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Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in the oropharynx and urine among sexually active men: a comparative study of infection by papillomavirus and other organisms, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma spp., and Ureaplasma spp
Kazufumi Nakashima1,
Kazuyoshi Shigehara1,2,
Shohei Kawaguchi1,
Akira Wakatsuki3,
Yoshitomo Kobori4,
Kazuyoshi Nakashima5,
Yasunori Ishii6,
Masayoshi Shimamura2,
Toshiyuki Sasagawa7,
Yasuhide Kitagawa1,
Atsushi Mizokami1 &
Mikio Namiki1
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has shown a gradual increase in male predominance due to the increasing incidence of human papillomavirus (HPV)-associated OSCC. However, the mode of HPV transmission to the oral cavity is poorly understood, and little is known about the epidemiology of oral HPV infection in men. The prevalence rates of HPV, Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma spp., and Ureaplasma spp. were compared in the oropharynx (oral cavity) and urine of male Japanese patients attending a sexually transmitted disease clinic.
The study population consisted of 213 men aged 16 – 70 years old (mean: 34.4 years old). Oropharyngeal gargles and urine were collected, and sedimented cells were preserved in liquid-based cytology solution. After DNA extraction, β-globin and infectious organisms were analyzed by a PCR-based method. The HPV genotype was determined by HPV GenoArray test.
β-Globin was positive in 100% and 97.7% of oral and urine samples, respectively. HPV detection rates were 18.8% and 22.1% in oral and urine samples, respectively, suggesting that the prevalence of HPV infection in the oral cavity was similar to that in the urinary tract. N. gonorrhoeae was more prevalent in oral (15.6%) than urine samples (9.1%), whereas C. trachomatis was detected more frequently in urine (15.9%) than oral samples (4.2%). The detection rates of M. genitalium, M. hominis, and Ureaplasma spp. were 5.2%, 10.3%, and 16.0% in oral samples, and 7.7%, 6.3%, and 19.2% in urine, respectively. There were no significant differences in the detection rates of Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma spp. between anatomical locations. The distribution of HPV types were similar in oral and urine samples, and HPV16 was the most common type. The majority of men with HPV infection in both the oral cavity and urine had concordant oral and urinary HPV infection. The presence of urinary HPV infection was an independent risk factor of oral HPV infection, with an odds ratio of 3.39 (95% CI: 1.49 – 7.71), whereas oral gonococcal infection was inversely correlated with oral HPV infection (odds ratio: 0.096; 95% CI: 0.01 – 0.77).
Oral HPV infection commonly occurs in sexually active men, and is significantly correlated with urinary HPV infection.
Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection is a necessary element for the development of virtually all cases of cervical cancer in women [1], and has also been identified as a risk factor for the development of anal, penile, and oropharyngeal cancers [2–4]. In particular, oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) has shown a gradual increase in male predominance since the 1970s, despite reductions in smoking, as a result of the increasing incidence of HPV-associated OSCC. Indeed, a recent study indicated that HPV detection represented about 70% of all OSCCs in the USA in 2007, compared with 10% in the 1980s [5], and another large-scale study indicated that the HPV prevalence of 323 OSCC cases was 63.8% (206 cases) [6]. A Japanese epidemiological report in 2008 by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare found that the incidence of OSCC has also been gradually increasing over the last three decades in Japan, which is likely due to the increase in HPV-positive cases [7]. HPV-associated OSCC is now a well-defined entity with well-known characteristics that include young age, good performance status, male gender, nonsmoking, and high-risk sexual behavior [6, 8].
Cervical HPV infection appears to occur frequently within a few years of sexual debut, and its prevalence decreases with increasing age from the peak prevalence in younger women [9]. Sexually transmitted cervical HPV infection, when it persists for 10 – 15 years, presents a risk of developing precancerous lesions of the cervix, which can progress to invasive cervical cancer. On the other hand, HPV-associated OSCC is also thought to be induced by oropharyngeal HPV infection. However, the mode of transmission of HPV to the oral cavity is less well understood, and little is known about the epidemiology of oral pharyngeal HPV infection in men.
In the present study, we investigated the prevalence of HPV infection and HPV types in the oropharynx (oral cavity) and urine of male Japanese patients who attended a sexually transmitted disease (STD) outpatient clinic, and the concordance of infected HPV types between these two infection sites. In addition, the infection statuses of Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma spp., and Ureaplasma spp. were also examined in oral and urine samples, and we investigated the possible association of oral HPV infection with these infectious organisms.
A total of 213 male Japanese patients who attended the STD outpatient clinic of Kanazawa University Hospital (Kanazawa, Japan), Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital (Kanazawa, Japan), Dokkyo Medical School, Koshigaya Hospital (Koshigaya, Japan), Wakatsuki Clinic (Osaka, Japan), and Nakashima Clinic (Kanazawa, Japan) were enrolled in this study. All participants were men who had sex with women, and homosexual or bisexual men were excluded from the study. The ethics committee of Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medicine approved this study. Oropharyngeal gargle and urine samples were obtained from each subject after obtaining their written informed consent. A clinical diagnosis of urethritis was defined as ≥ 5 polymorphonuclear leukocytes per high-power field in collected urethral swabs.
To obtain oral specimens, each subject swished 15 mL of normal saline around their oral cavity, gargled with their head tilted back for 10 – 20 s, and then expectorated into a specimen cup. In addition, all urine from one urination for each patient was collected in an individual urine cup, and 15 mL was placed into a separate tube. Each sample (15 mL) was centrifuged at approximately 1500 × g for 10 min, and the sediment was placed into a separate tube containing 2.5 mL of preservative solution for liquid-based cytology (LiquiPrep; LGM International Inc., Melbourne, FL, USA) and stored at 4°C until use.
HPV-DNA test and genotyping
Aliquots of 800 μL of preservative solution containing cell samples were centrifuged at approximately 1500 × g for 10 min, and the supernatants were discarded. The cell pellets were washed twice with 300 μL of 10 mmol/L Tris-HCl (pH 8.0). DNA was extracted from the cells using a DNA extraction kit (SMI Test; G&G Science Co., Fukushima, Japan) according to the manufacturer's instructions. The β-globin gene was first amplified to confirm the adequacy of the extracted DNA in all samples. In β-globin-positive samples, HPV-DNA was tested by modified GP5+/GP6+ polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as described previously [10].
HPV genotyping was performed using HPV GenoArray Test Kits (HybriBio Limited, Chaozhou, China) according to the manufacturer's protocol. This assay can be used to determine 21 HPV genotypes, consisting of 14 high-risk HPV types (16, 18, 31, 33, 35, 39, 45, 51, 52, 56, 58, 59, 66, and 68), 5 low-risk HPV types (6, 11, 42, 43, and 44), and two unknown-risk types (53 and CP8304), by flow-through hybridization using HPV-DNA amplified by PCR [11]. Internal control and HPV genotype were visualized simultaneously as spots at the position of control and each HPV type probe on the same membranes [11]. This is a kit that has recently become commercially available, and has shown good agreement (93.8%) in detection of HPV types with the results of the Amplicor HPV test, as described previously [12].
Detection of N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, M. genitalium, M. hominis, and Ureaplasmaspp. (biovars 1 and 2)
N. gonorrhoeae was detected in each liquid-based sample by PCR using specific primers targeting the N. gonorrhoeae orf1 gene [13]. For the 427 urethral swabs, the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value for this PCR method were reported to be 100%, 98%, 99.7%, and 100%, respectively. The primer for C. trachomatis amplified a 205-bp fragment of the 16S rRNA gene, as described previously, and had sensitivity and specificity of 97.9% and 98.7%, respectively [14].
Mycoplasma genitalium, Mycoplasma hominis, and Ureaplasma spp. (biovars 1 and 2) were detected by multiplex PCR assay as described by Stellrecht et al. [15, 16]. This Multiplex PCR is a simple and convenient method performed with primers specific for highly conserved regions in the urease gene of Ureaplasma spp., the 140-kDa adhesion protein gene of M. genitalium, and the 16S rRNA gene of M. hominis, yielding bands of 403 – 448 bp, 282 bp, and 334 bp, respectively [16]. The overall sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values of multiplex PCR analyses for detection of Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma spp. were 87%, 96%, 94%, and 93%, respectively, with an analytical lower limit of detection of < 12.5 colony forming units (cfu) for Ureaplasma spp., M. genitalium, and M. hominis, even if these organisms were mixed together.
The chi-square test was used to compare HPV-positive rates between the two anatomical sites among all 213 patients. Univariate and multivariate analysis using unconditional direct logistic regression analysis for all variables was performed to determine the risk factors for detection of oral HPV infection, and the odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated. The SPSS statistical software package (version 17.0; SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used for all analyses, and P < 0.05 was taken to indicate statistical significance.
Among the 213 participants aged 16 – 70 years (mean ± SD; 34.3 ± 10.2 years), 91 (43%) had urethritis, comprised of 17 gonococcal, 31 chlamydial, 2 gonococcal and chlamydial, and 41 non-gonococcal and non-chlamydial infections (Table 1). The other 122 patients had no evidence of urethritis. Among these 122 patients, two with painful clusters of genital sores consisting of vesicles on the penile surface were diagnosed as having Herpes genitalis, and Trichomonas was incidentally identified in one patient based on urinary microscopic examination. There were no patients with any pharyngitis-like symptoms.
Table 1 Patient backgrounds ( n = 213)
Positive amplification of the β-globin gene was observed in all 213 (100%) of the oral samples and in 208 (97.7%) of the urine samples (Table 2). Among the β-globin-positive samples, the HPV detection rates were 18.8% in oral samples and 22.1% in urine samples. High-risk HPV was detected in 14.1% of oral samples and in 15.4% of urine samples. There were no significant differences in the prevalence raters of HPV or high-risk HPV between oral and urine samples. N. gonorrhoeae was more prevalent in oral samples (15.6%) than in urine samples (9.1%), whereas C. trachomatis was detected more frequently in urine samples (15.9%) than in those from the oral cavity (4.2%). On the other hand, the detection rates of M. genitalium, M. hominis, and Ureaplasma spp. were 5.2%, 10.3%, and 16.0% in the oral cavity and 7.7%, 6.3%, and 19.2% in urine, respectively. The differences in detection rates between oral and urine samples were not significant.
Table 2 Results of PCR analysis of oral samples and urine samples by liquid-based cytology
The HPV type distributions were similar in oral and urinary samples, and HPV16 was the most common type, followed by types 6, 18, 11, and 33 (Table 3). However, single-type HPV infection was frequently identified in the oral cavity (30/40 cases; 75.0%), whereas multiple-type HPV infection was found more frequently in urine samples than in oral samples (Table 2). Moreover, there were 18 cases with HPV infection at both anatomical sites (Table 4). Among these cases, the detected HPV types in oral and urinary samples were in complete agreement in 8 cases (44.4%), and were consistently similar in 16 cases (88.9%).
Table 3 Type-specific prevalence rates of HPV in oral and urine samples
Table 4 Details of HPV types in cases in which HPV was detected from both oral and urine samples
In addition, we attempted to identify the risk factors for oral HPV infection. Multivariate analysis indicated that the presence of urinary HPV infection was an independent risk factor for oral HPV infection, with an odds ratio of 3.39 (95% CI: 1.49 – 7.71) (Table 5). Moreover, oral gonococcal infection was inversely correlated with oral HPV infection (odds ratio: 0.096; 95% CI: 0.01 – 0.77). On the other hand, age, presence of urethritis, and coinfection of the urinary tract with C. trachomatis, M. genitalium, M. hominis, Ureaplasma spp., and N. gonorrhoeae were not correlated with oral HPV infection.
Table 5 Univariate and multivariate analyses of risk factors for detection of any HPV infection in oral samples
There is substantial molecular evidence suggesting a role for HPV infection in the pathogenesis of OSCC, and the incidence of HPV-associated OSCC has been gradually increasing worldwide [5, 6]. The development of oral HPV infection is essential in the first phase of the development of HPV-associated OSCC, and oral sexual intercourse is suspected to be a route of oral HPV infection. Indeed, a case-control study of HPV and OSCC demonstrated that oral HPV infection is strongly associated with OSCC, and indicated that a high lifetime number of oral sex partners (more than 6 partners) was an independent risk factor for OSCC, with an odds ratio of 3.4 (95% CI: 1.3 – 8.8) [17]. However, little information is available regarding the epidemiological status of oral HPV infection, especially in men. Thus, the prevalence of HPV infection in the oropharynx (oral cavity) and urine in men was examined in the present study. We found that the prevalence rates of HPV infection among Japanese men who attended an STD clinic were 18.8% and 22.1% in oral and urine samples, respectively. This is the first study to compare the HPV detection rate of the oral cavity and urine, and the HPV detection rate in the oral cavity was similar to that in urine among these subjects.
D'Souza et al. investigated the prevalence of oropharyngeal HPV infection using mouthwash among 332 control patients who attended an outpatient otolaryngology clinic and 210 college-age men in the USA [18]. HPV infection was detected in 4.8% of 332 control patients from the outpatient clinic and in 2.9% of 210 college-age men, and the increased lifetime numbers of oral sex partners or open-mouth kissing partners were found to be risk factors for oral HPV infection. Kreimer et al. detected oral HPV infection in 4.0% (67 cases) of 1608 healthy men aged 18 – 78 from the USA, Mexico, and Brazil using the Roche linear array HPV genotyping assay [19]. In addition, a recent systematic review indicated that 1.3% of 3977 healthy subjects had oral HPV16, 3.5% of 4441 subjects had high-risk HPV, and 4.5% of 4070 subjects were positive for any HPV. Men and women had similar prevalence rates of any oral HPV (4.6% and 4.4%, respectively) [20]. These previous reports suggest that the oropharyngeal HPV prevalence rate among healthy subjects is approximately 3% – 4%, and that HPV is rarely detected in oral specimens compared with genital or urine samples from healthy individuals.
However, the prevalence in our subjects (18.8%) was much higher compared with those reported in previous studies, which was likely due to the difference in study populations. Our study was performed in male patients who attended an STD clinic, and therefore they represented a population that would have risk factors for sexually transmitted infection. Indeed, the prevalence of oral HPV infection in women was also reported to differ according to the study population, and its prevalence was higher (23.6%) in women who attended STD outpatient clinics [21] compared with healthy women [22, 23]. In addition, a cohort study of 212 men aged 18 – 24 indicated that nearly 20% of sexually active male university students had evidence of oral HPV infection within 12 months [24]. Moreover, the HPV prevalence rate in oral samples among our subjects was approximately equivalent to that in urine samples, which is a common HPV detection site in sexual active men [11, 25]. Oral HPV infection may also be a sexually transmitted infection similar to genital HPV infection. However, in the present study there was a lack of data regarding the ways and frequencies of sexual contact or number of sexual partners in our population. Further epidemiological studies including such sexual information and healthy controls are required to reach more definitive conclusions.
We found that type-specific HPV prevalence was similar in oral and urinary samples, and HPV16 was the most common type identified in the present study. In addition, the majority of men with HPV infection in both the oral cavity and urine specimens had concordant oral and urinary HPV infection, suggesting that oral HPV infection in men may also occur through oral and genital contact with women. Indeed, the present study demonstrated that the presence of urinary HPV infection is an independent risk factor for oral HPV infection, with an odds ratio of 3.39.
Moreover, single-type HPV infection was frequently identified in the oral cavity, and single HPV16 was the most common type. Many epidemiologic studies indicated that HPV16 is the most common HPV type detected from HPV-associated OSCC [17, 18], which is consistent with our findings. Multiple-type HPV infection is commonly observed in the cervix of women, low-grade cervical intraneoplasia (CIN), and male external genitalia. On the other hand, single-type HPV infection is an indicator of high-grade CIN or cervical cancer [26]. Although this difference between oral and urinary HPV infection has not been clarified, the oral cavity in men may be easily infected by HPV16. Alternatively, HPV16 infection may be persistent in the oral cavity in men. However, further studies of the natural history of oral HPV infection in men are required to confirm this hypothesis.
We performed another additional study to investigate the possible associations between oral HPV infection and other organisms responsible for sexually transmitted infections (STIs). In a previous study, we investigated the prevalence rates of Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma spp. using liquid-based cytology samples of urine [25]. M. genitalium, M. hominis, Ureaplasma parvum, and Ureaplasma urealyticum were detected in 14.5%, 10.9%, 6.5%, and 12.3% of men with urethritis, whereas these species were detected in 3.3%, 2.0%, 4.7%, and 2.7% of controls, respectively [25]. Takahashi et al. also reported prevalence rates of 1%, 4%, 12%, and 23% for M. genitalium, M. hominis, U. parvum, and U. urealyticum, respectively, in urine samples from 100 asymptomatic healthy Japanese men [27]. These findings are different from the present results. In particular, M. genitalium has been widely accepted as an agent of STIs, and the differences between these studies may have been due to differences in the sample size and characteristics of the study populations as well as the detection methods used. On the other hand, little information is available regarding the prevalence rates of Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma spp. in the male oral cavity. Sackel et al. reported that M. hominis and Ureaplasma spp. were recovered from pharyngeal samples obtained from 149 (14.3%) and 154 (14.8%), respectively, of 1044 men and women who attended clinics in Boston, USA, which were equivalent to the findings of the present study [28]. There were no significant differences in the detection rates of M. genitalium, M. hominis, and Ureaplasma spp. in males between the oral cavity and urine samples, suggesting that genital Mycoplasma spp. and Ureaplasma spp. could frequently infect the male oral cavity.
It has been reported that the presence of infection in the urinary tract is an independent risk factor for HPV infection [15]. HPV generally infects the basal layer of the mucosa, and inflammation and microinjury of the urothelium caused by N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and/or M. genitalium are likely to facilitate access of HPV to the basal cells of the urothelium in the urethra. However, multivariate analysis indicated that oral gonococcal infection was a negative factor for oral HPV infection in the present study. One possible reason or this observation is that there were no patients with pharyngitis-like symptoms. Most oropharyngeal gonococcal or chlamydial infections are asymptomatic without inflammation of the oropharynx [29], and it may not be possible to demonstrate that other isolated microorganisms, such as N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, and M. genitalium, were risk factors for the detection of oral HPV infection. Alternatively, the population size in the present study was small, and further large-scale studies will be required to reach more definitive conclusions.
In the present study, a liquid-based cytological procedure, which is commonly used in cervical cancer screening, was used for detection of HPV in oropharyngeal gargle and urine samples. Urine is generally considered unsuitable for the detection of HPV due to the poor β-globin detection rate (< 50%) [30]. However, our previous study indicated that the liquid-based cytological procedure is useful for HPV detection in urine samples from men, and we found that the detection rate of the β-globin gene was > 97% in urine from healthy men and male patients with urethritis [25]. We found an excellent detection rate (100%) of β-globin in oropharyngeal gargle samples using a liquid-based cytological procedure, suggesting that this method, which is recommended for testing oropharyngeal STIs, such as N. gonorrhoeae, C. trachomatis, Mycoplasma spp., and Ureaplasma spp., is also suitable for detection of HPV in oropharyngeal gargle samples.
In conclusion, oral HPV infection is common in sexually active men, and its prevalence rate was equivalent to that in urine samples. In addition, oral HPV infection was significantly correlated with urinary HPV infection.
HPV:
OSCC:
Oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma
STD:
CIN:
Cervical intraneoplasia
STI:
Sexually transmitted infection.
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Department of Integrative Cancer Therapy and Urology, Kanazawa University Graduate School of Medical Science, 13-1, Takaramachi, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, 920-8641, Japan
Kazufumi Nakashima, Kazuyoshi Shigehara, Shohei Kawaguchi, Yasuhide Kitagawa, Atsushi Mizokami & Mikio Namiki
Department of Urology, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
Kazuyoshi Shigehara & Masayoshi Shimamura
Wakatsuki Clinic, Osaka City, Osaka, Japan
Akira Wakatsuki
Department of Urology, Dokkyo Medical School, Koshigaya Hospital, Koshigaya, Saitama, Japan
Yoshitomo Kobori
Nakashima Clinic, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
Kazuyoshi Nakashima
Ishii Clinic, Saitama City, Saitama, Japan
Yasunori Ishii
Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Kanazawa Medical School, Kahoku-gun, Ishikawa, Japan
Toshiyuki Sasagawa
Kazufumi Nakashima
Kazuyoshi Shigehara
Shohei Kawaguchi
Masayoshi Shimamura
Yasuhide Kitagawa
Atsushi Mizokami
Mikio Namiki
Correspondence to Kazuyoshi Shigehara.
The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.
All authors made substantial contributions to conception and design, or acquisition of data. KN, KS, and SK were in charge of the analysis and interpretation of all data. KN drafted major portions of the initial manuscript, and KS, TS, and MN helped in writing the final manuscript. All authors have read and approved the final manuscript.
Nakashima, K., Shigehara, K., Kawaguchi, S. et al. Prevalence of human papillomavirus infection in the oropharynx and urine among sexually active men: a comparative study of infection by papillomavirus and other organisms, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae, Chlamydia trachomatis, Mycoplasma spp., and Ureaplasma spp. BMC Infect Dis 14, 43 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2334-14-43
Oral infection
Ureaplasma
Liquid-based cytology


The Rockin' Rogers Parade never fails to bring smiles to the faces of young and old alike. Highlighted in the annual spectacle are local clubs, businesses, and citizens. The parade route goes North on Main Street from Rogers Elementary and then turns East on John Deere Lane. Don't forget your sunscreen and comfortable chair!


Head down to Camden and you know that you're in for the coolest experience around. That's certainly no secret, and the sheer amount of trendy people around here should confirm that. It's always maintained its rough edges though, and that's where much of its appeal come from. Shoreditch, the new hipster home, has been gentrified to an almost scary amount. It no longer has that rough and ready east end charm that made it so popular. Instead it has popular approximations of that culture, and it's all the poorer for it. Camden, thankfully, doesn't have that issue.
The Camden Lock Market is a perfect example of that. Famed as a bit of a dodgy market, it still is. Rip off clothing, retro items, stalls of dubious provenance, it really does have it all. You go here to buy stuff at a decent price. You might then choose to wear or use it in a trendy way, but that's your call. They've be just as happy to see you wearing that Beatles replica T-Shirt in an earnest way as they will to see it ripped up and paired with a Misfits armband. Camden doesn't judge and ultimately, it doesn't care. It's the embodiment of nonchalant cool, and the market is the heart of everything that keeps the area great.


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text:
Tiny Swot
Gifts in America
by tiny swot
The long dark tunnel in the midnight glare of the moon transcended the originality of the mind. It had spider webs along the corners, running up and around pipes, draped over some of the steps and even on some left over molasses crates that were leaning on the wall. The soldiers dared not enter without proper authorization. When they came to the tunnel six armed guards stopped them and they had to show I.D. and explain who they were, what they were doing there and why they had decided to travel through the wrong side of Alaska.
Six days ago the two of them were driving down a zigzagging road in Rancho Cucamonga in California and now they were at the tunnel looking for someone. The California mission had been a simple touch and go. It was the small-men in green suits causing trouble again. They weren't targeted for termination, though, just for the "freezing." The company had a sense of humor when it came to these things. No one had helped them carry the mannequins back to the store but they had gotten a nice little bonus for the job. California was a rich state.
The six men with the guns were frowning because they were from a part of the world where the cold didn't exist.
One of them was named Sergant Lopez and he had a mustache. It was allowed if it didn't look ridiculous.
"One fat man down there?"
"It's what we heard from the station," Red said to the sergeant who had asked the stupid question. Red was an incessant pr*** when it came to details. Joan hated him because of this but still they had their "quest" to finish.
The other five men were trying hard not to laugh in their heavy-looking gear. They were overdressed in camouflage gear and large all-weather, all-terrain jackets with large steel-toe boots. The sergeant, who was a tall man and eager to yell at whoever was near that didn't include civilians like Red and Joan, had halted them to see their colorful badges.
As if to mock the occasion, Joan was in a red sweater and Red was in a green one.
The badges hung around their necks by a black string. "Holdona sec, how'd you two get here, anyway?"
"We had a talk with the captain prior to our visit. Wilkins wasn't too pleased to see us, what with the recent 'accidents'."
"You mean the gifts," the sergeant said with a smile.
Most of them were grown-ups and could understand the predicament they were in. Someone had to deliver after all but what could have happened to the jolly old fool? They weren't in the business of being escorts to a fable is what the captain had said. There were more important things.
Red and Joan were both wearing yellow fur caps with a bell on the top. When they moved the bells jingled.
Was it December already? It was probably more like the end of the summer because the moon still came out. In any case, the tunnel looked more like a creepy cave than a home for a drunken fool.
"He comes here?" Red asked Joan.
Joan said, "We're not in the business of really needing to know."
Red worked for the Long Necks, which supplied people information with the story of the Legend but were never really given any information as to how the legend began or if it was even real. This made the job more difficult to do.
Joan worked for the Not On Ready Time Company, which was a branch that worked in conjunction with the Long Necks in order to provide valuable information regarding the real whereabouts of rumors regarding said legend. The rumors were then turned into truths and then someone sold more presents.
It wasn't supposed to be real.
The catch was that it wasn't supposed to be real.
Can you imagine the chaos, the greed, the loss of innocence?
It was then that Red showed them the weapon. A small revolver came out of his pocket but it was a bright blue. The soldiers all laughed, thinking it was a water gun. Red said, ignoring Joan's previous comment, "I'm sure it's a simple matter of just click-click, ey, fellaws?"
"You're not going to find anyone down there," Sergeant Lopez said, "We been looking all morning. The only thing we saw was the odd shadow of a person. The person down there got scared sh**less when he thought he saw us–?"
The conversation was interrupted by a cellular phone. It was beginning to snow and they were at the top of the highest mountain in a region of Alaska known as the Dead Zone. The phone wasn't supposed to work.
It was Vincent, their boss. The two companies were merging but everyone knew Vincent was the one to deal with. He was a bald-headed straight faced man that took no sh** from anyone. He was the leading type, always issuing out orders and making sure they were followed through. He had chosen his "best" soldiers for this quest. The presents had been dropping from the sky for months now, out of thin air. It was because he was in hiding and they had lost track of him. He had, in other words, escaped their prison and now he was up to his "old" tricks. That was when those in corporate had ordered his death because they didn't want sales to go down. It was weird to be in the place because they had finally found him. He'd be dead in no time.
The phone's ring was the sound of the most recent version of "Jingle Bells."
"This is Red," Red said, putting him on speaker.
"Red, it's agent V. How are we progressing?"
"We're at the tunnel now, Vince."
"The partners are worried what would happen if things get out of hand down there. All our leads are bringing us false information but he can't hide from us forever."
"Fat f***!" Joan exclaimed, wiping snow from her brow.
"Joan, get in the tunnel, feel for his presence, then get out. He might be hiding elsewhere."
Joan had met with the real him before and she hated him because the companies had worked so hard to make money out of the fake him. If it turned out he was real, they'd be ruined. Plus his stupid sled had slashed her nose open when it flew out of her sight.
They progressed down into the dark tunnel at close to eleven at night. The guards followed closely.
"What's with the get-up anyways?"
"We're hoping he mistakes us."
Joan felt the wall. "He's definitely here."
Red looked back at the soldiers, "From here on in we go alone and we ask you to be really quiet."
The sergeant put a hand to his M-16 and took the safety off. Red already had his gun aimed at his chest.
"You serious, kid?" The sergeant asked with a smile. His soldiers were smiling. "You want to shoot me through my bullet proof vest with a weirdly-painted .38 revolver? It wouldn't–?"
Red fired the gun in his direction once.
The soldiers were behind the sergeant at his shoulders.
There was a small sound like: POP!
A gum like substance, pink and bubbly flew at them and exploded outward, engulfing them in the sticky stuff.
Then, the men's bodies disintegrated. Their clothes and skin became meshed and they turned into pieces of paper that flew away with the wind.
Joan got mad at him, "Was that necessary?"
"F****** a*** was getting on my nerves."
"Shhh, here comes something."
They heard a scary sound coming from the end of the tunnel. They ran in silence, their footsteps drowned by the fluffy red slippers they wore. It wasn't anyone's fault that they wore these. They were perfect gifts and they were on sale.
They ran past the barrels of molasses in no time and were walking along the path of the webs. The tunnel branched in three different directions they realized but not so far away, where they had heard the noise was something that looked really odd. It was a red boot.
Joan stared at it for a second and ran on ahead of Red.
Red caught up to her in a hurry.
She was skinnier than him. Red wasn't the chubby type but he liked his occasional snack but was otherwise still dedicated to his job.
"A light!" Red screamed looking intently at the tunnel on the right.
Joan turned around from taking the tunnel straight ahead and followed Red, who was walking fast but quietly along the right-hand side tunnel. The moon still provided plenty of light for them to see. They were experts in the darkness, though. This was their territory, not the fat mans. What they saw then surprised them both. It was a full grown deer with large horns. It had a flashlight strapped to its head. It looked like it was staring at them walk toward it but then, it just stepped out of sight. The end of the tunnel forked on another side to the right, although it looked like it kept going straight.
"Where does this lead?" Joan asked.
"To the river, don't worry. We can't get lost."
"Freaking deer, I almost killed the stupid thing but we're supposed to ice the big man, not his servants."
"Anything close to the real thing falls subject to elimination," Joan said, professionally.
"But come on, who's a bigger catch. I was promised an executive position at the company!"
"Forget you, Red! They're going to make me Vice for this one."
"Yeah, you'll be the first on Vincent's kiss-butt list."
When they turned they quieted because they didn't want to scare him off.
They shouldn't have made that right turn, thinking back on it.
Thinking back on it, rivers only run in one direction. Three paths usually lead to the same thing. They never turn or twist to trick you.
From the top of the tunnel what a person saw was a huge patch of ice falling off of the tunnel.
A sled suddenly appeared buried half into the tunnel and half slightly tilted up in the air.
Nine reindeer suddenly appeared. These were in front of the sled suspended in mid-air. They weren't moving. One, the one with a slight blush on the nose, was looking from reindeer to reindeer impatiently.
A frozen fat man in jolly gear was at the reigns.
Then, they heard a loud "HO-HO-HO!"
At the first HO, a trap was set off under their feet. A rope caught both of them by the feet and put them upside down.
The deer had been an illusion.
Red and Joan's bodies looked above them because that was where the trap had been set. The ropes were tied to two big metal bars. Part of the bars where sticking through a grated piece of steel at the top of the tunnel.
Fire blew through the steel.
A loud roar like an engine that doesn't work deafened them but then they felt a shake like a sudden jolt.
The names of reindeer being called out like the sand in an hourglass running out, alerted them to something that didn't quite fit the puzzle.
Red said, "We're tied to the stupid sled!"
"Oh, s***, what happens when he's done with the last name?"
"I think it flies, the book says it flies!"
"It doesn't fly, how could it fly, they don't even have cars that fly. Get your gun out. Shoot up at it, shoot it!"
"My gun dropped when the trap sprung us up! I can't see it. The stupid sled is blocking the light from the moon!"
"Is he taking us captive?"
"No! You see the bolts on that piece of steel, we're going to go through it but not in one pie–?"
The sudden jolt of a sled taking off ceased their conversation forever.
And Santa Clause, unfrozen on his sled cried out to the night sarcastically, "Merry Christmas and to all a good night.!"
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text:
Dirty Stop Out's Guide to 1960s Sheffield - King Mojo edition
Decrease quantity for Dirty Stop Out's Guide to 1960s Sheffield - King Mojo edition
Increase quantity for Dirty Stop Out's Guide to 1960s Sheffield - King Mojo edition
The influence of most clubs are consigned to the decade they operated in and the people that frequented them.
But the impact of Sheffield's King Mojo has spanned generations. It has become a byword for cool.
It was the venue that cemented the legendary partnership that was Peter and Geoff Stringfellow before the brothers went on to conquer the world.
King Mojo was the teenage club that persuaded artists that went on to become some of the biggest names in music to perform in the most unlikely area of suburban Sheffield in late 1960s.
The venue was at the forefront of teenage pop and fashion culture as the post-war austerity years paled into insignificance. This book contains scores of rare King Mojo photos, memories and more. It also celebrates the night scene of 1960s Sheffield. Whether you were loved up with flower power; preaching counter-culture with the beatnicks; fighting it out with the mods and rockers; lounging it up in cabaret land or winkle- picking your way down the West Street run, the city grew to become one of the UK's most revered and varied after dark destinations in Northern England and King Mojo was at the forefront.
The perfect gift for anyone that remembers Sheffield in the 1960s
This critically acclaimed book features King Mojo, the Esquire, Club 60, Sheffield City Hall, the Cavendish, Black Cat, Blue Moon, Sidewalk Cafe, Wilson Peck, and much more


text:
Q: What is printed when the following myProgram() method in the SimpleIsland class is executed? While I'm aware of how if/else statements and operators work (there are many posts about it), I seem to have gotten lost within this block of code in particular. I was given the final output (if else if), however I haven't been able to get to that conclusion by simply looking at it and working it out on paper. I'd really appreciate an explanation in plain terms as to what's happening in the code.
public class SimpleIsland
{
    public boolean getTrue()
    {
        return true;
    }
    public boolean getFalse()
    {
        return false;
    }
    public static void myProgram()
    {
        if ( getFalse() || getTrue() )
        {
            if ( !getTrue() )
            {
                if ( !getFalse() )
                {
                    System.out.println( "if if if" );
                }
                else
                {
                    System.out.println( "if if else" );
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if ( !getFalse() )
                {
                    System.out.println( "if else if" );
                }
                else
                {
                    System.out.println( "if else else" );
                }
            }
        else
        {
            System.out.println( "else" );
        }
    }
}

A: It will print 'if else if'.  The first if(getFalse() || getTrue()) will return true since we are checking for OR condition.  So after entering the first if, next nested if(!getTrue()) will return false and hence control will move to else condition. Next nested if(!getFalse()) inside else will evaluate to true, thus printing 'if else if'

A: Replace those functions and nots with the values true and false and things will become clearer.  And please don't ever write code like that.  It'll drive you and whoever has to maintain it crazy.
public class SimpleIsland
{
    public boolean getTrue()
    {
        return true;
    }
    public boolean getFalse()
    {
        return false;
    }
    public static void myProgram()
    {
        if ( false || true )
        {
            if ( false )
            {
                if ( true )
                {
                    System.out.println( "if if if" );
                }
                else
                {
                    System.out.println( "if if else" );
                }
            }
            else
            {
                if ( true )
                {
                    System.out.println( "if else if" );
                }
                else
                {
                    System.out.println( "if else else" );
                }
            }
        else
        {
            System.out.println( "else" );
        }
    }
}

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text:
Dead Anyway
Chris Knopf, Donald Corren (Read by)
Digital Audiobook (9/14/2012)
Hardcover (9/15/2012)
Hardcover, Large Print (2/22/2013)
Compact Disc (9/15/2012)
Imagine this: You have a nice life. You love your beautiful, successful wife. You're an easygoing guy working out of your comfortable Connecticut home. The world is an interesting, pleasant place. Then in seconds, it's all gone. You're still alive, but the world thinks you're dead. And now you have to decide: make it official, or go after the evil that took it all away from you. Arthur Cathcart, market researcher and occasional finder of missing persons, decides to live on and fight by doing what he knows best--figuring things out without revealing his status as a living, breathing human being. Much easier said than done in the post-9/11 world, where everything about yourself and all the tools you need to live a modern life are an open book. How do you become a different person? How do you finance an elaborate scheme without revealing yourself? How, as a dead man, do you force a reckoning with the worst people on earth? Mystery writer Chris Knopf, who has examined complex what-ifs in eight other novels, tackles these intriguing questions in a tale of mindless venality, phantom identity, impossible obstacles, and the triumph of intellect and imagination over brute force.
Blackstone Audiobooks, 9781455163595
Publication Date: September 15, 2012


text:
cominguproses
What's new for 'Bachelor' fan favorites? Find out this week on 'Millionaire'
By Jennifer Matarese
NEW YORK -- It's "Bachelor Fan Favorites Week" on Who Wants To Be A Millionaire! Both shows are hosted by Chris Harrison, and this week a few happy couples, and a few single fan favorites will appear to raise money for a charity of their choice. It's the chance to hear what each of them is up to these days, plus watch the exciting game and hope they can do something spectacular for their great cause.
It all kicks off on Monday, February 6th with former Bachelor Chris Soules. He's playing for the Muscular Dystrophy Association. He joked with Harrison that plenty of moms want to set their daughters up with him, while Harrison responded that he gets it the other way around!
That same episode, once Soules is done playing; former Bachelorette Kaitlyn Bristowe and her fiance Shawn Booth will begin their game to benefit Pet Orphans. Let's hope there's an update on their wedding planning!
On Tuesday, February 7th, Kaitlyn and Shawn will finish up their game and make way for another Bachelorette! Ashley and J.P. Rosenbaum will be there to play for No Kid Hungry as they talk about their expanding family.
Then on Wednesday, February 8th, Ashley & J.P. are followed by former Bachelorette DeAnna and Stephen Stagliano. They are playing to benefit Saving Innocence. Interestingly enough, Stephen's brother Michael was on Jillian's season of the The Bachelorette but she found love with his identical twin when they met at "The Men Tell All" special.
Check out the former "Bachelorette" playing for charity!
You'll be seeing a lot of these two as their game takes up the entire episode on Thursday, February 9th as well. Let's hope that means they win big!
Bachelor Fan Favorites week concludes with Tenley Molzahn who is best known for her time on The Bachelor, Bachelor Pad, and Bachelor in Paradise! Let's hope Chris Harrison asks her about her current boyfriend! She's playing to benefit Kusewera.
Check your local listings to see when Who Wants to Be a Millionaire will air, and don't miss The Bachelor every Monday at 8|7c on ABC, ABC.com or the ABC app!
The Walt Disney Company is the parent company of ABC and this station.
arts & entertainmentchris soulesthe bachelorettethe bachelorcominguproseschris harrisonkaitlyn bristowe
Matt James prays to find love on night 1 of 'The Bachelor'
Tayshia and Zac talk 'Bachelorette' engagement, Christmas in NY
Bachelorette Finale: Tayshia gets engaged!


ZYD-100(6000LPH) Vacuum Transformer Oil Filtration System takes two stage high vacuum pumps as the powerful vacuum system, which can produce a great high vacuum of a limitation to be 5Pa.
ZYD-100(6000LPH) Vacuum Transformer Oil Filtration System takes two stage high vacuum pumps as the powerful vacuum system, which can produce a great high vacuum of a limitation to be 5Pa. ZYD-100 equip with 3 stages filter elements to do a particles and impurities cleaning work high efficiently.
ZYD-100 transformer oil filtration system is mainly used for electric power department and industries to deal with various oils such as transformer oil, mutual oil, switch oil, insulating oil, dielectric oil and so on. The transformer oil purifier machine is especially for purifying the insulation oil in all kinds of large power equipment that are above 110KV, especially for the altitude is over 500-1000 meters. Our transformer oil filtration unit can remove the free and dissolved water, gas and particles from oil high-efficiently, and improve dielectric value of treated oil to be higher than 75~85KV, and increase the pressure force and quality of oil, make sure the electric device running safely. This oil purification system is very suitable for the large power electric equipment and transformers.
ZYD-100 Double-stage vacuum transformer oil filtration system can quickly remove water, trace water, dissolved gas, particles as well as acetylene, hydrogen, methane and other harmful ingredients from oil effectively to improve oil's dielectric strength, effectively making sure electric equipment working safely and normally. As the bridge-type vacuum linking system that also can be an independent vacuum power supply, which can vacuuming and oil injecting for electric insulation devices.


Latest tips & advice to help you with your house building process and beyond.
Summer is on its way and many people will be dreaming about installing a pool to keep cool and enjoy a relaxing break over the holiday season. Here's some handy hints to know before having a pool installed.
Make the most of a small block with the Vue 190.
Property investment is a popular way of investing, because it generally gives a great return, if it's done right.
Accommodate the needs of your family with the impressive and affordable Beachside 245.
Making your new home energy efficient can save you money and improve its performance. There are numerous ways you can get a 10-star rating for energy efficiency when you build your home, but the trick is knowing exactly what to look for and selections to make to get the highest rating possible. Here's just a few tips to getting that top energy efficiency rating.
Buying or building your first home is an exciting time for anybody.
This sophisticated family haven offers immense lifestyle appeal, showcasing the intelligent design that captures the feel of a modern home.
Brett and Dianne Kleidon are proud to present their new display home "AURA", situated at 10 She Oak Boulevard, Bargara Beach Estate.
Buying or building your first home is an exciting time for anybody. Most people work extremely hard to reach this milestone and it can be beneficial for you in the long run if you have professional advice about what investment is best for you.


Avengers: Endgame comes out on April 26 (that's less than two weeks away!) and a lot of people are going to go see it; the President of Fandango, a company that sells movie tickets in advance, said that they've already sold millions, and that was over a week ago. Whether you're a fan of superhero movies or not, it's hard to deny that this movie will have a big audience. And because Endgame is the 22nd movie in the Marvel Studios franchise, people are wondering how to prepare for its release.
There are certain times of year at GVSU where students who might been viewed by onlookers as at-risk for unplanned pregnancies try to avoid the area around the clock tower (or at least walk very quickly around it.) Last year, it was a few ladies handing out roses to women who looked like they might need the attached informational tag about abortion alternatives. Definitely weird, but kind of flattering in a way that made it difficult to complain about. Last week's demonstration was decidedly less friendly, as the student organization Protect Life at GVSU held their "Cemetery of the Innocents" near the Cook Carillon Tower from April 8 to 11.
Dear editor, I am writing in response to the article published by the Lanthorn, "Student senate votes to discontinue Battle of the Valleys fundraising competition." I am currently president of the Saginaw Valley State University Student Association, and last year I served as philanthropy chair for SA, which placed me in a position to lead SVSU's fundraising efforts during Battle of the Valleys week.


text:
Briar Rose is a young adult novel written by American author Jane Yolen, published in 1992.  Incorporating elements of Sleeping Beauty, it was published as part of the Fairy Tale Series of novels compiled by Terri Windling.  The novel won the annual Mythopoeic Fantasy Award for Adult Literature in 1993. It was also nominated for the Nebula Award.

Plot summary
The book is divided into two parts, the "home", and the "castle".  The ending is part of the "home" section, returning after the castle.

The story is based around the German fairy tale of Briar Rose (Sleeping Beauty) which is told by "Gemma", an elderly woman, to her three granddaughters.  She tells this to the children almost all the time and it is the only bedtime story she ever tells.  The times when "Gemma" tells the story are flashbacks and alternate between the present-day story.

"Home"

In the present day, Gemma's Jewish family is living somewhere outside a city in Massachusetts.  After her grandmother's death, Rebecca Berlin, the youngest of her three granddaughters (referred to as Becca in the novel) begins to believe that there is some meaning behind the bedtime story that her grandmother told to them hundreds of times.  She consults Stan, a good friend and journalist who works for an "alternative" newspaper and uncovers historical facts.

She discovers that her grandmother was actually a survivor of the Holocaust who was persecuted for her Jewish origins, and sent to Chełmno extermination camp to be executed.  She decides to visit Chełmno and discovers a link with a man by the name of Josef Potocki in Poland.  Becca sets off for Poland to find the identity and the life of her grandmother.

The Castle - Josef's story

In Poland, Josef tells his life story and his meeting with Gemma. In the book, his story is told in the "castle" section.  He was a target of the Holocaust due to his homosexuality, and became a fugitive, during which time he met many different people, mainly partisans, mainly in Germany.  He had heard stories of torture and extermination camps and joined an underground group set out to rescue victims.  This leads him to Chełmno (called Kulmhof by the Germans), where he witnesses the gassing to death of numerous people. The people are brought to the camp and then packed into trucks. The trucks drive away, with their exhaust funnelled into the passenger hold. By the time the trucks arrive at their destination, a mass grave, all of the people it was carrying have been gassed to death by the truck exhaust. The people are then dumped into the grave. When the bodies are dumped one of the partisans, named The Avenger notices that a woman with red hair (Gemma) is still alive and faintly breathing.  Josef revives her through mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, which the woman, (who is later called KSIĘŻNICZKA, which means 'princess' in Polish) refers to in her fairy tale as "the kiss of life". In reality, during this period of time, 320,000 were killed in Chelmno via the method of gassing them in trucks.

Later, she hid in the forest with Polish partisans, fighting the Nazis, and married The Avenger, whom Josef was also in love with. She became pregnant by him shortly after their marriage. Then he, along with almost all of the other partisans, was killed by the Nazis. She escaped and was brought safely to the United States. She never told a soul about these experiences, rather dealing with the trauma by refashioning them in her mind into the form of a familiar fairytale about an evil witch, a princess rendered unconscious who is then revived by a handsome prince, and a happy ending.

'Home Again'
The final part of the book is simply a conclusion where Becca returns to the U.S. to tell Stan and her family about what she discovered.  At the airport, Stan is there to pick her up.  He kisses her, and says "We'll get to our happily ever after eventually".

Style

Juxtaposition
The story was written to juxtapose the present-day story with the fairy tale that Gemma tells them.  In the book, every odd chapter (except for within the Castle) is a flashback to Becca's childhood in which Gemma tells her story to her grandchildren. Gemma is a victim of the holocaust.

Setting at Chełmno
At the Chełmno extermination camp ~340,000 people, mainly Jewish prisoners, were killed. The extermination of the Łódź Ghetto took place in Chełmno.

Response
Briar Rose has received a very warm response from most critics, especially for its unusual organization.  The book is not told in a direct beginning-to-end style, and the story is not told directly to the reader but rather through the fairy tale.  Critics praised it for this type of storytelling technique, and in 1992 the Science Fiction Chronicle awarded  Briar Rose the Best fantasy Novel of the Year.

Briar Rose was also part of Australia's New South Wales Department of Education and Training's Higher School Certificate curriculum.

Kirsten Dunst has listed it as her favorite book.

See also

Holocaust in Poland
Nazi crimes against ethnic Poles
Sleeping Beauty

Resources
Briar Rose on Jane Yolen's website
The NSW HSC Review on Briar Rose
Rambles Review on Briar Rose
Steven Silver's Review

1992 American novels
American young adult novels
Novels by Jane Yolen
Novels about the aftermath of the Holocaust
Novels about the Holocaust
Novels based on fairy tales
Tor Books books
Works based on Sleeping Beauty

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13 BMW Capparis Weiss White Under Solar Carport Solarwatt 07 is free HD wallpaper. This wallpaper was upload at February 6, 2017 upload by steven in .
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Today is our 3rd wedding anniversary!
To celebrate, Megan and I left Grace with Nan and Pop, and went out for a pizza at Centerpoint Pizza in Kiama. They're always fantastic. We had intended to then see Serendipity at the Shellharbour Cinema, but we got there late and had to be content with The One. It was an OK movie, but not quite as romantic as Serendipity would have been!


In recent years, many people have enjoyed the fact that gold has gone up in price, and it has continued to grow with time. If you are curious as to where to begin in this market, know that you are able to trade gold like the pros. The following article includes lots of tips for making profits with gold.
Get an estimate from several buyers before selling your gold. There are many places where you can buy and sell gold, and they all use different metrics to decide on price. Therefore, it is wise to get several offers to ensure the best price.
TIP! Get your gold valued by multiple sources. Different places that buy gold will have different price ranges to offer.
Do not sell your gold without first knowing what it is currently worth. When selling gold, be sure that items of differing karat values are weighed separately. Remember that jewelry will sell at its melt value, not the price the jeweler wants for it.
Before buying or selling gold, know how all the prices work. Prices of precious metals fluctuate everyday, so pick a day to check on the spot price before you buy or sell. There are different percentages owed based on the sizes of gold you own.
TIP! Bullion is the best choice if investing in gold. There are numerous sizes available.
Think about using the Internet to sell gold. There's no reason to confine yourself to brick-and-mortar stores when selling your gold. Take advantage of websites that allow you to sell gold. The online business will provide you with a special kit that you can use to send your gold pieces. They end up paying you once they receive it, but they usually won't pay you a lot.
You might have avoided gold because of the price, and chose instead to buy gold-filled or gold-plated pieces instead. You can still buy gold jewelry without spending too much at the jewelry store. You can buy gold jewelry more cheaply in pawn shops or online.
TIP! If you decide to take any scrap gold or jewelry to local places that pay cash for gold, shop around. Some stores won't pay the market price of gold, and it's up to you to realize this.
If you're sending your gold to some company via the mail, check them out before doing business with them. Find out when you will receive your money, and never send your package without insuring it first. Take a snapshot of everything that you send in the mail for security.
If the reason for purchasing gold is for your retirement fund, it's crucial to purchase the appropriate kind. The IRS must have approved the gold that you receive. They have to be either 24 karat coins or bullion bars. Gold bars tend to hold their value better than gold coins.
TIP! If you're using a mail-order gold buying service, make sure you understand any return postage fees you'll need to pay if you decline their offer. While businesses may claim free shipping, they may also charge you to send the pieces back.
If you take jewelry or scrap gold to local companies that will pay for it, shop around. While spot pricing is the national standard, most stores don't honor it. The stores located outside of shopping malls and other similar places don't have as much overhead, so they might be able to pay more.
You should now know a little more about selling and purchasing gold. No matter the route you choose, you really can achieve success. Apply the advice from this article and lay the foundation for a profitable experience.
While gold values fluctuate like anything else, it's true that it tends to increase in value overall. In the case of precious metals such as gold, a market for buyers will always exist. Values of such precious metals often skyrocket during times of economic uncertainty. By reading on further you can find out how to best trade to your advantage.
Get an estimate from several buyers before selling your gold. Several gold-buying services and jewelry stores get different profits for the gold they buy. You'll get a fairer price if you've gotten a few estimates.
Do not dabble in the gold market until you are familiar with pricing of precious metals. Prices of precious metals fluctuate everyday, so pick a day to check on the spot price before you buy or sell. You must be prepared to pay higher percentages over the melt values for fractional gold pieces like 1/10, 1/4th, and 1/2 ounces versus one-ounce pieces.
Sell your gold online. It is now easy to sell gold without having a physical store location. You can use various websites to sell gold. These sites will send you kits in which you can send them your gold items. They will pay you once you send the gold in.
TIP! Think about selling gold on the web. You don't have to go to a physical location to sell gold any longer.
Investigate the proposed delivery schedule when you are considering make a gold purchase. If a seller gives you anything other than immediate delivery, you need to have some kind of written contract or guarantee when your pieces are arriving. The date of arrival should be something you can see listed. Do not complete your order without this important information.
When buying gold jewelry for another, make sure you can return it. It is impossible to tell if a jewelry item will be well liked or suitable. If that happens then you're going to want to return it and get your money back.
TIP! Always make delivery arrangements before purchasing gold from a vendor. Delivery times are important.
On the day you are planning to buy your gold, check the spot price. This information can be found on various websites, although they tend to fluctuate each day. Never pay in excess of 8% markup above the spot price. There are dealers who attempt to charge a higher amount, but they are unethical and simply overcharging.
While gold buying can be fun, don't tell everyone about it. Anyone could be listening at any time, and you cannot trust everyone. Do not tell others about your investment, and keep it locked up either in a home safe or at a bank. This keeps your gold hidden and secure, as it is a very valuable investment you want to protect.
TIP! You must be sure to purchase the right type of gold if you hope to rely on it in your golden years. The gold must be approved by the IRS.
Gold is always a stable investment in our economy. To capitalize with gold trading, you must know all all about the market and you must set goals for yourself. Be sure to keep the advice in this article in mind in order to get on the right path with gold investing.


Along with several other Caribbean islands, Cuba was recently the victim of Hurricane Irma, which struck the country's northern coast as a Category 5 storm, causing massive flooding in the capital city, Havana. The U.S. media paid scant attention to this particular catastrophe, however, whether for political or sociological reasons. Cuba, with its distinctive political and economic systems, remains the embodiment of "otherness" to most U.S. citizens. It epitomizes the exotic, while its people are all too easily subject to de-humanizing characterizations as colonial-era stereotype or helpless, brainwashed pawns of a totalitarian regime. Poor peoples everywhere bear the brunt of climate change, and in Cuba the issue is compounded by decades of alienation from the world power to its north.
In anticipation of CUUC's tribute to Havana at next month's Goods and Services Auction, Cuba's rich artistic traditions ore showcased in several of Sunday morning's musical selections. The solo piano works featured in the Centering Music include a modernist take Cuban conga drumming by Hilario González as well as a newly discovered unpublished piece of juvenalia by the Cuban-American composer Tania León, who was interviewed at CUUC last year: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kuUxoI3x8fo. Joaquin Nin-Culmell, younger brother of the diarist Anais Nin, pays a sentimental homage to his Cuban ancestry in two of his charming Douze Danses Cubaines, works which evoke a nineteenth-century Europeanized view of what was then a Spanish colony.
The Offertory music, "Cancion para dormir a un negrito" from Xavier Montsalvatge's Canciones Negras bears special comment. The layers of appropriation are so numerous and complex, that the song is bound to evoke conflicting emotions. The very notion of a lullaby written for public performance is a contradiction, which requires a certain suspension of disbelief. In this case, Cuban poet Ildefonso Pereda Valdés's text depicts a Cuban mother of African descent singing her baby to sleep in a world where bogeyman are white, and a black child might dream of outgrowing slavery. The bittersweet nostalgic lilt of an Habanera is subverted by tart dissonances, which impart an ironic edge to the mother's reassurances: "If you sleep well, the master of the house promises to get you a suit and make you a 'groom'." To complete the picture, Montsalvatge was from Catalonia, a region of Spain currently in the midst of a heated confrontation with the country's central government over a controversial referendum to secede. He viewed Caribbean culture through the scrim of commerce, which brought goods--as well as song and dance-- from the distant Antilles to Spain's Costa Brava. Our skin may well crawl at the seductive beauty and simplicity of Montsalvatge's creation, in spite of the twisted history it embodies.
And, beyond Cuba, CUUC's Choir is on hand with two moving selections: Amy Bernon's "A Song Sung Once" and the Spiritual "Turn Me Round", popular in UU circles for its timeless message of resistance to oppression and ever-widening circles of empathic responsibility.
Hush-a-bye my little one, Little black one who doesn't want to sleep. Head of a coconut, little coffee bean, With soft cottony hair, With huge eyes like two windows that look out at the sea. Close your little eyes, frightened little one, The white bogeyman could eat you! You are no longer a slave! If you sleep a lot the master of the house will buy you a suit with buttons to be just like a groom. Hush-a-bye, sleep now little one. Head of a coconut, little coffee bean.


George Yancy: What should we do in our daily lives to combat, in that phrase of yours, the power and influence of white supremacist capitalist patriarchy? What can be done on the proverbial ground?
bell hooks: I live in a small, predominantly white town in the Bible Belt. Rather than saying, "What would Jesus do?" I always think, "What does Martin Luther King want me to do today?" Then I decide what Martin Luther King wants me to do today is to go out into the world and in every way that I can, small and large, build a beloved community. As a Buddhist Christian, I also think of Buddhist monk Thich Nhat Hanh's saying, "Let's throw this pebble into the water, it may not go far in the beginning, but it will ripple out." So, every day, I'm challenging myself, "What are you doing, bell, for the creation of the beloved community?" Because that's the underground, local, insistence that I be a fundamental part of the world that I'm in. I've been to the Farmer's Market, I've been to the church bazaar this morning. I really push myself to relate to people, that is, people that I might not feel as comfortable relating to. There are many Kentucky hillbilly white persons who look at me with contempt. They cannot turn me around. I am doing the same thing as those civil rights activists, those black folk and those white folk who sat in at those diners and who marched.
It's about humanization. And I can't think of another way to imagine how we're going to get out of the crisis of racial hatred if it's not through the will to humanize.


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Australia: Signed documents may not always be binding contracts
by James Hamilton
Surry Partners
In the recent Victorian Court of Appeal case The Edge Development Group Pty Ltd v Jack Road Investments Pty Ltd, a letter setting out key terms for the purchase of land and executed by both parties, was held not to be legally binding.
The case is a useful refresher on the law in this area.
The document in dispute was a letter on the real estate agent's letterhead, called an 'Offer to Purchase' and dated 30 October 2017.
The letter contained the following:
Title details of the land;
It said it was the proposed terms and conditions for the purchase of the property;
It said the vendor's standard contract of sale will be adopted and incorporate the following details:
a) The parties names;
b) The price of $6 million;
c) That a 20% deposit was to be paid on execution of the 'Contracts for Sale', with 1% payable on signing of the letter;
d) That the 20% deposit was to be released 30 days after the exchange of contracts;
e) Settlement was 14 June 2018;
f) That the purchaser was to have immediate access to an Office and warehouse on the land, under licence, upon payment of the deposit and execution of the Contract for Sale;
g) That the purchaser agreed to be bound by an attached Confidentiality Deed Poll;
h) That prior to exchange, the vendor would provide the purchaser with a notice pursuant to section 27 of the Sale of land Act 1962 (Vic) (Act) to be signed and returned on exchange;
i) That the offer was 'subject to the contract being executed';
j) That the Confidentiality Agreement was to cease upon execution of the contract for sale;
k) That once the deposit was released, the licence could not be revoked unless settlement failed.
l) The letter said: 'We hereby agree to the above terms and conditions' and had spaces for the vendor's and purchaser's signatures.
The purchaser signed and dated the letter on 2 November 2017 and inserted two handwritten conditions, being j and k above. They also signed the "Confidentiality Deed Poll", which referred to the 'proposed sale of the property'. The vendor counter signed the letter on 3 November 2017.
The vendor then gave the purchaser various certificates and documents relevant to the land title, land tax and planning. Shortly afterwards, the purchaser was given keys to occupy the premises on the land. It then paid the 1% deposit.
On 30 November 2017, the vendor told its agent that it had received a much higher offer for the land. The agent invited the purchaser's best and final offer. The purchaser responded by lodging a caveat over the land relying on a purchaser's contract to buy the land. The vendor brought proceedings seeking the removal of the caveat. The purchaser then sought specific performance of the letter as a binding contract and the transfer of the land.
Legal principles
The Court of Appeal reviewed the key legal principles to be applied in assessing whether a document is a legally binding contract.
Masters v Cameron
In Masters v Cameron, the High Court identified the three usual categories for these types of disputes. These were:
Where the parties agree in a document all the terms and intend to be bound, but propose that the terms be incorporated into a fuller more precise document, not different in effect – these terms are binding;
Where the parties agree all the terms in a document and intend to be bound, but make the performance of one or more terms conditional upon the execution of a formal contract – these terms are binding; and,
Where the parties do not intend to make a binding agreement in the document until they execute a formal contract – these terms are not binding.
Fourth category
A fourth category is found in an earlier High Court case. It is where the parties intend to be bound to agreed terms immediately, but expect to make a further contract containing additional terms to be negotiated, rather than just the same terms – the earlier terms are binding.
Deciding the intention
To decide whether the parties intended to be legally bound to the terms in a document in the first place, the court looks at the question objectively. They first examine the words in the document and consider them in the commercial context and where appropriate, they will consider the circumstances surrounding the creation of the document known to the parties.
It is not a subjective test, as to what either party thought at the time. Rather, the court looks at what a reasonable person would believe, looking at the parties' pre-contract conduct and the document's words.
Post-contract conduct is rarely admissible for the purpose of determining the parties' intentions at the relevant time when the document was executed. It can be relevant as an admission against a party's interest.
Subject to contract
As mentioned, the letter stated that it was subject to the contract being executed.
The Court of Appeal said that past cases have recognized that words like 'subject to contract' in a document, prima facie create an overriding condition, so that what has been agreed upon must be regarded as the intended basis for a future contract and not a contract. They noted an obiter comment of Lord Greene MR in a UK case, in which he said that he had never known a case where it had been suggested that such words meant other than there was no binding contract until a formal agreement was exchanged.
Where no such words are used, it becomes a matter of construction as to whether the parties intended the document to be a binding agreement, which was to be later written up formally, or whether the later formal agreement was to be the binding agreement.
Subsequent conduct
The post letter conduct by the parties was not held to be relevant here. Paying a small deposit was not determinative. The access to the property and handing over of the key were also not explained in the evidence and so were not capable of being admissions by the vendor as to the legal effect of the letter.
Court's analysis
In this case, the letter fell into category three of Masters v. Cameron and was held not to be legally binding.
The parties were found to still be in negotiation. Despite paying the 1% deposit and being given keys to occupy the premises, the Court of Appeal determined that a binding contract would only have arisen if the parties had executed and exchanged a formal contract for sale of land.
A number of key indicia lead to this conclusion, being:
The reference in the letter to ceasing confidentiality, paying the full significant deposit and access being granted to the premises on the land all occurring on execution of the vendor's standard contract for sale;
The letter stated that it was subject to the contract being executed, which had a natural meaning, namely that what had been agreed was the basis for a future contract and not a contract;
The required section 27 Notice under the Act was required on exchange of a formal contract;
Once the deposit was released, the licence was irrevocable, unless no settlement occurred;
No formal vendor's statement under section 32 of the Act was provided with the letter. This was a criminal act and allowed the purchaser to rescind anyway if the letter was binding; and,
The licence terms were not specified in the letter.
This case reminds us that parties should ensure that their intentions to be legally bound or otherwise are expressly spelt out in any executed document which contains negotiated terms, including an offer or heads of agreement.
If the document is not intended to be legally binding and is subject to a later formal document being executed, it should clearly say both things in its terms.
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Sebastian's inaugural 'Travel Matters' gathering focuses on changes in local tourism
Businesses and officials said they're noticing a growing number of visitors coming to the area each year, particularly Floridians on weekend jaunts.
Sebastian's inaugural 'Travel Matters' gathering focuses on changes in local tourism Businesses and officials said they're noticing a growing number of visitors coming to the area each year, particularly Floridians on weekend jaunts. Check out this story on tcpalm.com: https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/local/indian-river-county/2019/05/10/tourism-growing-sebastian/1145036001/
Janet Begley, Special to TCPalm.com Published 11:30 a.m. ET May 10, 2019
SEBASTIAN — City, county, Sebastian River Area Chamber of Commerce officials and business owners said they're noticing a growing number of visitors coming to the area each year, particularly Floridians on weekend jaunts to explore the area.
"Tourism has changed a lot," said Will Collins, owner of Capt. Hiram's Resort, whose dad Tom opened the resort with business partners over three decades ago. "We're seeing more people who just want to get out of town for a short time and they just love Sebastian."
Will Collins, president of Capt Hiram's and son of founder Tom Collins, who died Feb. 24 at age 71, stands out front of the Capt Hiram's Resort at 1606 North Indian River Drive in Sebastian. (Photo: ERIC HASERT/TCPALM)
He said he's noticed a change in the type of visitors he's been welcoming at the hotel and marina over its 32-year history.
While people still come for extended vacations from around the world, more and more people from South Florida and Orlando are coming to Sebastian for short respites from their busy lives.
Christy Lenz operates a watercraft service called "Casual Cruisin'" from Mulligans Beachhouse on the Indian River. She said she's noticed an increase in the number of visitors who come to the area to experience nature and get a taste of the "Old Florida" feel.
More:County bed tax up 11 percent
"We've grown here because of our natural resources," said Lenz. "A lot of people who come here to Sebastian are tired of the hustle and bustle and we're that laid-back, authentic place to be."
Sebastian River Area Chamber of Commerce. (Photo: ERIC HASERT/TCPALM)
A gathering Tuesday night at the Chamber was the city's inaugural "Travel Matters" reception for National Travel and Tourism week.
City and county officials joined with chamber members and invited guests to hear from local tourism-related business owners about the importance of bringing visitors to this riverside town.
James Gray, Sebastian Inlet District administrator, said every seven years, the district puts together a report about visitors to the area, business revenues and jobs. The next will be done in 2020. The 2013 report noted the Sebastian Inlet area brought 900,000 visitors to the area per year, generating $93.2 million in business revenues and 970 local jobs.
"The coastal location sets us apart," said Amanda Smalley, whose business, Skydive Sebastian, brings thousands of adventure-seekers to the area each year. "The exposure we get around the world makes people want to come to Sebastian to see what we are all about."
Celebrating his 90th birthday, Jack Grimner, a Port St. Lucie and St. Petersburg snowbird from Philadelphia, wears a number 89 Philadelphia Eagles green jersey while taking a tandem skydive with family members at Skydive Sebastian on Saint Patrick's Day Sunday, March 17, 2019, in Sebastian. (Photo: ERIC HASERT/TCPALM)
Chamber president and CEO Amber Batchelor said the 'Travel Matters' event was designed to celebrate the positive impact tourism has on the local economy.
She noted currently, the Chamber has served 10,241 visitors to the area.
"This is a time when travel and tourism professionals across the country unite to celebrate the value that travel holds for our economy, our businesses and our personal well-being," said Batchelor.
Indian River County Commissioner Joe Flescher said not only does tourism bring visitors to the area, but it also provides opportunities for those visitors to become year-round residents.
Indian River County Commissioner Joe Flescher, left, is surprised to receive the Community Builder Award from Keep Indian River Beautiful Executive Director Daisy Packer. (Photo: Ester Jamison/Special to Treasure Coast Newspapers)
"When people come to visit, they also tend to look at real estate," said Flescher, adding that he and his wife Rosemary were visitors before deciding to relocate to Sebastian. "Sebastian and Indian River County are not secrets anymore. People visit here as tourists and decide to stay."
More:Local beach bars named some of Florida's best
The reception was capped-off by a presentation by Dianne Turner, senior manager for partner engagement at Brand USA, the national equivalent of Visit Florida.
Turner said one in 10 American jobs is related to the tourism industry.
"Travel keeps our doors open to the world," said Turner. "Our mission (Brand USA) is to get folks here. It's your job to tell them if you're coming to Florida, you need to come to Sebastian."
Tourism By the Numbers
10,241 visitors served
25,000 visitor guides printed
150 tourism partners
49,000 website users
Source: Sebastian River Area Chamber of Commerce, 2019
Read or Share this story: https://www.tcpalm.com/story/news/local/indian-river-county/2019/05/10/tourism-growing-sebastian/1145036001/
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Techregister > ARVR > Novak Djokovic detained by Australian border officials ahead of court hearing
Novak Djokovic detained by Australian border officials ahead of court hearing
January 14, 2022ARVR
Novak Djokovic has been detained by Australian border officials in line with the arrangement agreed in court as the world's number one tennis player fights on to remain in the country.
Djokovic has had his visa revoked twice by immigration officials ahead of the Australian Open because he is not vaccinated against Covid-19, and saw immigration minister Alex Hawke again deny his application on Friday.
The 34-year-old Serbian is accused of providing false information on his visa declaration, and claiming that he had not traveled in the 14 days before he arrived in Australia.
Djokovic's lawyers have appealed the decision and his case will be heard before Justice O'Callaghan at the Federal Court of Australia on Sunday.
A procedural hearing was set to take place on Saturday to confirm Djokovic's transfer into the custody of immigration authorities.
The tennis star was allowed to spend Friday night at his own accommodation in Melbourne despite having his visa cancelled, reported The Australian.
If Djokovic loses his case he will be deported from Australia.
Djokovic is tied with Rafael Nadal and Roger Federer on 20 slams and whoever wins the next claims the record in men's tennis. H
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Currently we have 3 courses open for registration. Please fill out the following form and select the classes you wish to take! If you have questions feel free to call or text: 407-446-9944 or email JoAnna at jalmasude@gmail.com.


Looking for the most elegant solution to bind a button command to a ViewModel ICommand property, while allowing confirmation in the View.
The confirmation requirement can be fulfilled by showing a messagebox from the ViewModel. However, I don't think this is the way to go. Doesn't it break MVVM? What if CanExecute depends on the state of both UI (code-behind) and ViewModel? Also, what about testability when having a messagebox pop-up from the ViewModel?
Another thing I tried is binding both OnClick (to View) and Command (to ViewModel). Although the Event is always executed before the Command, there seems to be no way to cancel the command from being executed. Also, the execution order seems to be an undocumented feature, so something that you should not rely on. Besides this, it still does not allow CanExecute to take into account View logic.
// Call method to hide main Grid and set SelectTemplateUserControl to visible..
I think it follows the MVVM pattern nicely, it also achieves Single Responsiblity. But is this the best way of doing it? Are there other possibilities?
The confirmation requirement can be fulfilled by showing a messagebox from the ViewModel. However, I don't think this is the way to go. Doesn't it break MVVM?
The interface encapsulates whatever functionality you need, so maybe "Alert", "Confirm", etc.
What if CanExecute depends on the state of both UI (code-behind) and ViewModel?
If you are concerned about testing, then nothing that CanExecute depends on should be in the code-behind -- you should move anything like that to the view-model.
Not the answer you're looking for? Browse other questions tagged c# wpf mvvm mvvm-light icommand or ask your own question.
What is the reason for ICommand in Mvvm?


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TD Bank Group Announces Redemption of Non-cumulative Redeemable Class A First Preferred Shares, Series R
TORONTO, March 2, 2015 /CNW/ - The Toronto-Dominion Bank ("TD Bank Group" or "TD") announced today that it will exercise its right to redeem all of its 10 million outstanding Non-cumulative Redeemable Class A First Preferred Shares, Series R (the "Series R Shares") on May 1, 2015 at the cash redemption price of $25.503836 per Series R Share, for total redemption proceeds of approximately $255 million.
The cash redemption price represents the sum of the redemption amount of $25.50 per share, plus an amount equal to the quarterly cash dividend pro rated for the period from and including April 30, 2015 to but excluding May 1, 2015. The regular quarterly dividend of $0.35 per Series R Share will be paid in the usual manner on April 30, 2015 to shareholders of record on April 8, 2015, as previously announced.
From and after May 1, 2015, the Series R Shares will cease to be entitled to dividends and the only remaining rights of holders of such shares will be to receive payment of the cash redemption price.
Beneficial holders who are not directly the registered holder of Series R Shares should contact the financial institution, broker or other intermediary through which they hold these shares to confirm how they will receive their redemption proceeds. Instructions with respect to receipt of the redemption amount will be set out in the Letter of Transmittal to be mailed to registered holders of the Series R Shares shortly. Inquiries should be directed to our Registrar and Transfer Agent, CST Trust Company, at 1-800-387-0825 (or in Toronto 416-682-3860).
For further information: Rudy Sankovic, Senior Vice President, Investor Relations, 416-308-9030; Crystal Jongeward, Corporate and Public Affairs, TD Bank Group, 416-308-1746


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Syndelphax är ett släkte av insekter. Syndelphax ingår i familjen sporrstritar.

Kladogram enligt Catalogue of Life:

Källor

Sporrstritar
Syndelphax


What will you be? How do you decide? Whether you have an idea of the career you want to pursue or you are undecided, you can benefit from the Career Life Planning cycle. The Career Life Planning cycle takes you through phases of active reflection and consideration with follow-up actions. At Delta College, we offer Guidance Courses to help you with each phase as well as provide resources in the Career Center to support you with your reflection, exploration and decision making.
1. Self Assessment - Gather information about yourself.
2. Explore Occupations - Gather information about the world of work.
3. Experience Work-Based Learning Opportunities - Gain hands-on work experience.
4. Plan Job Search Campaign - Take steps towards a successful job hunt.
Prerequisites Skills: Reading level II.
Advisories: GUID 30 and GUID 31 each with a grade of "CR" or better.