text:
Q: hide an html element previously shown with jquery on click of a different html element I have a job site where a list of jobs titles are displayed, when a title is clicked certain elements set that were previously set to display:"none" are shown using the jquery show() function. How can I hide these elements again when a new job title is clicked on? So that one appears to collapse when a new job is expanded? link to larger jsfiddle: https://jsfiddle.net/s5gh2rLm/6/ but I believe included the most important parts of code below

Accountant  - ABC Bank

    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Consectetur corporis dolor eius facere laboriosam libero minima necessitatibus nobis nulla, officiis optio quis tempore vel. Exercitationem harum ipsum perspiciatis unde voluptate!

salary: 12

Doctor  - XYZ Hosptial

    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Consectetur corporis dolor eius facere laboriosam libero minima necessitatibus nobis nulla, officiis optio quis tempore vel. Exercitationem harum ipsum perspiciatis unde voluptate!

salary: 12

Teacher  - ABC School

    Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipisicing elit. Consectetur corporis dolor eius facere laboriosam libero minima necessitatibus nobis nulla, officiis optio quis tempore vel. Exercitationem harum ipsum perspiciatis unde voluptate!

salary: 12

js (used to so far only show previously hidden elements):
$(document).ready(function(){
    $(".job_link").click(function(){
        $(this).parents('.job').find(".start_hidden").show();
    });
});

css:
.start_hidden{
    display: none;
}

A: No problem! All you need to do is hide everything before showing the necessary elements:
$(document).ready(function(){
    $(".job_link").click(function(){
      $(".start_hidden").hide(); // Add this line
      $(this).parents('.job').find(".start_hidden").show();
    });
});

Good luck!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Multi-session tickets: 150 € (for 10 sessions among all those proposed by Marcela).
Morning yoga practice, at Tuéda lake.
Marcela, a qualified yoga teacher, offers a morning yoga workshop in the marvelous environment of Tueda lake.
Test it and get a great energy for the day !
Whether you practice regurlarly or you discover yoga, do not hesitate and join Marcela during this session in which movements and postures aim to energize the body and ease the mind.
Enjoy an exceptional setting for this outdoor session!
- wear clothes adapted to the practice and temperature in the mountains at this morning hour.
From 01/07 to 31/08/2018, daily between 8 AM and 10 PM.
From 05/03 to 25/04/2019, every Tuesday and Thursday between 10 am and 11 am except on 14/03, 19/03 and 21/03.


This is WordPress version of my Foodlovers Restaurant Elite template with 2 variations color (Light and Dark). You can use it for anything especially for Restaurant or Cafe. Free Foodlovers WordPress Theme only for WordPress 3+.


text:
import User from '~models/user'
import UserNotFound from '~/errors/user-not-found'

export default (req, res, next, id) => {
  if (id < 10) {
    req.user = User.find(id)
    return next()
  } else {
    throw new UserNotFound(`Can't find user: ${id}`)
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<resources>
    <plurals name="num_seconds_ago">
        <item quantity="other">%d seconds ago</item>
        <item quantity="one">1 second ago</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="num_minutes_ago">
        <item quantity="other">%d minutes ago</item>
        <item quantity="one">1 minute ago</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="num_hours_ago">
        <item quantity="other">%d hours ago</item>
        <item quantity="one">1 hour ago</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="last_num_days">
        <item quantity="other">Last %d days</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="num_days_ago">
        <item quantity="other">%d days ago</item>
        <item quantity="one">yesterday</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="in_num_seconds">
        <item quantity="other">in %d seconds</item>
        <item quantity="one">in 1 second</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="in_num_minutes">
        <item quantity="other">in %d minutes</item>
        <item quantity="one">in 1 minute</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="in_num_hours">
        <item quantity="other">in %d hours</item>
        <item quantity="one">in 1 hour</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="in_num_days">
        <item quantity="other">in %d days</item>
        <item quantity="one">tomorrow</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="abbrev_num_seconds_ago">
        <item quantity="other">%d secs ago</item>
        <item quantity="one">1 sec ago</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="abbrev_num_minutes_ago">
        <item quantity="other">%d mins ago</item>
        <item quantity="one">1 min ago</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="abbrev_num_hours_ago">
        <item quantity="other">%d hours ago</item>
        <item quantity="one">1 hour ago</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="abbrev_num_days_ago">
        <item quantity="other">%d days ago</item>
        <item quantity="one">yesterday</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="abbrev_in_num_seconds">
        <item quantity="other">in %d secs</item>
        <item quantity="one">in 1 sec</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="abbrev_in_num_minutes">
        <item quantity="other">in %d mins</item>
        <item quantity="one">in 1 min</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="abbrev_in_num_hours">
        <item quantity="other">in %d hours</item>
        <item quantity="one">in 1 hour</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="abbrev_in_num_days">
        <item quantity="other">in %d days</item>
        <item quantity="one">tomorrow</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="wifi_available">
        <item quantity="other">Wi-Fi networks available</item>
        <item quantity="one">Wi-Fi network available</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="wifi_available_detailed">
        <item quantity="other">Open Wi-Fi networks available</item>
        <item quantity="one">Open Wi-Fi network available</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="matches_found">
        <item quantity="other">%1$d of %2$d</item>
        <item quantity="one">1 match</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="wimax_available">
        <item quantity="other">شبكه هاي وايمكس موجود است</item>
        <item quantity="one">شبكه وايمكس موجود است</item>
    </plurals>
    <plurals name="wimax_available_detailed">
        <item quantity="other">باز كردن شبكه هاي وايمكس موجود</item>
        <item quantity="one">باز كردن شبكه وايمكس موجود</item>
    </plurals>
</resources>


There are a million recipes for Yiddish or Jewish Brisket. I learned mine from the mother of a childhood BFF. It's slow-cooked with garlic, carrots, parsnips, onions, good old Heinz Ketchup (yes, ketchup) and some fresh Dill. The long, slow cooking insures a tender, tasty Sunday (or anytime) supper.
Rub the garlic cloves into the roast, or cut slits and insert directly into the meat. Combine a couple of teaspoons each, salt and pepper with flour (a large plastic bag works well) and coat the brisket with this mixture.
Place the carrots, parsnips and onions in the bottom of a large Dutch oven (a heavy enamel or cast iron pot is best for even heat distribution). Add some salt and fresh ground black pepper and the bay leaves. Place the brisket, fat side up, on top of the bed of vegetables. (I like to lightly score the fat to prevent the meat from shrinking as much) Mix ketchup and worcestershire together and pour over the meat. Sprinkle the dill (if using) on top.
Add enough water or beef broth to cover the vegetables about half way -- you want to allow for some steam to soften and moisten the meat, but not enough to "boil" the meat. Cover pan. Place in oven at 375 degrees F for about 15 minutes. Reduce heat to 325 degrees F and roast for about 40 minutes per pound of brisket, or until the meat is basically falling apart. (approx 5 to 5and 1/2 hours for 6-8 lbs) I check every now and then to make sure there is still enough liquid. If needed, add a little more water or broth.
Let the meat rest for 10 minutes after removing it from the oven. I serve the sliced brisket and lots of the yummy sauce with buttered egg noodles or cooked, buttered white rice. Potatoes can be substituted if you prefer.
This sounds amazing and I could almost smell the wonderful aroma of the brisket roasting. I will try this recipe and the chicken and dumplings.
Mrs B, I am so glad you are back and look forward to your postings.
I can't take credit for this recipe, but I do love the way it makes my house smell when it's cooking! My childhood friend'smom was a great cook.
Let me know how it turns out if you end up making it Shawn. I love to hear feedback, good, bad and everything in between.


text:
Rhode Island School of Design seeks Assistant Professor
• Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)
Department of Interior Architecture
http://www.risd.edu/jobs
Applications require a letter of interest, current CV, sample syllabi, examples of personal and student work, and the names and contact information for three references.
Review of applications will begin immediately, and continue until the position is filled. Candidates who submit their materials by January 3, 2011, will be assured full consideration. For more information about RISD and to apply online, please visit http://www.risd.edu/jobs
The School wishes this appointment to commence in July 2011. Further information about the Department of Interior Architecture at RISD can be found at risd.edu.
RISD is an equal opportunity employer. We encourage inquiries from candidates who will enrich and contribute to the cultural and ethnic diversity of our College. RISD does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, religion, sex, age, national origin, disability, veteran status, sexual orientation, gender identity/expression, genetics, or any other protected characteristic as established by law, in employment, or in our education programs.
Announcements Jan 17, 2023 • Movement Lab fellowship program • Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)
Announcements Nov 11, 2022 • Open Provost position • Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)
Announcements Oct 5, 2022 • Inauguration of 18th President Crystal Williams • Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)
Announcements Aug 17, 2022 • Seven alumni awarded Fulbrights • Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)
Announcements May 31, 2022 • Grad show 2022 • Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)
Announcements Apr 12, 2022 • Cheryl D. Miller to deliver commencement keynote address • Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)
Announcements Dec 23, 2021 • Crystal Williams named 18th president • Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)
Announcements Sep 20, 2021 • Faculty appointments • Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)
Announcements Aug 19, 2021 • Board of Trustees elects new members • Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)
Announcements Aug 5, 2021 • Launch of Master of Fine Arts in Illustration program • Rhode Island School of Design (RISD)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
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      <input type="checkbox"
             init-platform-health
             ng-click="clicked($event)"/>
      Consider only {{platformHealthType}} health

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text:
iceybabes
Kazeist
♥Los Angeles, San Francisco, Las Vegas♥
(08-31-2010, 10:47 AM)Yuiku Wrote: [ AUG 28th Osaka ]
I went to Osaka. This is my review.
< Inside of Zepp Osaka >
Neon lights around the wall. A skull-shaped light and "SEX BLOOD ROCK N' ROLL" "Vamps" lights were on the wall too. I was lucky to get the front row near K.A.Z. I couldn't see the whole stage set.
< Clothes >
HYDE: Black long sleeve shirt (maybe same as these two days) and gray python pants.
K.A.Z: Black mesh tank top, and white tank top under it. In the first few songs he had red check shirt over them. Black pants and white scarf around his waist.
< My high light >
1. HYDE went to 2nd floor in HUNTING! He poured water to arena with a big smile. K.A.Z and Ju-ken were on the stage, came in front of us in turns. I don't know which way I should look at.
2. K.A.Z threw a water bottle from the stage. But he threw it upward, the bottle dropped down on the stage behind him. He laughed shyly. SO CUTE!! Ju-ken picked it up quickly and threw to the audience.
3. I was a few meters away from HYDE when he came to this way... OMG!!
< MC >
HYDE "I like your weird face. You always try to make your best faces when I come to you like this..." He made a prim face himself. "It's too late. I saw your weird faces by then. I prefer weird faces because I can feel you allow me to see your natural faces. It's very cute."
"Many boys today. I like it!" Some guys shouted HYDE's name. And HYDE continued. "Thank you. As you may know, we have been giving you GOLDEN TICKET. Yesterday the winners were almost boys...like 5 in 9 people were men.........ops yesterday was day-off. It was the day before yesterday. I hope as many boys as girls will come to our show."
In LIVE WIRE, HYDE started that usual one. "Do you feel me? My...what...reaching.....to the 2nd floor..." And someone yelled "You've got long one!!" HYDE replied "A lot of people tell me that."
Before HUNTING Ju-ken talked us. When I think back, Ju-ken's MC was time for HYDE preparing to appear on the 2nd floor. Ju-ken talked about their day-off. "We went to Suma beach. We heard there are many cute girls in Suma, even some of them would wear T-front swimwear.... But the beach was almost empty. There were no one else."
< Songs >
I don't remember set list. The first song was SEX BLOOD ROCK N' ROLL with green laser beam like last year. They did many songs from BEAST, and DOLLY, EVANESCENT, TROUBLE, KYUKETSU, IT'S SAD, etc. MIDNIGHT CELEBRATION was the last with that green beam again.
I really loved GET UP. My favorite song in BEAST. SAMSARA was amazing as well. I love the mysterious mood and bass drums sound. Feeling good.
In TROUBLE Ju-ken attacked K.A.Z. He jumped and bumped into K.A.Z, ran around K.A.Z. OMG Ju-ken was like a big dog indeed... K.A.Z was smiling.
When we got out the venue after the show, I heard 2 boys talking each other. They said they were about to faint during the show. If they meant they would faint because the show was too exciting, I'm glad to hear that.
Thanks VAMPS and Thank you for reading!
Thank you for the report! That's a good way of describing Juken a big puppy dog who is hyper and excitable. Kazu was probably "Juken got in the hidden stash of candy again" LOL!
♥ K.A.Z.♥
Kaz's Sneaky Shadow Panda
We're Not Just Fans, We're A VAMPS Army!
Vamps LJ Community
K.A.Z. Daily LJ Community


text:
Printed from https://ideas.repec.org/p/ris/nepswp/2012_009.html
Fiscal Equalization and Political Conflict
Cubel, Maria
(University of Barcelona)
Maria Cubel
In this paper we analyze the political viability of equalization rules in the context of a decentralized country. We explore the idea that when equalization rules are perceived as unfair, regions may initiate a political conflict. Regions are formed by identical individuals who, through lobbying, try to obtain a higher share from the (equalization) pool of resources. Political conflict is measured as the total contribution to lobbying. We conclude that the onset of conflict depends on the degree of publicness of the regional budget and the relative size of the regions. When regional budgets are used to provide pure public goods, full fiscal equalization is politically feasible. However, fiscal equalization is not immune to conflict when budgets are used to provide private goods or a linear combination of private and public goods. The likelihood of political conflict decreases as the regions become similar in size.
Cubel, Maria, 2012. "Fiscal Equalization and Political Conflict," NEPS Working Papers 9/2012, Network of European Peace Scientists.
Handle: RePEc:ris:nepswp:2012_009
File URL: http://www.europeanpeacescientists.org/9_2012.pdf
File Function: Full text
Maria Cubel, 2010. "Fiscal equalization and political conflict," Working Papers 2010/9, Institut d'Economia de Barcelona (IEB).
Le Breton, Michel & Weber, Shlomo, 2003. "Secession-Proof Cost Allocations and Stable Group Structures in Models of Horizontal Differentiation," IDEI Working Papers 210, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
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Haimanko, Ori & Le Breton, Michel & Weber, Shlomo, 2005. "Transfers in a polarized country: bridging the gap between efficiency and stability," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 89(7), pages 1277-1303, July.
HAIMANKO, Ori & LE BRETON, Michel & WEBER, Shlomo, 2002. "Transfers in a polarized country: bridging the gap between efficiency and stability," LIDAM Discussion Papers CORE 2002018, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
HAIMANKO, Ori & E BRETON, Michel & WEBER, Shlomo, 2005. "Transfers in a polarized country: bridging the gap between efficiency and stability," LIDAM Reprints CORE 1774, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
Haimanko, Ori & Le Breton, Michel & Weber, Shlomo, 2003. "Transfers in a Polarized Country : Bridging the Gap between Efficiency and Stability," IDEI Working Papers 208, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
Mohtadi, Hamid & Roe, Terry, 1998. "Growth, lobbying and public goods," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 14(3), pages 453-473, August.
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Esteban, J. & Ray, D., 1999. "Social Decision Rules Are Not Immune to Conflict," Papers 22, El Instituto de Estudios Economicos de Galicia Pedro Barrie de la Maza.
Michel Le Breton & Shlomo Weber, 2003. "The Art of Making Everybody Happy: How to Prevent a Secession," IMF Staff Papers, Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 50(3), pages 1-4.
LE BRETON, Michel & WEBER, Shlomo, 2001. "The art of making everybody happy: how to prevent a secession," LIDAM Discussion Papers CORE 2001011, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
Le Breton, Michel & Weber, Shlomo, 2003. "The Art of Making Everybody Happy : How to Prevent a Secession," IDEI Working Papers 164, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
Stergios Skaperdas, 1996. "Contest success functions (*)," Economic Theory, Springer;Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory (SAET), vol. 7(2), pages 283-290.
Skaperdas, Stergios, 1996. "Contest Success Functions," Economic Theory, Springer;Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory (SAET), vol. 7(2), pages 283-290, February.
Desmet, Klaus & Le Breton, Michel & Ortuno-Ortin, Ignacio, 2006. "Nation Formation and Genetic Diversity," IDEI Working Papers 133, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
DESMET, Klaus & LE BRETON, Michel & ORTUNO-ORTIN, Ignacio & WEBER, Shlomo, 2006. "Nation formation and genetic diversity," LIDAM Discussion Papers CORE 2006095, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
Desmet, Klaus & Le Breton, Michel & Ortuño-Ortín, Ignacio & Weber, Shlomo, 2006. "Nation Formation and Genetic Diversity," CEPR Discussion Papers 5918, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Persson, Torsten & Tabellini, Guido, 1996. "Federal Fiscal Constitutions: Risk Sharing and Moral Hazard," Econometrica, Econometric Society, vol. 64(3), pages 623-646, May.
Ades, A. & Verdier, T., 1996. "The Rise and Fall of Elites: A Theory of Economic Development and Social Polarization in Rent-Seeking Societies," DELTA Working Papers 96-13, DELTA (Ecole normale supérieure).
Verdier, Thierry, 1996. "The Rise and Fall of Elites: A Theory of Economic Development and Social Polarization in Rent-seeking Societies," CEPR Discussion Papers 1495, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Rama, Martin & Tabellim, Guido, 1998. "Lobbying by capital and labor over trade and labor market policies," European Economic Review, Elsevier, vol. 42(7), pages 1295-1316, July.
Martín Rama & Guido Tabellini, "undated". "Lobbying by Capital and Labor over Trade and Labor Market Policies," Working Papers 94, IGIER (Innocenzo Gasparini Institute for Economic Research), Bocconi University.
Persson, Torsten & Tabellini, Guido, 1996. "Federal Fiscal Constitutions: Risk Sharing and Redistribution," Journal of Political Economy, University of Chicago Press, vol. 104(5), pages 979-1009, October.
Robert Fenge & Jakob von Weizsäcker, 2001. "How Much Fiscal Equalization? A Constitutional Approach," Journal of Institutional and Theoretical Economics (JITE), Mohr Siebeck, Tübingen, vol. 157(4), pages 623-633, December.
Joan Esteban & Debraj Ray, 2006. "Inequality, Lobbying, and Resource Allocation," American Economic Review, American Economic Association, vol. 96(1), pages 257-279, March.
Esteban, Joan & Ray, Debraj, 2001. "Collective Action and the Group Size Paradox," American Political Science Review, Cambridge University Press, vol. 95(3), pages 663-672, September.
Esteban, J. & Ray, D., 1999. "Collective Action and Group Size Paradox," Papers 23, El Instituto de Estudios Economicos de Galicia Pedro Barrie de la Maza.
Sen, Amartya, 1973. "On Economic Inequality," OUP Catalogue, Oxford University Press, number 9780198281931, November.
Sakshi Gupta & Ram Singh, 2018. "On Existence and Properties of Pure-strategy Equilibria under Contests," Working papers 288, Centre for Development Economics, Delhi School of Economics.
Sakshi Gupta & Ram Singh, 2018. "On Existence and Properties of Pure-strategy Equilibria under Contests," Working Papers id:12840, eSocialSciences.
Flamand, Sabine, 2019. "Partial decentralization as a way to prevent secessionist conflict," European Journal of Political Economy, Elsevier, vol. 59(C), pages 159-178.
Dur, Robert & Staal, Klaas, 2008. "Local public good provision, municipal consolidation, and national transfers," Regional Science and Urban Economics, Elsevier, vol. 38(2), pages 160-173, March.
Dur, Robert & Staal, Klaas, 2006. "Local Public Good Provision, Municipal Consolidation, and National Transfers," Discussion Paper Series of SFB/TR 15 Governance and the Efficiency of Economic Systems 86, Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Bonn, University of Mannheim, University of Munich.
Robert Dur & Klaas Staal, 2007. "Local Public Good Provision, Municipal Consolidation, and National Transfers," CESifo Working Paper Series 2061, CESifo.
Vincenzo Galasso, 2020. "Market Reactions to Quest for Decentralization and Independence: Evidence from Catalonia," CESifo Working Paper Series 8254, CESifo.
Galasso, Vincenzo, 2020. "Market Reactions to Quest for Decentralization and Independence: Evidence from Catalonia," CEPR Discussion Papers 14641, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Anesi, Vincent, 2012. "Secessionism and minority protection in an uncertain world," Journal of Public Economics, Elsevier, vol. 96(1), pages 53-61.
Vincent Anesi, 2010. "Secessionism and Minority Protection in an Uncertain World," Discussion Papers 2010-15, The Centre for Decision Research and Experimental Economics, School of Economics, University of Nottingham.
Enrico Spolaore, 2016. "The economics of political borders," Chapters, in: Eugene Kontorovich & Francesco Parisi (ed.), Economic Analysis of International Law, chapter 1, pages 11-43, Edward Elgar Publishing.
Enrico Spolaore, 2012. "The Economics of Political Borders," CESifo Working Paper Series 3854, CESifo.
Enrico Spolaore, 2012. "The Economics of Political Borders," Discussion Papers Series, Department of Economics, Tufts University 0767, Department of Economics, Tufts University.
Joan Esteban & Debraj Ray, 2003. "Inequality and Public Resource Allocation," Working Papers 47, Barcelona School of Economics.
Robert Dur & Klaas Staal, 2003. "National Interference in Local Public Good Provision," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 03-074/1, Tinbergen Institute.
Ori Haimanko & Michel Breton & Shlomo Weber, 2007. "The stability threshold and two facets of polarization," Economic Theory, Springer;Society for the Advancement of Economic Theory (SAET), vol. 30(3), pages 415-430, March.
Haimanko, Ori & Le Breton, Michel & Weber, Shlomo, 2005. "The Stability Threshold and Two Facts of Polarization," CEPR Discussion Papers 5098, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Ori Haimanko & Michel Le Breton & Shlomo Weber, 2005. "The Stability Threshold and Two Facets of Polarization," Working Papers 0508, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Department of Economics.
Haimanko, Ori & Le Breton, Michel & Weber, Shlomo, 2005. "The Stability Threshold and Two Facets of Polarization," IDEI Working Papers 366, Institut d'Économie Industrielle (IDEI), Toulouse.
HAIMANKO, Ori & LE BRETON, Michel & WEBER, Shlomo, 2005. "The stability threshold and two facets of polarization," LIDAM Discussion Papers CORE 2005035, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
HAIMANKO, Ori & LE BRETON, Michel & WEBER, Shlomo, 2007. "The stability threshold and two facets of polarization," LIDAM Reprints CORE 1930, Université catholique de Louvain, Center for Operations Research and Econometrics (CORE).
Joan Esteban & Sabine Flamand & Massimo Morelli & Dominic Rohner, 2018. "A Dynamic Theory of Secession," CESifo Working Paper Series 7257, CESifo.
Joan Esteban & Sabine Flamand & Massimo Morelli & Dominic Rohner, 2018. "A Dynamic Theory of Secession," HiCN Working Papers 276, Households in Conflict Network.
Thierry Madiès & Grégoire Rota-Grasiozi & Jean-Pierre Tranchant & Cyril Trépier, 2018. "The economics of secession: a review of legal, theoretical, and empirical aspects," Swiss Journal of Economics and Statistics, Springer;Swiss Society of Economics and Statistics, vol. 154(1), pages 1-18, December.
Thierry Madiès & Grégoire Rota-Graziosi & Jean-Pierre Tranchant & Cyril Trépier, 2018. "The economics of secession: a review of legal, theoretical, and empirical aspects," Post-Print hal-01816827, HAL.
Klaas Staal, 2004. "Country Size and Public Good Provision," Tinbergen Institute Discussion Papers 04-026/1, Tinbergen Institute.
Esteban, Joan & Flamand, Sabine & Morelli, Massimo & Rohner, Dominic, 2017. "The Survival and Demise of the State: A Dynamic Theory of Secessions," CEPR Discussion Papers 12398, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Joan-Maria Esteban & Sabine Flamand & Massimo Morelli & Dominic Rohner, 2018. "The Survival and Demise of the State: A Dynamic Theory of Secession," Working Papers 1028, Barcelona School of Economics.
Matthias Dahm, 2010. "Free mobility and taste-homogeneity of jurisdiction structures," International Journal of Game Theory, Springer;Game Theory Society, vol. 39(1), pages 259-272, March.
Dahm, Matthias, 2009. "Free Mobility and Taste-Homogeneity of Jurisdiction Structures," Working Papers 2072/15809, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Department of Economics.
Enrico Spolaore, 2010. "Federalism, Regional Redistribution and Country Stability," Chapters, in: Núria Bosch & Marta Espasa & Albert Solé Ollé (ed.), The Political Economy of Inter-Regional Fiscal Flows, chapter 13, Edward Elgar Publishing.
Enrico Spolaore, 2008. "Federalism, Regional Redistribution, and Country Stability," Discussion Papers Series, Department of Economics, Tufts University 0726, Department of Economics, Tufts University.
Philippe De Donder & Michel Le Breton & Eugenio Peluso, 2012. "On the (sequential) majority choice of public good size and location," Social Choice and Welfare, Springer;The Society for Social Choice and Welfare, vol. 39(2), pages 457-489, July.
De Donder, Philippe & Le Breton, Michel & Peluso, Eugenio, 2009. "On the (Sequential) Majority Choice of Public Good Size and Location," CEPR Discussion Papers 7223, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
Staal, Klaas, 2006. "Country size and publicly provided goods," Discussion Paper Series of SFB/TR 15 Governance and the Efficiency of Economic Systems 187, Free University of Berlin, Humboldt University of Berlin, University of Bonn, University of Mannheim, University of Munich.
Cerniglia, Floriana & Longaretti, Riccarda & Zanardi, Alberto, 2021. "How to design decentralisation to curb secessionist pressures? Top-down vs. bottom-up reforms," Structural Change and Economic Dynamics, Elsevier, vol. 58(C), pages 377-390.
political conflict; lobbying; fiscal equalization; social decision rules;
All these keywords.
D31 - Microeconomics - - Distribution - - - Personal Income and Wealth Distribution
D74 - Microeconomics - - Analysis of Collective Decision-Making - - - Conflict; Conflict Resolution; Alliances; Revolutions
H77 - Public Economics - - State and Local Government; Intergovernmental Relations - - - Intergovernmental Relations; Federalism
R51 - Urban, Rural, Regional, Real Estate, and Transportation Economics - - Regional Government Analysis - - - Finance in Urban and Rural Economies
NEP-CDM-2012-10-27 (Collective Decision-Making)
NEP-PBE-2012-10-27 (Public Economics)
NEP-POL-2012-10-27 (Positive Political Economics)
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I hope you continue with this series if you do another part. If a second piece to the story is written I will be reading it soon.
You have a talent that not many have - you keep the reader wanting more. Keep upo the fantastic work.
Author's Response: hey that's Ok. I understand- I have been busy myself. Alot of this is pre-written, I'm just in the process of moving it off of my old fan-fic site. They deleted my account for reasons I do not understand.
Author's Response: Thank you! I have about five more chapters on file of this one, then I have to write some more. I am really glad you like it!
Hmmm, A bit mary-sue-ish don't you think?
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Vast: The Crystal Caverns Review — Designer dungeon crawl
By Matthew Smail On May 18, 2018 0
The dragon has been asleep for many long years. In that time, the cave under which it slumbered has changed greatly… Goblins and strange monsters have filled its gloomy depths and there are whispers that the cave itself has begun thinking, shifting and growing ever more dangerous. Still, stories of peril rarely overshadow rumours of riches, and indeed, riches there may be… For where a dragon slumbers, there also lies a fiercely guarded treasure. Fortunately for the slumbering beast, malevolent crystals fill the cave's rooms with spectral light, hiding the entrance to the immeasurable treasure trove. Many have given their lives to the search and over the years, the rumours have faded to legend.
But the most courageous adventurers will not be discouraged by bloodshed. On this day, a knight steps into the darkness, her gloved hand gripping the hilt of her sword. Her years of quests — all of the victories and defeats — have led to this one final adventure. Knowing the kingdom can never truly be at peace with the dragon beneath the cave, she has come to make a final stand. Little does she know that she will awake everything that slumbers in the shadows… and begin the final battle in the darkness.
Vast takes the simple enough idea of having asymmetric player roles to unusual lengths, yet somehow it manages to remain both highly interactive and generally very well balanced. The base game supports up to five players, but included in this review I'll also be covering the Fearsome Foes expansion, which potentially increases that player count further. I'm also using a miniatures expansion and a deck of bonus cards, but I'll explain more about that in the components section.
In Vast, each player controls a character or faction that is either invading, living in or escaping from a cave. The cave itself is a playable role which acts a bit like a DM in the traditional sense, though in Vast there's a bit more structure and direction. In the base game, players can choose from more or less any combination of The Knight, The Dragon, The Goblin Tribes, The Cave and The Thief, with various victory conditions applied to each eligible combination.
So far this probably sounds pretty standard, but it's the variable victory conditions and how to achieve them that really differentiate Vast from pretty much every other game. Take The Knight and The Dragon, for example. In the standard game, The Knight wants to slay The Dragon, but to do so she'll first need to gain grit (experience) to increase her strength and skills by fighting goblins and exploring The Cave. The Dragon, meanwhile, just wants to escape, but she's too sleepy. She needs to eat goblins to increase her wakefulness and increase her power, then head to the exit.
The Cave itself simply wants to crush everyone. To do so, it must expand fully before collapsing inwards one turn at a time. As this expansion happens, The Cave player will be given certain resources which allow them to place traps and other hazards to hamper the other players — usually based on whoever is closest to achieving their victory condition. The Fearsome Foes expansion includes several new creatures to add to the mix, each with unique objectives and abilities that layer in additional interest — and complexity.
Even considering just the base game, Vast is a very generous box of tricks. With the miniatures expansion and the Fearsome Foes, it's even more incredible. The board itself is made of individual sections of cave which feature stylised artwork. Players can choose to explore the cave with either wooden pieces or standees, with the miniatures expansion unsurprisingly adding the third choice to take a very well-crafted plastic piece.
Everyone receives a unique player board, featuring tonnes of information about their character and how to progress them. With their board, each character will likely receive a number of wooden tokens (ranging from a few to an absolute tonne) which are placed onto their board as trackers for various things. The character setup boards are lovely to look at, but because they have no indentation, pieces can move on them if knocked.
The game also features several decks of cards, all of which feature artwork that ties in with the rest of the game and brings it to life. The Goblins have war and monster cards, The Dragon has power cards, The Knight has side quests to complete etc. Of particular note to anyone interested in the Miniatures Expansion will be the treasure chests, crystals and other supporting pieces it contains, which really help to bring the game to life.
There's an excellent player guide for each role and the manual itself is glossy and filled with colour. When all is said and done, Vast feels like a very comprehensive package that is really nicely presented. A lot of design effort has clearly been placed into the game itself, but beyond that, everything is brought together visually and thematically by the components, which are fantastically done overall.
Turn Structure
When it comes to actually playing the game, Vast can polarize opinion. I don't think anyone will be in doubt about how powerful the game system it is, but it can be very daunting to teach and to learn. This, largely, is because every role in the game is completely unique, with different objectives and capabilities, most of which change during the game.
On the first turn, for example, The Knight simply has a couple of actions to take. She'll normally move and explore to lay out more of the dungeon. Later in the game, she'll unlock more actions to spend and the variety of options available to her will expand as well. She also has a number of unique interactions available to her depending on the foe she might be facing, as well.
The Dragon begins the game in a reduced, slumbering state. This is represented by a crouching miniature/standee/meeple which is replaced by another at a certain level of wakefulness. To reach this stage of their development, The Dragon must consume the goblin pieces that spawn on the board. Where The Goblins are concerned, the player must manage three separate hordes who need to gain strength (rage) to be combat effective, but can become unruly and ultimately disband at certain sizes. Each of these hordes has abilities and specialties of its own.
There's The Cave and The Thief in the base game as well, so a five-player game is a lengthy teach. You'll probably be fully committed to Vast before investing in the Fearsome Foes expansion, but if you do, you'll get three more basic miniatures (a ghost, a ghoul and a nightmare unicorn), all of which have several variants for in-game play. Experienced players will have no problem accommodating these new characters, but it's unwise to jump straight into one on even your fourth or fifth play of the game.
Whilst I'm not going to go into detail about these roles any more than I have, I will say this: once you've learned the roles and you understand what each is capable of (and at least one player understands them all to check and balance), Vast plays quickly. There are many actions available, but they all make sense and the feeling of descending into an ever more threatening cave filled with danger is constant — and exciting!
Game Experience
I may have hinted at this already, but Vast is a touch daunting and quite a lengthy teach. That said, it is very, very rewarding when you get there. The best way to bring everyone up to speed is probably by laying out the basic objectives for each role and diving straight in with a few guided turns. You could then either reset and play a learning game or just keep going whilst giving everyone advice — either way, at least one person needs to know the game reasonably intricately. The main lesson is not to try teaching it whilst learning it at the same time — I speak from experience.
Once it is underway however, there is lots to enjoy about Vast. For starters, the asymmetric nature of the characters is fantastic. It brings an additional and very tangible extra dimension to immersion. The differences between characters are much, much more than just a painted-on theme that offers a few special abilities. In Vast, playing a different character is like playing a different game and there are enough possible variations to keep fans occupied for an age.
It takes about sixty to ninety minutes to play a game of Vast, assuming no one needs to be taught. It can stretch on longer if you decide to include some of the additional elements like terrain, or use the extra cards from the bonus deck. With five players, it will clearly last longer than with two, but in any event, turns flow pretty quickly once things get moving.
There's an absolute tonne of interaction in Vast, which players will either love or hate. You're going to have to try to attack, kill, rob or cheat each other not just to gain an edge, but sometimes because that is the entire purpose of your character. Even so, the game has little player exclusion. The Knight must damage The Dragon repeatedly, whilst goblins are wholly expendable and their power and presence ebbs and flows continuously.
I have probably made some of my conclusions clear throughout this review, but to summarise them simply I'd have to say that I think Vast is exciting, unique and hugely innovative, whilst also being a little too demanding for some. Even so, anyone who has played a medium or heavy Eurogame or even a complex dungeon crawler like Descent is going to be fine here if they take the time to understand the different roles.
Whatever your level of gaming experience, Vast is a very rewarding game to play, with very close to unlimited replayability and variation. It can be complex and unbalanced, but in this rare case, that's actually part of the appeal rather than a reason to be cautious. Whilst I have a few of the expansions, I know that others are still in the pipeline, which makes me hopeful that Vast will continue to grow and expand. Built around a superb system unlike any other, Vast is a worthwhile addition to any collection and certainly one to watch.
A copy of Vast: The Crystal Caverns and several add-on packs were provided for review purposes. You can find out more information about Vast, or even purchase the game, on the website of publisher Leder Games.
Crystal CavernsDungeon CrawlFearsome FoesLeder GamesModularThe CaveThe DragonThe GhostThe GhoulThe KnightVast
Matthew Smail 514 posts 47 comments
Matt is B3's resident Head of Board Games. As a life-long fan of all things gaming he'll also occasionally be found covering video games with the team,
Big Boss Battle's Best 50 Board Games We've Ever Reviewed
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Review | Betrayal at Baldur's Gate


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Have you ever had the strange and ultimately frustrating experienced of being given the runaround? This happens often when you call a huge corporation with a problem or concern, and your call gets transferred a dozen times before someone says they can address your problem – then you get disconnected.
If you are familiar with this kind of runaround, then you will know what it is like to file a property damage claim with most overgrown insurance companies.
While they generally don't practice this type of phone play, they do practice tactics that amount to the same thing, one of which is being really nice and personable as they seek to deny your claim, give you less compensation on your damaged property than you actually deserve, or prolong a settlement in order to get you to break down and accept anything they have to offer. If you are tired of being given the runaround by insurance adjusters, let the trial lawyers at Lawlor, White & Murphey represent you.
Many insurance companies realize that our seasoned lawyers mean business and settle for fair compensation without having to go to trial. Property destroyed by natural disasters can be a huge hindrance. Our Deerfield Beach lawyers can help the process to be expedited in your behalf.
Car crashes can lead to fatalities, debilitating injuries, long seasons of pain and suffering, and create thousands of dollars of property damage. A moment of irresponsible texting on a cell phone can change people's lives for the worse. A drunk driver can end young lives. Negligence on the road can make driving feel like an unsafe experience, no matter how fast or slow you are going. At Lawlor, White & Murphey, we want victims of car accidents who have suffered injuries and procured property damages through no fault of their own to be compensated fully for all losses, and we will take the insurance companies to task on your behalf when they refuse to do so. We will deal with both insurance adjusters for our clients, and we are willing to go to trial if the situation demands it.
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Liz Morrell, Senior Researcher at the Health Economics Research Centre (HERC), Nuffield Department of Population Health (NDPH).
In 1957, the UK National Health Service (NHS) was just nine years old and already grappling with a very familiar problem – the rising cost of prescriptions. The drug bill at the time was £57 million, compared to the £17.4 billion spend in 2017 – clearly a different era. In June 1957, the government tasked the Committee on the Cost of Prescribing, led by Sir Henry Hinchliffe, to investigate, resulting in the Cost of Prescribing (Hinchliffe) report.
On 11 November 2019, the Health Economics Research Centre (HERC) is presenting a symposium to mark the 60th anniversary of the document. The report made a set of landmark recommendations, and the symposium will explore, 60 years on, what has changed. Do we face similar challenges today? What long-term recommendations to address the current challenges could be made by the government?
Many of the recommendations in the Hinchliffe report related to the generation, interpretation, and use of evidence on drug efficacy. These included recommendations on medical training, to include education on economical prescribing, and training to enable doctors to evaluate manufacturers' claims for their drugs. The report accepts the importance of pharmaceutical industry investment in research and development, but wishes to curb "extravagant sales propaganda, some of which is undesirable"! Further, the report argues for establishment of a permanent expert body "to include men with business experience, an economist and a statistician" to advise on drug costs – presumably women were not invited to apply to be part of this forerunner of NICE?
As a member of the organising group for the symposium, I wanted to find out more about the discussion of the report in parliament, and delved into Hansard, the official record of UK Parliament proceedings. Surprisingly, given the subsequent impact of the report's ideas, there is little mention of it. The report is mentioned in a debate on prescription charges on 13 July 1959, in which the Minister of Health, Derek Walker-Smith, describes the report as "a factor to be taken into account in the consideration of the relevant circumstances to which I then referred" – hardly a ringing endorsement.
The report then resurfaces two days later, in a speech by Dr Edith Summerskill (Labour), then MP for Warrington. Dr Summerskill spoke for 45 minutes on a range of health issues, suggesting that the government had been dragging its feet in responding to not only the Hinchliffe report, but two others – the Cranbrook report on pregnancy and childbirth, and the Younghusband report on social work. She is rewarded for her efforts by a response from Walker-Smith that begins with an expression of sexism that I hope would now be career limiting, by quoting from Dr Johnson: 'A woman's preaching is like a dog's walking on his hinder legs. It is not done well; but you are surprised to find it done at all.'
It is the breadth of Dr Summerskill's speech, and not her gender, that deserves further exploration. The first issue she addresses is drug company profits, and their marketing activities, calling to mind the recent US settlements on opioid addiction, and headlines on 'price gouging' by the industry. She then moves to the prescription charge, which was introduced in 1952 by the Conservative government despite opposition from Labour. As removing prescription charges was an early act of devolved government in Scotland and Wales, clearly we have still not resolved this issue.
As the speech continues, Dr Summerskill moves to provision of free drugs for private patients; this debate on the somewhat uneasy relationship between private and public healthcare is a forerunner of the 'top-up' payments debates of 2008. In the remaining 30 minutes, she proceeds to cover antibiotic resistance, the integration of health and social care, the underfunding of mental health services, improving the safety of maternity care, and air pollution. If it were not for the occasional sexist language, it would be almost impossible to distinguish the debate from today.
Overall, then, the context for the debate on drug costs appears to have changed little in 60 years, so an examination of the Hinchliffe report and its relevance for today is timely. Speakers will come from the NHS, NICE, the Institute for Fiscal Studies, the Office of Health Economics, and the universities of Oxford, York and Bournemouth.
I leave the final words to Dr Summerskill, as she reprimands the Minister of Health for the quality of his response: 'Is the Minister aware that he has not answered one of my questions?'
Perhaps we can do better at the Symposium.
The symposium on the Hinchliffe report takes place on Monday 11 November, at Merton College, 9:30-17:00. Further details and information on registration can be found on the HERC website.
Research Spotlight: Amazing people at Oxford who you should know about
Lanisha Butterfield | 15 Oct 2019
Black female scientists have historically borne the brunt of both racial and gender biases in their fields, and in a white male dominated industry like the sciences, their achievements can at times go unsung.
These adverse circumstances make their victories all the more significant, and their contributions to the scientific community invaluable.
In celebration of Black History Month we are shining a light on some of the brilliant black minds of Oxford whose research is helping to improve the world today.
'I had never seen any prominent women of colour in zoology until I joined twitter'
Tanesha Allen, an African American Zoologist and behavioural ecologist at the Wildlife Research Conservation Unit (WildCRU), Oxford University, discusses her research studying the behaviours of European badgers, transatlantic culture shock and how and her experience as a black female scientist compares to others in her field.
Earlier this year Tanesha was awarded 'Highly Commended' at the Vice-Chancellor's Public Engagement with Research Awards for her community outreach work, encouraging girls aged 11-14 to choose a career in science.
What is your research area?
I study olfactory communications in European badgers. That basically means understanding how these animals use scent to advertise themselves for mating opportunities. An animal's scent can tell you a lot of information about them, from their age through to the group that they are from.
I started my DPhil at Oxford University in October 2016, and am I'm now in my fourth year of working with WildCRU and am part of the Wytham Woods Badger Project, which has been running since 1987.
Tanesha Allen, is a Zoologist and behavioural ecologist at the Wildlife Research Conservation Unit (WildCRU), Oxford University. Image credit: WildCRU
Wytham Woods has the highest population of badgers in the world – 250 total, including 200 adults and 50 cubs. Each season we spend two weeks live tracking the badgers, using a unique tattoo which they have on their inner thigh. We use this to gather information on their weight, body condition, teeth, wounds and scars etc., to see how they change over time. It helps us to understand their movements, and how these animals respond to the challenges that they face, such as changing habitats, and how we can best protect them. Understanding their movements and behaviours can also help us to prevent the spread of tuberculosis (TB).
What is a badger fact that people would be surprised to know?
Badgers are naturally promiscuous, and mate with everyone. Females have something called superfetation, which allows them to mate with, and have their embryos fertilised by multiple males.
What is a typical day in the life like for you?
There is no such thing as an average day for me. My daily routine changes from season to season. During one season I could be spending all day in the woods collecting samples, at another time I'll be releasing badgers back to their sets, and at others, I spend all day in my office reading journal articles. Another big part of my work is public engagement, so I spend a lot of time in schools with children running workshops to try and engage them with wildlife and conservation.
You were recently awarded "Highly Commended" at the Vice-Chancellor's Public Engagement with Research Awards for your citizen science project with local schools. Firstly congratulations! Secondly, what interests you most about working with young people?
I love working with students, and how open they are to learning.
Usually in outreach with adults they often already have preconceived ideas about what science is and what they believe should be done, or shouldn't be done. But with students they don't have any preconceived notions. Just an eager thirst for knowledge.
Tanesha works with the Abingdon Science Partnership and Science Oxford on a project encouraging girls aged between the ages of 11 and 14 to choose careers in science.
Can you tell us about your project?
I work with the Abingdon Science Partnership and Science Oxford on a project encouraging girls aged between the ages of 11 and 14 to choose careers in STEM, especially physics. I volunteered initially, and over time have got more and more involved in science outreach and communications.
Our work is funded by the Royal Society Partnership Grant, and we work with local secondary and primary schools, teaching students how to use camera traps to monitor wildlife, analyse footage and also animal behaviour. The project has been running for just over a year.
I'm also teaching them how badgers react to scent from different species and have taken them out badger tracking. We have found nine badges and six cubs so far.
Image credit: Tanesha Allen
Tanesha's research focuses on factory communications in European badgers and understanding how they use scent to advertise themselves for mating opportunities.
Did anyone ever try to discourage you from pursuing a career in science?
The opposite actually, I never encountered any push-back, I was always an academic person who got good grades at school, so people were very encouraging to me.
I did encounter some challenges during my Undergraduate Degree at Washington State University. I think that was when I became more aware of social issues such as, racism and sexism and how they affect me. I went to a very diverse elementary school, and then moved to the suburbs, which were not as diverse, but I was definitely sheltered from some harsh realities like that.
I became more aware of what it meant to be a black woman in society when I went to university.
When I started my degree I became more aware of what microaggressions were, and how people from marginalised groups are treated compared to more privileged groups.
I was one of two black women on an animal sciences course, surrounded by a lot of white students and professors, and I became aware of a number of microaggressions. There was always an assumption I was lazy or unmotivated. It was very hard and it really got to me.
Mostly because I had not encountered anything like that before in my life.
How did this experience affect you, and how did you learn to overcome it?
It was hard, and is something that I still wrestle with now. But I have learned to focus on what I bring to the table. I know my worth and the value of my research. I won't allow someone to make me feel that way again – but it is not easy.
As a black female zoologist what does Black History Month mean to you?
In my opinion, Black History Month is an important time for everyone - regardless of their race - because, black history is a part of history. Period. Both in the US and UK, black people have had a huge impact on the development of these countries and certain social movements have influenced the trajectory of those countries, in ways that influence society at large, not just one group of people.
Black History Month is an opportunity to highlight the achievements that the black community has made in spite of the obstacles put in our way, while highlighting that more needs to be done – especially somewhere like Oxford.
On a personal level I enjoy hearing other people's stories and connecting with others in the field. I had never seen any prominent women of colour in zoology until I joined twitter last year. But being active on social media has allowed me to connect with other women of colour in the field who share my passion for zoology, and to celebrate them more.
What is it like to work side by side a conservation icon like Professor David Macdonald?
It is amazing working with David. The year before I applied to Oxford University, Cecil the lion died and it was major news everywhere, including America, where I am from.
What gets you out of bed in the morning?
I enjoy mastering a puzzle, and putting the pieces together of figuring out how animals communicate with each other. What affects their interactions with each other, their environment and with us? I want to know how we can use their behaviour to help improve the environment.
Have you always had an interest in conservation and wildlife?
I was always interested in science as a child.
I was born and raised in Tacoma, Washington, USA, and remember going outside a lot, and spending time in my apartment complex. I loved playing with bugs and watching my neighbours dogs and birds. But, the only jobs I knew of that involved working with animals were being a vet or a zookeeper. I didn't have much knowledge of other animal related jobs.
Animal behaviour in general has always fascinated me, particularly how similarities to humans and how they choose mates. A lot goes into that decision – who you have already mated with, who you are related to. Humans do the same thing.
How did you find moving from the US to the UK for your graduate studies and PhD work, was it hard to adjust to a new environment?
I've been in the UK since 2012, and the transition from my education in America, to here, has been interesting. The main thing for me was adjusting to cultural differences. Americans are more outgoing and forthright. I find it can be hard to know if you have offended a Brit, because they don't often tell you directly.
Was your experience as a black women in science different in the UK to your American university?
There were good and bad elements to both experiences, and I have experienced discrimination in both countries in different ways.
What do you think needs to change to eliminate these behaviours?
We tend to talk a lot about sexism in STEM, but there is not a lot of talk about how different women from different types of backgrounds encounter different challenges in STEM. So there is not a lot of focus on intersectionality. I think one good step would be addressing unconscious bias. As scientists we are trained to be objective and logical. Often there are times we think we don't have unconscious biases with social issues, or towards certain groups of people, but we do. I think having our unconscious biases addressed, and unlearning our own behaviours would be a good way to make things easier for the next generation of women and women of colour in
STEM.
Image Credit: WildCRU
Tanesha and her team in Wytham Woods
During my second and third year at Oxford I was the postgraduate representative for the Oxford University Campaign for Racial Awareness and Equality, which allowed me to push forward ideas around conducting racial awareness workshops on a college and department level. Postgraduate students are more connected to their departments than their colleges so it is important to consider both areas.
Is there anything that you would change about the University?
There is a lot I would change about how marginalised, and under-represented groups are treated in Oxford.
There are definitely more initiatives in place that are helping to improve diversity, and encourage more people of ethnic minorities to apply, which is excellent. However, the next step is making sure people from these groups are included more within research grounds, colleges and wider projects.
It is one thing for institutions to be diverse, but if those people don't feel like they are being properly valued, included and respected, these initiatives fall short.
What's next for you when you finish at Oxford?
I am finishing my thesis and will complete my PhD next summer. I am not sure what comes next, but I hope to continue my science outreach work with children, and would love to stay in the UK.
What do you like most about being part of Oxford University?
To me the history behind it is incredible. Whenever you walk around, the tiniest things are connected to a prominent person who made a historic contribution to the University centuries ago.
Compared to the States the oldest buildings and things would be from at most the 1700s. Whenever I walk around central Oxford, and look up and see the beautiful Bodleian Libraries and Sheldonian Theatre around me it can be me it is surreal. Especially when I see the tourists walking around, taking pictures and looking in awe just to be here, it reminds me how lucky I am, and I think to myself 'I actually live here, that's cool!'
How do badgers respond to scents from other species?
">Video of How do badgers respond to scents from other species?
All things Africa in Oxford: Africa Oxford Initiative
The Africa Oxford Initiative (AfOx) is a cross-university network that brings the University of Oxford's long-standing, multi-disciplinary engagement with Africa under one platform. The overarching goal of AfOx is to ensure Africa remains a strategic priority for the University, and that students and academics who attend from the Continent feel supported and at home while they are here.
Building networks for research leadership
The ethos of AfOx is to facilitate the development of equitable and sustainable collaborations between researchers from African institutions and from the University of Oxford.
To enable effective partnerships that are genuinely co-developed, AfOx offers two researcher mobility schemes- the AfOx Visiting Fellowship Program and the AfOx Travel Grant.
AfOx Travel Grants are open to all disciplines and support the establishment of new collaborations between researchers based in African research institutions and at the University of Oxford. The Travel Grant is a flexible fund which covers research and travel costs in either direction i.e. from University of Oxford to an institution in an African country or vice versa.
Since 2016, AfOx has awarded over 165 travel grants that have facilitated new collaborations between 46 departments within the University of Oxford and 90 African institutions across 30 countries.
The AfOx Visiting Fellowships Program enhances academic mobility and network building by supporting leading African scholars and researchers to spend periods of flexible time in Oxford, utilising the University's facilities and undertaking collaborative research with Oxford based colleagues. This summer 20 researchers from 12 African countries visited Oxford as part of the AfOx Visiting Fellows Program.
AfOx collaborations seek new breakthroughs in the fields of medical sciences, big data engineering and astrophysics, conserving environments and ecosystems, archaeology, preservation of ancient languages amongst other research areas.
Supporting student experiences in Oxford
In support of students, and in partnerships with the Oxford University Africa Society, AfOx runs academic support programs to enhance the graduate experience at Oxford, promote a sense of belonging and enhance the academic success of emerging African leaders in Oxford. These targeted programs include essay writing workshops and tips on pursuing DPhils in Oxford. AfOx also hosts an annual online admissions open day for prospective African graduate applicants.
Africa-focused conversations
Throughout the year, AfOx hosts engaging conversations on Africa related issues. One of the most popular events is the AfOx insaka. This is a gathering for sharing ideas and knowledge about Africa-focussed research. Experts from varied disciplines and academic background present their work and ideas, followed by opportunities for discussions and networking.
Hosted twice a term at St Cross College, the AfOx insakas feature talks on diverse issues from the fourth industrial revolution and marine ecology and conservation to radio astronomy – among others.
GETTING TO KNOW THE AFRICA OXFORD INITIATIVE:
">Video of This is AfOx
Craig MacLean, Professor of Evolution and Microbiology at Oxford's Department of Zoology, explains how evolutionary biology can help us to get rid of antibiotic resistant bacteria.
Bacteria are tiny single cell organisms, invisible to the naked eye, that live in essentially every possible habitat on our planet. Plants and animals are covered with microorganisms, the soil and the oceans are teeming with bacteria, and it is estimated that bacterial cells actually outnumber human cells in the body by a factor of 10-100:1. The overwhelming majority of bacteria are completely harmless, but a small minority of pathogenic bacteria can cause infections in humans. For most of human history, bacterial pathogens have been a major cause of disease and mortality. For example, the plagues that ravaged Europe in the middle ages were caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis, and tuberculosis, and cholera outbreaks are caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholera.
The development of antibiotics in the 1940s provided a simple and effective treatment for many bacterial infections; for example, antibiotics decreased the mortality rate associated with serious cases of pneumonia from 90% to 10%. Given these stunning results, many prominent members of the medical community, including the US Surgeon General, thought that antibiotics would effectively make bacterial disease a thing of the past. Against this background of boundless optimism, researchers had already discovered that bacteria could become resistant to antibiotics and Alexander Fleming, who led the team that discovered penicillin, warned that the misuse of antibiotics would lead to the rise of resistance, rendering antibiotics ineffective.
Antibiotics have now saved millions of lives, but the large-scale use of antibiotics has driven the spread of resistance, as predicted by Fleming. Pathogenic bacteria have evolved resistance to all of the main classes of antibiotics and pan resistant bacteria have caused untreatable infections. Resistance already imposes a substantial health and economic burden, and an influential report published by the O'Neill commission in 2016 predicted that resistant infections could cause 10 million deaths per year and impose a global financial cost of 100 Trillion USD by 2050. Given this threat, resistance has been identified as one of the most important global challenges by organisations such as the United Nations, the G8 and even the International Monetary Fund.
The spread of antibiotic resistance in pathogenic bacteria is a simple and elegant example of evolutionary adaptation by natural selection. Bacteria can become resistant to antibiotics through mutations that alter the cellular targets of antibiotics or by acquiring dedicated resistance genes from other bacteria. The acquisition of resistance is a very rare event; for example, resistance mutations usually occur in less than 1 in a million bacteria. However, resistant bacteria can continue to grow and reproduce under antibiotic treatments that effectively paralyse or kill their antibiotic susceptible neighbours – this is Darwinian natural selection in its simplest and cruellest form. Rare resistant strains can rapidly come to dominate pathogen populations under antibiotic treatment, and, in a worst-case scenario, these resistant bacteria can then go on to infect other people.
This simple sketch shows how evolution drives the spread of resistance, but it leaves out many important details. Evolutionary biologists and microbiologists have become increasingly interested in understanding the processes driving the spread and maintenance of resistance. These studies have addressed a wide-range of important questions, such as: What limits the transmission of resistant bacteria between people? How does the strength of antibiotic treatment influence the likelihood of resistance emerging? Can antibiotic cocktails be used to suppress the evolutionary advantage of resistance? How do resistance genes move between bacteria? We now have quite a mature theoretical framework for thinking about these important questions. The problem, however, is that the largely theoretical approach the evolutionary biologists have taken to resistance is not very well connected to the reality of resistance in the clinic.
In the last 15 years, technological innovations have massively improved our ability to sequence the genetic code of all living organisms, especially bacteria. Sequencing the genomes of pathogenic bacteria isolated from infections has provided a much clearer picture of how resistance emerges and spreads, especially in hospitals. In many important human pathogens, the global increase in the prevalence of antibiotic resistance has been driven by the epidemic spread of a relatively small number of highly resistant 'superbugs' that transmit between people, such as MRSA Staphylococcus aureus and XDR Mycobacterium tuberculosis. If evolutionary biology is going to help contribute to stopping the spread of antibiotic resistance, the field is going to need to shift emphasis towards understanding the specific processes that have driven the emergence of the superbugs.
For more information, read: 'The evolution of antibiotic resistance' in Science.
SLIPS and pitfalls: synthetic surfaces inspired by a pitcher pitfall trap
By Jian Guan, Finn Box and Chris Thorogood
Our understanding of how to manipulate and control liquids in technology has been transformed by the functional surfaces evolved by living organisms to interact with their environment. Water-repellent lotus leaves, water-collecting wing-cases of desert beetles, and water-removing gecko skin are some of the many organisms that have inspired solutions to challenges in liquid manipulating technologies. The requirement for liquid-repellent surfaces infiltrates industries from architecture, to medical devices, and household products.
The carnivorous Nepenthes trap
Lubricated surfaces in a technological context are referred to as Slippery Liquid-Infused Porous Surfaces (SLIPS). They lock in water and create a self-cleaning surface on metal, plastic and textiles to repel contaminants. Interestingly, SLIPS technology is inspired by the slippery surface of a carnivorous pitcher plant (Nepenthes). Pitcher plants produce pitfall traps, derived from leaves, to attract, capture, retain, kill and digest animal prey (usually insects) to enable them to survive in nutrient-poor environments. A key trapping feature of the pitcher is the peristome, which has sloping, macroscopic ridges, in turn made up of microscopic ridges. When wetted, the peristome becomes highly slippery which leads insects to slide off it, into the trap, where they become broken down within a pool of digestive juices, releasing nutrients for the plant.
A shortfall in SLIPS has been the lack of drop-solid interaction, which means that controlling the motion of liquid droplets upon their surfaces is inherently difficult. Importantly, this lack of controlled droplet transport has limited the application of these liquid-shedding surfaces in droplet-based technologies. Mechanisms for harnessing the directional transport of droplets will be important for informing the design of synthetic surfaces that transport droplets in a controlled way. Such mechanisms could be applied to technologies such as rainwater harvesting and anti-fogging coatings, as well as to rapidly expanding new technologies such as Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) and digital microfluidic devices.
Examining functional surfaces in nature may also offer insights into the evolution of natural systems. Whilst the trapping mechanism of carnivorous pitcher plants is well documented, the functionality of the grooves on the peristome surface remains relatively unexplored. In our recent paper, we show that capillary action pins droplets to the parallel, water-infused grooves, and directs their transport in a controlled way. This indicates that the 'pitfall' trapping mechanism is enhanced by the water-infused, grooves on the slippery peristome surface, which drive prey into the trap in a way that is more tightly controlled than considered previously, and avoid arbitrary slippage.
Based on our observations of ants, Drosophila flies, and droplets sliding on the slippery peristome, we created artificial surfaces, inspired by the plant, capable of trapping, retaining and directing the travel of liquid droplets. We created various models including steps and trenches, upon which we positioned liquid droplets and observed their behaviour. Droplets in contact with 'features' (analogous to the grooves on the natural peristome) became strongly adhered and would not detach easily, but were free to slide along the feature.
In other words, the features had a strong retention influence. They trapped and retained the droplets, even when held upside down, and controlled the direction of droplet travel. Furthermore, the droplets would slide along the grooves at remarkable shallow angles – even just a few degrees. These findings reveal a potential mechanism for developing systems in which the transport of droplets is guided by curved 'energy railings'. These would provide a biomimetic means of transporting and sorting droplets that is straightforward to implement in droplet-based fluidic devices and could enable the efficient mass transport of liquids along pre-determined pathways.
">Video of Water repellant lotus leaf
Find out more about the work of Jian Guan.
Read the full paper in The Royal Society: 'Guided droplet transport on synthetic slippery surfaces inspired by a pitcher plant'.
About OxSciBlog
The Oxford Science Blog gives you the inside track on science at Oxford University: the projects, the people, and what's happening behind the scenes. Curated by Chris McIntyre, OU Media Relations Manager.
Contact: Chris McIntyre, +44 (0)1865 270046 christopher.mcintyre@admin.ox.ac.uk
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More Than A Dodo


text:
"""Python system id.

Includes subspace methods currently.

"""
DOCLINES = __doc__.split("\n")

import os
import sys

from setuptools import setup, find_packages
import versioneer

CLASSIFIERS = """\
Development Status :: 1 - Planning
Intended Audience :: Science/Research
Intended Audience :: Developers
License :: OSI Approved :: GNU General Public License v3 or later (GPLv3+)
Programming Language :: Python
Programming Language :: Python :: 3
Programming Language :: Other
Topic :: Software Development
Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Artificial Intelligence
Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Mathematics
Topic :: Scientific/Engineering :: Physics
Operating System :: Microsoft :: Windows
Operating System :: POSIX
Operating System :: Unix
Operating System :: MacOS
"""

setup(
    name='sysid',
    maintainer="James Goppert",
    maintainer_email="james.goppert@gmail.com",
    description=DOCLINES[0],
    long_description="\n".join(DOCLINES[2:]),
    url='https://github.com/jgoppert/sysid',
    author='James Goppert',
    author_email='james.goppert@gmail.com',
    download_url='https://github.com/jgoppert/sysid',
    license='BSD',
    classifiers=[_f for _f in CLASSIFIERS.split('\n') if _f],
    platforms=["Windows", "Linux", "Solaris", "Mac OS-X", "Unix"],
    install_requires=['scipy', 'numpy'],
    tests_require=['nose'],
    test_suite='nose.collector',
    #entry_points = {
        #'console_scripts': ['test=sysid.test:main'],
    #},
    packages=find_packages(
        # choosing to distribute tests
        # exclude=['*.test*']
    ),
    version=versioneer.get_version(),
    cmdclass=versioneer.get_cmdclass(),
)