintaining and managing standards of architecture education is concerned. The provisions of the two Acts cannot stand together and this is borne out from the facts of the present case where the AICTE and Council of Architecture have in their regulations stipulated different intake capacity for the petitioner college. The role of AICTE cannot be said to be advisory or subject to provisions of the Architects Act. The AICTE Act is later Act and specifically covers the field of prescribing, regulating and maintaining standards and norms of architectural education. It must necessarily follow that the AICTE Act has impliedly repealed the provisions of the Architects Act in these matters. Mr. Chinoy also submitted that the AICTE Act is a special law dealing with the subject in as much as it specifically deals with all aspects of the technical education which is statutorily defined to include architectural education. In contradistinction the Architects Act essentially deals with regulating the profession of Architects and in connection therewith makes provisions regarding prescribing, regulating and maintaining norms and standards of architectural education. If the focus and principal subject matter is architectural education, the AICTE Act is a special law and Architects Act is a general law, even though the Architects Act might be a special legislation regarding the Architects' profession. Therefore the doctrine of generalia specialibus non derogant has no application.
"The rule that general provisions should yield to specific provisions is not an arbitrary principle made by lawyers and judges but sprigs from the common understanding of men and women that when the same person gives two directions one covering a large number of matters in general and anther to only some of them his intention is that these latter directions should prevail as regards these while as regards all the rest the earlier directions should have effect".
"In passing a special Act, Parliament devotes its entire consideration to a particular subject. When a general Act is subsequently passed, it is logical to presume that Parliament has not repealed or modified the former special Act unless it appears that the special Act again received consideration from Parliament".
"In determining whether a statute is a special or a general one, the focus must be on the principal subject matter plus the particular perspective. For certain purposes, an Act may be general and for certain other purposes it may be special and we cannot blur distinctions when dealing with finer points of law".
"There is presumption against a repeal by Implication; and the reason of this rule is based on the theory that the legislature while enacting a law has complete knowledge of the existing laws on the same subject-matter, and therefore, when it does not provide a repealing provision, the intention is clear not to repeal the existing legislation. ( See Municipal Council, Palai v T J Joseph, AIR 1963 SC 1561, Northern India Caterers (P) Ltd v State of Punjab, AIR 1967 SC 1581, Municipal Corpn of Delhi vs Shiv Shankar, (1971) 1 SCC 442, and Ratan Lal Adukia v Union of India, (1989) 3 SCC 537). When the new Act contains a repealing section mentioning the Acts which it expressly repeals, the presumption against implied repeal of other laws is further strengthened on the principle expressio unius (persone vel rei) est exclusio alterius. (The express intention of one person or thing is the exclusion of another), as illuminatingly stated in Garnett v Bradley, (1878) 3 AC 944. The continuance of the existing legislation, in the absence of an express provision of repeal by implication lies on the party asserting the same. The presumption is, however, rebutted and a repeal is inferred by necessary implication when the provisions of the later Act are so inconsistent with or repugnant to the provisions of the earlier Act that the two cannot stand together. But, if the two can be read together and some application can be made of the words in the earlier Act, a repeal will not be inferred.
11. A two Judge Bench of the Supreme Court in a recent judgment in Godavat Pan Masala Products I.P. Ltd vs Union of India, 2004 AIR SCW 4483, observed that in case of conflict between a special law and a general law, even if both are enacted by the same legislative authority, the special law must displace the general law to the extent of inconsistency. The operation of the maxim generalia specialibus non derogant has been approved and applied by the Court in such situations.
12. To determine whether a later statute repeals by implication an earlier statute, it would be necessary to scrutinize the terms and consider the true meaning and effect of the two statutes. The Architects Act, 1972 is enacted to provide for prescribing, regulating and maintaining the standards of architectural education, qualification of architects based on these standards and for registration of qualified Architects. Section 2 (a) defines the term "Architect" to mean a person whose name is for the time being entered in the register. Section 2 (d) defines "recognised qualification" to mean any qualification in architecture for the time being included in the Schedule or notified under section 15. Section 14 (1) of the Architects Act provides that the qualifications included in the Schedule or notified under section 15 shall be recognised qualifications for the purposes of Act and sub-section (2) provides that the Schedule may be amended so as to include such other recognised qualifications and the Central Government may do so by notification in the official gazette after consultation with the Council of Architecture. Section 17 of the Act contains a non obstinate clause and provides that notwithstanding anything contained in any other law, but subject to the provisions of the Act, any recognised qualification shall be a sufficient qualification for enrolment in the register. Section 18 provides that every authority in India which grants a recognised qualification shall furnish relevant information to the Council of Architecture as to the courses of study and examination to be undergone and various other matters provided in the section. Section 19 provides for appointment of Inspectors by the Executive Committee to inspect any College or Institution where architectural education is given or to attend any examination held by any college or institution for the purpose of recommending to the Central Government recognition of architectural qualifications granted by that College or Institution. Section 20 confers power for withdrawal of recognition upon report of the Executive Committee to the Council of Architecture that the courses of study and examination, staff accommodation do not conform to the standards prescribed by regulations and the Council in that case shall make necessary report to the appropriate government. Section 21 empowers the Council to prescribe the minimum standards of architectural education required for granting recognised qualifications by colleges or institutions in India. Section 22, empowers the Council of Architecture to prescribe standards of professional conduct and etiquette and a code of ethics for Architects. Under Section 23(2), the Council of Architecture is required to maintain the register of Architects. Under Section 29 the Council is empowered to remove from the register the name of any architect as provided thereunder. Under Section 45, the Council has power to make regulations with the approval of the Central Government to carry out the purposes of the Act. The Council of Architecture has with approval of the Central Government framed regulations known as Minimum Standards of Architectural Education Regulations, 1983 in exercise of powers conferred by clauses (e), (g), (h) and (j) of sub-section (2) of Section 45 read with Section 21 of the Architects Act. The said regulations provide for eligibility for admission to architectural course, aptitude test, etc. The regulations also provide for intake, course and periods of studies, professional examination, standard of proficiency and conditions of admission, qualification of examiner. They also provide for standards of staff, equipment, accommodation, training and other facilities for architectural education. The Architects Act is thus a complete code in itself in so far as the architectural education is concerned.
Section 2 (h) defines the words "technical institution" to mean "an institution, not being a University, which offers courses or programmes of technical education, and shall include such other institutions as the Central Government may, in consultation with the Council, by notification in the Official Gazette, declared as technical institutions. Section 10 of the AICTE Act, provides that it shall be the duty of the Council to take all such steps as it may think fit for ensuring co-ordinated and integrated development of technical education and maintenance of standards and for the purposes of performing its functions under this Act, the Council amongst other things can lay down norms and standards for courses, curricula, physical and instructional facilities, staff pattern, staff qualifications, quality instructions, assessment and examination ; grant approval for starting new technical institutions and for introduction of new courses or programmes in consultation with the agencies concerned; inspect or cause to inspect any technical institution. Under Section 11 the AICTE is authorized to cause an inspection of any technical institution to be made for the purposes of ascertaining the financial needs of a technical institution or a University or its standards of teaching, examination and research. Under Section 23 the AICTE may by notification in the official gazette make regulations generally to carry out the purposes of the Act. The AICTE has framed regulations in exercise of power under section 23 covering almost all the aspects of technical education.
14. On a careful examination of the scheme of the two statutes it is seen that the Architects Act is especially designed to deal with the Architects and the maintenance of the standards in architectural education and profession with recognised qualifications. The Architects Act read as a whole is a complete code in itself for registration and education of architects and specifically deals with the recognised qualifications for architects which includes the regulation and monitoring of the course contents and standards of education. Section 17 of the Architects Act contains a non obstante clause and provides that notwithstanding anything contained by any other law, but subject to the provisions of the Architects Act, any recognised qualification shall be a sufficient qualification for enrolment in the register. A combined reading of sections 14 to 17 and section 21 leaves no manner of doubt that in the field of architectural institutions, the Architects Act has been given overriding effect over the other laws. It is true that section 2(g) of the AICTE Act also includes architecture within the definition of technical education and an institution which offers course of architecture would be a technical institution under section 2(h). However, the scope and ambit of the AICTE Act is wide ranging and covers various programmes of education research and training other than architecture as can be seen from section 2(g) itself. The main function of the AICTE under the AICTE Act is coordinated development of technical education as defined in the said Act. It is not confined to nor is its sole or main concern architecture, architects and their professional conduct, making standards of architectural education and recognition of qualifications granted by the authorities in India and these matters are specifically dealt with by the Architects Act. Considering the provisions of the Architects Act vis-à-vis AICTE Act, we have no hesitation to hold that as far as architectural education is concerned the Architects Act is a special legislation and the AICTE Act is a general legislation.
(i) The two are inconsistent with each other.
(ii) There is some express reference in the later to the earlier enactment.
If either of these two conditions is fulfilled, the later law, even though general, would prevail.
Two more decisions cited by Mr. Chinoy in the cases of Yogender Pal Singh vs Union of India, (1987) 1 SCC 631 and Dharangdhra Chemical works vs Dharangdhra Municipality (1985) 4 SCC 1992 are on the same lines and hold that when a competent authority makes a new law which is totally inconsistent with earlier law and two cannot stand together any longer, it must be construed that the earlier law had been repealed by necessary implication by the later law.
"----------- Article 372 of the Constitution provides that notwithstanding the repeal by the Constitution of the enactments referred to in Art 395, all the laws that were in force in the territory of India immediately before the commencement of the Constitution shall continue to remain in force until altered or repealed or amended by a competent Legislature or other competent authority. The 1948 Act is undoubtedly an existing law which was in force in the territory of India prior to the commencement of the Constitution. This law was thus to continue to operate till it was altered or repealed or amended by a competent legislature. Parliament in exercise of its powers under Entry 66 of List I (Union List) has enacted the 1987 Act. As already noticed above, this Act covers same field which was earlier covered by the 1948 Act, namely to lay down norms and standards for studies in the field of pharmacy. Therefore in terms of Art 372 of the Constitution, the 1987 Act to the extent it covers the same field as covered by the existing law, i.e. the 1948 Act will prevail and the provisions of the 1948 Act to that extent stand repealed or altered. Alteration, repeal or amendment contemplated by Art 372 of the Constitution may be express, i.e. the existing law may be expressly altered, repealed or amended by a competent Legislature. An existing law may also be modified by necessary implication and this can be done even by a separate enactment as in the present case. When two Acts are inconsistent or repugnant to each other, the existing law will be deemed to have been altered, repealed or amended by the later law enacted by the competent Legislature. Even when there is no repugnancy or inconsistency between the two enactments, the later law enacted by the competent Legislature will prevail provided that law covers the same field as is covered by the existing law since it is last expression of the will of the Legislature that must prevail.
18. In our view, the decision of the Punjab and Haryana High Court has no application to the present case. The scheme of the Architects Act differs from Pharmacy Act in many respects and especially it contains a non obstante clause giving over riding effect to the provisions of the Architects Act. More over the functions of the AICTE mentioned in section 10(1)(k) and (p) are more apposite in cases where there are no existing special body like Council of Architecture already carrying the same functions under the Architects Act. The provision laying down functions for technical education generally cannot be construed to displace the authority of the Council of Architecture constituted under the Architects Act. It is seen from the statement of Objects and Reasons for the AICTE Act that the AICTE was originally set up by the government resolution as national expert body to advise the Central and State Governments for ensuring the coordinated development of technical education in accordance with the approved standards and was playing an effective role, but, however, in recent years a large number of private engineering colleges and polytechnics have come up in complete disregard of the guidelines laid down by the AICTE and taking into account the serious deficiencies of even rudimentary infrastructure necessary for imparting proper education and training and need to maintain educational standards and curtail the growing erosion of standards, statutory authority was meant to be conferred upon the AICTE to play its role more effectively by enacting the AICTE Act. As against this focus of the Architects Act is for prescribing and maintenance of the minimum standards of architectural education required for granting recognised qualifications which entitles a person to practice his profession of an architect, seek employment with the Government or take up teaching assignments. This twin objectives of prescribing standards and overseeing the maintenance of such standards involve laying down minimum standards of architectural education prescribing requirements for eligibility to course, curriculum, duration of course, practical training, proficiency at the examination, staff student ratio, qualification of teachers etc. On the other hand the focus of function of the AICTE is primarily on proper planning and coordinated development of technical education. A fair reading of sub-clauses (b), (r) and (u) of section 10 of the AICTE Act makes it clear that in respect of existing body like the Council of Architecture, the role of the AICTE is only advisory for coordination, strengthening and development of the programmes. We are therefore clearly of the view that the provisions of the Architects Act must prevail over the AICTE Act, in regard to matters of prescribing and regulating norms and standards of architectural institutions.
8.------When the legislative intent finds specific mention and expression in the provisions of the Act itself, the same cannot be whittled down or curtailed and rendered nugatory by giving undue importance to the so called object underlying the Act or the purpose of creation of a body to supervise the implementation of the provisions of the Act, particularly when the AICTE Act does not contain any evidence of an intention to belittle and destroy the authority or autonomy of other statutory bodies, having their own assigned roles to perform. Merely activated by some assumed objects or desirabilities, the courts cannot adorn the mantle of the legislature. It is hard to ignore the legislative intent to give definite meaning to words employed in the Act and adopt an interpretation which would tend to do violence to the express language as well as the plain meaning and patent aim and object underlying the various other provisions of the Act. Even in endeavoring to maintain the object and spirit of the law to achieve the goal fixed by the legislature, the courts must go by the guidance of the words used and not on certain preconceived notions of ideological structure and scheme underlying the law. In the Statement of Objects and Reasons for the AICTE Act, it is specifically stated that AICTE was originally set up by a government resolution as a national expert body to advise to Central and State Governments for ensuring the coordinated development of technical education in accordance with approved standards was playing an effective role, but, "however. In recent years, a large number of private engineering colleges and polytechnics have come up in complete disregard of the guidelines, laid down by the AICTE" and taking into account the serious deficiencies of even rudimentary infrastructure necessary for imparting proper education and training and the need to maintain educational standards and curtail the growing arosion of standards statutory authority was meant to be conferred upon AICTE to play its role more effectively by enacting the AICTE Act.
20. In the light of the above observations it is obvious that the Legislature never intended to confer on the AICTE a super power undermining the status, authority and autonomous functioning of the existing statutory bodies in areas and spheres assigned to them under the respective legislations. There is nothing in the AICTE Act to suggest a legislative intention to belittle and destroy the authority or autonomy of Council of Architecture which is having its own assigned role to perform. The role of the AICTE vis-à-vis the Council of Architects is advisory and recommendatory and as a guiding factor and thereby subscribing the cause of maintaining appropriate standards and qualitative norms. It is impossible to conceive that the Parliament intend to abrogate the provisions of the Architects Act embodying a complete code for architectural education, including qualifications of the Architects by enacting a general provision like section 10 of the AICTE Act. It is clear that the Parliament did have before it the Architects Act when it passed AICTE Act and Parliament never meant that the provisions of the Architects Act stand pro tanto repealed by section 10 of the AICTE Act. We, therefore, hold that the provisions of the Architects Act are not impliedly repealed by the enactment of AICTE Act because in so far as the Architecture Institutions are concerned, the final authority for the purposes of fixing the norms and standards would be the Council of Architecture. Accordingly, we quash and set aside the order of the Deputy Director reducing the intake capacity of the petitioner college of architecture from 40 to 30. Rule is accordingly made absolute in terms of prayer clauses (a) and (b) with no order as to costs.
The Hon'ble Mr. A. P. SHAH J.
The Hon'ble Mr. S. U. KAMDAR J.
1. Whether the Reporters of the local papers may be allowed to see the judgement / order?
2. Whether to be referred to the Reporters or not?
3. Whether their Lordships wish to see the fair copy of the judgement?
4. Whether this case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation of the Constitution of India, 1950 or any order made thereunder?
5. Whether it is to be circulated to the Civil Judges?
6. Whether the case involves an important question of law and whether a copy of the judgement should be sent to Nagpur Aurangabad and Goa offices?
Sub: Introduction of New Course / Extension of Approval / Increase in Intake in the B.Architecture Programme by AICTE from 2004-05 onwards – Regarding.
How AICTE will ensure the quality of architectural education?
Endlaw, Rajiv Sahai. WP(C) NO.8653/2008: Institute Of Town Planners, India vs Council Of Architecture. New Delhi: High Court of Delhi at New Delhi, 2012.
Two Hundred Twenty-Ninth Report on the Architects (Amendment) Bill, 2010 In The Architects (Amendment) Bill, 2010. New Delhi: Rajya Sabha Secretariat, 2011.
Public Notice: 5 Year Degree/ 5 Year Diploma Course in Architecture in THE HINDU, Friday, February 27, 2004 In Council of Architecture versus AICTE., 2003.
Ramesh, Huluvadi G.. WP 23792/2012: BMS Educational Trust vs State Of Karnataka on 22 November, 2012. Bangalore: High Court of Karnataka, 2012.


The Occasions Group, the preferred printing partner for all of life's events, is seeking a 2nd shift Maintenance Technician to inspect, diagnose, repair, and maintain the equipment, real property, and installed systems of our facility.
We offer a breadth of products such as invitations, announcements, and much more! This is an exciting opportunity for an individual looking to gain knowledge, experience, and advancement opportunities, as well as the desire and passion for providing top-notch quality and service.
Must be able to lift 30lbs continuously, and occasionally up to 75 lbs.
The Occasions Group is a group of companies set out to be the preferred printing partner that provides consumers with products and services that celebrate life in all of its occasions. Our companies strive to provide our retailers and end customers with the newest designs, services, technologies, and tools needed for selling and ordering our robust line of products. We offer everything from wedding invitations, graduation and baby announcements to party invitations, holiday cards, and so much more!
Our commitment to our partners is to make it easy and smooth to do business with us, which is where you come in! We are looking for motivated individuals that want to join a team that prides itself on respect, passion for customers and for work, contributing fresh ideas, as well as sharing responsibility and accountability.


Random musings on the writing process and progress of WIPs.
Soon you too will know his name.
My body is screaming for rest and my lazy eye, my curious tic, is misbehaving badly. Still a productive day all-in -all. My writing completed despite my cramping, cold fingers. Submissions sent and I am anticipating what the mail box bring over the incoming months. Now, let's see if I can unfurl my legs and crawl the tall stairs to rest in peace. Goodnight.
This however is my nest. I will continue to post here my electronic home.
This week autumn has stimulated me more than anything else. There is a definite chill in the air. The rooms in my home look that much paler. I walked down the road dressed in a heavy coat . I noticed the turn in the trees. Copper leaves rippled overhead. I could smell the smoke from the first fires of the season. I lit one myself and felt the warmth of it emanating from the belly of my home. This is an emotive time of year and as it plunges deeper into the dark winter I know that I will grow more and more excited.
There are two types of creatures on this earth those that make lists and those that don't. I am a persistent, compulsive and creative list maker. When I say persistent, I mean that my fingers claw for a pen every few hours to write another list. Whatever the task is that I need to complete, I MUST write a list before starting. This is my never-ending compulsion. Finally, when I say that I am creative at writing lists I mean that I write them with and on whatever is to hand. The back of a medical appointment letter or the front of a cereal packet it doesn't matter. Now I have the joy of being able to compile lists on my blog. Lists regarding books, films and TV shows have given me edification today. More will follow and if like me you also enjoy lists please feel free to indulge and add your own comments to the site.
Eyes on stalks, cramping claws…the result of a day well spent. My chamber now calls.


The train between Victorville and San Bernardino takes 1h 13m. On an average weekday, there is one train per day travelling from Victorville to San Bernardino. The journey time may be longer on weekends and holidays; use the search form on this page to search for a specific travel date.
Need a hotel room in San Bernardino?
All available trains travelling from Victorville to San Bernardino. To see full schedules, alternative transport and to book your tickets online click here.
Is there a direct train between Victorville and San Bernardino?
Yes, there is a direct train departing from Victorville Amtrak and arriving at San Bernardino Santa Fe Depot. Services depart once daily, and operate every day. The journey takes approximately 1h 13m.
How far is it from Victorville to San Bernardino?
The distance between Victorville and San Bernardino is 30 miles. The road distance is 40.9 miles.
Where do I catch the Victorville to San Bernardino train from?
Victorville to San Bernardino train services, operated by Amtrak, depart from Victorville Amtrak station.
Where does the Victorville to San Bernardino train arrive?
Victorville to San Bernardino train services, operated by Amtrak, arrive at San Bernardino Santa Fe Depot station.
How do I get a train ticket from Victorville to San Bernardino?
Book your Victorville to San Bernardino train tickets online with Rome2rio.
Where can I stay near San Bernardino?
There are 218+ hotels available in San Bernardino. Prices start at $82 USD per night.


View fully-restored heritage trucks, tractors and machinery, a unique collection of workhorses from yesteryear. When in Winton, this nostalgic trip back into Australia's transport history is a must do. A special exhibit is the MAN truck belonging to legendary Cape York female trucker 'Toots' Holzheimer. Fans of old Macks, Chevys and Model T Fords won't be disappointed either.


Sterling Garnet Genuine Gift Box - TOP 10 Results for Price Compare - Sterling Garnet Genuine Gift Box Information for April 22, 2019.
Welcome to Glamulet Birthstone Story Forum January * Garnet Red The January stone is the Garnet-Red Gemstone. The deep Red Garnet have been gifts of love, of alliance, of extravagance.It is a symbol of loyalty and strength.The Tsars of Russia honored these stones and the Egyptians used them as an antidote for snake bites. Your birthstone is said to carry sincerity and happiness. Garnets are used to balance the body and promote health. It is a calming stone used to soothe the mind. What woman wouldn't want a piece of garnet jewelry?
Buy with confidence! Feel great knowing you got the best deal available, we import our products directly from the manufacturer. The posts are crafted of 925 sterling silver and hallmarked. We offer a 30 day satisfaction guarantee. Designed with flair crafted with care. These exclusive stud earrings brilliant 2mm genuine gemstones are embedded in 925 Sterling Silver. They are professionally hand-set into a 4 prong basket setting that secure and fasten the stone. The setting is designed to fit comfortably and secured with a chic butterfly post. These stud earrings are essential to complete your collection and forms a timeless look that radiates the desired elegant appeal. Feel like royalty with these earrings that are classy yet affordable. To preserve the original condition of the gemstone we recommend routine maintenance. Clean with warm water, mild soap and a soft brush then rinse thoroughly. Avoid contact with lotions, hairsprays or any other chemicals that may damage the original properties. Dry and store in a soft cloth pouch to prevent dulling or scratches.
Don't satisfied with search results? Try to more related search from users who also looking for Sterling Garnet Genuine Gift Box: Single Channel Selector, Pink Scrapbooking Paper, Waterproof Solar Charger, Rosary Glass, Siliconezone Silicone.
Sterling Garnet Genuine Gift Box - Video Review.


text:
WWW Wednesday #18
April 22, 2020 April 13, 2020 by Andrea @ A Starry Reader
A weekly meme hosted by Taking on a World of Words, where you answer 3 simple questions…
Her Name in the Sky by Kelly Quindlen
Hannah wants to spend her senior year of high school going to football games and Mardi Gras parties with her tight-knit group of friends.
The last thing she wants is to fall in love with a girl–especially when that girl is her best friend, Baker.
Hannah knows she should like Wally, the kind, earnest boy who asks her to prom. She should cheer on her friend Clay when he asks Baker to be his girlfriend. She should follow the rules of her conservative Louisiana community–the rules that have been ingrained in her since she was a child.
But Hannah longs to be with Baker, who cooks macaroni and cheese with Hannah late at night, who believes in the magic of books as much as Hannah does, and who challenges Hannah to be the best version of herself.
And Baker might want to be with Hannah, too–if both girls can embrace that world-shaking, yet wondrous, possibility.
What have you recently finished reading?
Whatever Life Throws at You by Julie Cross
Life loves a good curveball…
Seventeen-year-old Annie Lucas's life is completely upended the moment her dad returns to the major leagues as the new pitching coach for the Kansas City Royals. Now she's living in Missouri (too cold), attending an all-girls school (no boys), and navigating the strange world of professional sports. But Annie has dreams of her own—most of which involve placing first at every track meet…and one starring the Royals' super-hot rookie pitcher.
But nineteen-year-old Jason Brody is completely, utterly, and totally off-limits. Besides, her dad would kill them both several times over. Not to mention Brody has something of a past, and his fan club is filled with C-cupped models, not smart-mouthed high school "brats" who can run the pants off every player on the team. Annie has enough on her plate without taking their friendship to the next level. The last thing she should be doing is falling in love.
But baseball isn't just a game. It's life. And sometimes, it can break your heart…
A Heart So Fierce and Broken (Cursebreakers #2) by Brigid Kemmerer
Find the heir, win the crown.
The curse is finally broken, but Prince Rhen of Emberfall faces darker troubles still. Rumors circulate that he is not the true heir and that forbidden magic has been unleashed in Emberfall. Although Rhen has Harper by his side, his guardsman Grey is missing, leaving more questions than answers.
Win the crown, save the kingdom.
Rumored to be the heir, Grey has been on the run since he destroyed Lilith. He has no desire to challenge Rhen–until Karis Luran once again threatens to take Emberfall by force. Her own daughter Lia Mara sees the flaws in her mother's violent plan, but can she convince Grey to stand against Rhen, even for the good of Emberfall?
Review: Whatever Life Throws at You
Review: Her Name in the Sky
One thought on "WWW Wednesday #18"
Wow this is so much better than people asking you to pick ONE favourite among the millions you've read😂
Nice questions!
https://citygirlsdance.wordpress.com


text:
Q: Undefined behavior of default constructor and destructor of anonymous union? The following code gives different compilation result with g++ 7.3 and clang++ 7.0, but to my knowledge all of copy constructor of S1, S2, S3 is deleted and none of the instantiation should success.
Question:

*

*Is such case (S1, S2) undefined in C++ standard?

*What is the difference between anonymous union without constructor/destructor implementation and named union with default constructor/destructor?

template <typename T>
struct S1
{
    union
    {
        T payload;
    };

    S1() {}
    ~S1() {}
};

template <typename T>
struct S2
{
    union
    {
        T payload;
    };

    S2() {}
    virtual ~S2() {}
};

template <typename T>
struct S3
{
    union U
    {
        T payload;

        U()  = default;
        ~U() = default;
    } storage;

    S3() {}
    ~S3() {}
};

#include <iostream>

struct A // overloaded A() & ~A()
{
    A()
    {
        std::cout << "A()" << std::endl;
    }
    ~A()
    {
        std::cout << "~A()" << std::endl;
    }
};

int main()
{
    {
        S1<A> a;
        auto  b = a; // g++ OK, clang++ OK
    }
    {
        S2<A> a;
        auto  b = a; // g++ fail, clang++ OK
    }
    {
        S3<A> a;
        auto  b = a; // g++ fail, clang++ fail
    }
    return 0;
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home International Encyclopedias almanacs transcripts and maps Goddess Images
Goddess Images
Encyclopedia of India
GODDESS IMAGES India is unique in its multifaceted goddess worship. Unlike the goddess worship of the ancient Western world—which has largely vanished, except in the veneration of the Virgin Mary as a semi-divine figure, or in modern attempts to revive ancient pagan goddess cults—Indian goddess devotion is a vibrant living tradition. For her worshipers the Goddess sums up all the powers of this life and the hope of salvation in the next. Worshipers of Mahadevi (the Great Goddess) seek bhukti, meaning the enjoyment of the things of this life, as well as mukti, the quest for spiritual liberation in the hereafter. There are many different paths to these two goals, and the complexity of goddess imagery reflects this. Buddhists, Jains, and Hindus honor the Goddess in a variety of roles. She is the source and support of life and the architect of death and destruction. She brings forth life, nurtures creativity, embodies wisdom, destroys the wicked, and takes the dead. Her many images reflect this array of meanings.
Forms of Goddess Images
There are hundreds of forms of the Goddess in India; sometimes she is recognized as immanent in natural phenomena such as Prithvi, or Mother Earth, or the holy river Ganga, or the sacred mountain Nanda Devi, but more often artists create her imagery to fulfill a multitude of social roles and designations. Traditionally, artists followed prescriptive religious and sculptural texts in portraying the image of the Goddess in her various forms. However, this does not mean that subject matter, styles, or media remained static over time, or over the vast geography of the Indian subcontinent. Regional schools, individual artists, patrons, developments in ritual, and diversity of materials all contributed to the rich variety of goddess imagery.
As the origin of life, the Goddess is represented as Lajja Gauri, whose neck sprouts a lotus blossom rather than an identifying head. She is shown with her legs splayed in a birth-giving posture, her two hands holding lotus buds, symbolic of regeneration. As Lajja Gauri, she is beyond the specifics of particular identity and is the nondifferentiated conduit of all life and creativity.
Sri Lakshmī, goddess of wealth and fertility, is worshiped by both Hindus and Jains. Lakshmi-is said to have emerged from the churning of the primordial milky ocean. She is often depicted emerging from a lotus and lustrated by elephants, representing the wealth of the monsoon rains. These are reminders that the Goddess is intimately connected to the primordial waters, the fertilizing rains, and the nourishing sap of creation. This iconography can be traced throughout the centuries and became the modern ideal in the nineteenth-century Raja Ravi Varma oleolithographs. Ravi Varma's articulation remains the most common representation of Lakshmīin contemporary commercial calendar prints.
As Paārvatī, or Uma, the Goddess is the ideal consort. Her iconography reflects the Indian notions of idyllic beauty, with long limbs, graceful hands, narrow waist, wide hips, and full breasts. During the South Indian Chola period (c. a.d. 850–1279), bronze artists delighted in the loving depiction of these attributes. In these images the Goddess is never cloaked in drapes or veils; her beauties and perfections of fluid form are sensuously revealed as if she were almost nude. However, we must remember that when in worship, the Goddess would have been clothed in silks, jewels, and flower garlands.
The Goddess may also represent the tragic aspects of existence: she sums up decay, destruction, disease, and death. As Kālī or Chamunda, she is the embodiment of all these dark powers of unmaking. As Kālī (the Dark One), she is shown in seventeenth- through nineteenth-century paintings with black skin, disheveled hair, and angular jutting arms and legs. She is often shown dancing in ecstatic violence amid the carnage of battle. As Chamunda, she is represented as a withered hag, with desiccated breasts, protruding ribs, and crazed eyes, maw agape, ready to consume her victims. She frequently wears a garland of severed heads and is ornamented with snakes and scorpions.
The Goddess is sometimes depicted in groups such as the Sapta Matrkas, a collection of seven angry (ugra) deities. Their images were usually installed in ancillary shrines located next to Shiva temples. Yoginis were groups of goddesses who ruled the occult and violent forces of tantric Hinduism. Yogini worship arose in the seventh century; followers were attracted by the promise of magical powers. Yoginis were worshiped in groups of 64, or sometimes 42 or 81 images. Yogini rites took place in unusual hypaethral temples (open to the sky) situated in remote rural areas. Yogini imagery reflects the complexity of identity and ritual; there are bear-, goat-, rabbit-, cow-, elephant-, and snake-headed yoginis, as well as more easily identified goddesses such as the Sapta Matrkas, Chamunda, and Kālī, who are also incorporated into the yogini groups.
The Power of the Goddess
The Hindu goddess represents shakti, the catalyzing energy of the divine. In eighteenth- and nineteenth-century paintings, Kālī is frequently revealed with hair disheveled, tongue lolling, standing astride the corpse of her consort Shiva. Shiva is inert, except for his erect phallus. This is a reminder that without the sexualizing and energizing presence of shakti, the divine feminine power, the male gods could not perform their necessary roles for the harmonious balance of the cosmos. Hindus thus say: "Shakti ke bina, Shiva shava hai," which means, "Without Shakti, Shiva is a corpse."
Unlike the Hindu Goddess, the Buddhist Goddess is, in theory, a more passive presence representing salvific wisdom rather than active good works. As Prajnaparamita (Perfected Wisdom), the personification of the Prajnaparamita Sūtra, she is spiritual insight par excellence. She is portrayed as a beautiful young woman, often holding a copy of the Prajnaparamita text as her defining attribute. As Tara, she is the savioress of Buddhism, and the divine consort of the bodhisattva Avalokiteshavara. Tara represents spiritual knowledge, the passive balance to the male Avalokiteshvara's active compassion. Within Tantrayana Buddhism it is essential that wisdom and compassion unite to form enlightenment. This union is graphically represented in the images of the male and female divinities in sexual embrace.
Why are there so many forms of the divine feminine? The Hindu Goddess embodies all aspects of the psyche, but especially the threshold regions of birth, death, and intuition. She is often the birthing, witnessing, and destroying aspects of religious consciousness. It is the Goddess who usually brings forth new life, nurtures it, and brings about its death and reabsorption into the divine matrix. In Buddhism these aspects of the divine feminine represent a less physical role and instead represent the growth and maturation of gnosis.
Historical Development of Goddess Images
If we look at goddess images strictly from the standpoint of historical development, we can see an almost continuous divine female presence throughout Indian history. Megalithic constructions from Kerala indicate that it is most likely that goddess worship was in force in the Indian subcontinent from prehistory. The numerous terra-cotta figurines from the Indus Valley Civilization (c. 2300–1750 b.c.) are evidence for the ubiquity of the female image in historical antiquity. Because the Indus script has not been adequately deciphered, we cannot know if or how these figures were in worship, but we can surmise from their numbers that they were of significance to the Indus Civilization, and that they probably represent a cult of the Goddess.
Again, with the evidence of numerous terra-cotta figurines, as well as stone rings decorated with nude female forms and vegetative motifs, we can surmise that the Goddess was of continuing religious importance during the Maurya period (323–185 b.c.). Despite the intervening rise of male-dominated Vedic religion, the Maurya period figurines are strikingly similar in style and iconography to the earlier Indus Valley images.
By the first century b.c. we begin to find stone sculptures of yakshis. Yakshis are female nature spirits, goddesses of the earth and vegetation, and particularly trees, whose origins can probably be found in the ancient pre-Vedic goddesses. The yakshis were conduits of fertility, pulling up the invigorating sap of creation from the bowels of the earth. The yakshi cult must have been a powerful focus for devotion, for we find yakshi imagery at many early Buddhist sites. This indicates that early Buddhism, while focused on a primarily atheistic philosophy, was also sufficiently pragmatic to accommodate itself to the needs of the laity. At Buddhist sites such as Bharhut (c. 100 b.c.) and Sanchi (25–50 b.c.), we find many sculptures of these auspicious divinities closely associated with specifically identifiable trees, such as the mango or the ashoka. The yakshi's direct, wide-eyed gaze is touched with a sweet smile; her figure is broad-hipped, full-breasted, with a narrow waist. She is lavishly ornamented with jewels, and her hair is arranged in elaborate braids. She raises an arm above her head to grasp a branch, and a leg is poised to kick the trunk, indicating that it is she who pulls up the sap of creation and brings the trees into flower and fruition.
Some of the earliest Buddhist female images represent Hariti, the goddess of children and smallpox. Hariti represents the ambivalence associated with the divine female: she is the guardian of children, but also ravages children with her fevers. Hariti images from the Kushana period (c. late 1st–3 rd centuries a.d.) reflect the syncretic religious atmosphere of the period. In an image from Sahri Bahlol the goddess is portrayed as queenly, with high pearl encrusted diadem; she wears a Greek chiton, but has tusklike fangs. In one of her two right hands she holds a wine cup, perhaps an allusion to Dionysian cults present at this time, and in the other she supports one of her five hundred children; in one of her two left hands she holds a trident to ward off evil (an emblem associated with the Hindu god Shiva), and in the other a vase of purnaghata shape, indicating the vase of endless prosperity associated with the pregnant belly of Mother Earth.
As Indian religions developed, the identities of goddesses become expanded in texts such as the Devi Mahatmya of the Mārkaṇḍeya Purāṇa (5th–6th centuries a.d.). The story of Durgā slaying Mahisa, the ever transformative buffalo demon, is a favorite theme, appearing in stylized form as early as the second century. In the more elaborate narrative sculptures of the struggle, such as the great seventh-century Pallava period relief at Mamallapuram, the Goddess is shown as the epitome of the continuous fight between good and evil, knowledge and delusion. The artist has depicted her as ever vigilant; her face and posture are graceful, but uncompromising. The battle portrayed is furious, but the Goddess's eventual victory is indicated by her assured pose and the recoiling posture of the demon. The Goddess offers moksha (liberation) to her devotees, the narrative battle image promising that just as she will quell the demons representing ego and self-delusion, she can surely guide her worshipers to salvation from their own egotistical desires and self-deceptions.
Identities and images of the Goddess continue to evolve. In 1996 activists of the Hindu right wing condemned the contemporary Muslim Indian painter M. F. Husain for his nude portrayal of Sarasvatī, the goddess of learning. Despite the ubiquity of nude or almost nude goddesses in antiquity, the celebrated artist was assailed for his supposed insult to the dignity of the Goddess. The politico-religious clash brought about a national debate on the meaning and the suitable representation of the Goddess in art, as well as the ownership of image and meaning. This debate, as farcical as some aspects of it were, reiterated to many that images of the Goddess, aesthetically pleasing as many are, were not intended solely as works of art, but as docetic tools to provide the worshiper with the physical means to take darshan (the viewing) of the divinity. The constructed image provides a physical nexus for the devotee and the Goddess to see and be seen by each other, and to provide the visual inter-action necessary for the incorporation of the divine reality into the mind of the worshiper.
Mary Storm
See alsoIndus Valley Civilization ; Jain Sculpture ; Monuments ; Sculpture: Buddhist
Banerjea, J. N. The Development of Hindu Iconography. 1941. Reprint, Kolkata: University of Calcutta, 1956.
Bhattacharyya, N. N. Indian Mother Goddess. Kolkata: Indian Studies Past and Present, 1971.
Coburn, Thomas B. Encountering the Goddess: A Translation of the Devi-Mahatmya and a Study of Its Interpretation. Albany: State University of New York Press, 1991.
Coomaraswamy, Ananda. Yaksas. Parts I-II. 2nd ed. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1980.
Dehejia, Vidhya. Yogini Cult and Temples: A Tantric Tradition. New Delhi: National Museum, 1986.
Dehejia, Vidhya, ed. Devi: The Great Goddess: Female Divinity in South Asian Art. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1999.
Erndl, Kathleen M. Victory to the Mother: The Hindu Goddess of Northwest India in Myth, Ritual, and Symbol. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993.
Hawley, John Stratton, and Donna Marie Wulff, eds. Devi: Goddesses of India. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1996.
Huntington, Susan L., with contributions by John C. Huntington. The Art of Ancient India. New York: Weatherhill, 1985.
Kinsley, David. Hindu Goddesses: Visions of the Divine Feminine in the Hindu Religious Tradition. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1986.
Kurtz, Stanley. All the Mothers Are One: Hindu India and the Cultural Reshaping of Psychoanalysis. New York: Columbia University Press, 1992.
Larson, Gerald James, Pratapaditya Pal, and Rebecca Gowen. In Her Image: The Great Goddess in Indian Asia and the Madonna in Christian Culture. Santa Barbara: University of California Press, 1980.
Rhie, Marilyn M., and Robert A. F. Thurman. Wisdom and Compassion: The Sacred Art of Tibet. New York: Tibet House, 1996.
Tiwari, J. N. Goddess Cults in Ancient India. Delhi: Sundeep Prakashan, 1985.
"Goddess Images." Encyclopedia of India. . Encyclopedia.com. 16 Jul. 2019 <https://www.encyclopedia.com>.
"Goddess Images." Encyclopedia of India. . Encyclopedia.com. (July 16, 2019). https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/goddess-images
"Goddess Images." Encyclopedia of India. . Retrieved July 16, 2019 from Encyclopedia.com: https://www.encyclopedia.com/international/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/goddess-images