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Grim, PFC Laurence H.
192nd - A Co., 192nd Tank Battalion, Camp O'Donnell, Cause of Death, Disease, Prison Camp, Provisional Tank Group
PFC. Laurence Hubert Grim was born June 9, 1921, to Ernest and Thelma Hnethron-Grim in Viola, Wisconsin. He was the eldest of the couple's five children. Ernest grew up in Readstown, Wisconsin, until his father's automobile shop burnt to the ground. Not having insurance to rebuild the shop, his father moved the family to Janesville so he could find work. In Janesville, the family lived at 302 South Randall Avenue. In the fall of 1940, Laurence enlisted, with his best friend, Wesley Fancher, in the Wisconsin National Guard's 32nd Tank Company which was housed in an armory in Janesville. His reason for doing this was that he wanted to fulfill his military service and he wanted to be a mechanic, like his father, and would receive training in the army.
After the German tank divisions rolled through Europe in 1939 and 1940, the Army created the U.S. Armored Forces on July 10, 1940. Included in the force were the National Guard GHQ tank battalions. The GHQ battalions were still considered infantry and created a "buffer" between the armor forces and infantry to protect the regular army tank battalions from being used by the infantry when they wanted tanks. This would allow the Armor Force to develop into a real fighting force. To do this the National Guard tank battalions were called to federal service and available to the infantry.
The members of the company, on November 25 at 7:00 AM, were inducted into the U.S. Army and given physicals; By noon the same day, two men had failed their physicals and been released from federal service. Later that day, another two men were released from service. The next day, the 26th, the officers went to Chicago where they were given physicals. Two officers failed. One was released and the other, 1st Lt. Russell Thorman, who recently had major surgery was allowed time to recover and later rejoined the company. A 24-hour guard was posted outside the armory and the men lived in the armory and spent their time drilling. One day they had a snowball fight.
During this time, four men were sent to Camp Williams, Wisconsin, to pick up additional equipment while two other men traveled to Camp Douglas, Wisconsin, to pick up additional clothing. At the same time, a three-man detail was sent to Danville, Illinois, where another detachment of soldiers would spend the night at an armory there. A detachment under Lt. Fred Bruni and 23 soldiers left the armory at 7:00 A.M. on November 27 in nine trucks carrying the company's baggage. It is known that the roads were ice-covered so the trip was slow and the conditions resulted in one truck hitting a civilian's car causing $100.00 in damages. No other information is available about the incident. The roads improved the further south the convoy traveled. The soldiers spent the night at the armory in Danville, before heading south to Ft. Knox arriving there sometime later in the afternoon.
Between 4:00 and 5:00 P.M. on November 28, the main detachment of soldiers marched from the armory to the Milwaukee Road train station in Janesville where they boarded special cars that had been added to the Marquette to Chicago train. One was a flatcar with the company's two tanks on it. At some point, the train cars were uncoupled from the train and switched onto the Chicago & Northwestern line that went into Maywood, Illinois. There, the members of B Company boarded the train and their equipment – including their two tanks – was loaded onto the train. In Chicago, the soldiers disembarked the train and rode busses to the Illinois Central Station. The train cars were switched onto the Illinois Central Railroad and the men and tanks were taken to Ft. Knox arriving around 8:00 A.M. When they arrived, trucks were waiting at the station to take them to the fort. Their first housing was six men tents with stoves since their barracks were not finished. The battalion had a total of eight tanks that the crews were ordered not to abuse.
Each company of the battalion had two barracks for the enlisted men and the officers lived in their own barracks with their own rooms and orderlies to clean them. The men spent the next few days settling into their new homes. It is known that 25 men lived on each floor of the barracks. The bunks were set up along the walls and alternated so that the head of one bunk was next to the foot of another bunk allowing for more bunks to be placed in the least amount of space allowing for 25 men to sleep on each floor. The first sergeant, staff sergeant, and master sergeant had their own rooms. There was also a supply room, an orderly room – where the cooks could sleep during the day – and a clubroom. Men assigned to the company from selective service lived in tents next to the company's two barracks.
The one problem they had was that the barracks had four, two-way speakers in it. One speaker was in the main room of each floor of the barracks, one was in the first sergeant's office, and one was in the Capt. Walter Write's office. Since by flipping a switch, the speaker became a microphone, and the men watched what they said. The guardsmen were housed away from the regular army troops in the newly built barracks. Newspapers from the time state that the barracks were air-conditioned. The area outside the barracks was described as muddy and dusty most of the time. An attempt was made to improve the situation by bringing in crushed to build walkways and roads around the barracks.
The first 13 weeks were intended as basic training for all the members of the battalion except for men who were considered essential to the maintenance of necessary company duties and were sent to Armored Forces School where the training was spent studying tank maintenance, motor vehicle maintenance, gunnery, cooking, baking, mess sergeant's course, supply sergeant's course, and other courses involving tanks. The battalion was attached to the 69th Armored Regiment, 1st Armored Division, and received its training under the 69th. This was true for the tank crews and reconnaissance units who trained with the regiment's tanks and reconnaissance units and later trained with their own companies.
While the men were in school, the company found it hard to carry on the necessary duties that needed to be done. 1st Sgt Dale Lawton and his staff sergeants found themselves assuming the duties of kitchen police and pulled guard duty so that those enlisted men not attending armored school and overworked doing these jobs had a break from them.
A typical day for the soldiers started at 6:15 with reveille, but most of the soldiers were up by 5:45 since they wanted to wash and dress. After roll call, breakfast was from 7:00 to 8:00 A.M., followed by calisthenics from 8:00 to 8:30. Afterward, the tankers went to various schools within the company. The classes consisted of .30 and .50 caliber machine guns, pistols, map reading, care of personal equipment, military courtesy, and training in tactics. At 11:30 the soldiers stopped what they were doing and cleaned up for mess which was from noon to 1:00 P.M. After lunch, the soldiers went back to work. At 4:30, the soldiers called it a day and returned to their barracks and put on dress uniforms, and at five held retreat and followed by dinner at 5:30. After they ate they stood in line to wash their mess kits since they had no mess hall. On January 12, 1941, their mess hall opened and they ate off real plates with forks and knives. They also no longer had to wash their own plates since that job fell on the men assigned to Kitchen Police. After dinner, they were off duty and lights were out at 9:00 P.M., but they did not have to turn in until 10:00 when Taps was played.
During their free time during the week, the men could go to one of the three movie theaters on the outpost. They also sat around and talked. As the weather got warmer, the men tried to play baseball as often as possible in the evenings. At 9:00 P.M., when lights went out, most went to sleep. On weekends, men with passes frequently went to Louisville which was 35 miles north of the fort, while others went to Elizabethtown sixteen miles south of the fort. Those men still on the base used the dayroom to read since it was open until 11:00 P.M.
The lack of equipment was a major problem for the battalion. Many of the tanks were castoffs from the regular army or pulled from the junkyard at Ft. Knox and rebuilt by the tank companies. The tanks were also restricted in where they could be driven and very little training was done with the infantry. On December 2, each company received four additional tanks. According to information from the time, each company was scheduled to receive 17 tanks, three half-tracks, four motorcycles, two motorcycles with passenger cars, four, two-and-a-half-ton trucks, and a half-ton pickup truck. The battalion was attached to the 69th Armored Regiment, 1st Armored Division, and received its training under the 69th. This was true for the tank crews and reconnaissance units who trained with the regiment's tanks and reconnaissance units and later trained with their own companies.
It also seemed to rain constantly during December, and it was said the mud around the barracks was two inches deep. The men also took a six-mile hike in the mud and rain on the 13th. 149 draftees were also assigned to the battalion from the home states of each company but lived away from the battalion with the 69th Armored Regiment. HQ Company was formed on December 20, but none of the enlisted men were assigned to it on that date.
It is known that he was not one of the soldiers who went home for Christmas. Those soldiers paid $12.00 each and left Ft. Knox at about 1:00 P.M. on Saturday, December 21 – by chartered bus – and arrived in Janesville at about 3:00 A.M. on Sunday, December 22. For those who remained at Ft. Knox, the base was decorated with lighted Christmas trees along its streets, and each night Christmas carols were sung by a well-trained choir that went from barracks to barracks. The sight was said to be beautiful as the soldiers entered the camp from the ridge north of their barracks. The workload of the soldiers was also reduced for the holidays. Christmas dinner consisted of roast turkey, baked ham, candied sweet potatoes, snowflake potatoes, giblet gravy, oyster dressing, cranberry sauce, pickle relish, grapes, oranges, rolls, fruit cake, ice cream, bread, butter, and coffee. After dinner, cigars, cigarettes, and candy were provided.
Those who went home remained in Janesville until the afternoon of Christmas Day when they boarded the chartered bus for the return trip to Ft. Knox. After they arrived at Ft. Knox at 5:55 A.M. on December 26, 1st Sgt. Lawton was waiting having been given the job of picking men to be transferred to HQ Company. Men were picked for the company because they had special training. Many of these men received promotions and because of their rating received higher pay. Since the company did not have barracks, the men still lived with A Company in its barracks.
The biggest task at Ft. Knox facing the members of the 192nd, was that each company had to get used to the other. During this process of adjustment, the members of the different companies often were involved in fistfights. As time passed, the fights ended as the members of the battalion became friends. Each company was made up of three platoons of thirty men and each company had the same number of tanks assigned to it. The one exception was Headquarters Company which had three assigned tanks. It was also at this time that the battalion had 16 operational tanks and the first men from selective service were assigned to the company. On January 10, these men took their first tank ride and all of them had the chance to drive the tanks and would permanently join the company in March 1941.
Winter finally arrived on January 4, when the high for the day was 24 degrees and it snowed for the first time. Those on guard duty at night were happy they had been issued long-Johns but wished they had on two pairs. It was also in January that the companies had their first target practice and each company spent one week at the firing range learning to use their thirty caliber and fifty caliber machine guns as well as forty-five caliber pistols. This took place at the 1st Cavalry Test range where the tanks could be maneuvered and the guns fired at the same time. All those holding the rank of Private First Class were sent to motorcycle class at the Armored Force where they were taught the functions and duties of a motorcyclist in a garrison and in combat. Ten members of the company were sent to radio school from 8:00 to 11:30 A.M. They also received their government-issued toiletries. Each man received two face towels and one bath towel, a razor, tooth and shaving brushes, and another pair of pants which completed their compliment of clothing.
Most of the men were attending the various schools they were assigned to and taking classes lasting until May 31. The tankers went through intensive training in the various classes at the Armored Force School which taught classes in gunnery, radio communications, tank maintenance, vehicle maintenance, tank driving, as well as other classes. The entire battalion on January 28, took part in a one-day problem that had to do with the deployment of large units of tanks and to put into practice what they had learned in the classroom. They were up at 5:00 A.M. and reported to the tank parks of the 1st and 13th Armor Regiments. It was a long tough day for all the soldiers, but they all believed they had learned more in that one day than they had learned in an entire week of school. It was also at this time that each company had a tent so they could make minor repairs to their tanks. It was noted that the men from every company seemed to enjoy working on their own tanks. They were also taking the tanks out on the trails and obstacle driving which resulted in the companies developing many good tank crews.
Capt Walter Write, during February, commanded a composite tank unit made of men from all the companies of the battalion. The unit left Ft. Knox on a problematic move at 9:00 A.M. and consisted of three motorcycles, two scout cars, sixteen tanks, one ambulance, and supply, fuel, and kitchen trucks. The route was difficult and chosen so that the men could become acquainted with their equipment. They also had to watch out for simulated enemy planes. Bridges were avoided whenever it was possible and they had to ford the rivers. At noon, the column stopped for a short rest, and for lunch that did not materialize. A guide had failed to stay at one of the crossings until the kitchen truck arrived there, so instead of turning into the woods, the truck went straight. After the break, Capt. Write ordered the men back to Ft. Knox without having been fed.
The entire battalion on January 28, took part in a one-day problem that had to do with the deployment of large units of tanks and to put into practice what they had learned in the classroom. They were up at 5:00 A.M. and reported to the tank parks of the 1st and 13th Armor Regiments. It was a long tough day for all the soldiers, but they all believed they had learned more in that one day than they had learned in an entire week of school. It was also at this time that each company had a tent so they could make minor repairs to their tanks. It was noted that the men from every company seemed to enjoy working on their own tanks. They were also taking the tanks out on the trails and obstacle driving which resulted in the companies developing many good tank crews.
The battalion finally received all its tanks and the soldiers were told to, "beat the hell out of them." On June 14 and 16, the battalion was divided into four detachments composed of men from different companies. Available information shows that C and D Companies, part of HQ Company and part of the Medical Detachment left on June 14, while A and B Companies, and the other halves of HQ Company and the Medical Detachment left the fort on June 16. These were tactical maneuvers – under the command of the commanders of each of the letter companies. The three-day tactical road marches were to Harrodsburg, Kentucky, and back. Each tank company traveled with 20 tanks, 20 motorcycles, 7 armored scout cars, 5 jeeps, 12 peeps (later called jeeps), 20 large 2½-ton trucks (these carried the battalion's garages for vehicle repair), 5, 1½-ton trucks (which included the companies' kitchens), and 1 ambulance.
The detachments traveled through Bardstown and Springfield before arriving at Harrodsburg at 2:30 P.M. where they set up their bivouac at the fairgrounds. The next morning, they moved to Herrington Lake east of Danville, where the men swam, boated, and fished. The battalion returned to Ft. Knox through Lebanon, New Haven, and Hodgenville, Kentucky. At Hodgenville, the men were allowed to visit the birthplace of Abraham Lincoln. The purpose of the maneuvers was to give the men practice at loading, unloading, and setting up administrative camps to prepare them for the Louisiana maneuvers.
At the end of the month, the battalion found itself at the firing range and appeared to have spent the last week there. According to available information, they were there from 4:00 A.M. until 8:30 A.M. when they left the range. They then had to clean the guns which took them until 10:30 A.M. One of the complaints they had about the firing range was that it was so hot and humid that when they got back from it that their clothes felt like they had stood out in the rain. Right after July 4, the battalion went on a nine-day maneuver. Twelve of the battalion's tanks were sent to Rock Island, Illinois, to be overhauled but were returned before the battalion went to Louisiana.
The 192nd Tank Battalion was sent to Louisiana, in the late summer of 1941, to take part in maneuvers. About half of the battalion left Ft. Knox on September 1 in trucks and other wheeled vehicles and spent the night in Clarksville, Tennessee, 160 miles south of Ft. Knox. By 7:00 A.M. the next morning, the detachment was on the move. On the second day, the soldiers saw their first cotton fields which they found fascinating. They spent the night in Brownsville, Tennessee, and were again on the move the following morning at 7:00 A.M. At noon, the convoy crossed the Mississippi River which they found amazing, and spent the night in Clarksdale, Mississippi. At noon the next day, the convoy crossed the lower part of Arkansas and arrived at Tallulah, Louisiana, where, they washed, relaxed, and played baseball against the locals. It also gave them a break from sitting on wooden benches in the trucks. The remaining soldiers, the tanks, and other equipment were sent by train and left the base on September 3. When they arrived at Tremont, Lousiana, the men, and trucks who had driven to Louisiana were waiting for them at the train station.
The battalion was assigned to the Red Army, attached to the Fourth Cavalry, and stationed at Camp Robinson, Arkansas. Two days later it made a two-day move, as a neutral unit, to Ragley, Louisiana, and was assigned to the Blue Army. The battalion's bivouac was in the Kisatchie National Forest, near DeRidder, Louisana, where the soldiers dealt with mosquitoes, snakes, wood ticks, snakes, and alligators. They described the land as swamps, woods, and shacks. They also heard they were going to North Carolina on October 6th.
During the maneuvers, tanks held defensive positions and usually were held in reserve by the higher headquarters. For the first time, the tanks were used to counter-attack, in support of infantry, and held defensive positions. Some men felt that the tanks were finally being used like they should be used and not as "mobile pillboxes." The maneuvers were described by other men as being awakened at 4:30 A.M. and sent to an area to engage an imaginary enemy. After engaging the enemy, the tanks withdrew to another area. The crews had no idea what they were doing most of the time because they were never told anything by the higher-ups. A number of men felt that they just rode around in their tanks a lot.
While training at Ft. Knox, the tankers were taught that they should never attack an anti-tank gun head-on. One day during the maneuvers, their commanding general threw away the entire battalion doing just that. After sitting out a period of time, the battalion resumed the maneuvers. The major problem for the tanks was the sandy soil. On several occasions, tanks were parked and the crews walked away from them. When they returned, the tanks had sunk into the sandy soil up to their hauls. To get them out, other tanks were brought in and attempted to pull them out. If that didn't work, the tankers brought a tank wrecker from Camp Polk to pull the tank out of the ground.
It was not uncommon for the tankers to receive orders to move at night. One night at 2:30 A.M., they were awakened by the sound of a whistle which meant they had to get the tanks ready to move. Those assigned to other duties loaded trucks with equipment. Once they had assembled into formations, they received the order to move, without headlights, to make a surprise attack on the Red Army. By 5:30 that morning – after traveling 40 miles in 2½ hours from their original bivouac in the dark – they had established a new bivouac and set up their equipment. They camouflaged their tanks and trucks and set up sentries to look for paratroopers or enemy troops. At 11:30, they received orders and 80 tanks and armored vehicles moved out into enemy territory. They engaged the enemy at 2:38 in the afternoon and an umpire with a white flag determined who was awarded points or penalized. At 7:30 P.M., the battle was over and the tanks limped back to the bivouac where they were fueled and oiled for the next day.
The one good thing that came out of the maneuvers was that the tank crews learned how to move at night. At Ft. Knox this was never done. Without knowing it, the night movements were preparing them for what they would do in the Philippines since most of the battalion's movements there were made at night. The drivers learned how to drive at night and to take instructions from their tank commanders who had a better view from the turret. A number of motorcycle riders from other tank units were killed because they were riding their bikes without headlights on which meant they could not see obstacles in front of their bikes. When they hit something they fell to the ground and the tanks following them went over them. This happened several times before the motorcycle riders were ordered to turn on their headlights.
Snake bites were also a problem and at some point, it seemed that every other man was bitten by a snake. The platoon commanders carried a snake bite kit that was used to create a vacuum to suck the poison out of the bite. The bites were the result of the nights cooling down and snakes crawling under the soldiers' bedrolls for warmth while the soldiers were sleeping on them.
It is known that John Spencer was bitten by a rattlesnake but had no serious effects, while another man killed one. To avoid being bitten, men slept on the two-and-a-half-ton trucks or on or in the tanks. To avoid being bitten, men slept on the two-and-a-half-ton trucks or on or in the tanks. Another trick the soldiers learned was to dig a small trench around their tents and lay rope in the trench. The burs on the rope kept the snakes from entering the tents. The snakes were not a problem if the night was warm.
There was one multicolored snake – about eight inches long – that was beautiful to look at, but if it bit a man he was dead. The good thing was that these snakes would not just strike at the man but only struck if the man forced himself on it. When the soldiers woke up in the morning they would carefully pick up their bedrolls to see if there were any snakes under them.
What made the maneuvers worse was that the rainy season started and the men found themselves living in it. On one occasion the battalion was bivouac near a canal and the next morning the men found themselves in water over their shoes trying to dig ditches for drainage. The members of B Company captured a medium size alligator in their bivouac and pulled it around at the end of a leash made from a rope.
The wood to cook their food was always damp which made it hard to get a fire started. Many of their meals were C ration meals of beans or chili that they choked down. Washing clothes was done when the men had a chance. They did this by finding a creek, looking for alligators, and if there were none, taking a bar of soap and scrubbing whatever they were washing. Clothes were usually washed once a week or once every two weeks.
After the maneuvers, the battalion members expected to return to Ft. Knox but received orders to report to Camp Polk, Louisiana, and found themselves living in tents. It rained so much that men went days without taking a shower since they were constantly wet. It was on the side of a hill the battalion learned that they had been selected to go overseas. Those men who were married, 29 years old or older, or whose National Guard enlistments were about to end were allowed to resign from federal service. Officers too old for their rank, including the 192nd's commanding officer, were also released. The enlisted men and some officers were replaced by men from the 753rd Tank Battalion. The move to the Philippines was supposed to be "top secret," but it was posted all over the camp in the barracks' day rooms on bulletin boards. The notices stated that the 192nd was accepting volunteers for duty in the Philippine Islands. Both new and old members of the battalion were given leave home to say their goodbyes. They returned to Camp Polk and prepared for duty overseas.
There are at least two stories on the decision to send the battalion overseas, but the decision appeared to have been made well before the maneuvers. According to one story, the decision for this move was the result of an event that took place in the summer of 1941. A squadron of American fighters was flying over Lingayen Gulf, in the Philippines, when one of the pilots, who was flying at a lower altitude, noticed something odd. He took his plane down and identified a flagged buoy in the water and saw another in the distance. He came upon more buoys that lined up, in a straight line for 30 miles to the northwest, in the direction of Taiwan which had a large radio transmitter. The squadron continued its flight plan south to Mariveles and returned to Clark Field. When the planes landed, it was too late to do anything that day.
Many of the men believed that the reason they were selected to be sent overseas was that they had performed well on the maneuvers. The story was that they were personally selected by General George S. Patton – who had commanded the tanks of the Blue Army during the maneuvers – to go overseas. There is no evidence that this was true.
The fact was that the battalion was part of the First Tank Group which was headquartered at Ft. Knox and operational by June 1941. Available information suggests that the tank group had been selected to be sent to the Philippines early in 1941. Besides the 192nd at Ft. Knox, the group was made up of the 70th and 191st Tank Battalions – the 191st was a National Guard medium tank battalion while the 70th was a regular army tank battalion – at Ft. Meade, Maryland. The 193rd was at Ft. Benning, Georgia, and the 194th at Ft. Lewis, Washington. The 192nd, 193rd, and 194th had been National Guard light tank battalions. It is known that the military presence in the Philippines was being built up at the time, so in all likelihood, the entire tank group had been scheduled to be sent to the Philippines.
On August 13, 1941, Congress voted to extend federalized National Guard units' time in the regular Army by 18 months. Two days later, on August 15, the 194th received its orders to go overseas. The buoys being spotted by the pilot may have sped up the transfer of the tank battalions to the Philippines with only the 192nd and 194th reaching the islands, but it was not the reason for the battalions going to the Philippines. It is also known that the 193rd Tank Battalion had sailed for Hawaii – on its way to the Philippines – when Pearl Harbor was attacked. After it arrived in Hawaii, the battalion was held there. The 70th and 191st never received orders for the Philippines because of the war. It is known at least one heavy tank battalion had been scheduled to be sent, but the Army had no heavy tank and no heavy tank battalion existed at the time. Some military documents from the time show the name of the Provisional Tank Group in the Philippines as the First Provisional Tank Group.
When the men who had furloughs home returned to Camp Polk, they found themselves, once again, living in tents. During their time there, it rained a great deal of the time and the men always seemed to be wet. Men went over a week without taking a shower. The battalion spent 20 days at Camp Polk and its new M3 tanks came from the 753rd and the 3rd Armor Division. This happened because there was a problem with the battalion receiving brand new tanks. Many of the tanks that it received were within four hours of their required 100-hour maintenance which made them new only to the battalion. At 8:30 A.M. on October 20, over different train routes, the companies were sent to San Francisco, California. A Company rode the train with HQ Company and took the southern route through Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, Arizona, and up the west coast of California to San Francisco. When the train stopped at one station, Native Americans enter the car selling beads, and the soldiers knocked each over attempting to buy them. After the train pulled out of the station someone noticed the beads were made in Japan.
One train carried the tankers while a second train, following the first train, carried the company's tanks. At the end of the second train, were a freight car and a passenger car that some of the tankers rode. When they arrived in San Francisco, they were ferried, on the U.S.A.T. General Frank M. Coxe, to Ft. McDowell on Angel Island, where they received inoculations and physicals. Those men who were found to have treatable medical conditions remained behind on the island and were scheduled to rejoin the battalion at a later date. Other men were simply replaced by men sent to the island as replacements. During this time, the soldiers loaded the tanks onto the ship. It is also believed the battalion's half-tracks – that replaced its reconnaissance cars – were waiting in San Francisco. So were its new jeeps and motorcycles, which were Indian motorcycles, and had all their controls on the opposite side from the Harley-Davidsons they had learned to ride at Ft. Knox.
The 192nd was boarded onto the U.S.S Hugh L. Scott and sailed on Monday, October 27. During this part of the trip, many tankers had seasickness for a few days, but once they recovered they spent much of the time training in breaking down machine guns, cleaning weapons, and doing KP. The ship arrived at Honolulu, Hawaii, on Sunday, November 2, and the soldiers were given shore leave so they could see the island since the ship had a two-day layover.
On Wednesday, November 5, the ship sailed for Guam but took a southerly route away from the main shipping lanes. It was at this time the ship was joined by the U.S.S. Louisville and, the transport, U.S.A.T. President Calvin Coolidge. The ships headed west following a zig-zag pattern. The night of Sunday, November 9, the ships crossed the International Dateline, and when the soldiers awoke it was Tuesday, November 11.
During this part of the voyage, the soldiers spent their time attending lectures, playing craps and cards, reading, writing letters and sunned themselves on deck. Other men did required work like turning over the tanks' engines by hand and the clerks caught up on their paperwork. In addition, there was always KP. On Saturday, November 15, smoke from an unknown ship was seen on the horizon. The Louisville revved up its engines, its bow came out of the water, and it took off in the direction of the smoke. It turned out that the unknown ship was from a friendly country. Two other intercepted ships were Japanese freighters hauling scrap metal to Japan.
When they arrived at Guam on Sunday, November 16, the ships took on water, bananas, coconuts, and vegetables. Although they were not allowed off the ship, the soldiers were able to mail letters home before sailing for Manila the next day. At one point, the ships passed an island at night and did so in total blackout. This for many of the soldiers was a sign that they were being sent into harm's way. The blackout was strictly enforced and men caught smoking on deck after dark spent time in the ship's brig. Three days after leaving Guam the men spotted the first islands of the Philippines. The ships sailed around the south end of Luzon and then north up the west coast of Luzon toward Manila Bay.
The next morning, the ships entered Manila Bay, at 8:00 A.M., on Thursday, November 20, and docked at Pier 7 later that morning. One thing that was different about their arrival was that instead of a band and a welcoming committee waiting at the pier to tell them to enjoy their stay in the Philippines and see as much of the island as they could, a party came aboard the ship – carrying guns – and told the soldiers, "Draw your firearms immediately; we're under alert. We expect a war with Japan at any moment. Your destination is Fort Stotsenburg, Clark Field." At 3:00 P.M., as they left the ship, a Marine was checking off their names. When an enlisted man said his name, the Marine responded with, "Hello sucker." Those who drove trucks drove them to the fort, while the maintenance section remained behind at the pier to unload the tanks. The remainder of the battalion rode a train that was waiting for them the 55 miles to the base.
At the fort, the tankers were met by Gen. Edward P. King Jr. who welcomed them and made sure that they had what they needed. He also was apologetic that there were no barracks for the tankers and that they had to live in tents. The fact was he had not learned of their arrival until days before they arrived. He made sure that they had Thanksgiving dinner – stew thrown into their mess kits – before he left to have his own dinner.
The members of the battalion pitched ragged World War I tents in an open field southwest of the airfield and halfway between the Clark Field Administration Building and Fort Stotsenburg. The tents were set up in two rows and five men were assigned to each tent. There were two supply tents and meals were provided by food trucks stationed at the end of the rows of tents. The area was near the end of a runway used by B-17s for takeoffs. The planes flew over the tents at about 100 feet blowing dirt everywhere and the noise from the engines as they flew over was unbelievable. At night, they heard the sounds of Japanese reconnaissance planes flying over the airfield. In addition, the khaki uniforms they had been issued were heavy material and uncomfortable to wear in the tropical heat. In addition, the khaki uniforms they had been issued were heavy material and uncomfortable to wear in the tropical heat.
The 192nd had a large number of ham radio operators and shortly after arriving at Ft. Stotsenburg, they set up a communications tent that was in contact with the United States within hours. The communications monitoring station in Manila went crazy attempting to figure out where all these new radio messages were coming from. When they were informed it was the 192nd, they gave them frequencies to use. Men were able to send messages home to their families that they had arrived safely.
The day started at 5:15 with reveille and anyone who washed near a faucet with running water was considered lucky. At 6:00 A.M. they ate breakfast followed by work – on their on the tanks and other equipment – from 7:00 A.M. to 11:30 A.M. Lunch was from 11:30 A.M. to 1:30 P.M. when the soldiers returned to work until 2:30 P.M. The shorter afternoon work period was based on the belief that it was too hot to work in the climate. The term "recreation in the motor pool" that they borrowed from the 194th Tank Battalion meant they actually worked until 4:30 in the afternoon.
For recreation, the soldiers spent their free time bowling or going to the movies on the base. They also played horseshoes, softball, badminton, or threw footballs around during their free time. They also visited the barrios that were near the fort. Men were given the opportunity to be allowed to go to Manila in small groups. Many men wrote home and told their families about how hot the weather was, the kind of food they were eating, about the countryside, and about the Filipinos.
Ten days before the attack on Pearl Harbor, the reconnaissance pilots reported that Japanese transports were milling around in a large circle in the South China Sea. On December 1, the tankers were ordered to the perimeter of Clark Field to guard against Japanese paratroopers. From this time on, two tank crew members remained with each tank at all times and were fed from food trucks. It was the men manning the radios in the 192nd's communications tent who were the first to learn of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on the morning of December 8. Major Ted Wickord, the battalion's commanding officer, Gen. James Weaver, and Major Ernest Miller, the CO of the 194th Tank Battalion, read the messages of the attack. The officers of the 192nd were called to the tent and informed of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. All the members of the tank and half-track crews were ordered to the south end of Clark Field to guard against Japanese paratroopers. HQ Company remained behind in their bivouac.
The company was sent to the Barrio of Dau, on the 12th, so it would be close to a highway and railroad and would be able to protect them from sabotage. On December 21, they were ordered to rejoin the 192nd which had been ordered to the Lingayen Gulf to relieve the 26th U.S. Cavalry, Philippine Scouts. The company was in the area of Urdaneta, on December 23 and 24. On December 25, the tanks of the battalion dropped back down Route 5 and held the southern bank of the Agno River from Carmen to Tayung, with the tanks of the 194th holding the line on the Carmen-Alcala-Bautista Road. It was there the tankers lost the company commander, Capt. Walter Write on December 26. After he was buried, the tankers made an end run to get south of Agno River after the main bridge had been destroyed. As they did this, they ran into Japanese resistance early in the evening but successfully crossed the river in the Bayambang Province.
The tanks were asked to hold the position for six hours; they held it until 5:30 in the morning on December 27. The 192nd and part of the 194th fell back to form a new defensive line the night of December 27 and 28. From there they fell back to the south bank of the BamBan River which they were supposed to hold for as long as possible. The tanks were at Santo Tomas near Cabanatuan on December 28 and 29 serving as a rear guard against the Japanese.
A Company was sent on December 30, in support of the 194th, to an area east of Pampanga. It was there that they lost a tank platoon commander, 2nd Lt. William Read. On a road east of Zaragoza, that night, the company was bivouacked for the night and posted sentries. The sentries heard a noise on the road and woke the other tankers who grabbed Tommy-guns and manned the tanks' machine guns. As they watched, a Japanese bicycle battalion rode into their bivouac. When the last bicycle passed the tanks, the tankers opened fire on them. When they stopped firing, they had completely wiped out the bicycle battalion. To leave the area, the tankers drove their tanks over the bodies.
As the Filipino and American forces fell back toward Bataan, A Company took up a position near the south bank of the Gumain River on the night of December 31 and January 1. Believing that the Filipino Army was in front of them allowed the tankers to get some sleep. It was that night that the Japanese launched an attack to cross the river.
On January 1, the tanks of the 194th were holding the Calumpit Bridge allowing the Southern Luzon Forces to cross the bridge toward Bataan. General Wainwright was attempting to hold the main Japanese force coming down Route 5 to prevent the troops from being cut off. General MacArthur's chief of staff gave conflicting orders involving whose command the defenders were under which caused confusion. Gen. Wainwright was not aware these orders had been given. Because of the orders, there was confusion among the Filipinos and American forces defending the bridges over the Pampanga River. Due to the efforts of the Self Propelled Mounts, the 71st Field Artillery, and a frenzied attack by the 192nd Tank Battalion the Japanese were halted. From January 2 to 4, the 192nd held the road open from San Fernando to Dinalupihan so the southern forces could escape. It was also at this time that food rations were cut in half. It was not too long after this malaria, dysentery, and dengue fever began hitting the soldiers. The tanks often were the last units to disengage from the enemy and form a new defensive line as Americans and Filipino forces withdrew toward Bataan.
As the Japanese attempted to advance they were cut down by the tankers. The tankers created gaping holes in their ranks. To lower their losses, the Japanese tried to cover their advance with a smokescreen. Since the wind was blowing against them, the smoke blew into the Japanese line. When the Japanese broke off the attack, they had lost about half their men.
At Guagua, A Company, with units from the 11th Division, Philippine Army, attempted to make a counterattack against the Japanese. Somehow, the tanks were mistaken, by the Filipinos to be Japanese. The 11th Division accurately used mortars on them. The result was the loss of three tanks. On January 1, the tanks of the 194th were holding the Calumpit Bridge allowing the Southern Luzon Forces to cross the bridge toward Bataan. General Wainwright was attempting to hold the main Japanese force coming down Route 5 to prevent the troops from being cut off. General MacArthur's chief of staff gave conflicting orders involving whose command the defenders were under which caused confusion. Gen. Wainwright was not aware these orders had been given. Because of the orders, there was confusion among the Filipinos and American forces defending the bridges over the Pampanga River, and about half withdrew from the bridge. When Wainwright realized what had happened he ordered an attack. Due to the efforts of the Self Propelled Mounts, the 71st Field Artillery, and a frenzied attack by the 192nd Tank Battalion the Japanese were halted.
From January 2 to 4, the 192nd held the road open from San Fernando to Dinalupihan so the southern forces could escape. It was also in January 1942, that the food ration was cut in half. It was not too long after this was done that malaria, dysentery, and dengue fever began hitting the soldiers. The tanks often were the last units to disengage from the enemy and form a new defensive line as Americans and Filipino forces withdrew toward Bataan. On the night of January 7, the A Company was awaiting orders to cross the last bridge into Bataan over the Culis Creek. The engineers were ready to blow up the bridge, but the battalion's commanding officer, Lt. Col. Ted Wickord, ordered the engineers to wait until he had looked to see if they were anywhere in sight. He found the company, asleep in their tanks because they had not received the order to withdraw across the bridge. After they had crossed, the bridge was destroyed.
On January 24, the tank battalions were ordered to cover all forces withdrawing to the Pilar-Bigac Line. The withdrawal was to take place on the night of January 24/25. The 192nd covered the withdrawal in the Abucay area. The battalions prevented the Japanese from overrunning the position and cutting off the withdrawing troops. A new battle line had been formed the morning of January 27 and all units were supposed to be beyond it. That morning, the tanks were still holding their position six hours after they should have withdrawn. While holding the position, the tanks, with self-propelled mounts, ambushed, at point-blank range, three Japanese units causing 50 percent casualties.
While American and Filipino forces were withdrawing from the Pilar-Bigac Line, the battalion prevented the Japanese from overrunning the position and cutting off the withdrawing troops. On the morning of January 27, a new battle line had been formed and all units were supposed to be beyond it. That morning, the tanks were still holding their position six hours after they were supposed to have withdrawn. While holding the position, the tanks, with self-propelled mounts, ambushed, at point-blank range, three Japanese units causing 50 percent casualties.
While doing this job, the tankers noticed that each morning when the PT boats were off the coast they were attacked by Japanese Zeros. The tank crews made arrangements with the PT boats to be at a certain place at a certain time. The Zeros arrived and attacked. This time they were met by fire from the boats but also from the machine guns of the tanks and half-tracks. When the Zeros broke off the attack, they had lost nine of twelve planes.
The battalion took part in the Battle of the Points on the west coast of Bataan. The Japanese landed troops but ended up trapped. When they attempted to land reinforcements, they landed in the wrong place. One was the Lapay-Longoskawayan points from January 23 to 29, the Quinauan-Aglaloma points from January 22 to February 8, and the Sililam-Anyasan points from January 27 to February 13. The Japanese had been stopped, but the decision was made by Brigadier General Clinton A. Pierce that tanks were needed to support the 45th Infantry Philippine Scouts. He requested the tanks from the Provisional Tank Group.
On February 2, a platoon of C Company tanks was ordered to Quinan Point where the Japanese had landed troops. The tanks arrived at about 5:15 P.M. He did a quick reconnaissance of the area, and after meeting with the commanding infantry officer, made the decision to drive tanks into the edge of the Japanese position and spray the area with machine-gun fire. The progress was slow but steady until a Japanese .37 milometer gun was spotted in front of the lead tank, and the tanks withdrew. It turned out that the gun had been disabled by mortar fire, but the tanks did not know this at the time.
On February 4, at 8:30 A.M. five tanks and the radio car arrived. The tanks were assigned the numbers 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, so each tank commander knew which tank was receiving an order. Each tank also received a walkie-talkie, as well as the radio car and infantry commanders. This was done so that the crews could coordinate the attack with the infantry and so that the tanks could be ordered to where they were needed. The Japanese were pushed back almost to the cliffs when the attack was halted for the night. The attack resumed the next morning and the Japanese were pushed to the cliff line where they hid below the edge of the cliff out of view. It was at that time that the tanks were released to return to the 192nd.
While the tanks were doing this job, the Japanese sent soldiers, with cans of gasoline, against the tanks. These Japanese attempted to jump onto the tanks, pour gasoline into the vents on the back of the tanks, and set the tanks on fire. If the tankers could not machine gun the Japanese before they got to a tank, the other tanks would shoot them as they stood on a tank. The tankers did not like to do this because of what it did to the crew inside the tank. When the bullets hit the tank, its rivets would pop and wound the men inside the tank. Since the stress on the crews was tremendous, the tanks rotated into the pocket one at a time. A tank entered the pocket and the next tank waited for the tank that had been relieved to exit the pocket before it would enter. This was repeated until all the tanks in the pocket were relieved.
The tankers, from A, B, and C Companies, were able to clear the pockets by February 18. But before this was done, one C Company tank which had gone beyond the American perimeter was disabled and the tank just sat there. When the sun came up the next day, the tank was still sitting there. During the night, its crew was buried alive, inside the tank, by the Japanese. When the Japanese had been wiped out, the tank was turned upside down to remove the dirt and recover the bodies of the crew. The tank was put back into use. It was for their performance during this battle that the 192nd Tank Battalion would receive one of its Presidential Unit Citations
The 192nd unlike other units had arrived in the Philippines just before the start of the war, so they did not have the opportunity to stockpile food. The soldiers were hungry and began to eat everything they could get their hands on to eat. The Carabao were tough but if they were cooked long enough they could be eaten. They also began to eat horse meat provided by the 26th U.S. Cavalry. During this time the soldiers ate monkeys, snakes, lizards, horses, and mules. To make things worse, the soldiers' rations were cut in half again on March 1, 1942. This meant that they only ate two meals a day. The Japanese also were dropping surrender leaflets with a picture of a scantily clad blond on them. They would have been more successful at getting the Americans to surrender if the picture had been a hamburger since the men were so hungry that they most likely would have surrendered for a good meal.
The company's last bivouac area was about twelve kilometers north of Marivales and looking out on the China Sea. By this point, the tankers knew that there was no help on the way. Many had listened to Secretary of War Harry L. Stimson on short wave. When asked about the Philippines, he said, "There are times when men must die." The soldiers cursed in response because they knew that the Philippines had already been lost.
The Japanese launched an all-out attack, on April 3, supported by artillery and aircraft. A large force of Japanese troops came over Mount Samat and descended down the south face of the volcano. This attack wiped out two divisions of defenders and left a large area of the defensive line open to the Japanese. The Japanese broke through the east side of the main defensive line on Bataan on April 7. C Company was pulled out of its position along the west side of the line and ordered to reinforce the eastern part of the line. Traveling south to Mariveles, the tankers started up the eastern road but were unable to reach their assigned area due to the roads being blocked by retreating Filipino and American forces. The tanks became a favorite target of the Japanese receiving fire on trails and while hidden in the jungle. and could not fight back. The situation was so bad that other troops avoided being near the tanks, and the 26th Cavalry turned down a tank company's offer of assistance in a counter-attack.
It was the evening of April 8 that Gen. Edward P. King decided that further resistance was futile, since approximately 25% of his men were healthy enough to fight, and he estimated they would last one more day. In addition, he had over 6,000 troops who were sick or wounded and 40,000 civilians who he feared would be massacred. His troops were on one-quarter rations, and even at that ration, he had two days of food left. He also believed his troops could fight for one more day. Companies B and D, 192nd, and A Company, 194th, were preparing for a suicide attack against the Japanese in an attempt to stop the advance. At 6:00 P.M. the tank battalion commanders received this order: "You will make plans, to be communicated to company commanders only, and be prepared to destroy within one hour after receipt by radio, or other means, of the word 'CRASH', all tanks and combat vehicles, arms, ammunition, gas, and radios: reserving sufficient trucks to close to rear echelons as soon as accomplished."
At 10:00 P.M. that the decision was made to send a jeep – under a white flag – behind enemy lines to negotiate terms of surrender. The problem soon became that no white cloth could be found. Phil Parish, a truck driver for A Company realized that he had bedding buried in the back of his truck and searched for it. The bedding became the "white flags" that were flown on the jeeps. At 11:40 P.M., the ammunition dumps were destroyed. At midnight Companies B and D, and A Company, 194th, received an order from Gen. Weaver to stand down. At 2:oo A.M. April 9, Gen. King sent a jeep under a white flag carrying Colonel Everett C. Williams, Col. James V. Collier, and Major Marshall Hurt to meet with the Japanese commander about terms of surrender. (The driver was from the tank group and the white flag was bedding from A Company.)
Shortly after daylight Collier and Hunt returned with word of the appointment. It was at about 6:45 A.M. that tank battalion commanders received the order "crash." The tank crews circled their tanks. Each tank fired an armor-piercing shell into the engine of the tank in front of it. They also opened the gasoline cocks inside the tank compartments and dropped hand grenades into the tanks. Most of the company waited in their bivouac for the Japanese to make contact, while others attempted to reach Corregidor which had not surrendered.
As Gen. King left to negotiate the surrender, he went through the area held by B Company and spoke to the men. He said to them, "Boys. I'm going to get us the best deal I can. When you get home, don't ever let anyone say to you, you surrendered. I was the one who surrendered."
Gen. King with his two aides, Maj. Wade R. Cothran and Captain Achille C. Tisdelle Jr. got into a jeep carrying a large white flag. They were followed by another jeep – also flying another large white flag – with Col. Collier and Maj. Hurt in it. As the jeeps made their way north they were strafed and small bombs were dropped by a Japanese plane. The drivers of both jeeps and the jeeps were provided by the tank group and both men managed to avoid the bullets. The strafing ended when a Japanese reconnaissance plane ordered the fighter pilot to stop strafing.
About 10:00 A.M. the jeeps reached Lamao where they were received by a Japanese Major General who informed King that he reported his coming to negotiate a surrender and that an officer from Japanese command would arrive to do the negotiations. The Japanese officer also told him that his troops would not attack for thirty minutes while King decided what he would do. After a half-hour, no Japanese officer had arrived from their headquarters and the Japanese attack had resumed. King sent Col. Collier and Maj. Hunt back to his command with instructions that any unit in line with the Japanese advance should fly white flags.
The company remained in its bivouac until the Japanese arrived and ordered them to Mariveles at the southern tip of Bataan, where they were searched and stripped of anything the Japanese could use. He was placed into a detachment of 100 POWs that was guarded by six to eight guards and ordered to march. The first five miles were extremely hard because they were uphill. The beatings and killings started almost at the same time as the march started. One guard would beat a POW while five minutes later another guard would give the POW a cigarette.
The guards were assigned to march a certain distance so they often made the POWs march at a faster pace so they could finish their assigned section. Those men who were sick had a hard time keeping up and if they fell out were bayoneted or shot. When the distance was covered, the column was stopped and allowed to rest and the guards were replaced. The POWs often found themselves repeating the same pace since the new guards wanted to complete their part of the march as fast as possible.
The further north they marched the more bloated dead bodies they saw. The ditches along the road were filled with water, but many also had dead bodies in them. The POWs' thirst got so bad they drank the water. Many men would later die from dysentery at Camp O'Donnell. The column of POWs was often stopped and pushed off the road and made to sit in the sun for hours. While they at there, the guards would shake down the POWs and take any possession they had that they liked. When they were ordered to move again, it was not unusual for the Japanese riding past them in trucks to entertain themselves by swinging at the POWs with their guns or with bamboo poles.
The men were marched until they reached San Fernando. Once there, they were herded into a bullpen, surrounded by barbed wire, and put into groups of 200 men. One POW from each group went to the cooking area which was next to the latrine and got food for the group. Each man received a ball of rice and four or five dried onions. Water was given out with each group receiving a pottery jar of water to share.
The POWs were ordered to form detachments of 100 men and marched to the train station. There, they were packed into small wooden boxcars that were used to haul sugarcane. The cars were about thirteen feet long and ten feet wide and known as "forty or eights" since each car could hold forty men or eight horses. Since there were 100 men in each detachment, the Japanese put 100 men in each car and closed the doors. Since the POWs were packed in so tightly, men suffocated from the lack of air but could not fall to the floor since there was no room to fall. At Capas, the living left the boxcars and the dead fell to the floors as they left the boxcars and walked the eight kilometers to Camp O'Donnell which was an unfinished Filipino Army Training Base that the Japanese pressed into use as a POW camp on April 1, 1942.
The POWs received three meals, mainly rice, a day. For breakfast, they were fed a half cup of soupy rice and occasionally some type of coffee. Lunch each day was a half of a mess kit of steamed rice and a half cup of sweet potato soup. They received the same meal for dinner. All meals were served outside regardless of the weather. By May 1, the food had improved a little with the issuing of a little wheat flour, some native beans, and a small issue of coconut oil. About once every ten days, 3 or 4 small calves were brought into the camp. When meat was given out, there was only enough for one-fourth of the POWs to receive a piece that was an inch square. A native potato, the camote, was given to the POWs, but most were rotten and thrown out. The POWs had to post guards to prevent other POWs from eating them. The camp had a Black Market and POWs who had money could buy a small can of fish from the guards for $5.00.
There was only one water faucet in the camp, and the prisoners stood in line for two to eight hours waiting for a drink. The Japanese guards at the faucet would turn it off for no reason and the next man in line would stand as long as four hours waiting for it to be turned on again. This situation improved when a second faucet was added by the POWs who came up with the pipe, dug the trench and ran the waterline. Just like the first faucet, the Japanese turned off the water when they wanted water to bathe, but unlike the first water line, the POWs had the ability to turn on the water again without the Japanese knowing it. There was no water for washing clothes, so the POWs would throw out their clothing when it had been soiled. In addition, water for cooking had to be carried three miles from a river to the camp, and mess kits could not be washed. The slit trenches in the camp were inadequate and were soon overflowing since most of the POWs had dysentery. The result was that flies were everywhere in the camp including in the POW kitchens and in the food.
The camp hospital had no soap, water, or disinfectant. When the ranking American doctor at the camp wrote a letter to the camp commandant, Capt. Yohio Tsuneyoshi, asking for medical supplies. He was told never to write another letter. The Archbishop of Manila sent a truckload of medical supplies to the camp, but the Japanese commandant refused to allow the truck into the camp. When the Philippine Red Cross sent medical supplies to the camp the Japanese took 95% of the supplies for their own use. When a second truck was sent to the camp by the Red Cross, it was turned away. The POWs in the camp hospital lay on the floor elbow to elbow and only one medic – out of the six medics assigned to care for 50 sick POWs – was healthy enough to care for them. When a representative of the Philippine Red Cross stated they could supply a 150-bed hospital for the camp, he was slapped in the face by a Japanese lieutenant.
Each morning, the bodies of the dead were found all over the camp and were carried to the hospital and placed underneath it. The bodies lay there for two or three days before they were buried in the camp cemetery by other POWs who were suffering from dysentery and/or malaria. To clean the ground under the hospital, the bodies were moved to one side, the ground was scraped and lime was spread over it. The bodies were placed in the cleaned area, and the area they had lain was scraped and lime was spread over it. At one point, 80 bodies lay under the hospital.
Work details were sent out on a daily basis. Each day, the American doctors gave a list of names to the Japanese of the POWs who were healthier enough to work. If the quota of POWs needed to work could not be met, the Japanese put those POWs who were sick but could walk, to work. Many of these men returned to the camp at the end of the day to die. The less sick from the hospital were required to dig latrines and were given a canteen of water that was expected to last three days. The sick who went out on work details came back to the camp and died. The death rate among the POWs reached 50 men dying a day.
During this time, he developed dysentery. He was put into the camp hospital, where the doctors and medics worked to help the sick without medicines. On Saturday, May 23, 1942, PFC Laurence H. Grim died of dysentery and malaria at Camp O'Donnell, Philippine Islands. He was 21 years old. On the burial detail, the day Laurence died was Ed DeGroot of A Company. According to Ed, the men working the detail were hardened from dealing with death every day. He and the other men would strip the bodies of their clothing because it was needed by the living. The clothing would be put in boiling water and dried before it was given to other POWs.
The members of the detail would lay the bodies in a trench until it was full. Ed was placing a body in the trench when he looked at the dead man's face and saw that it was Laurence Grim. Even though he had become insensitive to seeing so many Americans die, it still bothered him that this dead American was someone he knew. Laurence was buried in Section K, Row 5, Grave 3, and was the 1,015 POW to die in the camp.
It was at this time that his parents received a letter from the War Department in late May.
Dear Mrs. T. Grim:
According to War Department records, you have been designated as the emergency addressee if Private First Class Laurence H. Grim, 20,645, 259, who, according to the latest information available, was serving in the Philippine Islands at the time of the final surrender.
The Janesville Gazette on May 5, 1943, listed Laurence as one of six members of the company reported by the War Department as Missing in Action. His parents received what appears to have been a form letter sent out to all the families about this time.
The records of the War Department show your son, Private First Class Laurence H. Grim, 20,645,259, Infantry, missing in action in the Philippine Islands since May 7, 1942.
All available information concerning your son has been carefully considered and under the provisions of Public Law 490, 77th Congress, as amended, an official determination has been made continuing him on the records of the War Department in a missing status. The law sited provides that pay and allowances are to be credited to the missing person's account and payment of allotments to authorized allottees are to be continued during the absence of such persons in a missing status.
I fully appreciate your concern and deep interest. You will, without further request on your part, receive immediate notification of any change in your son's status. I regret that the far-flung operations of the present war, the ebb and flow of the combat over the great distances in isolated areas, and the characteristics of our enemies impose on us the heavy burden of uncertainty with respect to the safety of our loved ones.
J. A. Ulio
In May 1944, the War Department began sending out letters to the families of men who it had not received information about from the Japanese. The May 20, 1944, edition of the Janesville Gazette reported that Laurence's parents had received a letter from the War Department. The letter was as follows.
"Dear Mrs. Grim:
"Since your son, Private First Class Laurence H. Grim 20,645,259, Infantry, was reported missing in action on 7 May 1942, the War Department has entertained the hope that he survived and that information would be revealed dispelling the uncertainty surrounding his absence. However, in many cases, the conditions of war deny us such information. The record concerning your son shows that he became missing in action in the Philippine Islands following the fall of Corregidor and his continued in missing in action status 7 May 1943 following a review of his case after twelve months' absence.
"Full consideration has recently been given to all available information bearing on the absence of your son, including all the records, reports, and circumstances. These have been carefully reviewed and considered. In view of the fact that two years have now expired without the receipt of evidence to support a continued presumption of survival, the War Department must terminate such absence by the presumptive finding of death. Accordingly, an official finding of death has been recorded under the provisions of Public Law 490, 77th Congress as amended.
"The finding does not establish an actual or probate date of death; however, as required by law, it includes a presumptive date of death for the termination of pay and allowances, settlement of accounts, and payment of death gratuities. In the case of your son this date has been set as 8 May 1944.
" I regret that necessity for this message but trust that the ending of a long period of uncertainty may give at least some measure of consolation. An appraisal of the suffering endured and the sacrifices made by your son in the service of his country compels in us feelings of humility and respect. May Providence grant a measure of relief from the anguish and anxiety you have experienced during these many months.
ROBERT H. DUNLOY Brigadier General Acting the Adjutant General"
The Janesville Gazette reported on June 14, 1944, that Larry's family received another letter from the Secretary of War Harry L. Stimson awarding him the Purple Heart.
"My Dear Mrs. Grim:
"At the request of the president I write to inform you that the Purple Heart has been awarded posthumously to your son, Pfc L. H. Grim, Infantry, who sacrificed his life in the defense of his country.
"Little that we can do or say will console you for the death of your loved one. We profoundly appreciate the greatness of your loss, for in a very real sense the loss was shared by all of us. When the medal, which you will shortly receive, reaches you, I want you to know that with it goes my sincerest sympathy and the hope that time and the victory of our cause will finally lighten the burden of your grief.
"Harry L. Stimson"
After the war, at the request of his family, PFC Laurence H. Grim was reburied at the American Military Cemetery outside Manila in Plot L, Row 7, Grave 102.
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Created on May 4, 2019
Related tags: Battle of the Points, Cabanatuan, Calumpit Bridge, Camp O'Donnell, Death March, Luzon, USAT Gen. Frank M. Coxe, USS Hugh L. Scott


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Can you help us? We are running a project in partnership with the Leicester & Leicestershire Enterprise Partnership to help students gain work experience in the Advanced Manufacturing and...
Leicester Business Festival - Leon Lloyd
Amber, Barbara and Grace, had a brilliant morning yesterday at Leicester Business Festival at De Montfort University, learning all about Degree apprenticeships. Thank you to all of the speakers who...
A Successful Summer of Nuffield Placements 2017
Nuffield Research Placements give Year 12 students across the UK a chance to complete a real research project for 4-6 weeks over the summer. Students work alongside professional scientists,...
STEM Ambassadors inspiring Scouts and Guides
STEM Ambassadors from British Steel, RAF Digby, RAF Waddington, RAF Coningsby, Raytheon, BAE Systems, Business Remedies and Anglian Water helped to inspire scouts and guides at the Poacher...
STEM Ambassador breaks World Record and is invited to Buckingham Palace
STEM Ambassador Matt Humphrey, an engineer from Anglian Water recently had the privilege of attending a Royal Garden Party at Buckingham Palace in recognition of his volunteering achievement working...
An Ambassador for Women in Science
Chilled Food Association's (CFA) Kaarin Goodburn was profiled in a recent Government Campaign to promote women in science, with the message widely used in social media. She...
Big Bang Fair at Leicester Grammar School
In February Chilled Ambassador Ella Connolly (Samworth Brothers) took the pop-up display to the Big Bang Fair at Leicester Grammar School, attended by 3,000 visitors. From her prime spot she...
STEM Ambassadors: engaging students with careers in Design and Technology
STEM Ambassadors are an important and exciting free-of-charge resource for teachers and others engaging with young people in and outside of the classroom. They offer their time and enthusiasm to help...
Judgemeadow Community College Food Technology Crest Award Project
Rachel Morris, the Food Technology teacher at Judgemeadow Community College decided to do a Bronze Award with two of her year 9 groups. Rachel felt the project would be an exciting way for the pupils...
STEM Ambassadors Supporting Maths in Primary Schools
Laura Peach from the East Midlands STEM Ambassador Hub and Stem Ambassador Steven Lindley attended the Maths Hub Network Group to help teachers and Primary School maths leaders visualise how STEM...
Motorsport Careers Training at Silverstone
STEM Learning held an afternoon training session event at Silverstone Racing Circuit for teachers to learn more about motorsport careers, speak to people working in the industry and discover free...
We Passed Our Matrix Reassessment
We are delighted to announce that LEBC passed the Matrix accreditation reassessment. The Matrix assessor carried out interviews and observations with LEBC's Chief Executive Barbara...
Big Bang Winners
Congratulations to Sankha Kahagala-Gamage and David Bernstein from Loughborough Grammar School on winning the UK Young Engineer of the Year 2017 title at the Big Bang Fair with their MediVest Gold...
Jobs Available with NCS for our Summer 2017 programme
We are now taking applications for our Summer 2017 NCS roles. The workforce will be over 100 strong to lead, inspire and support over 1,000 participants from Leicester and Leicestershire. We have...
Record Number of Young People signed up to take part in NCS this Summer.
We have only 90 places left on this Summer's NCS programme, with a record of over 900 young people already having booked a place. The 4 week programme has been the fastest filling programme to...
Workshop explores the challenges of recycling in today's 'throw-away' society.
Students from Madani Girls School took a day out of their normal lessons last week to work with University academics in a day of workshops designed to consider the environmental and social challenges...
Louis Smith announced as NCS Ambassador
We're over the moon that Olympic gymnast Louis Smith has been announced as an NCS Sports Ambassador. The Olympic medallist stated: "I'm really proud to be working with NCS in...
My Experience on the NCS Leaders Programme
There's only one space for a Leicestershire National Citizen Service (NCS) Graduate to go on the national Leaders programme each year. In 2015 the Golden Ticket went to Ben, who took part in...
NCS mentioned in Prime Minister's speech
NCS received an important mention by Prime Minister David Cameron in his 'life chances' speech on 11 January, 2016. The Prime Minister announced that there will be stronger links...
Jobs with NCS
National Citizen Service (NCS) is a personal and social development programme for 16 to 17 year olds. We have over 100 vacancies for Mentors and Lead Mentors across the year on the staff team to...
Nicky Morgan endorses NCS
Education secretary Nicky Morgan highlighted NCS in a speech about educational excellence at the Mayor of London's Education Conference. The Minister said she agreed with Dame Sally Coates,...
LEBC are moving offices
After many years of Leicestershire Education Business Company being part of the business community at Meridian Business Park in Leicestershire, the company have decided to up sticks and move into...

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
using Sdl.Web.Modules.Core.Models;
using Sdl.Web.Mvc.Configuration;
using SDL.DXA.Modules.FlexLayout.Models;
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;
using System.Web;

namespace SDL.DXA.Modules.FlexLayout
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Area registration for FlexLayout module
    /// </summary>
    public class FlexLayoutAreaRegistration : BaseAreaRegistration
    {
        public override string AreaName
        {
            get
            {
                return "FlexLayout";
            }
        }

        protected override void RegisterAllViewModels()
        {
            // Container Views
            //
            RegisterViewModel("ColumnLayoutContainer", typeof(ColumnLayoutContainer), "Container");
            RegisterViewModel("CarouselContainer", typeof(CarouselContainer), "Container");
            RegisterViewModel("TabContainer", typeof(TitledEntityContainer), "Container");
            RegisterViewModel("AccordionContainer", typeof(TitledEntityContainer), "Container");

            // Entity Views
            //
            RegisterViewModel("CarouselTeaser", typeof(Teaser));
        }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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I have a guest post today from Calum Kerr, whom I've worked with for two years on the Worcestershire Literary Festival Flash Fiction Competition. I also completed a six week series of online workshops on flash fiction with him last year. The course was interesting, informative and useful and I would recommend Calum's workshops to everyone who wishes to hone their flash fiction writing. Find more information about Calum here. In this blog, he talks about the challenges and pleasures of judging flash fiction competitions, and follows this with some of his own fiction.
Since coming up with the idea of National Flash-Fiction Day, I have been asked to do a lot of things related to it. Most of the time, as long as I can fit it into my schedule, I say yes. Very often, this is simply to provide a story to a magazine or blog. With my back-catalogue, that's fairly easy.
Sometimes, it's an interview. One or two have been in real time, over the phone or on Skype (and what a great way to see yourself misquoted that is!) Mostly they consist of an email with a slew of questions in them to which I am expected to write witty, interesting, thoughtful answers. That's a larger task, and learning to write 'as myself' has been a whole new challenge. I think I've learned to imitate my voice now, at least.
Occasionally, I get asked for articles (like this one!) and they take even longer, but in some ways are more fun. I have freedom and can usually go wherever I like. Also, they allow me to follow a point to its conclusion, something which an interview often truncates.
And, finally, there are the judging duties.
Now, before I go on, I should mention that I have neglected to mention 'editing' duties, such as those required when putting the NFFD anthologies together, or being part of the team who bring you the FlashFlood journal. These are similar, in their way, to judging, but they are entirely self-inflicted. I'm talking here about the competitions I get asked to judge.
Among the competitions I've been asked to judge so far, have been the flash-fiction competition for Worcestershire Literary Festival, two years running – with co-judge Lindsay Stanberry-Flynn – and I am just about to judge a 'one-page' competition (flash-fiction by any other name) for Lightship Publishing.
It is a strange job to do as you know that not only do you have a responsibility to the craft – to pick the best story – but also that the result will not simply be publication but can actually be something useful, like money! Finally, it is very different to editing in that you have to narrow your selection down to maybe 10 stories, then 3, and finally the one winner.
Before I started judging, I thought I knew what it would be about. After all, I had edited magazines and anthologies before, I knew how to separate the wheat from the chaff, and I knew how to spot a good story. All of which is, I hope, true. But I forgot one thing. It's not just about spotting good stories, it's about deciding that this particular very-good-story is more worthy of winning than this particular very-good-story.
And then, when you realise that even when you have drawn up your list, agonised over it, constructed your arguments for why this one single story should stand above all others, you realise that your fellow judge has done the same, and you might not agree. And if you don't, that's when you enter the second stage of grief… erm… judging (sorry). This is where you become glad that you honed your arguments, because you need them. Because you have chosen your story, you know it's the best, and you know it should win.
And they know the same thing too.
So you argue it back and forth, you make a few compromises lower down the list in the hope of getting your way when it comes to the top spot. You even get down as far as arguing the effectiveness – in choice and placement – of individual words.
It's a breathless battle, and then you're done: the list is published, you're proud of it like a new parent. And then it's everyone else's turn to argue about it!
Everyone, that is, except the winner. And the winner is, by this point, very rightly the winner. They don't know the battle that has gone on for them to win. It has been fought by proxy. But they are the victor!
Moving forward into judging the Lightship competition I will, for the first time, be doing it alone, and I must admit I'm looking forward to it. I can make my own decisions without need to argue or compromise. But, then again, I'm now nervous about making the right choice. I think the arguing helps to clarify the reasons why you choose a story and maybe pushes a story up the list that would otherwise have foundered without the process. Well, the results are out in about 6 weeks so you can judge for yourselves.
And next year, if I'm asked again, I'll be back into battle at the LitFest, fighting for my stories, and hoping to find that elusive winner.
There used to be a website called 'A Very Short Story'. It was a monthly flash-fiction competition. I can only imagine the very hell of having to judge a competition every month. Sadly, it seems to have gone the way of all things now. Anyway, I entered it three times and after two honourable mentions, finally won it. £50! That was my first ever paycheck for a flash-fiction.
It was my fourth visit to the dentist in as many weeks. Previously he had removed the tooth – and the root – and had inserted the pin. That had bedded in and now he had fitted the crown and performed a little corrective surgery on the adjoining teeth in order to make them all level. It had left my mouth aching like, well, like toothache.
That was the final visit and, although my mouth was throbbing, it was finally over. All of it was over. It had taken nearly a year but all the physical remains of the accident had finally been sorted out and cleared away. The bones of my leg and hip had fused back together and hardly ever hurt anymore. Plastic surgery had smoothed the scars from my skin, and now the smashed fragment of tooth had been replaced by a shiny new one. All that could be put back together, had been.
The church clock gave its four dull strikes as I emerged onto the street and I decided not to return to the office. I had already warned them that I didn't know how long I would be at the dentist and not to expect me back. Since the accident, and… well, the accident, they had grown used to me being absent. They wouldn't miss me.
I walked through the town. It was nearly Christmas and the bright windows of the high street beckoned to me. It was already dark, but the shops lit my way. There was no-one left to buy presents for, but I liked having the chance to look and imagine. I wandered past, looking at perfumes and dresses, handbags and necklaces, comfortable sofas and holidays for two in the Algarve.
Finally, as I reached the Horse and Dragon, it started to snow. I stood for a moment, surprised out of my reverie as the first flakes fell, sparkling in the shop-light. As I watched, they hit the pavement and melted. What followed was sleet, and then, all too quickly, rain. I moved into the bus shelter and tried to shut out memories of wet roads and darkness.
I finally calmed my breathing and looked up to see a number 22 approaching, so I put my arm out and the flashing orange of the indicator added its light to the festive cheer.
I held up my travel pass as I boarded. Looking down the bus, I could see it was already pretty full. The windows were fogged with condensation. Most of the people were clutching bulky shopping bags containing presents, crackers and party decorations. I felt conspicuously bereft as I made my empty-handed way down the bus.
At the back, a square of seats were still unoccupied, except for an old man who had squeezed himself deep into the back corner. I sat down on the seat in front of him and wiped my hand across the window to reveal the dark world outside. I peered through, but the lights of each car going past made me flinch as they flashed into my eyes.
Amidst the noise of the other people in the bus talking and laughing, I thought I head the old man behind me say something. I thought I heard him say my wife's name. I thought I heard him say 'Julie'.
I twisted in my seat, sending jolts of pain from my hip and down my leg. The sweat turned cold on my back and the throbbing in my mouth caused my whole head to pound. I looked straight at the old man.
He simply stared at me, unspeaking.
I asked him again, "Did you say something? Did you say something about Julie?" My voice was too loud, and starting to crack, but I couldn't help it. He continued his silent stare and I could hear the other conversations in the bus faltering. I turned back and saw eyes flick away from me.
I returned my gaze to the thin strip of clear window and tried not to think about anything as the bright lights of the street gave way to darkness and rain.
Categories: Writings & Witterings | Tags: Calum Kerr, Guest Post, Polly Stretton | Permalink.


text:
David Raines Community Health Centers still offering COVID-19 vaccines to senior citizens
Miss UNCF Wiley College contestants raise money for higher education
by: Karen Edwards
Two Wiley College students are competing to be the next Miss UNCF Wiley College.
Sasha Jefferson and Taylor Barnes are both competing. The winner will go on to compete against winners from other HBCUs to earn the title of Miss National UNCF.
Wiley has won the national title six consecutive years and 15 times since 1999. Local and national winners are determined based on the contributions they raise to benefit their schools. Their contributions are also matched 3-1 by the United Negro College Fund.
For more information, visit www.wileyc.edu or www.uncf.org/wiley-college
More Education Stories
by Nancy Cook / Jan 19, 2021
BATON ROUGE, La. (KTAL/KMSS) – On Tuesday, the Louisiana Department of Education announced changes that will help more working families with children qualify for childcare assistance.
The Child Care Assistance Program (CCAP) provides federal funds to help low-income working families pay for childcare, and the changes that were approved at Tuesday's Board of Elementary and Secondary Education meeting will allow more Louisiana families to afford and qualify for child care assistance.
NEW YORK (AP) — The College Board said Tuesday it will eliminate the optional essay from the SAT and do away with subject tests amid a changing college admissions landscape.
"The pandemic has highlighted the importance of being innovative and adaptive to what lies ahead," according to a statement from the not-for-profit College Board, which said it wanted to make the SAT more flexible and reduce the demands on students.
Booker T. Washington High School moves to remote learning due to high absentee rate
by Nikki Henderson / Jan 19, 2021
SHREVEPORT, La. (KTAL/KMSS) -- Booker T. Washington High School will shift to remote learning this week due to a high absentee rate among students and staff.
On Tuesday Caddo Parish Schools released the following statement:
Texarkana residents rush to buy lottery tickets for Mega Millions and Powerball jackpots


text:
Teznic Bikes
TEZNIC HYDROGEN
On Demand Hydrogen for under $5/kg
By producing this gas on demand, we can eliminate transportation, storage, and other costs. This is a significant reduction when you consider the $16/kg price at the pump in California compared to our $4.57/kg being produced on demand. To show this, we used the measurements shown in the video above in the math shown below:
1. In 48 seconds we produced 900 ml of hydrogen and oxygen gas, with two power supplies delivering 2.1V/54A and 2.3V/48A.
2. This results in 226.1W being used to produce 900 ml of gas (2.1V*54A+2.3V*49A = 226.1W).
3. In one hour, this would be approximately 69L of gas (48/3,600 = 0.013 of an hour. 1/0.013 = 76.9. 76.9*.9L = 69.21L).
4. If we use 1 kwh of power, we can make 300L of gas (1000KW/226.1W = 4.42. 4.42*69L = 304.98L)
5. In the 300L of gas, there are two moles of hydrogen for each mole of oxygen, so we have 198L of hydrogen gas (300L*0.66 = 198L).
6. The system was running at just under 40C. There will be 0.09kg of hydrogen per cubic meter. This means our 198L of hydrogen will weigh 0.016kg (198L/1000L= 0.198 cubic meters. 0.198m3*0.09kg = 0.0178kg).
7. To make a kilogram of hydrogen, we will need 34 kwh. At $0.105CDN per kwh of off peak power, our hydrogen will cost $5.82CDN/kg (1/0.018 = 55.5 kwh. 55.5kwh*10.5 cents = $5.82).
8. This is hydrogen produced on demand, with no storage or transportation. It can be made right at the pump. When compared to hydrogen at the pump in California, we produce hydrogen at $4.57USD kg versus the current $16USD/kg.
This is using a Canadian made power supply that does not include any pulsing. We believe we can lower the power input an additional 25-50% by optimizing the system with our proprietary power supply.
Why Hydrogen?
Hydrogen has the potential to provide clean power to the world. By lowering the cost of hydrogen dramatically and making it available on demand, we can change the way we think about energy. This makes hydrogen immediately viable for transportation and can be hugely complimentary to electric vehicles - extending the range while reducing batteries and weight.
We started working with Hydrogen again as an outlet for the high amperage from regenerative braking - the electrolysis cell has no problem taking all of the amperage from the motor.
In the past, our team has been involved in over $60 million dollars worth of R&D between our hydrogen and power supply technologies. The hydrogen technology was on the cusp of being legislated in two countries to be required for transport trucks. We have had transport trucks pass through the California emission testing with no other exhaust treatment equipment. Our recent breakthrough came from combining two existing commercial technologies into one.
Our electrolysis technology is built to ASME pressure vessel standards, can operate from -40C to +70C, and has over a million on the road miles with the same basic design. Our power supply technology has passes CSA certifications and has been commercially deployed worldwide.
We are also using our blockchain with our hardware and software. All of our hardware (power supplies and controllers) and our software (ASI controller app) will act as nodes for a cryptocurrency we are partnering with. As something of an anchor client, we will be given a block of coin. By supporting the crypto that we partner with, you will be directly supporting the development and dissemination of our hydrogen technology.
We are open sourcing our technology in an effort to help further the development and bring clean power to the world. We believe that everyone should have access to clean power on demand, and that everyone should have the opportunity to economically uplift themselves.
We are open to collaborations and partnerships that help accelerate our goals.
We're working on getting the technology into the market. Some of the ways we plan to do this are:
1. Hydrogen Fueling Pumps: We can drastically reduce the cost of hydrogen at the pump and produce the gas on demand with no transportation or storage. We can also establish at home hydrogen fueling stations, enabling vehicles like the Toyota Mirai to be a portable generator that can power your home.
2. Our Combustion Engine: We can create power using the gas we produce. This can help lower the weight and cost of batteries in electric vehicles, produce power in remote areas on demand, and lower overhead for large energy users such as industrial manufacturers. Recently, the Canadian Department of National Defense awarded Teznic no strings attached funding to help develop our power generation technology.
3. Transport Trucks and Fuel Consumers: Our system is ready to use on transport trucks and other large fuel consumers right now. You will see a reduction in fuel consumption of approximately 10% and a reduction in tail pipe emissions of 50%.
4. Electric Vehicles: Any electric vehicle such as the Toyota Prius that has an on board generator can see a significant range increase by adding hydrogen. This will let you get more energy out of the fuel you're using, and since the RPM is not varying, we can add more hydrogen that in traditional transportation engines.
5. Demonstration Systems: We are considering releasing 100 demonstration systems to developers. There will be a maximum of five systems per developer to ensure we get them out to as many as possible.
6. The Dope Bike: We are developing our own frame that will carry the Sur Ron / Segway components forward. This is a bit bigger, more powerful, and has longer range. We will offer a Hydrogen Battery that will act as a range extender, while also turning the electric dirt ebike into a portable generator on wheels.
© 2021, Teznic Powered by Shopify


Turn of the century French sewing casket on splayed legs, with original decorative floral paintwork, dated 24th of April, 1902. Interior compartment would require restoration.
The body is hand painted in Duck Egg Blue and Provence Chalk Paint with Copper Leaf applied on the trims and raised relief work.


Everyone at Clearwater Care is encouraged to get involved with the local community. Getting involved gives people access to lots of education, job and leisure opportunities. We encourage staff to pro-actively find opportunities that reflect each person's needs, aspirations and preferences to support them as they develop more independent lifestyles.