Even you prepare your resume perfectly you never know when the companies advertise their latest job vacancies in Sri Lanka in to public. But how do you find the exact job for you in Sri Lanka and even you are looking in a good web portal like LankaQualityJobs how and where do you think of starting to search the vacancies in Sri Lanka. If you are more specific how you start searching Colombo job vacancies or HR jobs vacancies. Answer is simple; all you have to do is follow some tricks.
First point is you need to create an account in most popular job portals in Sri Lanka where you can see latest job vacancies in Sri Lanka. On those web portals you are allowed to upload your resume so that registered job providers will be able to see your resume when there are HR job vacancies or Colombo job vacancies available. Another advantage you will be getting is you can see your apply history. At the same time you can apply to those vacancies in Sri Lanka without uploading resumes each time. In some web portals in Sri Lanka they provide the facility to select email alerts in different materials. Sometimes it may be regarding the latest job vacancies in Sri Lanka too.
In general whenever the vacancies in Sri Lanka are published on the sites in Sri Lanka like LankaQualityJobs providers are ready to accept and start short listing the candidates. So it says for HR job vacancies or Colombo job vacancies you should apply within 48hours it's posted. Always try to be in the first lot of candidates which have a great chance to be shortlisted if you are in the criteria. For this you need to be registered for getting the job alerts to your email. From this you don't want to check the site always, as you will be getting the matching opportunities which are in Sri Lanka whenever a job is posted in your selected categories. Some web portals provide the facilities to set up the alerts for particular companies too. This will make sure you will not miss any opportunity at all.
If you miss this, still you have another option, some job portals are releasing a newsletter in each month and on that they publish the companies who advertised their vacancies recently. From that you can get an idea of what kind of jobs those companies are offering and see whether you have any chance. Last by not least you need to prepare your resume in a well professional manner. There is a high chance of getting jobs for professional resume owner as it represents you before they see you.


What are the misspellings for moon?
What are the common mistypes for moon?
What is the definition of moon?
What does the abbreviation moon mean?
What are the quotes for moon?
What are the rhymes for moon?
What are the translations for moon?
What are the common typos for moon?
Moon as a girl's name.
This graph shows how "moon" have occurred between 1800 and 2008 in a corpus of English books.
月, 月球, 月相, 月亮, 蟾, 丽魄, 婵娟.
月, ムーン, 月世界, つきかげ, げつえい, げんと, げっせかい, 桂月, 玄兎, けいげつ, 月影, 玉兎, ぎょくと.


This knugg rally is a topdown racing game on 3 different tracks. Pick your car and start racing on one of the tracks. The objective of this free online flash game is to be the first to reach the finish line.
Press on the arrowkeys to manouvre the race car on the track.


Welcome to Designing Quality, a new conversation about important issues facing physicians in Alberta. We promise a respectful and thought-provoking experience, and hope to attract your regular participation whether that be as an active reader or by leaving your comments.
Your experiences, challenges and successes can inspire positive change in others who may be struggling with something you've mastered, or where access to new ideas may be limited. Is there a topic you'd like discussed? Let us know. Designing Quality is a conversation to support you. We'll update you as topics change. Or you can bookmark the blog page to follow conversations of particular interest.
Welcome to this new world, where physicians build quality medical practice together, improving the lives of our patients.
This is just the beginning. You'll start to see a new way of doing things everywhere you look around here. You speak, we'll listen.
Welcome to Designing Quality, a blog dedicated to open, respectful conversation around topics of importance to Alberta's physicians. Comments will be monitored for relevance and respect. All relevant comments will be posted within one hour, Monday to Friday from 9 a.m. to 5 p.m., or within 24-hours if received beyond business hours. If you prefer, you can select a screen name, but please note that your comments will not be anonymous.
Can we figure out how to eliminate need for re- referral to our specialists for care that obviously need annual examinations such as ortho ref for monitoring scoliosis, ophthalmologist for retinal exam etc? These kinds of follow up appointments can be made at the time of patient's visit? Perhaps in these situations specialists can bill in packages of say 3 year period to reflect continuity of care?.


Is anyone excited about this? Tomorrow the reveal is supposed to happen, so I'm pretty excited about it. I'm hoping the screen size won't be 5.2" like the rumors say, but if it is I can deal with it. I hope it'll have front facing speakers like the HTC One. It'll most likely be a triband phone on Sprint, so that has me excited also. If it's made of aluminum I wouldn't mind that either. Hopefully the battery gives you more all day use. What I hope it doesn't have is a crap load of bloatware. If it does, then I hope you can take it off without having to root the phone. I'm sure that'll be wishful thinking though.
If I'm not impressed with the S5, I may just wait to see the official specs of the iPhone 6.
I never understood the appeal of aluminum phones. I can drop my plastic phone without it shattering and permanently denting.
Not impressed at all. I'll keep my S4 a bit longer now.
It looks terrible. What were they thinking?
I don't know how this phone is getting 'back to basics.' They keep making screen size bigger (thus making the phone overall bigger), still looks like a Galaxy S3/S4 (just bigger), still has 2GB RAM, almost same size battery, and the back looks like a band-aid.
Maybe I was hoping for too much out of this phone, but I was really hoping to get it because I need a triband phone for Sprint. I'll most likely just keep my S4 and wait for the HTC One 2014 edition or iPhone 6 (so long as it's 4.7").
I finally held an HTC One about 3 weeks back and it seemed perfect. The screen wasn't too small, but not too big either. I could hold it comfortably in my hand and it just looked great. I'm hoping the 2014 edition keeps the same screen size and HTC can sway me away. We'll see though. Till then, Samsung dropped the ball on the S5.
I have one. My one gripe is that it slips out of my hand a lot, so you may want a case. Maybe I have overly soft hands.
It also allows for use of a "cheaper", lower profile case. JMHO.
You are correct in your assessment, sir.
I am going to get one.


COURTESY PHOTO | Local vocalists are invited to join in the annual sing-in of Handel's "Messiah" on January 7 at the Shelter Island Presbyterian Church.
Former interim school superintendent Gil DeCicco left the district 10 years ago after a replacement was named.
The United States Senate approved eliminating all silver from dimes and quarters and reducing the silver content from 90 percent to 40 percent in half dollars, a move backed by President Lyndon Johnson because of a silver shortage.
The first major combat offensive by American troops started in Vietnam.
Two Viet Cong terrorist bombs ripped through a floating restaurant on the Saigon River, killing 31 people.
I'm not talking about the movie "True Grit." I'm talking about fortitude, resilience and the ability to recover quickly from setbacks. I wrote an article about child and adolescent resilience years ago when I was an elementary school principal. Frank A. Clark postulates, "If you find a path with no obstacles, it probably does not lead anywhere." The September 18 issue of the New York Times Magazine just released an article, "The Character Test — Why our kids' success — and happiness — may depend less on perfect performance than on learning how to deal with failure." It was one of the most honest and provocative stories I have read in quite some time. I was more intrigued with the aspect of students needing to be resilient than the author's reporting on character.
The article begins by describing the Riverdale Country School in the Bronx and its headmaster, Dominic Randolph. Mr. Randolph is "surprisingly skeptical about many of the basic elements of a contemporary high-stakes American education." He encourages his teachers to limit the homework they assign and believes that if schools judge and evaluate students based on I.Q., schools are "missing out on some serious parts of what it means to be a successful human." What he and many other educators are referring to is character, character in the sense of working hard and showing grit.
Please do not misunderstand my attempt to bring this subject to light. As a former elementary and middle school principal, and more importantly as a parent, I struggle with balancing my ability (or inability) to not intervene every time I see my students or children struggle. My first instinct is to protect and make them feel secure. As I write this article, I think about my own experiences and how I learned to deal with failure. It's hard for me to quantify how many times I've fallen down; I will say it is too high to count. I truly believe I am a more resourceful and independent adult by building my capacity to recover from setbacks.
I think about the opportunities that surfaced when learning to deal with adversity, to have that "true grit." If I didn't get cut from the JV basketball team, I never would have played tennis. I think of the jobs I interviewed for and didn't get on my first interview, the schools I applied to and didn't get into, the financial struggles many people are going through right now; by learning how to fail and building grit and self-control, I believe we are on the right track to assisting our children to truly succeed. Confucius once stated, "Our greatest glory is not in never falling but in rising every time we fall." Let's continue to work together in shaping the future of our children.
It is with much anticipation and excitement that I finally have the opportunity to address our wonderful community as the new superintendent/principal. Over the next few months, I will be meeting with anyone who is willing to talk with me about your thoughts and feelings about our school district. As I have stated repeatedly over the last month, I want to get to know anyone who has a stake in our school and children.
We will post a schedule of days and times on our website within the next few days. If you are unable to attend these meetings, I can meet you for a cup of coffee, speak to a group of community members at your organization, or come to your home if need be. My goal is to acquire as much history and knowledge about our Island and school district so I can get a more complete perspective of your collective thoughts and feelings. Please know my door is always open to anyone who would like to discuss their expectations about the Shelter Island School District.
In my speech to our 2011 graduates, I mentioned that during my transition I noticed many things about our community. I noticed a community that prizes its children above all else and a community that respects and embraces its responsibility for their future. It is apparent that our community cares passionately in honoring those who have gone before us and will never forget those who have given their lives above all else. I see a community in which I will be proud to move their children into the future. Most of all, I look forward to making sure that Shelter Island maintains its gracious, charming and motivated kinship while elevating the academic standards within our jewel of a school.
With the New York State Education Department making rapid and sweeping changes in regard to standards and curriculum, a new evaluation system for teachers and administrators and a redesigning of state assessments, we have a lot of work to do, work that I fully intend to be a collaborative effort. Work that will define our school and more importantly, ensuring that each and every student will succeed within and outside of our classroom walls.
I always thought a school is the hub of a passionate and caring community. It brings people together and defines a true purpose. Please join me in making our school the best it can be. I look forward to the journey and working with everyone (as our mission statement states) in assisting our students to engage, explore and empower.
One more surprise to me as I learn more about Shelter Island School is the reality that some of our students are involved in everything while too many of them are doing little or nothing beyond attending school. For a few, even coming to school regularly is beyond their current capacities.
Recently one junior told his guidance counselor that with sports, the school musical and homework, he was up past 1 a.m. each night that week catching up.
On the other hand an Island resident in the video production field had asked me to offer one or two student volunteers the opportunity to intern on a project to produce a video for the 10K Shelter Island Run Committee.Neither our technology teacher nor our Guidance Counselor could find a student for that. They explained to me that our active students are over-committed and our other students are unwilling to participate in school or community-related activities.
Shelter Island School has a "no-cut" policy. Clearly, the athletic teams need every "body" they can keep healthy on the field or the court. It gives kids a chance to pursue every dream they have for stardom. On the other hand, it denies them the reality check that other students get earlier in their lives that they need to make choices, they need to cope with failure and they need to respect that others have talents they may not have.
The dilemma I see is that those students — too many — who withdraw from the whole range of non-classroom school experiences also tend not to do well in their classroom work. One student told his math teacher that the only math he needed to know was enough to bill his future customers in his father's business.
He probably wasn't thinking even of keeping the family's business books, payroll, tax records, etc. He certainly wasn't considering life off this Island.
At a time when New York State is seriously considering increasing its academic requirements for a high school diploma — four years of high school math; four years of high school science; new passing grades of 75 or 80 percent on Regents exams — we struggle to get more than our top quartile into the advanced academic courses that many other schools fill with a majority of their students.
The underlying question is whether this school and community expects us to prepare most/all of our students to be competitive with the graduates of Long Island and Metro New York, in terms of college placements and competitive careers, or is our mission limited to preparing the next generation for work on Shelter Island?
Congratulations to our girls' varsity basketball team on their successful season.
Tickets for the high school musical "Zombie Prom" (April 7, 8, 9 and 10) will be available on school days, at the front desk in the lobby of the school from 8:10 a.m. – 3 p.m.
The Board of Education is moving toward completion of their superintendent search process and plans to make an appointment in April.
The School Budget for 2011-12 is in the final stages of board review (4/4 workshop, 4/11 adoption date) for the May 17th public vote on the budget, several bond resolutions and for three board positions. Details to follow.
Results of the second Communities That Care (CTC) Student Survey will be released soon. The committee thanks parents and students who participated in the project.


text:
San Jorge es una de las 7 Subregiones del departamento colombiano de Córdoba. Está integrada por los siguientes municipios:

 Ayapel
 Buenavista
 La Apartada
 Montelíbano
 Planeta Rica
 Pueblo Nuevo
 Puerto Libertador
 San José de Uré

Véase también
 Municipios de Córdoba
 Provincias de Córdoba
 Provincias de Colombia

Referencias

San Jorge

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Wiener Festwochen started out in the fifties and today is the most important multidisciplinary art festival in town combining music theatre, theatre, fine arts, performance, dance, music, installation art and more and more debate and participation in recent years. Be part of it. Always in May and June.
All about jazz and what a variety there is to take in. This summer festival, which is organised in June/July, covers so many different types of music including classical jazz, Afro-Cuban stars, big bands, singer-songwriters. There's bound to be a concert that you'll never forget.
You can literally see when ImPulsTanz is in town, when beautiful young and old people from all over the world converge on the city, from mid-July till mid-August, for performances, workshops, socials, research and specials. See Vienna dancing. Free party every night at Burgtheater Vestibül.
Viennale is Vienna's exciting film festival, taking place every autumn. After the sudden death of Hans Hurch, who was the festival's director for several years, Eva Sangiorgi from Italy will help the festival navigate to new times. She has worked and lived in Mexico for the past 15 years. The festival has always had a very international spirit and will continue to do so in the future.
If you love modern, experimental music, then Wien Modern is the festival for you. It is held in October and November every year and the best musicians, including the Wiener Symphoniker, the Wiener Philharmoniker and the ORF Radio-Symphonieorchester, love to take a risk here. Come and hear the best of the best.


text:
Q: In Spy++, what value is the control's name? I'm using System.Windows.Automation to get some UI control text values from labels in a group box. I'm trying to use spy++ to get the control names I'm looking for.

AutomationElement Root = AutomationElement.RootElement;
AutomationElement MainForm = Root.FindFirst(TreeScope.Descendants,new PropertyCondition(AutomationElement.AutomationIdProperty,"control name im looking for"));

What value represents what I would be searching for? For example would I change it to...
    ...AutomationIdProperty,"Window 00031BB0"));
I'm not sure what all the information given by spy++ actually represents.
Thank you for any help!

A: You're looking for the UI Automation Inspector, part of the Windows SDK, which shows the complete UI automation tree.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Founded in 1985, Century II is one of the nation's oldest and largest Professional Employer Organizations (PEOs) and provides total management of human resource functions for our clients. Our clients are in a wide variety of industries and range from small professional groups with as few as five employees to larger, multi-site, multi-state corporations with employees in the hundreds. Currently, we provide and manage human resource services to more than 4,000 employees in over 45 states. Our average client has 25 employees and is located in middle Tennessee.
We work with our clients to manage the day-to-day HR activity and are there for them when a crisis arises. We don't just give out advice; we take action, assume liability and do the work for you. Simply put, we become a complete, operational Human Resource department inside companies who don't have one, or who never thought they could afford one.
Dear cityCURRENT Crew, we can't thank you enough for the incredible honor at the Kathrine Switzer breakfast. Your generosity to GOTR Memphis in this inaugural year has been outstanding. Because of you, we are able to recruit more volunteers, grow community partnerships, and fund our programs at more schools. We could not have asked for a more perfect champion of Girls on the Run.
Over the past several years I've been asked more than a handful of times about Duncan Williams Asset Management's involvement in cityCURRENT. My answer is always the same... Renewing our membership is one of the easiest and best decisions that we make each year! I can't say enough how proud we are to continue to be a member of such a great organization doing truly meaningful work here in the Memphis community.
John Hunter, Award-Winning Educator , former guest speaker, and focus of the documentary, "World Peace and Other Fourth-Grade Achievements"


text:
Analyses Last Updated: Oct 21, 2019 - 3:59:18 PM
Closing Rikers: Competing Visions for the Future of New York City's Jails
By Anakwa Dwamena, New York Review of Books, October 19, 2019
Oct 20, 2019 - 3:39:59 PM
The history of Rikers is a warning about putting the onus of reform on infrastructure rather than the systems that lead to incarceration. If new prisons are built to replace it, it won't be long before they too will be judged inhumane.
Plans for Rikers Island as "a city in itself," projected five separate institutions for men, women, and adolescents, with a total capacity of 6,780 people. , New York City Department of Correction/Urban Omnibus
On September 5, a New York City Council hearing on the building of four borough-based jails tied to the closure of the Rikers Island Jail complex ran for ten hours of passionate and combative testimony from members of the public. Usually a subdued process, this particular Uniform Land Use Review Procedure—an arcane process for analyzing proposals that require changes to zoning regulations, and that generally sticks to matters like floor area ratio, environmental impact, and shadows cast by tall buildings—involved debates about hot-button criminal justice issues such as supervised release, bail reform, and alternatives to incarceration. The normal policy against raucous applause or jeering was overrun by passionate activists, some of whom were ejected for yelling at speakers. More than two hundred people stood in a line that snaked around City Hall Park, hoping for access to the meeting.
One speaker, to audible gasps from the audience, chided the chair of the council for inattention and urged the council members to risk their "tidy meaningless careers" to vote against the plan for borough jails—or they would "have blood on their hands." The main target, however, of speaker after speaker—from those giving testimony to some elected representatives on the council itself—was the New York City mayor's office, which was reprimanded for a lack of transparency and community engagement while developing its plan to replace Rikers, notorious for its brutal conditions, with the four local jails.
Three years ago, the speaker of City Council, Melissa Mark Viverito, announced the formation of an independent commission to investigate the closure of Rikers. New York City had seen a consistently downward trend in major crime—a reduction by 78 percent since 1993—and the city's average daily jail population had fallen by 91 percent since 1991. A few months after the speaker's address, the City Council also passed the Criminal Justice Reform Act, diverting a number of offenses—such as drinking alcohol from open containers, littering, and public urination—from criminal to civil court. These new measures alone led to a 90 percent drop in criminal court summonses.
At the same time, increasing use of pretrial supervised release began to direct thousands of people away from the jails, and alternatives to custodial sentencing programs and bail reform—including online payments and access to bail funds—chipped away at the numbers even more. Amid this wave of reform, and thanks to the efforts of formerly incarcerated activists and criminal justice movements, the independent commission met to assess the state of Rikers and examine ways it could be closed.
A former chief judge of the New York Court of Appeals, Jonathan Lippman, was appointed to lead the commission, which selected twenty-seven commissioners to the task. One was from the Vera Institute, which works for criminal justice reform. Insha Rahman, also from the Vera Institute and a member of the supporting staff for the commission, told me that, at first, the closure of Rikers was not a foregone conclusion. But after a year of research and consultations, the commission concluded that there was still significant potential to reduce the number of people in jail and that closing Rikers would be in the city's best interest.
Mayor Bill de Blasio, perhaps eager to regain his progressive bona fides after declaring the idea of closing Rikers "unrealistic," announced on March 31, 2017, that the city aimed to close the complex, working broadly from the commission's recommendations, and would build four new borough-based jails in its place. The mayor's office then began the ULURP process—the September 5 hearing represented the last stage of that, following advisory reviews with the community boards, borough presidents, and the city planning commission.
Only a few at the hearing contested the need to close Rikers, though many hoped to avoid jail construction in their neighborhoods. Although some activists highlighted the urgency to support the plan now, and others opposed any plan that required the building of new jails, they shared a frustration that the land use review process represented the first truly open opportunity for public comment on the plan. Worse, the narrow remit of the hearing limited discussion to land use issues and stymied debate on criminal justice concerns. The activists argued that communities should have been consulted earlier about the plan that City Council will vote on later this month. "You do understand community input is [supposed to come] before you make the decision," Council member Rafael Salamanca, said to the delegation from the mayor's office.
With the future of New York City's correctional system at stake, the overwhelming feeling among activists and community members—amid the kaleidoscope of arguments and the city's unyielding responses at the early September hearing, and in previous borough meetings—is disappointment and frustration. At this moment in the country's history, an unusual alignment has taken shape—of investment in and activism around criminal justice reform; widespread recognition of the failure of systems currently in place; political will from all levels of government; and an abundance of successful programs for change backed by policy research. Yet the de Blasio administration is still hiding behind logistics and bureaucracy, repeating past mistakes and reluctant to do more to address its part in the perpetuation of an unjust system. The debates about the closure of Rikers have revealed how the city, circumscribed by what it feels it can get away with politically, is unwilling to look beyond what seems acceptable to what might be possible.
Though out of sight and out of mind for most New Yorkers, the Rikers Island complex has long been criticized for a history of brutality and violence disproportionally affecting the city's black and brown communities—a fact highlighted most recently by the death while in solitary confinement of a transgender woman, Layleen Polanco, because of medical neglect. As of two weeks ago, by the city's count, there were approximately 7,000 people held across all of New York City's jails, the majority of whom were at Rikers, at the cost of two billion a year, or around $300,000 per inmate. About 55 percent of the city's incarcerated are black and 33 percent Latinx, even though only 24 percent of the city is black and 29 percent Latinx. Nearly half of the inmates have some form of mental health issue.
The history of Rikers itself is a warning about putting the onus of reform on infrastructure rather than the systems that lead to incarceration in the first place. Rikers was built in the early 1900s, using the forced labor of largely black and immigrant prisoners, as the modern alternative to the city's overcrowded and dilapidated facilities on Blackwell's (now Roosevelt) Island. A September 1886 report in The New York Times mentioned the city's purchase of the island to allow for "an enormous model penitentiary, ample in size to serve for many years to come and which in all its plans and parts should be the most perfect prison in the world."
In the mid 1950s, a former judge and criminal justice reformer named Anna M. Kross became the commissioner of the city's Department of Correction and spearheaded the building of more facilities on Rikers, bringing in social workers and clinicians for rehabilitation of inmates and establishing Rikers as the central facility in the department's citywide operation. This expansion and consolidation would make Rikers the largest jail complex in the country: by the 1970s, the average daily population began ballooning, eventually reaching a peak of about 21,000 in 1991. At the same time, overcrowding and deteriorating conditions in the jail led to increasing clashes among inmates and between inmates and guards. The nine jails of the complex have become notorious for their brutality despite numerous attempts to address its culture of violence.
In the last decade, a sustained assault from writers and academics like Michelle Alexander (The New Jim Crow, 2010) and James Forman (Locking Up Our Own, 2017) and filmmakers like Ava DuVernay (13th, 2016 and When They See Us, 2019) have brought renewed scrutiny to the racialized and unjust nature of mass incarceration. This has complemented the turn, on the part of lawmakers across the country, toward jail and prison reform on all levels—so much so that even Donald Trump can claim the badge of a reformer after championing the reduction of mandatory minimums and crack sentences in the federal First Step Act.
In July of 2014, a New York Times investigation detailed the scale of the problem—in particular, the "overwhelming brunt of the violence" borne by inmates with mental illness. A month later, the Manhattan US Attorney's office released an eighty-page report describing the use of excessive force by correction officers on teenagers held at Rikers. The following year, city officials agreed to federal oversight of the complex, the result of a legal settlement from a 2011 class action lawsuit against the city by the Legal Aid Society and the US Attorney for the Southern District of New York, among others. Then, in 2016, the Lippman Commission concluded that Rikers was beyond reform—and made what seemed at the time the radical recommendation that the city should tear it down and replace it with five borough-based jails. Finally, last year, the New York State Commission of Correction underscored Rikers' failure by including the jail complex in its "Worst Offenders" list of facilities requiring state monitoring.
For all the litigation and official reports, it was perhaps the story of Kalief Browder's suicide in 2015 that stoked public outrage and sealed Rikers's fate. Browder was a young man who had been held on the island, unable to make bail, for three years, much of that time in solitary confinement; suffering from depression, and paranoia after his release in 2013, he died two years later. Browder's story thrust Rikers's harsh conditions back into mainstream consciousness, making it a place that could no longer be ignored.
Facing unrelenting pressures from activists, the mayor's office of criminal justice put out its own plan to replace Rikers with not five, but four jails—one in each borough, minus Staten Island. (There are currently eight operating jails on Rikers and three others across the city.) The mayor's plan—which calls for the rebuilding of existing jails in Manhattan and Brooklyn, the return to service of an inactive one in Queens, and the construction of a new one in the Bronx, at a cost of $8.7 billion—argues that historic reductions of crime in the city and the reduced average daily population in city jails would allow the city to aim to cut the incarcerated population by more than a half by 2026, with an additional combination of reforms of bail and pre-trial detention. The mayor's office also maintained that better infrastructure would allow officers a wider view of cells and that more sunlight, improved training of staff, and programming available for detainees, like job reentry preparation, would lead to safer jails than those on Rikers.
The morning Mayor DeBlasio first announced the plans for closure was a big day for activists, many of whom have been advocating for decades for the closing of Rikers. "Dozens of us came out," said Darren Mack, an organizer since 2016 with the criminal justice organization JustLeadershipUSA's #CLOSErikers campaign. "It was surprising and it was a joy. If it came to demolishing that facility right now, I would stand next to them with a sledge-hammer." Though a year behind, this represented a major step in the right direction for the city.
Over the last few years, Mack has dutifully attended events in connection to closing Rikers all around the city, sharing his story as a testimony to why Rikers is beyond reform and in urgent need of closure. At the land use review hearing, he spoke about how far organizing efforts to shut down Rikers had come—until recently, he said, it would have been a contentious suggestion.
In 1992, aged seventeen, Mack was arrested as an accomplice to his older brother in a robbery. He received a sentence of twenty-to-forty years, and spent nineteen months on Rikers. There, he read Malcolm X, George Jackson, and Michel Foucault, as well as Thomas Sugrue's The Origins of the Urban Crisis. Mack was released on parole in 2012, but it was hearing about Browder that became the catalyst for his activism. He learned that Browder's brother, Akeem, was involved in the movement to close Rikers, and Mack joined. "I was burning with rage, that the same old shit was still happening," Mack told me. "I wonder how many other Kalief Browders existed."
In the three years since he was protesting outside the mayor's Park Slope YMCA gym, Mack and the #CLOSErikers campaign find themselves supporting the mayor's plan, arguing for the urgent need to close Rikers above all else, even as they demand more reforms and a smaller target jail population from the city. This process to close Rikers had gone "further than we have ever imagined," the Vera Institute's Rahman said at the hearing, and "voting yes… is not at odds with striving for a day when jails become obsolete."
From almost every perspective, there are still disturbing facets of the mayor's plan. Several council members said at the hearing that they would not be prepared to vote on the plan until there were more concrete commitments to criminal justice reform. Others asked for the building assessments to be redone and the size reduced to reflect the expectation that there will be an even smaller number of inmates than was anticipated at the plan's inception. Rahman suggested that as the city invests in new jails, it ought to make a corresponding investment in the communities affected—for instance, for "every dollar spent on jail, a dollar in a community that has been impacted. In housing, education, health, green spaces." Activists who oppose the building of any borough jails argue that the new construction undermines the value of closing Rikers by evading the real systemic issues. And the city's decision to put four buildings into one land use process, rather than addressing one at a time, is seen by some as an act of bad faith—prioritizing speed to circumvent public critique. The lack of initiative in pursuing community input, especially on points supported by members of the independent commission, is alarming.
Few disagree with the need to close Rikers, but most neighborhood associations have disagreed with the mayor's plan for reasons other than criminal justice reform. Members of Chung Pak, an organization that manages real estate in Chinatown, where the Manhattan borough jail would be built, have expressed concerns about the effects that construction would have on nearby retail spaces and senior citizen residences. In downtown Brooklyn and Kew Gardens, Queens, community members have complained of inadequate consultation before the locations and plans were finalized. Indeed, the city appointed the panels of its Neighborhood Advisory Councils, which could only make recommendations and were conducted behind closed doors. None of the community boards representing the areas where the jails would be built have approved the plans.
Baffling to many at the land use review hearing, the city plans to rehouse inmates from the existing borough-based jails in Rikers itself during the new construction in the boroughs. This would keep the complex in use for the decade it would take to build the new jails. The Bronx's Mott Haven neighborhood association and borough president have pushed back against the city's chosen location for the jail, arguing that it is not close to a court—as the commission recommended—and that it goes against the community's plans for rehabilitation after decades of neglect from the city. The city's response has been that it can provide 235 units of affordable housing adjacent to the jail. Questions also came up about how increased traffic from visitors and correction officers—many of whom live outside the city—would effect local residents and businesses.
For many criminal justice reform activists and some council members, however, these are peripheral issues. "This is about the whole entire city," Mack said, "it is bigger than just one community."
The central challenge involved in closing Rikers Island is reducing the complex's jail population to a number that can be safely and effectively accommodated elsewhere. And while it might not appear that way, the number of people we keep in jail is almost entirely up to us as a city. As Elizabeth Glazer, the director of the Mayor's Office of Criminal Justice, puts it, people enter jail "because of a series of decisions made by police, judges, prosecutors, defenders, and defendants at different points in the criminal justice system. At each decision point, an individual is either directed away from or to jail: a police officer may make an arrest or not; a prosecutor may bring charges or not; and the judge may at any time dismiss a case, set bail, remand to jail, or release with either no conditions or some conditions."
Given that we know the highest risk factor for incarceration is contact with the criminal justice system, the best way to reduce the number of people imprisoned is not to incarcerate them in the first place. Of 7,000 people in New York City jails in April of this year, almost 5,000 were held pretrial; by some estimates, 40 percent of these would have been released under the New York State bail reform set to kick in at the beginning of next year. The mayor's office has already revised its estimated jail population for 2026, the target year for shutting down Rikers, from 5,000 to 4,000. But with upcoming reforms yet to be in effect, the question on most advocates' minds is: Why can't we go lower?
John Pfaff, a professor of law at Fordham who specializes in incarceration statistics, told me that a reduced figure of 2,500 for New York's jail population seems outlandish only because we are familiar with extremely high numbers. More than three quarters of people currently in New York jails have not been convicted of a crime and are awaiting trial; of these, 5 percent are in for a misdemeanor or lesser infraction, 22 percent for a nonviolent felony, 38 percent for a violent felony, and 11 percent for a suspected parole violation. Of the remainder, some 8 percent are locked up for an actual parole violation, 12 percent have been sentenced, and 5 percent are in transit or finishing out sentences. The only category of inmate population that is increasing is that of parole violators, a regulation enforced not by the city but by the State Department of Probation; this sanction is under consideration for reform in the New York State legislature as the current statute includes unjust stipulations like punishing violators not by the severity of the infraction but by their original crime.
"Any number [for a total jail population] is physically achievable," Pfaff said. "The challenge is getting all the individual actors to get us there." In his 2017 book Locked In, he identifies prosecutors as particularly important actors. Mirroring the gradual ascendance of the progressive prosecutor in other major cities, attitudes are changing in New York courtrooms. In recent years, Brooklyn DAs—from the late Ken Thompson to today's Eric Gonzalez—have declined to prosecute low-level misdemeanors like marijuana possession, and last year, both the Manhattan and Brooklyn DAs' offices stopped demanding bail in most misdemeanor cases.
Could we get New York's notorious DAs to aim for lower numbers? "New York today is not the New York of the 1980s and the strategies that we are able to deploy today shouldn't be the strategies we used in the 1980s," Manhattan District Attorney Cyrus Vance Jr., whose office has significantly decreased its prosecution of subway turnstile jumping, told me. Bronx DA Darcel Clark told me that almost half of the cases that come across her desk are "untreated trauma, misdiagnosed mental illness, and now since the resources are not in the community, the default is to call the NYPD and let the DA prosecute them." She added, "I can't prosecute my way out of what is happening in our communities." With more resources, like adequate housing, healthcare, and mental health services, Clark argues, there would be a further reduction in jail population.
Prosecutors are getting help from Albany—with the New York State legislature's first Democratic majority in a decade, there is renewed hope for laws that will speed up trial discovery and bring further bail reform. The New York State Bar Association also has a task force looking into reforming parole justice. The Lippman commission concluded that New York is the second worst in the country, only behind Illinois, in parole, noting that while "incarceration for technical parole violations can rupture the connections" people have to their communities and support networks, there is "scant evidence that incarcerating people for technical parole violation increases public safety." Beyond reforms passed upstate, the city could increase its programs that allow for supervised release, as well as the diversion for those in need of medical support from the jail system. The city's police department could also widen the categories for which it issues desk appearance tickets instead of arresting people.
All of the above, say the activists, but many pose a more fundamental question: What would it look like to have a criminal justice system where locking people up is not the first tool of recourse?
Nick Encalada-Malinowski of the Voices of Community Activists & Leaders (VOCAL), told me it's been frustrating that conversations have included no commitment "to anything other than building more buildings, no commitments to making the investments in the communities that would render these jails obsolete, and that is what everybody is really excited for." VOCAL is a partner in Court Watch NYC, which sends volunteers to New York City courtrooms to monitor prosecutors and keep them accountable.
But the DAs are only one among several crucial players. The police department and Department of Correction are both mayoral agencies. Holding them in check are the public defender offices who provide indigent defense to people who cannot afford to retain an attorney. The defender offices, which are funded by the city, gave input in the independent commission and continue to advise the city, but many of the members I spoke to, who have been against the mayor's plan, told me about internal dissension and debate.
One, Sophia Gurulé from Bronx Defenders, testified at the September 5 hearing that the lack of a legal guarantee to close Rikers in the current plan was troubling in that a different, more conservative future administration could decide to keep the island and the newly expanded jails. She is one of two hundred public defenders—including Tiffany Cabán, during her campaign for Queen DA (she lost; though the recount result is still being disputed in the courts)—who have published their support for the No New Jails movement in an open letter. It argued that "spending billions to build new jails—at a moment when public criticism of policing and imprisonment is so prevalent and public funding for education, infrastructure, housing, and healthcare so poor—is a devastating step backward." This political moment, it continued, "is a once-in-a-generation opportunity to turn the tide against decades of constantly expanding the carceral system." Closing jails will force the police to see incarceration as a limited commodity rather than a standard response. The National Lawyers Guild has also supported the group.
Another signatory, Anne Oredeko of the Legal Aid Society, told me that it's time we had a fundamental discussion about whether jails and prisons actually create safety and reduce harm. After internal discussions, the Bronx Defenders retracted an earlier statement supporting the current plan and its specific proposals under consideration in the land use process: "As public defenders, our role is not to answer these questions; our role is to prevent our clients from being caged and minimize the harm caused by the carceral state." The defenders had, in effect, shifted to more radical demands—"to rethink the nature of our criminal legal system… [which] requires that we end the over-policing of communities of color and create alternative responses to people in crisis."
Hearing the abolitionist critique "If they build it, they will fill it" echoed by some of the council members, it is clear that activists from No New Jails, whose membership also draws on alumni of Akeem Browder's campaign, have pushed the conversation in more heterodox directions. (This week, Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez met with No New Jails, and released a statement on her Instagram opposing the mayor's plan.) The abolitionist argument "wouldn't have had any place in the conversation two or three years ago," Rahman, who still supports the mayor's plan, told me. The abolitionists argue that the city could shut down Rikers by ending pretrial detention entirely, leaving about 2,000 people in the city's jails by current numbers. The city, they argue, should shift some of the money saved into social programs: from ending homelessness to facilitating education, and practice of de-escalation, conflict resolution, and transformative justice to "decrease crime more effectively than incarceration ever has."
When I asked Nadja Eisenberg-Guyot, of No New Jails, about the people at Rikers charged with more than a misdemeanor, they pointed to a statistic echoed in the Lippman commission's report: that in 2017, 46 percent of all cases charged as violent felonies in the five boroughs were dismissed or resulted in an acquittal, meaning that nearly half of them "shouldn't have been there in the first place." Research from the Center for Court Innovation also shows that 67 percent of violent felony defendants in New York detained before trial in 2013 had a minimal or low risk of being rearrested for a future violent felony. Following the land use review hearing, Glenn Martin, formerly a Lippmann Commission member and the founder of JustLeadershipUSA and its #CLOSErikers campaign, asked in a Daily News op-ed, "Why capitulate to the mayor's random $10 billion, 4,500-bed jail plan now," when there is momentum for closing Rikers and options to lowering the prison population to "2,500 beds? or 1,250?"
The abolitionist movement points to the history of Rikers itself as the most persuasive argument against replacing it. Jarrod Shanahan, a scholar of Rikers history, told me that every effort to update incarceration in the city—dating back to at least 1797, when the West Village's Newgate prison opened—has been an attempt to improve conditions. At no point, he said, has the city government "come out and said, 'Hey we are going to build a very bad jail. It's going to be worse than what came before.' Every step in [the city's carceral] history has been couched in this discourse of improvement, of reform."
And yet, once the jails or prisons are built, the reformers lose control of operations. One of the institutional reasons for that, Shanahan says, is the correction officers' union. "The defining political issue of the New York City jail system since 1960 has been the political power held by guards," he said. The Correction Officers' Benevolent Association (COBA) has been very effective at blocking accountability for abusive or violent behavior. COBA's current president, Elias Husamudeen, argues that his members are the ones who are in need of protection from violent inmates.
Because the mayor's blueprint does nothing to address COBA members' de facto immunity, people like Shanahan, and Encalada-Malinowski of VOCAL, are skeptical of the plan, questioning why we'd expect change in new jails from an unaccountable agency with no transparency. "In what other city agency can people just die and there not be any inquiry as to whether or not there needs to be a leadership change at that agency?" Encalada-Malinowski asked.
The city's inability to manage the very agency that oversees prisons doesn't inspire confidence, and threatens to undermine any progress that would come from the new plan. Even with the injection of resources, programming, and retraining over the last couple of years—part of the city's fourteen-point plan to combat the culture of violence in its jails—the Department of Correction remains troubled. While the incarcerated population has fallen sharply, the department's budget continues to increase; as a result, it has gone on the City Comptroller's Agency Watch List for a second year in a row. The department has a staff of around 10,000 people overseeing some 7,000 inmates (by comparison, the entire Federal Bureau of Prisons has a staff of about 36,000 for its 177,000 inmates).
In 2015, the City's Department of Investigation revealed a corrupt process of recruiting in the agency, including the hiring of people with prior gang associations. The seventh independent federal monitor of the Department of Correction has said that in the last six months, "the department's use of force rates reached their highest levels" since monitoring begun. The New York State Commission of Correction has, in its time overseeing Rikers, witnessed "extensive and systemic non-compliance" with regulations and the department's "unwillingness and inability to take required actions to remedy" the deplorable situation.
Eisenberg-Guyot argued that such abuses are baked in—"the ultimate endpoint of all jail and prison construction: conditions degrade because the dehumanization and violence is the point." Abolitionists also raise grave doubts about the mayor's plan to build a number of "therapeutic housing units," in addition to the four jails, for the mentally ill—to be run by the Department of Correction—rather than diverting people into mental health institutions. Mack, who was holding a sign that read "Dump DOC" at the land use review hearing, advocates redirecting most of the funds from the agency into community resources such as public health and housing. Studies have shown that the majority of New Yorkers in jails and prisons come from seven neighborhoods. If the city wants to address problems at their roots, it has the information to do so. Dana Kaplan, the deputy director of Close Rikers and Criminal Justice Initiatives at the mayor's office, told me that she "fully appreciates the call to invest in other community-based diversion programs," but doesn't see it as mutually exclusive with the current plan for borough jails. Here was the fundamental divergence laid bare: activists distrust the system, and see investment in people as a way to make it obsolete. The city distrusts the people and sees investment in the system as a way to keep them in check.
In her 2003 book Are Prisons Obsolete?, the veteran activist Angela Davis writes that one of the paradoxes of prisons is that while most people can't imagine life without them, "there is reluctance to face the realities hidden within them, a fear of thinking about what happens inside them. Thus, the prison is present in our lives and, at the same time, it is absent from our lives." This is slowing changing—and prisoners, too, have forced their way into public consciousness, most memorably in 2016 on the forty-fifth anniversary of the Attica uprising when work stoppages and strikes occurred simultaneously across the country in the biggest prison strike in American history. Closer to home, when 1,600 inmates were left to freeze in the federal Metropolitan Detention Complex in Sunset Park when power and heat were out for weeks this past winter, inmates protested by banging on the windows, catching the attention of people outside and turning the conditions into a scandal.
One of those who joined protests outside the MDC was Kevin Steele, an activist who helps organize prison strikes through the Incarcerated Workers Organizing Committee. He joined the No New Jails protestors. Steele, who spent time at Rikers himself—and got to know Browder—including a year in solitary, believes more of the formerly incarcerated should be telling their stories to convey to the public the true crisis of mass incarceration. Inspired by reading the book version of the musical Hamilton, Steele wrote a Hip Hopera, Taliaferro, that was peformed at Eastern Correctional Facility, for Black History month, "about the beef between [Booker T.] Washington and [W.E.B.] Dubois. It was dope. We got all these men singing and rapping."
A couple weeks ago, I took the ferry up to the Bronx neighborhood of Soundview to meet with Steele. He is currently working on a film, and developing a curriculum for schools and students to start more complex conversations about prisoners. What bothers him the most, he said, was the insidious way the culture of violence at a place like Rikers follows people home. Many of the correction officers and police inside prisons are also low-income, working-class people from these same neighborhoods as the incarcerated, he explained. But tensions arise from their roles and relationships in the system. Steele said he feels lucky that he was mostly able to resist internalizing the violence. "I'm a little messed up. I think everyone is dealing with that."
The City Council will vote on the mayor's plan later this month. The Council usually votes in line with the members whose district the land use application affects—and all four seemed positive about the mayor's plan at the September 5 hearing, so the scheme seems likely to move forward. Almost all the activist groups are demanding more changes to the plan as it stands, however, while tensions remain between those who believe it is a necessary evil to achieve the closure of Rikers and those who think Rikers can be closed with a better plan. Two weeks ago, the president of the Ford Foundation and a member of the Lippman Commission warned against taking an "extreme" position in the Rikers debate and letting "the perfect be the enemy of progress." Four days later, speaking at Riverside Church, Angela Davis encouraged activists to show up outside the Ford Foundation building in protest, arguing that abolitionism is not an extreme position. Members of grassroots organizations like Decolonize This Place, Take Back the Bronx, and No New Jails showed up to the protest outside the foundation and about 300 current and former Ford Foundation fellows signed a letter in defense of abolitionism as a reasonable aim.
At the council hearing, Brooklyn Councilmember Stephen Levin, whose district would house the new Brooklyn jail, asked Elizabeth Glazer, the director of the Mayor's Office of Criminal Justice, "if money wasn't an object and we could implement every type of criminal justice reform measure to the maximum scale, what would we want to do?" Glazer listed implementing diversion programs, doing away with city sentences, funding alternatives to incarceration, and supporting early interventions to prevent people from coming into contact with the criminal justice system—"a ton of things that could be done to ensure that jails aren't a first stop."
Listening to her speak reminded me of reading de Blasio's 2016 comment that the closure of Rikers was "unrealistic," and made me think how little had truly changed since. It fell to the abolitionist Mariame Kaba to warn of the cost of failing to realize what's possible: "We will be back in this room, I promise you, in ten years, if these four new facilities are built, calling these facilities inhumane."
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Star Anna performs Friday at Bert and Ernie's in Great Falls.
If you're looking to escape the Black Friday crowds, Bert and Ernie's in Great Falls offers you the perfect opportunity to do just that and enjoy some high-quality music.
Talented Seattle-based Star Anna returns to the Electric City to perform a solo set from her new albums. The show starts at 7 p.m. Star Anna last played here in 2011 with her previous band the Laughing Dogs.
Local fans may remember Star Anna as she has performed in Great Falls twice in the past four years with her old band the Laughing Dogs.
Star Anna performs Friday at Bert and Ernie's in Great Falls.
You can support Star Anna by visiting her Patreon Page, where she has several goals listed including funds for video equipment and an expanded tour to the east coast.
You can download that album here.


Tropical Storm Fay turned out to be less of an impact on our area, Lee County, than some may have expected. With lots of wind and rain over the late night and early morning hours, all is back to normal at my Cape Coral house.
In fact, some of the worst weather we experienced here was from an initial storm band that came through on Sunday evening. I posted a brief video of it: Tropical Storm Fay in Cape Coral.
Lee County schools are scheduled to reopen tomorrow, Wednesday, August 20, 2008 as usual.
Many businesses are now posting that they are opened as well. We will be opened as normal, tomorrow, August 20, 2008 at Florida Future Realty, Inc.
Those in central Florida and along the Eastern coast should still be using caution and remain prepared. Tornadoes and flooding are very likely.
As always, should you, or anyone you know have a real estate question, contact us at Florida Future Realty, Inc.
Search for Cape Coral real estate anytime online at our very user-friendly website.
Real Estate Broker, Florida Future Realty, Inc.


text:
\section{Introduction}
The offerings of FSO systems such as rapid deployment time, high security, flexibility are limited by the atmospheric turbulence and pointing error \cite{E.Lee}. Besides, utilization of FSO system as an alternative and/or a complement to radio frequency (RF) counterparts has given rise to mixed RF/FSO relay systems \cite{E.Lee, DGGwithPointError}. Relaying schemes provide benefits such as spatial diversity gains without increasing the receiver hardware, uniform quality-of-service and extended coverage. Conventional one-way-relaying (OWR) is spectrally inefficient since the exchange of information between source to destination requires two complete time-slots. Spectral efficiency can be improved by utilizing two-way-relaying (TWR) scheme \cite{TWR-RF}, where the transmission of information from two nodes takes place simultaneously, through a relay node. In the first phase, the two nodes transmit information simultaneously to the relay node, which is broadcasted by the relay to the designated destinations in the second phase of communication. This brings about an improvement by factor of 2 when compared to OWR strategy. \par
While most of the known results for the FSO relay-assisted communications have relied on the absence of interference, it is important to note that asymmetric mixed RF/FSO relay systems are inherently vulnerable to the effect of co-channel interference (CCI) due to the involvement of RF links. The recognition of the interference-limited behavior of mixed RF/FSO systems has motivated the authors of \cite{RF-FSO-Rel-Det_Intf} to derive the expression of outage probability (OP) and bit error rate (BER) for an interference limited mixed RF/FSO amplify-and-forward (AF) OWR relaying system. The interfering signals have been modeled using the Nakagami-\(m\) fading distribution, while the FSO systems are assumed to follow double-generalized Gamma (D-GG) turbulence model to demonstrate exact and asymptotic performance of the overall system in \cite{RF-FSO-Rel-Det_Intf}. Moreover, the effect of multiple CCIs on the mixed RF/FSO OWR systems have been analyzed in \cite{RF-FSO-CSI-AF} where the authors have derived expressions of the OP, BER and capacity for channel state information (CSI) assisted system. On the other hand, impact of multiuser diversity (MUD) on interference limited mixed RF/FSO OWR systems has been indicated by the authors of \cite{mypaper2}. Furthermore, research work \cite{TWR-MUD} demonstrates the improvement imparted by MUD scheme on mixed RF/FSO TWR system for interference free transmission. Notably, no work has been reported on the effect of interference over MUD assisted mixed RF/FSO TWR system. This motivates to explore the performance for a bidirectional MUD-RF/FSO system, where the relay node operates in the presence of multiple CCIs. The main contributions of this work are:
\begin{enumerate}
	\item In this work, performance analysis of interference limited RF/FSO cooperative TWR networks is performed, where user diversity scheme is implemented, such that the relay node selects the user with best channel condition.
	\item The closed form expressions for performance metrics such as OP and ergodic sum-rate is derived.
	\item The OP and ergodic sum-rate expressions account for both intensity modulation/direct detection (IM/DD) and coherent demodulation schemes on the optical link, in the presence of pointing error.
	\item Finally, the derived closed form expression for the OP is expressed asymptotically to validate the proposed work.
\end{enumerate}
\section{SYSTEM AND CHANNEL MODELS}
Consider a  mixed RF/FSO two-way cooperative AF relaying system, where \(K\) mobile users on the RF link communicate with the FSO destination node through the bidirectional relay node \(R\). In particular, the relay node exchanges information between two source nodes \(S_{\scaleto{RF,j}{5 pt}}\) and \(S_{\scaleto{FSO}{5 pt}}\), where \(S_{\scaleto{RF,j}{5 pt}}\) represents the \(j^{th}\)-user selected by the relay node based on best channel conditions. The user selection at relay node is performed using the opportunistic scheduling based on the quality of the \(S_{\scaleto{RF,j}{5 pt}} \rightleftarrows R \) links. It is assumed that \(N\) number of interferers following Nakagami-\(m\) distribution, corrupt the signal at relay node. In the multiple access phase \(T_1\) of communication, both RF and FSO nodes simultaneously transmit their respective information to relay node \(R\). The received  signal \(y_{\scaleto{R}{5 pt}}\) at node \(R\) is given by
\begin{align*}
y_{R} = \sqrt{P_{\scaleto{RF,j}{3 pt}}} h_{\scaleto{RF, j}{3 pt}} x_{\scaleto{RF}{3 pt}} + \sqrt{P_{\scaleto{FSO}{3 pt}}^{\scaleto{Opt}{3 pt}}} g_{\scaleto{FSO}{3 pt}} x_{\scaleto{FSO}{3 pt}}+ \sum_{i=1}^{N} \sqrt{P_{\scaleto{I_{R,i}}{3 pt}}}  h_{\scaleto{I,r}{3 pt}} x_{r,i}  + N_{\scaleto{T_1}{4 pt}} \addtag \label{sysEq1}
\end{align*}
where \(h_{\scaleto{RF, j}{5 pt}}\) is Nakagami-\(m\) distributed fading amplitude of RF channel carrying information \(x_{\scaleto{RF}{5 pt}}\) of \(j^{th}\)-user and \(g_{\scaleto{FSO}{4 pt}} \) represents irradiance fluctuation on the FSO link. The \(P_{\scaleto{RF,j}{5 pt}}\) stands for useful transmit power whereas \(P_{\scaleto{I_R}{5 pt}}\) denotes the interference power with channel coefficient \(h_{I_r} \) at the relay node \(R\), \(x_{r,i}\) is the symbol emitted by \(i^{th}\) interferer, and \(N_{T_1}\) represents the additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN).
In the second phase of communication, the relay node \(R\) sends the processed version of the signal \(x_{\scaleto{RF}{5 pt}}\) towards the FSO node \(S_{\scaleto{FSO}{5 pt}}\) and symbol \(x_{\scaleto{FSO}{5 pt}}\) to \(S_{\scaleto{RF,j}{5 pt}}\). Specifically, the relay node amplifies the received signal by \(G = \frac{1}{|h_{\scaleto{RF, j}{5 pt}}|^2+|g_{\scaleto{FSO}{4 pt}}|^2} \), and forwards it to \(S_{\scaleto{FSO}{5 pt}}\) and \(S_{\scaleto{RF,j}{5 pt}}\). It is considered that, the channels \(S_{\scaleto{RF,j}{5 pt}} \rightleftarrows R \) and \(S_{\scaleto{FSO}{5 pt}} \rightleftarrows R \) are reciprocal and that the channel coefficients remain unchanged during both the phases of transmission. Given that the two nodes can perform self-interference cancellation with the knowledge of  \(h_{\scaleto{RF, j}{5 pt}} \) and \(g_{\scaleto{FSO}{5 pt}}\), the received signal at RF node can be estimated as:
\begin{align*}
\tilde{y}_{\scaleto{T_2, RF}{4 pt}}  = &  \sqrt{P_{\scaleto{R}{3 pt}}}(\eta g_{\scaleto{FSO}{2 pt}})^{\frac{r}{2}} G  h_{\scaleto{RF, j}{3 pt}} x_{\scaleto{FSO}{3 pt}}  + \sqrt{P_{\scaleto{R}{3 pt}}}  h_{\scaleto{RF, j}{3 pt}}  G \sum_{i=1}^{N} \sqrt{P_{\scaleto{I_{R,i}}{3 pt}}}  h_{\scaleto{I_r}{3 pt}} x_{\scaleto{r,i}{3 pt}} + N_{\scaleto{01}{3 pt}}
\end{align*}
where \(P_{R}\) is the power of signal transmitted from relay node, the overall noise from \(S_{\scaleto{FSO}{5 pt}}\) and \(S_{\scaleto{RF,j}{5 pt}}\) is represented as \(N_{01}\), whereas \(\eta\) is the electrical-to-optical conversion coefficient. Constant \(r\) denotes the type of optical demodulation employed where \(r=1\) represents coherent demodulation and \(r=2\) corresponds to IM/DD demodulation. Similarly, the estimated signal at the FSO node can be given as:
\begin{align*}
\tilde{y}_{\scaleto{T_2, FSO}{4 pt}}  =  & \sqrt{P_{\scaleto{R}{3 pt}}}(\eta g_{\scaleto{FSO}{3 pt}})^{\frac{r}{2}}  G  h_{\scaleto{RF, j}{3 pt}} x_{RF}  + g_{\scaleto{FSO}{3 pt}} \sqrt{P_{\scaleto{R}{3 pt}}} G \sum_{i=1}^{N} \sqrt{P_{\scaleto{I_{R,i}}{3 pt}}}  h_{\scaleto{I_r}{3 pt}} x_{\scaleto{r,i}{3 pt}} + N_{\scaleto{02}{3 pt}}
\end{align*}
where \(N_{02}\) represents the overall noise from \(S_{\scaleto{RF,j}{5 pt}}\) and \(S_{\scaleto{FSO}{5 pt}}\) node. Without loss of generality, the noise contributions \(N_{01}\) and \(N_{02}\) are assumed to be AWGN with zero-mean and equal variances \({\sigma_n}^2\). The end-to-end signal-to-interference-plus-noise ratio (SINR) for \(S_{\scaleto{RF,j}{5 pt}} \rightarrow R \rightarrow  S_{\scaleto{FSO}{5 pt}} \) can be given as
\begin{align*}
\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,RF}}{4 pt}} = \frac{P_R G^2 |h_{\scaleto{RF, j}{5 pt}}|^2 |g_{\scaleto{FSO}{3 pt}}|^2}{\sum_{i=0}^{N} {P_{I_{R,i}}}  |h_{I_r}|^2  |g_{\scaleto{FSO}{3 pt}}|^2 + {\sigma_n}^2} \addtag \label{(T2, RF)}
\end{align*}
 Similarly, the end-to-end SINR for \(S_{\scaleto{FSO}{5 pt}}\rightarrow R\rightarrow  S_{\scaleto{RF,j}{5 pt}}\) can be formulated as
\begin{align*}
\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,FSO}}{4 pt}} = \frac{P_R G^2 |h_{\scaleto{RF, j}{5 pt}}|^2 |g_{\scaleto{FSO}{3 pt}}|^2}{\sum_{i=0}^{N} {P_{I_{R,i}}}  |h_{I_r}|^2  |h_{\scaleto{RF, j}{5 pt}}|^2 + {\sigma_n}^2 } \addtag \label{(T2, FSO)}
\end{align*}
\par
Under the assumption of Nakagami-\(m\) distribution, the fading coefficients on the RF link, for the \(k^{th}\) user, follows the probability density function (PDF) given by \cite{wireleDigAloiuni} \(f_{\gamma_k} (\gamma) = \frac{\beta^{m_{RF}}}{\Gamma(m_{RF})} \gamma^{m_{RF}-1}\exp(-\beta\gamma) \), where \(m_{RF}\) is the shape parameter, \(\beta=\frac{m_{RF}}{\bar\gamma_{k}} \) and \(\bar\gamma_{k}\) is the average SNR of the \(k^{th}-\)user. Furthermore, the PDF of instantaneous SNR on the RF link with \(K\) users can be obtained using the definition of ordered statistics as \(f_{\gamma_{SR},j}(\gamma) = K [F_{\gamma_{k}(\gamma)}]^{K-1}f_{\gamma_k} (\gamma)\). The closed form expression for the cumulative distribution function (CDF) can be obtained using \(F_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{RF}}{4 pt}}}(\gamma) = \int_{0}^{\gamma} f_{\gamma_{SR},j}(y) dy \). For integer values of \(m_{RF}\), utilizing \cite[Eq. (2)]{mypaper2} along with \cite[Eq. (3.381.1) and (8.352.1)]{RyzhikTables}, with some mathematical manipulations, the closed-form expression for the CDF can be expressed as:
\begin{align*
&F_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{RF}}{3 pt}}}(\gamma) =  \sum_{n_1=0}^{K-1} \sum_{n_2=0}^{n_1(m_{\scaleto{RF}{2 pt}}-1)} A_1 \Bigg(1- e^{(-\mathcal{B}_0\gamma)}\sum_{l=0}^{m_{\scaleto{RF}{2 pt}}+n_2-1} \frac{{(\mathcal{B}_0\gamma)}^{l}}{l!} \Bigg)  \addtag \label{RF-Eff-CDF}
\end{align*}
where \(\mathcal{B}_0 = \beta(n_1+1) \) and \(A_1\) is given by:
\[ A_1 = \frac{K(m_{\scaleto{RF}{2 pt}}+n_2-1)!}{\Gamma m_{\scaleto{RF}{4 pt}}} (-1)^{n_1} \binom{K-1}{n_1} \zeta_{n_{1}n_{2}}(m_{\scaleto{RF}{4 pt}}) (n_1+1)^{-n_2-m_{\scaleto{RF}{4 pt}}} \addtag  \]
 where \(\zeta_{n_{1}n_{2}}(m_{\scaleto{RF}{3 pt}})\) is the coefficient of multinomial expansion which can be recursively obtained using the relation \(\zeta_{n_{1}n_{2}}=\sum_{b=n_1 -x+1}^{n_1}\frac{\zeta_{bn_{2}-1}}{n_1-b} \text I_{\scaleto{[0,(n_2-1)(x-1)]}{4 pt}} \) where \(I_{\scaleto{[a,b]}{4 pt}}\) is the indicator function as defined in \cite[Eq. (9.120)]{wireleDigAloiuni}.
 \par
\begin{figure*}[!t]
	\begin{align*}
	\setcounter{equation}{12}
	P_{\scaleto{out}{4 pt}} & =   \sum_{n_1=0}^{K-1} \sum_{n_2=0}^{n_1(m_{RF}-1)} A_2 \Bigg[\frac{y^{Nm_{1}}}{(2\pi)^{\frac{y-1}{2}}} \meijerG{n}{y+1}{y+1+r}{n+1}{1, \tau_3, \tau_5}{\tau_4, 0}{ \mathcal{D}_7 \gamma_{{\scaleto{th}{3 pt}}}^y} -  \sum_{m=0}^{n_2+m_{{\scaleto{RF}{4 pt}}}-1} \frac{(\mathcal{B}_0 \gamma_{{\scaleto{th}{3 pt}}})^m}{m!} \left(\frac{\Omega_I{_1}}{m_1}\right)^{-m}
	\text{H}_{\mathbf{x}_1}^{\mathbf{x}_2}\left[
	\begin{array}{c}
	\tau_{6}  \\
	\noindent\rule{0.4cm}{0.5pt}
	\end{array}\middle\vert
	\begin{array}{c}
	\noindent\rule{0.4cm}{0.5pt}\\
	(0,1)\\
	\end{array}\middle\vert
	\begin{array}{c}
	\tau_{7}\\
	\tau_{8}\\
	\end{array}\middle\vert
	\mathcal{B}_1,  \mathcal{B}_2 \right]
	\Bigg]
	\addtag \label{Outage}
	\end{align*}
	\rule{\linewidth}{1pt}
\end{figure*}
On the other hand, it is assumed that \(R \rightleftarrows  S_{\scaleto{FSO}{5 pt}} \) link encompasses the turbulence-induced fading \(I_a\) with pointing errors \(I_p\) such that \(I=I_aI_p\).
The atmospheric turbulence fading \(I_a\) on the FSO link is modeled as double generalized gamma (D-GG) fading model \cite{DGGwithPointError}. The irradiance \(I_a=I_xI_y\), such that \(I_x\sim GG(\alpha_1, \beta_1, \Omega_1) \) and \(I_y\sim GG(\alpha_2, \beta_2, \Omega_2) \). \(\beta_1\) and \(\beta_2\) are shaping parameters, whereas \(\alpha_1\) , \(\Omega_1\), \(\alpha_2\) and \(\Omega_2\) are calculated based on the variances of the small and large scale fluctuations. The PDF of SNR on the FSO link can be expressed as \cite{DGGwithPointError}:
\begin{align*
\setcounter{equation}{7}
f_{\gamma_{\scaleto{FSO}{4 pt}}}(\gamma) = \frac{\mathcal{D}_1}{r \gamma} \meijerG{\lambda+\sigma+1}{0}{1}{\lambda+\sigma+1}{\tau_2}{\tau_1}{\mathcal{D}_2 z^{y} \left(\frac{\gamma}{\mu_r} \right)^{\frac{y}{r}} } \addtag \label{FSO-PDF}
\end{align*}
with \(\mathcal{D}_1 = \frac{\xi^2 \sigma^{\beta_1-\frac{1}{2}} \sigma^{\beta_2-\frac{1}{2}} (2\pi)^{1-\frac{\sigma+\lambda}{2}} }{\Gamma(\beta_1) \Gamma(\beta_2)} \),
\( \mathcal{D}_2 = \frac{\beta_1^\sigma \beta_2^\lambda}{\lambda^\lambda\sigma^\sigma\Omega_1^{\sigma} \Omega_2^{\lambda}} \)
 where \(\tau_1 = \left[ \frac{\xi^2}{y}, \Delta(\sigma:\beta_1), \Delta(\lambda:\beta_2) \right] \), \(\tau_2=\left[1+\frac{\xi^2}{y}\right] \), \(\mu_r= \frac{\left(\eta \mathbb{E} (I)\right)^r}{N_0} \) and \(r\) denotes the kind of demodulation scheme \cite{DGGwithPointError}. Considering \(\mathcal{D}_3= \prod_{g=1}^{\sigma+\lambda} \Gamma\left(\frac{1}{y} + \tau_{\scaleto{0,g}{3.5 pt}}  \right) \), \(z\) can be given as \(z=\frac{\mathcal{D}_1(\mathcal{D}_2)^{1/y}\mathcal{D}_3}{(1+\xi^2)}  \). \\
 where \(\tau_0 = \left[\Delta(\sigma:\beta_1), \Delta(\lambda:\beta_2)\right] \) with \(\Delta(z:x)\) defined as \([\frac{x}{z}, \frac{x+1}{z}, \dots, \frac{x+z-1}{z}]\). Moreover, \(\meijerG{m}{n}{p}{q}{}{}{.}\) is the Meijer-G function defined in \cite[Eq. (9.301)]{RyzhikTables} and \(y=\alpha_2\lambda \). The pointing error parameter \(\xi \) is defined as the ratio between the equivalent beam width \(\omega_{eq}\) and pointing error jitter standard deviation \(\sigma_{s} \), given by relation \(\xi=\frac{\omega^{2}_{eq}}{\sigma_{s}} \) \cite{DGGwithPointError}.   \par
Further, the CDF of FSO channel over D-GG atmospheric turbulence with pointing errors can be formulated as follows \cite{DGGwithPointError}
\begin{align*
 F_{\gamma_{\scaleto{FSO}{4 pt}}}(\gamma)=\mathcal{D}_4  \meijerG{n}{1}{r+1}{n+1}{1,\tau_3}{\tau_4,0}{\mathcal{D}_5 \left(\frac{\gamma}{\mu_r} \right)^{y} } \addtag \label{FSO-CDF}
\end{align*}
where \(n=r(\lambda+\sigma+1) \), \(\mathcal{D}_4= \frac{\xi^2 \sigma^{\beta_1-\frac{1}{2}} \sigma^{\beta_2-\frac{1}{2}} (2\pi)^{1-\frac{r(\sigma+\lambda)}{2}} r^{(\beta_1+\beta_2-2)} }{y\Gamma(\beta_1) \Gamma(\beta_2)} \), \(\mathcal{D}_5= \left(\frac{\mathcal{D}_2 z^y }{r^{\sigma+\lambda}} \right)^r \), \(\tau_3= \left[\Delta(r: \tau_2) \right] \) and \(\tau_4= \left[\Delta(r: \tau_1) \right] \) comprising of \(r(\lambda+\sigma+1) \) terms.
\section{PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS}
In this section, the investigation of outage performance and sum-rate of the bidirectional relay system based on the aforementioned channel models is presented.
\subsection{Exact Outage Probability}
The outage probability (OP) is an important performance indicator of wireless communication system. OP is defined as the probability that the instantaneous SNR falls below a pre-defined threshold \(\gamma_{\scaleto{{th}}{4 pt}}\). For the considered TWR system, the OP can be defined as:
\begin{align*}
\setcounter{equation}{9}
P_{\scaleto{out}{4 pt}} = & F_{e_{2} e} (\gamma)|_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{th}}{3 pt}}}  = \text{Pr}\left(\text{min}[\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,RF}}{4 pt}}, \gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,FSO}}{4 pt}}<\gamma_{\scaleto{{th}}{4 pt}}]\right) \\ &
= 1- \text{Pr}\left(\text{min}[\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,RF}}{4 pt}}>\gamma_{\scaleto{{th}}{4 pt}}, \gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,FSO}}{4 pt}}>\gamma_{\scaleto{{th}}{4 pt}}]\right)\\ &
=1-\text{Pr}\left(\frac{P_{\scaleto{R}{4 pt}} \text{min}\left[|h_{\scaleto{RF, j}{5 pt}}|^2 , |g_{\scaleto{FSO}{3 pt}}|^2 \right] }{\sum_{i=0}^{N} {P_{I_{R,i}}}  |h_{I_r}|^2}  > \gamma_{\scaleto{{th}}{4 pt}} \right)
\addtag \label{e2eCDF}
\end{align*}
 Moreover, the PDF of the total interference-to-noise ratio (INR) \(\sum_{i=1}^{L} \gamma_{\scaleto{I_{r}}{4 pt},i}\) can be expressed as \cite{wireleDigAloiuni}:
\begin{align*}
f_{_{{\scaleto{I_{r}}{5 pt}}}}(\gamma)& = \bigg[\frac{m_{1}}{\Omega_I{_1}}\bigg]^{m_{1}L} \frac{\gamma^{m_{1}L-1}}{\Gamma(m_{1}L)}\exp\bigg(-\frac{m_{1}L}{\Omega_I{_1}}\gamma\bigg) \addtag \label{Intf-R}
\end{align*}
where \(m_1\) is Nakagami-\(m\) fading parameter and \(\Omega_I{_1}\) is the average interference to noise ratio (INR) at the relay node. Defining \(Y \delequal P_{\scaleto{R}{4 pt}} \text{min}\left[|h_{\scaleto{RF, j}{5 pt}}|^2 , |g_{\scaleto{FSO}{3 pt}}|^2 \right] \), and considering statistical independence between \(\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,RF}}{4 pt}}\) and \(\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,FSO}}{4 pt}}\), the OP can be further calculated as:
\begin{align*}
P_{\scaleto{out}{4 pt}} & = 1-  \int_{0}^{\infty} \text{Pr}\left( Y > z\gamma_{\scaleto{{th}}{4 pt}}  \right) f_{_{{\scaleto{I_{r}}{5 pt}}}}(z) dz \\ & =
1-  \int_{0}^{\infty} F_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{RF}}{4 pt}}}\left(  z\gamma_{\scaleto{{th}}{4 pt}}  \right) F_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{FSO}}{4 pt}}}\left(  z\gamma_{\scaleto{{th}}{4 pt}}  \right) f_{_{{\scaleto{I_{r}}{5 pt}}}}(z) dz \addtag \label{Pout-Int}
\end{align*}
Appropriately substituting (\ref{RF-Eff-CDF}), (\ref{FSO-CDF}) and (\ref{Intf-R}) into (\ref{Pout-Int}), while invoking \cite[Eq. (2.3)]{FoxHIntgrl}, with some mathematical manipulations, closed-form expression for the OP is derived as given in (\ref{Outage}), where \(\text{H}_{\mathbf{h}_1}^{\mathbf{h}_2}\left[
\mathcal{A}_1,  \mathcal{A}_2 \right] \) is the bivariate Fox's H-function as defined in \cite[Eq. (1.1)]{FoxHIntgrl}. The order of H-function can be formulated as \(\{\mathbf{x}_1, \mathbf{x}_2\} = \{(\text 0, \text 1:\text 1,\text 0:\text {n}, \text {1}) , (\text 1, \text 0:\text 0,\text 1:\text {r+1}, \text {n+1})\} \). Moreover, in (\ref{Outage}), the argument of Meijer-G is given by \(\mathcal{D}_7=\mathcal{D}_5 \left(\frac{y\Omega_I{_1}}{m_1\mu_{\scaleto{r}{3 pt}}} \right)^{y}\), whereas the arguments of Fox's H-function are derived to be \(\mathcal{B}_1 = \frac{\Omega_I{_1}}{m_1}\mathcal{B}_0 \gamma_{{\scaleto{th}{3 pt}}} \) and \(\mathcal{B}_2 = \mathcal{D}_5 \left(\frac{\Omega_I{_1} \gamma_{{\scaleto{th}{3 pt}}}}{\mu_{\scaleto{r}{3 pt}}m_1}\right)^y \). The constant \(A_2 = A_1 \mathcal{D}_4 \frac{(m_{\scaleto{RF}{3 pt}}+n_2-1)!}{\Gamma(m_1N)} \), while various parameters involved in (\ref{Outage}) can be defined as \(\tau_5 = \left[\Delta(y:1-m_1N)\right]\), \(\tau_6 = \left(1-m-m_1N, 1: y \right)\), \(\tau_7 =\left[ (1, 1), (\tau_3, [1]_{\text{length}(\tau_3)} )  \right] \) and \(\tau_8 =\left[(\tau_4, [1]_{\text{length}(\tau_4)} ), (0, 1) \right] \). The bivariate Fox's-H function can be evaluated numerically using the efficient MATLAB implementation as provided in \cite{BivFoxMATLAB}.
\iffalse
\begin{figure*}
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{out1.eps}
		\caption{Effect of different atmospheric turbulence conditions and strength of interfering signals on outage probability performance of dual hop mixed RF/FSO TWR relaying system with interference on heterodyne detection.}
		\label{fig:out11}
	\end{subfigure
	\begin{subfigure}[t]{0.45\textwidth}
		\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{out2.eps}
		\caption{Effect of type of demodulation, number of interferers, \(N\), and pointing error on outage probability performance of dual hop mixed RF/FSO TWR relaying system with interference.}
		\label{fig:out22}
	\end{subfigure}
\end{figure*}
\fi

	\begin{figure}[!h]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=8.75cm,height=5.2cm]{out2.eps}
	\caption{Effect of type of demodulation, number of interferers, \(N\), and pointing error on outage probability performance.}\label{fig:out1}
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=8.5cm,height=5.2cm]{cap1.eps}
	\caption{Effect of type of demodulation and number of users, \(K\), on the achievable ergodic sum rate.}\label{fig:cap1}
	\centering
\includegraphics[width=8.5cm,height=5.2cm]{cap2.eps}
\caption{Effect of varying number of interferers, \(N\), on the achievable ergodic sum rate of the two-way relaying networks.}\label{fig:cap2}
\end{figure}
\subsection{Asymptotic Outage Probability}
The exact expression derived in (\ref{Outage}) fails to offer quick insights into the performance of overall system. A simpler asymptotic (high SNR) expression for OP can be developed to get more insights about system's performance. According to \cite[Theorem (1.7) and Theorem (1.11)]{ResTheom}, the asymptotic expansion of H-function can be obtained as the residue of complex integration at the poles nearest to contour of integration. Assuming that \(\mathbf{p_n}=\min(\tau_4) \) is the dominant pole closest to contour, the expansion of Meijer-G function can be formulated as:
\begin{align*}
\setcounter{equation}{13}
& \meijerG{n}{y+1}{y+1+r}{n+1}{1, \tau_3, \tau_5}{\tau_4, 0}{ \mathcal{D}_7 \gamma_{{\scaleto{th}{3 pt}}}^y} \underrel{\mu_{\scaleto{r}{3 pt}} \to \infty}{\simeq}   \Lambda_1 {\prod_{j=1}^{y}{\Gamma(1-\tau_{5,j}-\mathbf{p_n})}} \gamma_{{\scaleto{th}{3 pt}}} ^{-y\mathbf{p_n}} \addtag \label{M-exp}
\end{align*}
where \(\Lambda_1= \frac{ {\mathcal{D}_{7}}^{-\mathbf{p_n}} \prod_{j=1}^{n}{\Gamma(\tau_{4,j}+\mathbf{p_n})}}{\mathbf{p_n} {\prod_{j=y+2}^{y+1+r}{\Gamma(\tau_{3,j}+\mathbf{p_n})}}}\). Similarly, by expressing the bivariate Fox's H-function in complex integral form using \cite[Eq. (1.1)]{FoxHIntgrl}, and making use of identity \cite[Eq. (9.113)]{RyzhikTables}, the asymptotic representation can be given as:
\begin{align*}
&\text{H}_{\mathbf{x}_1}^{\mathbf{x}_2}\left[
\begin{array}{c}
\tau_{6}  \\
\noindent\rule{0.4cm}{0.5pt}
\end{array}\middle\vert
\begin{array}{c}
\noindent\rule{0.4cm}{0.5pt}\\
(0,1)\\
\end{array}\middle\vert
\begin{array}{c}
\tau_{7}\\
\tau_{8}\\
\end{array}\middle\vert
\mathcal{B}_1,  \mathcal{B}_2 \right] \underrel{\mu_{\scaleto{r}{3 pt}} \to \infty}{\simeq} \Gamma\left(m+m_1N-y\mathbf{p_n} \right) \\ &
\times {}_1F_0 \Big(m+m_1N-y\mathbf{p_n}; ; -\frac{\Omega_I{_1}\mathcal{B}_0}{m_1}\gamma_{{\scaleto{th}{3 pt}}} \Big)  \Lambda_1 \left\{\frac{\gamma_{{\scaleto{th}{3 pt}}}}{y} \right\} ^{-y\mathbf{p_n}} \addtag \label{H-func-Asym}
\end{align*}
where \({}_1F_0 \Big(a; ; b \Big) \) is the Gaussian hypergeometric function as defined in \cite[Eq. (9.111)]{RyzhikTables}. Plugging (\ref{M-exp}) and (\ref{H-func-Asym}) into (\ref{Outage}), the asymptotic high SNR approximation of OP can be obtained.
\subsection{Achievable Sum Rate}
In this section, the achievable sum-rate (ASR) offered by the proposed model is derived. The sum-rate of the system can be defined as the throughput over all the channel realizations. The ASR of wireless fading channels can be defined as:
\[{\mathcal{R}}= \frac{1}{2} \mathbb{E}(1+\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,RF}}{4 pt}})+\frac{1}{2} \mathbb{E}(1+\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,FSO}}{4 pt}}) = {\mathcal{R}}_1+{\mathcal{R}}_2 \label{ASR_def} \addtag \]
where \(\mathbb{E}(.)\) denotes the expectation operator. The transmission rate for the link \(S_{\scaleto{RF,j}{5 pt}}\rightarrow R \rightarrow  S_{\scaleto{FSO}{5 pt}} \) can be obtained as:
\begin{align*}
{\mathcal{R}}_1 = \frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{\infty} \text{log}_2(1+\gamma) f_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,RF}}{4 pt}}}(\gamma) d\gamma \addtag \label{R1-form}
\end{align*}
Firstly, a closed-form expression for \(F_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,RF}}{4 pt}}}(\gamma)\) can be attained using \( F_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,RF}}{4 pt}}}(\gamma) = \int_{0}^{\infty} F_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{RF}}{4 pt}}}(\gamma y) f_{_{{\scaleto{I_{r}}{5 pt}}}}(y) dy \). Further to this, placing (\ref{RF-Eff-CDF}) and (\ref{Intf-R}) and applying \cite[Eq. (3.381.4)]{RyzhikTables}, \(F_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,RF}}{4 pt}}}(\gamma)\) can be derived, which can be differentiated to obtain \(f_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,RF}}{4 pt}}}(\gamma) \), which can be represented as:
\begin{align*}
& f_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,RF}}{4 pt}}}(\gamma)  = \frac{1}{2} \sum_{n_1=0}^{K-1} \sum_{n_2=0}^{n_1(m_{\scaleto{RF}{3 pt}}-1)} \sum_{m=0}^{m_{\scaleto{RF}{3 pt}}+n_2-1} A_3 \Bigg[ \frac{(m+m_1N) {\mathcal{B}_0}}{m!} \gamma^{m} \\ & \times \Big[{\mathcal{B}_0}\gamma+\frac{m_1}{\Omega_I}\Big]^{-(m+m_1N+1)}
-m\gamma^{m} \Big[{\mathcal{B}_0}\gamma+\frac{m_1}{\Omega_I}\Big]^{-(m+m_1N)}  \Bigg] \addtag \label{PDF-Cap-1}
\end{align*}
where \(A_3 = A_1  \frac{(m_{\scaleto{RF}{3 pt}}+n_2-1)!}{\Gamma(m_1N)}\left(\frac{m_1}{\Omega_I} \right)^{m_1N} \frac{\Gamma(m+m_1N) {\mathcal{B}_0}^{m}}{m!} \). After representing \(\text{log}_2(1+\gamma) = \meijerG{1}{2}{2}{2}{1, 1}{1,1}{\gamma} \) with the aid of \cite[Eq. (07.34.03.0456.01)]{Wolfram}, substituting \(f_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,RF}}{4 pt}}}(\gamma)\) into (\ref{R1-form}) and applying \cite[Eq. (07.34.03.0271.01) and (07.34.21.0013.01)]{Wolfram}, with some mathematical manipulations, the closed-form expression of \(\mathcal{R}_1\) can be obtained as given in below:
\begin{align*}
\setcounter{equation}{18
{\mathcal{R}}_1 =   \frac{1}{2} \sum_{n_1=0}^{K-1} \sum_{n_2=0}^{n_1(m_{\scaleto{RF}{3 pt}}-1)} \sum_{m=0}^{m_{\scaleto{RF}{3 pt}}+n_2-1} A_3 & \Bigg[\left( \frac{ \mathcal{B}_0 \Omega_I{_1}}{m_1\delta}\right) \meijerG{3}{2}{3}{3}{\tau_{9}}{\tau_{10}}{ \mathcal{B}_{3} }\\ & -m\meijerG{3}{2}{3}{3}{\tau_{11}}{\tau_{12}}{ \mathcal{B}_{3} } \Bigg]  \label{R1-Cap} \addtag
\end{align*}
where \(\mathcal{B}_3= \frac{\Omega_1\mathcal{B}_0}{m_1 \delta} \), whereas the parameters are defined as:
\(\tau_9 =\left[-m-m_1N, -m-1, -m \right] \), \(\tau_{10} =\left[0, -m-1, -m-1 \right] \), \(\tau_{11} =\left[1-m-1, -m, -m \right] \) and \(\tau_{12} =\left[0, -m, -m \right] \). Similarly, the effective CDF on the FSO link can be obtained by substituting (\ref{FSO-CDF}) and (\ref{Intf-R}) in \(F_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,FSO}}{4 pt}}}(\gamma) = \int_{0}^{\infty} F_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{FSO}}{4 pt}}}(\gamma y) f_{_{{\scaleto{I_{r}}{5 pt}}}}(y) dy \), which can be evaluated using \cite[Eq. (07.34.21.0013.01)]{Wolfram}. The resulting expression can be further differentiated using \cite[Eq. (07.34.20.0017.02)]{Wolfram} to express the PDF of \(\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,FSO}}{4 pt}}\). Plugging the PDF, thus obtained, into the relationship \({\mathcal{R}}_2 = \frac{1}{2} \int_{0}^{\infty} \text{log}_2(1+\gamma) f_{\gamma_{\scaleto{{T_2,FSO}}{4 pt}}}(\gamma) d\gamma\), the closed-form expression of \({\mathcal{R}}_2\) can be obtained as given below
	\begin{align*}
\setcounter{equation}{19}
{\mathcal{R}}_2 = &  \frac{\text{log}_2(\text{e})\mathcal{D}_4(y)^{Nm_1-\frac{3}{2}}}{2\delta\Gamma(m_1N)(2\pi)^{\frac{3}{2}(y-1)}}  \meijerG{\text{n}+2\text{y}}{3\text{y}+1}{4\text{y}+\text{r}+1}{\text{n}+3\text{y}+1}{\tau_{13}}{\tau_{14}}{ \frac{\mathcal{D}_{7}}{\delta^y} }  \label{R2-Cap} \addtag
\end{align*}
where \(\tau_{13}\) \(=\) \([0,\Delta(y:1),1,\tau_{5},\tau_{3}]\) and \(\tau_{14}\) \(=\) \([\tau_{5},\Delta(y:1),1,0]\). Finally, on substituting (\ref{R1-Cap}) and (\ref{R2-Cap}) into (\ref{ASR_def}), the expression of ASR can be established.
Furthermore, the asymptotic approximation of Meijer-G function involved in \({\mathcal{R}}_1\) can be developed considering the fact that as \(\bar\gamma_{k} \to \infty \), the argument \(\mathcal{B}_{3} \to 0 \). Invoking \cite[07.34.06.0006.01]{Wolfram}, the Meijer-G in \({\mathcal{R}}_1\) can be approximated as:
\begin{align*}
 \meijerG{3}{2}{3}{3}{\tau_{9}}{\tau_{10}}{ \mathcal{B}_{3} } \underrel{\bar\gamma_{k} \to \infty}{\simeq} &  \sum_{i=1}^{3} \frac{\prod_{j=1, j\neq i}^{3}{\Gamma( \tau_{10,j} - \tau_{10,i} )}}{\Gamma(\tau_{9,3} - \tau_{10,i} )}{ \mathcal{B}_{3}}^{\tau_{10,i}} \\ & \times
\prod_{j=1}^{2}{\Gamma(1- \tau_{9,j} + \tau_{10,i} )} \addtag \label{M1-Asym}
\end{align*}
Similar approach can be opted to represent \(\meijerG{3}{2}{3}{3}{\tau_{11}}{\tau_{12}}{ \mathcal{B}_{3} } \) asymptotically. Additionally, in order to simplify the expression of \({\mathcal{R}}_2\), it can be noted that as \(\mu_{\scaleto{r}{3 pt}} \to \infty \), the argument of Meijer-G in (\ref{R2-Cap}) diminishes, i.e., \(\mathcal{D}_7 \to 0 \), which can be approximated using \cite[07.34.06.0006.01]{Wolfram} as:
\begin{align*}
& \meijerG{\text{n}+2\text{y}}{3\text{y}+1}{4\text{y}+\text{r}+1}{\text{n}+3\text{y}+1}{\tau_{13}}{\tau_{14}}{ \frac{\mathcal{D}_{7}}{\delta^y} } \underrel{ \mu_{\scaleto{r}{3 pt}} \to \infty}{\simeq}   \sum_{i=1}^{\text{n}+2\text{y} } \frac{\prod_{j=1, j\neq i}^{\text{n}+2\text{y}}{\Gamma( \tau_{14,j} - \tau_{14,i} )}}{ \prod_{j=3\text{y}+2}^{4\text{y}+r+1} \Gamma(\tau_{13,j} - \tau_{14,i} )  }  \\ & \times { \left(\frac{\mathcal{D}_{7}}{\delta^y}\right) }^{\tau_{14,i}}
\frac{\prod_{j=1}^{3\text{y}+1} {\Gamma(1- \tau_{13,j} + \tau_{14,i} )}}{ \prod_{j=\text{n}+2\text{y}+1, j\neq i}^{\text{n}+3\text{y}+1}{\Gamma( 1- \tau_{14,j} + \tau_{14,i} )} } \addtag \label{M3-Asym}
\end{align*}
Substituting the aforementioned approximations of Meijer-G function in (\ref{R1-Cap}) and (\ref{R2-Cap}), the asymptotic representation of ASR can be obtained.
\section{NUMERICAL RESULTS}
In this section, numerical examples are shown to demonstrate the findings of the research work,  together with Monte-Carlo simulations. Fig. 1 illustrates the OP of mixed RF/FSO fixed-gain AF TWR systems versus the average SNR per hop in moderate (i.e., \(\alpha_1=2.1, \alpha_2=2 , \beta_1=4 , \beta_2=4.5 ,  \Omega_1=1.0676 ,  \Omega_2=1.06 \)) turbulence conditions. The figure also investigates the effect of strong (i.e., w/a=5) and weak (i.e., w/a=10) pointing errors on the system performance. OP deteriorates by increasing the number of interferers, i.e., \(N\). It can be noted that, at high SNR, the asymptotic expansion matches very well with its exact counterpart, which confirms the validity of our mathematical analysis for different parameter settings. On the other hand, it can be observed that coherent detection  (\(r=1\)) outperforms IM/DD (\(r=2\)) in turbulent environments as previously observed. Additionally, the impact of type demodulation schemes, along with the number of RF users, on the ASR has been demonstrated in Fig. 2. It can be noted that increasing \(K\) provides a remarkable improvement in the system performance. Finally, the deterioration introduced by interference on ASR of the considered TWR relay network is quantified in Fig. 3. In the plot, the parameters assumed to model turbulence on the FSO link is given as: \(\alpha_1=2.169, \alpha_2=1 ,  \beta_1=0.55 , \beta_2=2.35 ,  \Omega_1=1.5793 ,  \Omega_2=1 \). It is evident in the plot that the average rate improves as the number of interferers, \(N\), reduces.
\section{CONCLUSION}
In this work, performance analysis for a mixed MUD-RF/FSO TWR network in the presence of interference is presented. Specifically, the exact and asymptotic closed-form expressions for OP and ASR have been derived in order to demonstrate the effect of various model parameters on overall performance of considered system. The analysis is extended to provide asymptotic OP expression. The derived results account for both IM/DD and coherent demodulation techniques on the optical link. The improvement brought about by MUD on RF link and two-way transmission is evident in the findings.

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Young business woman wearing suits and joining conference call from home
Remote Internships Jump During Pandemic
But internship postings are down overall.
The share of internship postings per million job postings on Indeed's US website is down 39% from 2019.
Yet the share of remote internships has taken off, increasing nearly sevenfold since March 2019.
Job seeker interest in internships has bounced back, but is still off 8.3% from 2019.
In March 2020, young people on the cusp of entering the US labor market watched it implode. Unemployment among workers ages 16-24 shot up to 27.4% in April 2020. While the market has vastly improved, unemployment among this age group is still 11.1%.
One area of the job market that's still ailing is internships. The pandemic threw a wrench into these positions, which often serve as career launching pads for young people. Internships are a way to explore potential fields, get a first professional experience, and build a network. They can also be instrumental in finding full-time work. While most internships are geared toward summer employment, opportunities can be found year round.
As COVID-19 decimated entire sectors last spring, internship opportunities plunged with the rest of the economy. There's since been a recovery of sorts, but it's limited. Remote internship opportunities have jumped, while overall internship postings have hardly bounced back at all.
Internship postings are struggling
Line graph titled "Internship postings down during pandemic." With a vertical axis ranging from 0 to 10,000, Indeed tracked the internship job postings per million jobs on Indeed along a horizontal axis ranging from January 1 to April 13 with lines representing 2019, 2020, and 2021. The share of internship postings per million job postings on Indeed's US website was down 39% from 2019. Caption added post-publication.
While labor market gains are accelerating, internship postings haven't come along for the ride yet. Early in 2020, the share of internship postings was on par with the previous year. But, starting in March 2020, the share took a nosedive. Through April 13, the internship share per million job postings was down 39% and 15% from the same date in 2019 and 2020 respectively.
Internships may be slower to bounce back either because companies are still recovering from the economic damage of the past 13 months or remain cautious about the public health situation. From an employer's perspective, internships provide temporary help and a potential pipeline for future hires, but are rarely critical to day-to-day operations.
Remote internships surge
Line graph titled "Out-of-office internships multiply their share." With a vertical axis ranging from 5% to 25%, Indeed tracked the share of internships containing remote terms along a horizontal axis ranging from January 2019 to March 2021. By August 2020, the share of internship postings mentioning remote wor surged to 25%. Caption added post-publication.
Remote job postings have doubled during the pandemic, according to Hiring Lab research, and the trend is clearly visible in internship postings. Throughout 2019, an average of 5% of internship postings contained remote work terms like "work from home" and "telecommute." By August 2020, the share of internship postings mentioning remote work had surged to 25%. The share has since dipped, but, in March 2021, 20% of internship postings still mentioned remote work, a nearly sevenfold gain from March 2019, when the share was 3%.
The jump in remote internships allows a wider swath of students and recent grads to apply. The New York, NY, Chicago, IL, and Washington, DC, metros led in numbers of internships in the second half of 2020, with Los Angeles and San Francisco close behind. Of these cities, four have living costs at least 10% above the national average. Even when internships are paid, an in-person opportunity in an expensive city can be cost-prohibitive. Remote internship opportunities help level the playing field.
Availability of remote internships varies across sectors
Virtually the entire labor market has seen an increase in the share of internship postings containing remote terms, but the availability of such positions differs by sector. For example, from the second half of 2019 to the same period in 2020, remote marketing internship postings jumped from 14% to 47%, a more-than-threefold increase. At the same time, the share of remote human resources internships climbed from just 2.2% to 18.7%, an eightfold rise.
Table titled "Remote internships rising across sectors." Indeed compared the percentage of internship postings mentioning remote or at-home work across various industries and between 2019, 2020 and the ratio 2020 versus 2019. From the second half of 2019 to the same period in 2020, remote marketing internship postings jumped from 14% to 47%. Caption added post-publication.
In other sectors though, remote internships generally are impractical. For example, nursing and pharmacy internship postings are rarely remote. In 2019, the share of remote internship postings was near zero in both sectors. Their remote internship shares gained in the second half of 2020, but the numbers were still miniscule: 0.8% in nursing and 1.9% in pharmacy.
Interest in internships still down
Line graph titled "Interest in internships slightly behind 2019." With a vertical axis ranging from 0 to 10,000, Indeed tracked the internship searches per million searches along a horizontal axis ranging from January 1 to April 13, with lines representing 2019, 2020, and 2021. As of April 13, 2021, the share of internship-related searches was 8.3% lower than in the comparable period in 2019, but up 38% from 2020. Caption added post-publication.
Interest in internships typically peaks in early April and then slowly dwindles. Though not back to pre-pandemic levels, interest is way up from last April, when college students were sent home and businesses shuttered. Through April 13, the share of internship-related searches was 8.3% lower than in the comparable period in 2019, but up 38% from 2020.
This year, people seeking internships probably have better expectations about their prospects. Vaccine distribution is ramping up and the pandemic appears to be receding. The class of 2020 faced one of the worst labor markets in US history. Now, young job seekers may be trying to get a foot in the door. When entry-level jobs in a field are sparse, internships offer one way for young workers to break in.
The growth of remote opportunities is a win for internship seekers. The trend means that young people can accept internships they might not otherwise be able to afford, especially if the opportunity previously required living in an expensive metro area. Interest in internships is rising again, welcome news for employers looking for temporary help or trying to build robust recruitment pipelines. In large measure, the persistence of the remote internship trend will reflect what happens with COVID-19. But it will be interesting to see whether remote internship carves out a bigger place even when the pandemic is over.
We define internship job postings as those in which "intern" or "internship" appear in the title. We identify job postings as open to remote work if the job title or description includes terms like "remote work," "telecommute," "work from home," or similar terms, or if the location is explicitly listed as remote. These postings include both permanently and temporarily remote jobs, though employers often don't specify. For the share of remote internships by sector, a sector must have had a minimum of 1,000 total postings from July to December in both 2019 and 2020 to be included. Interest in internships is defined as any search containing "intern" or "internship."
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