text:
\section{Background}\label{sec:background}

This section briefly explains ROS2 architecture and then provides the details of Model Predictive Contouring Control, as well as the F1TENTH hardware and software stack.

\subsection{Architecture of ROS2}
ROS2 is a popular robotics framework that leverages the publisher-subscriber paradigm to provide real-time inter-process communication via the data distribution service layer in a distributed computing environment. The simplest form of computing unit in ROS2 is called \textit{nodes} which may in turn contain several callbacks. Each callback in itself is an executable function that could be either time-triggered or data-triggered. The message transfer in ROS is handled through a \textit{topic}. A node can publish and/or subscribe to one or several topics. A subscriber callback of a node is triggered whenever the topic it subscribes to receives a message from a publisher. A node publishes a topic using a timer which is used to set the rate at which the timer callback will be triggered and thus the message will be published. Beneath the abstraction, all callbacks within a single node are scheduled for execution by an executor. The default ROS2 executor behavior has been thoroughly studied \cite{casini2019response,tang2020response} and several customized schedulers also have been proposed such as dynamic-priority~\cite{arafat2022response} and fixed-priority~\cite{choi2021picas} schedulers for executors.

\subsection{Model Predictive Contouring Control}\label{subsec:algoMPCC}
Model Predictive Control is a popular optimal control algorithm used for process control and trajectory following in linear and non-linear systems. MPC achieves the prediction of multiple control inputs over a finite receding horizon by solving a constrained convex optimization problem. For optimal performance, the cost function formulation must capture the process goals and the constraints from the model and environment. In the case of autonomous racing, the cost function can be represented by the progress along the race line while maintaining a safe distance from the track borders and obstacles. At each time step, the first predicted input is applied and the optimization is repeated over the new horizon.

In this paper, we consider a reconfigured and optimized implementation of Model Predictive Contouring Control by Liniger~\textit{et~al}.~\cite{liniger2015optimization}. However, instead of a 1/43rd scale, we model it for a 1/10th scale by updating the vehicle dynamics for F1TENTH using the methodology described in \cite{orca_f110}. The state representation is based on the vehicle bicycle model and control input consists of duty cycle $d$ and steering angle $\delta$.

\vspace{-2mm}

\begin{equation}\label{def:xdot}\dot{X} = v_x \cos{\varphi} - v_y\sin{\varphi}\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{def:ydot}\dot{Y} = v_x \sin{\varphi} + v_y\cos{\varphi}\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{def:phidot}\dot{\varphi} = \omega\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{def:vxdot}\dot{v_x} = (F_{r,x} - F_{f,y}\sin{\delta} + mv_y\omega)/m\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{def:vydot}\dot{v_y} = (F_{r,y} + F_{f,y}\cos{\delta} - mv_x\omega)/m\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{def:wdot}\dot{\omega} = (F_{f,y}l_f\cos{\delta} - F_{r,y}l_r)/I_z\end{equation}

In the above differential equations, $X$, $Y$, and $\varphi$ is vehicle's position and heading angle relative to the inertial frame. Similarly, the $v_x$, $v_y$, and $\omega$ represent linear and angular velocities. The $F_f$ and $F_r$ represent tire forces along the lateral and longitudinal direction which are modeled using a simplified Pacejka Tire Model. Finally, $m$, $l_r$, and $l_f$ is vehicle mass and front/rear distance from vehicle's $COG$, respectively. The dynamics modeling part is beyond the scope of this paper and can be found in \cite{liniger2015optimization, orca_f110}. Considering the goal of maximizing the progress measured along the parameterized centerline and satisfying several equality and inequality constraints, a convex optimization problem is formulated. The online optimization is solved using a high-performance Quadratic Programming (QP) solver over a finite horizon $N$, such that all constraints are satisfied. Only the first input from the entire horizon solution is applied as input commands to the vehicle. This process is then repeated in the next cycle over the entire horizon. This ensures the stability of the control algorithm and keeps up with slight inconsistencies in vehicle dynamics modeling. The horizon length parameter, \textit{N}, controls the tracking accuracy as it provides farsightedness to the vehicle and allows for better planning.

\subsection{F1TENTH Platform}\label{subsec:f1tenth}

The F1TENTH platform is built upon a 1/10th scale chassis which hosts a differential 4-wheel drive and Ackermann steering mechanism. The steering and throttle commands are sent to the motors through the VESC 6 MkV controller which also allows for motor feedback. An embedded platform such as Nvidia Jetson AGX Xavier is used as an onboard processing unit. The sensor stack consists of a Hokuyo UST-10LX Lidar, a 9-DoF IMU, and an optional ZED Depth camera. The Lidar has a detection range of 10 meters, a scan range of 270$^{\circ}$ at 0.25$^{\circ}$ angular resolution, and a scan speed of 40 Hz. The Lidar along with IMU sensor and odometry data enables mapping and localization of the ego vehicle using algorithms such as Google's cartographer~\cite{hess2016real} or slam-toolbox \cite{slam}. Fig.~\ref{fig:f110_stack} shows the essential modules and data flow in a typical F1TENTH platform. The communication between the sensors, embedded board, and speed controllers is facilitated using ROS2.

\begin{figure}[h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/f1tenth_stack.pdf}
\caption{F1TENTH Software Stack}
\label{fig:f110_stack}
\vspace{-1mm}
\end{figure}

The sensor stack and localization module enable state estimation of the ego and opponent vehicle, which is then communicated to the MPCC algorithm for calculating a control input command. The MPCC controller solves and publishes the control input command consisting of $(d, \delta)$, to the lower level VESC and steering controller nodes for actuation of the vehicle. Upon actuation, the state estimation repeats and transitions the system to the next state. However, the applied target input command is not achieved instantly due to the physical constraints of the vehicle. Thus the updated state is not necessarily a linear interpolation of the applied control input, but instead represents an integration of model dynamics over small finite intervals. As we will see in the next section, we try to capture this behavior using the iterative \textit{Runga-Kutta} (RK4) numerical method.

\section{Conclusion}\label{sec:conclusion}
In this paper, we presented a challenge that is commonly faced while developing optimization algorithms for autonomous vehicle racing. We then presented a multi-threading-based solution to optimize the control throughput performance of online optimization algorithms on resource-constrained platforms such as F1TENTH. In the future, we plan to investigate other ways of optimizing the performance by utilizing the shared GPU memory on embedded platforms for performing expensive solver matrix calculations. Finally, we plan to demonstrate our proposed algorithm during an upcoming F1TENTH competition.
\section{Preliminary Evaluation}\label{sec:experiments}
In this section, we present an initial evaluation to show the efficacy of our proposed optimization method. We model the C++ implementation of MPCC algorithm using the latest version of ROS2 Humble, based on the representation described in Section \ref{sec:problem}. We performed our experiments on Nvidia Jetson AGX Xavier running Ubuntu 20.04 with Linux Real-Time kernel. We set $MIN\_GAP$ parameter set to 10 ms, that is no worker thread can be started within 10 ms of another worker. Therefore, the target publish interval is 10 ms. The evaluation results are shown in Fig. \ref{fig:plota} and Fig. \ref{fig:plotb}.

The experiments show that adding additional workers significantly reduces the maximum and average control publish interval length. This enables vehicle actuation on more recent and frequent input command signal. Adding a second thread brings the absolute maximum rate from 50 ms down to 30 ms. The three-thread scenario keeps the maximum publishing rate much closer to the target rate than with just one thread, demonstrating the benefits of synchronized parallel processing. While the maximum observed publishing rates are close for two and three threads, the variance of the publishing interval is significantly decreased when using three threads.

\begin{figure}
\centering
    \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
    \centering
        \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/rates_kde.pdf}
        \caption{Distribution of the MPC control output interval as more threads are added to the worker pool. Adding threads both reduces the mean and variance of the interval}
        \label{fig:plota}
    \end{subfigure}
    \begin{subfigure}[b]{0.45\textwidth}
    \centering
        \includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{figures/rates_boxplot_seaborn.pdf}
        \caption{Ranges of the MPC control output intervals. Using three threads allows the control interval to stay much closer to the enforced minimum of 10ms. Note that there are cases where the interval was less than 10ms; this can happen when two threads started 10ms apart but completed around the same time and in order}
        \label{fig:plotb}
    \end{subfigure}
    \caption{Results from testing the threaded MPC algorithm on a Nvidia Jetson AGX Xavier}
\label{fig:plots}
\end{figure}

\section{Implementation}\label{sec:implementation}

The \textit{mpcController} node operates on the current vehicle state to solve a convex optimization problem over a finite horizon $N$. The controller then publishes the first control input from the solved horizon. As the autonomous racing control problem is highly dynamic, the time interval between each new command message is crucial to optimize to keep the vehicle as reactive as possible. From the application perspective, the optimization solver is only dependent on the vehicle's current state. On the other hand, the \textit{mpcIntegrator} node updates the system state at a much higher frequency and publishes on the \textit{nextState} topic. This gives us an opportunity to parallelize the controller node using multi-threading, wherein each worker thread is solving optimization based on the most recently available vehicle state. However, the control input commands that are based on two very similar states do not provide much benefit to overall system throughput. Similarly, a new command message based on an old vehicle state needs to be discarded when a command message based on a newer state has already been published. Such cases need to be handled in a systematic and synchronized manner to ensure reliability and data freshness.

\begin{algorithm}
  \caption{Multi-threaded Controller Node}
  \label{alg1}
  \begin{algorithmic}[1]
    \State $last\_queued\_timestamp \gets 0$
    \State $last\_output\_time \gets 0$
    \State declare $atomic\_msg$
    \State declare $result\_msg$
    \State declare $worker\_thread\_cv$
    \State declare $publish\_thread\_cv$

    \Function{Process\_State\_Message}{State, Time}
        \State /* if enough time has passed */
        \If{$State.timestamp - last\_queued\_timestamp > MIN\_GAP$}

        \State atomic\_msg.exchange(State)
        \State /* notify the worker threads */
        \State worker\_thread\_cv.notify\_one()
        \EndIf
    \EndFunction

    \Function{workerthread}{}
    \While {should\_run}
        \State worker\_thread\_cv.wait()
        \State State = atomic\_msg.exchange(nullptr)
        \State /* update the shared timer */
        \State last\_queued\_timestamp = State.timestamp
        \State result = mpc(State)

        \State /* make sure another worker did not complete with a newer state */
        \If{State.timestamp $<$ last\_output\_time}
            \State break
        \EndIf
        \State last\_output\_time = State.timestamp;
        \State result\_msg = result;
        \State publish\_thread\_cv.notify\_one()
    \EndWhile
    \EndFunction

    \Function{publishthread}{}
    \While{true}
        \State publish\_thread\_cv.wait()
        \State publish(result\_msg)
    \EndWhile
    \EndFunction
  \end{algorithmic}
\end{algorithm}

We create a thread pool to run the \textit{mpcController} on different \textit{nextState} messages in parallel. The state subscriber callback of \textit{mpcController} node checks the timestamp of each incoming message and compares it to the timestamp of the last state message accepted by the thread pool. If the timestamp of an incoming message is too close to the most recently accepted state message by any thread, the received message is discarded. We call this interval $MIN\_GAP$, and the above check occurs on line-9 of Algorithm \ref{alg1}. This condition prevents the thread pool from being saturated with state messages from consecutive timestamps and ensures a well-spaced interval between published control input messages. The unassigned worker threads are required to wait until a state message arrives with a qualified timestamp. The next received state message is then passed to one of the available worker threads in the pool. The assigned thread updates the shared timestamp and starts working on the MPCC optimization call. Once the thread completes the call, it checks whether another worker has already published a result based on newer state data. If not, it wakes the publisher thread with the new control input message to publish on \textit{mpcInput} topic. A global state variable $last\_output\_time$, maintains the timestamp of the last used state data to ensure that no control message is sent based on older state messages. This check occurs on line-23 of the algorithm. This extra check must occur since a thread working on state data could be delayed due to operating system preemptions. During this time another thread could have finished with newer state data and thus invalidating the control message obtained from the delayed worker thread.

To ensure that the worker threads do not interfere with each other, we pin each thread to a CPU core and assign each thread a high priority.

\section{Introduction}\label{sec:introduction}

High-speed autonomous racing is a challenging and important application within autonomous driving, wherein safety is a crucial consideration. In recent years, this application has gained increased attention from the real-time systems community. Autonomous navigation at high-speed demands tighter bounds on response times of the localization and control algorithms. Several competitions such as F1TENTH \cite{o2020f1tenth} and Indy Autonomous Challenge (IAC) \cite{iac_paper} are held once to twice every year to validate and improve the functional limits of the existing software stack. The F1TENTH competition focuses on racing 1/10th-scale vehicles in a dynamic head-to-head racing environment. At this scale, the problem of autonomous navigation narrows down to designing an efficient and real-time safe trajectory following an algorithm in a dynamic environment. To this end, different control algorithms \cite{betz} are employed by the community such as Reactive, Model Predictive Control (MPC) \cite{mpcracing}, raceline-optimization \cite{tunercar} or Learning-based algorithms \cite{turismo}. In this paper, we focus our attention on an online optimization-based MPC algorithm, particularly, Model Predictive Contouring Control (MPCC). MPCC algorithm provides high-performance autonomous navigation accounting for non-linearities in dynamics efficiently at high speed. This is mainly because the MPCC solver accounts for model deviations at each step and applies relevant corrections dynamically. Therefore, the closed-loop online optimization as in MPCC particularly tends to be more reliable than other algorithms mentioned earlier. In the context of autonomous racing, this algorithm was originally demonstrated in \cite{liniger2015optimization} on 1:43 scale RC cars.

\begin{figure}
\centering
\includegraphics[trim=0 1.2in 0 0, clip, width=0.7\linewidth]{figures/f1.png}
\caption{F1TENTH Platform}
\label{fig:f110}
\vspace{-4mm}
\end{figure}

As compared to Autonomous Vehicle (AV) applications for urban driving, autonomous vehicle racing platform pose a different set of challenges such as frequent edge cases, resource constraints, and critical reaction/response time. Thus it becomes highly difficult to deploy algorithms that rely on online optimization under these constraints. However, control algorithms such as MPCC rely on solving a constrained convex optimization problem over a finite horizon to provide a dynamic and efficient navigation strategy.

To apply such a technique for high-speed autonomous navigation on embedded platforms such as Nvidia Xavier NX/AGX, the latency between actuation command signals needs to be optimized from both the application and system perspective. We discuss this problem in the next sections and present a simple yet elegant approach for reducing this latency of online optimization control algorithms for timed-loop autonomous racing platforms. In particular, we propose a multi-threading based algorithm on top of the ROS2 implementation of MPCC, such that the online optimization can be performed by multiple threads in a synchronized fashion. This enables us to improve the publish latency of the control algorithm while optimizing the CPU utilization in a resource-constrained environment.

\section{Problem Statement}\label{sec:problem}
As the main focus of this paper is optimizing the control performance, we consider a simplified representation of the framework explained in Section \ref{sec:background} as two main nodes implemented in ROS2. As shown in Fig. \ref{fig:mpc_ros2_1}, the first node is the \textit{mpcController} node that initializes and solves an online convex optimization problem. The \textit{mpcController} node subscribes to vehicle state on the \textit{nextState} topic and publishes the vehicle control input commands to \textit{inputCmd} topic. The second node on the control loop is \textit{mpcIntegrator} node which represents the model state integrator. The \textit{mpcIntegrator} node subscribes to control inputs commands on \textit{mpcInput} topic and transitions the vehicle to the next state which is then published to \textit{nextState} topic. On a physical F1TENTH platform, the role of the state integrator is distributed between actuating the vehicle and then estimating the next state through the localization module and other sensors such as IMU and Odometry. As the combined sensor stack on the F1TENTH platform publishes data at a high frequency ranging anywhere from 40 Hz to 100 Hz, the state updates are processed faster than the control optimization. This behavior is captured in our implementation by executing a state simulator thread within \textit{mpcIntegrator} node at 1000 Hz or \textit{1 ms} interval. The state integrator updates the states of the vehicle using the most recently available control input command, thus it is important that the \textit{mpcController} node publishes new control inputs at a high frequency to maintain data freshness.

\begin{figure} [h]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=0.75\linewidth]{figures/MpcRos2_orig.pdf}
\caption{Simplified MPCC Control Loop}
\vspace{-2mm}
\label{fig:mpc_ros2_1}
\end{figure}

\section{Prepare Your Paper Before Styling}
Before you begin to format your paper, first write and save the content as a
separate text file. Complete all content and organizational editing before
formatting. Please note sections \ref{AA}--\ref{SCM} below for more information on
proofreading, spelling and grammar.

Keep your text and graphic files separate until after the text has been
formatted and styled. Do not number text heads---{\LaTeX} will do that
for you.

\subsection{Abbreviations and Acronyms}\label{AA}
Define abbreviations and acronyms the first time they are used in the text,
even after they have been defined in the abstract. Abbreviations such as
IEEE, SI, MKS, CGS, ac, dc, and rms do not have to be defined. Do not use
abbreviations in the title or heads unless they are unavoidable.

\subsection{Units}
\begin{itemize}
\item Use either SI (MKS) or CGS as primary units. (SI units are encouraged.) English units may be used as secondary units (in parentheses). An exception would be the use of English units as identifiers in trade, such as ``3.5-inch disk drive''.
\item Avoid combining SI and CGS units, such as current in amperes and magnetic field in oersteds. This often leads to confusion because equations do not balance dimensionally. If you must use mixed units, clearly state the units for each quantity that you use in an equation.
\item Do not mix complete spellings and abbreviations of units: ``Wb/m\textsuperscript{2}'' or ``webers per square meter'', not ``webers/m\textsuperscript{2}''. Spell out units when they appear in text: ``. . . a few henries'', not ``. . . a few H''.
\item Use a zero before decimal points: ``0.25'', not ``.25''. Use ``cm\textsuperscript{3}'', not ``cc''.)
\end{itemize}

\subsection{Equations}
Number equations consecutively. To make your
equations more compact, you may use the solidus (~/~), the exp function, or
appropriate exponents. Italicize Roman symbols for quantities and variables,
but not Greek symbols. Use a long dash rather than a hyphen for a minus
sign. Punctuate equations with commas or periods when they are part of a
sentence, as in:
\begin{equation}
a+b=\gamma\label{eq}
\end{equation}

Be sure that the
symbols in your equation have been defined before or immediately following
the equation. Use ``\eqref{eq}'', not ``Eq.~\eqref{eq}'' or ``equation \eqref{eq}'', except at
the beginning of a sentence: ``Equation \eqref{eq} is . . .''

\subsection{\LaTeX-Specific Advice}

Please use ``soft'' (e.g., \verb|\eqref{Eq}|) cross references instead
of ``hard'' references (e.g., \verb|(1)|). That will make it possible
to combine sections, add equations, or change the order of figures or
citations without having to go through the file line by line.

Please don't use the \verb|{eqnarray}| equation environment. Use
\verb|{align}| or \verb|{IEEEeqnarray}| instead. The \verb|{eqnarray}|
environment leaves unsightly spaces around relation symbols.

Please note that the \verb|{subequations}| environment in {\LaTeX}
will increment the main equation counter even when there are no
equation numbers displayed. If you forget that, you might write an
article in which the equation numbers skip from (17) to (20), causing
the copy editors to wonder if you've discovered a new method of
counting.

{\BibTeX} does not work by magic. It doesn't get the bibliographic
data from thin air but from .bib files. If you use {\BibTeX} to produce a
bibliography you must send the .bib files.

{\LaTeX} can't read your mind. If you assign the same label to a
subsubsection and a table, you might find that Table I has been cross
referenced as Table IV-B3.

{\LaTeX} does not have precognitive abilities. If you put a
\verb|\label| command before the command that updates the counter it's
supposed to be using, the label will pick up the last counter to be
cross referenced instead. In particular, a \verb|\label| command
should not go before the caption of a figure or a table.

Do not use \verb|\nonumber| inside the \verb|{array}| environment. It
will not stop equation numbers inside \verb|{array}| (there won't be
any anyway) and it might stop a wanted equation number in the
surrounding equation.

\subsection{Some Common Mistakes}\label{SCM}
\begin{itemize}
\item The word ``data'' is plural, not singular.
\item The subscript for the permeability of vacuum $\mu_{0}$, and other common scientific constants, is zero with subscript formatting, not a lowercase letter ``o''.
\item In American English, commas, semicolons, periods, question and exclamation marks are located within quotation marks only when a complete thought or name is cited, such as a title or full quotation. When quotation marks are used, instead of a bold or italic typeface, to highlight a word or phrase, punctuation should appear outside of the quotation marks. A parenthetical phrase or statement at the end of a sentence is punctuated outside of the closing parenthesis (like this). (A parenthetical sentence is punctuated within the parentheses.)
\item A graph within a graph is an ``inset'', not an ``insert''. The word alternatively is preferred to the word ``alternately'' (unless you really mean something that alternates).
\item Do not use the word ``essentially'' to mean ``approximately'' or ``effectively''.
\item In your paper title, if the words ``that uses'' can accurately replace the word ``using'', capitalize the ``u''; if not, keep using lower-cased.
\item Be aware of the different meanings of the homophones ``affect'' and ``effect'', ``complement'' and ``compliment'', ``discreet'' and ``discrete'', ``principal'' and ``principle''.
\item Do not confuse ``imply'' and ``infer''.
\item The prefix ``non'' is not a word; it should be joined to the word it modifies, usually without a hyphen.
\item There is no period after the ``et'' in the Latin abbreviation ``et al.''.
\item The abbreviation ``i.e.'' means ``that is'', and the abbreviation ``e.g.'' means ``for example''.
\end{itemize}
An excellent style manual for science writers is \cite{b7}.

\subsection{Authors and Affiliations}
\textbf{The class file is designed for, but not limited to, six authors.} A
minimum of one author is required for all conference articles. Author names
should be listed starting from left to right and then moving down to the
next line. This is the author sequence that will be used in future citations
and by indexing services. Names should not be listed in columns nor group by
affiliation. Please keep your affiliations as succinct as possible (for
example, do not differentiate among departments of the same organization).

\subsection{Identify the Headings}
Headings, or heads, are organizational devices that guide the reader through
your paper. There are two types: component heads and text heads.

Component heads identify the different components of your paper and are not
topically subordinate to each other. Examples include Acknowledgments and
References and, for these, the correct style to use is ``Heading 5''. Use
``figure caption'' for your Figure captions, and ``table head'' for your
table title. Run-in heads, such as ``Abstract'', will require you to apply a
style (in this case, italic) in addition to the style provided by the drop
down menu to differentiate the head from the text.

Text heads organize the topics on a relational, hierarchical basis. For
example, the paper title is the primary text head because all subsequent
material relates and elaborates on this one topic. If there are two or more
sub-topics, the next level head (uppercase Roman numerals) should be used
and, conversely, if there are not at least two sub-topics, then no subheads
should be introduced.

\subsection{Figures and Tables}
\paragraph{Positioning Figures and Tables} Place figures and tables at the top and
bottom of columns. Avoid placing them in the middle of columns. Large
figures and tables may span across both columns. Figure captions should be
below the figures; table heads should appear above the tables. Insert
figures and tables after they are cited in the text. Use the abbreviation
``Fig.~\ref{fig}'', even at the beginning of a sentence.

\begin{table}[htbp]
\caption{Table Type Styles}
\begin{center}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|c|c|}
\hline
\textbf{Table}&\multicolumn{3}{|c|}{\textbf{Table Column Head}} \\
\cline{2-4}
\textbf{Head} & \textbf{\textit{Table column subhead}}& \textbf{\textit{Subhead}}& \textbf{\textit{Subhead}} \\
\hline
copy& More table copy$^{\mathrm{a}}$& &  \\
\hline
\multicolumn{4}{l}{$^{\mathrm{a}}$Sample of a Table footnote.}
\end{tabular}
\label{tab1}
\end{center}
\end{table}

\begin{figure}[htbp]
\centerline{\includegraphics{fig1.png}}
\caption{Example of a figure caption.}
\label{fig}
\end{figure}

Figure Labels: Use 8 point Times New Roman for Figure labels. Use words
rather than symbols or abbreviations when writing Figure axis labels to
avoid confusing the reader. As an example, write the quantity
``Magnetization'', or ``Magnetization, M'', not just ``M''. If including
units in the label, present them within parentheses. Do not label axes only
with units. In the example, write ``Magnetization (A/m)'' or ``Magnetization
\{A[m(1)]\}'', not just ``A/m''. Do not label axes with a ratio of
quantities and units. For example, write ``Temperature (K)'', not
``Temperature/K''.

\section*{Acknowledgment}

The preferred spelling of the word ``acknowledgment'' in America is without
an ``e'' after the ``g''. Avoid the stilted expression ``one of us (R. B.
G.) thanks $\ldots$''. Instead, try ``R. B. G. thanks$\ldots$''. Put sponsor
acknowledgments in the unnumbered footnote on the first page.

\section*{References}

Please number citations consecutively within brackets \cite{b1}. The
sentence punctuation follows the bracket \cite{b2}. Refer simply to the reference
number, as in \cite{b3}---do not use ``Ref. \cite{b3}'' or ``reference \cite{b3}'' except at
the beginning of a sentence: ``Reference \cite{b3} was the first $\ldots$''

Number footnotes separately in superscripts. Place the actual footnote at
the bottom of the column in which it was cited. Do not put footnotes in the
abstract or reference list. Use letters for table footnotes.

Unless there are six authors or more give all authors' names; do not use
``et al.''. Papers that have not been published, even if they have been
submitted for publication, should be cited as ``unpublished'' \cite{b4}. Papers
that have been accepted for publication should be cited as ``in press'' \cite{b5}.
Capitalize only the first word in a paper title, except for proper nouns and
element symbols.

For papers published in translation journals, please give the English
citation first, followed by the original foreign-language citation \cite{b6}.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
WALK DOWN THE LANE
Books By Janet Sever Hull
Let's Talk Turkey
2015/11/25 Janet Sever Hull 1 Comment
The beauty of Thanksgiving is that it's a holiday about family and friends coming together to give thanks for the blessings in our lives. Is there a better reason to celebrate a holiday? When I think of Thanksgiving, I think of fun, family time but I also think of the food, football, and the annual Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade.
The parade, which is held in New York City, started in 1924 and has been televised on NBC since 1952. In the early years, the parade participants were actual Macy's employees, and live animals were borrowed from the Central Park Zoo to be in the parade. In 1927, the live animals were replaced by a large, Felix the Cat balloon. Today, the parade is known for its giant balloons which are carried by hundreds of volunteers. At the end of the parade, we get our first glimpse of Santa Claus.
The Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade begins at 9:00 a.m. EST Thanksgiving morning and lasts for three hours. Watching the parade is an annual tradition at our house, even though we're usually in the kitchen cooking while it's on. By the time the parade's over, it's time to switch the TV to football. This year, there are three NFL games and two college football games scheduled on Thanksgiving Day.
Every family has their Thanksgiving food favorites and traditions. I did an informal phone text poll with my family to see what everyone would say are their favorite Thanksgiving dishes.
Only one of my family members said "turkey" but there were lots of "mashed potatoes and gravy" answers, one person said "bean salad, someone else said "cornbread stuffing" was his favorite, another said "pumpkin pie hands down", my mom's banana pudding was a favorite of two, and our vegetarian family member said her favorites are "Tofurky and stuffing, and sweet potatoes". Oh and there was also the family member who said "deep dish pizza".
One of my new daughters-in-law said, "egg noodles". In her family, they have a long-time tradition of homemade egg noodles which are cooked in chicken broth. I asked for the recipe so I can add it to our Thanksgiving menu in the future. At our house, we will be having everyone's favorites this year. What's your favorite Thanksgiving food?
When I was making our Thanksgiving menu, I was curious about the meal the Pilgrims and the Native Americans had that first Thanksgiving. You will recall that the folks on the Mayflower sailed from England in 1620. There were 102 passengers and it took them 66 days over rough seas to get to the New World.
They landed near Cape Cod Massachusetts in early November and settled in an abandoned Native American village which they called "Plymouth". It was too late to plant crops and they were not prepared for the cold winter ahead. Most of the settlers didn't know how to hunt game or how to fish and half of them died that first winter from malnutrition and scurvy.
In the summer of 1621, the Pilgrims signed a treaty with Massasoit, chief of the Wampanoag Tribe which lived nearby. In exchange for help with their food supply, the Pilgrims agreed to help protect the Wampanoag Tribe from rival tribes. The Wampanoags taught the Pilgrims how to hunt and fish and how to grow crops (such as corn) on their new land.
In the fall of 1621, the 52 remaining Pilgrims came together with 90 Native Americans for a day of prayer and a three-day feast to celebrate their first harvest. Harvest festivals were common in Europe at the time and the Pilgrims brought this tradition to the New World.
While turkey was not the centerpiece of the meal like it is today, wild turkeys were certainly on the menu. There are only two accounts that exist which mention the food served at the feast. It sounds a bit like a modern day low carbohydrate diet, but the rest of the menu consisted of venison (five deer brought by the Native Americans), goose, duck, fish, mussels and other seafood, and a thick corn mush or porridge made from the corn harvest.
Historians also speculate that fruits and vegetables available in the area at the time might have been a part of the feast. These include blueberries, plums, grapes, gooseberries, raspberries, strawberries, cranberries, onions, beans, lettuce, spinach, cabbage, carrots, squash, and possibly peas.
While this celebration is commonly thought of as the first Thanksgiving in America, it was really the first harvest celebration. Thanksgiving did not become a national holiday in this country until President Abraham Lincoln issued a proclamation in 1863. Lincoln's proclamation made the last Thursday in November our Thanksgiving Day Holiday.
In 1939, President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the holiday up by a week to extend the Christmas shopping season to help shop owners and to give people more time to do their Christmas shopping. This caused a great deal of controversy and finally, in 1941 Congress passed a law saying the fourth Thursday in November would be our national Thanksgiving Day.
Wishing you all a fun, relaxing, and happy Thanksgiving holiday!
"Let us come into his presence with thanksgiving; let us make a joyful noise to him with songs of praise!" Psalm 95:2
Previous PostGood Always WinsNext PostO Christmas Tree
One thought on "Let's Talk Turkey"
Mr JBob says:
2015/11/25 at 11:56 am
I love the history and very nicely done.
A blog by Janet Sever Hull
Click on the book images below to visit Janet's author site at www.janetseverhull.com to order a signed copy.
The Christmas Church – Janet's new book, is a holiday story about family and memories and those who impact our lives with their love.
The Halloween Scare available in softcover.
"Coffee Without A Cup" available only on Amazon as an eBook.
The Day the Turkey Came to School…winner of "Best Children's Book" at the 2018 North Texas Book Festival!
Winner of "Best Children's Book" at the 2017 North Texas Book Festival: Which Came First?
Finalist in 2016 national Best Book Awards: The Button Box
Eggs in the Freezer
I have a pen pal!
It Wasn't a Coincidence
The Day The Turkey Came To School
Don't Be a Chicken Liver

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In typography, kerning is defined as the adjustment of space between two individual letters. It's also not an uncommon thing to neglect when you're reaching the end of a grueling deadline.
Your clients may not know what kerning is, but they'll know something's amiss when their design has poorly kerned type. Doing it right helps a design look more professional, so spending just a couple more minutes kerning your type should be second nature for any professional designer.
Here are 10 tips that'll help.
Tracking is the overall spacing between groups of letters. Leading is the vertical spacing between lines of type. It's important to make the desired adjustments to your leading and tracking first, because doing that after kerning can undo the balance in the kerning adjustments you've already made.
When it comes to headlines and logotypes, you need to kern the letters yourself rather than relying on the default spacing provided for you in the font software. Each typeface will have different spatial relationships for its letters, so you'll have to adjust the kerning differently for each one.
Graphics programs come with auto-kerning tools like the default Metric kerning and Optical kerning, which adjust the spacing between letters based on their shapes. However, kerning manually will give you more control.
To kern your type, you'll be using the Characters panel, which will look pretty much the same whether you're working in Photoshop, InDesign or Illustrator. Start by opening the "Characters" panel. Next, double-click the cursor between two letters of the type you want to kern. This activates the type tool. Next, go to the Character panel and change the number values in the kerning tool, experimenting by increasing and decreasing the value, which will change the spacing between pairs of letters.
Keyboard Shortcut: Click between the two letters, hold down the option or alt key and use the right and left arrow keys to adjust the kerning.
Kerning isn't a mathematically equal amount of space, it's a perceived equal amount of space between letters according to the human eye. Once common kerning technique is to visualize and sand filling the spaces between the letters, and trying to make the volumes of sand equal.
When you're kerning, make sure not to zoom in too much on your type, or the spacing will appear deceptively larger than the true final result.
All letters are a combination of straight, round and diagonal edges, so understanding their basic relationships is a helpful starting off point. One way to gauge the proper kerning for letters is to see the distance between 2 straight letters as 1 unit, the distance between straight and round letters as slightly less than 1 unit, and the distance between two round letters as even more slightly less than 1 unit.
Diagonal-sided letters like A, V and Y, are the most challenging letters to kern because of the larger negative space they create. These require special attention, but should not be used as a guide for the spacing of the entire word.
Doing this helps you see your type as a group of equally spaced shapes without being distracted by the meaning of the words.
Try doing this by starting with the first three letters of a word, and block the rest of the letters with your hand or a piece of paper. Once you've adjusted the spacing between the first three letters, shift your gaze over by one letter until you've reached the end of the word.
It's better to kern too little than over-kern your type. Type that is too tightly spaced is unattractive and difficult to read.
This is especially necessary for displaying smaller and larger versions of a logo. Kerning differences are not as apparent in smaller type sizes, but in headlines and logotypes they become a lot more obvious. Sometimes it's also necessary to have looser kerning for smaller versions of a logo.
Letters like the uppercase W, Y, V, T, L, and P, the lower case y and k are some of trickier letters to kern. So are upper and lower case letters that sit next to each other. To fix these spacing problems, try kerning those difficult letters first and then kern the rest of the letters.
All these techniques will take practice before they become second nature. To get started, try out this fun kerning game that tests your kerning solutions against that of a master typographer, and scores you accordingly. We've also pulled together a full list of typography games here.
Remember, kerning is all about creating consistent spatial relationship between a group of letters. The more consistent your spacing is, the more rhythm and harmony your typography will have.
Got any kerning tips? Share them with us in the comments!
I would like to know the relative space between the letters itself. I mean, an M has an width space of x…how would it be the width space for an A or any other letter? They are proportional somehow, aren't they?
I think there is a bit of a confusion. I've heard a lot of people telling me to use the third technique, but as I was trying to I found out that it doesn't always work. Eg the combination between 'S' and 'a' and the combination between 'a' and 'n' have completely diferente "sand fillings" because the 'a' has a big inner space.
Am I missing something here, or is it just a suggestion and not so much of a rule?
There shouldn't have any rules that are real rules. All rules are simplifications of the real world and they are subjected to change. The sand space works fine in many places but don't use it in every situation. Another example is the spacing & kerning for figures. Usually figures are spaced looser than letters or they would feel weird.


Found this interesting article on AFP. While many serious stories made the news in 2004 there were also some seriously strange ones making the news. Here are some of the oddest events of the year.
ZHENGZHOU, China: A Chinese couple raised their only child for 13 years in the belief it was a girl, until a visit to the local hospital alerted them to the fact that he was really a boy with underdeveloped sexual organs. Doctors concluded he was suffering from a rare disease causing sexual organs to be somewhat hidden from view and performed a successful three-hour operation to correct the problem.
RATCHABURI, Thailand: A group of Thai Buddhist monks were arrested and defrocked after holding a spate of rowdy drug and alcohol parties. Villagers complained about their wild behaviour and drug-taking at the local temple. Five of the saffron-robed monks tested positive for amphetamine pills and a sixth was blind drunk.
SEOUL: Three South Korean dogmeat lovers face a $US70,000 lawsuit after cooking and eating their employer's pedigree dog. The men, employees at a car-hire firm, killed and served up the expensve Jindo dog in the traditional Korean soup dish, Boshintang, while their boss was away.
CLUJ, Romania: A dog owner was forced to leave his apartment after a court ordered his mastiff to be removed from the building because its snoring kept the neighbours awake. Whenever Attila Varga's Neapolitan mastiff Sumo snored, the walls of the neighbouring flats shook and burglar alarms went off. A disappointed Varga said: "We share the same bed and I've got so used to it that I don't even hear it any more."
ALDERSHOT, England: A drunken soldier sparked a major security alert after leaving a regimental party dressed as an Arab suicide bomber. Fifteen police cars, along with dog handlers were called out after a passer-by spotted someone near an army base wearing an Arab-style robe, a turban and false beard, as well as orange paper, wires and candles stuffed into a jacket to make it look like he was carrying explosives. The soldier, who was drunk, was ordered to pay a small on-the-spot fine.
HASTINGS, New Zealand: A mother has been breastfeeding her Staffordshire terrier puppy, saying she did not want to waste the milk after her own daughter switched to being bottle-fed. Kura Tumanako, said she saw nothing wrong with breastfeeding the dog as she wants it to protect her baby girl as the pair grow up. "He drinks more than the baby. It doesn't hurt, but it's a little bit ticklish," she said.
SLUNJ, Croatia: A Roman Catholic priest beat up a member of his parish, threatened others with a rifle and crashed his car in a night of drunken rage after a quarrel in a restaurant. Josip Stefancic punched a guest in the face, took a rifle and waved it other guests before fleeing in his car and crashing into a tree, refusing a breath test when police arrived at the scene. His bishop, Mile Bogovic, was surprisingly understanding. "Stefancic did not act alone. The wine was with him," he said.
LONDON: A number of wealthy clients of the smart London restaurant Zafferano clubbed together to buy one of the most expensive truffles in the world for 40,000 euros ($70,000), but it ended up spoiling in a refrigerator. The 850g delicacy from Tuscany was put on display at the restaurant but then the chef went on holiday after locking the truffle in the fridge and taking the keys with him. When he returned after four days, he found it had rotted, forcing the owner to throw the whole thing out.
SHENYANG, China: A Chinese safari park decided to celebrate the New Year and the start of the Year of the Monkey by dying its primates bright red and yellow. But painting the monkeys was no easy matter job as they refused to cooperate. "We had to anaesthetise them first", a park spokesman said. "They seemed to be surprised at their new strange coats when they woke up. But after a while, they indulged themselves in pleasure."


Public companies draw from the financial ledgers of the company every 3 months to publish detailed reports about their financial condition.
Watch this video to learn how to navigate these reports.
Learn about Fidelity's wide array of trading tools.
Register for a webinar on a variety of investment topics.


The International Primary Curriculum (IPC) is one of the fastest-growing curriculums in the world today.
It is a comprehensive curriculum with a clear process of learning and with specific learning goals for every subject, for personal learning and for international mindedness. The IPC is now the curriculum choice of international and national schools in over 1,600 schools in 92 countries around the world.


High rep squatting is brutal. When done correctly they offer numerous benefits for bodybuilders, athletes, strength enthusiasts and general gym-goers. There are few exercises that rival the squat in terms of the number of muscles worked and the mental toughness needed to get through a difficult set. High rep squats will hit your quadriceps, hamstrings, calves, glutes, lower back and core muscles and leave you gasping for air and with legs like jello.
To improve muscular endurance you typically need to perform sets of 15 or more repetitions using a weight that's less than 60 percent of your single rep max (the heaviest weight you can lift for one rep with good form.) Your sets should last at least 45 seconds, notes David Adamson, powerlifter and strength coach at the University of Texas at El Paso. This means that if you're performing 15 reps each one needs to take at least three seconds. By gradually increasing the time under tension, number of repetitions and the load, you'll build up muscular endurance.
Your quadriceps are composed mainly of type 2a muscle fibers, which are more aerobic than type 2b fibers and therefore respond better to higher reps, claims Charles Poliquin, author of "The Poliquin Principles." The time under tension applied during a set of high rep squats can quickly pack on lower body muscle, he adds. Just make sure the load is heavy enough -- you should have to take at least three deep breaths between reps when you're nearing the end of your set.
The most common high rep squat program is the 20-rep squat routine. This isn't just a simple 20-rep set though. You need to load the bar with your 14-rep maximum and try to hit 20 reps. While this sounds impossible, you can rest for as long as needed at the top of each rep, giving your legs a brief rest opportunity. Dr. Ellington Darden writes in "The New High-Intensity Training" that 20-rep squats can help expand your rib cage and grow your chest as you have to take very deep breaths once you get to the 12-rep mark.
High rep squats are just as mentally challenging as they are physically, if not more so, claims David Whitley, personal trainer and Russian Kettlebell instructor. Before planning your high rep squat routine or workout you need to prepare your mind for what's in store. Once you get to the 10-rep mark, your whole body will be "screaming" for you to stop, but the key to developing mental toughness is mind over matter. If you get it right, a high rep set of squats will be the most challenging thing you've ever done in the gym.
Charles Poliquin: Tip 183: The Classic 20-Rep Breathing Squats, Are They Effective for Building Muscle Mass and Strength?


If you kill and gut a large animal (a buck, for example), and drop an pre-existing item from your inventory onto the pile of meat/bones/fat (in other words, something other than what came from the animal), three icons appear of the dropped item.
Note: the items themselves are not duplicated, only the icons. Any of them can be picked up, but two of the icons remain. If you walk a few feet away and come back, the duplicate icons are no longer there.
There will be 3 icons for the item you dropped. When this happened to me, I believe I had already taken a few steaks from the pile. Whether or not that is a factor I'm not certain.
Hello Chambersenator and thank you for the report.


text:
The Chefs were an English indiepop/punk band which formed in Brighton, Sussex, England, in 1979, relocating to London in 1981, and finally splitting up in 1982. The band consisted of Helen McCookerybook (bass guitar and vocals), Carl Evans (guitar and vocals), James McCallum (Helen's brother; guitar) and Russell Greenwood (drums; died 25 June 1999).

Punk beginnings
In 1976, Helen McCallum moved from Wylam near Newcastle-upon-Tyne to Brighton to study fine art printmaking at Brighton Polytechnic. In 1977, she began to play bass in the punk band Joby and the Hooligans.  The following year, Carl Evans, a 17-year-old guitarist from Haywards Heath, joined the band, and they changed their name to the Smartees. In the Smartees, McCallum wrote and sang "Thrush", a song about the sexually transmitted disease. Her second song, written with singer Tracy Preston, was "Let's Make Up", about cosmetics.

Formation

After the Smartees split in late 1978, McCallum and Evans began to write songs together.  McCallum had drawn an illustration of a dancing chef, called Ken Wood, with an accompanying rhyme, "Food".  This was a list of favourite foods, with the refrain "Food we eat to keep us going/ Food we eat to make us strong/ In our bellies we are stowing/ Eating eating all day long." Evans set this to music, giving them their first song, and a name for the band, the Chefs.

Evans and McCallum went on to write "Boasting", another list song, in which they sang alternate verses describing their favourite possessions: McCallum's pet goldfish and canvass shoes, and Evans' blue mini car, pair of pointed crepes and 10-inch Whirlwind record. A third song was made up of the simple lyric, "We're the Chefs, how do you do? We have come to play for you."  All three songs were under two minutes long and McCallum later recalled that their first gig "lasted about five minutes, with between song chat".

In 1979, the Chefs, with 'Muttley' on drums, contributed two songs, "Food", and Carl's "You Get Everywhere", to Vaultage 79, a compilation produced by Brighton's independent record label, Attrix.  The local newspaper, the Evening Argus, organised a photo shoot with all the Attrix bands standing outside the record label's shop in Sydney Street. When the photographer asked McCallum her name, she told him, on the spur of the moment, that it was "McCookerybook". The name stuck.

Soon after, McCallum's brother, James, joined on second guitar. He had recently finished a degree in philosophy at Sussex University, and had played guitar in the short lived punk band, Smeggy and the Cheesybits (Smeggy would go on to be lead singer in King Kurt).  The line-up was completed in early 1980 with the arrival of Russ Greenwood, who had been drummer in the Parrots. Greenwood, a powerful dynamic drummer, brought a new tightness and professionalism to the band.

In 1980, Attrix paid for a Chefs EP, which was recorded at Graphic Studios in London. It included "Thrush", "Boasting", "Records and Tea" and Evans' love song "Sweetie", a live favourite. The whole EP was far from 'sweet' – it dealt with sex, personal hygiene and several associated items. The EP came in a yellow sleeve, designed by McCallum. Yellow, the Chefs' favourite colour, was used for posters, t-shirts, stickers and badges. John Peel loved the EP, and played it repeatedly on his late night BBC Radio 1 show.

In London
To break into the music business, in 1981, the band all moved to Kilburn in North West London. In April and May 1981, they performed a Monday-night residency at the Moonlight Club at the Railway pub in West Hampstead.

In April 1981, Attrix released a Chefs' single, McCallum's "24 Hours". It was a song about romantic obsession, and the gulf between real life and fantasy: 'I know if I catch you it might turn out/That it's not as much fun as I'd hoped that it would be/ 'Cause wishing and waiting it what it's all about/ And dreams are worth ten times more than reality.' McCallum described "24 Hours" as an 'attempt to write a song that sounded like Donna Summer', and said that it was a true story: 'I fell in love with a fat scaffolder'. On the other side, there was Evans' song "Someone I know".

The Chefs' first John Peel session, broadcast on 11 May 1981, included Evans' "Love Is Such a Splendid Thing" and McCallum's "Northbound Train". Like "24 Hours", these new songs showed a movement away from the nursery rhyme lyrics of the early recordings to more sophisticated songs about relationships. There was also "One Fine Day", with music by Evans and lyrics by James McCallum, posing a list of comically absurd questions within the song.

It was hard to label the Chefs' music. McCallum told Sounds, 'People keep asking us what sort of music we play but we can't tell them.  It's not directly influenced by anything – we all like listening to different sorts of music, and each of us, in our heads I think, believes we're playing that sort of music.' The Chefs' jangling guitar arrangements and bright pop melodies pointed the way towards the C86 sound, but stood out in the fashion-conscious London of 1981, when the Goths and New Romantics were at their height.

Graduate
The West Midlands label, Graduate, best known for UB40, loved "24 Hours", and signed the Chefs to their label, rereleasing the single, with "Thrush" as the B side. There were plans to record an album, but these never progressed beyond the demo stage. Interviewed in 2013, McCallum recalled, 'There is a version of it but it's very drum-heavy as the drummer got into tribal drums after hearing Adam and the Ants. I did love Adam and the Ants' sound but I didn't want to be them. I think that might be why The Chefs split up; I'd always thought we thrived on being original but the others seemed to want to fit into pop fashion.' The Chefs also resisted Graduate's attempts to mould them. In 2012, McCallum told Everett True, 'They tried to get me to wear make-up and girly clothes, but I was a total tomboy and would have felt like a drag queen.'

Skat

In early 1982, the band changed their name to Skat, a name which proved unpopular. McCallum told Everett True, 'Not my idea to change the name. Even my Dad said it was silly commercial suicide. As Skat, the band played a final John Peel session, broadcast on 10 March 1982. These last recordings were darker in tone. McCallum's "Sad Boy Style" was a song about deception in a love triangle. "Love, It Is Just a Word", the last song that McCallum and Evans wrote together, was about the end of a relationship and disillusion with love.  Skat also released a single, a cover version of "Femme Fatale" by The Velvet Underground.

Greenwood was the first to leave the band in 1982, eventually joining John Hegley as one of the Popticians.  With Bron Buick as drummer, Skat "limped through a final few more gigs before calling it a day". Evans went on to form the cowpunk band, Yip Yip Coyote, writing pop songs influenced by club beats and spaghetti western music.  Like Evans, McCallum also wore western clothes, but her new band, Helen and the Horns, was closer to jazz and country music. James McCallum left the music business to retrain as a lawyer.

The impact of the Chefs

Although they never found commercial success, the Chefs had a lasting impact on those who heard them. Martin Stephenson of the Daintees has said, 'We were very influenced by The Chefs. To me [McCallum] is a national treasure.'

In 2012, Damaged Goods released Records and Tea, a compilation of the band's Attrix recordings and Richard Skinner and John Peel sessions. Reviewing the collection for the eMusic website, Andrew Gibson concluded, "The Chefs' lively mixture of fun and social acuity might easily leave them forever chained to their age, were it not for the sheer quality of their tunes....Like the Smiths and countless ensuing indie-pop heroes...The Chefs turned forlorn emotions and humdrum surroundings into triumphant music."
 In 2022, Optic Nerve recordings reissued "24 Hours", as a yellow vinyl single, in its original yellow Attrix cover with a poster and a postcard. Ian McCann reviewed the release in Record Collector magazine: "I feel love. I feel love. I feel love etc. "24 Hours" echoes Donna Summer's top/terrifying tune, borrowing the bassline, even utilising its change from major to minor. But Brighton's The Chefs aren't disco devils. This is joyous, melodic, thrashy proto-indie, ahead of its time in 1981. "Let's Make Up" is even better, a ringing driving din that casts Helen McCookerybook (I'm not making this up, she is) as a habitual user of Superdrug's slap shelves. They play in waltz time on "Someone I know", mocking the whispering of gossip, the snarky online messaging of their era. A dazzlingly brilliant EP, its vinyl matches its sunny sleeve."

McCallum Reunion Show
On 25 January 2023, Helen McCookerybook and James McCallum reunited to play duo guitar arrangements of Chefs songs at the Betsey Trotwood pub in Clerkenwell, London. They played "Food", "Let's make up", "Records and Tea", and "24 Hours". Their set was filmed and was posted by McCookerybook on YouTube.

Discography

Albums/compilations
1979: Vaultage '79 (Another Two Sides of Brighton) ("You Get Everywhere"/"Food") - 12" LP, Attrix Records
1980: Sweetie/Thrush/Records and Tea/Boasting - 7" EP, Attrix
1981: WNW6 – Moonlight Radio/Locked Out - 12" LP, Armageddon Records
1982: Fear and Fantasy/I'll Go Too - 12" LP, Armageddon
1997: Vaultage Punk Collection ("Sweetie"/"Thrush"/"24 Hours"/"Let's Make Up") - CD, Anagram
2005: Helen McCookerybook ("24 Hours"/"Femme Fatale") (Graduate recording) - CD, Near Shore Records
2012: Records and Tea: The Best of the Chefs - CD, Damaged Goods
2020: Make More Noise: Women In Independent UK Music 1977-1987 ("Food") - 4 CDs, Cherry Red Records
2021: The Sun Shines Here: The Roots Of Indie Pop 1980-1984 ("Sweetie") - 3 CDs, Cherry Red Records

Singles
1981: "24 Hours"/"Let's Make Up"/"Someone I Know" - 7" single, Attrix
1980: "24 Hours"/"Thrush" - 7" single, Graduate Records
1982: "Femme Fatale"/"One Fine Day" - 7" single (as "Skat"), Graduate
2022: "24 Hours"/"Let's Make Up"/"Someone I Know" - 7" single, Optic Nerve Recordings

References

External links
Helen McCookerybook's YouTube page
Myspace page
No Class fanzine interview
Fansite
Chefs page on Damaged Goods
Chefs page on the Punk Brighton website
 Louder than War interview with Helen McCookerybook, July 2013

British indie pop groups
English pop punk groups
English punk rock groups
Musical groups from Brighton and Hove
English new wave musical groups

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Software name: Appdown
时时后三组三组六技巧选 【天天红包,注册立即送88
悭┷だ�The letters were read and reread, and their perusal and the preparation of answers consumed all the time of the stay in Shanghai. The delay, however, was only for a couple of days, as the weekly steamer for Hong-kong departed at the end of that time, and our friends were among her passengers. Another of the ship's company was our old friend "the Mystery," who told Doctor Bronson that he had been travelling in the interior of Japan, and had only recently arrived from there. He was going to Canton, and possibly farther, but could not speak with certainty until he had arranged some business at Hong-kong.悭耩癀菠らメ侄�
%�The morning was almost sultry. As I halted in the clear ripples of a gravelly "branch" to let my horse drink, I heard no great way off the Harpers' train shrieking at cattle on the track, and looking up I noticed just behind me an unfrequented by-road carefully masked with brush, according to a new habit of the "citizens". The next moment my horse threw up his head to listen. Then I heard hoofs and voices, and presently there came trotting through the oak bushes and around the mask of brush two horsemen unusually well mounted, clad and armed. Their very dark gray uniforms were so trim and so nearly blue that my heart came into my throat; but then I noticed they carried neither carbines nor sabres, but repeaters only, a brace to each. They splashed lightly to either side of me, and the three horses drank together.赅はひゼいは�Soon after they left the dock, Frank observed that the gangway leading to the lower deck was covered with a grating fastened with a padlock,[Pg 403] and that a Malay sailor stood over it with a sword in his hand and a pistol at his belt. He called Fred's attention to the arrangement, and as soon as they found the captain at leisure they asked what it meant.零真
筏刃胧Аゥ"In the theatre the singing goes on sometimes while the actors are on the stage, and we got tired of it in a little while. I don't suppose the Japanese get so tired of it, or they would stop having it. Some of them admit that it would be better to have the orchestra in front of the stage, as we do; but others say that so long as the chorus must do so much towards explaining the play, they had better remain where they are. The Japanese seem to like their theatre as it is, and therefore they will not be apt to change in a hurry.ぶ顶胼ド瘴
ぅい 膝楗Another ramble on shore the following morning, and they left the soil[Pg 311] of Japan for the deck of the steamer. At noon they were slowly moving down the bay; they passed the island of Pappenberg, and, as they did so, Frank read from a book he had picked up in the ship's cabin the following paragraph:ぅいオ汪藓收�"Well, then, as they are both women, or girls, as you may choose to call them, why don't you take up the subject of women in Japan? They would naturally be interested in what relates to their own sex, and you can give them much information on that topic." The proposal struck Frank as an excellent one, and he at once set about obtaining the necessary information for[Pg 255] the preparation of his letter. He had already seen and heard a great deal concerning the women of Japan, and it was not long before he had all the material he wanted for his purpose. His letter was a long one, and we will make some extracts from it, with the permission of Miss Effie, and also that of Mary, who claimed to have an interest in the missive.ぞ堀
ゥヒ�ゴ俩イい
He was somewhat astonished, and also a trifle disappointed, when he learned the exact state of affairs.イ播ト坍奈埭蔼ゐいA more aristocratic vehicle of this kind is the norimon. The norimon is larger than the cango, and is completely closed in at the sides, so that it may be taken as a faint imitation of our covered carriages. The princes of Japan used to travel in norimons; and they are still employed in some parts of the empire, though becoming less and less common every year. The norimon has four bearers, instead of two, and, consequently, there is much more dignity attached to its use. The rate of progress is about the same as with the cango, and after several hours in one of them a foreigner feels very much as if he were a sardine and had been packed away in a can. It was always considered a high honor to be the bearer of a princely personage; and when the great man came out in state, with his army of retainers to keep the road properly cleared, the procession was an imposing one. The style and decorations of the norimon were made to correspond with the rank of the owner, and his coat-of-arms was painted on the outside, just as one may see the coats-of-arms on private carriages in London or Paris. When a prince or other great man expected a distinguished visitor, he used to send his private norimon out a short distance on the road to meet him.いちゥイ�
"So powerful did the rebels become that they had nearly a third of the best part of the empire under their control, and the imperial authorities became seriously alarmed. City after city had been captured by the rebels, and at one time the overthrow of the government appeared almost certain. The rebels were numerous and well officered, and they had the advantage of foreign instruction, and, to some extent, of foreign arms. The imperialists went to war after the old system, which consisted of sound rather than sense. They were accustomed to beat gongs, fire guns, and make a great noise to frighten the enemy; and as the enemy knew perfectly well what it was all about, it did not amount to much. The suppression of the rebellion was largely due to foreigners, and the most prominent of these was an American."ゥぅ�They determined to take things easily for the first day of their stay in Pekin, and confine their studies to the neighborhood of the hotel. With this object in view, they took short walks on the streets, and in the afternoon ventured on a ride in a small cart; or, rather, they hired two carts, as one was not sufficient to hold them. These carts are very abundant at Pekin, and are to be hired like cabs in European or American cities. They are not dear, being only sixty or seventy cents a day, and they are so abundant that one can generally find them at the principal public places.婴ほゥぜ辘�THE DOCTOR'S BEDROOM. THE DOCTOR'S BEDROOM.┿イいイ
宗螗擀ク�"The coolie-trade," said he, "does not exist any more. It was very much like the slave-trade, of which you have read; in fact, it was nothing more than the slave-trade with the form changed a little. In the African slave-trade the slaves were bought as one might buy sheep and cattle. In the coolie-traffic the men were hired for a term of years at certain stipulated[Pg 394] wages, and were to be returned to their homes at the end of that term, provided all their debts had been discharged. The plan was all right on its face, but it was not carried out. When the period for which he was engaged was up, the coolie was always made to be in debt to his employer; and, no matter how hard he might work, he was not allowed to free himself. He was a slave to his master just as much as was the negro from Africa, and not one coolie in a thousand ever saw his native land again.郡 娟ゥせThe usual way of going to Pekin is by the road from Tien-tsin, while the return journey is by boat along the river. The road is about[Pg 356] ninety miles long, and is one of the worst in the world, when we consider how long it has been in use. According to Chinese history, it was built about two thousand years ago. Frank said he could readily believe that it was at least two thousand years old, and Fred thought it had never been repaired since it was first opened to the public. It was paved with large stones for a good portion of the way, and these stones have been worn into deep ruts, so that the track is anything but agreeable for a carriage. The only wheeled vehicles in this part of China are carts[Pg 357] without springs, and mounted on a single axle; the body rests directly on the axle, so that every jolt is conveyed to the person inside, and he feels after a day's journey very much as though he had been run through a winnowing-machine.い畿嗟良く�
ゥ�イ澶浒イ� ォゎ袱罂ぅ谀
Video software (544)
Chat tool(339)
Music software (93)
Safe antivirus (715)
Graphic image (461)
Compression (541)
POWER BY 时时后三组三组六技巧选


The European Commission has informed Valve, owner of the "Steam" video game distribution platform, and five videogame publishers, of its preliminary view that the companies prevented consumers from purchasing videogames cross-border from other Member States, in breach of EU competition rules.
Commissioner Margrethe Vestager, in charge of competition policy, said: "In a true Digital Single Market, European consumers should have the right to buy and play video games of their choice regardless of where they live in the EU. Consumers should not be prevented from shopping around between Member States to find the best available deal. Valve and the five PC video game publishers now have the chance to respond to our concerns."
The Commission has addressed Statements of Objections to Valve, owner of the world's largest PC video game distribution platform called "Steam", and five PC video game publishers, Bandai Namco, Capcom, Focus Home, Koch Media and ZeniMax.
Valve – via Steam – digitally distributes PC video games from each of the five PC video game publishers concerned by the investigation. At the same time, Valve provides "activation keys" to these publishers.
These "activation keys" are required for consumers to play a number of PC video games bought on channels other than Steam, i.e. downloaded or purchased on physical media, such as a DVD. After the purchase of certain PC video games, users need to confirm their "activation key" on Steam to authenticate the game and be able to play it. This system is used for a wide range of games, including sports, simulation and action games.
The Commission's preliminary view is that Valve and the five PC video game publishers entered into bilateral agreements to prevent consumers from purchasing and using PC video games acquired elsewhere than in their country of residence (so-called "geo-blocking"). This is against EU antitrust rules.
The Commission said that Bandai Namco, Focus Home, Koch Media and ZeniMax, broke EU antitrust rules by including contractual export restrictions in their agreements with a number of distributors other than Valve. These distributors were prevented from selling the relevant PC video games outside the allocated territories, which could cover one or more European Member States. These practices may have prevented consumers from purchasing and playing PC video games sold by these distributors either on physical media, such as DVDs or through downloads.
The Commission opened formal antitrust proceedings into the bilateral agreements concluded between Valve Corporation and the five PC video game publishers on 2 February 2017.
A Statement of Objections is a formal step in Commission investigations into suspected violations of EU antitrust rules. The Commission informs the parties concerned in writing of the objections raised against them. The parties can then examine the documents in the Commission's investigation file, reply in writing and request an oral hearing to present their comments on the case before representatives of the Commission and national competition authorities.
If, after the parties have exercised their rights of defence, the Commission concludes that there is sufficient evidence of an infringement, it can adopt a decision prohibiting the conduct and imposing a fine of up to 10% of a company's annual worldwide turnover.


By fans, for other fans, the MCM London Comic Con fan meets are the perfect place to hang out with old friends, make new ones, and bond over the things you love THE MOST.
Note that attendees are not allowed to charge for goods and services e.g. paid photoshoots while anywhere on the site unless they are a registered dealer. The is reflected in the terms and conditions of tickets.
Please email joe@mcmexpo.net if you need assistance.


text:
Court Holds That Holographic Will Was Not Valid As There Was No Signature
David Fowler Johnson
In In the Estate of Hohmann, the decedent died without leaving an executed will, but his caretaker found a hand written document wherein the decedent stated his wishes for his property. No. 04-20-00237-CV, 2020 Tex. App. LEXIS 9216 (Tex. App.—San Antonio November 25, 2020, no pet. history). The decedent's cousin filed an application to probate the hand written document as a written will, and an heir of the decedent filed an opposition. The trial court granted summary judgment for the opponent, and the applicant appealed.
The court of appeals held that generally, "a valid last will and testament must be: (1) in writing; (2) signed by the testator; and (3) attested by two or more credible witnesses." Id. "However, a document that does not meet the attestation requirement may be admitted to probate as a holographic will if it "is handwritten entirely by the testator" and the testator "affix[ed] a signature or initial to the document to execute the instrument." Id. The applicant contended "the handwritten phrase "R. Hohmann Estate" in the body of the written instrument constitutes more than a scintilla of evidence that Raymond signed that document." Id. The court held that the hand-written document had not been signed and was not valid:
Bobby notes that "Texas courts have been lenient concerning the location and form of a 'signature'" on a holographic will. "However, while the signature may be informal and its location is of secondary importance, it is still necessary that the maker intend that his name or mark constitute a signature, i.e., that it expresses approval of the instrument as his will." Here, we see no evidence in the written instrument indicating that Raymond intended the phrase "R. Hohmann Estate" to serve as his signature. That phrase is used only once, in connection with a purported bequest to three named individuals. When the written instrument is viewed as a whole, the phrase "R. Hohmann Estate" bears no apparent connection to any of its other provisions. Because nothing in the written instrument indicates the phrase "R. Hohmann Estate" expresses Raymond's approval of that document as a whole, these facts are distinguishable from the authority upon which Bobby relies.
Id. (internal citations omitted).
Court Affirmed An Order Modifying A Trust Where The Complaining Beneficiaries Were Not Affected By The Modification, Where The Modification Was Not Contrary To The Purpose Of The Trust, And Where The Beneficiaries Waived Their Right To A Jury Trial
Court Holds That Bank Did Not Owe Fiduciary Duties To Depositor/Customer
Court Holds That Purchaser Of Partnership Property Was Not Liable For Aiding And Abetting A General Partner's Breach Of Fiduciary Duty
Texas SAFE Act Fosters NIL
© Winstead PC | Attorney Advertising
Holographic Wills
Summary Judgment
Winstead PC on:


text:
Jason Guilbault
Jason has spent plenty of time watching New York sports but as a rival of his beloved Boston sports teams. Despite the rivalry, he appreciates the legends in New York and his favorite pitcher, Jacob deGrom. He has been writing about fantasy sports and sports betting for 7+ years. You can find his work at Lineups.com and Dailyfantasycafe.com.
BetMGM New York: Top Promo Code in NY (2022 Updates)
Jason Guilbault | Jan 02, 2022, 11:04am
Caesars New York – Live Now (January 2022)
Jason Guilbault | Nov 08, 2021, 9:16pm
Jason Guilbault | Jun 04, 2021, 8:05pm
Jason Guilbault | May 28, 2021, 7:30pm
Jason Guilbault | May 26, 2021, 11:14pm
Jason Guilbault | May 07, 2021, 1:36am
Jason Guilbault | Apr 30, 2021, 7:32pm
Jason Guilbault | Apr 23, 2021, 10:31pm
Jason Guilbault | Apr 13, 2021, 5:02am
Jason Guilbault | Mar 29, 2021, 7:12pm
Jason Guilbault | Mar 18, 2021, 10:49pm
Jason Guilbault | Mar 05, 2021, 12:07am
Jason Guilbault | Mar 03, 2021, 2:33am
Jason Guilbault | Feb 26, 2021, 8:19pm
Jason Guilbault | Feb 25, 2021, 10:16pm
Jason Guilbault | Feb 24, 2021, 3:45am
New York Giants Odds To Win Super Bowl 56
Jason Guilbault | Feb 12, 2021, 12:55am
Buffalo Bills Odds To Win Super Bowl 56
New York Jets Odds To Win Super Bowl 56
New York Mets Odds to Win 2021 World Series
New York Knicks NBA Championship Odds 2021
New York Yankees Odds to Win 2021 World Series
Jason Guilbault | Dec 23, 2021, 4:23am
DraftKings Sportsbook New York (January 2022)
Jason Guilbault | Jan 08, 2022, 3:59am
Brooklyn Nets NBA Championship Odds 2021


ソース:The Daily Drucker 1 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 2 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 3 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 4 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 5 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 6 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 7 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 8 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 9 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 10 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 11 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 12 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 13 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 14 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 15 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 16 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 17 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 18 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 19 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 20 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 21 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 22 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 23 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 24 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 25 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 26 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 27 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 28 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 29 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 30 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 31 January.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 1 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 2 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 3 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 4 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 5 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 6 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 7 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 8 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 9 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 10 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 11 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 12 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 13 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 14 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 15 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 16 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 17 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 18 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 19 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 20 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 21 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 22 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 23 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 24 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 25 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 26 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 27 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 28 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 29 February.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 1 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 2 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 3 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 4 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 5 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 6 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 7 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 8 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 9 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 10 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 11 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 12 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 13 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 14 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 15 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 16 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 17 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 18 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 19 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 20 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 21 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 22 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 23 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 24 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 25 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 26 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 27 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 28 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 29 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 30 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 31 March.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 1 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 2 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 3 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 4 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 5 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 6 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 8 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 9 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 10 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 11 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 12 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 13 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 14 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 15 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 16 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 17 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 18 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 19 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 20 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 21 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 22 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 23 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 24 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 25 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 26 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 27 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 28 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 29 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 30 April.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 1 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 2 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 3 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 4 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 5 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 6 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 7 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 8 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 9 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 10 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 11 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 12 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 13 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 14 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 15 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 16 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 17 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 18 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 19 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 20 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 21 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 22 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 23 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 24 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 25 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 26 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 27 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 28 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 29 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 30 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 31 May.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 1 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 2 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 3 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 4 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 5 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 6 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 7 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 8 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 9 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 10 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 11 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 12 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 13 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 14 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 15 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 16 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 17 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 18 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 19 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 20 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 21 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 22 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 23 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 24 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 25 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 26 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 27 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 28 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 29 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 30 June.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 1 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 2 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 3 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 4 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 5 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 6 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 7 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 8 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 9 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 10 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 11 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 12 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 13 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 14 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 15 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 16 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 17 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 18 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 20 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 21 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 22 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 23 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 24 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 25 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 26 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 27 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 28 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 29 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 30 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 31 July.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 1 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 2 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 3 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 4 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 5 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 6 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 7 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 8 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 9 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 10 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 11 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 12 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 13 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 14 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 15 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 16 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 17 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 18 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 19 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 20 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 21 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 22 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 23 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 24 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 25 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 26 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 27 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 28 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 29 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 30 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 31 August.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 1 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 2 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 3 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 4 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 5 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 6 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 7 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 8 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 9 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 10 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 11 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 12 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 13 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 14 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 15 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 16 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 17 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 18 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 19 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 20 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 21 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 22 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 23 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 24 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 25 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 26 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 27 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 28 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 29 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 30 September.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 1 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 2 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 3 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 4 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 5 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 6 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 7 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 8 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 9 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 10 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 11 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 12 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 13 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 14 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 15 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 16 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 17 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 18 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 19 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 20 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 21 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 22 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 23 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 24 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 25 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 27 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 28 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 29 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 30 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 31 October.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 1 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 2 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 3 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 4 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 5 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 6 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 7 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 8 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 9 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 10 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 11 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 12 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 13 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 14 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 15 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 16 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 17 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 18 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 19 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 20 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 21 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 22 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 23 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 24 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 25 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 26 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 27 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 28 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 29 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 30 November.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 1 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 2 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 3 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 4 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 5 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 6 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 7 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 8 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 9 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 10 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 11 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 12 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 13 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 14 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 15 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 16 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 17 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 18 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 19 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 20 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 21 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 22 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 23 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 24 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 25 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 26 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 27 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 28 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 29 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 30 December.
ソース:The Daily Drucker 31 December.


I just stumbled upon Mohop vegan, eco-friendly shoes made in Chicago. In addition to offering a bespoke service, they have a ready-to-wear collection on Etsy. The shoes come in variety of woods for the sole and each has elastic loops on the side so that you can wrap ribbons or ties in all different ways to create different looks.
Some look as though you've sustained injuries to both feet and are wearing bandages.
Some look as though you've injured both ankles while in India.
Others have a cool '70s vibe.
Or a decadent '70s vibe. (They've partnered with a nonprofit social enterprise to make the ties out of recycled sarees).
Because I walk everywhere, my main concern for footwear (after being animal-friendly) is comfort. The Mohop website and the feedback on Etsy are reassuring.
I like the way they are so customizable; I envision making my own straps to make them even more one-of-a-kind. Vegan, comfortable, benefit an Indian nonprofit, sustainably sourced wood, customizable, made by a small artisanal business--these require serious consideration.


Sail Structures were engaged to source and install a fabric to enhance growing conditions to shade plants of the Watkins Munro Martin Conservatory. Monotec 370 was selected as the preferred fabric offering 90% UV-R protection. This project was awarded a Special Commendation – Awards for Excellence by the Specialised Textiles Association (STA) in 2016. In 2017, Sail Structures were recalled by the client to install an additional layer of shade over selected areas of the conservatory. The Monotec 210 fabric, with 70% UV-R protection was selected, offering those extra sensitive shade plants more conducive conditions.
We manufacture all our tensioned membranes and shade sails using the latest cutting-edge technology from a modern purpose-built sail loft and now service clients through Queensland as well as interstate and overseas.


Let me tell you about the time I spent in Greece during my master's degree fieldwork. It is the month of July and the year is 2018. It's 34 degrees Celsius outside, but the room must be a few degrees warmer since there is only a tiny portable fan on the desk and the open window fails to provide much ventilation.
Imagine me sitting on an uncomfortable chair with a few months-old baby in my arms. The child is agitated maybe because he/she is hungry or feeling hot or both. I try to pacify him/her. Imagine this baby is you. The air feels thick and I try to ignore the sweat. However, this woman is not me. Instead, I sit in the opposite chair facing her.
I could be this woman easily. We are from the same country, same city and almost the same age. So I could be the one in that chair with that baby in my arms, forced thousands of miles away from home. She does not like me at first—her face is hardened, and she makes no attempt to conceal how unwilling she is to talk to me. To her, I am just another person who wants to hear her story and not offer her any help or benefit in return.
Yet as I explain our project to her and tell her that I cannot really offer or promise anything in return other than listening to her and telling her story, she opens up to me. The system has failed her and thousands of people like her. People are in limbo, as if their lives have been paused while they are stuck in Greece trying to find a safe space for themselves or trying to build a better life. Some are lucky to be able to apply for asylum and get accommodation. The rest, however, struggle to be able to register even. They sleep on the streets.
There are so many things I want to tell you that I have seen. I wish I could show you, but I do not wish for you to be here. I get a tiny glimpse into the life that the migrants are living here due to my hijab. When I walk the streets or board a local bus, people think I am a migrant too. When they see me, they stare. When they see me with my American colleague, they stare. The other day on the island of Lesvos, as I sat alone working on my laptop at a coffee shop a few feet from the Aegean Sea, three old Greek women walking by stopped near my table and commented about me while almost pointing at me. I am assuming a migrant sitting at a coffee shop with an expensive-looking laptop puzzled them. All this staring was amusing at first, but it soon became annoying. I now know what it feels like to be an 'outsider' and what it means when people say that situations between locals and migrants are sometimes tense.
The phrases "no human is illegal" and "stop deportation" spray-painted on buildings in Mytilene on the island Lesvo.
I tell this to you so that you know that this world is a strange place. There is so much pain and unfairness. Despite all that we had been taught in our Voices from the Field sessions in i-Lab, nothing could have prepared me for this, but those sessions did help me cope when I did not know how to process things that I am seeing here. On the other hand, there is also a lot of good in this world—people full of compassion, kindness and hope. I have come across many of them here. I am constantly amazed by the resilience of these people on the move and those helping them. In the most hopeless of circumstances, they are persevering. Know that you must be in this latter part of the world.
From left to right, (1) The Greek Council for Refugees office, where amazing work is being done to provide migrants with legal aid; (2) Me outside the Jesuit Refugee Service office in Athens where tea is organized for migrants daily.
Being part of the Master of Global Affairs has put me in a unique position. This summer project, part of the Integration Lab at the Keough School, has given me the opportunity that very few have. This world is complicated, which explains why people can justify keeping more than 7,000 migrants in a place like Moria camp under terrible conditions. But I am trying to learn at The Keough School how to start a conversation about this and eventually change this complicated international system that we have created. If there is one thing I want you to know, it is that complicated and flawed systems do not need to be accepted just because they have existed for so long. Instead, they need to be changed.
The unofficial Olive Grove Camp outside Moria. When we got off the bus in Moria, the first thing we noticed was the stench of sewage that was openly flowing beside the road.


text:
Robert Pattinson's Girlfriend, FKA Twigs, Just Stepped Out With Her Alleged Promise Ring
Robert Pattinson allegedly put a ring on it—a promise ring, anyway. People reported earlier this month that the Twilight star and his girlfriend, FKA Twigs, are BOTH wearing promise rings. "They are inseparable… They live at his house. He wants to marry her," People's source said, describing his pal as "much more calm and happy than before." But neither of them has been spotted since the promise ring news broke—until last night, when Twigs {Should I call you Twigs? FKA? } stepped out for the Alexander McQueen Savage Beauty Benefit Dinner at the V&A Museum. And, yes, there's ring on that finger. Shall we go in for a closer look? I mean, there's definitely a ring. I'm not sure if anything makes it particularly promise-y, other than the finger it's on. It looks like a plain gold band, which certainly could be a promise ring. But the idea of a promise ring feels a little, I don't know, young; he's 28, she's 27, so they're certainly old enough to get engaged for real. That said, their relationship is pretty young—dating reports first surfaced last September—so I don't think waiting, say, a full year to get for-real engaged would be the
By Kim Fusaro
Robert Pattinson allegedly put a ring on it—a promise ring, anyway. People reported earlier this month that the Twilight star and his girlfriend, FKA Twigs, are BOTH wearing promise rings.
"They are inseparable… They live at his house. He wants to marry her," People's source said, describing his pal as "much more calm and happy than before."
But neither of them has been spotted since the promise ring news broke—until last night, when Twigs {Should I call you Twigs? FKA? } stepped out for the Alexander McQueen Savage Beauty Benefit Dinner at the V&A Museum. And, yes, there's ring on that finger.
Shall we go in for a closer look?
I mean, there's definitely a ring. I'm not sure if anything makes it particularly promise-y, other than the finger it's on. It looks like a plain gold band, which certainly could be a promise ring. But the idea of a promise ring feels a little, I don't know, young; he's 28, she's 27, so they're certainly old enough to get engaged for real. That said, their relationship is pretty young—dating reports first surfaced last September—so I don't think waiting, say, a full year to get for-real engaged would be the worst idea.__
If You're Going to Do the Promise Ring Thing, Like Robert Pattinson, Here's a Super-Chic One
Thoughts on Robert Pattinson and FKA Twigs and their promise rings? Do you think they're actually promise rings? Or are people (and People) just getting worked up about an unremarkable accessory? And what do you think of promise rings in general?
In other celebrity wedding-ish news: There Was an Insanely Pretty Wedding Over the Weekend, and James Van Der Beek Was There
__PS
Topicsfka twigscelebrity weddingsengagement ringsringsrobert pattinson


Baudrate to is set to 500kbps.
are defined in the RXFIFO table. Both standard and extended IDs are used.
MB10 is moreover used to receive a message with given standard ID.
MB11 is used to transmit a message upon button press.
in MB10, RXFIFO or message is transmitted.
12V power supply must be connected.


These hot chili peppers will not burn your mouth, but they will certainly add a nice touch your kitchen decor. The red chili peppers stand out against the white waffle weave terry kitchen towel. The two toned red chili peppers are topped with 3 different shades of green for the leaves. There are over 19,000 stitches in this gorgeous chili pepper design.
The high quality kitchen towel measures 16 inches by 28 inches.