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The Smell Detectives
During the 1860s and 1870s New York City experienced unprecedented growth. As the growing stench of tanneries and slaughterhouses mixed with that of garbage and sewage, citizens turned to the Board of Health, which dispatched chemist Charles Frederick Chandler to investigate.
By Melanie Kiechle | June 19, 2011
Illustration of factories on the Hudson River in New York City, 1870s.
In the 19th century, New York City was an olfactory nightmare. The smells of fish, oysters, and liquor mingled in the streets with the sickly scents of sugar, molasses, and tar. Household garbage festered and putrefied in gutters, while sewers spewed untreated effluent into urban waterways. Slaughterhouses, fat renderers, tanneries, and fertilizer factories all processed animal carcasses and filled the skies with the noxious odors of rotting bodies and burning animal fat. In this reeking atmosphere, the sweetness of flowers and fruit stands provided little relief for residents.
During the 1860s and 1870s New York City experienced unprecedented growth. About 2,000 new buildings were constructed each year, as immigration peaked at 200,000 to 300,000 new arrivals annually. Industries and the wastes they produced multiplied. Smoke was considered a sign of progress, but the intensifying, omnipresent odors signaled a city spinning out of control. People feared that the stinking air poisoned their very bodies, a fear grounded in the medical theories of the day and their own experience of illness. Foul odors were a sure sign of bad air and a pestilential atmosphere, or miasma. New Yorkers reeling from the stink complained to their Board of Health about "the most nauseous, foul, stinking, and pestilential odors." When the Board of Health failed to control the dangerous aromas, the courts stepped in.
In May 1878 New York City District Attorney Benjamin Phelps indicted the board's members—scientists and physicians—for "unlawfully, willfully, and contemptuously" neglecting the stench produced by fertilizer manufacturing in Manhattan. After listening to the complaints of citizens a grand jury concluded that the board had neglected its duties and left New Yorkers struggling with headaches, nausea, and insomnia—all the result of city air polluted by foul smells. With summer on the way residents knew that the stench from the slaughterhouses, tanners, and fertilizer manufacturers would only get worse.
How had it come to this? Chemists and regular citizens agreed on the need to regulate noxious industries, yet the city's residents appeared to be turning on the scientific experts.
Chandler v. the Public Nose
At the time he faced the grand jury, Charles Frederick Chandler, president of the Board of Health, was a prominent figure with a long involvement in city government. Born in 1836 and raised in New Bedford, Massachusetts, Chandler completed his chemistry training in Germany. After his return in 1856 he worked as janitor-assistant in analytical chemistry at Union College in Schenectady before moving to New York City in 1864, where he helped found a new School of Mines at Columbia College.
Chandler's chemical interests included applying chemistry for the public good. He volunteered his chemical-analysis skills on sanitary questions to the newly formed Board of Health and soon attained a regular position as chemist. By 1866, the year of the board's establishment, sanitary ideals had risen from pre–Civil War obscurity to a matter of national concern. New York City, home of the Sanitary Commission's founders, was one of the first American cities to establish a permanent and effective Board of Health. Although exactly how diseases were caused remained unknown, sanitarians firmly believed in their ability to prevent stinky miasmas and their consequences—full-blown sickness.
Thus began Chandler's lifelong professional commitment to public health, over the course of which he would address impurities in city water, adulterated milk and liquor, dangerous kerosene, poisonous cosmetics, tenement house construction, plumbing and house drainage, summer epidemics, and the care of contagious diseases.
Chandler also committed himself to establishing chemistry as a professional field in the United States. He chaired the 1874 Priestley Centennial, the first national gathering of chemists in the United States, and took up the suggestion of creating a national professional society for chemists independent of the overarching American Association for the Advancement of Science. Chandler then publicized this idea in the pages of American Chemist, a journal he created and edited, and later served twice as president of the new organization, the American Chemical Society.
For many in New York City, Chandler, with his distinctive mustache, was the face of both public health and chemistry. Those who questioned his expertise in policy thus also challenged his scientific knowledge. Mounting complaints about New York City's stenches in the 1870s proved a trial for Chandler as both chemist and public servant. New York Times editors claimed that the board's members "secretly removed their [noses] long ago, and have since been unable to perceive any bad smells." In the Ohio Medical Journal a letter writer renamed Chandler's group "Board of Death" and denounced this "negligent, pretending, and worthless Board" because "the most nauseous, foul, stinking, and pestilential odors still permeate the atmosphere of this overtaxed city!"
The Smell Detectives_2_0.jpg
Map of Hunter's Point, 1870s.
New York Public Library
Since its inception the Board of Health had pursued odor regulation by restricting the locations and practices of such offensive trades as slaughterers. The board pushed slaughterhouses north of 40th Street in 1868 and then banned them altogether from between 40th Street and the core of the city in 1870. (The board acted again in 1885, confining slaughterhouses to a narrow block between the Hudson River and Eleventh Avenue from 39th to 40th Street.) Similarly, the board demanded that "scavengers," the people who emptied cesspools, collected offal, and cleaned stables, do their work at night, use disinfectants, and immediately move offensive material out of "the built-up portions" of the city. The board designed a system of permits that governed both scavengers and the offensive trades and created sanitary inspectors to enforce these regulations. Overall, New York City's Board of Health tried to eliminate odors by banishing their sources to the edges of the city, far from homes and nonindustrial businesses.
Manhattan businesses began to move across the East River to Kings and Queens counties. At Hunter's Point, where urban boosters actively courted new development, and along Newtown Creek, the natural border between the two counties, business owners found their ideal: relatively lax health boards, water access for trade, and proximity to a dense working population. The offensive trades anchored miles of interdependent factories that spewed stench and smoke along the creek's banks. Chemical factories produced sulfuric acid, which oil refineries mixed with petroleum to remove impurities. After agitating the mixture with an air jet, workers drew off "sludge acid," a compound of spent acid and contaminants, and sold this waste to nearby fertilizer manufacturers. Any of the black and foul-smelling stuff that remained unsold was dumped into Newtown Creek, a tidal waterway. At each return of the tides, the sludge acid released more fumes.
Fertilizer manufacturers spread sludge acid over carcasses and left them in the sun to rot. Sludge acid sped decomposition, releasing pungent and irritating fumes, particularly as days grew warmer. Easterly winds carried the distinctive odors of sludge acid and animal putrefaction across the East River to Manhattan. Gas works added to the nasal cocktail. City lights burned natural gas purified by a dry-lime process that produced sulphureted hydrogen and sulfide of ammonium. These gases diffused over a wide distance, infiltrating Manhattan's homes as easterly breezes carried the odors across the river and into the heart of midtown.
The Board of Health's repeated failures to provide olfactory relief to residents and to protect their health led to Chandler's 1878 legal challenge. Board members, now on the defensive, parsed, for all who would listen, the different odors of sludge acid and other smells. As board president and a trained chemist, Chandler led the education effort. In courtrooms, in conversations with the press, and before his professional peers Chandler insisted that "sludge acid" caused the physical discomfort and complaints of the previous summer, not any factory operating within Manhattan and the board's jurisdiction. When subpoenaed, board members appeared with maps and charts to explain how the wind conveyed the distinctive stench of oil refining from distant Brooklyn plants to midtown. Before the Medical Society of the County of New York, Chandler recounted how the Board of Health had banished bad smells from the city and claimed that "having eliminated all other smells, [the board] has uncovered this one [sludge acid]." Playing on his professional credentials, Chandler went on to say that the odor of sludge acid "is one that cannot be mistaken by a chemist."
The stench of sludge acid is wafted over a sick woman as her helpless family watches in an illustration from Harper's Weekly.
HarpWeek
While Chandler attacked his opponents for their "selfish personal ends"—looking out for their own property values and political ambitions—his complaint against lay sanitarians ran deeper than corruption. Some time after the trial Chandler told a reporter: "The trouble is that citizens are very poor smell detectives. They are annoyed by a stench and in most instances ascribe it to some industry near them and believe it to be perpetual." Chandler thought that amateur sanitarians, such as vocal and critical members of a local citizens' group were "to the professional and official sanitarians what a horde of ambitious and officious guerillas would be to a General of an army at a critical moment. They insist on thrusting forward theories and advice and acting independently . . . while they are unable to render any real service."
Chandler could not stop New Yorkers from sniffing and complaining, but he hoped to harness them to his purposes by setting up a chain of command for individual complaints. A year after the court case of 1878 he deputized his former student, chemist Samuel Goldschmidt, as Inspector of Offensive Trades, with the power to stop offending practices. Goldschmidt's experiences as a fertilizer inspector in Savannah had turned his nose into an instrument that could tease apart smells, whether from organic decomposition or from chemical waste. As inspector, Goldschmidt spent his days monitoring the winds and inspecting the practices of New York slaughterhouses, gas works, fat renderers, fertilizer manufacturers, and other redolent businesses. He remained on call at night, when perturbed citizens might arrive on his doorstep and drag him out into the dark city streets to track down a disgusting smell.
One nighttime visitor demanded that the inspector identify a nuisance that kept him from sleeping. Goldschmidt later reported that the stink had died away and likely came from across the river, beyond his jurisdiction. Just like the air and breezes that carried them, odors were ephemeral. Their constant arrivals, mixtures, shifts, and departures were well-known but still problematic for the trained chemist: "The wind was blowing strongly from the East North East, and by careful watching mingled with the Hunter's Point smell, could be obtained slight puffs from the manure and garbage dumps, and the slaughter house smell. About 9:50 came for a few moments the rendering odors, and this gradually died away." Tracking all the odors in this ever-changing nasal cocktail proved surprisingly difficult. Goldschmidt focused on the rendering odors but could not determine whether they came from a rendering tank at Rafferty and Williams or a malfunctioning condenser at Schwarzschild and Sulzberger, so he cited both companies
When Goldschmidt submitted his reports to Chandler, he noted two types of stenches: those he abated and those beyond his control. Chandler, whose regulatory concerns extended beyond the city, was keenly interested in both. Because New York's stenches often traveled with the wind, Chandler hoped to create a new organization through which he could control industries upwind of the city.
When the New York State Board of Health formed in 1880, Chandler finally had the power to deal with Hunter's Point. At the first quarterly meeting of the state board, Chandler introduced the first item of business: "Resolved—That a special committee be appointed by the chair to proceed to New York City to take testimony with regard to the nuisances alleged to exist there."
The Special Committee on Effluvium Nuisances gave Chandler new jurisdiction over New York City's air and gave the citizens of New York a new audience for their complaints—and a new scapegoat for their disappointments.
The Special Committee consisted of three men: Albany doctor J. Savage Delavan, whom Chandler had known since teaching at Union College; state senator Erastus Brooks, who had owned and edited the New-York Express; and Elisha Harris, New York City's well-known sanitarian and vital-statistics registrar as well as secretary of the State Board of Health. This committee gathered testimony about the odors from New York's professional and amateur sanitarians. Doctors commented on the health problems associated with the stenches, such as headaches, nausea, and depression. Laypersons from the fashionable, wealthy, and politically connected Murray Hill neighborhood (residents included the Astors) testified to their own discomfort. A Mr. Montgomery put it plainly when he said, "The stench was simply terrible. It could not be described, but must be smelled to be appreciated. . . . I have been broken of my rest night after night in the Summer, . . . until I was nearly sick and unfit for business. There is no alternative but to open the windows and let in the stench or close the windows and suffocate."
Montgomery's neighbors seconded his comments. George G. DeWitt said the odors depressed spirits and robbed people of their appetites. Henry Bergh said the odors caused intense discomfort, if not outright sickness. Bergh also insisted, like Montgomery, that these stenches needed to be experienced to be understood: "It is impossible to describe the perfume of the rose, and equally impossible to describe the detestable odors of Hunter's Point." Throughout the testimony about stenches and illness ran one insistent refrain: if the members of this new committee wanted to understand the odors, they had to smell and experience them for themselves.
The committee decided to make a tour of inspection. They put their noses to the wind and went in search of the stenches' sources. A New York Times reporter used heavy sarcasm in recording the experience of these three men encountering the powerful, but commonplace, odors: "The homes of these [sickening stenches] are along the shores of the East River, and by dodging in and out of slips with a tug-boat, and by creeping and climbing over oil-lighters and rotten string-pieces, they were finally reached by the committeemen without loss of life or limb." Though the men were safe for the moment, things changed when the state officials found "the home of the most powerful stench of the day. . . . Assemblyman Brooks started as if a knife had pierced him after taking one whiff. The other members of the party were visibly affected." This powerful stench emanated from a fertilizer factory, which used sludge acid.
The state intervened at last, ordering that the cause of the stinks be removed by June 1, 1881. In the end, more than any catalogue of testimony or chemical reports, the committee members' own noses and turned stomachs convinced them of what everyone had been saying: the state government must intervene to control noxious odors from Kings and Queens counties that drifted into New York. While chemists had a place in the final report presented at Albany, the evidence that spoke most forcefully was not their research and opinions but the experiences of multiple New Yorkers and of the committee members themselves. Yet chemists did play an important role in the politics of regulation. They established the validity of complaints and were the "smell detectives" whose professional training qualified them to track smells to their sources. Ultimately, though, neither chemical reports nor individual complaints created air regulation: politicians heeded chemists and complainers only when odors were linked to consequences of political importance, such as powerful citizens and voting blocs.
Though citizens continued to complain of noxious odors after the governor's 1881 ordinance, their complaints were now channeled through a political system of citizen reporting, scientific investigation, and official response. Rather than oppose each other in the courts, chemists and concerned citizens worked together in the streets, gradually shifting their concerns from stinks to smoke—a far more visible target, and one that was morphing from a sign of progress into a health hazard. Drawing on their earlier experiences, chemists and citizens campaigned together against the new threat.
Melanie Kiechle
was the 2010–2011 John C. Haas Fellow at the Institute. She holds a PhD in history from Rutgers University and is working on a cultural history of fresh air.
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Werke Aristides von Athen (50-134) Apologia Introduction - The Apology of Aristides
Aristides von Athen (50-134)
Introduction - The Apology of Aristides
(Apologia)
Introduction - The Apology of Aristides.
Translated from the Greek and from the Syriac Version in Parallel Columns.
by D. M. Kay, B.Sc., B.D., Assistant to the Professor of Semitic Languages in the University of Edinburgh.
The Church Histories, hitherto in dealing with early Christian literature, have given Aristides along with Quadratus the first place in the list of lost apologists. It was known that there had been such early defenders of the faith, and that Quadratus had seen persons who had been miraculously healed by Christ; but beyond this little more could be said. To Justin Martyr, who flourished about a.d. 150, belonged the honour of heading the series of apologists whose works are extant, viz., Tatian, Melito, Athenagoras, Theophilus, the author of the Epistle to Diognetus, who all belonged to the second century and wrote in Greek; and Tertullian, Minucius Felix, Arnobius, and Lactantius, who wrote in Latin, and Clement and Origen who wrote in Greek, during the third century. While Christianity was winning its way to recognition in the Roman empire, these writers tried to disprove the gross calumnies current about Christians, to enlighten rulers and magistrates as to the real character and conduct of the adherents of the new religion, and to remove the prejudice which led to the violent persecutions of the populace. They also endeavoured to commend Christianity to "the cultured among its despisers," by showing that it is philosophy as well as revelation, that it can supply the answers sought by philosophy, and is unlike human wisdom in being certain because divinely revealed. At the same time they demonstrated the folly of polytheism and pointed out its disastrous effects on morality. This faithful company of the defenders of the faith has now regained Aristides as their leader in place of Justin Martyr. It will be well to recount briefly what was previously known about Aristides, and to tell how the lost Apology has been found.
Eusebius, in his History of the Church, written during the reign of Constantine, a.d. 306-337, has a chapter (bk. iv., c. 3) headed "The authors that wrote in defence of the faith in the reign of Hadrian, a.d. 117-138." After describing and quoting the Apology of Quadratus, he adds:
"Aristides also, a man faithfully devoted to the religion we profess, like Quadratus, has left to posterity a defence of the faith, addressed to Hadrian. This work is also preserved by a great number, even to the present day."
The same Eusebius in his Chronicon states that the Emperor Hadrian visited Athens in the eighth year of his reign (i.e., a.d. 125 ) and took part in the Eleusinian mysteries. In the same connection the historian mentions the presentation of Apologies to the Emperor by Quadratus and Aristides, "an Athenian philosopher;" and implies that Hadrian was induced by these appeals, coupled with a letter from Serenius Granianus, proconsul of Asia, to issue an Imperial rescript forbidding the punishment of Christians without careful investigation and trial.
About a century later Jerome (died a.d. 420) tells us that Aristides was a philosopher of Athens, that he retained his philosopher's garb after his conversion to Christianity, and that he presented a defence of the faith to Hadrian at the same time as Quadratus. This Apology, he says, was extant in his day, and was largely composed of the opinions of philosophers ("contextum philosophorum sententiis"), and was afterwards imitated by Justin Martyr.
After this date Aristides passes out of view. In the mediaeval martyrologies there is a faint reflection of the earlier testimony, as, e.g., the 31st of August is given as the saint's day "of the blessed Aristides, most renowned for faith and wisdom, who presented books on the Christian religion to the prince Hadrian, and most brilliantly proclaimed in the presence of the Emperor himself how that Christ Jesus is the only God."
In the seventeenth century there were rumours that the missing Apology of Aristides was to be found in various monastic libraries in Greece; and Spon, a French traveller, made a fruitless search for it. The book had apparently disappeared for ever.
But in recent times Aristides has again "swum into our ken." Armenian literature, which has done service to Christendom by preserving so many of its early documents, supplied also the first news of the recovery of Aristides. In the Mechitarite convent of S. Lazarus at Venice there is a body of Armenian monks who study Armenian and other literature. In 1878 these Armenians surprised the learned world by publishing a Latin translation of an Armenian fragment (the first two chapters) of the lost Apology of Aristides. Renan at once set it down as spurious because it contained theological terms of a later age, e.g., "bearer of God" applied to the Virgin Mary. These terms were afterwards seen to be due to the translator. At what time the translation from Greek into Armenian was made is not apparent; but it may reasonably be connected with the work begun by the famous Armenian patriarch Mesrobes. This noble Christian invented an alphabet for his country, established schools, and sent a band of young Armenians to Edessa, Athens, and elsewhere with instructions to translate into Armenian the best sacred and classical books. And in spite of Mohammedans and Turks Armenia has remained Christian, and now restores to the world the treasures committed to its keeping in the early centuries.
Opinions as to the Armenian fragment of Aristides remained undecided till 1889. In the spring of that year Professor J. Rendel Harris, of Cambridge, had the honour of discovering a Syriac version of the whole Apology in the library of the Convent of St. Catharine, on Mount Sinai. He found the Apology of Aristides among a collection of Syriac treatises of an ethical character; and he refers the ms. to the seventh century. Professor Harris has translated the Syriac into English, and has carefully edited the Syriac text with minute discussions of every point of interest. 1
The recovery of the Syriac version by Professor Harris placed the genuineness of the Armenian fragment beyond question. It also led to the strange reappearance of the greater part of the original Greek. Professor J. A. Robinson, the general editor of the Cambridge Texts and Studies, having read the translation of the Syriac version, discovered that the Apology of Aristides is incorporated in the early Christian Romance entitled, The Life of Barlaam and Josaphat.
Some account must be given of this remarkable book in order to show its connection with the Apology of Aristides. Its author is said to be John of Damascus, who died about a.d. 760. Whoever wrote it, the book soon became very popular. In the East it was translated into Arabic, Ethiopic, Armenian, and Hebrew; in the West there are versions of it in nearly a dozen languages, including an English metrical rendering. As early as 1204 a king of Norway had it translated into Icelandic. It is now known to be the story of Buddha in a Christian setting, furnished with fables and parables which have migrated from the far East and can be traced back to an extreme antiquity.
The outline of the story is as follows: A king in India, Abenner by name, who is an enemy of the Christians, has an only son Josaphat (or Joasaph). At his birth the astrologers predict that he will become great, but will embrace the new doctrine. To prevent this, his father surrounds the prince with young and beautiful attendants, and takes care that Josaphat shall see nothing of illness, old age, or death. At length Josaphat desires his freedom, and then follow the excursions as in the case of Buddha. Josaphat seeing so much misery possible in life is sunk in despair. In this state he is visited by a Christian hermit--Barlaam by name. Josaphat is converted to Christianity, and Barlaam withdraws again to the desert.
To undo his son's conversion the king arranges that a public disputation shall be held; one of the king's sages, Nachor by name, is to personate Barlaam and to make a very weak statement of the Christian case, and so be easily refuted by the court orators. When the day comes, the prince Josaphat charges Nachor, the fictitious monk, to do his best on pain of torture. Thus stimulated, Nachor begins, and "like Balaam's ass he spake that which he had not purposed to speak; and he said, I, O king, in the providence of God,' etc." He then recites the Apology of Aristides to such purpose that he converts himself, the king, and all his people. Josaphat finally relinquishes his kingdom, and retires into the desert with the genuine Barlaam for prayer and meditation. Not only so, but the churches of the Middle Ages, forgetting the fabulous character of the story, raised Barlaam and Josaphat to the rank of saints, with a holy day in the Christian calendar. Thus the author of Barlaam and Josaphat caused Christianity unwittingly to do honour to the founder of Buddhism under the name of St. Josaphat; and also to read the Apology of Aristides in nearly twenty languages without suspecting what it was.
The speech of Nachor in Greek, that is to say, the greater part of the original Greek of the Apology of Aristides, has been extracted from this source by Professor Robinson and is published in Texts and Studies, Vol. I., so that there is now abundant material for making an estimate of Aristides.
It may be asked whether we have in any of our three sources the actual words of Aristides. The circumstances under which the Apology was incorporated in The Life of Barlaam and Josaphat are such as to render it unlikely that the author of the Romance should copy with the faithfulness of a scribe; but examination proves that very few modifications hare been made. The Greek divides men into three races (the Syriac and Armenian into four); the introductory accounts of these races are in the Greek blended with the general discussion; and at the close the description of early Christian customs is shortened. These few differences from the Syriac are all explained by the fact that the Apology had to be adapted to the circumstances of an Indian court in a later age. On the other hand, when the Syriac is compared. with the Greek and Armenian in passages where these two agree, it is found that explanatory clauses are added; and there is throughout a cumbrous redundancy of pronouns in the Syriac. In short, the actual words of Aristides may be restored with tolerable certainty--a task which has been already accomplished by a German scholar, Lic. Edgar Hennecke. 2 In any case we have the substance of the Apology of Aristides with almost verbal precision.
In regard to the date of Aristides, Eusebius says expressly that the Apology was presented to Hadrian while he was in Athens about the year a.d. 125. The only ground for questioning this statement is the second superscription given in the Syriac version, which implies that the Apology was presented to Antoninus Pius, a.d. 138-161. This heading is accepted by Professor Harris as the true one; and he assigns the Apology to "the early years of the reign of Antoninus Pius; and it is at least conceivable," he adds, "that it may have been presented to the Emperor along with other Christian writings during an unrecorded visit of his to his ancient seat of government at Smyrna." But this requires us to suppose that Eusebius was wrong; that Jerome copied his error; that the Armenian version curiously fell into the same mistake; and that the Syriac translator is at this point exceptionally faithful. So perhaps it is better with Billius, "not to trust more in one's own suspicions, than in Christian charity which believeth all things," and to rest in the comfortable hypothesis that Eusebius spoke the truth.
Writing in a.d. 125, or even twenty years later, Aristides becomes an important witness as to the nature of early Christianity. His Apology contains no express quotation from Scripture; but the Emperor is referred for information to a gospel which is written. Various echoes of New Testament expressions will at once be recognized; and "the language moulding power of Christianity" is discernible in the new meaning given to various classical words. Some topics are conspicuous by their absence. Aristides has no trace of ill-feeling to the Jews; no reference to the Logos doctrine, nor to the distinctive ideas of the Apostle Paul; he has no gnosticism or heresy to denounce, and he makes no appeal to miracle and prophecy. Christianity, in his view, is worthy of a philosophic emperor because it is eminently reasonable, and gives an impulse and power to live a good life. On the whole, Aristides represents that type of Christian practice which is found in the Teaching of the Twelve Apostles; and to this he adds a simple Christian philosophy which may be compared with that of St. Paul at Athens. Although the details about the elements and the heathen gods are discussed with tedious minuteness, still his closing section describing the lives of the early Christians should always be good reading.
The translation of the Syriac given here is independently made from the Syriac text, edited by Professor Harris 3 . Full advantage has been taken of his notes and apparatus criticus, but no use has been made of his translation. In obscure passages the German translation of Dr. Richard Raabe 4 has been compared; and the Text-Rekonstruktion of Hennecke has been consulted on textual points in both translations. The Greek translation is made from the text edited by Professor Robinson. 5 The translations from the Greek and from the Syriac are arranged side by side, so that their relation to one another is apparent at a glance. No attempt has been made to force the same English words from passages which are evidently meant to be identical in the two languages; but the literal tenour of each has been allowed to assert itself.
Texts and Studies. Contributions to Biblical and Patristic Literature. Edited by J. A. Robinson, B.D. Vol. i., No. 1, the Apology of Aristides, edited and translated by J. Rendel Harris, M.A., with an Appendix by J. A. Robinson, B.D. (Cambridge University Press.) ↩
Die Apologie des Aristides. Recension und Rekonstruktion des Textes, von Lic. Edgar Hennecke. (Die Griechischen Apologeten: Heft 3.) ↩
The Cambridge Texts and Studies, vol. i., No. 1. ↩
Texte und Untersuchungen zur Geschichte der Altchristlichen Litteratur, Gebhardt und Harnack, IX. Band, Heft 1. ↩
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HomeNewsArchivesOfficials Say Guy Benjamin School to Remain Open
Officials Say Guy Benjamin School to Remain Open
July 13, 2005 – Although rumors continue to circulate that Guy Benjamin School in Coral Bay is closing, Education Department spokesman Juel Anderson said that just isn't so.
Instead, she said Wednesday the school is adding a sixth grade because the need is there. She said the school hasn't had a sixth grade for several years.
However, she added that the school is eliminating kindergarten. "There were only two students," she said.
She said those students will be bused to Julius E. Sprauve School in Cruz Bay.
Lorelei Monsanto, a past president of the Guy Benjamin Parent Teachers Organization, said Wednesday she looks forward to the day when the Education Department builds the long-awaited school for all the island's students. It is expected that when that happens, both Guy Benjamin and Sprauve will close.
"The bottom line is they have to decide when and where," she said.
St. John Administrator Julien Harley said Wednesday that the National Park Service and the local government continue to negotiate an exchange of land. He said the government hopes to obtain park land at Catherineberg in exchange for a yet-to-be decided government-owned parcel.
In other Guy Benjamin news, a group of volunteers from the Coral Bay Yacht Club, the Coral Bay Community Council and the Guy Benjamin PTO plan to refurbish the playground.
"We have 40 volunteers signed up," Coral Bay Community Council President Sharon Coldren said.
She said the yacht club raised $8,500 for the project through its Flotilla fundraiser earlier this year.
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Refund Retriever sponsors and attends many trade-shows each year. Twice a year we have a table at the Independent Retailer Conference within ASD Las Vegas and we are repeatedly asked what can be done about all the "extra fees" on UPS and FedEx invoices. These extra fees have many names: accessorial fees, surcharges, value-added services and service fees. We will call them accessorial fees in this discussion.
These are any fees in addition to a package's base rate. The fees are supplemental to transportation charges and are calculated using a number of small, but important variables including pick-up and delivery criteria. Each carrier has these listed in their service guide and various publications. The carriers even have subset categories for a single accessorial fee! It can be very confusing.
Many shippers are simply tired of being "nickel and dimed" on each invoice. Since most online retailers and e-commerce companies charge their customers for shipping at the time an order is being placed, it becomes frustrating when the actual shipping charges exceeds their initial expectation due to accessorial fees. When the shipping costs surpass the associated revenue collected from the customer, these accessorial expenses turn into unforeseen charges which in return can and will reduce expected profits. Accessorial fee surcharges can easily account for up to 40 percent of your overall FedEx or UPS invoice costs, so this is something that should not be taken lightly. Accessorial fees and other charges as a percentage of total shipping cost and is a good scale to judge your usage and discounts.
Stay tuned for more information on these surcharges….


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Who Plays Young Ben In 'Fantastic Four'? The 13-Year-Old Actor Is A Total Scene-Stealer As The Miniature Hero
By Olivia Truffaut-Wong
Fantastic Four may be a movie about a group of young, attractive adults who get superpowers, but it's also the story of Marvel's First Family: Reed Richards, Johnny Storm, Sue Storm and Ben Grimm. In fact, the film begins with a flashback sequence that shows how a young, nerdy Reed, played by Owen Judge, became BFFs with the school's tough guy Ben. The actor who plays young Ben in Fantastic Four is Evan Hannemann, and if he looks familiar to you, rest assured it isn't because he's the reincarnation of older Ben Grimm actor Jamie Bell circa Billy Elliot .
Though he only has a few credits to his name, at 13, Hannemann is quite the success already. Most audiences will recognize Hannemann for his recurring role in ABC's hit Fresh Off The Boat , on which he plays Barefoot Dave, one of Eddie's best friends at school. He's only appeared in one other film, titled Fight to the Finnish, and Fantastic Four is by far the biggest project he's ever been a part of. When he's not on set, the budding actor stays busy by going to school, singing, and having fun on Vine and Instagram.
Hannemann isn't the first young actor to hit it big playing a younger version of a superhero. In fact, here are some actors who played mini-superheroes you should know about:
1. Dylan Sprayberry
Richard Parker on YouTube
You know him as Liam, Scott's first Beta, on MTV's Teen Wolf, but before he grew werewolf claws and entered the world of the supernatural, Sprayberry had a substantial part in Man of Steel. In the movie, Sprayberry played Clark Kent at age 13, when he became conflicted on the meaning of his powers after he saved his classmate's lives, risking exposure.
2. Max Charles
This adorable kid actor already has 33 credits to his name — and he's only 11. Two of those credits are playing Young Peter Parker in The Amazing Spider-Man and The Amazing Spider-Man 2. Since playing the young hero, Charles has starred in American Sniper, The Strain, and voiced Sherman in Mr. Peabody & Sherman.
3. Logan Williams
Williams has appeared multiple times on CW's breakout hit The Flash , playing a young Barry Allen. With his adorable blue eyes and cute smile, he steals every scene he's in.
4. Skylar Gaertner
Skylar Gaertner has been steadily acting since his 2008 debut in the pilot of Lipstick Jungle. He has appeared on various television shows, including Law & Order: SVU and Person of Interest, and, most recently, he played a young Matt Murdock on Netflix's Daredevil .
They may be small, but they're just as heroic as — and way more adorable than— their older counterparts.
Image: 20th Century Fox


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We humbly honor the old school soul music era and will keep pushing forward to keep it alive!
Mo Money..After $1B Lawsuit, Ice Cube Makes Huge Announcement About His Big3 League
Posted On : June 12, 2018
NWA legend-turned actor-turned BIG3 League owner, Ice Cube, is out her making MAJOR moves yet again. As we previously reported, Cube has had a very successful run with his first year of his professional basketball league that includes the likes of many former NBA icons. Now, he's just made the announcement that he's about to turn it ALL the way up.
Ice Cube Expanding His BIG3 League
In a surprise announcement about his BIG3 League, Cube took to Twitter Tuesday morning (June 12, 2018) to announce he and his partner are in talks with heavy-hitters in China to expand their league to China….and then to Brazil. Now that's big boss moves right there!
In Beijing, just met with Yao Ming, the CBA & superstar Jay Chou about starting BIG3 CHINA 🇨🇳. Brazil is next 🇧🇷. pic.twitter.com/S7zhOgWiL7
— Ice Cube (@icecube) June 12, 2018
After Cube's announcement, further details emerged about the Compton, Cali. native's latest business moves. NBA legend and New Orleans, La. native, Clyde "The Glide" Drexler, was with Cube in China for the high-level meeting up with Chou and Ming. Drexler- an NBA Hall of Famer- is BIG3 League's commissioner. He, Ice Cube and their fellow BIG3 League execs are currently 'in Beijing as part of a 3-day trip to announce that the league will play exhibition games in China,' reports TMZ. Check out the video clip of their Beiging trip below…
That's not all though:
Via TMZ: …After the upcoming BIG3 season ends, players and coaches will travel to China and hoop in exhibition games with players from China's 3-on-3 league, the JYB — started by Taiwanese star Jay Chou. […] We're told it's only the 1st of a 2-part plan. Step 2? An entirely new BIG3 League in China … that'll tour the country. […] It's not a done deal just yet … but the league is optimistic it's gonna happen.
The $1Billion Lawsuit
This latest news, is far better than what we informed y'all of in April. We reported that Cube and his Big3 League partner, Jeff Kwatinetz filed a $1billion (yes BILLION) lawsuit against their business associates. Cube and Kwatinetz did a deal with a royal family from Qatar, which promised to invest millions into the BIG League, which would help cover the salaries of the players, but unfortunately things went way left. Long story short, the Qatari men have been giving Cube and his partner the run-around…even reportedly going as far as blaming their relaxed payments on sinus problems and teeth issue…weird, we know.
What Is Big3 League?
By the way, if you still aren't too familiar with exactly what Ice Cube's Big3 League is all about, here's what we previously reported about his huge grand opening last year (2017)…
Ice Cube has created a league that is one of the coolest things we've seen in a while. His Big3 League is a new basketball league comprised of some highly legendary former NBA players, including Allen Iverson, Jason Williams, Stephen Jackson, Chauncey Billups, and more.
Cube's league features retired players who play on three-man teams against each other. It's an eight team league. It's also great way to allow the Old School to represent, by keeping the players- who have stayed on top of their game and kept themselves in tip top shape after retirement- on the court and their legacies thriving. Props to Ice Cube for bringing his Big3 League to fruition!
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© Copyright 2015 . iloveoldschoolmusic.com


It's not *impossible* that the team runs the table. BUT - the Packers are running out of opportunities to do so. They need to get out of their own way starting with Miami.
And.....need to beat our division foes - and have them lose as frequently as possible.
How about we bookmark that play and have someone rewatch in on the all 22 and see what the tape says. If Cobb was supposed to be running a different route, he is not a rookie, so there is no rookie mistake.
Went back and looked at that play again. Cobb ran a 10 yard out route, and the ball ended up some 10+ yards past where Cobb ran. I tend to give the benefit of the doubt that the older WR ran the right route than the younger one. And I don't think Rodgers missed that route. MVS ran the post route instead of the corner route based on the Rodgers throw.
Was it the TV view or the all 22?
Can you see what the deep middle looks like? I thought there was not a safety in the deep middle, and he was in move of an over coverage on Adams on the left side and came up on Adams route. It was a quick look replay from behind the QB that really did not show the left side 1/3 of the field.
Maybe @AlexGreen#20 can pull the GIF. Don't know how to do it.
Pre-snap, the Patriots were showing a Cover-0. The only defender that was more than 5 yards off the LOS was I believe Jason McCourty who was lined up across from Randall Cobb. After the snap, there was no single high or two high safety. ESB had the step on JC Jackson. The question is did ESB run the wrong route or did Rodgers throw to the wrong spot? My guess is ESB ran the wrong route. We've done quite a bit of different level routes.


text:
#ifndef VINA_INCREMENTABLE_H
#define VINA_INCREMENTABLE_H

struct incrementable {
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#endif

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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I don't think it's about improvements to the soccer field.
UNCW athletics, you know it's about the women's basketball opening. And the potential situation it might cause, depending on who gets the job.
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(Tenn.) coach Adell Harris taking over, not interim coach Jimmy Garrity — despite a huge Twitter campaign and a team meeting with the chancellor yesterday afternoon.
For more on the Twitter barrage, here's another Storify explanation, using the tweets of players and students (and their former coach, interestingly enough) to do the story for us.
There have been threats/rumors/anonymous tips that as many as four players — out of 10 returners — would leave the program if Garrity was not promoted. Obviously, these are words made in the heat of the moment, by college students who are emotionally invested in the situation in front of them. Totally understandable.
But no matter who gets the job, today's press conference will be one of the most interesting UNCW has had for a new hire in a long time.
Stay tuned to the StarNews and StarNewsOnline.com this afternoon as we bring you everything that's happening.


The PowerLine AV 500 Starter Kit is capable of delivering wired data transfer rates of up to 500 Mbps. Advanced technology built into these adapters makes them more resistant to electrical interference from other household appliances, so users can fully benefit from the maximum transmission speeds. This makes them ideal for bandwidth-intensive applications, guaranteeing smooth HD video streaming, VoIP calls, and lag-free online gaming experiences. In addition, the Quality of Service (QoS) Engine prioritises Internet traffic, ensuring that multimedia applications do not experience glitches while web surfing and downloads are in progress. This kit provides ample network bandwidth, enabling Digital Home consumers to tap into existing electrical wiring for high-quality multimedia streaming.
Based on the industry-leading PowerLine Alliance technology, the adapters in the DHP-501AV kit are compatible with other brands' devices based on the IEEE 1901 standard. It is also compatible with devices implementing the former PowerLine AV standard, such as D-Link's DHP-306AV/-307AV, DHP-P306AV/-P307AV, and DHP-W306AV/-W307AV.


text:
Michael J. Dowd
By Diane
WESTFIELD – Michael J. Dowd died at home suddenly Sunday, February 10, 2013. Born in the flood year of 1955, Mike departed likewise during a massive storm. Born and raised in Westfield, Mike attended local schools and was a 1973 graduate of Westfield High School.
He then attended STCC and Westfield State College to gain his bachelor's degree in Science in 1979. He also had a bachelor's degree in Computer Science that he gained in 2002 from Westfield State College. Mike was an avid weightlifter and was a Red Cross certified Lifesaver. He enlisted with the U.S. Navy in 1980 as a corpsman. He was most proud of his military career and was also employed by Pratt and Whitney in CT., McDonnell Douglas in CA. and the USPS. Mike was a member of the American Legion Post 124 and a former member of the Sons of Erin, both in Westfield. Vivacious and proud of his heritage, Mike was especially proud of his Great-Uncle Walter "Rabbit" Maranville, a baseball Hall-of-Famer and a member of the 1914 "Miracle" Boston Braves.
Mike leaves his sister, Eileen Odabashian and her husband David of Norton, MA, Mary Dowd and Nan Dowd, both of Westfield; his brother, Daniel Dowd of Westfield and many nieces and nephews, cousins and friends. He also leaves Jean M Dumphy and her children with whom he spent many happy years, and his former wife Gail (Gornell). He was predeceased by his parents John and Eleanor (Sheehan) Dowd and his brother, Thomas E Dowd.
Funeral services for Mike are Thursday 8:15 a.m. from the Robert E. Cusack Funeral Home, 94 Main Street (Route 20), followed by a Mass of Christian Burial at 9:15 a.m. in St. Mary's Church, both in Westfield. Burial will follow in the MA Veteran's Memorial Cemetery, Agawam. Visiting hours are Wednesday from 5:00-7:00 p.m.
Kenneth E. Paye, Sr.
Marguerite F. Wolcott


text:
The Human Equation is the sixth album from the progressive rock project Ayreon by Dutch musician Arjen Anthony Lucassen, released on 25 May 2004 via Inside Out Music. As with other Ayreon albums, it features guest appearances from several musicians previously unrelated to the project, including James LaBrie of Dream Theater, Mikael Åkerfeldt of Opeth, Eric Clayton of Saviour Machine, and Devin Townsend, performing music arranged and written by Lucassen.

As with nearly every Ayreon album, it is a concept album with each character being portrayed by one singer. However unlike previous albums, The Human Equation is not a sci-fi story but takes place almost entirely in the mind of a character called Me (played by LaBrie) who is in a coma after a car crash, with each song consisting of one day spent in coma. While his Wife (Marcela Bovio) and Best Friend (Lucassen) are at his side in the real world, Me, trapped in his own mind, encounters representations of his own feelings and recalls his life from his childhood to his crash.

The album was released in three different editions: a regular edition with two CDs, a Special Edition with two CDs and a DVD, and a Limited Deluxe Edition with two CDs, a DVD and a 36-page booklet. The album peaked at #7 at Dutch Albums Chart and at #50 at Germany Albums Top 50. The album was also released on vinyl in December 2012.

The Human Equation is one of the few Ayreon albums in which Lucassen did not write all the lyrics (the others are Into the Electric Castle and The Theory of Everything): Townsend wrote all lyrics for his character Rage, while Heather Findlay of Mostly Autumn and Devon Graves of Deadsoul Tribe also wrote some of the lyrics for their characters, Love and Agony. The albums marks the first collaboration between Lucassen and Bovio, selected by Lucassen via an internet female singing contest to play Wife. The following year, Bovio and Lucassen created together progressive/symphonic metal band Stream of Passion.

Concept and storyline
The album explores the idea of psychological rebirth, and follows the story of a man who, after falling into a coma following a car crash, is confronted with his past, his emotions, and his current situation as he lays trapped inside his own mind. The circumstances surrounding the crash are mysterious, as the man ("Me", portrayed by James LaBrie) ploughed into a tree on a deserted road in broad daylight. Following this, he slips into a twenty-day coma, with each day represented by a single song. Each song follows a slightly different format, though there are major common themes, such as the presence of Me's manifest emotions in his dream world including Fear (Mikael Åkerfeldt), Reason (Eric Clayton), and Pride (Magnus Ekwall); the presence of Me's Wife (Marcela Bovio) Best Friend (Arjen Anthony Lucassen) at his bedside; and the past events that Me is forced to reflect on.

The plot builds from Me's early broken state to his eventual rebirth as a new and better man. His own dark past, in which he suffered beneath an abusive Father (Mike Baker), was driven to become merciless by school bullies, and eventually betrayed his closest friend for his own benefit; is intertwined with the plot surrounding Wife and Best Friend, eventually revealing the cause of the crash: Me had witnessed the two sharing an intimate moment, and had swerved his car into a tree in his despair. The three eventually come clean and forgive each other, leading Me to conquer his negative emotions and escape his nightmarish prison.

The story terminates with a sci-fi twist in contrast to the psychodrama of the album, but reminiscent of earlier Ayreon releases. The final song cuts suddenly to silence as it crescendoes to a climax, and a computerised voice announces the shut-down of the Dream Sequencer. The voice of Forever of the Stars then speaks the final words of the album ("Emotions...I remember..."), tying its events into the overall Ayreon plot that began with The Final Experiment.

The Theater Equation

The Theater Equation is a video release of a live performance of The Human Equation in 2015.

Track listing

Disc 2 has ten four-second and one nine-second hidden tracks which introduce "Day Twelve: Trauma".

Personnel

 Vocalists
James LaBrie (Dream Theater) as Me
Mikael Åkerfeldt (Opeth, Bloodbath) as Fear
Eric Clayton (Saviour Machine) as Reason
Heather Findlay (ex-Mostly Autumn) as Love
Irene Jansen as Passion
Magnus Ekwall (The Quill) as Pride
Devon Graves (Deadsoul Tribe, Psychotic Waltz) as Agony
Arjen Anthony Lucassen as Best Friend
Marcela Bovio (Elfonía) as Wife
Mike Baker (Shadow Gallery) as Father
Devin Townsend (Strapping Young Lad) as Rage
Peter Daltrey (ex-Kaleidoscope) as Voice (uncredited cameo)

 Production
Arjen Anthony Lucassen - production, mixing, recording

 Musicians
Arjen Anthony Lucassen – all electric and acoustic guitars, bass guitars, mandolin, lap steel guitar, keyboards, synthesizers, Hammond
Ed Warby (Gorefest, Hail of Bullets) – all drums and percussion
Robert Baba – all violins
Marieke van den Broek – all cellos
John McManus (Celtus, Mama's Boys) – low flute on Days 13, 16 and 18 and whistle on Day 18
Jeroen Goossens – flute on Days 3, 5, 9, 14 and 18, alto flute on Day 2, bass flute on Days 5 and 14, panpipes on Day 6, descant and treble recorders on Day 13, didgeridoo on Day 16, bassoon on Day 18
Joost van den Broek (After Forever) – synthesizer solo on Day 2, spinet on Day 13
Martin Orford (IQ, Jadis) – synthesizer solo on Day 15
Ken Hensley (Uriah Heep) – Hammond solo on Day 16
Oliver Wakeman – synthesizer solo on Day 17

Charts

References

2004 albums
Ayreon albums
Concept albums
Inside Out Music albums
Rock operas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Q: MultiTimeFrame problem on ploting with 'request.security' function I got a problem with my scritp.
I'm trying to plot the value of the 'total_score' variable, but I want it from an specific timeframe. The thing is that when I'm ploting with the 'request.security' function, a message pops up: "Cannot use a mutable variable as an argument of the 'request.security' function". That is because 'total_score' is a variable that is always being updated.
In order to do the ploting, I've tried creating a function that calculates this variable, and put it into a new variable 'test_tf_4H'. Then, I tried to plot this 'test_tf_4H' variable instead of ploting the request.security function, but neither that works. The same message still coming up: "Cannot use a mutable variable as an argument of the 'request.security' function".
Can anyone tell me what I'm I doing wrong here? Please.
// == inputs ==

Tenkan_P = input(9, title="Línea Tenkan-Sen"),
Kijun_P = input(26, title="Línea Kijun-Sen")
LeadingB_P = input(52, title="Línea Leading Span B"),
displacement = input(26, title="Retraso Chikou Span")

// == Vectores Ichimoku ==

Maximos_Tenkan = ta.highest(high, Tenkan_P)
Minimos_Tenkan = ta.lowest(low, Tenkan_P)
Maximos_Kijun = ta.highest(high, Kijun_P)
Minimos_Kijun = ta.lowest(low, Kijun_P)
Maximos_SpanB = ta.highest(high, LeadingB_P)
Minimos_SpanB = ta.lowest(low, LeadingB_P)
Tenkan = (Maximos_Tenkan + Minimos_Tenkan)/2
Kijun = (Maximos_Kijun + Minimos_Kijun) / 2
LeadingSpan_A = (Tenkan + Kijun) / 2
LeadingSpan_B = (Maximos_SpanB + Minimos_SpanB) / 2

resolve(src, default) =>
    if na(src)
        default
    else
        src

//Definición de cruces Gold / Death
tk_cross_bull = ta.crossover(Tenkan, Kijun)
tk_cross_bear = ta.crossunder(Tenkan, Kijun)

// Momento de cruce TK / KJ
cross_y = (Tenkan[1] * (Kijun - Kijun[1]) - Kijun[1] * (Tenkan - Tenkan[1])) / ((Kijun - Kijun[1]) - (Tenkan - Tenkan[1]))
tk_cross_below_kumo = cross_y <= LeadingSpan_B[27] and cross_y <= LeadingSpan_A[27] and cross_y <= LeadingSpan_B[26] and cross_y <= LeadingSpan_A[26]
tk_cross_above_kumo = cross_y >= LeadingSpan_B[27] and cross_y >= LeadingSpan_A[27] and cross_y >= LeadingSpan_B[26] and cross_y >= LeadingSpan_A[26]
tk_cross_inside_kumo = (not tk_cross_below_kumo) and (not tk_cross_above_kumo)
//Función TK Cross
tk_cross_score = 0.0
tk_cross_score := resolve(tk_cross_score[1], 0)
// Ponderación del cruce TK / KJ
tk_cross_weight = input.float(1.0, title="Tenkan/Kijun Ponderación", step=0.1)
tk_cross_weak_bullish_points = input.float(0.5, title="Ponderación Tenkan/Kijun Bullish débil", step=0.1)
tk_cross_neutral_bullish_points = input.float(1.0, title="Ponderación Tenkan/Kijun Bullish neutral", step=0.1)
tk_cross_strong_bullish_points = input.float(2.0, title="Ponderación Tenkan/Kijun Bullish fuerte", step=0.1)

tk_cross_weak_bearish_points = input.float(-0.5, title="Ponderación Tenkan/Kijun Bearish débil", step=0.1)
tk_cross_neutral_bearish_points = input.float(-1.0, title="Ponderación Tenkan/Kijun Bearish neutral", step=0.1)
tk_cross_strong_bearish_points = input.float(-2.0, title="Ponderación Tenkan/Kijun Bearish fuerte", step=0.1)

// == TK Cross / weak bullish (below kumo) ==
tk_cross_score := (tk_cross_bull and tk_cross_below_kumo) ? tk_cross_weak_bullish_points : tk_cross_score

// == TK Cross / neutral bullish (inside kumo) ==
tk_cross_score := (tk_cross_bull and tk_cross_inside_kumo) ? tk_cross_neutral_bullish_points : tk_cross_score

// == TK Cross / strong bullish (above kumo) ==
tk_cross_score := (tk_cross_bull and tk_cross_above_kumo) ? tk_cross_strong_bullish_points : tk_cross_score

// == TK Cross / strong bearish (below kumo) ==
tk_cross_score := (tk_cross_bear and tk_cross_below_kumo) ? tk_cross_strong_bearish_points : tk_cross_score

// == TK Cross / neutral bearish (inside kumo) ==
tk_cross_score := (tk_cross_bear and tk_cross_inside_kumo) ? tk_cross_neutral_bearish_points : tk_cross_score

// == TK Cross / weak bearish (above kumo) ==
tk_cross_score := (tk_cross_bear and tk_cross_above_kumo) ? tk_cross_weak_bearish_points : tk_cross_score

// == Price and Kijun Sen (standard line) Cross ==

//pk_cross_bull = (close[1] < Kijun[1] and close >= Kijun)
//pk_cross_bear = (close[1] > Kijun[1] and close <= Kijun)
pk_cross_bull = ta.crossover(close, Kijun)
pk_cross_bear = ta.crossunder(close, Kijun)

cross_pk_y = (close[1] * (Kijun - Kijun[1]) - Kijun[1] * (close - close[1])) / ((Kijun - Kijun[1]) - (close - close[1]))

pk_cross_below_kumo = cross_pk_y <= LeadingSpan_B[27] and cross_pk_y <= LeadingSpan_A[27] and cross_pk_y <= LeadingSpan_B[26] and cross_pk_y <= LeadingSpan_A[26]
pk_cross_above_kumo = cross_pk_y >= LeadingSpan_B[27] and cross_pk_y >= LeadingSpan_A[27] and cross_pk_y >= LeadingSpan_B[26] and cross_pk_y >= LeadingSpan_A[26]
pk_cross_inside_kumo = (not pk_cross_below_kumo) and (not pk_cross_above_kumo)

pk_cross_score = 0.0
pk_cross_score := resolve(pk_cross_score[1], 0)

pk_cross_weight = input.float(1.0, title="PS Cross Importance Weight", step=0.1)

pk_cross_weak_bullish_points = input.float(0.5, title="Ponderación Precio/Kijun Bullish débil", step=0.1)
pk_cross_neutral_bullish_points = input.float(1.0, title="Ponderación Precio/Kijun Bullish neutral", step=0.1)
pk_cross_strong_bullish_points = input.float(2.0, title="Ponderación Precio/Kijun Bullish fuerte", step=0.1)

pk_cross_weak_bearish_points = input.float(-0.5, title="Ponderación Precio/Kijun Bearish débil", step=0.1)
pk_cross_neutral_bearish_points = input.float(-1.0, title="Ponderación Precio/Kijun Bearish neutral", step=0.1)
pk_cross_strong_bearish_points = input.float(-2.0, title="Ponderación Precio/Kijun Bearish fuerte", step=0.1)

// == PK Cross / weak bullish (below kumo) ==
pk_cross_score := (pk_cross_bull and pk_cross_below_kumo) ? pk_cross_weak_bullish_points : pk_cross_score

// == PK Cross / neutral bullish (inside kumo)
pk_cross_score := (pk_cross_bull and pk_cross_inside_kumo) ? pk_cross_neutral_bullish_points : pk_cross_score

// == PK Cross / strong bullish (above kumo)
pk_cross_score := (pk_cross_bull and pk_cross_above_kumo) ? pk_cross_strong_bullish_points : pk_cross_score

// == PK Cross / strong bearish (below kumo)
pk_cross_score := (pk_cross_bear and pk_cross_below_kumo) ? pk_cross_strong_bearish_points : pk_cross_score

// == PK Cross / neutral bearish (inside kumo)
pk_cross_score := (pk_cross_bear and pk_cross_inside_kumo) ? pk_cross_neutral_bearish_points : pk_cross_score

// == PK Cross / weak bearish (above kumo)
pk_cross_score := (pk_cross_bear and pk_cross_above_kumo) ? pk_cross_weak_bearish_points : pk_cross_score

// == Kumo Breakouts ==

kumo_bull = (ta.crossover(close, LeadingSpan_A[26]) and LeadingSpan_A[26] > LeadingSpan_B[26]) or (ta.crossover(close, LeadingSpan_B[26]) and LeadingSpan_B[26] > LeadingSpan_A[26])
kumo_bear = (ta.crossunder(close, LeadingSpan_B[26]) and LeadingSpan_A[26] > LeadingSpan_B[26]) or (ta.crossunder(close, LeadingSpan_A[26]) and LeadingSpan_B[26] > LeadingSpan_A[26])

kumo_breakout_score = 0.0
kumo_breakout_score := resolve(kumo_breakout_score[1], 0)

kumo_breakout_weight = input.float(1.0, title="Importancia a salida de la nube", step=0.1)

kumo_breakout_bullish_points = input.float(1.0, title="Salida de la nube: Bullish", step=0.1)
kumo_breakout_bearish_points = input.float(-1.0, title="Salida de la nube: Bearish", step=0.1)

price_below_kumo = (close < LeadingSpan_B and close < LeadingSpan_A)
price_above_kumo = (close > LeadingSpan_B and close > LeadingSpan_A)
price_inside_kumo = (not price_below_kumo) and (not price_above_kumo)

kumo_breakout_score := (kumo_bull and price_above_kumo) ? kumo_breakout_bullish_points : kumo_breakout_score
kumo_breakout_score := (kumo_bear and price_below_kumo) ? kumo_breakout_bearish_points : kumo_breakout_score

lead_line_cross_bull = ta.crossover(LeadingSpan_A, LeadingSpan_B)
lead_line_cross_bear = ta.crossunder(LeadingSpan_A, LeadingSpan_B)
price_below_kumo := (close < LeadingSpan_B and close < LeadingSpan_A)
price_above_kumo := (close > LeadingSpan_B and close > LeadingSpan_A)
price_inside_kumo := (not price_below_kumo) and (not price_above_kumo)

span_cross_score = 0.0
span_cross_score := resolve(span_cross_score[1], 0)
span_cross_weight = input.float(1.0, title="Ponderación al cruce de nubes (Span A vs Span B)", step=0.1)

span_cross_weak_bullish_points = input.float(0.5, title="Ponderación de cruce de nubes Bullish débil", step=0.1)
span_cross_neutral_bullish_points = input.float(1.0, title="Ponderación de cruce de nubes Bullish neutral", step=0.1)
span_cross_strong_bullish_points = input.float(2.0, title="Ponderación de cruce de nubes Bullish fuerte", step=0.1)

span_cross_weak_bearish_points = input.float(-0.5, title="Ponderación de cruce de nubes Bearish débil", step=0.1)
span_cross_neutral_bearish_points = input.float(-1.0, title="Ponderación de cruce de nubes Bearish neutral", step=0.1)
span_cross_strong_bearish_points = input.float(-2.0, title="Ponderación de cruce de nubes Bearish fuerte", step=0.1)

// == Senkou Span Cross / weak bullish (price below kumo) ==
span_cross_score := (lead_line_cross_bull and price_below_kumo) ? span_cross_weak_bullish_points : span_cross_score

// == Senkou Span Cross / neutral bullish (price inside kumo) ==
span_cross_score := (lead_line_cross_bull and price_inside_kumo) ? span_cross_neutral_bullish_points : span_cross_score

// == Senkou Span Cross / strong bullish (price above kumo) ==
span_cross_score := (lead_line_cross_bull and price_above_kumo) ? span_cross_strong_bullish_points : span_cross_score

// == Senkou Span Cross / weak bearish (price above kumo) ==
span_cross_score := (lead_line_cross_bear and price_above_kumo) ? span_cross_weak_bearish_points : span_cross_score

// == Senkou Span Cross / neutral bearish (price inside kumo) ==
span_cross_score := (lead_line_cross_bear and price_inside_kumo) ? span_cross_neutral_bearish_points : span_cross_score

// == Senkou Span Cross / strong bearish (price below kumo) ==
span_cross_score := (lead_line_cross_bear and price_below_kumo) ? span_cross_strong_bearish_points : span_cross_score

past_price = close[26]
lag_line_bull_cross = close > close[26]
lag_line_bear_cross = close < close[26]

past_price_below_kumo = (past_price < LeadingSpan_B[26] and past_price < LeadingSpan_A[26])
past_price_above_kumo = (past_price > LeadingSpan_B[26] and past_price > LeadingSpan_A[26])
past_price_inside_kumo = (LeadingSpan_B[26] < past_price and past_price < LeadingSpan_A[26]) and (LeadingSpan_A[26] < past_price and past_price < LeadingSpan_B[26])

lag_line_cross_score = 0.0
lag_line_cross_score := resolve(lag_line_cross_score[1], 0)

lag_line_cross_weight = input.float(1.0, title="Ponderación Chikou Span", step=0.1)

lag_line_cross_weak_bullish_points = input.float(0.5, title="Ponderación cruce Chikou/precio Bullish débil", step=0.1)
lag_line_cross_neutral_bullish_points = input.float(1.0, title="Ponderación cruce Chikou/precio Bullish neutral", step=0.1)
lag_line_cross_strong_bullish_points = input.float(2.0, title="Ponderación cruce Chikou/precio Bullish fuerte", step=0.1)

lag_line_cross_weak_bearish_points = input.float(-0.5, title="Ponderación cruce Chikou/precio Bearish débil", step=0.1)
lag_line_cross_neutral_bearish_points = input.float(-1.0, title="Ponderación cruce Chikou/precio Bearish neutral", step=0.1)
lag_line_cross_strong_bearish_points = input.float(-2.0, title="Ponderación cruce Chikou/precio Bearish fuerte", step=0.1)

// == Chikou Span Cross / weak bullish (price below kumo)
lag_line_cross_score := (lag_line_bull_cross and past_price_below_kumo) ? lag_line_cross_weak_bullish_points : lag_line_cross_score

// == Chikou Span Cross / neutral bullish (price inside kumo)
lag_line_cross_score := (lag_line_bull_cross and past_price_inside_kumo) ? lag_line_cross_neutral_bullish_points : lag_line_cross_score

// == Chikou Span Cross / strong bullish (price above kumo)
lag_line_cross_score := (lag_line_bull_cross and past_price_above_kumo) ? lag_line_cross_strong_bullish_points : lag_line_cross_score

// == Chikou Span Cross / weak bearish (price above kumo)
lag_line_cross_score := (lag_line_bear_cross and past_price_above_kumo) ? lag_line_cross_weak_bearish_points : lag_line_cross_score

// == Chikou Span Cross / neutral bearish (price inside kumo)
lag_line_cross_score := (lag_line_bear_cross and past_price_inside_kumo) ? lag_line_cross_neutral_bearish_points : lag_line_cross_score

// == Chikou Span Cross / strong bearish (price below kumo)
lag_line_cross_score := (lag_line_bear_cross and past_price_below_kumo) ? lag_line_cross_strong_bearish_points : lag_line_cross_score

// == lag line releative to cloud ==

lag_line_location_weight = input.float(1.0, title="Importancia relativa del Chikou Span a la nube", step=0.1)

lag_line_location_above_points = input.float(1.0, title="Ponderación a Chikou Span sobre la nube", step=0.1)
lag_line_location_inside_points = input.float(0, title="Ponderación a Chikou Span al interior de la nube", step=0.1)
lag_line_location_below_points = input.float(-1.0, title="Ponderación a Chikou Span debajo la nube", step=0.1)

lag_line_placement_score = 0.0
lag_line_placement_score := resolve(lag_line_placement_score[1], 0)

lag_line_placement_score := past_price_above_kumo ? lag_line_location_above_points : lag_line_placement_score
lag_line_placement_score := past_price_inside_kumo ? lag_line_location_inside_points : lag_line_placement_score
lag_line_placement_score := past_price_below_kumo ? lag_line_location_below_points : lag_line_placement_score

// == price relative to cloud ==

price_placement_score = 0.0
price_placement_score := resolve(price_placement_score[1], 0)

price_location_weight = input.float(1.0, title="Importancia relativa del precio a la nube", step=0.1)

price_location_above_points = input.float(1.0, title="Ponderación al precio sobre la nube", step=0.1)
price_location_inside_points = input.float(0, title="Ponderación al precio en la nubes", step=0.1)
price_location_below_points = input.float(-1.0, title="Ponderación al precio debajo de la nube", step=0.1)

price_below_kumo := (close < LeadingSpan_B[26] and close < LeadingSpan_A[26])
price_above_kumo := (close > LeadingSpan_B[26] and close > LeadingSpan_A[26])
price_inside_kumo := (not price_below_kumo) and (not price_above_kumo)

price_placement_score := price_above_kumo ? price_location_above_points : price_placement_score
price_placement_score := price_inside_kumo ? price_location_inside_points : price_placement_score
price_placement_score := price_below_kumo ? price_location_below_points : price_placement_score

// == plot score ==

Ichilemoku_funct() =>
    total_score = ( tk_cross_weight * tk_cross_score) + (pk_cross_weight * pk_cross_score) + (kumo_breakout_weight * kumo_breakout_score)  + (span_cross_weight * span_cross_score) + (lag_line_cross_weight * lag_line_cross_score) + (price_location_weight * price_placement_score)
    total_score := total_score + (lag_line_location_weight * lag_line_placement_score)

// Arreglos MTF
test_tf_4H = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, timeframe = '240', expression = Ichilemoku_funct())

plot(test_tf_4H, linewidth=3, title="Total Score", color = color.yellow)
plot(0, title="Base", style=plot.style_stepline, color = color.rgb(223, 223, 223, 20))

A: Ideally, you need to ensure that the operations you are performing are being done correctly within the context of the security call. Most likely you are calculating something in the global context that is still being passed through to the security call, but that should be done within the context of the security call.
Take this kijun calculation for example. This ensures that the kijun is being calculated correctly as if it was being done on the 4H chart, using 4H chart high/low values using 26 4H periods. This will give you the same result as if you were doing the calculation on the global scope while the chart's timeframe is 4H.
f_kijun(_high, _low) =>
    _kijun = (ta.highest(_high, 26) + ta.lowest(_low, 26)) / 2
    _kijun

mtf_kijun = request.security(syminfo.tickerid, "240", f_kijun(high, low))

plot(mtf_kijun)

It may be necessary to wrap your entire calculation into a function that is passed to the security call to ensure that everything that is referenced in the calculation for total_score is calculated correctly.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Many of you have heard about the recent devastating flooding in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. I have a personal connection with the pastor of St. Jean Vianney parish in Baton Rouge. Father Tom Ranzino and I both attended St. Meinrad Seminary (he was a few years ahead of me), and we have been working together in recent years, serving on the Board for the Federation of Diocesan Liturgical Commissions. So this puts a very human face on the reality of this horrific flood.
In light of this, Sacred Heart Parish will be sending $5,000 from our Parish Giving Fund (made possible through our Stewardship of Treasure) to St. Jean Vianney parish to assist Father Tom and his parishioners in their relief efforts. We will take up a second collection for St. Jean Vianney parish this weekend, August 27th & 28th, and I ask you to consider how you can contribute. If you want to send in a donation later for St. Jean Vianney, you may send it to the Parish Office by September 6th and we will add it to the other donations.
"Thank you for reaching out to me and my community here at St Jean Vianney. We are on the Eastern edge of the city of Baton Rouge, and were in the middle of the flooded area which extended to our east, through us, and then south to the area south east of Baton Rouge. The description being given of the rain event was it was a young hurricane in its formation and it spent three days directly over BR raining constantly. The local paper said that the amount of water on Baton Rouge was equal to the water needs for the City of New Orleans for the next 300 years. In brief this is our reality.
Water did NOT get in to the Church, the parish office [Thank the Lord!] elementary School office, and 95% of the Elementary School building. Water did enter the two K classrooms and Library in the Elementary School; the Parish Hall, the new Parish Gymnasium and the newly renovated Preschool. Water also entered the bottom floor of the parish rectory.
Father Tom said several members of the staff and many parishioners have lost their homes. See his parish website for more information: www.stjeanvianney.org. Please pray for the Baton Rouge flood victims.
This entry was posted in News by jorgovan. Bookmark the permalink.


© JULIEN DE ROSA/EPA-EFE/REX Heartbreaking pictures show the scale of the damage caused People around the world are this evening watching devastating footage of Paris's Notre Dame being ravaged by a huge fire .
Shortly after the blaze began President Donald Trump tweeted his suggestions of how firefighters could tackle the blaze.
He wrote: "So horrible to watch the massive fire at Notre Dame Cathedral in Paris. Perhaps flying water tankers could be used to put it out. Must act quickly."
But authorities are unable to drop water from the cathedral from the air, for fear of destroying what is left of Notre Dame and injuring people nearby.
Explaining why this approach hasn't been used, Le Monde explains: "A Canadair projects about 6 tonnes of water at high speed to the ground: the danger is significant of hurting one or more people around the building - which is why Canadair interventions are so infrequent in urban and peri-urban areas.
"Such an intervention could also significantly destroy the little remaining structure of the cathedral."
While authorities are still investigating the cause of the blaze, a ''stray flame' linked to £5million renovation work is thought to have sparked the inferno in the loft at around 5.30pm.
Crowds of aghast Parisiennes and tourists are watching from the bridges and banks of the River Seine as emergency services try desperately to save the medieval building and the priceless works of art at its heart.
Devastating footage earlier captured the moments the spire of one of Paris' most recognisable landmarks collapsing as the church is ravaged by the blazing inferno.
A cathedral spokesman has said the entire wooden interior of the celebrated masterpiece of French Gothic architecture is burning and likely to be destroyed.
The Thai navy on Saturday boarded the floating cabin of a fugitive U.S. bitcoin trader and his Thai girlfriend, both prominent members of the "seasteading" movement who possibly face the death sentence for setting up their offshore home. Yahaira Jacquez reports.


This week, we discuss all things Pandemic, including spoiler free talk of Pandemic Legacy. Luckily, we have Barb and Matt back to keep things from getting too hostile. Everyone seems to like this game, except for Ryan. What's wrong with Ryan? Join us to find out.
We cover Pandemic (2008) by Matt Leacock, including the expansions In the Lab (2013) and On the Brink (2009). We also discuss Pandemic: The Cure (2014) and Pandemic: Contagion (2014). And finally a bit about Pandemic Legacy: Season 1 (2015). Again no Spoilers.
Your caravan arrives in the fabled Sultanate of Naqala. The sultan is dead. Do you have what it takes to maneuver the five tribes, invoke the old Djinns, and gain enough influence to fulfill the prophesy and become the new sultan?
Five Tribes is a clever, meeple-heavy work placement game where the workers are already in place on the table and you use a Mancala-like movement on your turn to maneuver the five tribe and gain points. Designed by Bruno Cathala and released in 2014 by Days of Wonder, Five Tribes is a game played best with player of the same experience level and low analysis paralysis.
We finally review Mysterium! For this seance, we all put on our Medium caps and find meaning in our dreams, conveniently provided by the ghost player in the form of full art cards. Mysterium was designed by Oleksandr Nevskiy and Oleg Sidorenko. The English version was released in 2015 by Asmodee.
The Meeple Nation Primes are joined by Barbara and Matthew Allen as we gush about this outstanding and unique gaming experience. Saying Mysterium is like Clue meets Dixit just doesn't do enough to convey the awesomeness of this game.
In this episode we talk about our gaming year, including a review of what goals we completed from those we set back in Episode 33. What were our gaming highlights? Can Brent's highlight be Ryan's lowlight? What are our plans for 2016?
Join us while we enter the new year. Let us know what you are wishing for!


Home Vendors Hard Way Cider Co.
The Hard Way Cider Co. is a company that was born from passion. What started as a hobby for founders Lisa and Steve Goddard quickly became a business that allowed them to return to what is important to them: connecting with nature and building something they can be proud of.
This transition wasn't without its hurdles. Both Lisa and Steve have put in the time and effort to grow. They believe that nothing worth while ever came easy. Always learning, improving and pushing the envelope, the words "cutting corners" and "take it easy" have left their vocabulary.
Today, Lisa and Steve have their hands in every part of the process and continue bring their cider to the world… The Hard Way.


Do you own the LakeGroomer?
We would love to hear what you have to say about your existing Lake Groomer. Would you make the purchase again?
Tell us about your experience using the LakeGroomer and what you think others would like to know about it?


We are proud to release the CorkSport Upgraded Boost Tube for 2018+ Mazda 6 2.5T and 2016+ CX-9 2.5T. The CorkSport boost tube is larger, stronger, more reliable, and of course better looking than the OEM rubber tube. Increase throttle response down low, hit boost targets easier and future proof your ride for mods down the road with a simple 1-hour install. Read on for full details and be sure to check out the R&D blogs here and here for the backstory.


OS tools Tools & Tips Whats new !
PC security specialist(s) are the most imperative good examples when framework support and security~safety becomes an integral factor. Utilizing a PC framework for quite a long time and after that needing to arrange it at a specific time or the other is not as simple as pie. Arranging your PC framework is not as arranging a negligible bit of crap into a whip can. You'd not have any desire to lose all your imperative data and information, ought to the case be that you've not gathered them in a protected gadget. All the more things being what they are, what about your "bookmarks", have you effectively gathered the connections and spared them on your docs or exceed expectations sheets?
You would do well to not been in a scramble, much the same as I probably am aware you wouldn't. Else, odds are that you'd lose an adequate reports and other pertinent data during the time spent transfer. Another vital scene you'd need to maintain a strategic distance from is losing your records to individuals. Not every arranged framework or PCs go destroyed. Now and again, it may wind up in the shop of a close-by humble PC repairer, nor its parts destroyed and sold off in pieces by the individual who protected it from whip. On the off chance that this happens, odds are that unprotected data on either hard (if not expelled) or framework program (if windows is still substantial) might be uncovered. In this way could influence the underlying you in any capacity, since information is delicate.
Down the following few lines, I'll be talking more on PC transfer measures, and what vital things you'd need to do before at last arranging your PC framework.
E-waste is the fastest creating solid waste stream on the planet, according to a survey. Thus, decisions for genuine exchange are considerably more accessible than they were even two or three years earlier. Best Buy and Staples, for instance, are two retailers that have a recover program on equipment.


1. The full set of methods for getting product information is now supported for WooCommerce.
2. Avail_view and avail_sale filters have been added for WooCommerce.
4. It is now feasible to distinguish orders from Shopify POS and Shopify using a source_name field.
5. The product.variant.add method has been added for WooCommerce.
6. It is now possible to retrieve data on subscriptions from stores that use WooCommerce Subscriptions extension.
8. It is now possible to retrieve multilingual information from sites that use the WPML module using the language_id parameter. Read more here.
9. The category_id filter has been added for the product.variant.list method.


text:
WIP (draft)

# Parsing with snapdragon

Pre-requisites
If you're not quite sure how an AST works, don't sweat it. Not every programmer needs to interact with an AST, and the first experience with one is daunting for everyone.

To get the most from this documentation, we suggest you head over to the [begin/parsers-compilers](https://github.com/begin/parsers-compilers) project to brush up. Within a few minutes you'll know everything you need to proceed!

Table of contents
- Usage
- Developer
  * Parser
  * Parsers
  * Custom parsers

## API

## Parser

The snapdragon [Parser]() class contains all of the functionality and methods that are used for creating an AST from a string.

To understand what `Parser` does,

The snapdragon parser takes a string and creates an  by

1. looping over the string
1. invoking registered [parsers](#parsers) to create new AST nodes.

The following documentation describes this in more detail.

 checking to see if any registered [parsers](#parsers) match the sub-string at the current position, and:
  * if a parser matches, it is called, possibly resuling in a new AST node (this is up to the parser function)
  * if _no matches are found_, an error is throw notifying you that the s

## Parsers

Snapdragon parsers are functions that are registered by name, and are invoked by the `.parse` method as it loops over the given string.

**How parsers work**

A very basic parser function might look something like this:

```js
function() {
  var parsed = this.parsed;
  var pos = this.position();
  var m = this.match(regex);
  if (!m || !m[0]) return;

  var prev = this.prev();
  var node = pos({
    type: type,
    val: m[0]
  });

  define(node, 'match', m);
  define(node, 'inside', this.stack.length > 0);
  define(node, 'parent', prev);
  define(node, 'parsed', parsed);
  define(node, 'rest', this.input);
  prev.nodes.push(node);
}
```

TODO

## Custom parsers

TODO

## Plugins

TODO

```js
parser.use(function() {});
```

```js
snapdragon.parser.use(function() {});
```


Intelligence Operations Support – Cambridge International Systems, Inc.
In the age of big data, the ability to carefully parse through vast quantities of information to collect meaningful and actionable intelligence is critical to global intelligence operations. Cambridge's experienced, combat-proven intelligence specialists have the skills to harvest and process raw intelligence into written, detailed, and actionable packages. Our team is supporting a joint effort between our U.S. military and coalition partner customers by providing information operations, open source analysis, counter narcotics analysis, and threat finance/drug financing reporting.


Avanti has the tools to help you succeed in Lipidomics. We have been producing high-quality lipids since 1967, and have been supplying mass spec standards to the LipidMAPS consortium and many others for over 15 years. Our mass spec standard line includes deuterium labeled lipids available in complex standard mixtures or as individual compounds. We have both internal standards and primary standards for most lipid classes. Our Analytical Services Division is also available to perform targeted or broad range lipidomic analysis for a fee. Please visit our website for more information.
In close cooperation with our customers, Bruker is enabling innovation, productivity and customer success in life science molecular research, in applied and pharma applications, and in microscopy, nano-analysis and industrial applications. In recent years, Bruker has also become a provider of high-performance systems for cell biology, preclinical imaging, clinical phenomics and proteomics research, clinical microbiology, and for molecular pathology research.
HTX Technologies ofers innovative sample preparation systems for advanced analytical platforms. Our integrated workflow solutions include user training, instrumentation, software, consumables and method development services.
ImaBiotech is a contract research organization (CRO) that offers services in mass spectrometry imaging (MSI); along with developing and implementing new imaging technologies, such as Quantinetix™ and Multimaging™. The main facility is located in Europe (Lille, France), with a new laboratory in North America (Billerica, MA), and a distributor in Asia (Nagoya, Japan). In order to accelerate drug development, ImaBiotech offers Mass Spectrometry Services, such as MALDI high resolution mass spectrometry imaging to provide a cost effective solution to preclinical and clinical studies. This molecular technique is used both qualitatively and quantitatively for understanding the efficacy and toxicity of drug candidates.
Ionoptika Limited is an SME located close to Southampton in the UK, specializing in the design and manufacture of high performance ion beam technologies for micro-machining and surface analysis applications. Over nearly 25 years, the company has established itself as a cutting-edge technology provider - through close association with leading scientists, we are constantly driving innovative new technologies to solve the problems of tomorrow.
Our flagship instrument, the J105 SIMS, is a state-of-the-art dynamic ToF-SIMS which uses a DC primary beam in conjunction with a revolutionary time-of-flight analyser to create a new paradigm in imaging mass spectrometry. Using the latest in cluster ion beam technology, the J105 enables high-resolution SIMS imaging of large molecular species, continuous data acquisition (i.e. no separate etch cycle), whilst simultaneously delivering high spatial- and mass-resolution.
New River Labs is the leading provider of mass spectrometry imaging based diagnostic and prognostic tests designed to address unmet clinical needs and improve patient care. Our tests provide physicians with actionable intelligence to develop personalized treatment plans, leading to improved patient outcomes. We use histology-guided mass spectrometry (HGMS) profiling, a proprietary application of mass spectrometry imaging, to target specific cells of interest within tissue sections. By applying machine learning resources to HGMS data, we develop classification algorithms that can differentiate between disease states and treatment responses. We are actively seeking collaborative research partnerships with principal investigators and key opinion leaders to expand our portfolio of MALDI mass spectrometry based clinical assays.
Waters Corporation (NYSE: WAT), the world's leading specialty measurement company, has pioneered chromatography, mass spectrometry and thermal analysis innovations serving the life, materials and food sciences for nearly 60 years. With approximately 7,000 employees worldwide, Waters operates directly in 31 countries, including 15 manufacturing facilities, and with products available in more than 100 countries.
Thermo Fisher Scientific high resolution mass spectrometry systems take discovery and sample analysis to new heights. We offer easy, high-throughput, quantitative workflows for proteins, drug metabolites, pesticides and many other applications. Whether you're detecting disease biomarkers or performing forensic analysis on drugs of abuse, our mass spectrometers give you the resolution, accuracy, sensitivity, and throughput that you need to advance your science.
Xtreme Power, a global provider of power quality solutions, is dedicated to providing the most reliable power protection for mission critical applications. Its innovative product portfolio ensures customer peace of mind with ideal solutions for maximum uptime. Xtreme Power manufactures UPS, power distribution units, and portable cooling products for a global network of OEMs and distributors. Headquartered in Denver, CO, our distribution centers across the U.S. and Europe ensure fast and accurate delivery.
Our goal is to provide premium products with the best cost effective solutions for power quality and data center needs. At Xtreme Power, we built our business around the needs of our partners.


Surviving and Thriving | Diastolic hypotension, hypertension, or something else?
Hi all, I have a 15+ yr history of the classic POTS symptoms but have just been bounced from one gastroenterologist to another (nausea is the thing that bothers me most). Up until now my diagnosis was IBS + classic and vestibular migraines + anxiety. Finally I've been referred to an autonomic clinic and have recently learned about POTS, EDS, MCAD etc. like you Diana I also have an allied health and academic background so I have been reading a lot of articles this past month!
While I wait for my autonomic appointment at Easter, I have borrowed a blood pressure monitor and I've found some interesting patterns. When I am in supine my BP is around 90/50… A bit on the low side. When sitting quietly it drops further… Around 75-85/45. But after a few minutes of standing it is either in the normal range ( e.g. 100/60) or a high systolic (e.g. 177/80)! So I have this strange pattern…. Generally low diastolic at rest, and high systolic on standing. My HR also increases between 25-40 BPM from supine to stand @10 mins.
I am sure the cardiologist will reveal all in time, but just out of curiosity does anyone else experience this odd pattern? And does anyone know what it relates to physiologically? It is the D/S discrepancy that's confusing me.
Thanks for your videos and forum Diana, great site to land on!
I see wide gaps in D/S. My understanding is that it is my body's way of coping to make everything fit in the tubes (blood vessels) at an ideal pressure. A consistently wide D/S gap over a certain amount is also a risk factor for stroke. My brain can't remember what the gap is exactly at this moment but it is wide. The other wxplaination I know of for a wide D/S is heart related. Potentially, one part of the heart may not be working at full copacity so there is a huge let off in pressure in the "relax" phase of a heart beat. Again, many concussions later, I think this had something to do with left ventricular dysfunction. I am not a doctor. I am just a well read advocate for myself. Unfortunately much of that research is locked in the concussion files at the moment.
‹‹ Scared hopefully not to death. Does this sound like congestive Heart Failure to you?