text:
\section{Introduction}
Measurements of the cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropies have been one of the best means of studying the primordial universe as the CMB anisotropies are linearly related to the primordial fluctuations. Through these measurements we have found that the fluctuations generated in the early universe can be accurately described as adiabatic, isotropic and Gaussian with a simple power-law power spectrum \citep[see e.g.][]{planck2016-l10,planck2016-l07,planck2016-l09}. Whilst these measurements have already been highly informative for our understanding of the early universe, there is still a broad range of models that describe their potential origin.
To distinguish these models we require new primordial signatures. One such signature would be the measurement of primordial gravitational waves, and is the focus of much on-going work \citep{Ade2019,Abazajian2016,BICEP2018,Suzuki2018,Hanany2019}. Here we are motivated by searches for violations of three of the primordial fluctuations' properties: deviations from Gaussianity, isotropy and power-law behaviour. Any such violations would be highly constraining for models of the early universe.

Searches for these violations have been rigorously performed and to date there is no conclusive evidence for any violations. However, there are some interesting features in the CMB including: a lack of large angle correlations \citep{Spergel2003,Bennett2003,Copi2015}, a lack of variance \citep{Monteserin2008}, a hemispherical (or dipolar) power asymmetry \citep{Eriksen2004,Hansen2009}, a preference for power in odd multipoles \citep{Land2005},  weak hints of a feature in the CMB power spectrum \citep{planck2014-a24,Spergel2003} , an alignment of quadrupole and octopole \citep{Tegmark2003} and an anomalous cold spot \citep{Cruz2005,Vielva2004}. The significance of most of these anomalies is mild $2-3 \sigma$ and is complicated by the role of a posteriori choices  \citep{Bennett2011}, however adding new measurements would either clarify their origin as statistical fluctuations or point to new physics. Further, whilst searches for non-Gaussianity have found no significant deviations \citep{planck2016-l09}, a detection of primordial non-Gaussianity would be highly informative for our understanding about the physics in the early universe and our constraints are still much larger than theoretically interesting thresholds. Both of which motivate searching for methods to reach beyond current observational constraints \citep[see][for a summary of the current status]{Meerburg2019}.

It is challenging to improve our measurements of these effects. Hints of violations of isotropy and the power-law structure of initial fluctuations seem to occur at very large scales where cosmic variance means that there is limited room to improve our measurements with the CMB. Either the upcoming space based CMB mission LiteBird or the proposed satellite  Probe of Inflation and Cosmic Origins (PICO) would be able to provide only small improvements on existing large scale measurements and such measurements would reach the cosmic variance limit from the CMB \citep{Hanany2019,Suzuki2018}. At the same time, these scales are very difficult to measure with large scale structure surveys (which probe much smaller scales) \citep{Bhuvnesh2010,Dore2014}. To improve our constraints of non-Gaussianity we need to measure more modes. Upcoming CMB experiments will measure new small scale modes and this will lead to improved constraints \citep{Abazajian2016,Ade2019,Maresuke2019}. However it will be challenging to extract primary CMB modes down to very small scales due to Galactic and extra-galactic foregrounds and damping of primary fluctuation \citep{Silk1968}. Likewise, large galaxy and 21cm surveys can provide powerful constraints on some types of primordial non-Gaussianity  \citep{Dore2014,Alvarez2014,Dodelson2016,Munchmeyer2019,Castorina2020}.  Unfortunately, for many types of non-Gaussianity it is challenging to constrain these with large scale structure surveys due to signal contamination from the non-Gaussian evolution of gravity and structure formation, as well as observational limitations and computationally expensive estimators \citep{Karagiannis2018,Karagiannis2019,Dizgah2020}.

Given the challenges of existing observables we have been motivated to explore alternative measures. In particular, in this work we will consider anisotropies sourced by Rayleigh scattering. Rayleigh scattering is the scattering of low energy photons by neutral atoms, whereas Thomson scattering, the dominant scattering process in the early universe, is the scattering of photons from charged particles. During recombination the universe transitioned from ionised to neutral resulting in an abundance of neutral hydrogen, which then scattered the CMB photons inducing further anisotropies. The impact of Rayleigh scattering on the CMB was first considered by \citet{Peebles1970} and then \citet{Yu2001} explored how Rayleigh scattering would impact measurements of the Thomson anisotropies for Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) and the \textit{Planck} experiments.  More recently \citet{Lewis2013} and \citet{Alipour2015} revisited the topic and explored how measurements of Rayleigh anisotropies could improve our constraints on the parameters of $\Lambda$CDM. Most recently, \citet{beringue2020} has expanded this effort by exploring the Rayleigh signal to probe extensions to $\Lambda$CDM with upcoming CMB experiments. These studies were primarily aimed at estimating the discovery potential of the signal and parameter constraints from the `late' universe (though we note that \citet{Lewis2013} also discussed how Rayleigh scattering can be used to disambiguate primordial gravitational B modes and lensing B modes). Here we build on these results but focus on the physics of the primordial universe to explore whether measurements of Rayleigh anisotropies can provide more information on potential primordial large scale anomalies or non-Gaussianity.

In Section \ref{sec:rayIntro} we review the physics of Rayleigh scattering and its prospects for cosmology. We discuss what we can learn about deviations from a power-law spectrum of primordial fluctuations and violations of isotropy using Rayleigh scattering in Section \ref{sec:featuresIsotropies}. The rest of the paper is focused on using Rayleigh scattering measurements to improve our constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity. We first review the origin of primordial non-Gaussianity and why it is interesting in Section \ref{sec:introprimordial non-Gaussianity} before discussing, in Section \ref{sec:resultsprimordial non-Gaussianity}, how constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity are altered by including measurements of Rayleigh scattering. We conclude in Section \ref{sec:conclusions}.

\section{Cosmology and Rayleigh scattering} \label{sec:rayIntro}
In this section we review the physics of Rayleigh scattering processes and its imprint on the CMB. For a thorough discussion of cosmological Rayleigh scattering we refer the reader to \citet{Lewis2013} and \citet{Alipour2015}. Rayleigh scattering refers to the scattering of long wavelength photons off neutral atoms. The internal dipole of the particle is excited by the incoming electromagnetic wave and radiates in return, producing an apparent scattering.

Recombination of free electrons and protons around $z \sim 1100$ produces neutral species off which CMB photons that have just decoupled from the plasma can scatter. Contrary to Thomson scattering, Rayleigh scattering is a frequency dependent effect with the cross section described by
\begin{align} \label{eq:crossSecRay}
\sigma_R(\nu) =  & \sigma_T \left[ \left(\frac{\nu}{\nu_{\rm eff}}\right)^4+\frac{638}{243}\left(\frac{\nu}{\nu_{\rm eff}}\right)^6 \right. \nonumber \\ & \left. +\frac{1299667}{236196}\left(\frac{\nu}{\nu_{\rm eff}}\right)^8+.... \right]
\end{align}
where $\nu$ is the radiation frequency, $\sigma_T$ is the Thomson scattering cross section and $\nu_{\rm eff}\sim 3.1 \times 10^6$GHz is approximately the Lyman limit frequency. The frequency dependence of the cross section means that Rayleigh scattering anisotropies have a different spectral dependence to Thomson anisotropies and are increasingly important at high frequencies. The frequency dependence also means that Rayleigh scattering is only important over a smaller redshift range (with the effect decreasing as $a^{-7}$, where $a^{-3}$ comes from density dilution and $a^{-4}$ from the frequency dependence). Rayleigh scattering can be included in Boltzmann codes by modifying the Thomson scattering term to include the above frequency dependence. In this work we use a version of CAMB \citep{Lewis1999,Lewis2002} developed in \citet{Lewis2013}.

\citet{Alipour2015} found that the inclusion of measurements of Rayleigh anisotropies can help to improve constraints on parameters of $\Lambda$CDM, while a recent study \citet{beringue2020} showed that some extensions of $\Lambda$CDM could also benefit if Rayleigh scattering is included in cosmological inference. The Rayleigh anisotropies are a small correction to the Thomson anisotropies as can be seen from Eq.~ \eqref{eq:crossSecRay} and the size of  $\nu_{\mathrm{eff}}$ compared to CMB frequencies. For example, at 545 GHz the Rayleigh temperature anisotropies are $\sim2\%$ the size of the Thomson anisotropies. There is no frequency where the Rayleigh anisotropies are the dominant sky signal and the main limitation to the use of Rayleigh information is how well Rayleigh anisotropies can be separated from the brighter foregrounds and the primary CMB. Particularly problematic will be dust anisotropies which are orders of magnitude brighter than the Rayleigh anisotropies at high frequencies. In this work we defer addressing this complex issue and we will assume that we have a foreground cleaned map (with experimental properties that are expanded on below).

\section{Constraining large scale features and violations of isotropy} \label{sec:featuresIsotropies}

\begin{figure}[t]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{./Figures/brokenPowerlaw.pdf}
\caption{The ratio of the measured CMB Thomson and Rayleigh auto-spectra for a broken power-law primordial power spectrum,  given in Eq. \eqref{eq:brokenPowerlaw}, to the $\Lambda$CDM spectrum. We find that the Rayleigh temperature spectrum is unaffected by the large scale feature.}
\label{fig:brokenPS}
\end{figure}

The presence of large scale Rayleigh intensity and polarization anisotropies raises the questions of whether measurements of Rayleigh anisotropies can be used to study tentative anomalies on large scales. If these anisotropies probe similar scale modes, then there is the potential to double the statistical power.

We wish to study the properties of the large scale primordial curvature perturbations, $\zeta(k)$, where $k$ is the comoving wavenumber. To investigate the sensitivity of Rayleigh anisotropies to these modes, we perform a simple test: we introduce a break in the primordial power spectrum so the primordial power spectrum, $\langle \zeta(k)\zeta(k') \rangle =P_{\zeta \zeta}(k) (2\pi)^3 \delta^{(3)}(k-k')$, is described as
\begin{align}\label{eq:brokenPowerlaw}
P_{\zeta \zeta}(k) = A_s &  \left( \mathcal{H}(k-k_{\rm{break}})  \left(\frac{k}{k_p}\right)^{n_s-4}   \right. \nonumber \\
&+\left. \mathcal{H} (k_{\rm{break}}-k) B \left(  \frac{k}{k_p}\right)^{n_b-4} \right),
\end{align}
where $ \mathcal{H}$ is the Heaviside function, $A_s$ is the amplitude of fluctuations, $n_s$ is the spectral tilt and $B$ is a constant such that the power spectrum is continuous. The power spectrum has a different spectral index, $n_b$ above the break scale, $k_{\rm{break}}$. In this test the break scale is chosen to be $k_{\rm{break}} = 0.005$ Mpc$^{-1}$ and we use a red spectral index of $n_b = 0.5$. In Fig.~\ref{fig:brokenPS} we plot the ratio of such a power spectrum to the $\Lambda$CDM power spectrum.  Interestingly we find that the large scale  Rayleigh temperature power spectrum is practically insensitive to the break in the power spectrum. This result is independent of the type of feature and holds for other modifications of the large scale power spectrum, e.g. for a localised features or sudden jumps. The effect on polarisation is larger, but the amplitude of the Rayleigh polarisation signal will be too small to be detected in the near future and hence we do not expect any statistical power to be obtained from these modes.

To understand the origin of this limited sensitivity it is insightful to investigate the various contributions to the Rayleigh spectrum. The evolution of the CMB anisotropies is governed by the Boltzmann equations which can be formally solved by the line-of-sight solution \citep{Seljak1996}. In the conformal-Newtonian gauge the line-of-sight solution can be written as
\begin{align} \label{eq:contributions}
\Theta_{\ell}(k,\eta_0,\nu) =  \int \limits_0^{\eta_0} \mathrm{d}\eta g(\eta,\nu) \left( \Psi (k,\eta)- \Theta_0(k,\eta) \right)j_{\ell}[k(\eta_0-\eta)] \nonumber \\
					+\int \limits_0^{\eta_0} \mathrm{d}\eta e^{-\tau(\eta,\nu)} \left(\dot{\Psi}(k,\eta)-\dot{\Phi}(k,\eta) \right) j_{\ell}[k(\eta_0-\eta)]   \nonumber \\
					-\int \limits_0^{\eta_0} \mathrm{d}\eta g(\eta,\nu) \frac{i v_b(k,\eta)}{k} \frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}\eta} j_{\ell}[k(\eta_0-\eta)]  \nonumber \\
					-\int \limits_0^{\eta_0} \mathrm{d}\eta\left(  \frac{1}{4} g(\eta,\nu) \Pi + \frac{3}{4k^2}\frac{\mathrm{d}}{\mathrm{d}^2\eta}\left(   g(\eta,\nu)\Pi \right) \right)j_{\ell}[k(\eta_0-\eta)],
\end{align}
where $\Theta_{\ell}(k,\eta_0,\nu)$ is the fractional temperature perturbation, $g(\eta,\nu)$ is the visibility function, $\Psi (k,\eta)$ and $\Phi (k,\eta)$ are the metric potentials, $\tau$ is the optical depth, $\eta$ is conformal time with $\eta_0$ denoting the current conformal time, $v_b$ is the baryon velocity, $j_{\ell}[x]$ is the spherical Bessel function arising from the projection on the sphere, and $\Pi$ is the polarization tensor. The terms are grouped with the monopole sources in the first line, the integrated Sachs-Wolf (ISW) terms in the second, the Doppler sources in the third and the quadrupole sources in the final line. The quadrupole sources are small and so can be neglected for this discussion. Also note that there will be no late time ISW contribution for the Rayleigh spectrum as there is no `Rayleigh monopole' term.

Now consider the case of modes larger than the width of the last scattering surface. In this regime the Bessel function and monopole source terms are constant over the support of the visibility and can be pulled out of the integral. Utilising the condition that photons have scattered at some point in the history of the universe i.e.
\begin{equation} \label{eq:visib}
\int \limits_0^{\eta_0} \mathrm{d}\eta \, g(\eta,\nu) =1,
\end{equation}
we obtain the Sachs-Wolfe result \citep{Sachs1967} that the large scale anisotropies are constant (if one neglects the Doppler sources due to their subdominant scaling as $k$). However we can now see that the visibility constraint, Eq.~\eqref{eq:visib}, is true at all frequencies and thus implies there are no anisotropies with Rayleigh frequency dependence from large scale modes. This means that the Rayleigh spectrum will have significantly smaller contributions from the monopole term and will only gain contributions when the modes vary on scales smaller than the width of the visibility function. In Fig.~\ref{fig:RayComps} we plot the individual contributions to the Rayleigh power spectrum. For comparison the equivalent contributions to the Thomson power spectrum are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:ThomsonComps}.  We see that the monopole terms are significantly suppressed for Rayleigh scattering, especially when compared to the Thomson case. Physically Rayleigh scattering is a sub-horizon process and thus should not probe modes with scales larger than the horizon.

As the Rayleigh temperature spectrum is insensitive to the large scale primordial power spectrum it is unsuitable to probe most of the potential large scale anomalies or features.  However, the Rayleigh spectrum could still be used to probe the dipole power asymmetry. As was seen in both WMAP \citep{Hansen2009} and \textit{Planck} \citep{planck2016-l07} the dipole power asymmetry does not seem to be limited to large scales (or temperature alone). Testing the Rayleigh anisotropies via methods such as the angular clustering of the power spectra on different scales \citep{planck2016-l07,planck2013-p09} would be especially interesting due to the different modes and scales probed.

We note that the Rayleigh $E$-mode spectrum is sensitive to large scale modes, as it is sourced by the large scale temperature quadrupole and, unlike the Thomson $E$-mode spectrum, only has contributions from recombination (there is no contribution from reionization). Thus it could be used to enhance the statistical power of isotropy tests and constraints on the large scale power spectrum. As an example we perform a simple test to examine the improvement in the constraint of the large scale spectral index, n$_b$, in our broken power spectrum model, Eq. \ref{eq:brokenPowerlaw}. We jointly constrain A$_s$, n$_s$ and n$_b$ finding that, in the CV limit, adding Rayleigh scattering tightens the constrain on n$_b$ by $15\%$ (note that this example is illustrative of the information content and a more thorough analysis should vary all the cosmological parameters, see e.g. \citep{Handley2019} ). As the Rayleigh $E$-mode signal is very small and significantly beyond any current or proposed experiment,  we do not further pursue a more detailed analysis of this direction in this work.

Interestingly, this sensitivity to different scales has consequences for searches for non-Gaussianity, which is the focus of the remainder of the paper.

\begin{figure*}
\subfloat[Thomson components ]{
 \centering
  \includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{./Figures/Thomson_components.pdf}
  \label{fig:ThomsonComps}}
  \qquad
\subfloat[Rayleigh components ]{
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=.45\textwidth]{./Figures/Rayleigh_components.pdf}
  \label{fig:RayComps}}
\caption{The contributions to Thomson and Rayleigh temperature power spectrum from the different source terms including both the auto and cross terms. The cross terms include a factor of two as this is their contribution to the total power spectrum. Dashed lines denote negative values. Note that we do not show the contributions arising from cross correlations with the quadrupole as these are highly subdominant.}
\end{figure*}

\section{Primordial non-Gaussianity}\label{sec:introprimordial non-Gaussianity}
Measurements of primordial non-Gaussianity are a powerful probe of the physics of the early universe. In this work we will focus on constraints on the primordial bispectrum, which is the Fourier equivalent of the three-point function. The bispectrum is the lowest order term in the Edgeworth expansion around a Gaussian PDF \citep{Babich2005} (i.e. the lowest order deviation from a Gaussian distribution) and for many primordial mechanisms this is the most sensitive statistic to deviations from Gaussianity. The primordial bispectrum, $B(k_1,k_2,k_3)$, is defined as
\begin{equation}
\langle \zeta(\mathbf{k}_1) \zeta(\mathbf{k}_2) \zeta(\mathbf{k}_3) \rangle = (2\pi)^3 \delta^{(3)}(\mathbf{k}_1+\mathbf{k}_2+\mathbf{k}_3)  \frac{3}{5} B(k_1,k_2,k_3).
\end{equation}
Note that the factor of $ \frac{3}{5} $ is included so that our definition is consistent with the convention used in the literature.
The simplest inflationary model (single-field slow-roll, SFSR, inflation) generates Gaussian fluctuations with only non-observably small corrections coming from the weak coupling to gravity. As a result of this general prediction, a measurement of primordial non-Gaussianity would therefore exclude such a model as the origin of structure in the universe. In addition, besides a detectable level of non-Gaussianity, the bispectrum has a shape and the shape is highly informative about the dynamics that played a role in the early universe.
The importance of primordial non-Gaussianitys as an empirical discriminator of early universe models has led to a broad interest in primordial non-Gaussianitys (see \citet{Chen2010,Meerburg2019} and references therein, for detailed discussions) and several important results have been established. Firstly, consistency relations have shown that all inflationary models driven by a single-field slowly rolling down its potential have bispectra that are slow roll suppressed in the squeezed limit, when  $k_1\ll k_2,k_3$ \citep{Maldacena2003,Creminelli2004,Pajer2013}. Therefore a discovery of this type of non-Gaussianity would rule out almost all SFSR models.

Secondly, several generic, and well motivated, mechanisms have been found that lead to measurable levels of non-Gaussianity.  For example, in early universe models were multiple (scalar) fields play a role in the production of the fluctuations, primordial non-Gaussianitys of the local type are produced. Local primordial non-Gaussianitys can be described by the following bispectrum
\begin{align}
 B^{\rm local}(k_1,k_2,k_3) =  & 2 f^{\rm local}_{\mathrm{NL}}A_s^2k_p^{8-2n_s} \left[ \frac{1}{k_1^{4-n_s}k_2^{4-n_s}}+ \right. \nonumber \\  &\left. \frac{1}{k_2^{4-n_s}k_3^{4-n_s}}+\frac{1}{k_1^{4-n_s}k_3^{4-n_s}} \right].
\end{align}
Generically models with strong non-linear dynamics during inflation, leading to propagation of fluctuations with $c_s \neq 1$, generate equilateral and orthogonal type non-Gaussianity \citep{Creminelli2006,Senatore2010}, with bispectra
\begin{align}
&B^{\rm{ equil}}(k_1,k_2,k_3) = 6 A_s^2 k_p^{8-2n_s} f^{\rm {equil}}_{\mathrm{NL}}\left(-\frac{1}{k_1^{4-n_s}k_2^{4-n_s}}  \right. \nonumber \\ &\left.  - \frac{1}{k_2^{4-n_s}k_3^{4-n_s}}-\frac{1}{k_1^{4-n_s}k_3^{4-n_s} }-\frac{2}{(k_1k_2k_3)^{2(4-n_s)/3} } \right. \nonumber \\ & \left.+\left[(\frac{1}{k_1^{(4-n_s)/3}k_2^{(4-n_s)/3}k_3^{2(4-n_s)/3}} +\mathrm{5 perm.}\right] \right),
\end{align}
and
\begin{align}
&B^{\rm{ orth}}(k_1,k_2,k_3) = 6 A_s^2 k_p^{8-2n_s} f^{\rm {orth}}_{\mathrm{NL}}\left(-\frac{3}{k_1^{4-n_s}k_2^{4-n_s}} \right. \nonumber \\ &\left. - \frac{3}{k_2^{4-n_s}k_3^{4-n_s}} -\frac{3}{k_1^{4-n_s}k_3^{4-n_s} }-\frac{8}{(k_1k_2k_3)^{2(4-n_s)/3} } \right. \nonumber \\ & \left.+\left[ \frac{3}{k_1^{(4-n_s)/3}k_2^{(4-n_s)/3}k_3^{2(4-n_s)/3}} +\mathrm{5 perm.}\right] \right).
\end{align}
Whilst we focus on these three types of non-Gaussianity there are many other interesting types, e.g. those arising from non-bunch Davies initial conditions \citep{Meerburg2009} , features in the potential \citep{Chen2007,Adshead2012}, or from Gauge-inflation models \citep{Barnaby2011} to name a few, and  results presented in this paper should be relevant to searches for these types of non-Gaussianity as well.

Whilst constraining primordial non-Gaussianity is generally computationally expensive (naively scaling as the number of modes/pixels cubed), there are several efficient estimators that have been developed e.g. \citet{Bucher2016,Komatsu2005,Fergusson2010}. Constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity are usually expressed as constraints on the amplitudes of primordial bispectra templates (such as the local, equilateral and orthogonal templates discussed above). For CMB measurements these template amplitudes can be estimated by measuring the CMB bispectrum, which is related to the primordial bispectra by transfer functions \citep{Komatsu2001} as follows
\begin{align}
& \langle a^{X_1}_{\ell_1,m_1} a^{X_2}_{\ell_2,m_2} a^{X_3}_{\ell_3,m_3}\rangle  = \mathcal{G}^{m_1,m_2,m_3}_{\ell_1,\ell_2,\ell_3} b^{X_1,X_2,X_3}_{\ell_1,\ell_2,\ell_3},
\end{align}
where
\begin{align}
b^{X_1,X_2,X_3}_{\ell_1,\ell_2,\ell_3}  = \int r^2 \mathrm{d}r \prod \limits_i \int  \frac{2}{\pi}\mathrm{d}k_i g^{X_i}_T(k_i)j_{\ell_i}(k_i r)  B(k_1,k_2,k_3),
 \end{align}
 and $ \mathcal{G}^{m_1,m_2,m_3}_{\ell_1,\ell_2,\ell_3} $ is the Gaunt integral, $r$ is the comoving distance and $g^{X}_T(k)$ is the transfer function where $X$ denotes either the Temperature ($T$) or curl-free polarization ($E$) modes. In this work we focus on constraints on the amplitudes of the three primordial templates discussed above.

To date the best constraints on primordial non-Gaussianitys have come from measurements of the CMB bispectrum, with the leading constraints coming from the \textit{Planck} satellite \citep{planck2016-l09}. The CMB has proven a powerful observable to search for non-Gaussianity because the linear relationship between primordial fluctuations and CMB anisotropies preserves the primordial statistics. However, there is diminishing power to improve these constraints from the primary CMB anisotropies as the number of new modes that can be measured is limited due to the damping of the primary fluctuations, the presence of small scale secondary anisotropies that obscure the primary anisotropies, and the measurement challenges of pushing to very small scales \citep{Abazajian2016,Ade2019}.

 A very promising avenue is to constrain primordial non-Gaussianity through measurements of the large scale structure (LSS). In principle LSS measurements have the power to dramatically improve the constraints as they measure many more modes (3D galaxy positions compared to the 2D CMB anisotropies) \citep{Dore2014,Alvarez2014,Dodelson2016}. Furthermore, LSS tracers are biased in a unique way in the presence of local primordial non-Gaussianitys \citep{McDonald2009,Dalal2008}. Whilst direct measurements of this bias are hindered by large scale cosmic variance, in principle through the use of multitracer analysis  \citep{Seljak2009} constraints on local primordial non-Gaussianity can possibly be improved by almost an order of magnitude this decade \citep{Schmittfull2018,Munchmeyer2019,Darwish:2020prn}.

 Besides local primordial non-Gaussianitys, LSS constraints will rely on the galaxy bispectrum or trispectrum. Unfortunately non-linear evolution generates non-Gaussianity that can easily obscure the primordial signal. This obscuration, combined with uncertainties in the details of small scale physics, such as baryonic processes, and observational challenges, such as redshift uncertainites and foreground removal, mean that it challenging to improve significantly beyond current CMB measurements \citep{Liu_2014a,Liu_2014b,Parsons_2012a,Parsons_2012b,Kalus_2018,Ross_2012}. For example, \citet{Karagiannis2019} find that future generation 21cm experiments, such as the recently proposed PUMA experiment \citep{Castorina2020}, will only improve by a factor of two over current CMB constraints, all while practically mapping out all linear modes up to redshift 6.

The limited anticipated improvement over current CMB constraints, strongly motivates a search for alternative observables. While the Rayleigh signal is small, it does not suffer from some of the uncertainties and challenges present in the LSS. The smallness of the Rayleigh signal will make it hard to detect, but the guaranteed signal is definitely within reach of upcoming CMB experiments and the potentially large foregrounds (discussed at the end of Section \ref{sec:rayIntro}) can generally be distinguished because of unique frequency dependence \citep{planck2014-a11,planck2016-l04} and are relatively small when considered in comparison to those that, for example, hinder all cosmological 21cm observations \citep{Liu_2009,Bernardi2009}.

\section{Results: primordial non-Gaussianity constraints with Rayleigh scattering}\label{sec:resultsprimordial non-Gaussianity}

\begin{figure*}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./Figures/CV_limit_all_combinedPlot.pdf}
\caption{In the top panels we examine the cosmic variance limited constraining power of Thomson only (green), Rayleigh only (red) and combined (blue) measurements for three types of primordial non-Gaussianity as a function of the maximum scale used in the analysis. The dashed lines are the results when lensing effects are included in the power spectra. In the bottom panels we show the ratio of the joint Thomson and Rayleigh constraints compared to the Thomson only constraint. We find that adding Rayleigh measurements to Thomson measurements would improve the constraints on all types of non-Gaussianity by up to a factor of two.   }
\label{fig:cvLimit}
\end{figure*}

\begin{figure*}
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./Figures/NoiseAndBeam_all_combinedPlot.pdf}
\caption{ In the top panels we explore how the constraining power of combined Thomson and Rayleigh (solid lines) and Thomson only measurements (dashed lines) varies as a function of instrument noise level and experimental beam for three types of primordial non-Gaussianity. The noise is treated as white and instrument properties are specified at  545 GHz, the observation frequency.  In the bottom panels we show the ratio of the joint Thomson and Rayleigh constraints compared to the Thomson only constraint for the equivalent experimental setup. Both sets of measurements include modes up to $\ell_{max} = 5500$. We see that experiments, which can isolate the Rayleigh signal with $\lesssim 5 \mu$K effective noise, obtain tighter constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity. We find that significant improvements can be obtained even for experiments with moderately large beams $\sim 4$ arcmin FWHM.  }
\label{fig:noiseAndBeam}
\end{figure*}

We use the Fisher forecast formalism to investigate whether Rayleigh scattering measurements can improve constraints on the amplitudes of local, equilateral and orthogonal types of non-Gaussianity. The predicted uncertainties are given by
\begin{align} \label{eq:fisherError}
&\frac{1}{\sigma^2(\hat{f}^{i}_{\mathrm{NL}})} = \frac{1}{6} \sum \limits_{\ell_i;X_i} \frac{(2\ell_1+1)(2\ell_2+1)(2\ell_3+1)}{4\pi} \begin{pmatrix}
   \ell_1 & \ell_3 & \ell_3 \\
   0 & 0 & 0
  \end{pmatrix} ^2  \nonumber \\ &\times  b^{(i);X_1,X_2,X_3}_{\ell_1,\ell_2,\ell_3}{C^{-1}_{\ell_1}}^{X_1,X_4}{C^{-1}_{\ell_1}}^{X_2,X_5}{C^{-1}_{\ell_2}}^{X_3,X_6}b^{(i),X_4,X_5,X_6}_{\ell_1,\ell_2,\ell_3},
\end{align}
where ${C^{-1}_{\ell_1}}^{X,Y}$ is the observed power spectrum between map $X$ and $Y$.

First, we consider the ideal case of a cosmic variance limited experiment; in this case the observed power spectra in  Eq.~\eqref{eq:fisherError} consist of the primary CMB alone. We consider constraints both including and excluding the effect of lensing on the power spectrum. We note that for configurations where this distinction matters, including the effect of lensing on the power-spectrum alone, will result in an over-estimation of the constraining power. \citet{Babich2004} and \citet{Coulton2019}  showed that in these regimes non-Gaussianity from lensing acts as extra noise on the bispectrum, increasing the noise beyond the level forecasted with Eq.~\eqref{eq:fisherError}. However, in practice this extra variance can be suppressed using delensing \citep{
Anderes2015, Larsen2016,Seljak2004,Smith2012,Green2017}, which if applied effectively, can mitigate this extra variance \citep{Coulton2019}. Note that lensing only impacts measurements on small scales ($\ell \gtrsim 2500$).

The constraining power of Rayleigh measurements in the CV case are shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:cvLimit}. Let us highlight the most interesting features.

First, we see that Rayleigh measurements on their own provide similar, but slightly worse, constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity compared to Thomson scattering measurements. Second, we find that combining Thomson and Rayleigh scattering improves constraining power, typically by $\sim 35\%$.  This improvement is consistent with an effective doubling of the number of modes. This is potentially surprising at first, given the strong correlations between the Rayleigh and Thomson anisotropies on small scales. However, this can be understood by considering a diagonalization of the observations into four uncorrelated parts (See e.g. the appendix of \cite{beringue2020}). Each of these uncorrelated components contains independent information on the primordial universe and inclusion of the Rayleigh signal should achieve an increase in constraining power consistent with the number of added modes. A key point to mention is that the removal of correlated component from, for example, the Rayleigh temperature mode, also removes the correlated contribution from the cosmic variance. Thus after diagonalization we are left with uncorrelated modes (with independent cosmological information) with variance limited by the cosmic variance of these modes alone.

\begin{figure*}[!t]
  \centering
  \includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{./Figures/experimentComp.pdf}
\caption{ A comparison of expected primordial non-Gaussianity constraints from CMB measurements (both with and without including Rayleigh measurements) and from a range of up-coming large scale structure surveys (LSS). We report the predictions for LSS surveys from \citet{Karagiannis2018,Karagiannis2019,Castorina2020}; the radio-continuum survey, the spectroscopic survey and the photometric survey are based on SKA-like, DESI-like and LSST-like surveys respectively. We see that the future CMB constraints, when Rayleigh measurements are included, provide competitive constraints to these upcoming LSS surveys. }
\label{fig:expComp}
\end{figure*}

Third, the relative improvement from adding Rayleigh scattering measurements shows some scale dependence and, for some templates, predicts an improvement that is {\it greater than just doubling the number of modes.} These results can be understood by recalling the discussion from Section \ref{sec:featuresIsotropies}. There we explained how the Rayleigh anisotropies are generally generated by different source terms and probe different scales compared to the Thomson anisotropies. It is this different coupling of scales that results in the template and scale dependence seen in Fig.~\ref{fig:cvLimit}.  For the equilateral shape we find a scale dependence that improves beyond the $1/\sqrt{2}$ improvement expected from doubling the number of modes. This improvement appears to be aiding a known problem. \citet{Bartolo2009} found that constraints on equilateral-type non-Gaussianity improve with $\ell_{\rm{max}}$ as  $1/\sigma(f^{\rm equil}_{\mathrm{NL}}) \propto \sqrt{\ell_{\rm max}}$, which is less than the expected improvement from mode counting arguments. This effect is due to the damping of the CMB on small scales\footnote{Although not the exponential damping, which actually cancels out. The signal-to-noise for $N$-point correlation function critically depends on their behaviour in the squeezed or collapsed limit. This will be explored in some depth in an upcoming publication (Kalaja et al.). See also \citet{Bordin:2019tyb} and \citet{Babich2004} for some further insights.} and to the finite width of the last scattering surface. Broadly, these effects result in a blurring of modes smaller that are smaller than either the damping scale or width of last scattering. This blurring effectively Gaussianizes the CMB signal.  Here we find that adding in Rayleigh scattering seems to restore some of the information loss. The constraints improve more rapidly with $\ell_{\rm max}$ closer to, but still less rapidly than, expectations from mode counting. This arises as the extra LSS surface of the Rayleigh signal undoes part of the bluring. Since the signal-to-noise for local non-Gaussianities already follows the mode-counting scaling for the Thomson signal, Rayleigh scattering does not have any effect on the ${\ell_{\rm max}}$ scaling.

Since the Rayleigh signal appears to effectively double the number of measured modes, we will now explore a simplified experimental setup to investigate how observational effects impact these findings. Here we envisage a multifrequency experiment that has been used to clean out other sky signals, resulting in a map of the Rayleigh anisotropies at 545 GHz. We then explore the constraining power as a function of the instrument noise and beam in this 545 GHz map. The noise is assumed to be white. In this setup our observed power spectrum, in Eq.~\eqref{eq:fisherError}, consists of the unlensed CMB, the kinetic Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect (as this cannot be removed from the primary CMB Thomson anisotropies), instrument noise and beam effects. The kinetic Sunyaev Zel'dovich effect is assumed to have power $D_\ell= 3.0$ $\mu$K$^2$ at $\ell=3000$ consistent with recent measurements \citep{Reichardt2020}. We note that our results are similar if lensing is included in the power spectrum,  but note again that the dominant extra variance from the non-Gaussianity induced by lensing is not inlcuded here. In practice delensing would be used and this would result in constraints similar to as if the unlensed power spectrum is used \citep[see e.g.][for a more detailed discussion]{Coulton2019}.

In Fig.~\ref{fig:noiseAndBeam} we report our constraints on non-Gaussianity for this simplified experimental setup.  We find that that for noise levels below $\sim 10\; \mu$K arcmin Rayleigh measurements can improve over Thomson-only constraints and that for very low noise levels these constraints can be more than a factor of two better. Interestingly, for the equilateral and orthogonal constraints we find that we can gain significant improvements {\it even with low resolution experiments.}

\section{Discussion and Conclusions}\label{sec:conclusions}

In this work we have explored whether measurements of Rayleigh anisotropies could be used to explore the initial conditions of the universe. Specifically we first investigated if including measurements of Rayleigh anisotropies can increase the statistical power of tests for deviations from isotropy or for large scale features in the primordial power spectrum. Our analysis found that, due to the suppresion of the non-Doppler source terms, the Rayleigh temperature power spectrum is insensitive to large angular scales, rendering it uninformative for the analysis of most (large scale) anomalies.  In principle the large scale Rayleigh $E$-mode spectrum is sensitive to anomalies on large angular scales, however this signal is likely too small to be detected in the near (or even distant) future.  We note that hints of the clustering of power spectra, which extends beyond large scales, as seen most recently in \citet{planck2016-l07} could be probed by Rayleigh anistropies and would present an interesting target.

In the remainder of this paper we focused on exploring how measurements of Rayleigh scattering can be used to improve constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity. We find that both in the noiseless case, and when assuming noise from a simplified experimental setup, Rayleigh measurements can provide significant improvements over projected constraints from the primary CMB signal alone. Including the Rayleigh signal can lead to improvements that are on par with futuristic 3D large scale structure surveys. For the noiseless case we find improvements of $\sim 35 \%$, consistent with doubling the number of observed modes. Interestingly even with experimental noise we find that we can tighten constraints by $\sim 40-50\%$ on the equilateral and orthogonal non-Gussianity, both of which are forecasted to be challenging to constrain with large scale structure surveys.

It is important to point out that these improvements can be gained even by low resolution experiments. One of the main targets of future CMB experiments is to measure relic signatures from primordial gravitational waves \citep{BICEP2018,Crill2008,CLASS2014,Abazajian2016,Ade2019,Hanany2019,Suzuki2018}. To achieve this goal experiments are pushing to ever lower noise levels on large angular scales combined with a broad frequency coverage to remove potential contaminants. Such measurements, providing they extend to sufficiently high frequencies, could be well suited for measuring Rayleigh anisotropies and thus, as a byproduct of searches for signatures of primordial gravitational waves, we can potentially double our constraining power on primordial non-Gaussianity.

We have not discussed any of the experimental challenges associated with isolating the Rayleigh signal from other (frequency dependent) sky signals. Disentangling the Rayleigh signal from Galactic dust and extragalactic emission from dusty star forming galaxies will be the biggest challenge. However removing Galactic dust is a similar concern for searches for signatures from primordial gravitational waves and so it is likely machinery to remove foregrounds contamination in the search for primordial gravitational waves can be equally applied to filter out the Rayleigh signal. The level to which we can clean the data without significant impact on the signal is still under active investigation.

Despite these potential challenges, detecting and utilizing the Rayleigh signal for cosmological inference is still very much worth the effort. This is convincingly shown in Fig.~\ref{fig:expComp} where we compare our projected Rayleigh constraints on primordial non-Gaussianity to predictions for proposed and upcoming photometric, spectroscopic, radio galaxy surveys as well as 21cm experiments \citep{Karagiannis2018,Karagiannis2019,Castorina2020}. While future large scale structre surveys will be able to significantly improve upon CMB constraints for local type non-Gaussianties, improving beyond current constraints on equilateral and orthogonal type non-Gaussianities is challenging and Rayleigh constraints are competitive with futuristic 21cm experiments for these shapes. Recent work by \citet{Watkinson2020} suggests that 21cm bispectrum measurements required to obtain these constraints could be even more challenging than was considered in \citet{Karagiannis2019}, because mixing between the foregrounds and the signal suggest there is no bispectrum equivalent of the power-spectrum's foreground wedge.  We stress that further work is required to fully assess the impact of this, particularly as \citet{Watkinson2020} considered studied the Epoch of Reionization, rather than the lower redshift regime $z \sim 0.3-6 $ relevant to  PUMA-like experiments. However, given these potential issues, the potential gains using the Rayleigh scattering signal to improve bounds on non-local non-Gaussian signals are evident.

\acknowledgements
The authors are very grateful for useful discussions with Anthony Challinor, Will Handley, Antony Lewis and  Joel Meyers. P.D.M. acknowledges support of the Netherlands organization for scientific research (NWO) VIDI grant (dossier 639.042.730). B.B. acknowledges support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council. W.R.C. acknowledges support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (grant number ST/N000927/1). This work made use of the TIGER cluster at Princeton and used resources of the National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center (NERSC), a U.S. Department of Energy Office of Science User Facility operated under Contract No. DE-AC02-05CH11231.

\bibliographystyle{apsrev.bst}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


There's also another version of the Focus Features trailer that includes an intro from Liam Neeson himself.
"A Monster Calls," directed by J.A. Bayona ("The Impossible") is scheduled to be released on October 21.


text:
Pere Anguera Magrinyà (Reus, 1767 - 1834) va ser un metge català dedicat també a la política i a la genealogia.

D'ideologia liberal, va ser síndic procurador el 1810-1811 a l'ajuntament de Reus, alcalde des del gener a l'agost de 1814, quan va ser destituït pels absolutistes, i regidor del 1816 al 1818. Andreu de Bofarull, historiador reusenc, explica la gran rebuda que l'alcalde va organitzar a Reus amb motiu de l'arribada des de l'exili de Ferran VII, quan la ciutat va sortir a rebre'l amb gran alegria. El consistori va organitzar tres dies de festes populars, recollides en una publicació finançada per l'ajuntament: Sucinta relación de las demostraciones con que se esmeró la villa de Reus en obsequiar a su amado monarca Don Fernando VII y a su hermano y tio los serenisimos Infantes, Don Carlos y Don Antonio al tránsito que hicieron por ella en los dias 1, 2 y 3 del presente mes de abril ... publicada a Reus per Josep Rubió el 1814. Des del 1809 es dedicà sistemàticament al buidatge dels llibres sacramentals i els manuals notarials de l'escrivania comuna des del  al XVII, que es trobaven a l'arxiu de l'església de sant Pere de Reus, amb la intenció de constituir les genealogies de les més importants famílies reusenques de l'època. La recerca l'acabà cap al 1828. El resultat del seu treball va ser enquadernat en cinc volums manuscrits que es conserven a l'Arxiu Històric Comarcal de Reus. A banda de les "fitxes" per família, va elaborar també arbres genealògics. Tenia com a col·laborador a Saldoni Vilà, arxiver municipal, que li feia d'escrivent.

Referències

Genealogistes catalans
Metges reusencs
Alcaldes de Reus
Morts a Reus
Historiadors reusencs
Metges catalans del sud contemporanis
Historiadors catalans del sud contemporanis
Naixements del 1767
Morts el 1834

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The email attendees feature allows you to send messages and/or reminders to your attendees. You can send an email to all attendees or on a ticket type level.
To get started, sign up or log in to Ticketbud and create an event. If you've already created an event, click My Events on the top navigation bar and select your current event. Navigate to your event's Dashboard and select Email Attendees from the left pane.
Draft the email and either send it off or save it as a draft.
Tip: If you need to upload any photos to the email, you can upload the file through a third party site and include a link through the image icon.
To watch a video walkthrough of how to email your attendees click here. If you have any additional questions, feel free to email us at cs@ticketbud.com.


text:
Q: Git pull doesn't pull down recent commit I have a Git repo on BitBucket. I have two branches master and db. On my laptop I made changes to db, commited the changes and pushed up to BitBucket. I can see the commit in that branch.
Now I'm at my desktop at work and I've done a git pull whilst on branch master. It's pulled down master's commits but not db, which I guess might be the way it should work. I want to get the latest commits on db so I switch to that branch and do git pull however I get the following message:

You asked me to pull without telling me which branch you want to merge
  with...

I'm not really sure why this is happening. I created that branch on this machine so should it not just pull down the commits into that branch?
OUTOUT FROM git branch -vva
$ git branch -vva
  analytics             cea39b9 updated analytics code
* db                    6091b29 minor change to the tag creation code
  master                0a4070c [origin/master] Merge branch 'master' of https:/
/bitbucket.org/billyjones/findr.fm
  remotes/origin/db     faf9970 Got tracks working. Now trying to cache prices.
  remotes/origin/master 0a4070c Merge branch 'master' of https://bitbucket.org/b
illyjones/findr.fm

It's the faf9970 commit I need to pull

A: If your desktop has not yet a local db branch, you first have to create it:
git branch db origin/db

It might be necessary to perform a git fetch -a before that.
If the local db branch already exists make sure that it tracks the corresponding remote branch.
You can verify that via git remote show origin. Under the heading "Local branches configured for 'git pull':" it should show "db merges with remote db". If that's not the case execute this command if you are on git 1.8:
git branch -u origin/db db

If you are on an older version of git, use this command:
git branch --set-upstream db origin/db

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
University in Profile
University of Bradford up for 'Oscars' of higher education
The University of Bradford has claimed two shortlisted spots at the 'Oscars' of higher education.
Each year the Times Higher Education (THE) Awards attract hundreds of entries that exemplify the talent, dedication and innovation of individuals and teams across all aspects of university life, showing countless reasons why HE institutions continue to prosper. The awards are widely recognised as the Oscars of the higher education sector.
The University of Bradford is one of only six shortlisted for Outstanding Marketing Communications Team.
The creative output of the University of Bradford Marketing and Communications team in the 2017-18 academic year showcases its expertise in storytelling and digital innovation and is the result of effective collaboration between in-house teams and agency partners.
The team developed a research-based digital content strategy focused on student recruitment and the University's broader business objectives. Three 'hero' projects exemplify the innovative, collaborative approach to marketing.
The Virtual Experience
Don't go to Bradford campaign
Enjoy the ride campaign
Mark Garratt, Director of External Affairs at the University of Bradford, said:
"As a smaller university with limited budgets and resources, Bradford could have solely relied on tried and tested student campaigns and rankings, but instead has taken risks and demonstrated its expertise and talent through innovative videos, virtual tours, integrated campaigns and collaborative working practices. We are extremely proud to be nominated for the THE Awards."
Dr Julie Thornton, Senior Lecturer in Biomedical Sciences, is one of only eight individuals nationally shortlisted for Outstanding Research Supervisor of the Year.
Recently appointed Director of the Centre for Skin Sciences at the University of Bradford, she has successfully supervised 17 PhD students from various backgrounds since her appointment as Lecturer in 2000, with several more commencing their studies this academic year.
Her supervision and PGR support continued throughout periods when she was working on a part-time basis raising her family, which has enabled empathy in her approach to personal as well as academic challenges for PhD students developing as independent researchers.
She strongly encourages and supports presentation and publication of PhD student work, accompanying them to conferences, introducing them to high profile research groups, giving moral support and congratulating them when their presentations win prizes.
Dr Thornton said:
"I was absolutely delighted to have been nominated for this award by my PhD students, and overjoyed to have been shortlisted for this prestigious award. It is truly rewarding to inspire, shape and invest in our future scientists and doctors. My PhD students have come from a diverse range of backgrounds and I have endeavoured to provide an approachable, supportive, but challenging environment that has allowed them all to flourish and establish their own successful careers. I am so proud of them all."
The winners will be announced at the THE Awards ceremony taking place on Thursday 28 November 2019 at the Grosvenor House Hotel on Park Lane in London.
« Back to news from 2019
« Previous storyNext story »
Learn about how we can help journalists and how to contact our Media Relations team, or simply email press@bradford.ac.uk.
Find latest facts and figures, read about our heritage or more generally about the University of Bradford.
Bradford, West Yorkshire, BD7 1DP, UK
Modern Slavery Act statement (PDF)
© University of Bradford
The University is a member of Yorkshire Universities
Please report instances of computer misuse originating from University of Bradford to abuse@bradford.ac.uk — all complaints are investigated fully.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Fort McCulloch was a Confederate military fort built by CSA Brigadier General Albert Pike in the Indian Territory during the American Civil War after the Battle of Pea Ridge.
After the southern states seceded from the United States of America, Albert Pike negotiated treaties between the Five Civilized Tribes and the Confederate government, promising that the Confederacy would take over the obligations that the Union failed to fulfill and take over defense for the Indian Territory.
Pike was appointed commander of the Department of the Indian Territory in November 1861. His first assignment was to construct a fort north of Bacone College on the Arkansas River near Muskogee. He named this site Cantonment Davis. However, he and his troops were ordered to leave the site to support the Confederate troops at Pea Ridge. They never returned to Cantonment Davis.
Pike's Native American troops participated in the Battle of Pea Ridge near Leetown, Arkansas in March 1862. The battle was a defeat for the Confederate Army. Pike then considered that his Indian Territory command post at Fort Davis, Cherokee Nation, was vulnerable to a Union attack. He retreated to the Choctaw Nation in southern Indian Territory. Pike chose a site on a bluff on the west side of the Blue River near Nail's Crossing, where he established Fort McCulloch, named for General Benjamin McCulloch, who fell in battle at Pea Ridge.
The site, about 3 miles (4.8 km) southwest of the present-day town of Kenefic, Oklahoma, controlled military roads linking Fort Smith with Fort Washita, Fort Gibson and north Texas. The fort had earthworks, but no permanent buildings. Its importance diminished after Pike resigned his command in July 1862. It was not abandoned until the end of the war. Meanwhile, it served as a haven for pro-Confederate refugees. General Stand Watie used it briefly as a command post in 1865.
Fort McCulloch was built to defend Texas from a Union attack. It had extensive earthworks designed to defend against any advance.
^ National Park Service (2008-04-15). "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service.
^ a b Kidwell, Clara (2008). The Choctaws in Oklahoma: From Tribe to Nation, 1855-1970. Norman, Oklahoma: University of Oklahoma Press. p. 320. ISBN 978-0-8061-4006-3.
^ Morrison, W. B. "Fort McCulloch." In: Chronicles of Oklahoma. Volume 4, Number 3, September 1926. Retrieved January 15, 2014.
^ Gaines, Craig (1989). The Confederate Cherokees. Baton Rouge, Louisiana: LSU Press. p. 196. ISBN 978-0807127957.


text:
Prevalence and prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation during 20-year follow-up of the renrew/paisley cohort
S. Stewart, C. C. Hart, D. J. Hole, J. J. McMurray
Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia but there is a paucity of epidemiological data relating to AF within the UK. Methods: We examined the prevalence, co-factors and prognostic significance of AF within the original Renfrew/Paisley population cohort in Scotland. A total of 15,406 men and women were first screened in the early 1970's when aged 45 to 64 years and were subject to 20-years follow-up thereafter. Results: A total of 47 of 8.354 women (5.6/1000) and 53 of 7,052 men (7.5/1000) were found to be in AF at the time of initial examination. Prevalence of AF increased markedly with age in both men and women (rising from 2.8 and 3.4/1000 respectively in those aged 45 to 49 years and 9.5 and 10.1/1000 in those aged 60 to 64 years). AF was independently correlated with male gender (OR 1.8, 95% CIs 1.2, 2.8; p < 0.01). cardiomegally (OR 12.9, 95% CIs 8.3, 20.2; p < 0.001). bronchitis (OR 2.2. 95% CIs 1.1, 4.2: p < 0.05), left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG (OR 4.2, 95% CIs 1.5, 12.3; p < 0.01), myocardial ischaemia on ECG (OR 4.5. 95% CIs 2.7, 7.4; p < 0.001), past history of stroke (OR 3.9, 95% CIs 1.7, 8.7; p < 0.001) and a blood sugar level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (OR 3.1, 95% CIs 1.6, 6.0; p < 0.001). During subsequent 20-year follow-up, both men and women initially found to be in AF had significantly worse unadjusted mortality rates compared to the remainder of the cohort (79% vs 28% in women and 72% vs 44% in men: p < 0.001). Individuals with AF were significantly more likely to die from a stroke-related death (15% vs 3.7%: p < 0.001). Independent of age, gender, social deprivation, respiratory, cardiac, smoking and diabetic status. AF was associated with an adjusted relative risk of 1.9 (95% CIs 1.5, 2.5; p < 0.001) for dying from any cause. Conclusions: In this Scottish population cohort, prevalence of AF was greater in men and increased markedly with age. During 20-year followup. AF was associated with an adjusted two-fold increased risk of death.
Published - 1 May 2000
Dive into the research topics of 'Prevalence and prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation during 20-year follow-up of the renrew/paisley cohort'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Atrial Fibrillation Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Electrocardiography Medicine & Life Sciences 16%
Bronchitis Medicine & Life Sciences 12%
Scotland Medicine & Life Sciences 11%
Left Ventricular Hypertrophy Medicine & Life Sciences 11%
Myocardial Ischemia Medicine & Life Sciences 9%
Cardiac Arrhythmias Medicine & Life Sciences 8%
Stewart, S., Hart, C. C., Hole, D. J., & McMurray, J. J. (2000). Prevalence and prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation during 20-year follow-up of the renrew/paisley cohort. Heart, 83(SUPPL. 1).
Stewart, S. ; Hart, C. C. ; Hole, D. J. et al. / Prevalence and prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation during 20-year follow-up of the renrew/paisley cohort. In: Heart. 2000 ; Vol. 83, No. SUPPL. 1.
@article{28f7e5bd736e4646bee243cd65d2a095,
title = "Prevalence and prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation during 20-year follow-up of the renrew/paisley cohort",
abstract = "Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia but there is a paucity of epidemiological data relating to AF within the UK. Methods: We examined the prevalence, co-factors and prognostic significance of AF within the original Renfrew/Paisley population cohort in Scotland. A total of 15,406 men and women were first screened in the early 1970's when aged 45 to 64 years and were subject to 20-years follow-up thereafter. Results: A total of 47 of 8.354 women (5.6/1000) and 53 of 7,052 men (7.5/1000) were found to be in AF at the time of initial examination. Prevalence of AF increased markedly with age in both men and women (rising from 2.8 and 3.4/1000 respectively in those aged 45 to 49 years and 9.5 and 10.1/1000 in those aged 60 to 64 years). AF was independently correlated with male gender (OR 1.8, 95% CIs 1.2, 2.8; p < 0.01). cardiomegally (OR 12.9, 95% CIs 8.3, 20.2; p < 0.001). bronchitis (OR 2.2. 95% CIs 1.1, 4.2: p < 0.05), left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG (OR 4.2, 95% CIs 1.5, 12.3; p < 0.01), myocardial ischaemia on ECG (OR 4.5. 95% CIs 2.7, 7.4; p < 0.001), past history of stroke (OR 3.9, 95% CIs 1.7, 8.7; p < 0.001) and a blood sugar level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (OR 3.1, 95% CIs 1.6, 6.0; p < 0.001). During subsequent 20-year follow-up, both men and women initially found to be in AF had significantly worse unadjusted mortality rates compared to the remainder of the cohort (79% vs 28% in women and 72% vs 44% in men: p < 0.001). Individuals with AF were significantly more likely to die from a stroke-related death (15% vs 3.7%: p < 0.001). Independent of age, gender, social deprivation, respiratory, cardiac, smoking and diabetic status. AF was associated with an adjusted relative risk of 1.9 (95% CIs 1.5, 2.5; p < 0.001) for dying from any cause. Conclusions: In this Scottish population cohort, prevalence of AF was greater in men and increased markedly with age. During 20-year followup. AF was associated with an adjusted two-fold increased risk of death.",
author = "S. Stewart and Hart, {C. C.} and Hole, {D. J.} and McMurray, {J. J.}",
journal = "Heart",
Stewart, S, Hart, CC, Hole, DJ & McMurray, JJ 2000, 'Prevalence and prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation during 20-year follow-up of the renrew/paisley cohort', Heart, vol. 83, no. SUPPL. 1.
Prevalence and prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation during 20-year follow-up of the renrew/paisley cohort. / Stewart, S.; Hart, C. C.; Hole, D. J. et al.
In: Heart, Vol. 83, No. SUPPL. 1, 01.05.2000.
T1 - Prevalence and prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation during 20-year follow-up of the renrew/paisley cohort
AU - Stewart, S.
AU - Hart, C. C.
AU - Hole, D. J.
AU - McMurray, J. J.
N2 - Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia but there is a paucity of epidemiological data relating to AF within the UK. Methods: We examined the prevalence, co-factors and prognostic significance of AF within the original Renfrew/Paisley population cohort in Scotland. A total of 15,406 men and women were first screened in the early 1970's when aged 45 to 64 years and were subject to 20-years follow-up thereafter. Results: A total of 47 of 8.354 women (5.6/1000) and 53 of 7,052 men (7.5/1000) were found to be in AF at the time of initial examination. Prevalence of AF increased markedly with age in both men and women (rising from 2.8 and 3.4/1000 respectively in those aged 45 to 49 years and 9.5 and 10.1/1000 in those aged 60 to 64 years). AF was independently correlated with male gender (OR 1.8, 95% CIs 1.2, 2.8; p < 0.01). cardiomegally (OR 12.9, 95% CIs 8.3, 20.2; p < 0.001). bronchitis (OR 2.2. 95% CIs 1.1, 4.2: p < 0.05), left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG (OR 4.2, 95% CIs 1.5, 12.3; p < 0.01), myocardial ischaemia on ECG (OR 4.5. 95% CIs 2.7, 7.4; p < 0.001), past history of stroke (OR 3.9, 95% CIs 1.7, 8.7; p < 0.001) and a blood sugar level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (OR 3.1, 95% CIs 1.6, 6.0; p < 0.001). During subsequent 20-year follow-up, both men and women initially found to be in AF had significantly worse unadjusted mortality rates compared to the remainder of the cohort (79% vs 28% in women and 72% vs 44% in men: p < 0.001). Individuals with AF were significantly more likely to die from a stroke-related death (15% vs 3.7%: p < 0.001). Independent of age, gender, social deprivation, respiratory, cardiac, smoking and diabetic status. AF was associated with an adjusted relative risk of 1.9 (95% CIs 1.5, 2.5; p < 0.001) for dying from any cause. Conclusions: In this Scottish population cohort, prevalence of AF was greater in men and increased markedly with age. During 20-year followup. AF was associated with an adjusted two-fold increased risk of death.
AB - Background: Atrial fibrillation (AF) is the most common cardiac arrhythmia but there is a paucity of epidemiological data relating to AF within the UK. Methods: We examined the prevalence, co-factors and prognostic significance of AF within the original Renfrew/Paisley population cohort in Scotland. A total of 15,406 men and women were first screened in the early 1970's when aged 45 to 64 years and were subject to 20-years follow-up thereafter. Results: A total of 47 of 8.354 women (5.6/1000) and 53 of 7,052 men (7.5/1000) were found to be in AF at the time of initial examination. Prevalence of AF increased markedly with age in both men and women (rising from 2.8 and 3.4/1000 respectively in those aged 45 to 49 years and 9.5 and 10.1/1000 in those aged 60 to 64 years). AF was independently correlated with male gender (OR 1.8, 95% CIs 1.2, 2.8; p < 0.01). cardiomegally (OR 12.9, 95% CIs 8.3, 20.2; p < 0.001). bronchitis (OR 2.2. 95% CIs 1.1, 4.2: p < 0.05), left ventricular hypertrophy on ECG (OR 4.2, 95% CIs 1.5, 12.3; p < 0.01), myocardial ischaemia on ECG (OR 4.5. 95% CIs 2.7, 7.4; p < 0.001), past history of stroke (OR 3.9, 95% CIs 1.7, 8.7; p < 0.001) and a blood sugar level ≥ 7.0 mmol/L (OR 3.1, 95% CIs 1.6, 6.0; p < 0.001). During subsequent 20-year follow-up, both men and women initially found to be in AF had significantly worse unadjusted mortality rates compared to the remainder of the cohort (79% vs 28% in women and 72% vs 44% in men: p < 0.001). Individuals with AF were significantly more likely to die from a stroke-related death (15% vs 3.7%: p < 0.001). Independent of age, gender, social deprivation, respiratory, cardiac, smoking and diabetic status. AF was associated with an adjusted relative risk of 1.9 (95% CIs 1.5, 2.5; p < 0.001) for dying from any cause. Conclusions: In this Scottish population cohort, prevalence of AF was greater in men and increased markedly with age. During 20-year followup. AF was associated with an adjusted two-fold increased risk of death.
JO - Heart
JF - Heart
Stewart S, Hart CC, Hole DJ, McMurray JJ. Prevalence and prognostic significance of atrial fibrillation during 20-year follow-up of the renrew/paisley cohort. Heart. 2000 May 1;83(SUPPL. 1).


Click the button below to add the Wi-fi Wireless Alarm Clock Hidden Camera with Fashion Wrap to your wish list.
This is a stylishly designed digital clock with a hidden camera that's perfect for watching over bedrooms. The colors of the clock make it aesthetically pleasing alongside many house styles. Keeping the clock pointed at the door to the room it's placed in will allow you to keep track of anyone that comes by. Since beds, and their end tables, are almost always placed by the wall, the positioning of the alarm clock will give the hidden camera a clear view of the entire room that it is placed inside.
The alarm clock's ease of use and colorful appearance also make it a nonintrusive way to keep an eye on babies and toddlers. The alarm clock itself is fully functional, and both the clock and the camera draw power from the same cord.
Alternatively, this clock can be included in the corner of any other room. It can pick up AM/FM radio, which combined with the clock make it an unsuspicious presence in all sorts of settings.
1 x Dual Alarm Clock with Fashion Wrap.
Looks nice, work for me,love it !!!!!
I bought this for a dear friend of mine who was concerned that her toddler was being abused in her absence by the babysitter. I was surprised when receiving the clock that it does just look like a clock and doesn't give any indication that there's a camera operating when it is on. There's no running sound and no light, nothing that would bring attention to the eyes or ears. The video quality is sharp, unlike other video camera quality. Overall, I am happy with how it operates.


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Q: Git: Adding the full tree of files to the master I have an existing folder that has many files and folders with no source control.
I create a git repository in it's root folder:
 git init

However, there is no "master"
git branch

returns nothing.
How do I create the master branch and have it set as the initial and only branch in a folder with existing files and folders?

A: The master branch is the default branch that is created automatically after you commit the first files:
git add .
git commit -m "initial commit"


To download the TV series of Netflix in the quality of avi and mkv. The best TV series and TV-shows of the channel Netflix are available in the high quality HD 720p. Only rated and popular tv series of this channel are always available on the site FavoriteTV.
Black Summer season 1 is the brand new tv show which we are very excited to present to your attention. A zombie apocalypse is the main topic of the show and it is shown from a very unusual perspective. The show stars well known Jaime King. A small group of American refugees is the main characters and all they want is to be back with the loved ones and they want to reunite with their families. To be able to do this, they need to go through many challenges and difficulties. Make sure you do not miss this exciting premiere ..
A new show Chambers season 1 is available right now and you definitely cannot miss the premiere. This is the story about a young lady who was consumed by the mysterious situations in her life. She was lucky to survive in this all and now her task is to get closer to the truth about the sudden death of her donor and she wants to understand all the secrets. So, if you are a fan of some mystery, some secrets and some unexpected stories, this is the show for you. Don't miss the premiere of the show Chambers season 1! ..
Santa Clarita Diet season 3 is finally back and we have some very hidden facts about this new season. Victor Fresco is kind of obsessed with finding the truth about Paul and Marsha. He is sure that there is something there. Creators promised some changes in cast, but do not worry, because our favorite Hewson and Gisondo will be in the new season for sure. No information about who may potentially survive, so this is a secret and we are excited about this. Make sure you do not miss the Santa Clarita Diet season 3!
Your attention is a new tv series from Netflix On My Block season 1, 2. In the center of the story is a group of teenagers from the area called "South Central". In this part of LA live mainly representatives of the Latin American and African-American race. The main characters of the series "On My Block" rise to a new stage of life, where they will meet with many problems and tasks of adulthood. Young guys have a lot of difficulties with their studies, parents, and the first relationship. They are in a new world. Overcome all the obstacles and ..
The OA season 2 is finally back and we have some insights to share with you. Prairie decides to share the secret to the locals and not everything is now the same. From the trailer, we see the small part of the Golden Gate Bridge. Creators do not comment on this but we are sure that Homer's near-death experience will finally be told us and we will understand many details. Make sure you do not miss the premiere of the season The OA season 2 as it will definitely surprise you a lot with new and unexpected stories and new ..
We presented to your attention a new brand Netflix – Love, Death & Robots season 1. There are you will seen collection of animated short stories that span various genres including science fiction, fantasy, horror and comedy. Don't miss this show, you don't regret about it!
After Life season 1 is a brand new show and we are very excited to present it to your attention. This is a show by Derek Productions. The show has a lot of famous people staring in it. The main character is Tony. He lives an amazing life but one day everything changes. His wife died and he is depressed. He starts living a life with bad habits and bad people around. All the friends try to save him and they want to help him. Will they be able to bring him back to normal life? Let's see the answer ..
In the center of the plot of fantastic drama The Order season 1 is a student of Belgrave University. A small town hider a big secrets and frightening events. Jack Morton is trying to avenge the death of his mother. For this, he enters a dark magic community called The Order. He has a pledges to all members of the order. Thus, the main character involuntarily finds himself drawn into the war between the werewolves and the practitioners of dark magic. The path to truth will slightly open the door of the hero to the world, the existence of which ..
A new show The Umbrella Academy season 1 is available right now and you definitely cannot miss the premiere. There was a man who adopted all the children with supernatural powers. Society does not like those who are different and that is why he felt the task to help them to live a normal life and to cope with all their supernatural powers. He taught them to hide their powers when not needed butto use them when the world needs to be saved. One day he dies. They decide to reunite after his death to be together and to do ..
A new show from a well known producer Norman Lear "One Day at a Time season 1" is presented to your attention. The interesting fact is that this tv series is based on a situation from a real life. The main character of this tv series is Ann Romano who is a divorced mother with two daughters. She moves to Logansport to start a new life. Her divorce lawyer David Kane likes her, but she is not ready to start new relations yet. She is all into bringing up her two daughters – Julie and Barbara. She tries to be ..
A new show Russian Doll season 1 is available right now and you definitely cannot miss the premiere. This is a comedy series about a typical lady whose name is Nadia. She lives in New York. One day her usual life became very unusual. Every day starts in her bed as she wakes up and ends when she is killed in her own appartment at her own birthday party. Each day she tries to escape from this end but her plan does not work. She dies again and wakes up in her own bed. What is the reason behind this? ..
Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt season 4 is the show which is now finally available and we are happy to present it to your attention. This season will probably be the last point of Ellie Kemper's story. As creators tell in their interviews, the season will probably be the last one, but this is not for sure. Together with the characters we know already, there will appear some new who will add something new to the whole story. You definitely cannot miss the continuation of the tv series Unbreakable Kimmy Schmidt season 4 and witness the story of main characters together with ..
Grace and Frankie season 5 is now finally available and we are very happy to present it to your attention today. The main topic of the show is life after 70. It is shown as it is with its problems and beauties. At the end of the previous season the children of the main characters persuaded them to move to "assisted living" facility and this changes much in the show. Now the life in this place, with new characters become a plot. The life of women's children is shown more in the new season. How will everything change? You will ..


With a warm contemporary feel, Blanc's charming entrance door opens into a spacious sitting room and dining area, the high wooden A-framed beams and ceilings giving it a feeling of light and space. Surface area of apartment 110 sq.m.
French doors on either side of the old stone "cantou" fireplace lead onto two "Juliette" balconies overlooking the evergreen countryside. There is also a full bathroom with a luxurious bath as well as a fully equipped kitchen on this level. A light spacious bedroom with queen size bed and en-suite shower and toilet is to be found on the second level with views over the tree tops.
A mezzanine leading up from the bedroom can be used as a study, writer's garret or a sleeping area for an infant or child. Blanc has the privacy of its own little patio area which overlooks the mill pond - perfect for breakfast, afternoon tea, sundowner or dinner.
This was a great home base for all the exploring we did.
— Barbara Kershaw - Connecticut - USA.
This beautifully and tastefully renovated barn is close to many interesting towns and villages and had everything that we wanted for a relaxing, comfortable stay. It is spacious, well equipped and there is a real attention to detail which we appreciated. Blanc is certainly the best self catering accommodation we have ever stayed in and was made all the more memorable by the generosity and friendliness of the owners. We are already planning a return trip!
After many years renting properties in Europe, Blanc is by far the most well-appointed and comfortable home we've come across. Fiona met us as we pulled in the driveway, showed us around the house, and helped us get settled. There was a bowl of fresh fruit and a bottle of wine to welcome us. During the course of the week we heard from Fiona and Heather, the owner, checking in to see if our needs were met. We celebrated a wedding anniversary during our stay, and the day of our anniversary there was fresh bread and croissants outside the door, along with a bottle of Champagne!
Your authentic luxury vacation getaway in France is waiting.


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Director center excellence diabetes and obesity school medicine
Director, Center of Excellence in Diabetes and Obesity - School of Medicine
University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center and Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine are seeking an exceptional candidate to serve as the Founding Director of a newly created Center of Excellence for Diabetes and Obesity.
University Hospitals Cleveland Medical Center is an affiliate of Case Western Reserve University and the primary academic medical center for the University Hospitals Health System, a top 10-rated (Thomson Reuters) integrated health network in Northeast Ohio with eight wholly-owned community medical centers, seven ambulatory health centers, and a network of greater than 400 primary care physicians. Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine is noted for its strong collaborations between basic and clinical science departments and is committed to premier basic, translational and clinical discovery science.
The Center is expected to rapidly evolve into an internationally recognized unit with outstanding programs in discovery, research and education. The Center will support 1) outpatient and inpatient consultative services at UH and its affiliate hospitals; 2) an internationally recognized research program in the areas of diabetes/obesity and their complications supported by government and private industry sponsored grants; 3) education services for patients at UH and its affiliate hospitals.
The successful candidate will have an outstanding record of scholarly achievements, clinical excellence, sustained extramural research funding, along with proven leadership, mentoring and administrative abilities. All areas of research in diabetes/obesity will be considered including clinical/translational, drugs/device, behavioral and or outcomes based; He/she should qualify for the rank of Professor or Associate Professor with tenure at CWRU. A strong commitment to building inter-disciplinary programs is expected with other Centers at UH/Case including the Harrington Heart and Vascular Institute, the Seidman Cancer Center and the UH Digestive Institute. In addition, working closely with the leadership of the UH Rainbow Babies & Children's Hospital's Pediatric Diabetes Center, the development of a transition of care program for young adults is anticipated. Significant resources are available for the development of the center and collaborative efforts.
Candidates should submit their curriculum vitae and a letter describing their research, teaching, service and administrative experience to:
Sanjay Rajagopalan, MD, FACC, FAHA
Chair of the Search Committee
11100 Euclid Avenue
Cleveland Ohio 44106-5029
e-mail: sanjay.rajagopalan@uhhospitals.org
Case Western Reserve University provides reasonable accommodations to applications with disabilities. Applicants requiring a reasonable accommodation for any part of the application and hiring process should contact the Office for Inclusion, Diversity and Equal Opportunity at (216) 368-8877 to request a reasonable accommodation. Determinations as to granting reasonable accommodations for any applicant will be made on a case-by-case basis.


Today is day 7 of 365 project and this has actually been a better idea than originally thought to be. If you have the urge to blog something, give it a try – doesn't have to be photos…..
Red Squirrels are one of my daily favourites. The past summer saw 3 baby reds and they were nothing short of a delight. At first the three chased each other silly from one end of the yard, up and down the trees, through the leaves endlessly.
Then one disappeared at about the same time as a fox was seen with something in his mouth heading over the fence. Meanwhile, two of them would continue to play. As they grew, they began to be less playful, but continued to eat constantly at the feeder.
The reds are hard to photograph as they are small and don't sit still very long unless they are eating. Strangely enough, I haven't seen mama since the babes were born. She was always around.
Do you get wildlife in your yard? All you need is a feeder and a picture window.


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Home Recent news May we present the R&D department
May we present the R&D department
New technologies, new production methods, new raw materials, new rules and legislation: at EPI we are on the ball! Our researchers and developers work in an ultramodern laboratory with the latest equipment, so that you get the quality, which you expect from us, day after day. We are pleased to present our R&D team to you!
The team consists of Tonie, Rick and Joost, who are all dedicated to their jobs. "Working at EPI is great: Every day we deal with new developments and discoveries plus we complement one another really well" says Joost. Whereas Joost has worked at EPI for quite some time, Tonie and Rick are relatively new to the team. Tonie used to work at the Technical University in Delft and was ready for a new challenge. Rick has only just finished his chemical studies; he carried out his graduation project in a coating business. "Combining one person's work experience with another person's fresh views helps us arrive at the best ideas!" says Joost. The department develops new products and improves on existing products continuously. The Research & Development department also supports the Production department and assists the Quality Control department in solving complaints.
Latest development
The latest R & D development is the EPI Superbase casting floor with an extra membrane. "A product with sound damping and flexible properties", explains Joost. "Due to its flexibility, an EPI Superbase casting floor with membrane has crack-bridging properties of up to 2.5 mm. Its sound damping component realizes a sound reduction of at least 15 dB. And the floor has a thickness of just 2.2 to 3 mm. We are very proud of this result!"
Requirements of the final product
First thing, before the department even starts developing, is to determine the requirements that the final product must meet. For the development of the EPI Membrane we started out with the EPI athletics course, as this possesses many of the qualities that the EPI Membrane was to meet. After the necessary research and some adjustments to the recipe of the EPI athletics courses, we achieved the proper measure of sound damping and flexibility.
Present projects
At present, the men are busy streamlining fillers, testing products as regards saponification and auto-resistance, and developing new products. "We carry out our own tests, but all products are also tested by an independent bureau", says Joost. "They check whether the products meet the correct standards."
Check, check, double-check
"When developing new products, the R&D department always makes a product on a small scale. In this way we can test in practice whether the product is user-friendly enough and whether it meets the applicator's demands. Once a product has passed all tests, it goes to our Colour manager Anika. She then develops all colours for this product."
Joost: "In short, our department ensures that at EPI we always deliver the quality customers expect from us and remain the trendsetters in the market with our products!"
How is a resin floor applied?
Always wanted to know how a resin floor is applied? Then quickly continue reading how we apply a resin floor and view the timelapse!
We present ... Rosanne!
You have probably already talked to Rosanne in one of your phone calls to EPI. She started work at EPI in January 2018 and is happy to present herself to you! I am Rosanne Leeuwis. I am twenty years old and have worked with EPI as an administrative employee for over a year. I am in close contact with our business relations. I answer the incoming phone calls, work at the accounts receivable and accounts payable department and welcome (...)
EPI's new colour palette
EPI's chief designer, Gittan, recently added four new solid colours to the EPI Colour Collection. With these new colours, we can now offer you a complete range of warm and cool shades. >> See the EPI Colour Collection here << Together with Pauline Jorritsma, interior designer of among others Designa, she also designed a special Colour Collection: "From Home villa to Dream villa". >> See the From Home villa (...)
EPI figures in the RTL4-programme 'Van Woonvilla naar Droomvilla' (From Home villa to Dream villa)
EPI is a partner of the RTL4-programme 'From Home villa to Dream villa'. As of March, 10 2019, the designers Bertram Terpstra and Pauline Jorritsma will take the spectators on a tour in the world of design, architecture and the interior. Every week one project is in the limelight: from the draft to its completion. Beautiful EPI Superbase casting floors are applied in several dream villas by Daacha design floors. You will also see how Bertram (...)


Prof. Dr Githa Heggde is Dean – Research and International Affairs, IFIM Business School, a Corporate consultant on Marketing and Sales enhancement, Vice Chairperson , CII-Indian Women Network and in the board of CII Karnataka, Country Director, India, EuroMed Business Research Institute. Member editorial board of International Journal on Emerging markets, Emerald, Core member at the Centre for Emerging Markets, IIM, Lucknow, Faculty resource IIM Kozhikode, MDP apart from other holding unique positions in various professional bodies. She has over 27 years of teaching, consultancy and industrial experience.
She has presented papers at Academy on International Business at Boston, EuroMed Research Institute at Marseille, France, University of Wollongong, Dubai, EMBRI, Italy and several conferences in the areas of Marketing, Sales and Distribution. Awarded best research papers at the Association of Indian Management Schools (AIMS), conventions. Published several articles on Marketing, supply chain, sales and Distribution in international and national journals.
Was part of the team at "Global Colloquium on participant- centered learning" at Harvard Business School, Boston and worked on teaching with case studies and developing curriculum for management courses. Participated at the follow- on sessions at Shanghai.
She was invited by Pace University, New York, for lectures and discussions on pursuing collaborative research and Pepperdine University, Malibu. Conducted several training programs for senior marketing and sales executives at Airtel, ITC, Infosys, Murugappa group, Pricol, HDFC, Infosys, EY, Biocon and several leading companies. She has been engaging in consultancy and research with companies such as Logitech, USA, iWatt, USA, Reliance, India, adaptive marketing and many others. She is a resource faculty at IIM Kozhikode, MDP Centre.
Was nominated and attended a program on Wealth Management at Bangkok, Authored books on Applied Marketing, Social Media Marketing and several case studies. Member of Federation of Karnataka Chambers of Commerce and Industry was a member at Association of Women Entrepreneurs of Karnataka, and Chairperson, Coimbatore chapter FICCI ladies organisations during 2004-2006.
Business development and B2B sales strategies for Indian Buyers, Conco Services, USA. March 2016.
Retailing and Promotion Strategies for Indian market entry, Mackly kidswear, Sri Lanka, September 2015 to December 2015.
Customer retention for Biocon, December 2014.
Application of Shared Services Marketing, EY, Bengaluru, September 2014 to January 2015.
Go to market strategies for helmet cleaner, 3M India Limited , Bengaluru, July August 2013.
Hiring and training process in the IT Industry, ASM technologies, March 2013 to June 2013.
Competitor analysis, Website and SEO Analysis, Management strategies for growth for Modalminds, USA, July- Sept 2012.
Evaluation of performance of KSRTC regarding customer centricity and the leadership effectiveness. January 2012.
Evaluating market potential for non-defence use of UAVs in India and UAE for MLB corporation, USA, December 2011.
Dell Computers, Brand Metrics and applications for the company, October 2011- December 2011.
Market strategies for the Indian market, A study for iWatt, US-based company manufacturers of smart meters interested in expanding into the Indian market, September –November 2010.
3D connexions, Logitech Pvt Ltd, USA, Indian Market entry study (Go to market strategies). September 2009- December 2010.
Careers as product managers, Adaptive Marketing, Bengaluru October 2010.
Infosys technologies, Bengaluru on Sales and Marketing. 2009-2014.
Power Research and Development Consultants Ltd (PRDC),Bengaluru on Sales Management and Skills. July 2009.
Codissia (Coimbatore District Small Industries Association) 'Cluster of pump sets' on International Market potential and Management Practices 2002.
Viduth motors, Coimbatore on sales force development January 2003.
PSG Institute of Medical Science & Research on front office Management and sales team development. March 2003.
Undertook consultancy during Aug and Sept 2004 for Silvertex-to study the market potential for fibre fill pillow.
Conducted research on "The role of Company Executive in Channel Management of FMCG, mobile telephony and Banking Sectors".
Country Director, India, EuroMed Business Research Institute, 2008 – 2016.
Review board member, International Journal of Emerging Markets, Emerald Publications.
Research Team, Centre for Emerging Economies, IIM, Lucknow.
Academic Advisory Council member, Junior Management Leadership Program, Infosys Ltd.
Registered guide Anna University, Coimbatore, Supervisor Recognition number: 0913066.
Best Research awards at AIMS(Association of Indian Management Schools) convention, 2008 and 2009, 2011 and 2013.
Supervisor for Ph. D students at Anna University, Coimbatore.
Chairperson, FICCI ladies organization, Coimbatore 2004-2006.
Was a member of Governing Council of the Trust at IPSM, Mangalore.
Officiated as Principal in his absence at IPSM.
Deputed by Mangalore University as External Examiner.
Assigned as a Chief Coordinator of exams at all the Institutes.
Was Member of the Selection Committee responsible for selecting students of the Institute at Manipal.
Was Head of Department of Management and Applied Behavioural Science at Manipal.
Awarded Certificate to be a trainer for Business English Certificate courses of Cambridge University conducted by British Council, Madras.
Developed course structures for Bachelors in Hotel Management conducted by Mangalore University.
Assigned as an examiner for Post Graduate Diploma programme in Management by Madras University and Anna University.
Deputed as Professor at Defence Service Staff College, Coonoor.
Guest faculty at MIM, Manipal.
Was Adjunct Faculty at University of Toledo, USA.
Heading the research collaboration with Graziadio School of Management, Pepperdine University.
India Examiner for a PhD viva voce by Anna University Chennai.
Journal Articles- Heggde Githa, Gayatri Sasi Tampi,, "Multiple mediating role of brand commitment and brand loyalty between brand identification and brand citizenship behaviour: evidence from IT companies in Bangalore", International Journal of Indian Culture and Business Management, Accepted for publication.
Journal Articles- Heggde Githa, Moovendhan V, "Improving the route effectiveness of the intercity bus operators by co-optation: a data envelopment analysis", International Journal of Public Sector Performance Management, Accepted for publication.
"Aiming it Right ", Precision Marketing at Citi Bank, A case study, Indian Management, November 2016. Pg 37-44.
"The Future of Petroleum Business at RIL – To Stay or to Exit" accepted for publication by Emerald Emerging market case studies ( Emerald Emerging Markets Case Studies - Decision on Manuscript ID EEMCS-03-2016-0044.R1) by December 2016.
"Consultancy in Indian Market", Consultants Review Magazine, April 2016, pg 33.
"Leadership style, salesperson's work effort and job performance: the influence of power distance", Journal of Personal Selling and Sales Management, (ISSN 0885-3134 (Print), 1557-7813 (Online), Volume 35, Issue 1, 2015.
"Analytical Study on the Perceptions of Hotel Undergraduates on Industrial Training", International Research Journal of Business and Management, ( ISSN 2322 083X), Volume XIII, Issue 9, July 2015.
"Mahindra First Choice Wheels Limited- The First Choice", Metamorphosis, A Journal of Management Research, Vol 10, Number 2, July-December 2012, Page 82, ISSN 0972-6225.
"Factors affecting brand switching behaviour by Gen Y- a study on Apparels", " Shaping the future of research in Marketing in Emerging Economies", Pearson publications, January 2012, Page 229.
"Second to none- Mahindra first choice wheels limited", Aweshkar, Vol. XII, Issue 2, September 2011, pg 132, ISSN 0974-1119.
"Causes of Sickness and Turnaround Strategies in Public and Private sector organisations", Vilakshan, XIMB journal of Management, Vol VIII, Issue No.1, March 2011, Pg 53-70, ISSN 0973-1954.
"Strategies for sustainable Channel relations in Mobile telecom sector", Journal of Economics and Behavioural Science, Vol 2, No 1 , January 2011. Pg 7-18.
"Building a strong corporate branding for B2B companies", Aweshkar Research Journal, Vol X, Issue 2, September 2010, pg81.
"Comparative Analysis on causes of sickness and turnaround Strategies at Public and Private Organizations", Business Development across countries and Culture, EuroMed Press, ISBN: 978-9963-634-83-5, November 2010, pp 419- 438.
"Nature, elements and process of customer orientation: evidence from service front line", Managerial and Entrepreneurial Developments in the Mediterranean Area, EuroMed Press, ISBN: 978-9963-634-76-7, October 2009, pp 1083-1093.
"Channel design for effective bi-directional relation in FMCG sector", European and Mediterranean Trends and Challenges in the 21st Century, EuroMed Press, ISBN: 978-9963-634-58-3, January 2009, pp 296-315.
"Research on Distribution Channel Management", Research World- innovations in Management-Related Research, February 2009, Vol 6, ISSN 0974 -2751.
"Socially Responsible MaFoi", Hand Book on Management Cases, Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd, December 2008, pg 3.
"Transforming channel relationships by identifying Super-ordinate goals between Channel Partners and channel Managers", Association of Indian Management Schools, August 2008, Vol II, pg 43.
Sales and Distribution Management, Text and Cases" , Excel Books, 2007.
Applied Marketing, Excel Books , 2008.
"Dealing with the dealers, The Finolex Cables way", Select Cases in Management, Allied Publishers Pvt Ltd, 2007, pg 8, ISBN 10: 81-8424-262-X.
"Supplier Attributes that impact Institutional Buying Behaviour- A study on FMCG Supplies to Hotel Industry", AIMA Journal of Management and Research, Feb 2007, Vol.1, Issue 1/4.
"Enhanced Response Campaign", Advertising Express, ICFAI Press Ltd, May 2006, pg 24.
"Dealer perception on Philips Domestic lighting products", Business research conference, Vikas publishing house pvt ltd, 2004, pg 2.106.


These trendy knee-high fox socks are a perfect finishing touch to your babe's outfits. We choose patterns and colors that are not only stylish, but are unique for your one-of-a-kind babe!
Please allow a 3-4 week production time after your order is placed. Our accessories are made to order. All items are shipped USPS First Class.


It all began when noticeable regular pressure waves started (after much walking and spicy food) on Wednesday, November 2 around 4:30 pm. I had been out all day Christmas shopping, but upon returning home I started to notice what seemed to be regular waves about 1hr apart. I continued with my normal evening activities like dinner and putting my 3 year old to bed, but I did notice I didn't feel much like eating dinner. I had hopes that these waves were the real thing, and after bouncing on my birth ball awhile and watching TV with the in-laws, around 10pm I decided I had best try to get some sleep. Ha! I might have dozed on and off for an hour or so.
while I did continue to listen to my Hypnobabies tracks, I found it a challenge to stay in the "off" position (a Hypnobabies technique). No worries though.Everything was manageable in "center" especially the frequent bathroom trips that accompanied each pressure wave. By 2:00 am the waves were roughly 15min apart and I was cuddled on the bed with my husband using the "relax/release" command and debating going to the hospital so we could set up the pool. I didn't want to go too early but we did need time to set up the birthing pool and this was our second baby.


The DC Black Theatre & Arts Festival Battle Champ - 6 Years Running!
Petri Hawkins Byrd is the Bailiff on JUDGE JUDY, which has been the #1 show in daytime for the last four seasons.
In 1990, Byrd relocated to San Mateo, Calif., to serve as a Special Deputy U.S. Marshall. Three years later, he accepted an offer to work as a student counselor at Monta Vista High School in Santa Clara, Calif. After reading a story about Judy's new book and upcoming television show in a 1996 Liz Smith column, Byrd decided to send a letter congratulating the judge, and jokingly asked if she would be interested in having him serve at her side again. To his surprise, Judge Sheindlin returned Byrd's letter with a phone call and offered him the job.
In addition to his work on JUDGE JUDY, Byrd has appeared numerous times on stage as a stand-up comedian and actor. He has also acted in films, television and commercials, as well as provided voiceover work for radio, television and video games. Byrd's success has also made him a sought-after motivational speaker. In his spare time, he sings and writes music and poetry.
Byrd resides in Sacramento, Calif., with his wife and four children.


The holidays bring together families around the country, young and old alike look forward to these special shared moments. For those with hearing loss, the holidays can be overwhelming. Difficulty following conversations can lead to frustration and stress for both the individual with hearing loss and family.
Here are some simple tips for making the holidays a sound occasion.
Advocate—let your communication partner know you are having difficulty.
Face the speaker of interest.
Ask for clarification, "can you rephrase that"?
Ask for the topic of conversation, context goes a long way.
For partners—keep your face and mouth visible, rephrase rather than repeat, and try not to get frustrated.
If there is someone you have preference to chat with, sit close to them, either next or across from depending on seating.
Try to put noise to your back.
Make sure your devices are working prior to any travel.
Make sure you have spare batteries or charger.
Keep good maintenance of devices.
Make an appointment or visit your audiologist well in advance to the holidays. Do not expect to get an appointment the day before Christmas.
If you are new to purchasing hearing aids or other devices recognize this may take some time to order and fit that extend beyond the initial evaluation.
Competing background noise and multiple speakers are often sources of difficulty. Consider moving to another room with less noise or sitting closer.
Talk to your audiologist about assistive listening devices such as remote microphones.