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Home/Journalists/Fox News reporter Sandra Smith's Bio: Husband John Connelly, Measurements, Net Worth, Salary, Pregnant
Fox News reporter Sandra Smith's Bio: Husband John Connelly, Measurements, Net Worth, Salary, Pregnant
Richard Freeman August 1, 2022
1 Who is Sandra Smith?
2 Family and Parents
3 Early Life and Education
4 Career and Professional Life
5 Career Promotions
6 Personal Life, Marriage, and Husband
7 Salary, Assets, and Net Worth
8 Body Features and Measurements
Who is Sandra Smith?
Sandra Smith is a renowned journalist, host and reporter who works with the Fox News Channel as a reporter. She is popularly known for "Outnumbered", a show she co-hosted alongside two other television personalities, and "America's Newsroom" that she currently co-hosts with Bill Hemmer. Sandra is among the well-known television personalities who work for Fox.
#FoxNewsSunday
A post shared by Sandra Smith (@sandrasmithfox) on Aug 26, 2018 at 12:07pm PDT
Family and Parents
Sandra – nicknamed Sandy – hails from a big family, the youngest with four brothers and a sister. Although they are all spread across different states, the siblings have maintained a strong relationship with one another. Her parents have 14 grandchildren including Sandra's own children. Sandra's mother is from Oklahoma while her dad comes from Chicago, both from big families too, which might be why they also had six children. Her father worked on the Chicago Mercantile Exchange as a floor trader, and most of her relatives are employed in Chicago's financial district.
Sandra Kaye Smith was born in Wheaton, Illinois on the 22nd September 1980. In 1988, she matriculated from the Wheaton Warrenville South School, where she earned five letters, two in track and three in cross country, and was the captain of the cross country team in her senior years. Apart from these achievements, she was also a state qualifier in the school's association and earned the honor of "All-DuPage Valley Conference".
Sandra enrolled into Illinois State University, but after a year moved to Louisiana State University in 2002, studying business with a speech minor and graduating in 2005. While there, Sandra continued on the track, including the winter indoor season mile and cross-country, then middle distance in the outdoor seasons, with a mile best time of 5:33:34. She says that her speed was nurtured by a childhood game known as "ring and run". She only the second FBN presenter to have participated in an NCAA tournament team for Division 1 colleges – the first was Jenna Lee in softball.
Career and Professional Life
When it comes to Sandra's career, she started out as a research associate working with Aegis Capital Group, although in her teens had delivered newspapers for some independent finance support. From there, she went ahead to join Hermitage Capital Management, working as a trader executing US options orders and equities, analyzed portfolios and writing commission reports.
BREAKING NEWS: @BillHemmer and @SandraSmithFox are LIVE inside of America's Newsroom! Tune in from #nine2noon EST! pic.twitter.com/xiuRD3JzqO
— America's Newsroom (@AmericaNewsroom) October 24, 2018
Sandra was employed by Terra Nova Institutional in the role of Director of Sales and Trading in Chicago, including handling hedge funds as well as investment management. She rose to fame in her next job as an on-air journalist with Bloomberg TV, which required her to cover the US derivative markets and equities.
Career Promotions
In October 2007, Sandra started working for the Fox Business Network as a reporter, which catapulted her career to a higher level. After working there for two years, she got a slot to appear on "Imus in the Morning", a show hosted by Don Imus. Her other appearances on the network were on the happy hour of Fox Business as well as appearing as a guest on the "Fox News Channel Red Eye", hosted by Greg Gutfeld. Sandra began co-hosting the show "Outnumbered" on the same channel in April 2014, which continued to June 2018, alongside Megan McCain and Harris Faulkner. She left the job in June 2018 to co-host "America's Newsroom" together with Bill Hemmer.
In 2016, Sandra Smith was a moderator for two presidential debates, a task she performed with Trish Regan, an historical first as an all-female team for such debates.
Personal Life, Marriage, and Husband
When it comes to her personal life, Sandra is a straight woman, having been married to John Connelly since 2010. They now have a daughter known as Cora Belle Connelly born in 2013, and a son Connelly Jr., born in 2015. Sandra is so proud of their children that she often shares their photos on her social media accounts. John Connelly is a business commentator, and the family lives in Lincoln Park Chicago.
Enjoying America's beautiful rivers and lakes.. #ProudAmerican
Posted by Sandra Smith on Wednesday, July 4, 2018
Salary, Assets, and Net Worth
Sandra has appeared in several Fox Business Network shows, now on a salary estimated by authoritative sources to be $300,000, adding to a net worth which stands at $2 million as of late 2018, which helps pay for exotic vacations on which she takes her pet dog, considered as part of her family and says that she want it to grow up together with her kids as its age is between her kid's.
Body Features and Measurements
Sandra is 5ft 8ins (1.72m) tall, and has reputedly managed to maintain her weight at 132lbs (58kgs), with her vital statistics being 35-24-36 inches. Sandra has what is considered a banana-shaped body with a great pair of legs that she likes to show off in short skirts and one-piece dresses. She wears a size 6US dress, a size 34A bra, and her shoe size is 8US. Sandra's hair color is light brown, and so are her eyes.
Richard Freeman
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Sharolett Smith says:
Her eyes are not brown!
Joe Godwin says:
Sooo right eyes are more aqua/greenish/blue or so
Surely NOT BROWN.
Joanne Hartman says:
I read the to her eyes are definitely not brown
Betsey Day says:
She seems to have had a very flattering make over which appears to include some sparkling blue contacts!!!
Max Zimmerman says:
What has happened to Sandra Smith's face? Is she pregnant again? Her face is very puffy.
Jami Scott says:
They posted her bra size? Really? If this is accepted, penis sizes of male anchors need to be reported. I've yet to see male news reporter's measurements. Some women don't like sharing bra size with even friends let alone the nation. I agree about her make over. I used to wonder why they gave her an older lady hair style, she looks very pretty now, beautiful eyes. Of course they don't mention contacts, that's too personal!
One of the masses says:
But she is nothing more than a pretty face. Airhead imposing her opinion as fact. Wish Fox would hire anchors that are more educated about the topics they cover and less concerned about conveying their opinion if the show is supposed to be News. Watching her try to spar with Charles Payne was an embarrassment. He was so diplomatic even though she did not know what she was talking about.
Jack Nicolas says:
Sounds like you're talking about CNN or MSNBC news anchors they report nothing and give you only their opinion and how they feel. If you don't like Sandy don't watch.
Jeff Prevett says:
Her eyes are brown she's a former Miss America or runner up you'll see she had brown hair and brown eyes those are colored contacts look her up when she was a pageant winner
Where does Sandra Smith. Yum her wigs?
Frank Almodovar says:
I find that Sandra Smith is a very Intelligent news person who has shown her capability to handle her guess with her intelligence of current situations.
If I was to win a major lottery I would donate $100.000 dollars to her favorite charity just to have dinner with her.
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• Recently learned that although the bike is based on a GS1000 the speedometer uses the wheel drive gear from a KZ1000. This all checks after ordering part and comparing. Once I get the speedo drive back with 5mm milled off it will have a working speedometer and odometer.


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"The ABTA is pleased to be hosting a Partners in Treatment and Care meeting in Baltimore on Saturday, October 21, 2017 at Johns Hopkins Medicine. At this free half-day meeting, attendees will learn about the latest information on brain tumor treatment trends and clinical trials from leading experts in the field and will hear advice and perspective about survivorship with a brain tumor from a patient and caregiver. This is also a unique opportunity to network and share experiences with other brain tumor patients, caregivers and healthcare professionals.


ISLAMABAD: Pakistan's Permanent Representative to United Nations (UN) Maleeha Lodhi has called for a diplomatic solution of Palestine issue and added that it is the time to end the tragedy.
Maleeha Lodhi urged the UN Security Council on Friday to pursue, on an urgent basis, diplomatic solutions to the Palestine issue, reads a press release.
Speaking in a debate on the situation in the Middle East, the Pakistani envoy said the fundamental tenets of the two-state solution are being systematically dismantled in plain sight of the international community.
According to the press release, she said that long-standing Security Council resolutions on the status of Jerusalem and Israel's illegal settlement expansion into occupied territories continued to be flouted.
She also said that the Israeli decision to dismantle the Bedouin community of Khan al-Ahmar revealed its policy of forcibly displacing Palestinians from their land. "This measure takes fresh aim at the roots of Palestinian identity and their existence as a people," she told the 15-member Council.
She said, the decision by the United States, a major donor, to end all financial support to UNRWA, — the UN agency tasked with caring for Palestinian refugees — cast a deep shadow of uncertainty over the sustainability of many of the Agency's critical activities, which have long served as a vehicle for stability and social cohesion.
"As an expression of our solidarity with them, Pakistan is making an additional contribution to UNRWA this year," she told delegates.


There has been 1 recall on Renegade Lx40 vehicles in recent years. The latest was issued on 2013-03-07 due to a problem with the equipment. Since 2013, Renegade Lx40's have experienced approximately 1 recall(s) . See a list of recalls for your model year below.
IMPORTANT NOTE: Also check the list of Additional Fontaine Models to the right. At times, the manufacturer or the NHTSA may use slightly different model names, or group models together by series.
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Recall Summary: Fontaine Trailer Company, dba Fontaine Heavy-Haul, is recalling certain model year 2013 Renegade LX40 and LXT40 lowbed trailers manufactured between August 2012 and November 2012. The combo eye plate that connects the gooseneck portion of the trailer to the deck portion of the trailer may crack and ultimately fracture and thereby fail to maintain the load carrying capabilities as designed.
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What's next for baseball in Anaheim after…
What's next for baseball in Anaheim after Angel Stadium sale canceled?
ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA – MAY 22: An exterior view of Angel Stadium of Anaheim before a game between the Oakland Athletics and the Los Angeles Angels on May 22, 2022 in Anaheim, California. (Photo by Ronald Martinez/Getty Images)
By Alicia Robinson | The Orange County Register
PUBLISHED: May 25, 2022 at 7:12 p.m. | UPDATED: May 26, 2022 at 11:29 a.m.
The biggest question after Anaheim officials' decision Tuesday night to void the Angel Stadium sale: Now what?
Will the Angels move away? Will the city look for other ways to develop the stadium property? Will the two sides start talking again, at least after they sort out whether they're going to sue each other?
It's too early to know what the long-term outcome will be, but Long Beach already appears to be positioning itself to catch a team that may be on the rebound.
"The Long Beach waterfront downtown has always been the perfect location for a major league sports stadium," Mayor Robert Garcia said in an email Wednesday. "If any sports team is interested in engaging the city, we would welcome those discussions."
Some Angels fans on social media liked the sound of Long Beach, others suggested owner Arte Moreno could move the team to Las Vegas or San Antonio, and some might not miss Anaheim if a move did pan out.
"Most stadiums are in a downtown area… like an overwhelming majority. The location is bad, there's nothing exciting or unique about it. It's not even iconic. No upgrade could help. Just start over," Adam Aranda, who lives in Placentia, said on Twitter.
But a move in the near future appears unlikely.
"I think the biggest concern among the public is what's the future of baseball in Anaheim, and I've assured them that we are still in a lease" that lasts through 2029, Anaheim Mayor Pro Tem Trevor O'Neil said Wednesday.
O'Neil is now standing in as mayor, after a wild week in which an FBI investigation of Mayor Harry Sidhu – and some of his alleged actions regarding the stadium deal – came to light and Sidhu subsequently resigned from office. (Sidhu has not been charged with anything and his attorney has said a fair investigation would disprove allegations.)
There may still be a legal mess to untangle. Last Friday, Angels officials told Anaheim they'd dealt with the city in good faith and demanded that the sale be completed by June 14; the city responded Wednesday with a letter disputing that an "arms-length negotiation" had taken place and saying the Angels should acknowledge the deal is void.
The city's move to cancel the deal was not surprising to some observers.
"I think the handwriting was on the wall when they (the council) asked the mayor to resign," Ballpark Digest publisher Kevin Reichard said. "Overcoming the taint of corruption is just going to be too hard even if the Angels are perfectly innocent."
However enticing the idea of a shiny new ballpark might be, Reichard thinks the Angels probably wouldn't move – and if they did, it wouldn't be far.
"Any broadcast deal would get them a tenth of what they have in Los Angeles," he said. "The most money they can make is staying in the existing market."
Marie Garvey, a spokeswoman for Angels Baseball and stadium buyer SRB Management, the company Moreno put together for the deal, said in a statement Wednesday that they're "currently exploring all of our options."
Maury Brown, a sports business reporter for Forbes, agreed with Reichard that the odds of the team leaving Anaheim appear minimal, although "I'm sure the Angels will saber-rattle and talk about relocation."
One advantage Anaheim boasts is the 150-acre stadium site that's mostly parking lots. The now-nixed deal would have allowed SRB to develop thousands of apartments and condos, plus hotels, offices and retail space.
That ancillary development is "what this deal is about," Brown said. "Arte Moreno can make a large sum of money with development around a ballpark on days when there are Angels games and outside of that."
Reichard said once Anaheim and Angels Baseball can put some distance between themselves and the allegations in the investigation, "of course they're going to come back together" and restart talks.
If that happens, state Sen. Tom Umberg, D-Santa Ana – whose 34th District includes Anaheim – said he believes an independent negotiator with expertise in the issues involved should represent the city, because the federal investigation has put a cloud over current city officials.
Umberg said he's very confident the city will be able to negotiate a new deal to keep the Angels playing in Anaheim – whether by working out a new sales deal or continuing to lease the land.
Councilman Jose Moreno said Wednesday that as the council charts a path forward for the stadium property, it could consider asking several developers for proposals for different chunks of the 150-acre site instead of going with one master developer. Any proposals should include some affordable housing, he added.
And if the Angels were to leave, Moreno said he believes the city could negotiate with "another entity that might be interested," whether that's a baseball or soccer team or some other sport.
"We're not chopped liver here, we're Anaheim – we bring 25 million tourists per year, we have the Honda Center, we have the Ducks, we have Disneyland," Moreno said. "Who wouldn't want to come here?"
Staff writer Brooke Staggs contributed to this report.
Angel Stadium
Alicia Robinson | Reporter
Alicia Robinson covers cities and local government for the Orange County Register. She has also reported at the Press-Enterprise in Riverside, the Daily Pilot in Costa Mesa, and at small daily and weekly papers in the midwest, before she became an honorary Californian based on hours spent in traffic. Besides government and policy, she's interested in animals both wild and domestic, people who try to make the world better, and how things work.
Man killed, 2 wounded in shooting near South Pasadena and Alhambra

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Maren Elfert
UNESCO, the World Bank, and Education Development
The FreshEd Podcast · FreshEd #234 – UNESCO, the World Bank, and Education Development (Maren Elfert)
Today we explore the relationship between UNESCO and the World Bank from the 1960s through today. My guest is Maren Elfert. She has recently published in the International Journal of Educational Development an article entitled "The power struggle over education in developing countries: the Case of the UNESCO-World Bank Co-operative program, 1964-1989."
Maren Elfert is a lecturer in education and society in the school of education, communication and society at King's College London.
Citation: Elfert, Maren, interview with Will Brehm, FreshEd, 234, podcast audio, March 29, 2021. https://freshedpodcast.com/elfert/
Will Brehm 1:27
Maren Elfert, welcome to FreshEd.
Maren Elfert 1:30
Thank you for having me.
So, at the inception of UNESCO, how was it involved in education development?
So, UNESCO was founded in 1945 as a specialized agency of the United Nations for education and culture and science. So, it was involved in education development since the beginning. And in the post-World War II years, the context of decolonization, demographic growth, and increase in schooling created a demand for educational planning. And UNESCO had an educational planning division and focused on the planning needs of developing countries. And one of UNESCO's educational priorities has always been literacy, which was a big part of UNESCO's first educational flagship program, fundamental education. René Maheu, who was UNESCO's Director-General since 1962, he always dreamt of a literacy campaign, and he actually thought that it might bring the Nobel Peace Prize to UNESCO. But literacy was highly politicized at the time during the Cold War, with countries like Cuba running literacy campaigns in the early 1960s. And it was not supported by the United States. So, the approach to literacy became a contentious issue also between UNESCO and the World Bank, and I think we're going to talk about that a little bit more. Because the Bank was interested in education from a productivity perspective, and certainly not in enlightening the masses, so to speak.
But UNESCO was. UNESCO was more about this; literacy was a way of empowerment and enlightenment and sort of making individuals feel as human as they can be.
Exactly and UNESCO had this human rights space. This humanistic, enlightenment-based approach to education. So, literacy was a big part of bringing these rights, making education a right, but it was very difficult for UNESCO because literacy did not really yield productivity, or it couldn't be measured. It couldn't be easily proved, and that became a difficult issue with the World Bank and also the UNDP, which was a funder of UNESCO.
That's an interesting question about the funding of UNESCO. I mean, so in the beginning, how was UNESCO funded as a member, as sort of a connection to the UN, how is it funded? How did voting work? What was the structure of the actual organization?
So, the funding was always a very difficult issue for UNESCO. It was always under pressure because it was notoriously underfunded. And the United States and several Western countries had early on decided actually already before UNESCO was created to channel funds for post-war reconstruction bilaterally rather than through UNESCO. So, the United States always favored bilateral aid, which meant that UNESCO's budget would remain very limited. And UNESCO relied on extra-budgetary resources for its operational work, which made it very vulnerable. And there were also a lot of turf struggles between the UN organizations and different bodies. For example, with the Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC), also the UNDP, which funded UNESCO's work in the first decades. And then UNESCO also has a governance system in which a small, poor country has the same voting power than a powerful, rich country. And in the two decades between 1947 and 1967, 70 countries from Latin America, Asia, and particularly Africa joined UNESCO. And those were the times of the non-aligned movement and later the new international economic order. And these newly independent countries of the South, they use the United Nations as a platform to voice their claims. And you can imagine that a lot of conflict arises in an organization that has such diverse membership. And so that was often used by conservative forces, for example, in the United States to construct UNESCO as a politicized organization that's prone to communist influence.
And in fact, America did pull out of UNESCO, I guess it's been twice at this point.
Yes, absolutely. So, the first time the United States pulled out in 1983. And that was when UNESCO had this, there was this new international economic order debate at the time. And the director-general of UNESCO was the Senegalese, Amadou-Mahtar M'Bow, and he was very interested in participating in this debate and contributing to this debate. And so, UNESCO's contribution was this MacBride Commission, which was named after the Irish Nobel Peace Prize awardee, Seán MacBride, which came up with a new international communication order. And the idea was that the developing countries would be less dependent on the Western news agencies and the Russian news agency. And this report also anticipated some problems that we see today about the commercialization and monopolization of the news agencies. But that it was used by the United States, it was opposed by the United States. They said that it was going against freedom of speech and then withdrew from UNESCO in 1983. Or maybe it was 1984. It was intentional. The scholarly literature there is consensus that it was intentional and that it was ideologically driven by these ultra-conservative forces.
And when did America leave again, in UNESCO?
Yeah, so then it left again in 2011. So, it came back under the George Bush, Jr. Administration. And then left again, when the General Conference of UNESCO adopted Palestine as a full member of UNESCO. And since then, the United States stopped paying their membership dues. And then, a few years later, they pulled out completely. And of course, this is very, very difficult for UNESCO because it meant that 30% of its budget was gone. And for an organization that has a very, very small budget in the first place, that was really dramatic. And it also paved the way for the increasing private influence in UNESCO and the tied money because UNESCO, to be operational, needs to look for funds. But many of those funds are tied to certain specific projects that the countries are interested in. So, it ultimately weakens UNESCO.
Okay, so that's the very brief overview of UNESCO's work in education development, some of the big ideas like literacy, some of the problems with sort of precarious funding, the sort of politicized nature of it, the sort of equal voting rights that different member states have inside the organization. Now, let's turn to the World Bank as another big player in education development. How did the World Bank first get involved in education development?
Right, so the World Bank was created in 1944 at the Bretton Woods Conference, and it was more known at the time as the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, and it was endowed with the mandate of financing the reconstruction of war-devastated Europe initially. But then, in the 1950s, the World Bank expanded its lending activities towards the newly independent developing countries of the South and funded infrastructure projects such as roads, dams, and industrial production and things like that. But then, in the early 1960s, when education gained prominence as a pillar of economic growth, the Bank started paying attention to education and granted its first educational loan in 1962 to Tunisia. And there were several factors at play why the World Bank went into education. The Bank's educational investments were geared towards manpower and economic development in member countries underpinned by human capital theory and the recognition of the third factor, the residual factor. And the move into education was also related to the foreign policy priorities of the United States because the Kennedy administration promoted international development as a foreign policy issue and had identified aid and education as important tools to expand American influence and prevent communist influence in the countries of the so-called "third world". And the Kennedy administration played an instrumental role in launching the United Nations Development Decade in 1960. And the World Bank was, as Kennedy himself said, the chosen instrument of this mission. So, that was also an important factor, and moving into education was also, to some extent, a public relations move because it looked better. It looked more like the Bank was helping people, right?
Will Brehm 12:09
I can understand why it would look good for some bankers to move into education. It looks like charity in a sense. But why did the US have such influence in the World Bank? I mean, the World Bank is the World Bank. It is a global institution with many different member states involved. So, how did the US gain so much power inside that institution?
Maren Elfert 12:33
Yeah. I mean, the World Bank has always been highly influenced by the United States. You know it's been created in the United States, the United States was the dominant power after the second world war, it's based in the United States, very very close to the White House, some of its presidents -well, the first for sure- were Americans, and a lot of its staff was also American. And then during the McNamara years, the Bank started to open up also to more international staff, but even those people were trained usually in American universities, and they were very often they came out of these economics of education and economics programs. So, there's been always a very strong American influence. And the World Bank is not as democratically organized as UNESCO with every country has the same voting power. The World Bank is organized in a different way that the more you pay in, the more say you have.
Oh wow. So, for instance, if America was the biggest contributor to the World Bank, they would have more votes in the end.
Right. Okay, and so how is the funding sort of situated in a sense in the World Bank? I mean, are they earning a lot of money from interest from loans that they've previously given out, or are member states contributing to the budget of the World Bank? How does the funding work?
So, member states contribute to the budget of the World Bank, but the World Bank also makes money on Wall Street by selling bonds to investors. So, it has always been very much associated with the financial world of Wall Street. And although it formally belongs to the United Nations system, it's always been reluctant about this membership to the United Nations. And in the agreement between the United Nations and the World Bank, there is also a clause regarding the independence of the World Bank. So, it was always a very reluctant member of the family of the United Nations.
Right. Okay. So, here we have the World Bank, which is, it sounds like it's almost swimming in money. It has much more money, doesn't have to worry too much about its funding, has a governing structure that's heavily dominated by the United States, is getting into education lending for issues of productivity. And you have this piece that talks about how the World Bank and UNESCO -which seems to be completely opposite in many ways from the World Bank- starting to work together, how did that happen? How did the World Bank and UNESCO begin working together in education development?
So, the World Bank started granting educational loans, but it had no expertise in education at the time. So, it was a pragmatic solution to work with UNESCO, which was the main authority for education in developing countries at the time. And it was also politically important for the World Bank to collaborate with other UN agencies, as the Bank knew that they were moving on other organization's turf. And as there was increasing overlap and competition between UN and non-UN agencies when development took off with the first UN Development decade, collaboration between the UN agencies was the suitable thing to do. And it was also encouraged very much by the leadership of the United Nations. And the World Bank was also involved in the creation of the IIEP, the International Institute for Educational Planning, in 1963, and still has a seat on the governing board of the IIEP today. And that was the first example really, of this cooperation of the World Bank with other international organizations and the IIEP belongs to UNESCO. It's a UNESCO institute. And the Bank supported the IIEP because it recognized the need for educational planners. But it was also a kind of goodwill gesture to UNESCO. And the Bank saw it as the first concrete measure of cooperation between the Bank and UNESCO. And then, the World Bank and UNESCO signed a memorandum of understanding in 1964 and established a cooperative program. And that's what my paper is about. And at the operational level, a joint division was established: the education financing division (EFD), which was located in the premises of UNESCO. And it was staffed by UNESCO, but in agreement with the World Bank, especially the director had to be agreed upon by the World Bank. And it was funded 75% by the Bank, 25% by UNESCO. And actually, the World Bank started a similar program with the Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), and later on in the 1970s also with the WHO.
So, in a sense, the idea is that the World Bank is in partnership with these different organizations. And those organizations are providing most of the manpower. And then, the World Bank is providing most of the funding. That's sort of the arrangement?
Exactly. That was the arrangement at the beginning. And the staff was highly qualified, highly paid at P5 level. So, that's the highest professional salary level at the United Nations. And at its peak, the EFD had 35 P5 positions. As one of my interviewees said, it was the most powerful division in UNESCO. And the EFD was in charge of preparing World Bank educational loans.
Hmm. Wow. Okay. So, the EFD, which sits inside UNESCO and is populated mostly with UNESCO staff. And those staff members are very highly paid and paid mostly from, 75% from the World Bank. They're the ones preparing loans for education development for the World Bank. So, I mean, there's a lot of institutional overlap here, you could say. And you could see how the World Bank might not like that arrangement so much.
Well, exactly. But when you say UNESCO staff -yes, it was, in a way, because UNESCO staffed this division. But it was staff that very much belonged to the field of the World Bank. I use Bourdieu's concept of field for this paper because they were chosen to fit into this division to be able to do this work, right? So, there were some economists also, even some very qualified people, even former ministers who worked in this division. So, it was a real authority within UNESCO, but it was always perceived as an alien body, as a Trojan horse. Because it represented the World Bank, right? And a very particular, more instrumental approach to education, that the rest of UNESCO was not really interested in or was even opposed to. So, it was really an interesting arrangement, this kind of heteronomous field to speak with Bourdieu, within UNESCO. It was even based in the basement. Although that wasn't meant as a bad treatment, because those offices are really very nice. But two of my interviewees talked about that and said, "You know, it was really an alien body in UNESCO, it was even in the basement."
So, obviously, that relationship isn't going to work out, in a sense, right? So, how does it change? Like, obviously, something has to give if people even who were working there felt a little alienated.
Yeah. It changed a lot over the decades. Because initially, in the 1960s, there's no question that UNESCO was the authority in education, and the Bank had a lot of respect for UNESCO. And you can see that from the correspondence that there was a very cordial tone, the staffers called each other by their first name, they shared information with each other. And from the memorandum of understanding, which gave UNESCO a lot of autonomy in principle, it's clear that UNESCO tried to keep the World Bank in the role of a mere funder of education. And maybe UNESCO also thought it could use the World Bank for its purposes like educating the world. On the other hand, it was quite clear from the beginning, that UNESCO was working for the Bank, of course. And one of my interviewees clearly stated that "they were working for us". So, I would say at the beginning, it was more of an equal partnership, but that changed quite dramatically in the 1970s, when the World Bank started to build its own resources, started to build intellectual capacity, and moved more into playing also a policy role and not only the role of a funder.
So, you point to the 1974 education sector working paper. What did that do in this sort of longer history of the shift in the cooperative program?
So, in the 1970s, the World Bank expanded more towards a development agency. And the 1974 education sector working paper was a representation of that. And it was a turning point in the relationship between the World Bank and UNESCO because the paper revealed the World Bank's claim to moving from a funder to an intellectual authority in education. It also revealed that the Bank moved even more onto UNESCO turf. For example, this report added the importance of social dimensions, to the mere emphasis on economic growth, it paid more attention to primary education than before. And UNESCO staffers were irritated by the paper because they hadn't been consulted. And many people thought it was very arrogant. For example, Peter Williams, who worked for the British Overseas Development Institute for many years, he wrote a scathing critique of this report, which is actually a very interesting paper, it was published in 1975 in Prospects. It's called 'Education in developing countries: The view from Mount Olympus'. And so, he uses this metaphor for the World Bank, and he writes, "The trouble with living on the top of Mount Olympus is that you only have other gods to talk to". So, Williams was particularly annoyed by the World Bank spreading the wisdom about the social dimensions of development because he said that many development experts have argued this all along without being listened to by the Bank. And Williams also criticized the sense of crisis that the Bank invoked in relation to education in developing countries. As in his view, developing countries have achieved much more than the World Bank gave them credit for. And this is something that we see time and again, this discourse of the crisis, right? Also, in the 2018, I think it was, World Development Report that the World Bank published on education it's also this sense of crisis that's being invoked. And not only by the World Bank, actually, it's a very common thing to invoke a crisis to which that you can then offer the solution.
Okay. So, the Bank is basically saying, "We don't only want to be a funder anymore, we want to have some sort of intellectual authority when it comes to development projects, the planning cycle, we can be involved, much more than just developing loan agreements." And then what happens in 1978? There's the Bell Report. How did this sort of further change the relationship between the World Bank and UNESCO?
Up until the late 1970s, the Bank's methodology was dominated by manpower forecasting, which was quite controversial also within the Bank. And World Bank staffers, such as Stephen Heyneman, who had been trained in the rate of return approach at the University of Chicago, lobbied for a change of methodology. And in your interview with Stephen Heyneman, he talks about that. So, the education director, Aklilu Habte, was open to this idea. And in 1978, established an external advisory panel on education, named after David Bell, Executive Vice President of the Ford Foundation, who was the chair of this panel. And the Bell Report recommended that the Bank should diversify its approach, and expand its investments to primary education, secondary education, higher education, and education research. So, that offered the opportunity for the World Bank to expand even more. To go into new fields. And the Bell Report opened up potential for increased collaboration between the World Bank and UNESCO, but it also provided a legitimization for the Bank to move away from UNESCO, of course. And so, the report was met with suspicion, let's say, in UNESCO. In principle, the UNESCO people were quite happy with what the Bell Report was saying because they've always said, we need to do more also primary education, also higher education. But of course, they saw it coming, that the World Bank was now becoming more independent, let's say, and doing their own thing.
So, you know, how did this agreement, this cooperation program between UNESCO and the World Bank, finally come to an end? I mean, it feels like it was a slow 10-year period or so where it shifted away, and UNESCO and the World Bank got further and further apart. But how did it actually end?
So, in the 1980s, the relationship between the World Bank and UNESCO had turned sour. And the EFD had already declined in size. And UNESCO served basically as a consultant pool at that point, to the World Bank. But even at that, the World Bank turned more and more to external consultants as they were cheaper and more flexible. And many in the Bank felt that the cooperative program had become a burden. And it was, of course, politically delicate to end it. And that's also why it dragged on because the relationship was already very difficult in the late 1970s. And then, there were other issues such as some personnel issues, there were a couple of EFD directors that had been hired by UNESCO without seeking World Bank approval, and one of them in particular was absolutely not qualified for the job. And so, there were these quarrels, you know, all the time. And then finally, in 1988, the World Bank president officially terminated the cooperative program in a letter. And the letter was very diplomatically worded, offering the prospect of collaboration in other fields, you know, such as science and technology. There's always been talk also that UNESCO and the World Bank would collaborate more in the field of culture and things like that. So, yeah. So, they ended it in a diplomatic way. But ultimately, UNESCO was fired.
So, given this historical relationship, do you see legacies of it today in the way in which the World Bank and UNESCO work together, or don't work together? What's so important about looking at this cooperative program, in other word?
I think the story is interesting because we see how the epistemic authority over education shifted from the educators to the economists. And from UNESCO's more humanistic approach to an instrumentalist, rationalistic approach to education. And the rise of the World Bank, I would argue, led to a homogenization of the field of development, and the colonization of education by economics. And there are other examples, for later examples for this epistemic power that the World Bank had over UNESCO. For example, the Education for All (EFA) movement, which was launched shortly after the official termination of the cooperative program in 1990, where the organizations also worked together with other organizations as well. And that further contributed to homogenizing education for development. Because the World Bank prevailed with its push for universal schooling, which was underpinned by the World Bank's rate of return studies. George Psacharopoulos who was very influential in the Bank at the time, despite the resistance of UNESCO that advocated for a broader approach to education, again including literacy and adult education. And so, also, in Education for All, UNESCO was overpowered by the World Bank. And then, today, the Global Partnership for Education, which is a very influential organization in education for development today, emerged from the World Bank -the World Bank's Fast Track Initiative. And right now, actually, we also see a duplication of work between the World Bank and UIS, the UNESCO Institute for Statistics, in the field of learning measurement, in the context of Sustainable Development Goal 4. And interestingly, the UIS and the World Bank have just signed a memorandum of understanding which, -Clara Fontdevila's work, she has worked on that. And so, does that sound familiar, right? So, the World Bank is again moving into this field of learning measurement and competing with an institute belonging to UNESCO.
How do you understand the power of the World Bank and even the power of UNESCO in the world today, where there's so many different organizations working in international development?
Yeah, that's a great question. In my paper, I draw on Bourdieu's concept of fields to analyze the story of the World Bank-UNESCO relationship because these organizations represented very different fields. As we said, the Bank belonged to Wall Street rather than to the United Nations system. And UNESCO, on the other hand, emerged from the internationalist movement that goes back to the League of Nations. And so, the two organizations represented very different ontologies. Internationalism, humanism versus this rationalistic, technocratic approach that the World Bank represents. And I think that even if we have a greater group of organizations today involved in education for development, and we also see a rise of multi-stakeholder groups right, such as the Global Partnership for Education, they all belong to the same field in a way. They are governed by the same logic and epistemology through isomorphic processes, and they reproduce similar technocratic practices and technologies. And the World Bank has always reached out, always expanded its role, and it is now in the era of SDG 4 prioritizing learning measurement, as I said. So, the Bank continues to pursue McNamara's mission to measure the unmeasurable. And I argued in the paper that the World Bank was more autonomous as a field. To think with Bourdieu. In Bourdieu's theory, the more autonomous a field is, the stronger it is. And fields strive for autonomy, as that allows them to generate their own values and norms, free from external influences. And pressure exerted by dominant fields can lead to heteronomy, that's what Bourdieu calls it. Loss of autonomy of a field. And I think that's what happened with UNESCO. The World Bank gained more autonomy because it was backed up by powerful forces -by the US government, by its alignment with capitalist logic, and also by the rise of economics as a discipline. The epistemic power that this discipline gained. And the economic, financial field extended its influence into education, forming a financial, intellectual complex -Joel Samoff has written about that- that has significantly constrained the thinking about education and development. UNESCO, on the other hand, has been weakened by the economic field that was brought into it by these external pressures. Individual autonomous experts, for example, have been replaced by technocrats in UNESCO. The lack of operational budget and the loss of American funding forced UNESCO to accept tied money that we already talked about and seek partnerships with the private sector. And I think that similar developments have occurred in other international organizations, such as the FAO, the WHO, and UNICEF. And more research needs to be done to understand these processes and how the UN system is being weakened and corrupted by these developments.
Well, Maren Elfert, thank you so much for joining FreshEd today. It's just such a fascinating topic, and I really hope more people will do historical research on development.
Yeah, I hope so too, including yourself.
Want to help translate this show? Please contact info@freshedpodcast.com
Related Guest Publications/Projects
The power struggle over education in developing countries
UNESCO, World Bank and the struggle over education for development through the lens of the Faure and Delors reports
International Institute for Education Planning – IIEP
World Bank and UIS join forces to help countries measure student learning
Education in developing countries – The view from Mount Olympus
World Development Report 1978
The UNESCO-World Bank Co-operative Program
World Bank's fast track initiative
Global Partnership for Education
Introduction to Pierre Bourdieu's theory of social fields
1971 Education sector working paper
MacBride Commission
The financial intellectual complex – Joel Samoff
The Cold War politicization of literacy: Communism, UNESCO and the World Bank
The financial crisis of UNESCO after 2011
The history and problems in the making of education policy at the World Bank 1960-2000
The privatization of education: A political economy of global education reform
Faith and credit: The World Bank's secular empire
Economics of education
Technocratic and humanistic trends in education
The McNamara fallacy and the problem with numbers in education
Have any useful resources related to this show? Please send them to info@freshedpodcast.com
喜马拉雅FM
Leon Tikly
Francine Menashy
Michele Schweisfurth
Eric A. Hanushek
Joel Samoff
Girindre Beeharry Pasi Sahlberg


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Christmas is an exciting time for everyone, but especially children.
And no doubt Duchess of Cambridge Kate Middleton and Prince William have two very excitable children on their hands in the shape of Prince George and Princess Charlotte.
Prince George started school earlier this year, and the photos of him in his new school uniform was enough to melt anyone's heart.
However, he's about to get a whole lot cuter, as details of his nativity play have been revealed.
"I went to my boy's nativity play. It was funny," Prince William told school children at an event in Manchester.
And the role he played at St Thomas's Battersea's show?
William revealed: "He was a sheep."
Prince William recently handed a wish list over to Santa on behalf of his eldest child.
What does the third in line to the throne want for Christmas?
Last year, William and Kate broke tradition by spending Christmas with the Middleton family at their home in Berkshire with George and Princess Charlotte.
However it's unclear where they will be spending the festive season this year.
While the royals are notoriously private about their personal lives, they do sometimes allow the public a rare glimpse inside their home.


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Tatiana Shepeleva/Adobe Stock
IBM is Modeling New AI After the Human Brain
This AI's intelligence mimics our own.
Chelsea Gohd September 3rd 2017
/ Deep Mind
/ Machine Learning
/Deep Mind
/Machine Learning
Attentive Robots
Currently, artificial intelligence (AI) technologies are able to exhibit seemingly-human traits. Some are intentionally humanoid, and others perform tasks that we normally associate strictly with humanity — songwriting, teaching, and visual art.
But as the field progresses, companies and developers are re-thinking the basis of artificial intelligence by examining our own intelligence and how we might effectively mimic it using machinery and software. IBM is one such company, as they have embarked on the ambitious quest to teach AI to act more like the human brain.
Click to View Full Infographic
Many existing machine learning systems are built around the need to draw from sets of data. Whether they are problem-solving to win a game of Go or identifying skin cancer from images, this often remains true. This basis is, however, limited — and it differentiates from the human brain.
We as humans learn incrementally. Simply put, we learn as we go. While we acquire knowledge to pull from as we go along, our brains adapt and absorb information differently from the way that many existing artificial systems are built. Additionally, we are logical. We use reasoning skills and logic to problem solve, something that these systems aren't yet terrific at accomplishing.
IBM is looking to change this. A research team at DeepMind has created a synthetic neural network that reportedly uses rational reasoning to complete tasks.
Rational Machinery
By giving the AI multiple objects and a specific task, "We are explicitly forcing the network to discover the relationships that exist," says Timothy Lillicrap, a computer scientist at DeepMind in an interview with Science Magazine. In a test of the network back in June, it was questioned about an image with multiple objects. The network was asked, for example: "There is an object in front of the blue thing; does it have the same shape as the tiny cyan thing that is to the right of the gray metal ball?"
In this test, the network correctly identified the object a staggering 96 percent of the time, compared to the measly 42 to 77 percent that more traditional machine learning models achieved. The advanced network was also apt at word problems and continues to be developed and improved upon. In addition to reasoning skills, researchers are advancing the network's ability to pay attention and even make and store memories.
Image Credit: ColiN00B / Pixabay
The future of AI development could be hastened and greatly expanded by using such tactics, according to Irina Rish, an IBM research staff member, in an interview with Engadget, "Neural network learning is typically engineered and it's a lot of work to actually come up with a specific architecture that works best. It's pretty much a trial and error approach … It would be good if those networks could build themselves."
It might be scary to think of AI networks building and improving themselves, but if monitored, initiated, and controlled correctly, this could allow the field to expand beyond current limitations. Despite the brimming fears of a robot takeover, the advancement of AI technologies could save lives in the medical field, allow humans to get to Mars, and so much more.


What is the science behind Performance Modelling applied to on-the-bike Power and Pace simulation, and can I trust it? These are important questions.
The relationship between power and speed is the foundation of Performance Modelling and we model it using long established certainties of physics, specifically Newton's Second law relating to conservation of energy. When a 70 kilo rider on a 7 kilo bike climbs a 5 per cent grade at a certain speed we know exactly what power he needs to overcome earth's gravitational pull. Similar principles apply to the calculation of power required to overcome aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, and to accelerate. These principles have long been applied to cycling and with good results. Martin et al showed how a mathematical model of road cycling power predicted required power to within 2% of power outputs recorded using SRM's. Now consider that a well calibrated SRM claims accuracy of +/-2% and we're getting somewhere.
Assuming Newton's physics are sound then the important factor in performance modelling becomes quantification of model parameters.
The simplest way to use a power-speed model is to assume a very simple course of a certain distance with a certain average gradient between start and finish. Unfortunately this simple usage – still adopted by many in ascent analysis – leads to accurate estimates of power or pace only in rare circumstances. Let us imagine an extreme example of why this doesn't work – a rider climbing and descending a hill. Applying the model simply the average gradient of this rider's course is zero – pan flat – while this clearly isn't so. Better results require a much more detailed representation of course profile.
We use GPS coordinates with corresponding geological survey elevation data to create a high resolution representation of the terrain making up a particular course. Typically this means a course is decomposed into hundreds of sectors and we compute the power speed relationship for each one. A rider's entry speed in sector S is the speed he exits sector S-1. Courses with significant changes in altitude also require adjustments to air pressure which typically falls by 1mb every 10 metres of elevation gain.
These are easy to measure using modern digital scales. The least error prone method to weigh a bike is to subtract the weight of a rider holding his bike from his weight alone.
This is an important input.
It can be estimated using anthropometric (body size) estimators established in scientific research. Bassett el al. determined a relationship between height, weight and frontal area (the A part of CdA) while Heil determined a relationship to drag coefficient (the Cd part of CdA).
It can be estimated using aerodynamic field test protocols. We discuss and provide models to assist with the calculations in the main protocols - see Aerodynamic Models.
It can be measured precisely, consistent with the same physical principles underlying a cyclists power-speed relationship, in a wind tunnel.
Component specific drag numbers are now widely available in the public domain - subject to some unknowns and a level of trust - from leading aerodynamic wheel and frame manufacturers.
Drag interactions between rider, bike and wheel systems rely on common observations concluded from practical wind tunnel analysis.
Air density is an important input in power-speed modelling as it influences the power a rider requires to overcome aerodynamic drag. Air pressure, temperature and humidity together define density. These variables can all be sourced from simple weather reports. In the case of predictive event modelling we use a weather service to determine the most probable weather scenarios at a particular location on a particular date.
Wind effects are the trickiest model inputs to get right. As with atmospheric variables we can rely on a weather service to envisage probable scenarios in the case of predictive event modelling. In historic event analyses (see our Pro Race Analysis) we apply what we call "Continuous Weather". This means we update wind variables in model calculations with the same resolution as historical time-of-day weather recordings and apply the appropriate winds to riders as they progress through course sections using their event start time for synchronisation.
There is now lots of data in the public domain relating to the Crr of specific tyre choices and how these scale from roller tests, through different inflation pressures, and onto an asphalt road. We rely on this data to conduct power-speed modelling with good estimates of rolling resistance power demands.
These conclude the main considerations that promote accuracy in event modelling.
When we extend Performance Modelling to account for energy expenditure, energy budgeting – effectively a carbohydrate and fat fuel demand analysis – and to develop variable power and optimal pacing strategies consistent with physiological limitations we rely on models of physiology.
Gas analysis used to determine an athlete's fuel utilisation at varying work intensities is one of the most common and well understood disciplines in sport and exercise science.
Physiological limitations relating to pacing rely on the Critical Power concept of Monod & Scherrer, the Fatigue Curve concept of Riegel, and other emerging models relating to anaerobic work capacity recharge rates.
Estimating the twin parameters of CdA & Crr is a common but advanced use of power data in cycling. Typical methodologies incude the Regression (Martin) Method and the Virtual Elevation (Chung) Method. Calculations for both are available at fastaerolab.com. Ultimately the goal is to use the physical equations defining the relationship between cycling speed, power, and several other known inputs to solve for the values of these most important parameters to cycling performance. Successfully estimating these parameters is highly valuable: retrospectively in terms of evaluating the effectiveness of component and position choices (in the CdA case) and tyre and inflation choices (in the Crr case) and prospectively as an aid to performance modelling.
Our solution schema applies the Virtual Elevation method although in the context of holistic ride modelling where wind bearings and velocities are non-zero, observed weather station values. These will not be equivalent to the wind effects experienced by the rider but may offer a better solution than the assumption of a windless environment. We iteratively solve the CdA and Crr parameters explaining a particular ride performance using a multivariate solution algorithm which best fits a virtual elevation penalty function to actual road elevations determined from geological survey data.
Calculating the CdA and Crr or Wind Vectors that explain a riders time-on-course is a lot like calculating the fastest drive through every state in the US - the right optimisation algorithm makes it easy.
For riders who know or have a good prior estimate of their CdA and Crr we can alternatively solve the wind effects experienced during an event. Sometimes this information can provide useful insights into the effect of changeable weather conditions on race outcomes or on differential performance through distinct race sectors. On a more fundamental level this analysis can be appplied to answer the question "how closely did reported weather conditions reflect the winds experienced by a rider"?
Again we use holistic event modelling, relying heavily on high resolution sectorisation of the course and a multivariate solution algorithm to solve for effective winds.
Often in ride modelling we have a higher confidence around the coefficient of rolling resistance (Crr) attributed to the riders bike than to the CdA applicable to the rider and bike combination on the day. And we have a higher confidence around the predominant wind bearing than around momentary wind strengths. These conditions are ideal to consider the solution of realised CdA and Wind Speed given a known Crr and Wind Direction.
Most cycling power meters tell us how much power a rider is using but not where that power is going. This is a shame, because it is a common adage that one should "maximise the power you can produce but minimise the power you have to produce". Knowing where the power you have to produce is going is an important step toward this goal. We syncronise a riders race power and speed data with the course sectors it relates to and in this way we can post-compute the distribution of power usage and energy expenditure among: aerodynamic drag, rolling resistance, acceleration, and other minor components. An accompanying "unexplained" figure is exactly that and expresses the error in the solution. The distributuion of power consumption is calculated as in our Power Components Model.


Below is an incomplete list of "rescue" videos showing "kids being rescued" from "rubble" after "Syrian/Russian bombing" prepared by the U.S./UK financed Syria Civil Defence aka the "White Helmets".
The group was created with the help of Purpose Inc, a U.S. company specialized in regime change NGO operations. Purpose Inc is also behind Avaaz which early on peddled fake war on Syria video propaganda. The White Helmets are financed, like all "Free Syrian Army" media propaganda, by USAID with some $23 million and by the UK Foreign Office with a total of some £23 million. The Netherlands and Japan also donated money to the scheme. The group was build up and trained since mid 2013 by a "former" UK military intelligence operator residing in Abu Dhabi. These are propaganda artists camouflaged as humanitarians.
The "White Helmets" cooperate closely with al-Qaeda. One of its leaders was recently deniedan entry visa to the United States. More details about the group researched by Vanessa Beeley can be found here and here.
Back to the "rescue" videos. That shtick started in late 2013.
After that great marketing success the movie script was serialized. Since then a new version of a "child rescued" video appears every other month or so. Here are just a few of these with all of them following the same script.
USA Today – January 7 2015: Volunteers rescue children from rubble in Syria The video includes an interview with James Le Mesurier, a British "security" specialist and "former" British military intelligence officer who heads the White Helmets operation.
Other typical features of these movies, see this one, are smoke (grenades) in the streets, dramatic but small open fires nearby, dust or some red color on the children's face or arms. The camera is often used in a hectic, intentionally amateurish first person view, a style extensively developed in the 1999 horror clip Blair Witch Project. Sometimes sounds of additional "bomb impact" bangs or screaming/wailing women are added.
All the above videos are just as (un-)real as the faked "Hero Boy" video showing a "Syrian boy ducking sniper fire to rescue a trapped girl". Fake "opposition" videos have been a majorfeature of the media war on Syria. These fakes are often easily recognizable as such. We can be sure that the media professionals at the BBC and other outlets know that these are not real rescue scenes. They distribute them nonetheless.


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Q: Encoding an image in to the fourier domain of a sound I'm trying to convert an image to a sound where you can see the image if you were to view the spectrogram of that sound.  Kind of like the aphex twin had done in window licker.
So far I have written an iPhone app that takes a photograph and then converts it to grayscale.  I then use this gray scale as a magnitude which I'd like to plug back through an inverse FFT.
The problem I have, though, is how do I go from magnitude into the imaginary and real parts.
mag = sqrtf( (imag * imag) + (real * real));

Obviously I can't solve for 2 unknowns.  Furthermore I can't find out if those real and imaginary parts are negative or not.
So I'm at a bit of a loss.  It must be possible.  Can anyone point me in the direction of some useful information?

A: A spectrogram contains no phase information, so you can just set the imaginary parts to 0 and set the real parts equal to the magnitude. Remember that you need to maintain complex conjugate symmetry if you want to end up with a purely real time domain signal after you have applied the inverse FFT.

A: The math wonks are right about regenerating from greyscale, but why limit yourself thus? Have you considered keeping a portion of the phase information in the color channels?
Specifically, why not process the LEFT channel into BLUE, the RIGHT channel into RED, and for the GREEN color element, run the transform again on (LEFT-RIGHT), so that you have three spectra.
In one version of "Surround Sound", L-R encodes the rear channel - there is good stuff there.
When regenerating your sound, assign the "real" values to the corresponding channels.
Try the following (formulas - but this editor insists on calling them code..)
LEFT.real=+BLUE
RIGHT.real=+RED
LEFT.imag=+GREEN
RIGHT.imag=-GREEN

Experiment with variations on this, while listening thru some sort of surround sound setup, to see which provides the most pleasing results. Make sure not to drive the thing into clipping, since phase changes occur, regeneration of a complex saturated signal is likely to create clipping.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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One phone call to order all your fish, shellfish, poultry and continental foods is all it needs, we'll even call you at a pre-arranged time. Paying for your goods is just as easy, one invoice with each delivery, one statement at the end of the month and one payment, simple.
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The Chaweng Regent Beach Resort is located on the one of the most popular beaches in Koh Samui. It has a great location just minutes away from superb restaurants, bars, entertainment and shopping. It is also only 15 minutes away from Samui airport so you get maximum holiday time.
Chaweng Regent is a four star beachfront resort which has just over 100 fully air-conditioned luxury rooms including Superior and Deluxe rooms in the Bungalows. There are also Superior and Deluxe rooms in the Villa Wing. Finally there are some Royal Suites in a Thai style village.
All rooms include a full range of facilities and amenities such as cable TV, mini bar, tea & coffee making facilities and a modern bathroom complete with shower. Each room is spacious with a touch of exotic Thai culture spread throughout.
The resort includes a large fitness centre with modern equipment complete with a relaxing sauna. Enjoy a swim in the hotel's 2 spacious swimming pools including a children's pool for the little ones. Why not have a go at some of the beach sports on offer such as windsurfing, kayaking, snorkelling? Or what about a sailboat cruise, scuba diving or even deep-sea fishing?
For pure indulgence head down to the hotel's massage parlour and beauty salon where you can enjoy a traditional Thai massage leaving you feeling totally refreshed and relaxed.
Enjoy mouth-watering dishes at Chaweng Regent's Chomtaly Restaurant in an open-air location on the beach. Here you will be served international, Thai and seafood cuisines. Or for something indoors head to the Red Snapper Bar & Grill Restaurant which serves delicious Mediterranean, Thai and European dishes with a wide choice of drinks. The hotel also boasts a Beach Pool Bar and Garden Pool Bar so you can always enjoy an ice-cold drink leave you totally refreshed.
We also stayed in Malaysia the hotel in Kuala Lumpur was amazing and was a massive surprise to have been upgraded, we loved our time in the hotel and staff were so friendly. Our only negative about the holiday was the location of the Penang hotel, there was very little around the area and when we went on a trip around the Island felt that George town would have been a better location.


A paint and pour class at Pinot's Palette Thursday had a guest of honor with some star power.
Today Show host and avid wine-drinker Kathie Lee Gifford sat in on a session while promoting her Gifft Wines, which will now be flowing at the Pinot's Palette bar.
Gifford had never attended a paint and pour, a popular activity that marries wine and painting class.
Gifford, who lives in Greenwich, was excited to celebrate her wine label's arrival at Stamford's Pinot's Palette. She reminisced about the days when she worked on Summer Street in downtown Stamford, and said she still loves visiting the city's Columbus Park restaurant corridor—especially for Alive@Five.
"That's such a fun little concert series," she said.
Chad Smith, co-owner of the Metro North Pinot's Palette studios—located in Stamford, Norwalk, Mamaroneck, and Toronto, Ontario—said Gifford and her Gifft Wines make for the perfect partnership.
"If I had to pick a celebrity spokesperson it would be Kathie Lee Gifford. She's fun, she likes her wine, she's creative," Smith said.
Gifford's four vinos—a Chardonnay, a red blend, a Pinot Noir Rose and a Pinot Grigio—are now the featured wine at Pinot's Palette's bar.
"We have four babies now, I'm pregnant with a fifth," Gifford riffed to the group of mostly women who had reserved easels at the sold-out painting class Thursday.
Gifft Wines and its vineyard partner Sheid Family Wines will release a sweeter white blend this summer.
"What we don't have in our line of wines is a sweeter wine. I'm not that sweet, as you all know. Hoda's the sweet one," she said, referring to her Today Show co-host Hoda Kotb and gearing up for one of her classic one-liners.
Groups of women lined up to take photos with Gifford before they sat down to paint their sunset vista. One painter, Stamford resident Taryn Greene, said she had been looking forward this this night for weeks.


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Scientists elevate little-studied cellular mechanism to potential drug target
by The Scripps Research Institute
For years, science has generally considered the phosphorylation of proteins -- the insertion of a phosphorous group into a protein that turns it on or off -- as perhaps the factor regulating a range of cellular processes from cell metabolism to programmed cell death. Now, scientists from the Florida campus of The Scripps Research Institute have identified the importance of a novel protein-regulating mechanism -- called sulfenylation -- that is similar to phosphorylation and may, in fact, open up opportunities to develop new types of drugs for diseases such as cancer.
The study was published December 11, 2011, in an advance online edition of the journal Nature Chemical Biology.
"With this paper, we've elevated protein sulfenylation from a marker of oxidative stress to a bona fide reversible post translational modification that plays a key regulatory role during cell signaling," said Kate Carroll, a Scripps Research associate professor who led the study. "The sulfenyl modification is the new kid on the block."
During periods of cellular stress, caused by factors such as exposure to UV radiation or chronic disease states like cancer, the level of highly reactive oxygen-containing molecules can increase, resulting in inappropriate modification of proteins and cell damage. In sulfenylation, one oxidant, hydrogen peroxide, functions as a messenger that can activate cell proliferation through oxidation of cysteine residues in signaling proteins, producing sulfenic acid. Cysteine, an amino acid (natural protein building block), is highly oxidant sensitive.
Conventional wisdom has long held that if hydrogen peroxide does exist in the cell at any appreciable level, it represents a disease state, not a regulatory event. The new study shows that sulfenylation is actually a positive protein modification, and that it's required for signaling through the pathway, a validation of a long-held belief in some scientific circles that hydrogen peroxide functions as a general signaling molecule, not an oxidative "bad boy" to be eliminated at all costs.
A New Chemical Probe
To explore the process, Carroll and her colleagues developed a highly selective chemical probe -- known as DYn-2 -- with the ability to detect minute differences in sulfenylation rates within the cell.
With the new probe, the team was able to show that a key signaling protein, epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), is directly modified by hydrogen peroxide at a critical active site cysteine, stimulating its tyrosine kinase activity.
The technology described in the new paper is unique, Carroll said, because it allows scientists to trap and detect these modifications in situ, without interfering with the redox balance of the cell. "Probing cysteine oxidation in a cell lysate is like looking for a needle in a haystack," she said, "our new approach preserves labile sulfenyl modifications and avoids protein oxidation artifacts that arise during cell homogenization."
As with phosphorylation, future studies on sulfenylation will delve into the exciting discovery of new enzymes, new signaling processes, and new mechanisms of regulation.
Another broad impact of these findings, Carroll said, is to open up an entirely new mechanism to exploit for the development of therapeutics, particularly in cancer. "It should influence the design of inhibitors that target oxidant-sensitive cysteine residues in the future," she said.
Chemist devises new method to quantify protein changes
More information: "Peroxide-dependent Sulfenylation of the EGFR Catalytic Site Enhances Kinase Activity," Candice E. Paulsen et al., Nature Chemical Biology (2011).
Journal information: Nature Chemical Biology
Provided by The Scripps Research Institute
Citation: Scientists elevate little-studied cellular mechanism to potential drug target (2011, December 11) retrieved 20 January 2021 from https://phys.org/news/2011-12-scientists-elevate-little-studied-cellular-mechanism.html
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The Dragonflight Raid Armlets is part of the Dragonflight Raid Armor Collection for the Control Wizard.
This armwear can be bought from the Outfitter in the Stronghold Marketplace.
This page was last edited on 21 March 2019, at 13:22.


Leading specialist contractor United House is starting work on the delivery of 46 mixed tenure homes in the London Borough of Hounslow, forming the second phase of the Manor Lane Estate regeneration in Feltham, with a contract value of £6.6m.
The programme of works will include the careful demolition of 32 existing properties that are no longer fit for purpose, which United House will replace with 36 one and two bedroom contemporary apartments for private sale, with completion due for November 2015.
United House will also deliver 10 three and four bedroom houses for affordable rent on behalf of Hounslow Homes and the London Borough of Hounslow with completion due for July 2015. This follows the successful decanting of existing tenants from the site to 22 new affordable apartments as part of the first phase of Manor Lane, which United House completed earlier this year.
All of the new properties are being built to achieve the Code for Sustainable Homes Level Four and have also been designed to meet the London Housing Design Guide, Lifetime Homes and Secured by Design requirements.
United House has longstanding experience delivering mixed tenure schemes in Hounslow, having also recently completed Beavers Lane, a two year contract for Hounslow Homes on land previously owned by LB Hounslow. This large scale development involved the creation of 190 new properties, including 80 private sale homes known as The Green, the final unit of which has just been sold.


text:
cask "adobe-creative-cloud" do
  version "5.4.5.550"

  if Hardware::CPU.intel?
    sha256 "2efca959497b9f2fe3278a64341aa8a817e3855b1db9a9768f99259ef56e5227"

    url "https://ccmdl.adobe.com/AdobeProducts/KCCC/CCD/#{version.major_minor_patch.dots_to_underscores}/osx10/ACCCx#{version.dots_to_underscores}.dmg"
  else
    sha256 "fe77eb37c4cbebe57750834063d8c01233887585252400dd8cfa2fb77b2a8fb3"

    url "https://ccmdl.adobe.com/AdobeProducts/KCCC/CCD/#{version.major_minor_patch.dots_to_underscores}/macarm64/ACCCx#{version.dots_to_underscores}.dmg"
  end

  name "Adobe Creative Cloud"
  desc "Collection of apps and services for photography, design, video, web, and UX"
  homepage "https://www.adobe.com/creativecloud.html"

  livecheck do
    url "https://helpx.adobe.com/creative-cloud/release-note/cc-release-notes.html"
    regex(/Version\s*(\d+(?:\.\d+)+),?\s+(?:(?:was\s+)?released|for\s+macOS)/i)
  end

  auto_updates true

  installer script: {
    executable:   "#{staged_path}/Install.app/Contents/MacOS/Install",
    args:         ["--mode=silent"],
    sudo:         true,
    print_stderr: false,
  }

  uninstall_preflight do
    set_ownership "/Library/Application Support/Adobe"
  end

  uninstall_postflight do
    stdout, * = system_command "/bin/launchctl", args: ["print", "gui/#{Process.uid}"]
    ccx_processes = stdout.lines.grep(/com\.adobe\.CCXProcess\.\d{5}/) { Regexp.last_match(0) }.uniq
    ccx_processes.each { |id| system "/bin/launchctl", "bootout", "gui/#{Process.uid}/#{id}" }
  end

  uninstall early_script: {
    executable:   "/usr/bin/pluginkit",
    args:         [
      "-r", "/Applications/Utilities/Adobe Sync/CoreSync/Core Sync.app/Contents/PlugIns/ACCFinderSync.appex"
    ],
    must_succeed: false,
    print_stderr: false,
  },
            launchctl:    [
              "Adobe_Genuine_Software_Integrity_Service",
              "com.adobe.AdobeCreativeCloud",
              "com.adobe.acc.installer",
              "com.adobe.acc.installer.v2",
              "com.adobe.ccxprocess",
            ],
            quit:         "com.adobe.acc.AdobeCreativeCloud",
            signal:       [["QUIT", "com.adobe.accmac"]],
            script:       {
              executable:   "/usr/bin/pkill",
              args:         ["Adobe Desktop Service", "AdobeIPCBroker", "AdobeCRDaemon"],
              must_succeed: false,
            },
            delete:       [
              "#{appdir}/Adobe Creative Cloud/*Adobe Creative Cloud",
              "#{appdir}/Adobe Creative Cloud/Icon?",
              "#{appdir}/Adobe Creative Cloud/.Uninstall*",
              "/Applications/Utilities/Adobe Creative Cloud*",
              "/Applications/Utilities/Adobe Application Manager",
              "/Applications/Utilities/Adobe Sync",
              "/Applications/Utilities/Adobe Installers/Uninstall Adobe Creative Cloud",
              "/Applications/Utilities/Adobe Installers/.Uninstall*",
              "/Library/Application Support/Adobe/CEP/extensions/CC_*",
              "/Library/Application Support/Adobe/CEP/extensions/com.adobe.ccx.*",
              "/Library/Application Support/Adobe/Adobe Desktop Common",
              "/Library/Application Support/Adobe/AdobeApplicationManager",
              "/Library/Application Support/Adobe/AdobeGC*",
              "/Library/Application Support/Adobe/*[Ii]nstall*",
              "/Library/Application Support/Adobe/ADCRefs",
              "/Library/Application Support/Adobe/caps",
              "/Library/Application Support/Adobe/OOBE",
              "/Library/Application Support/Adobe/PCF",
              "/Library/Application Support/Adobe/SL*",
              "/Library/Application Support/Adobe/Vulcan",
              "/Library/Application Support/regid.*.com.adobe",
              "~/Library/Application Support/Adobe/AAMUpdater",
              "~/Library/Application Support/Adobe/ExtensibilityLibrary",
              "~/Library/Application Support/Adobe/FloodGate",
              "~/Library/Application Support/Adobe/.adobelicnotification",
              "~/Library/Application Support/CrashReporter/AdobeCRDaemon_*.plist",
              "~/Library/Application Scripts/com.adobe.accmac.ACCFinderSync",
              "~/Library/*/Adobe/CoreSync",
              "/Library/*/com.adobe.acc*",
              "~/Library/*/com.adobe.acc*",
              "/Library/Preferences/com.adobe.headlights*.plist",
              "~/Library/Preferences/com.adobe.crashreporter.plist",
              "~/Library/Preferences/Adobe/.[A-Z0-9]???????????",
              "/Library/LaunchDaemons/com.adobe.agsservice.plist",
              "~/Library/LaunchAgents/com.adobe.ccxprocess.plist",
              "~/Library/Group Containers/Adobe-Hub-App",
              "/Library/Internet Plug-Ins/AdobeAAMDetect.plugin",
              "~/Creative Cloud Files/Icon?",
              "/Users/Shared/Adobe/Installer",
              "/Users/Shared/Adobe/OOBE",
            ],
            rmdir:        [
              "#{appdir}/Adobe Creative Cloud",
              "/Applications/Utilities/Adobe Installers",
              "/Library/Application Support/Adobe{/CEP{/extensions,},}",
              "/Library/*/Adobe",
              "~/Library/*/Adobe",
              "~/Creative Cloud Files",
              "/Users/Shared/Adobe",
            ]

  zap trash: [
    "/Library/Application Support/Adobe/Extension Manager CC",
    "~/Library/Application Support/Adobe/Extension Manager CC",
    "~/Library/Application Support/Adobe/OOBE",
    "/Library/Application Support/Adobe/Creative Cloud Libraries",
    "/Library/Application Support/Adobe/Adobe PCD",
    "/Library/Logs/CreativeCloud",
    "~/Library/Logs/CreativeCloud",
    "~/Library/Logs/ACC*.log",
    "~/Library/Logs/PDApp*.log",
    "~/Library/Logs/AdobeDownload.log",
    "~/Library/Logs/AdobeIPCBroker*.log",
    "~/Library/Logs/CoreSyncInstall.log",
    "~/Creative Cloud Files",
  ],
      rmdir: [
        "/Library/Application Support/Adobe",
        "~/Library/Application Support/Adobe",
        "/Library/Logs/Adobe",
        "~/Library/Logs/Adobe",
      ]
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
BHB'S 2005 ANNUAL REPORT RECORDS ONGOING ACHIEVEMENTS
08 Jun 2006 Pre-2014 Releases
British Racing's resilience in the face of considerable challenges is outlined in BHB's 2005 Annual Report, published at the BHB British Racing Review 2006 in central London today.
The Report details continued growth in a number of key areas in 2005, with further records in:
• Owners with horses in training – 9,403
• Horses in training – 14,388
• Fixtures – 1,300
• Runners – 94,659
Other indicators such as prize money – £99.3m – and total attendances – 5.9m – while down marginally on 2004 remained substantially higher than their levels of five years ago.
For the first time, the Finance section of the Report includes a five-year breakdown of income generated by the sport's governing body. Expenditure over each year of that period is then divided by regulation, governance and commercial headings.
Although 2005 marked the end of BHB's pursuit to fund Racing through data licensing operations, the policy is shown to have earned some £64m for Racing in additional revenues. Taking account of the inevitable legal and professional fees during this period – including those defending Racing against the OFT – and commercial costs including bad debts, the net benefit to the sport was £38.6m.
BHB Chairman Martin Broughton's Statement reports on the progress made on developing Racing's future funding and governance structures whilst BHB Chief Executive Greg Nichols' Review of the year surveys many of the achievements made possible by attempts to secure a commercial funding mechanism, and looks ahead to further challenges the sport faces.
The sections of the Report covering the activities of BHB's core departments in 2005 feature:
• The great strides made by the Racing Department in increasing the competitiveness of Flat and Jump Racing. Ten-year comparison tables reveal some 60% of Chases to have had 8 or more runners in 2005, compared with 39% in 1995, with the number of Chases with 1 to 4 runners in the same period falling to 5% of the total from 21%
• The ground-breaking Fixture Bidding Process, carried out for the first time in 2005 and overseen by the Racing Department
• Extensive efforts co-ordinated by BHB to demonstrate to Government the importance of the VAT Registration Scheme for Racehorse Owners, which culminated with the announcement in 2006 that the Scheme would be extended
• The formation of the British Racing Consumer Committee leading to a greater focus on strategic planning by the Marketing Department
• The success of the Order of Merit in its second season, with a further boost to field sizes in the Jump Pattern
• The Recruitment and Training Department's formation of an overall recruitment and training strategy for the sport, including the development of careersinracing.com
• The Stable and Stud Staff Steering Group's continued efforts to monitor progress within the Racing and Breeding industries against the recommendations laid down by the Stable and Stud Staff Commission
To download the 2005 Annual Report click here
BHB's revised formal aims are also available – click here.


The Wharf – christopher consultants, ltd.
Clark Construction and E.C. Korneffel Co.
christopher consultants is providing surveying services to Clark Construction and E.C. Korneffel Co. for Phase 1 of The Wharf. Project tasks have included the establishment of project wide horizontal and vertical control, temporary and permanent infrastructure stakeouts and precise layout of all garage, building and structural support controls for construction purposes. Additionally, christopher consultants has prepared and continues to prepare as-builts and as-constructed documents to support the mission of our clients. In conjunction with the Phase 1 stakeout services, christopher is providing stakeout and as-built services for the installation of all support piles and bulkhead support structures.
The Wharf, a design/build project located on the Southwest Waterfront in DC, is a planned mixed-use development that will include a Class-A office building, a yacht club, two parks, a parking garage and two residential buildings. One of the residential buildings, a 501-unit apartment building, will include a music hall on the first five levels. The second residential building will include 147 apartments and 134 condos and will feature a rooftop amenity space with an infinity pool and private terraces. The parking garage will be 700,000 square feet, with two below-grade levels, and will supply 2,500 parking spaces to the community.


From Friday 25th of May until Tuesday 29th of May, US Memorial Day and UK Spring Bank Holiday will temporarily influence market hours for some tradable products.
Unless indicated above the markets will be open as usual. Times shown are server time (GMT+3).


The ideal map for planning your trip, as well as the journey itself – if you belong to the 99% of the island's visitors, who have no intention whatsoever to take the narrowest dirt path leading to the remotest beach of the island! This map is very practical, at a scale of 1:200.000 which allows for a detailed presentation of the road network and sights without the exhaustive detail only the travelers – explorers are interested in.
We made this map based on our archival series of 1:100.00 Crete maps. We omitted all secondary dirt roads and loads of other unnecessary little roads, magnified the symbols and width of the roads for better visibility, and made colors more vibrant. All this makes for the best general map of Crete on the market!
Naturally, we have included detailed maps of Crete's four large cities, on which, among other things, we have marked all hotels.
A detailed alphabetical index of locations is also incorporated. Crete's most important sights are depicted on the map in yellow, but we assigned Stephanos Psimenos (author of the travel guide 'Unexplored Crete') with compiling a list of the top 20 sights and basic information about them.
Map of Crete is printed on Polyart 'paper', which is rip-proof and 100% waterproof!


FoFiX supports very costumizable themes. Basically everything can be changed to look like you want it too. Animated backgrounds can be achieved with a series of images, support for video is not present right now but it may come. Right now there's mainly two types of themes, Guitar Hero styled and Rock Band styled.
Rock Band style, spawned by the works of several developers and artists, this is a rock band clone theme trying to deliver the Rock band feeling as closely as possible.
A rock meter to the left, combo display and overdrive (star power) meter right under the frets. Scores and note streak in the upper right corner.
Guitar Hero style, worldrave has put a ton of work trying to get this theme to look like GHIII down to the pixel. However since fofix does not support everything needed for that this theme does not look like the game 100%.
Rock meter to the right with star power(overdrive) meter on top, combo display, scores and note streak on the left.
A stripped down version of the rock band theme. Only the essential is left, this is distributed with svn checkouts and megalight downloads.
A stripped down version of the guitar hero theme. Only the essential is left, this is distributed with svn checkouts and megalight downloads.
Rock Band style, tries to get the old Frets On Fire feeling back while supporting all the new features.


Although moderately mobile, marine cone snails have perfected several strategies to capture prey. Some fish-hunting species release venom into the surrounding water. Within the plume of toxic venom, the fish succumbs to fast-acting insulin that renders it immobile.
As the fish flounders, the snail emerges from its shell to swallow the pacified victim whole. Researchers at University of Utah in the US detailed the function of cone snail insulins, bringing them one step closer to developing a faster-acting insulin to treat diabetes. "These snails have developed a strategy to hit and subdue their prey with up to 200 different compounds, one of which is insulin," said Helena Safavi-Hemami, assistant professor at University of Utah. "Every now and then, we learn something unique from nature and millions of years of evolution," said Safavi-Hemami. Insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas to regulate blood sugar, consists of two segments called A and B chains.
The B cluster forms dimers and hexamers that allow the pancreas to store the hormone for later use. This segment is also necessary to activate the insulin receptors that signal the body to take up sugar from the blood. Insulin must undergo several conversions to decluster before it can lower blood sugar. A person with type 1 diabetes is unable to produce insulin and requires daily injections to manage their blood sugar. Despite decades of research, the manufactured insulin continues to contain the B chain in order to activate the receptor to lower blood sugar, delaying the drug's effect by 3090 minutes.


text:
Frank Abagnale Net Worth
How much is Frank Abagnale Worth?
in Richest Businessmen › Criminals
Frank Abagnale net worth:
Frank Abagnale Net Worth: Frank Abagnale is an American security consultant who has a net worth of $10 million. Frank Abagnale was born April 27, 1948 in Bronxville, New York. Known for his history as a former check forger and impostor, he became one of the most infamous impostors ever, claiming to have assumed no fewer than eight identities in the process. He escaped from police custody twice before he was 21 years old. Abagnale's life story was the inspiration for the feature film Catch Me If You Can, starring Leonardo Dicaprio as Abagnale. As a youth, Abagnale's parents divorced and Frank, Jr. often tagged along on his dad's business dealings. It was during this time that Frank, Jr. learned a lot about white collar businesses. As a teenager, he got caught up in petty crimes, but it wasn't long before he moved on to more sophisticated crimes. Abagnale began his crime spree using his father's gas credit card and convincing gas station attendants to give him a portion of his sale back in cash, allowing them to pocket a portion of the proceeds. The scam fell apart when Frank's father got the credit card bill. He found his crime 'sweet spot' when he discovered the art of writing bad checks and impersonating everyone from a doctor to a pilot, a fraud tactic that lasted until he was finally caught in France in 1969. Abagnale served time in France, Sweden and the U.S. and was granted parole by the U.S. when he was 26 in exchange for educating them about his methods, so as to prevent fraud in the future. Frank worked for the FBI for more than 30 years and went on to open his own company, Abagnale & Associates, which also educates on how to avoid becoming fraud victim. Abagnale also wrote the books The Art of the Steal and Stealing Your Life, both on the topic of fraud prevention.
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Date of Birth: Apr 27, 1948 (71 years old)
Profession: Confidence artist, Writer, Author, Consultant
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The modern day Peruvian Horse descends from two different breeds of war pony introduced into Peru by the Conquistadors, specifically the Spanish Jennett and Andulasian. The Jennett passed on its even temperament, ambling gait and smooth ride. From the Andalusian came the classic carriage, animation of action, spirit and much of the conformation. The mixing of these bloods plus climate and forage served to modify future generations and to create this unique breed which possessed characteristic different from those of any other horse in the world.
The Peruvian Paso is officially recognized as the National Horse of Peru and is commemorated in poetry and story, in statues and postage stamps.
In some of their gaits, many other kinds of horses in lateral propulsion follow the same pattern of footfall sequence as the Peruvian Paso, including the American Saddlebred and Tennessee Walker, but there the similarity ends. There are two fundamental and marked differences. First is the execution of the gait or the way of doing it. From the hundreds of years of selective breeding for gait, the Peruvian Paso has had a conformation and other contributing attributes no other horse can claim. His relatively heavy forehand, extra large girth, sloping shoulders, short back and strong, supple loin, low croup and dock, slightly sickle hocks and springy pasterns combine with a distinctive rolling motion of the front legs and feet and almost no hock action behind, to absorb the jolts and jars of riding.
The other and greatest difference is the Paso gait is entirely natural and requires no long toes, special weights, boots, chains or special training. Also, unlike some other breeds, the Peruvian Paso does not nod or bob his head, an action which always has a corresponding compensating bob of the croup, transferred directly to the rider's seat. The trajectory of the front legs is unique among the breeds of the world. The Peruvian Paso horse has a swinging motion of the front legs which is likened to paddling. The shoulder, knee and fetlock are flexed snappily during each step the horse takes, and the foot is rotated outwards so the front hoof follows an arc instead of a straight line when the horse moves forward. This action called "termino" is a remarkably beautiful action.
The Peruvian Paso is inherently intelligent and quick to learn and seems to enjoy being cooperative and amenable. In Peru, they have been used for fighting bulls from horseback. Therefore they must have endurance, speed, agility and calmness plus courage.
The average height of the Paso is 13.5 to 15 hands and more, and the weight is from 900 to 1000 pounds (about the same as Morgan horses and Arabian horses). These beautiful horses come in all solid colors plus various roan colors also. The Peruvian is usually ridden and shown in the traditional Peruvian tack, but he can be ridden in Western, English, Saddle Seat and Plantation.