I hope you're all well! I wanted to start a new series on the blog for a while now around shopping trends, new in and trending pieces but I just haven't gotten round to it! So today is that day, from now on, every Tuesday at 8am you will find a post with 9 of the best . . . something! It can be a certain item, something for an occasion or like today, a trend! I picked the spring trend of utility to do because without even realising it's totally snuck into my wardrobe and it's one trend that I am really loving this spring and I'm sure that will carry on through to my summer wardrobe!
As you can see in the outfit I shot a couple of weeks ago before I jetted off to LA ( back now though, sad times! ) I'm wearing a bag and jacket with major utility trend vibes. This jacket is actually super handy because you can zip it off to make it a cropped jacket too! How cute will that be with summer dresses?
I'm also trying to be better and do something else new for you guys if you didn't notice in my other blog posts yet, I did it in my post on what I wore in Dallas too! I'm sharing how you can get my look for less! I got a lot of feedback that people found they couldn't necessarily afford my outfits since I've been wearing more designer accessories so you ask, I deliver.
The utility trend is not something I would identify with and see myself wearing when I see those words, utility trend. However, without realising I have been wearing it and quite a lot actually! One item I've been loving is this wrapover skirt which I have actually now ordered in another colour way because I love it so much! It's super easy to wear and is just a little nod to the utility trend if you don't want to go full out fisherman vest.
I've also been loving the designer items feeding there way into the utility trend. I first saw these Gucci boots over a year ago and honestly HATED them, I thought they were so so ugly (much like the Balenciaga trainers and hey look where that got me). Then a few months ago I spied them on Kylie Jenner and instantly warmed to them, something about them I can't stop thinking about. Much the same with the Fendi utility belt which looks pretty much entirely useless right? Josefine had it, I need it, thats how it goes on instagram isn't it? I did find some cheaper alternatives to the utility belt here and here and Asos have a pretty great dupe for those Gucci boots which you can find here.
What do you think to the utility trend for spring/summer 2019? Will you be wearing it or sitting this trend out? Make sure you share it with a friend you can totally see wearing this trend! I already know who mine are! Also be sure to leave me a comment if you have a request for next Tuesdays 9 of the best!


I know basically everyone who's anyone in the blog world is going to write about their Thanksgiving weekend, so I caved into the unspoken peer pressure and decided to post a few photos of my weekend. And oddly, enough, there isn't ONE photo of the 24 lb. turkey, 2 pumpkin pies, and pan-full of stuffing in sight. Which is either because they're all gone or my photos didn't turn out. You'll never know.
So how was your weekend? I hope it was full of laughter and good food!
Psst...now that Thanksgiving is over, are you into Christmas music, decorations, and shopping yet? I can't decide if it's too early or not.
Double psst...I wrote about my not-so-grateful attitude and all that good stuff here. Check it out, it's not as much of a downer as it seems.


text:
\section{Introduction}

The continuous monitoring of the accretion-powered X-ray pulsar 4U 1626-67 by
BATSE (e.g. Chakrabarty et al. 1997a) has revealed that the pulsar system has
recently undergone a puzzling, abrupt torque-reversal from spin-up to spin-down.
Similar phenomena have also been detected in other pulsar systems
(e.g. Bildsten et al. 1997). The X-ray luminosity in the 1-20 keV band changes
little around the torque reversal (Vaughan \& Kitamoto 1997), which indicates
that the reversal event is not likely to be caused by a large, discontinuous
change of mass accretion rate (Yi et al. 1997, Yi \& Wheeler 1998).
This phenomenon is difficult to explain within the context of a Ghosh-Lamb
magnetized disk model (Ghosh \& Lamb 1979) in which the torque and mass
accretion rate would be expected to change together.

Nelson et al. (1997) proposed that it is due to a sudden change in the sense
of accretion disk rotation with a nearly constant mass accretion rate.
This possibility seems suspect given that the accretion flow is apparently
stable up until the reversal event and then has to suddenly reverse its
rotational direction. The formation of a retrograde disk is more likely in
wind-fed systems in which small fluctuations due to fluctuating angular
momentum are apparent observationally (e.g. Nagase 1989).
Van Kerkwijk et al. (1998) have suggested an intriguing possibility in which
the inner disk is warped by an irradiation instability to such an extent
that the tilt angle becomes larger than 90 degrees and the accretion flow's
rotation becomes retrograde. In this explanation, there exist several
outstanding issues such as (i) the uncertain flip time scale,
(ii) the return mechanism from the high tilt back to low tilt angle,
(iii) the X-ray irradiation efficiency in strongly magnetized accretion
(e.g. Yi \& Vishniac 1994), and (iv) the severe X-ray obscuration by the
tilted disk material (van Kerkwijk et al. 1998).

The observed X-ray luminosity appears to decrease slightly from spin-up to
spin-down. In the 1-20 keV GINGA band, the X-ray luminosity decreases by about
$\sim 20$\%. This flux decrease seems to be more significant at lower energies
within this band (Vaughan \& Kitamoto 1997). During spin-up, the
phase-averaged spectrum can be modeled by a blackbody with a temperature
$\sim 0.6$ keV (Angelini et al. 1995) together with a power-law
component with a spectral index $\sim 1$ (Kii et al. 1986).
Vaughan and Kitamoto (1997) discuss simple power-law fits to the time-averaged
GINGA ASM count data. The strong energy dependence of the pulse profile
indicates anisotropic radiative
transfer within a magnetically channeled accretion column with a strong
magnetic field $>6\times 10^{12} G$ (e.g. Kii et al. 1986). Recently, BeppoSAX
(0.1-10 keV) detected X-ray emission during the spin-down phase
(Orlandini et al. 1997, Owens et al. 1997). During this phase
the spectrum is well fit by an absorbed power-law of index $\sim 0.6$
and a blackbody of temperature $\sim 0.3$ keV. The absorption column depth
is $\sim 10^{21} cm^{-2}$ (Owens et al. 1997). Vaughan \& Kitamoto (1997)
suggest much harder spectra during spin-down with a power law index
$\sim 0.41$, although $\sim 0.6$ is within their allowed spectral index range.
GINGA spin-up spectra are described by the power-law index of $\sim 1.48$ which
is somewhat steeper than the index seen in mid- to late 1980s. This could well
be the result of the wider energy band. A self-consistent explanation for the
observed spectral transition compatible with the torque reversal, is required.
Absorption has been suggested as a possible explanation.
The required absorption column
density is however as high as $N_H\approx 10^{23}-10^{24} cm^{-2}$
(Vaughan \& Kitamoto 1997), which is inconsistent with the relatively low
accretion rate. On the other hand, in the model of van Kerkwijk et al. (1998),
as the disk tilt angle increases, absorption by the disk is expected
to be too severe to account for the observed X-ray spectra.

In this paper, we propose that the spectral change is directly related to
the formation of a geometrically thick hot accretion flow during the
spin-down, which Compton up-scatters the soft photons emitted near the
stellar surface (Yi et al. 1997). Such a hot flow is available only during
spin-down, where the spin-down itself is the result of the sub-Keplerian
rotation of the hot accretion flow (e.g. Narayan \& Yi 1995).

\section{Torque Reversal, Mass Accretion Rate, and X-ray Luminosity}

In a conventional disk-magnetosphere interaction model with a Keplerian
accretion flow with the mass accretion rate ${\dot M}$,
the torque exerted on the pulsar is
\begin{equation}
N=(7N_0/6)\left[1-(8/7)(R_0/R_c)^{3/2}\right]\left[1-(R_0/R_c)^{3/2}\right]^{-1}
\end{equation}
where $R_c=(GM_*P_*^2/4\pi^2)^{1/3}$ is the Keplerian corotation radius for
a pulsar of mass $M_*=1.4M_{\sun}$ and spin period $P_*$ and
$N_0={\dot M}(GM_*R_0)^{1/2}$ is the material torque at the disk disruption
radius $R_0$, which is determined by
\begin{equation}
(R_0/R_c)^{7/2}\left[1-(R_0/R_c)^{3/2}\right]^{-1}=2(2\pi)^{7/3}b_p
B_*^2R_*^5/(GM_*)^{2/3}P_*^{7/3}L_x=\delta.
\end{equation}
$b_p$ is a parameter of order unity which sets the pitch of the magnetic
field (Wang 1995, Yi et al. 1997, and references therein).
$B_*$ is the polar surface magnetic field strength of
the pulsar and $L_x\approx GM_*{\dot M}/R_*$ is the X-ray luminosity from the
surface of the accreting pulsar with radius $R_*$ and accretion rate
${\dot M}$.
In this picture, as ${\dot M}$ varies, the pulsar spin period changes
according to ${\dot P}_*/P_*^2=-N/2\pi I_*$ where $I_*=10^{45} g cm^2$ is the
neutron star moment of inertia. If ${\dot M}$ variation is smooth,
the corresponding torque change is also smooth (e.g. Yi et al. 1997).
The torque decreases in response
to the decreasing ${\dot M}$. In this case, the torque should
show a wide range of positive and negative values and pass through $N=0$.
This is apparently not observed in 4U 1626-67 and other similar systems
(Chakrabarty 1997a, Nelson et al. 1997).
The observed spin-down to spin-up transition is too abrupt to be reproduced
by gradual ${\dot M}$ change in the Keplerian models. The observed
event could be reproduced only if the mass accretion rate jumps by a factor
$\sim 4$ almost discontinuously (Yi et al. 1997), which is highly unlikely
given the fact that the observed luminosity decreases only by about
$\sim 20$\% (Vaughan \& Kitamoto 1997).

The model proposed by Yi, Wheeler, \& Vishniac (1997) suggests that the torque
reversal is due to the transition of the accretion flow from (to) Keplerian
rotation to (from) sub-Keplerian rotation. The transition occurs when
${\dot M}$ crosses the critical rate ${\dot M}_c$ which lies somewhere
in a range $\sim 10^{16}-10^{17}$ g/s.
After the transition, the rotation of the accretion flow becomes sub-Keplerian
due to the large internal pressure of the hot accretion flow.
For sub-Keplerian rotation, $\Omega=A\Omega_K<\Omega_K$
(i.e. $A<1$ and $\Omega_K=(GM_*/R^3)^{1/2}$ is the Keplerian rotation),
the new corotation radius
$R_c^{\prime}=A^{2/3}R_c$ and the new inner edge $R_0^{\prime}$ is determined
by
\begin{equation}
(R_0^{\prime}/R_c^{\prime})^{7/2}\left[1-(R_0^{\prime}/R_c^{\prime})^{3/2}
\right]^{-1}=2(2\pi)^{7/3}b_pA^{-7/3}B_*^2R_*^5/(GM_*)^{2/3}P_*^{7/3}L_x
=\delta^{\prime}.
\end{equation}
The new torque on the star after the transition to the sub-Keplerian rotation
is
\begin{equation}
N^{\prime}=(7N_0^{\prime}/6)
\left[1-(8/7)(R_0^{\prime}/R_c^{\prime})^{3/2}\right]
\left[1-(R_0^{\prime}/R_c^{\prime})^{3/2}\right]^{-1},
\end{equation}
where $N_0^{\prime}=A{\dot M}(GM_*R_o^{\prime})^{1/2}$.
The reversal is simply a consequence of the change in $A$ from 1 to $<1$
(Yi et al. 1997) as ${\dot M}$ gradually crosses ${\dot M}_c$.
It has been shown that the observed torque reversals occur near
spin-equilibrium (i.e. $N=0$) before and after transition (Yi et al. 1997)
satisfying
$b_p^{1/2}B_*\approx 7\times 10^{11}\delta^{1/2}(L_x/10^{36}erg/s)^{1/2}
(P_*/10s)^{7/6}~G$
where $2A^{7/6}<\delta^{1/2}<4A^{7/6}$ is likely to be of order unity
(Yi \& Wheeler 1998).

The observed spin frequency evolution is easily accounted for by
${\dot M}_c=2.4\times 10^{16} g/s$, $A=0.462$ at torque reversal with
$B_*=5.4(b_p/10)^{-1/2}\times 10^{11}G$, which are consistent with
the above criterion (Yi \& Wheeler 1998).
The model requires only a small change of
${\dot M}$ at a rate $d{\dot M}/dt\sim -6\times 10^{14} g/s/yr$, about a
factor of $5$ less than the required $d{\dot M}/dt$ for the Keplerian model.
The observed small flux change
$\sim 20$\% around the torque reversal is consistent with the present model.
This model is yet to explain the negative second derivative of the spin
frequency before and after the reversal (Chakrabarty et al. 1997a).
The truncation radius changes from $R_o\sim 5.5\times 10^8cm$ just before
reversal to $R_o^{\prime}\sim 3.7\times 10^8cm$ right after reversal.
We look for a mechanism for the spectral transition
with small changes in ${\dot M}$ within the model of Yi et al. (1997).
The small change in the integrated X-ray luminosity suggests a
comparably small change in the mass accretion rate. In the magnetized
accretion picture, if the accretion flow is truncated far away from the
neutron star, most of the X-ray emission should originate in the column
accretion flow near the neutron star. In this case, the X-ray luminosity is
likely to reflect the mass accretion rate change. Since the observed spectra
show a strong thermal emission component, it is plausible that the X-ray
emission comes from the thermalized material near the accreting magnetic
poles (e.g. Kaminker et al. 1976, Frank et al. 1992).

When the accretion flow is Keplerian,
the accretion flow is dominated by cooling and the accreted plasma remains
cold until it undergoes shock heating and thermalization near the
magnetic poles.  In this case, the accretion column is not
hot enough for significant Compton scattering. The cold accretion
column is more likely to act as absorbing gas than a Comptonizing
gas. The geometric thickness of the accretion column flow is
much smaller than the stellar radius, so that only a small fraction
of the radiation from the star will interact with the accreted material.
After transition, the accretion flow is hot and its internal
pressure becomes large enough to support a large scale height. The accretion
flow extending from $R_o^{\prime}$ to $R_*$ is geometrically thick and hot
enough to Comptonize the thermal stellar radiation.

\section{Scattering in Hot Accretion Column during Spin-down}

The sub-Keplerian flow is advection-dominated (e.g. Narayan \& Yi 1995),
which implies that the bulk of the viscously dissipated energy is stored
within the accretion flow. Assuming that advection is the dominant
channel for the viscously dissipated energy, the temperature of the accretion
flow is $T_{acc}\approx 1.2\times 10^9 K$ and the electron scattering
depth along the vertical direction is $\tau_{es, acc}\approx 2.8\times 10^{-2}$
at $R=R_o^{\prime}\approx 4\times 10^8cm$.  Here we have assumed an
equipartition magnetic field and a viscosity parameter $\alpha=0.3$
(Narayan \& Yi 1995). This implies that the advection-dominated accretion
flow itself has a very small scattering depth.
However, the accretion flow inside the radius $R=R_o^{\prime}$ is
channeled by the magnetic fields lines, and is a very promising site for
scattering due to geometric focusing. In the conventional column accretion
model (e.g. Frank et al. 1992, Yi \& Vishniac 1994), if the dipole magnetic
field axis is misaligned with respect to rotation axis of the star
(which is assumed to be aligned with the accretion flow's rotational axis)
by an angle $\pi/2-\beta_1$, then the angle between the magnetic axis and the
magnetic field lines connected to the disk plane at $R_o^{\prime}$,
$\beta_2$, is given by $\sin^2\beta_1=\sin^2\beta_2\times (R_*/R_o^{\prime})$.
It can also be shown that the fraction of the polar surface area threaded by
magnetic field lines connected to the accretion flow at $R\ge R_o^{\prime}$ is
$s\approx R_*\sin^2\beta_2/4R_o^{\prime}\approx R_*/2R_o^{\prime}$ after
angle-averaging over $\beta_2$. This implies that unless $\beta_2$ is very
small the accreting fraction of the stellar surface area $s$ is likely to be
of order $\sim R_*/R_o^{\prime} \sim 10^{-2}-10^{-3}$.
The accretion is assumed to continue to the poles without mass loss and then
the soft X-ray radiation from the polar regions is uniquely determined
by the mass accretion rate derived from the torque reversal (Yi \& Wheeler
1998).

The detailed emission process near the magnetic poles is complicated
(e.g. Frank et al. 1992 and references therein).
The existence of a thermal component at low X-ray energies
implies that a significant fraction of the accretion energy is thermalized
near the surface of the neutron star. If the entire accretion energy is
thermalized at the stellar surface (cf. Kaminker et al. 1976),
the anticipated blackbody temperature is $kT_*\sim 5s^{-1/4} keV$.
Since the accretion rate change is small near the torque reversal, the observed
spectral transition is unlikely to be caused by the sudden change in physical
conditions. If there is no scattering effect from the infalling
column material, the underlying emission process is likely to remain
unchanged around the torque reversal. We therefore assume that the intrinsic
spectrum (before scattering and absorption) remains unchanged.

The column accretion flow follows the bent magnetic field lines. Since a
detailed geometry is hard to specify, we assume that the solid angle subtended
by the accretion column at the accretion poles is constant at all radii along
the field lines. The radial bulk infall velocity can be parametrized as a
fraction of the free-fall velocity as $v_R=-x(2GM_*/R)^{1/2}$ and we get
\begin{equation}
\tau_{es}\approx {\sigma_T\over 4\pi\mu m_p}{1\over s^{1/2} x}
{{\dot M}\over (2GM_*R)^{1/2}}
\end{equation}
where $\mu\sim 1$ is the mean molecular weight.
We find that $\tau_{es}\sim 0.4\mu (R/10^6cm)^{-1/2}$ with
$s\sim 10^{-2}$, $x\sim 1$, ${\dot M}\sim 2.4\times 10^{16} g/s$
where the mass accretion rate is based on the torque reversal fitting
(e.g. Yi \& Wheeler 1998). From the inner disk radius
$R=R_o^{\prime}\sim 4\times 10^8 cm$ to the base of the accretion column
near the stellar surface $R\sim 10^6 cm$, the scattering depth is
likely to range from $\tau_{es}\sim 2\times 10^{-2}\mu^{-1}$ to
$\sim 0.1\mu^{-1}$ at $R\sim 10^7 cm$ to $\sim 0.4\mu^{-1}$ at $R\sim 10^6cm$.
Evidently the accretion column can have a dramatic effect on the outgoing soft
radiation through scattering.

The angular momentum has to be continuously transported along the accretion
column (corresponding to the torque action between the star and accretion flow).
We assume the radial infall is nearly adiabatic and the shear dissipation is
decoupled from the bulk radial motion.
We take the dissipation rate per unit volume within the accretion column as
$q^{+}=\nu \rho R^2 (d\Omega/dR)^2$
where $\nu=c_s H$ is the kinematic viscosity and $H\sim 2\sqrt{s}R$ is the
cross-sectional thickness of the accretion column. We have assumed that the
internal random energies, thermal and turbulent, are comparable and the
bulk radial motion is supersonic. We then obtain
$q^{+}\sim 18G\sqrt{s} M_* c_s\rho/4r$
or the integrated dissipation rate per unit length of the column
$Q^{+}\sim q^+\times \pi D^2\sim 9c_s |v_R| {\dot M} D^2/8 R^2$.
The cooling of the column material occurs via Compton up-scattering
of the soft photons from the thermalized radiation near the stellar
surface (e.g. Narayan \& Yi 1995).
Assuming that the Compton interaction occurs at a distance sufficiently
far away from the stellar surface, we treat the thermal radiation as
originating from a point source. Then the integrated cooling rate across
the column is estimated as
$Q^{-}\sim 4kGM_*{\dot M}D\tau_{es}T/2m_e c^2 R_*R^2$.
The energy balance $Q^{+}=Q^{-}$ gives
$(kT)^{1/2}\tau_{es}\sim 9 m_e c^2R_*D/16(\mu m_p)^{1/2}\sqrt{s} |v_R| R^2$
which shows the expected inverse correlation between the Compton depth
and the column temperature. In general, $Q^+=Q^-$ is not guaranteed but
as $\tau_{es}\rightarrow 1$ near the stellar surface (e.g. Yi \& Vishniac
1994), a significant Compton cooling could lead to $Q^+=Q^-$ (cf. Narayan
\& Yi 1995). In this simple picture, the column
temperature remains nearly independent of $R$ until the column material
becomes optically thick and the radiation is thermalized.
For parameters $s\sim 10^{-2}$, and ${\dot M}\sim 10^{16} g/s$, we expect
$kT\sim 60 keV$. This implies that the resulting Comptonized radiation
is likely to show the signature of a hot plasma with this temperature.
The sub-Keplerian accretion flow at $R>R_o^{\prime}$
is advection-dominated (e.g.  Narayan \& Yi 1995).
At radii $R>R_o^{\prime}$, the temperature difference between
electrons and ions is likely to be small. After the accretion flow enters
into the magnetic column, the accreted material is rapidly compressed, which
justifies the single temperature treatment of the energy balance between
viscous heating and Compton cooling.
The Comptonized radiation is calculated according to $E_f=\eta E_i$
where $E_f$ the photon energy after scattering and $E_i$ is the
incident soft energy. $\eta$ is the energy boost parameter originally
derived by Dermer et al. (1991), i.e. $\eta=1+\eta_1-\eta_2(E_i/kT)^{\eta_3}$
where $\eta_1$, $\eta_2$, and $\eta_3$ are defined in Narayan \& Yi (1995).
These functions are completely specified by $\tau_{es}$ and $T$ for
a given $E_i$. Therefore, given the incident photon spectrum $N_i(E_i)$
the resulting Comptonized spectrum is completely specified.
The radial infall speed in the scattering region and its effects on
the scattering could be significant, which is beyond the scope of this work.

Although the soft radiation is likely to be the thermalized radiation
from the stellar surface, the details of the emission remains unclear.
We simply assume that the soft photon spectrum remains unchanged near the
torque reversal and that the unscattered soft photon spectrum during spin-down
is similar to that of the spin-up period. Since during spin-up scattering is
negligible, this assumption is quite plausible. We further assume that the
luminosity of the source decreases according to the mass accretion rate decline.
We expect the soft photon luminosity to decrease by a few $\times 10$\% while
the spectral shape remains unchanged. We also assume that all outgoing
radiation goes through the Comptonizing accretion column.
Figure 1 shows the result of the Compton scattering from a column
material with $T_e=10^9K$ and $\tau_{es}\sim 0.3$ which are close to the
values we have derived above. These parameters adequately reproduce the
qualitative features of the observed spectral transition. The shown spectral
transition requires that the soft photon flux decrease by $\sim 40$\%
during spin-down, which is not far from the change required for the torque
reversal (Yi et al. 1997, Yi \& Wheeler 1998).
Despite the uncertainties in accretion column geometry,
the expected spectral change is remarkably close to the observed change.
This strongly indicates that the observed spectral transition could be
due to formation of the hot accretion flow during spin-down. More detailed,
quantitative answers would require exact scattering geometric information
and physics of thermal radiation emission near the stellar surface.

\section{Discussion}

We have shown that Compton-scattering during spin-down could account
for the sudden spectral transition correlated with the torque reversal
seen in 4U 1626-67. The small luminosity change supports the possibility
that the mass accretion rate varies little as the present model indicates.
The expected beat-type QPOs would be hard to detect during spin-down
(Yi \& Wheeler 1998). Kommers et al. (1998) reported the detection of QPOs
at a frequency of 0.048Hz using RXTE, but they found that the observed QPOs
are not likely to be attributable to a magnetospheric beat.

Although the spectral transition appears robust, the time-averaging of
the X-ray spectra over $\sim 30$ days (Vaughan \& Kitamoto 1997) could be
questionable due to some changes in accretion flows near the torque reversal
on short time scales.
If the accretion flow transition occurs gradually over a period of days
(e.g. Yi et al. 1997), the early spin-down spectra could be substantially
softer than late spin-down spectra. If such a difference is not found,
the accretion flow transition should occur on a time scale $\simle day$.
Such a short transition time scale is still plausible within the proposed model
(Yi et al. 1997) although the details of the transition process have not
been addressed (Yi \& Wheeler 1998). On long time scales, Owens et al.
(1997) found that the X-ray flux detected by BeppoSax is about a factor
2 lower than the ASCA flux measured three years earlier (Angelini et al.
1995). This suggests that the mass accretion rate does decrease on long time
scales although the accretion rate decrease on short time scales near the
reversal is not large enough to drive the torque reversal and spectral
transition.

Orlandini et al. (1998) reported an absorption feature at $\sim 37$keV, which
they claim to be the cyclotron absorption line. The estimated surface
field strength is $\sim 3\times 10^{12}$G. This field strength is substantially
higher than our estimate $\sim 5(b_p/10)^{-1/2}\times 10^{11}$G.
Such a discrepancy is not unexpected given the uncertainties in the distance
estimate. If the magnetic pitch $b_p$ is as small as $\sim 1$,
the Orlandini et al. (1998) estimate is largely consistent with our estimate.

GX 1+4 has shown a similar torque reversal and an unexplained torque-flux
correlation, which is exactly opposite to that predicted in the conventional
model (Chakrabarty et al. 1997b). A significant spectral hardening similar to
that seen in 4U 1626-67 could account for the correlation. So far such a
transition has not been reported in GX 1+4. The prograde-retrograde transition
(Nelson et al. 1997) could provide an explanation (van Kerkwijk 1998)
despite several outstanding difficulties.

\acknowledgments
We acknowlege the support of the SUAM Foundation and KRF
grant 1998-001-D00365 (IY), NASA grant NAG5-2773 and NSF grant
AST-9318185 (ETV). ETV is grateful for the hospitality of MIT and the CfA
during the completion of this work. IY thanks Josh Grindlay and Craig
Wheeler for discussions on LMXBs and pulsars.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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Did you know that one of the biggest festivals in South Korea actually started as a marketing stunt from cosmetics companies? Businesses using the beneficial minerals of Boryeong mud in their cosmetics brought the mud down from the Boryeong flats to create a Mud Festival. There's mud wrestling, mud slides, obstacle courses, body painting, and a bunch of other fun stuff. Now, it brings about three million people to the festival every year, and Boryeong cosmetic companies set up shop just outside the gate. You never know what kinds of stuff will catch on with your customers. Start with the fun stuff and go from there.
Zingerman's Community of Businesses includes a deli, bake shop, coffee company, candy manufacturer, and other food-related companies. And each year, Zingerman's Deli holds an event for the community to showcase the company's many suppliers, like cheesemongers, butchers, and pasta makers. That gives their customers a chance to taste test their stuff, watch food demos, and get to know the people behind the counter.
When Birds Barbershop opened a new location in Austin, they held themed party for redheads called Gingerfest. And while people of all hair colors were invited, redheads at the party got special treatment like Shiner's Ruby Redbird beer, a coupon for the Soup Peddler's ginger soup next door, and access to an all-redheads photobooth. That's an event invitation you'd share with every redhead you know. Exclusive parties like these make people feel like they're a part of a special group. And that feeling is a great motivator for word of mouth.


Don't trust your plumbing to anyone but the best. Since 1981, My Plumber in San Diego has helped thousands of homes and businesses throughout the County with hassle-free repairs, dependable installations, and a dedication to customer service that you won't find anywhere else. We are fully licensed, insured, and backed by the industry's best equipment so they're always ready to serve. Call us any time to speak with a local plumbing specialist, to get a team member on site for an estimate, or to schedule service.
As a service company, our reputation rests on each and every employee in the field. That's why we only hire the best.
Our techs are meticulously trained, fully licensed, fully insured, and backed by one of the best support teams in the business. But more importantly, we realize that job one is doing whatever it takes to make sure you're satisfied. That's why we pull out all the stops to make sure our up front estimates are always accurate, our technicians are always on time, our staff is always friendly and your property is always respected.
We've found that most people in San Diego just want a plumbing comapny who will do the job right, at a reasonable price, without all the bells and whistles. If that's what you're looking for, then make an appointment today.
Is your water bill significantly higher than it was last month? You probably have a hidden leak. Our leak detection team can help you identify and eliminate that drain on your wallet. We use electronic leak detectors to find leaks behind your walls and beneath the floorboards. Once we find the leak, we can fix it before it can damage the wood around it. You'll be saving yourself a huge repair bill and cutting your water bill all at once.
Cleaning your clogged drain doesn't have to be a hassle. The our team has served San Diego's drain cleaning needs since day one, and we think it shows. Our methods are fast, effective, and won't leave a mess. All of our drain cleaning & clog removal services take your pipes into account, so we will always use the most effective method that won't damage your pipes & sewer line.
While toilet clogs are the most common calls we get, they are only part of the fixture repair & installation services we offer. Our plumbers can deal with anything from a calcified toilet reservoir to a new faucet installation, as well as everything in between. Call today if you need help with toilet repair, sink installation, faucet repair, shower repair, or any other plumbing fixture.
Without water heaters life wouldn't be nearly as enjoyable. Think about that relaxing shower, those clean clothes and washing the dishes. All of that would be different if your water heater failed. That's why we offer the most comprehensive water heater inspection service in San Diego. We can identify and repair problems with your tankless or traditional water heater before they become too bad to fix. Regular maintenance can double the expected life of your water heater. Of course, we also do full water heater installation if yours happens to be too far gone to warrant a repair.
We are also one of the few companies that can offer solar water heater repair and installation in San Diego.
Sometimes that machine that you take for granted likes to remind you that it's there. Unfortunately it usually happens when you are about to have a dinner party. If your garbage disposal is acting up, turn it off and unplug it, then call us. We can usually fix it in just a few hours. Garbage disposal repairs seldom take more than an hour (if they do, it's better to purchase a new one because the motor has burned out). Our emergency plumbing repair tam is always on call, so call us now!
San Diego has some of the hardest water in the country. It's almost mandatory to have a water softener system and water filter just to be able to use it. Water softeners don't usually break down, but when they do you'll notice right away. Your water will taste and feel different and you'll start to see soap scum in your tub and spots on your dishes. Our team will get to the bottom of the problem and get your water back to normal as soon as possible. Our team is also fully equipped to install and maintain a wide variety of whole home water filtration systems that can have additional health benefits. Visit our water softener & water filters page to learn more, or call us today to speak with a plumbing expert.
Gas lines are one of the most dangerous pieces of equipment that a plumber can service. An improper seal or hairline leak could fill your home with highly flammable, and barely detectable, natural gas. That's why we only send our very best technicians out for gas line repair, maintenance, and installation. These team members are backed by hours of additional technical and safety training, so you can rest easy knowing that your gas lines are being serviced by the trade's most professional technicians.
Don't tear your yard up for a sewer replacement! We offer some of the fastest and most affordable trenchless sewer repair services in San Diego. Trenchless sewer replacement jobs are faster, less expensive overall, and significantly less invasive than your traditional sewer repair, and our team has performed enough of them to be sure that it will be done right the first time.
We go above and beyond normal plumbers in the area by also addressing rooftop drainage issues. If your gutter system is overflowing, has been damaged in a storm, or is creating a pool of water at the base of your house, call us right away. You could be damaging the foundation of your house! We'll come in and evaluate the situation and give you an estimate to get the problem taken care of. Don't wait until you start seeing foundation cracks, because then it's already too late to stop the repair costs from adding up.
When its time to repipe your home, be sure to call someone with experience. Our repipe specialists have been repiping homes throughout San Diego County with the highest quality materials since 1981. Re-piping can be especially invasive, since it requires partial wall removal and shutting off your home's water supply, which is why it's important to rely on a team that can work with your schedule to minimize the inconvenience.
We'll Find Out What's Blocking Your Pipes!
Not applicable with any other offers. Must present at time of services.
With Purchase and Installation. Not applicable with any other offers. Must present at time of services.
What are you waiting for? Give us a call today to schedule your plumbing repair, maintenance or installation service!


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Муниципа́льное образова́ние «Кутули́к» — муниципальное образование в Аларском районе Иркутской области России.

Административный центр — посёлок Кутулик.

Население

Состав поселения

Примечания

Муниципальные образования Аларского района
Сельские поселения Иркутской области

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Once Grand Canal Shoppes 3327 S Las Vegas Blvd, Las Vegas, NV Once is Peruvian Nikkei dining from Los Angeles Based Ricardo Zarate. Menu Click for more information on The Venetian and The Palazzo. For more dining news and info, please visit here.


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Fine Art exports to Eastern Europe increace soon
Ha Noi, Oct.19 (VNA) -- With the legal breakthrough in exportation to once-booming East European markets made during Prime Minister Phan Van Khai's recent trip, Viet Nam hoped to record USD 1 billion in fine art export turnover by 2005, compared to the USD 350 million expected this year.
In the '70s and '80s, East Europe was the major market for Vietnamese fine art articles. It accounted for 53.4 percent of the nation's total sales abroad.
Vietnam called for an end to violence in the Middle East
VIETNAMESE AMBASSADOR TO UNITED NATIONS DEMANDS AN END TO MIDDLE EAST VIOLENCE
Oct. 21 (VNA) -- Vietnamese Ambassador to the United Nations Pham Binh Minh has called for an immediate end to violence in the Middle East.
He made the demand at an emergency session of the UN General Assembly in New York on Oct. 20 which was attended by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan and representatives from 50 countries.
Preparation for a Congress of Protestant General Confederation
Oct. 21 (VNA) -- At a ceremony in Ho Chi Minh City on Oct. 21 the Government Board for Religious Affairs released a communique on the establishment of a mobilization board in preparation for a congress of the Protestant General Confederation of the Viet Nam Protestant Church in the south.
Present at the ceremony were Le Quang Vinh, Director of
Vietnam attaches importance to Asia-Europe cooperation
Oct. 23 (VNA) -- Viet Nam attaches importance to Asia-Europe cooperation, in line with its external policies of independence, sovereignty, diversification, multilateralization and world integration.
So said Deputy Prime Minister Nguyen Manh Cam in an interview with the national daily Nhan Dan on Oct. 23 on the outcome of the third Asia-Europe Meeting (ASEM III) in Seoul, the Republic of Korea, from Oct. 19-21, which he attended as head of the Vietnamese delegation.
The Vietnamese Women's Union Founding day
Ha Noi, Oct. 19 (VNA) -- The Vietnamese Women's Union (VWU) held in Ha Noi today, Oct. 19, a meeting to mark its 70th founding anniversary (Oct. 20) and to receive the State's Independence Order, first class.
Prominent among participants were Nguyen Thi Binh, Vice State President; Nong Duc Manh, National Assembly Chairman; Pham The Duyet, member of the Standing Board of the Communist Party of Viet Nam Central Committee's Political Bureau; Pham Gia Khiem, Deputy Prime Minister; and other Party and State officials.
3.2 million tonnes of rice for export in 10 months
Ha Noi, Oct. 20 (VNA) -- Viet Nam's rice export is estimated to reach 3.2 million tonnes by the end of October this year.
In the first days of October, the whole country shipped abroad 150 tonnes of rice, bringing the total quantity of rice export in the year to 3.1 million tonnes.
Enterprises nationwide have to date purchased nearly 6.78 million tonnes of paddy, equal to 76.3 percent of that purchased in the same period last year.
The Viet Nam Fatherland Front (VFF) urged the entire people to help support the poor in Ha Noi on Oct. 17. It announced that Oct. 17 is from now on officially the "Day for the Poor".
The Day has been set up to promote national unity, particularly in the eradication of poverty and hunger.
Prominent among those at the launching ceremony were Advisor to the Communist Party of Viet Nam Central Committee Do Muoi, President Tran Duc Luong, Prime Minister Phan Van Khai, VFF President Pham The Duyet, and other senior officials.
Healthcare system and health index in Vietnam
Ha Noi, Oct. 19 (VNA)-- Viet Nam's healthcare system has undergone great changes over the past decades. Almost non-existent just 10 years ago, Viet Nam's healthcare system now boasts a health index higher than those of other developing nations with the same per-capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Vietnam Airlines carry flood supplies free of charge
Ha Noi, Oct. 18 (VNA) -- Viet Nam Airlines has announced its decision to carry supplies free of charge to flood victims on both domestic and international routes.
The policy, coming into force on Oct. 17, gives priority to medicines, medical aid and other urgent supplies.
Vietnam position on the work of UN Security Council
Oct. 18 (VNA) -- Ambassador Nguyen Thanh Chau, permanent representative of Viet Nam to the United Nations, addressed the 55th session of the UN General Assembly on Oct. 17, discussing the "Report of the Security Council".
The ambassador underlined the positive developments in the work of the council in the period from 16th June 1999 to 15th June 2000. He said:

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Fishing Destiny
By Field & Stream Online Editors | Published Jan 1, 2000 5:00 AM
The Missouri River doesn't look much as it did when Lewis and Clark passed through this country in the early 19th century, but few modern fishermen want the clock turned back. Monster dams have created deep, cool reservoirs that are full of gamefish and lightly fished. Trophy anglers save big for Canadian adventures, but the exchange rate (dollars spent for fish caught) is surely more sound in the Dakotas. Walleyes, of course, are the main draw. South Dakota's Lake Oahe simply begs for fishermen; the 2002 bag limit is 10 walleyes daily, and it takes an 8-pound fish to get anyone excited. North Dakota's Lake Sakakawea can be just as good, and both waters have the unique distinction of being excellent summertime fisheries. And your boat will feel tiny here; Oahe is 250 miles long and boasts 2,500 miles of shoreline, and Sakakawea is 368,000 acres. But fishing for "incidental species" (as fisheries folk here call anything that's not a marble-eye) is just as awesome. The state-record tiger muskie was caught in Lake Francis Case (South Dakota) two years ago. Trout nuts visit the Garrison Dam Tailrace (North Dakota) to tangle with browns, rainbows, and cutthroats over 10 pounds. There are smallmouth bass, northern pike, chinook salmon, channel catfish, crappies, and bluegills. For more information, contact the South Dakota Department of Game, Fish and Parks (605-773-4605; www.sdgfp.info) or the North Dakota Game and Fish Department (701-328-3000; www.discovernd.com/gnf).


In November 2016, several Living the Pledge facilitators and organizers went on the Living Legacy Pilgrimage, a week-long civil rights journey through Mississippi and Alabama. When we arrived in Birmingham, we had the honor of meeting with Jim Rotch, the author and force behind the Birmingham Pledge, and staff members from the Birmingham Pledge Foundation. They are thrilled about the work we are doing in Richmond and beyond and are looking forward to partnering with us as the Birmingham Pledge celebrates its 20th anniversary in 2017. More news on this to come.


Reichelt Plumbing helps keep drains clean in Olympia Fields, IL. Have you ever had a drain problem in your home? If you have, then you know how important it is to take care of the drains in your residential or commercial property. For those of you who may not have experienced a clogged drain, Reichelt Plumbing can assure you, it's not pleasant. Shower drain clogs allow water to build up in the tub, so when your child comes in covered in mud, their feet will be sloshing around in that muddy water because it fails to drain. Other drains might seem to drain, but they drain quite slowly and smell awful. Thankfully, Reichelt Plumbing is here with a few tips on taking care of your drains.
· If you already have a clog, you can try using a plunger. The sink must have a small amount of water in it, and you must press down directly over the drain, not at an angle. If this does not resolve the problem, you should contact a licensed plumber. We have the tools and equipment needed to assess the clog and provide alternatives for clearing the drain. We can also assess whether or not other plumbing problems exist.
· On the other hand, you may be looking to prevent such a clog. Preventative measures are always best, and drain guards are quite handy. They prevent hair and other debris from entering your pipes and creating clogs. These guards should be cleaned after every use to prevent buildup. You should also refrain from pouring grease of any kind down your drains. Grease solidifies and clogs drains and creates foul odors.
· Also, at least once a month (or more frequently for heavily used sinks), you can pour half a cup of baking soda down the drain followed by a cup of vinegar. This will cause the drain to bubble slightly but should dissolve the clog and freshen the smell of the drain. You can also pour a gallon of boiling water down infrequently used drains to help keep the drains clean and clear.
As with any DIY project, there are limitations to at-home remedies. If you have a more serious drain cleaning problem, these solutions will not correct it. Before beginning any at-home plumbing project, be sure to contact a plumbing expert at Reichelt Plumbing for expert advice and tips. At Reichelt Plumbing, we offer both residential plumbing services and commercial plumbing services. Locally owned and operated, we have been in business for over 25 years, and owe our longevity and success as a business to our unwavering commitment to satisfy all our customer demands in a timely fashion. For money saving tips, coupons, and testimonials, visit us on the web. And feel free to contact one of our friendly representatives with any questions or service needs.


Traveling to Santa Rosa could certainly be counted a success as both our trips to and from Santa Rosa went as smoothly as can be expected of any trip that involves spending thirteen to fourteen straight hours riding in a vehicle. The trip down was sunny and bright, while the trip back was generally wet and gray. Surprisingly, and thankfully, the brightest part in the car was Kel, who was happily entertained by four doting adults, DVD's played on dad's computer and an occasional movie on the TV. The highlight of my trip was tickling poor Kel when I became uncomfortably bored with staring out the window at cloud-covered mountaintops. Luckily, he suffered the tickling with shouts of genuine, or faked, glee.
Mary's eightieth birthday party also went well, and I got to meet a number of relatives I've only heard about over the last seven years. I guess it's lucky I couldn't find a new Canon Rebel digital camera to buy before the trip, though, because somehow I failed to take a single picture, despite the fact that I had bothered to pack my Nikon, the battery charger, and the Memorex card reader for the trip.
Despite the fact that the weather was great for the trip down, I found myself forced to walk in rain that I would generally avoid walking in even here in Tacoma. That came as a bit of a shock, as I can't remember ever encountering anything but sunshine when I've visited Santa Rosa in the last seven years. It shouldn't have shocked me, though, as I lived in Walnut Creek for four years, and remember quite vividly the heavy winter rains, which almost seemed a relief after the scorching summers.
It's a rather gray, bland day here in Tacoma, a rather accurate reflection of my mood since returning from Santa Rosa late last night, and falling tiredly into bed to succumb to the soundest sleep I've had in the last five days. I'm not sure I've fully awakened even now, though the clock reads mid-afternoon. I suspect it will take at least a couple of days to fit back into the ruts I've made here in Tacoma.
Meanwhile, though, I have started reading Wendell Berry's Collected Poems: 1957-1982 and should have something ready by tomorrow.
‹ PreviousCan't We All Just Get Along?
Glad you're home safely. Rut walking and all.
I myself am finally working on long overdue Emily Dickinson essay.
Now, see, if you'd given me a date earlier when you were going to "publish" this, I would have also written an essay on Emily as I've been wanting to get back to her Complete Works that I bought in college but never had time to finish.
Good point. So what say? Next week shall we have an Emily Dickinson day?
Okay, I'll pull out my Emily Dickson after I finish Wendell Berry and have it ready by next Wednesday.
It's a deal – Emily Dickinson Day, next Wednesday.
This will give me more time to get some photos to accompany the writing.


While it may be best to hire an agent to help with the selling of your current home its always a good idea to know what techniques and tips they use for their Crested Butte real estate for sale. Likewise it can be helpful to know the ins and outs so you and your agent can agree on things and move things along more quickly.
The first step is to find similar homes preferably in your neighborhood that have sold factoring in current market conditions. Then, you can determine the approximate worth of your house. Next you have to determine the price range based on what you think your home is worth. For example, if you think your home could go for about $500,000 the price range could be anywhere from $480,000 to $520,000 depending on a variety of factors.
Crested Butte real estate for sale always sells better when more than one person is interested. If you price it a little lower more people may become interested and then you can haggle to get a bit more which also works well if youre selling in a hurry.
In most cases the buyer tells their agent that they need a particular number of bedrooms within a certain price range in a particular neighborhood. The Crested Butte real estate agent then sets up a search to find houses for sale that meet those parameters. If you price it too high they wont even see it even if youre willing to go down a few thousand dollars.
Some people focus on the psychological aspect of 99 cents. Consumers rush to buy things at $4.99 but when its $5.00 they pause. While it can be helpful to price it at $599K instead of $600K dont go crazy with $555,555.


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'Never Let You Go': Hilary Duff & Matthew Koma Cover Third Eye Blind
The year is 2020, and Hilary Duff has returned to bring us back to the year 2000.
This week has already been unpredictable in the best of ways (come through, Parasite), and also full of very oddly specific, early-to-mid '00s nostalgia that ought to have fellow millennials yearning to update their AIM away messages: Kelly Clarkson singing Avril Lavigne ballads. Mandy Moore singing about So Real on her new album. Jessica Simpson making headlines about her life and serving Legally Blonde looks. The Pussycat Dolls popping up on MTV and Times Square billboards. Hilary Duff covering Third Eye Blind.
Wait, sorry. What?! Yes! Sure. But why? Well, there's every good reason.
For one thing, Hilary is a known rock pioneer, from Santa Clause Lane onward. It comes as no surprise that the future "Mr. James Dean" Rock & Roll Hall of Fame inductee would opt to pay tribute to one of her fellow rock contemporaries from around the time of her own debut.
Along with her husband Matthew Koma (who, if you don't know, also produced several songs on Breathe In, Breathe Out), Hilary teamed up with producer RAC for a 2020 version of the American rock band's No. 14 2000 hit.
I can recall the song being inescapable at the time, although I didn't actively listen to it on my Zune – far too straight for me, despite my closet case status at the time. However, it's widely speculated (at least, some parts of the Internet) that the song is about Charlize Theron, which makes it much more queer. And now it's even gayer, thanks to Hilary!
As for the song? Well, it's the same song. But the cute new version basically replaces much of those pesky guitar noises with some far more palatable, breezy, synth-pop beats, as the musical lovebirds and gorgeous newlyweds trade off on the track, which also comes just in time for Valentine's Day. Much better!
The song is also the first taste of new vocals from Hilary since her "Little Lies" cover in 2016 for Younger. And she sounds sweet!
Is this proof that Hilary Duff is making musical moves to save us? Of course, it must be. She'll never let us go.
This song is featured on the MuuTunes Spotify playlist. Subscribe!
You can also subscribe to MuuTunes on Apple Music.
'Fifteen': Mandy Moore Reflects on Her 'Candy' Pop Star Days
No regrets, with a few exceptions
'Delete Forever': Grimes Grieves the Friends She's Lost to Drugs
Grimes gets somber and, shockingly, stripped down
Can't Get Gou Out of My Head: A Kylie Classic Gets a Remix
Kylie's 'Fever' dream gets a fresh and tasty remix from Peggy Gou, all in the
"2 Die 4": Tove Lo's 'Popcorn'-Sampling Tune Is One Tasty Treat
The Scandipop trailblazer's latest track is as addictive as the 1972 sonic snack
Ariana Grande's "Positions" Is a Sexy #Vers Anthem
There's no position Ari won't fill
"Free Yourself": An Already Incredible Jessie Ware Era Begins
With Stuart Price in tow, the 'What's Your Pleasure?


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Please see attached updated Guidance for Schools (K-12) and School Buses.
The Government of Alberta has highlighted the areas in yellow where changes have been made or recommended.
With respect to sports and extracurricular activities, the attached guidance document says, 'It is recommended that school authorities limit extracurricular sport tournaments and inter-school games at this time, to reduce potential exposures to COVID-19'. At this time, after school extracurricular team practices and league games will continue as scheduled, however, St. Paul Education schools will not attend tournaments for the remainder of January. All other school based health measures and protocols will remain status quo at this time.
Please also see the highlighted updates on the COVID-19 Daily Health Checklist that applies to both children and adults entering our division facilities.
Government issued masks and rapid tests will be distributed to students and staff once they arrive. Please note, students and staff can continue to wear masks they are presently using. There is no requirement to wear government issued masks.
As always, we thank our students, families and staff for their cooperation and understanding as we adjust to these changing conditions.
UPDATE Winter Break Extended for K-12 Students


London: Belgian star Eden Hazard's recent struggles with injury are giving Chelsea manager Maurizio Sarri cause for concern the Italian admitted on Wednesday.
The 27-year-old playmaker — who played a pivotal role in Belgium finishing a best-ever third in the World Cup in Russia earlier this year — is out of the Europa League match with Greek outfit PAOK on Thursday with an ankle problem.
Chelsea are already guaranteed a place in the knockout stages — they need a point to win Group L with one match to go — but Sarri will want Hazard fighting fit come Sunday's Premier League match with struggling Fulham.
"I am worried because 25 days ago he had a back injury," said Sarri at his eve of match press conference, adding, "now an ankle. He has lost a lot of training. It's normal at the moment he isn't at the top of his physical condition."
Sarri has other concerns too about another key midfielder N'Golo Kante but this is with regard to his positional play. The Italian pointed the finger at the French World Cup winner for being partly to blame for his 18-game unbeaten start at the club ended with the 3-1 defeat by Tottenham Hotspur last Sunday.
"I want to play as a centre midfielder with a very technical player. For me the centre midfielder is Jorginho or (Cesc) Fabregas," said Sarri, adding, "I don't want Kante in this position. Kante in the last match wanted to solve the match after the first 15 minutes, but in the wrong way."
Sarri said the 27-year-old — who signed a new five-year contract last week — should acknowledge his responsibilities lie elsewhere.
"Kante has to stay near to Jorginho, especially when the ball is on the other side," said Sarri, adding, "it depends on the action. If the ball is on the left, we have (Marcos) Alonso, (Eden) Hazard, (Mateo) Kovacic, (Ross) Barkley, so in that situation he has to stay very close to Jorginho."


What Are The Best Ways To Attract More Extended Weekend And Mid-Week Stays?
The room pricing strategy at your B&B cannot be a stagnant strategy developed for one specific set of circumstances and applied to all scenarios. Rather, your B&B revenue management techniques must be fluid, adjusting for seasonal trends, market changes and traveler preferences.
Many B&B operators struggle to drive bookings for extended weekend and mid-week stays, particularly in areas that are considered to be weekend destinations. Rather than setting low room rates in hope of attracting guests and driving demand, you should apply your standard room pricing but add more value for guests who may be interested in staying during these low-traffic periods.
Create Weekday Events To Generate Buzz About Your B&B.
Many people travel to a specific destination because of an event or festival in the area. If you are looking to drive weekday bookings at your property without lowering your room rates, plan an event that will generate buzz and will interest your target market. Concerts with local musicians, book signings, holiday events and themed gatherings are a few examples of events that you could host at your B&B. By promoting these events within your local community as well as on social media, you'll be able to attract the attention of visitors who will be motivated to book a room at your B&B to fully enjoy the event.
Design Packages To Encourage Extended Weekend Stays And Mid-Week Bookings.
If you are struggling to get guests to book during the week or to extend their weekend stays, chances are there are other local businesses in your area dealing with the same issue. Confront the problem together, and start offering packages that will add value and encourage people to stay longer in your destination. You may be able to create a dining plan option with local restaurants that is only available during the week, or you could create a package that offers discount tours with the local tour company on weekdays.
Offer Promotion Codes That Entice Guests To Extend Their Weekend Stays.
One of the best ways to encourage your weekend visitors to stay longer is to send them a promo code shortly after they have booked their rooms to let them know about your great deal. You can give them a small discount if they decide to extend their stay into the week. Sometimes, this incentive is all it takes for guests to decide to transform their weekend visit into an extended stay in your destination. Use automated email features through your property management system to deliver these deals to your customers immediately after they have booked directly through your B&B website.
Setting an effective room pricing strategy that drives B&B revenue at your property is easier than ever when you use a business solution designed specifically for small accommodations providers. To learn more about how Little Hotelier can help you create and implement your room pricing strategy, begin your free demo now.