text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{intro}

Sequence-to-sequence neural machine translation (NMT) models~\citep{Sutskever2014,cho-al-emnlp14,bahdanau2015neural} are state-of-the-art on a multitude of language-pairs \citep{sennrich-haddow-birch:2016:WMT, junczys2016neural}. Part of the appeal of neural models is that they can learn to implicitly model phenomena which underlie high quality output, and some syntax is indeed captured by these models. In a detailed analysis,  \citet{BentivogliBCF16} show that NMT significantly improves over phrase-based SMT, in particular with respect to morphology and word order, but that results can still be improved for longer sentences and complex syntactic phenomena such as prepositional phrase (PP) attachment.
 Another study by \citet{shi-padhi-knight:2016:EMNLP2016} shows that the encoder layer of NMT partially learns syntactic information about the source language, however complex syntactic phenomena such as coordination or PP attachment are poorly modeled.

Recent work which incorporates additional source-side linguistic information in NMT models~\citep{luong2015multi,sennrich2016linguistic} show that
even though neural models have strong learning capabilities,
explicit features can still improve translation quality.
In this work, we examine the benefit of incorporating global syntactic information on the target-side. We also address the question of how best to incorporate this information.
For language pairs where syntactic resources are available on both the source and target-side, we show that approaches to incorporate source syntax and target syntax are complementary.

We propose a method for tightly coupling words and syntax by interleaving the target syntactic representation with the word sequence. We compare this to loosely coupling words and syntax using a multitask solution, where the shared parts of the model are trained to produce either a target sequence of words or supertags in a similar fashion to ~\citet{luong2015multi}.

We use CCG syntactic categories \citep{steedman2000syntactic}, also known as \textit{supertags}, to represent syntax explicitly. Supertags provide global syntactic information locally at the lexical level.
They encode subcategorization information, capturing short and long range dependencies and attachments, and also tense and morphological aspects of the word in a given context.
Consider the sentence in Figure~\ref{figure:SourceCCGRepresentation}.
This sentence contains two PP attachments and could lead to several disambiguation possibilities (\textsl{``in''} can attach to \textsl{``Netanyahu"} or \textsl{``receives"}, and \textsl{``of"} can attach to \textsl{``capital"}, \textsl{``Netanyahu"} or \textsl{``receives"}). These alternatives may lead to different translations in other languages. However the supertag \cf{((S[dcl]\backslash NP)/PP)/NP} of  \textsl{``receives"} indicates that the preposition \textsl{``in"} attaches to the verb, and the supertag \cf{(NP\backslash NP) /NP} of \textsl{``of"} indicates that it attaches to \textsl{``capital"}, thereby resolving the ambiguity.

\begin{figure*}[th]
\begin{center}
\begin{adjustbox}{max width=1\textwidth}
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.2}
\begin{tabular}{ l  c  c  c  c  c  c  c  c  c  c }

\multicolumn{11}{l}{ \textbf{Source-side } } \\ \hline
BPE: & Obama & receives & Net+ & an+ & yahu & in &  the  & capital & of & USA \\
IOB: & O & O & B &  I & E & O & O & O & O & O \\
CCG: & \cf{NP} & \cf{((S[dcl]\backslash NP)/PP)/NP} & \cf{NP} & \cf{NP} & \cf{NP} & \cf{PP/NP} &  \cf{NP/N}  & \cf{N} & \cf{(NP\backslash NP)/NP} & \cf{NP}   \\

\multicolumn{11}{l}{ \textbf{Target-side } } \\ \hline
\multicolumn{11}{c}{  \cf{NP} \ Obama \  \cf{((S[dcl]\backslash NP)/PP)/NP} \ receives \ \cf{NP} \  Net+ \  an+ \  yahu \ \cf{PP/NP} \ in  \ \cf{NP/N}\  the \ \cf{N} \  capital \  \cf{(NP\backslash NP)/NP} \  of \  \cf{NP} \ USA} \\
\end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{figure:SourceCCGRepresentation} Source and target representation of syntactic information in syntax-aware NMT. }
\end{figure*}

Our research contributions are as follows:
\vspace{-0.3em}
\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=*]
\item We propose a novel approach to integrating target syntax at word level in the decoder, by interleaving CCG supertags in the target word sequence.
\item We show that the target language syntax improves translation quality for German$\rightarrow$English and Romanian$\rightarrow$English as measured by BLEU.
Our results suggest that a tight coupling of target words and syntax (by interleaving) improves translation quality more than the decoupled signal from multitask training.
\item We show that incorporating source-side linguistic information is complimentary to our method, further improving the translation quality.
\item We present a fine-grained analysis of SNMT and show consistent gains for different linguistic phenomena and sentence lengths.
\end{itemize}

\section{Related work}
\label{section:related}

Syntax has helped in statistical machine translation (SMT) to capture dependencies between distant words that impact morphological agreement, subcategorisation and word order \citep{GalleyEtAl2004,Quirk2007, Williams2012, NadejdeEtAl2013, sennrich15, NadejdeEtAl2016, NadejdeEtAl2016b,Chiang2007}. There has been some work in NMT on modeling source-side syntax implicitly or explicitly. \citet{kalchbrenner-blunsom:2013:EMNLP,cho-EtAl:2014:SSST-8} capture the hierarchical aspects of language implicitly by using convolutional neural networks, while \citet{eriguchi-hashimoto-tsuruoka:2016} use the parse tree of the source sentence to guide the recurrence and attention model in tree-to-sequence NMT.
 \citet{luong2015multi} co-train a translation model and a source-side syntactic parser which share the encoder. Our multitask models extend their work
to attention-based NMT models and to predicting target-side syntax as the secondary task.
\citet{sennrich2016linguistic} generalize the embedding layer of NMT to include explicit linguistic features such as dependency relations and part-of-speech tags and we use their framework to show source and target syntax provide complementary information.

Applying more tightly coupled linguistic factors on the target for NMT has been previously investigated.
\citet{niehuesusing} proposed a factored RNN-based language model for re-scoring an n-best list produced by a phrase-based MT system. In recent work,
\citet{martinez2016factored} implemented a factored NMT decoder which generated both lemmas and morphological tags. The two factors were then post-processed to generate the word form. Unfortunately no real gain was reported for these experiments. Concurrently with our work, \citet{Aharoni2017} proposed serializing the target constituency trees and \citet{Akiko2017} model target dependency relations by augmenting the NMT decoder with a RNN grammar \citep{dyer-EtAl:2016:N16-1}. In our work, we use CCG supertags which are a more compact representation of global syntax.  Furthermore, we do not focus on model architectures, and instead we explore the more general problem of including target syntax in NMT: comparing tightly and loosely coupled syntactic information and showing source and target syntax are complementary.

Previous work on integrating CCG supertags in factored phrase-based models \citep{BirchCCG} made strong independence assumptions between the target word sequence and the CCG categories.
In this work we take advantage of the expressive power of recurrent neural networks to learn representations that generate both words and CCG supertags, conditioned on the entire lexical and syntactic target history.

\section{Modeling Syntax in NMT}
\label{section:SyntacticRep}

CCG is a lexicalised formalism in which words are assigned with syntactic categories, i.e., supertags, that indicate context-sensitive morpho-syntactic properties of a word in a sentence. The combinators of CCG allow the supertags to capture global syntactic constraints locally. Though NMT captures long range dependencies using long-term memory, short-term memory is cheap and reliable. Supertags can help by allowing the model to rely more on local information (short-term) and not having to rely heavily on long-term memory.

Consider a decoder that has to generate the following sentences:

\begin{enumerate}[leftmargin=*]
\item What$_{(S[wq]/(S[q]/NP))/N}$ city is$_{(S[q]/PP)/NP}$ the Taj Mahal in?
\item Where$_{S[wq]/(S[q]/NP)}$ is$_{(S[q]/NP)/NP}$ the Taj Mahal?
\end{enumerate}

If the decoding starts with predicting ``\textsl{What}'', it is ungrammatical to omit the preposition ``\textsl{in}'', and if the decoding starts with predicting ``\textsl{Where}'', it is ungrammatical to predict the preposition. Here the decision to predict ``\textsl{in}'' depends on the first word, a long range dependency. However if we rely on CCG supertags, the supertags of both these sequences look very different. The supertag \cf{(S[q]/PP)/NP} for the verb ``\textsl{is}'' in the first sentence indicates that a preposition is expected in future context. Furthermore it is likely to see this particular supertag of the verb in the context of \cf{(S[wq]/(S[q]/NP))/N} but it is unlikely in the context of \cf{S[wq]/(S[q]/NP)}. Therefore a succession of local decisions based on CCG supertags will result in the correct prediction of the preposition in the first sentence, and omitting the preposition in the second sentence. Since the vocabulary of CCG supertags is much smaller than that of possible words, the NMT model will do a better job at generalizing over and predicting the correct CCG supertags sequence.

CCG supertags also help during encoding if they are given in the input, as we saw with the case of PP attachment in \Cref{figure:SourceCCGRepresentation}. Translation of the correct verb form and agreement can be improved with CCG since supertags also encode tense, morphology and agreements. For example, in the sentence ``\textsl{It is going to rain}'', the supertag \cf{(S[ng]\backslash NP[expl])/(S[to]\backslash NP)} of ``\textsl{going}'' indicates the current word is a verb in continuous form looking for an infinitive construction on the right, and an expletive pronoun on the left.

We explore the effect of target-side syntax by using CCG supertags in the decoder and by combining these with source-side syntax in the encoder, as follows.

\paragraph{Baseline decoder}
The baseline decoder architecture is a conditional GRU with attention ($cGRU_{attn}$) as implemented in the Nematus toolkit \citep{sennrich-EtAl:2017}. The decoder is a recursive function computing a hidden state $s_{j}$ at each time step $j \in [1,T]$ of the target recurrence. This function takes as input the previous hidden state $s_{j-1}$, the embedding of the previous target word $y_{j-1}$ and the output of the attention model $c_{j}$. The attention model computes a weighted sum over the hidden states $h_{i} = [\overrightarrow{h_{i}};\overleftarrow{h_{i}}]$ of the bi-directional RNN encoder. The function $g$ computes the intermediate representation $t_{j}$ and passes this to a \textit{softmax} layer which first applies a linear transformation ($W_o$) and then computes the probability distribution over the target vocabulary. The training objective for the entire architecture is minimizing the discrete cross-entropy, therefore the loss $l$ is the negative log-probability of the reference sentence.

\begin{align}
& s_{j}' = GRU_{1}(y_{j-1},s_{j-1}) \\
& c_j = ATT ([h_1; ... ;h_{|x|}], s_{j}')\\
& s_j = cGRU_{attn}(y_{j-1},s_{j-1}, c_j) \\
& t_j = g(y_{j-1},s_{j}, c_j) \\
& p_y = \prod_{j=1}^{T} p(y_{j} | x,y_{1:j-1}) = \prod_{j=1}^{T} softmax(t_j W_o) \\
& l = -  log(p_y)
\end{align}

\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{tabular}{c c}

  \includegraphics[width=0.8\columnwidth]{Figure2a.pdf} & \includegraphics[width=0.9\columnwidth]{Figure2b.pdf} \\
a) & b)

\end{tabular}
\caption{\label{figure:Decoders} Integrating target syntax in the NMT decoder: a) interleaving and b) multitasking. }
\end{figure*}

\paragraph{Target-side syntax}

When modeling the target-side syntactic information we consider different strategies of coupling the CCG supertags with the translated words in the decoder: interleaving and multitasking with shared encoder. In Figure~\ref{figure:Decoders} we represent graphically the differences between the two strategies and in the next paragraphs we formalize them.

\begin{itemize}[leftmargin=*]
\item \textbf{Interleaving} In this paper we propose a tight integration in the decoder of the syntactic representation and the surface forms. Before each word of the target sequence we include its supertag as an extra token. The new target sequence $y'$ will have the length $2T$, where $T$ is the number of target words.
With this representation, a single decoder learns to predict both the target supertags and the target words conditioned on previous syntactic and lexical context. We do not make changes to the baseline NMT decoder architecture, keeping equations (1) - (6) and the corresponding set of parameters unchanged. Instead, we augment the target vocabulary to include both words and CCG supertags. This results in a shared embedding space and the following probability of the target sequence $y'$, where $y'_j$ can be either a word or a tag:

\begin{align}
& y' = y^{tag}_{1}, y^{word}_{1}, ....,  y^{tag}_{T}, y^{word}_{T} \\
& p_{y'} = \prod_{j}^{2T} p(y'_{j} | x,y'_{1:j-1})
 \end{align}

 At training time we pre-process the target sequence to add the syntactic annotation and then split only the words into \textit{byte-pair-encoding} (BPE) \citep{sennrich2015bpe} sub-units. At testing time we delete the predicted CCG supertags to obtain the final translation.
   \Cref{figure:SourceCCGRepresentation} gives an example of the target-side representation in the case of interleaving. The supertag \textit{NP} corresponding to the word \textit{Netanyahu} is included only once before the three BPE subunits  \textit{Net+  an+  yahu}.

\item \textbf{Multitasking -- shared encoder} A loose coupling of the syntactic representation and the surface forms can be achieved by co-training a translation model  with a secondary prediction task, in our case CCG supertagging. In the multitask framework \citep{luong2015multi} the encoder part is shared while the decoder is different for each of the prediction tasks: translation and tagging. In contrast to \citeauthor{luong2015multi}, we train a separate attention model for each task and perform multitask learning with target syntax. The two decoders take as input the same source context, represented by the encoder's hidden states $h_{i} = [\overrightarrow{h_{i}};\overleftarrow{h_{i}}]$. However, each task has its own set of parameters associated with the five components of the decoder: $GRU_1$, $ATT$, $cGRU_{att}$, $g$, $softmax$. Furthermore, the two decoders may predict a different number of target symbols, resulting in target sequences of different lengths $T_1$ and $T_2$. This results in two probability distributions over separate target vocabularies for the words and the tags:

\begin{equation}
 p_{y}^{word} = \prod_{j}^{T_1} p(y^{word}_{j} | x,y^{word}_{1:j-1})
 \end{equation}

 \begin{equation}
 p_{y}^{tag} =  \prod_{k}^{T_2} p(y^{tag}_{k} | x,y^{tag}_{1:k-1})
\end{equation}

The final loss is the sum of the losses for the two decoders:
\begin{equation}
l = - (log(p^{word}_{y})+ log(p^{tag}_{y}))
\end{equation}
We use EasySRL to label the English side of the parallel corpus with CCG supertags\footnote{We use the same data and annotations for the \textit{interleaving} approach.} instead of using a corpus with gold annotations as in \citet{luong2015multi}.
\vspace{-0.3em}

\end{itemize}

\paragraph{Source-side syntax -- shared embedding}
While our focus is on target-side syntax, we also experiment with including source-side syntax to show that the two approaches are complementary.

\citeauthor{sennrich2016linguistic} propose a framework for including source-side syntax as extra features in the NMT encoder.
They extend the model of \citeauthor{bahdanau2015neural} by learning a separate embedding for several source-side features such as the word itself or its part-of-speech. All feature embeddings are concatenated into one embedding vector which is used in all parts of the encoder model instead of the word embedding. When modeling the source-side syntactic information, we include the CCG supertags or dependency labels as extra features.
The baseline features are the subword units obtained using BPE together with the annotation of the subword structure using IOB format by marking if a symbol in the text forms the beginning (B), inside (I), or end (E) of a word. A separate tag (O) is used if a symbol corresponds to the full word. The word level supertag is replicated for each BPE unit. Figure~\ref{figure:SourceCCGRepresentation} gives an example of the source-side feature representation.

\section{Experimental Setup and Evaluation}
\subsection{Data and methods}

We train the neural MT systems on all the parallel data available at WMT16 \citep{bojar-EtAl:2016:WMT16} for the German$\leftrightarrow$English and Romanian$\leftrightarrow$English language pairs.
The English side of the training data is annotated with CCG lexical tags\footnote{The CCG tags include features such as the verb tense (e.g. [ng] for continuous form) or the sentence type (e.g. [pss] for passive).} using EasySRL \citep{lewis:2015} and the available pre-trained model\footnote{\url{https://github.com/uwnlp/EasySRL}}.
Some longer sentences cannot be processed by the parser and therefore we eliminate them from our training and test data. We report the sentence counts for the filtered data sets in Table~\ref{table:data}.  Dependency labels are annotated with ParZU \citep{sennrich13c} for German and SyntaxNet \citep{andor-EtAl:2016:P16-1} for Romanian.

\begin{table}[t]
\begin{center}
\begin{adjustbox}{max width=\columnwidth}
\begin{tabular}{l | r | r | r }

  & train & dev & test \\  \hline
  DE-EN & 4,468,314 &  2,986 & 2,994  \\
  RO-EN & 605,885 & 1,984 & 1,984  \\

\end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{table:data} Number of sentences in the training, development and test sets.}
\vspace{-1em}
\end{table}

All the neural MT systems are attentional encoder-decoder networks \citep{bahdanau2015neural} as implemented in the Nematus toolkit \citep{sennrich-EtAl:2017}.\footnote{https://github.com/rsennrich/nematus} We use similar hyper-parameters to those reported by \cite{sennrich-haddow-birch:2016:WMT, sennrich2016linguistic} with minor modifications: we used mini-batches of size 60 and Adam optimizer \citep{kingma2014adam}. We select the best single models according to \bleu on the development set and use the four best single models for the ensembles.

To show that we report results over strong baselines, table~\ref{table:baselines} compares the scores obtained by our baseline system to the ones reported in \citet{sennrich-haddow-birch:2016:WMT}. We normalize diacritics\footnote{There are different encodings for letters with cedilla (\c s,\c t) used interchangeably throughout the corpus.  \url{https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanian_alphabet\#ISO_8859} } for the English$\rightarrow$Romanian test set. We did not remove or normalize Romanian diacritics for the other experiments reported in this paper. Our baseline systems are generally stronger than \citet{sennrich-haddow-birch:2016:WMT} due to training with a different optimizer for more iterations.

\begin{table}[ht]
\begin{center}
\begin{adjustbox}{max width=1\textwidth}
\begin{tabular}{ l |  c | c }

  & This work & Sennrich et. al \\ \hline
 DE$\rightarrow$EN & 31.0 & 28.5   \\
 EN$\rightarrow$DE  & 27.8  & 26.8 \\
 RO$\rightarrow$EN  & 28.0 & 27.8   \\
 EN$\rightarrow$RO$^1$  & 25.6  & 23.9   \\

\end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{table:baselines} Comparison of baseline systems in this work and in  \citet{sennrich-haddow-birch:2016:WMT}. Case-sensitive \bleu scores reported over newstest2016 with  \textit{mteval-13a.perl}. $^1$Normalized diacritics.}
\vspace{-1em}
\end{table}

During training we validate our models with \bleu \citep{BLEU} on development sets: newstest2013 for German$\leftrightarrow$English and newsdev2016 for Romanian$\leftrightarrow$English. We evaluate the systems on newstest2016 test sets for both language pairs and use bootstrap resampling \citep{riezler-maxwell:2005:MTSumm} to test statistical significance.
We compute \bleu with \textit{multi-bleu.perl} over tokenized sentences both on the development sets, for early stopping, and on the test sets for evaluating our systems.

Words are segmented into sub-units that are learned jointly for source and target using BPE \citep{sennrich2015bpe}, resulting in a vocabulary size of 85,000. The vocabulary size for CCG supertags was 500.

\begin{table*}[ht]
\begin{center}
\begin{adjustbox}{max width=1\textwidth}
\begin{tabular}{ l |  l | l |   c | c    ||  c | c}

 & & & \multicolumn{2}{c ||}{German$\rightarrow$English} &  \multicolumn{2}{c }{Romanian$\rightarrow$English} \\ \hline
 model & syntax & strategy   & single & ensemble & single & ensemble\\ \hline
 NMT & - & -    & 31.0 &  32.1 \ \  \       & 28.1 & 28.4 \ \ \  \\
 SNMT & target -- CCG & interleaving     & 32.0  & \textbf{32.7}*\ \  &  29.2 & \textbf{29.3}**  \\
 Multitasking & target -- CCG & shared encoder & 31.4 & 32.0  \ \  \  & 28.4 & 29.0* \ \   \\ \hline  \hline
 SNMT & source -- dep & shared embedding  &  31.4  & 32.2 \ \  \ & 28.2 & 28.9 \ \ \   \\
   & \ + target -- CCG & \ + interleaving  &  32.1 & \textbf{33.0}**  & 29.1 & \textbf{29.6}**   \\

\end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{table:TargetSyntax}  Experiments with target-side syntax  for German$\rightarrow$English and  Romanian$\rightarrow$English. \bleu scores reported for baseline NMT, syntax-aware NMT (SNMT) and multitasking. The SNMT system is also combined with source dependencies. Statistical significance is indicated with * $p<0.05$ and ** $p<0.01$, when comparing against the NMT baseline.}
\end{table*}

For the experiments with source-side features we use the BPE sub-units and the IOB tags as baseline features. We keep the total word embedding size fixed to 500 dimensions. We allocate 10 dimensions for dependency labels when using these as source-side features and when using source-side CCG supertags we allocate 135 dimensions.

The \textit{interleaving} approach to integrating target syntax increases the length of the target sequence. Therefore,  at training time, when adding the CCG supertags in the target sequence we increase the maximum length of sentences from 50 to 100. On average, the length of English sentences for newstest2013 in BPE representation is 22.7, while the average length when adding the CCG supertags is 44. Increasing the length of the target recurrence results in larger memory consumption and slower training.\footnote{Roughly 10h30 per 100,000 sentences (20,000 batches) for SNMT compared to 6h for NMT.}. At test time, we obtain the final translation by post-processing the predicted target sequence to remove the CCG supertags.

\subsection{Results}

In this section, we first evaluate the syntax-aware NMT model (SNMT) with target-side CCG supertags as compared to the baseline NMT model described in the previous section \citep{bahdanau2015neural, sennrich-haddow-birch:2016:WMT}.
We show that our proposed method for tightly coupling target syntax via \textit{interleaving}, improves translation for both German$\rightarrow$English and Romanian$\rightarrow$English while the \textit{multitasking} framework does not. Next, we show that SNMT with target-side CCG supertags can be complemented with source-side dependencies, and that combining both types of syntax brings the most improvement.
Finally, our experiments with source-side CCG supertags confirm that global syntax can improve translation either as extra information in the encoder or in the decoder.

\paragraph{Target-side syntax}

We first evaluate the impact of target-side CCG supertags on overall translation quality. In Table~\ref{table:TargetSyntax} we report results for German$\rightarrow$English, a high-resource language pair, and for Romanian$\rightarrow$English, a low-resource language pair.
We report \bleu scores for both the best single models and ensemble models. However, we will only refer to the results with ensemble models since these are generally better.

The SNMT system with target-side syntax improves \bleu scores by 0.9 for Romanian$\rightarrow$English and by 0.6 for  German$\rightarrow$English. Although the training data for German$\rightarrow$English is large, the CCG supertags still improve translation quality.
These results suggest that the baseline NMT decoder benefits from modeling the global syntactic information locally via supertags.

Next, we evaluate whether there is a benefit to tight coupling between the target word sequence and syntax, as apposed to loose coupling. We compare our method of \textsl{interleaving} the CCG supertags with \textsl{multitasking}, which predicts target CCG supertags as a secondary task.
The results in Table~\ref{table:TargetSyntax} show that the multitask approach does not improve \bleu scores for German$\rightarrow$English, which exhibits long distance word reordering. For Romanian$\rightarrow$English, which exhibits more local word reordering, multitasking improves \bleu by 0.6 relative to the baseline.
In contrast, the \textit{interleaving} approach improves translation quality for both language pairs and to a larger extent. Therefore, we conclude that a tight integration of the target syntax and word sequence is important. Conditioning the prediction of words on their corresponding CCG supertags is what sets SNMT apart from the multitasking approach.

\paragraph{Source-side and target-side syntax} We now show that our method for integrating target-side syntax can be combined with the framework of \citet{sennrich2016linguistic} for integrating source-side linguistic information, leading to further improvement in translation quality. We evaluate the syntax-aware NMT system, with CCG supertags as target-syntax and dependency labels as source-syntax. While the dependency labels do not encode global syntactic information, they disambiguate the grammatical function of words. Initially, we had intended to use global syntax on the source-side as well for German$\rightarrow$English, however the German CCG tree-bank is still under development.

From the results in Table~\ref{table:TargetSyntax} we first observe that for German$\rightarrow$English the source-side dependency labels improve \bleu by only 0.1, while Romanian$\rightarrow$English sees an improvement of 0.5. Source-syntax may help more for Romanian$\rightarrow$English because the training data is smaller and the word order is more similar between the source and target languages than it is for German$\rightarrow$English.

For both language pairs, target-syntax improves translation quality more than source-syntax. However, target-syntax is complemented by source-syntax when used together, leading to a final improvement of 0.9 \bleu points for German$\rightarrow$English  and 1.2 \bleu points for  Romanian$\rightarrow$English.

\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{tabular}{c c}
 \includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{Figure3a.png} & \includegraphics[width=1\columnwidth]{Figure3b.png} \\
a) & b)

\end{tabular}
\caption{\label{figure:TargetLengthLinguisticBleu} Difference in \bleu points between SNMT and NMT,  relative to baseline NMT scores, with respect to a) linguistic constructs and b) sentence lengths. The numbers attached to the bars represent the \bleu score for the baseline NMT system. The symbol * indicates that syntactic information is used on the target (eg. de-en*),  or both on the source and target (eg. *de-en*) }
\end{figure*}

Finally, we show that CCG supertags are also an effective representation of global-syntax when used in the encoder.
In Table~\ref{table:SourceSyntax}  we present results for using CCG supertags as source-syntax in the embedding layer. Because we have CCG annotations only for English, we reverse the translation directions and report \bleu scores for English$\rightarrow$German and English$\rightarrow$Romanian. The \bleu scores reported are for the ensemble models over newstest2016.

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\begin{adjustbox}{max width=1\textwidth}
\begin{tabular}{ l | l | c  | c}

 model & syntax  & EN$\rightarrow$DE & EN$\rightarrow$RO \\ \hline
 NMT & -   & 28.3 \ \  &  25.6 \ \   \\
 SNMT & source -- CCG   & \textbf{29.0}*     & \textbf{26.1}* \\

\end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{table:SourceSyntax} Results for English$\rightarrow$German and English$\rightarrow$Romanian with source-side syntax. The SNMT system uses the CCG supertags of the source words in the embedding layer. *$p<0.05$.}
\vspace{-1em}
\end{table}

For English$\rightarrow$German \bleu increases by 0.7 points and for English$\rightarrow$Romanian by 0.5 points. In contrast, \citet{sennrich2016linguistic} obtain an improvement of only 0.2 for English$\rightarrow$German using dependency labels which encode only the grammatical function of words. These results confirm that representing global syntax in the encoder provides complementary information that the baseline NMT model is not able to learn from the source word sequence alone.

 \begin{comment}

\begin{table*}[ht]
\begin{center}
\begin{adjustbox}{max width=1\textwidth}
\begin{tabular}{ l | l | l | c | c  |  c || c | c  | c}

&  & & \multicolumn{3}{c ||}{English$\rightarrow$German} &  \multicolumn{3}{c }{English$\rightarrow$Romanian} \\
& &  &\multicolumn{2}{c |}{single} & ensemble &\multicolumn{2}{c|}{single} & ensemble  \\ \hline
 model & syntax & strategy &  dev & test & test &  dev & test & test  \\ \hline
 NMT & - & - & 22.3 & 27.3  & 28.3        &  - & 25.4 & 25.6  \\
 SNMT & source -- CCG & shared embedding &  22.5 & 27.7  & \textbf{29.0}     & - & 26.0 & \textbf{26.1} \\

\end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{table:SourceSyntax} Experiments with source-side syntax  for English$\rightarrow$German and English$\rightarrow$Romanian. \bleu scores reported for baseline NMT, syntax-aware NMT (SNMT).}
\vspace{-1em}
\end{table*}

\end{comment}

\subsection{Analyses by sentence type}

In this section, we make a finer grained analysis of the impact of target-side syntax by looking at a breakdown of \bleu scores with respect to different linguistic constructions and sentence lengths\footnote{Document-level \bleu is computed over each subset of sentences.}.

We classify sentences into different linguistic constructions based on the CCG supertags that appear in them, e.g., the presence of category \cf{(NP\backslash NP)/(S/NP)} indicates a subordinate construction.
Figure~\ref{figure:TargetLengthLinguisticBleu} a) shows the difference in \bleu points between the syntax-aware NMT system  and the baseline NMT system for the following linguistic constructions: coordination \textit{(conj)}, control and raising \textit{(control)}, prepositional phrase attachment \textit{(pp)}, questions and subordinate clauses \textit{(subordinate)}. In the figure we use the symbol ``*'' to indicate that syntactic information is used on the target (eg. de-en*),  or both on the source and target (eg. *de-en*).
We report the number of sentences for each category in Table~\ref{table:CCGSentenceCount}.

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\begin{adjustbox}{max width=1\textwidth}
\begin{tabular}{ l |  c | c | c | c | c}

& sub. & qu. & pp & contr. & conj  \\ \hline
RO$\leftrightarrow$EN & 742 & 90 & 1,572 & 415 & 845 \\
DE$\leftrightarrow$EN & 936 & 114 & 2,321 & 546 & 1,129 \\

\end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{table:CCGSentenceCount} Sentence counts for different linguistic constructions.}
\end{table}

With target-syntax, we see consistent improvements across all linguistic constructions for Romanian$\rightarrow$English and across all but \textit{control and raising} for German$\rightarrow$English.
In particular, the increase in \bleu scores for the \textit{prepositional phrase} and  \textit{subordinate} constructions suggests that target word order is improved.

For German$\rightarrow$English, there is a small decrease in \bleu for the \textit{control and raising} constructions when using target-syntax alone. However, source-syntax adds complementary information to target-syntax, resulting in a small improvement for this category as well.
Moreover, combining source and target-syntax increases translation quality across all linguistic constructions as compared to NMT and SNMT with target-syntax alone. For Romanian$\rightarrow$English, combining source and target-syntax brings an additional improvement of 0.7 for \textit{subordinate} constructs and 0.4 for \textit{prepositional phrase attachment}. For German$\rightarrow$English, on the same categories, there is an additional improvement of 0.4 and 0.3 respectively.
 Overall, \bleu scores improve by more than 1 \bleu point for most linguistic constructs and for both language pairs.

Next, we compare the systems with respect to sentence length. Figure~\ref{figure:TargetLengthLinguisticBleu} b) shows the difference in \bleu points between the syntax-aware NMT system and the baseline NMT system with respect to the length of the source sentence measured in BPE sub-units. We report the number of sentences for each category in Table~\ref{table:LenSentenceCount}.

\begin{figure*}[ht]
\begin{center}
\begin{adjustbox}{max width=1\textwidth}
\begin{tabular}{ l  l}

& \textbf{DE - EN Question} \\ \hline
 Source & Oder wollen Sie herausfinden , \textbf{\"uber} was andere reden ?    \\
 Ref. & Or do you want to find out what others are talking \textbf{about} ?  \\
NMT  & Or would you like to find out \textbf{about} what others are talking \textbf{about} ? \\
 SNMT &  Or do you want to find out what$_{NP/(S[dcl]/NP)}$ others are$_{(S[dcl]\backslash NP)/(S[ng]\backslash NP)}$ talking$_{(S[ng]\backslash NP)/PP}$ \textbf{about}$_{PP/NP}$ ?

  \\
 & \\
 & \textbf{DE - EN Subordinate} \\ \hline
 Source & ...dass die Polizei jetzt sagt , ..., und dass Lamb in seinem Notruf \textbf{Prentiss zwar als seine Frau bezeichnete} ...\\
 Ref. & ...that police are now saying ..., and that while Lamb \textbf{referred to Prentiss as his wife} in the 911 call ...   \\

NMT  & ...police are now saying  ..., and that in his emergency call \textbf{Prentiss he called his wife} ...\\
 SNMT & ...police are now saying ..., and that lamb , in his emergency call , \textbf{described$_{((S[dcl]\backslash NP)/PP)/NP}$ Prentiss as his wife} ....

\begin{comment}
 \\
  & \\
 & \textbf{RO - EN* Coordination} \\ \hline
Source & Sustinerea in randul barbatilor s-a redus considerabil iar Sanders se afla la o distanta de doar 5 puncte . \\
Reference & Her support among men has dropped considerably and Sanders only trails her by 5 points .  \\
NMT & Support for men has decreased considerably , \textbf{and} Sanders \textbf{are} at a distance of just 5 points .  \\
SNMT* & Support among men has diminished considerably , \textbf{and} Sanders \textbf{is$_{(S[dcl]\backslash NP)/PP}$} at a distance of just 5 points . \\
\end{comment}

\end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{figure:TargetFactorsExamplesShort} Comparison of baseline NMT and SNMT with target syntax for German$\rightarrow$English.}

\end{figure*}

\begin{table}[h]
\begin{center}
\begin{adjustbox}{max width=1\textwidth}
\begin{tabular}{ l |  c | c | c | c }

& $<$15 & 15-25 & 25-35 & $>$35  \\ \hline
RO$\leftrightarrow$EN & 491 & 540 & 433 & 520 \\
DE$\leftrightarrow$EN & 918 & 934 & 582 & 560\\

\end{tabular}
\end{adjustbox}
\end{center}
\caption{\label{table:LenSentenceCount} Sentence counts for different sentence lengths.}
\end{table}

With target-syntax, we see consistent improvements across all sentence lengths for Romanian$\rightarrow$English and across all but short sentences for German$\rightarrow$English.
For German$\rightarrow$English there is a decrease in \bleu for sentences up to 15 words. Since the German$\rightarrow$English training data is large, the baseline NMT system learns a good model for short sentences with local dependencies and without subordinate or coordinate clauses. Including extra CCG supertags increases the target sequence without adding information about complex linguistic phenomena. However, when using both source and target syntax, the effect on short sentences disappears. For Romanian$\rightarrow$English there is also a large improvement on short sentences when combining  source and target syntax: 2.9 \bleu points compared to the NMT baseline and 1.2 \bleu points compared to SNMT with target-syntax alone.

With both source and target-syntax, translation quality increases across all sentence lengths as compared to NMT and SNMT with target-syntax alone.
For German$\rightarrow$English sentences that are more than 35 words, we see again the effect of increasing the target sequence by adding CCG supertags. Target-syntax helps, however \bleu improves by only 0.4, compared to 0.9 for sentences between 15 and  35 words. With both source and target syntax, \bleu improves by 0.8 for sentences with more than 35 words. For Romanian$\rightarrow$English we see a similar result for sentences with more than 35 words: target-syntax improves \bleu by 0.6, while combining source and target syntax improves \bleu by 0.8. These results confirm as well that source-syntax adds complementary information to target-syntax and mitigates the problem of increasing the target sequence.

\begin{comment}
& \textbf{*DE - EN* Subordinate} \\ \hline
 Source & Prentiss war eine Krankenschwester , die f\"ur verschiedene Unternehmen \textbf{online arbeitete} . \\
 Ref. &  Prentiss was a nurse who \textbf{worked} for various companies online . \\
NMT  & Prentiss was a nurse who \textbf{worked} for various companies \textbf{online} . \\
 SNMT* & Prentiss was a nurse who \textbf{worked}$_{(S[dcl]\backslash NP)/PP}$ for various companies .  \\
 *SNMT* & Prentiss was a nurse who \textbf{worked}$_{((S[dcl]\backslash NP)/PP)/NP}$ \textbf{online} for several companies . \\
&\\
\end{comment}

\subsection{Discussion}

Our experiments demonstrate that target-syntax improves translation for two translation directions: German$\rightarrow$English and Romanian$\rightarrow$English. Our proposed method predicts the target words together with their CCG supertags.

Although the focus of this paper is not improving CCG tagging, we can also measure that SNMT is accurate at predicting CCG supertags. We compare the CCG sequence predicted by the SNMT models with that predicted by EasySRL and obtain the following accuracies: 93.2 for Romanian$\rightarrow$English, 95.6 for  German$\rightarrow$English, 95.8 for  German$\rightarrow$English with both source and target syntax.\footnote{The multitasking model predicts a different number of CCG supertags than the number of target words. For the sentences where these numbers match, the CCG supetagging accuracy is 73.2.}

We conclude by giving a couple of examples in Figure~\ref{figure:TargetFactorsExamplesShort} for which the SNMT system with target syntax produced more grammatical translations than the baseline NMT system.

In the example \textbf{DE-EN Question}  the baseline NMT system translates the preposition \textit{``\"uber''} twice as \textit{``about''}. The SNMT system with target syntax predicts the correct CCG supertag for \textit{``what''} which expects to be followed by a sentence and not a preposition: \cf{NP/(S[dcl]/NP)}. Therefore the SNMT correctly re-orders the preposition \textit{``about''} at the end of the question.

In the example \textbf{DE-EN Subordinate} the baseline NMT system fails to correctly attach  \textit{``Prentiss''} as an object and \textit{``his wife''} as a modifier to the verb \textit{``called (bezeichnete)''} in the subordinate clause. In contrast the SNMT system predicts the correct sub-categorization frame of the verb \textit{``described''} and correctly translates the entire predicate-argument structure.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{conclusions}
This work introduces a method for modeling explicit target-syntax in a neural machine translation system, by interleaving target words with their corresponding CCG supertags. Earlier work on syntax-aware NMT mainly modeled syntax in the encoder, while our experiments suggest modeling syntax in the decoder is also useful.
Our results show that a tight integration of syntax in the decoder improves translation quality for both German$\rightarrow$English and Romanian$\rightarrow$English language pairs, more so than a loose coupling of target words and syntax as in multitask learning.
Finally, by combining our method for integrating target-syntax with the framework of \citet{sennrich2016linguistic} for source-syntax we obtain the most improvement over the baseline NMT system: 0.9 \bleu for German$\rightarrow$English and 1.2 \bleu for Romanian$\rightarrow$English. In particular, we see large improvements for longer sentences involving syntactic phenomena such as subordinate and coordinate clauses and prepositional phrase attachment. In future work, we plan to evaluate the impact of target-syntax when translating into a morphologically rich language, for example by using the Hindi CCGBank~\citep{AmbatiCCGBank2016}.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

We thank the anonymous reviewers for their comments and suggestions. This project has received funding from
the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under grant agreements 644402 (HimL), 644333 (SUMMA) and 645452 (QT21).

\addcontentsline{toc}{section}{References}
\bibliographystyle{emnlp_natbib}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
module Pansophy
  module Remote
    class CreateFile
      include Adamantium::Flat

      ALLOWED_ATTRS = %i[
        cache_control
        content_disposition
        content_encoding
        content_length
        content_md5
        content_type
        etag
        expires
        last_modified
        metadata
        owner
        storage_class
        encryption
        encryption_key
        version
      ].freeze

      def initialize(bucket, path, body)
        @bucket   = bucket
        @pathname = Pathname.new(path)
        @body     = body
      end

      def call(options = {})
        prevent_overwrite! unless options[:overwrite]
        file_attributes = options.slice(*ALLOWED_ATTRS)
        directory.files.create(file_attributes.merge(key: @pathname.to_s, body: @body.dup))
      end

      private

      def exist?
        directory.files.any? { |file| file.key == @pathname.to_s }
      end

      def prevent_overwrite!
        return unless exist?
        fail ArgumentError,
             "#{@pathname} already exists, pass ':overwrite => true' to overwrite"
      end

      def directory
        ReadDirectory.new(@bucket, @pathname).call
      end
      memoize :directory
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Strafford County GOP to host gubernatorial hopeful Smith
BY JIM HADDADINjhaddadin@fosters.com
ROCHESTER — Gubernatorial candidate Kevin Smith will be the keynote speaker Saturday at the monthly meeting of the Strafford County Republicans in Rochester.
Smith will address the group for approximately 10-15 minutes and field questions from those in attendance, said state Rep. Bill O'Connor, who is chairman of the county GOP group.
The meeting will commence at 9 a.m. at the Pink Cadillac Diner, located at 17 Farmington Road. GOP members will meet earlier in the morning at the restaurant for breakfast.
Smith was most recently director of Cornerstone Action, a conservative advocacy group, for three years. He was elected to serve in the House by voters in Londonderry in 1996, and after his term in office, Smith worked as an aide to former U.S. Sen. Bob Smith and to former Gov. Craig Benson.
In 2005, he was appointed assistant director of the state's Juvenile Justice Services division, and held the position until joining Cornerstone.
O'Connor said the group routinely meets with candidates seeking the Republican party's nomination for state and local offices. Monthly meetings also usually feature a guest speaker; last month, it was Corey R. Lewandowski, director of the New Hampshire branch of Americans for Prosperity.
O'Connor said Strafford County Republicans are anticipating a visit soon from Smith's opponent in the GOP race for governor, Ovide Lamontagne. Lamontagne is an attorney and past candidate for U.S. Senate.
The Strafford County Republicans won't give an endorsement in the primary race, but for Smith and Lamontagne, the breakfast gatherings will provide more exposure to engaged party members.
"We expect Ovide will probably be there in the next couple months," O'Connor said.
County Republicans are hoping to field candidates for 37 House seats, a Senate seat and county offices during the fall election, and O'Connor said he anticipates the group will spend time at Saturday's meeting strategizing for local races.
Regular business items will also be on the agenda Saturday, such as approving meeting minutes, reviewing bylaws and planning for an August picnic, O'Connor said.
© Copyright 2006-2019 GateHouse Media, LLC. All rights reserved • GateHouse Gjnews 01

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles
Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles ( 1998 )
Watch Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Full Movie Online Free
Movie Title: Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles
Director: Jennifer Baichwal
Actors: Cherifa, Mohammed Choukri, Paul Bowles, William S. Burroughs
Release Date: 1-Apr-99
Keywords:Watch Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Online Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles 123Movies Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Full Movie Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Gomovies Watch Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Solarmovie Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Online Free Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Putlocker Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Free Movie Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Sockshare Watch Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Online Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Yesmovies Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Primewire Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Watch Series Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Fmovies Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Putlockers Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Gostream Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles Xmovies8 Let It Come Down: The Life of Paul Bowles With Subtitles
A single mother, with dreams of becoming a writer, has a son at the age of 15 in 1965, and goes through a failed marriage with the drug-addicted father.
The Times of Harvey Milk
A documentary of the successful career and assassination of San Francisco's first elected gay city supervisor.
Set in 1890, this is the story of a Pony Express courier who travels to Arabia to compete with his horse, Hidalgo, in a dangerous race for a massive contest…
Country: Morocco,USA
Genre: Action, Adventure, Biography, Sport, Western
Inimi cicatrizate
Emanuel spends his days at a sanatorium. Falling in love with another patient, he narrates his and his fellow patients' attempts to live life to the fullest as their bodies…
Country: Belgium,France,Germany,Romania
700 Sundays
In 700 Sundays, legendary comedian and actor Billy Crystal tells the stories of his youth, growing up in the jazz world of Manhattan, his teenage years, and finally adulthood. The…
Rise of the Footsoldier
Rise of the Footsoldier follows the inexorable rise of Carlton Leach from one of the most feared generals of the football terraces to becoming a member of a notorious gang…
Genre: Biography, Crime, Drama
Kipling's Indian Adventure
This documentary film follows the footsteps of Rudyard Kipling, 19th-century English writer and a Noble Prize-winner. Patrick Hennessey travels to Lahore to reassess Kipling's adventures and their impact on his…
A story based on the life of a struggling Long Island single mom who became one of the country's most successful entrepreneurs.
This amazing biblical drama chronicles the brave and historic legend of Hadassah, a Jewish orphan with exceptional beauty who rises to become Queen Esther of Persia and saves Persian Jews…
The Entity
Barbara Hershey stars as Carla Moran, a hard-working single mother until the night she is raped in her bedroom by someone – or something – that she cannot see. Despite…
Genre: Biography, Drama, Horror
Against formidable odds — and an old-school diving instructor embittered by the U.S. Navy's new, less prejudicial policies — Carl Brashear sets his sights on becoming the Navy's first African-American…
Double Play: James Benning and Richard Linklater
In 1985, filmmaker Richard Linklater began a film screening society in Austin, Texas, that aimed to show classic art-house and experimental films to a budding community of cinephiles and …
Country: France,Portugal,USA


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text:
Archive for June 1st, 2013
Pretty but dangerous lanterns banned
Posted by wlpo on June 1, 2013
CHICAGO (AP) – What goes up must come down – and if it's a floating lantern, it poses a serious danger.
That's why the Illinois fire marshal's office has issued an official notice banning sky lanterns in the state. The pretty but hazardous devices are also sometimes called aerial luminaries.
The notice follows a May 14 vote by the marshal's Consumer Fireworks Review Committee that put sky lanterns on the list of prohibited fireworks.
State Fire Marshal Larry Matkaitis says sky lanterns launched during celebrations "can turn into tragedy."
Officials say the lanterns can travel long distances, starting forest or house fires when they finally drift down to earth. Aviation authorities have also expressed concerns the devices can distract or disorient pilots.
Illinois joins many other states with similar bans.
Man accused of domestic battery in Oglesby
A fight between brothers in Oglesby left a man arrested for domestic battery. Police were called to an apartment on Walnut Street early Saturday morning. Marcus Adams was arrested for domestic battery after he allegedly punched his brother in the head twice. He was taken to the La Salle County Jail.
Meanwhile, Hugo Adams Perez was ticketed for underage drinking. He was given a notice to appear.
Quinn says he'll call leaders together on pensions
SPRINGFIELD, Ill. (AP) – Governor Pat Quinn says he will call legislative leaders together in the next week to come up with a fix for the state's $97 billion pension crisis.
Quinn issued a statement Friday, shortly after the Illinois House adjourned without a pension reform deal and a Senate spokeswoman said that chamber wouldn't take any more pension votes.
The Chicago Democrat says the people of Illinois want the Legislature to put an agreement on his desk. He says they don't want lawmakers to "play a $17 million-a-day game with the future of our state, our children and our economy."
Illinois has the nation's worst state pension shortfall. The governor's office says the unfunded pension liability grows by $17 million per day, squeezing out funding for education and other areas of the budget.
Local baseball and softball update 4:20pm
A four run 6th inning by Waterlook Gibault gave them the runs they needed to defeate Putnam County for the Ilinois Boys Baseball Class 1 A Title in Peoria this afternoon. Final score was 6 – 2. One of the Gibault runs was scored as the runner evaded a tag. Putnam County scored one run in the second and sixth innings. The Panthers and head coach, Dave Garcia will be treated to a rally at the school. Last update indicated the rally would start between 5 and 5:30. Waterloo Gibault is located near St. Louis.
The St. Bede Lady Bruins play Nashville today in the Class 2A 3rd Place game in East Peoria. Coverage on AM 1220 WLPO has been delayed. IHSA is trying to finish the game preceding St. Bede's. Lightning and rain has caused a delay. The St. Bede/Nashville game may not start till after 5:30pm. Bear in mind…the IHSA has the option to cancel the game if the weather continues to interfere. If broadcast, it will be streamed at am1220wlpo.com
The LP Lady Cavaliers saw their season end in the Class 3A Sectional title game at Coal City. Tinley Park defeated LP 7 – 2.


text:
Reek is a village in the Dutch province of North Brabant. It is located in the former municipality of Landerd, about 3 km east of Schaijk.

History
Reek developed as a stretched out village in the Middle Ages. It used to be part of the  which became a Catholic enclave of Palatinate-Neuburg within the Dutch Republic in 1631. The land van Ravenstein was conquered by France in 1794, and sold to the Batavian Republic (the predecessor of the Kingdom of the Netherlands) in 1800.

The former nunnery St Elisabeth was founded in 1857 by the Sister Penitenten from Haaren. The St Anthonius Abt Church was built in 1925 and 1926 and has the tower in the corner. It replaced an 1823 church. The grist mill Hellemolen was built in 1832. In 1948, it was put up for sale and the interior and part of the exterior were sold. In 2013, it was bad shape, but bought and restored the next year. By 2016, it could be used again.

Reek was home to 798 people in 1840. Reek was a separate municipality until 1942, when it became part of Schaijk. In 2022, it became part of the new municipality of Maashorst.

The  is a  nature area. It used to belong to the Ministry of Defence, and consists mainly of sand and forest with some heath.

Gallery

References

Populated places in North Brabant
Former municipalities of North Brabant
Geography of Maashorst

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Hanno's blog
Entries tagged as trekkie
cinema argentinia cubacrisis magneto movie movies nazi prequel startrek xmen xmenfirstclass copyright dvdr fanart fanfiction film fluchderkaribik hiddenfrontier werbung enterprise
Saturday, May 9. 2009
Big disappointment Star Trek XI
Before I start my review about the movie, I'd like to give some preface about my connection to Star Trek. Although I occasionally watched the series for a long time, I really started getting interested at the worst possible moment - shortly after it was announced that the last series »Enterprise« was stopped (although there were petitions and rallies - I just noted a bit too late to take part).
So with the last series stopped and the last film »Nemesis« being a flop, it was quite unlikely that Star Trek would continue at all in any way. So the only thing left was experiencing the vast majority of past series (which I'd suggest everyone to do - my favorite is Deep Space 9).
So the message that there should be a new film was surprising and promising. Though from the beginning, I was quite sceptical - the concept of a prequel to the original series with new actors for famous roles seemed difficult. It rarely happened in the past that different actors played the same person in the Star Trek universe and it was only the case for side roles (e. g. Ziyal in DS9, Zefram Cochrane in TOS/ST8). But what was even more disturbing was the director J. J. Abrams - with movies like Armageddon I didn't find him very predestined for this job. But as I read some quite positive reviews, I gave the movie a chance and went to the cinema on the first day.
To give a conclusion: I was absolutely right not to expect much from the film. It is a middle-class Hollywood action movie and has just nothing from the Star Trek spirit I liked so much.
The no-gos are countless. I mean, product placement is a pity in films any way, but in a Star Trek movie? And have you ever heard a pop song from the 90s in ST? (Oh, you remember that scene from ST4 in the bus? Has the guy inventing that scene with Kirk in the car ever seen that movie?)
The film introduces lot's of characters from other ST stories without any relation. Soval (was the name even mentioned?) has just nothing of the person known from TOS/TNG. Those Romulans - they look different, their ships look different, there's no connection to any previous Romulan story, it just seems like a randomly picked species name. And the old Spock - yeah, every real Trekkie likes to see Leonard Nimoy is still able to play his role. But if you remember the last time Spock appeared in the ST universe - a plot in TNG with an underground resistance movement on Romulus, where Spock stayed - a quite open end - it's just predestined to continue telling that story. ST11 doesn't do that.
Then there's this thing with the parallel time line - parallel time lines are a common story methodology in Star Trek, so the idea has potential. But it seems it's just there so there's no need to stick with the Star Trek story too much - every mistake can just be explained as something happening in the alternative time line. It didn't really make any sense to me beside that.
Well, maybe the buzz around the movie opens perspectives for new Star Trek material in the future - and hopefully with more talented directors behind the scenes. Till then, I'll watch some episodes of Hidden Frontier.
Update: Only german, but nice review (WOZ).
Posted by Hanno Böck in English, Movies at 23:58 | Comments (2) | Trackbacks (0)
Defined tags for this entry: cinema, movies, startrek, trekkie
(Page 1 of 1, totaling 1 entries)


text:
South Africa mulling compulsory COVID-19 jabs for some places, activities
Promit Mukherjee and Tim Cocks
Posted at Nov 29 2021 06:38 AM
People queue outside a coronavirus disease (COVID-19) vaccination centre as the country opens vaccinations for everyone 18 years old and above in Cape Town, South Africa, August 20, 2021. Mike Hutchings/Reuters File Photo
* S.Africa will not impose stricter lockdown, President said
* Ramaphosa said country could soon enter fourth wave
* Omicron variant responsible for rise in infections, he said
* Slams rich countries for imposing travel ban, urges to reverse
JOHANNESBURG - South African President Cyril Ramaphosa said on Sunday that authorities were considering making COVID-19 shots compulsory for certain places and activities, as a rise in infections linked to a new variant threatens to become a fourth wave.
Only a quarter of South Africans are fully vaccinated against COVID-19 despite a sufficient supply of doses, owing partly to logistical problems getting them out to rural areas, but also to vaccine hesitancy and apathy among the population.
South Africa says it is being punished for early COVID variant detection
WHO: Initial evidence suggests increased risk of reinfection due to Omicron
Kenya's government last week issued a directive that residents must show proof of vaccination by Dec. 21 to access services, making it one of the first countries in Africa to issue a vaccine mandate.
"We have ... been undertaking engagements with social partners and other stakeholders on introducing measures that make vaccination a condition for access to workplaces, public events, public transport and public establishments," Ramaphosa said in an address to the nation.
If the country does not consider the option of a vaccine mandate, it will "continue to be vulnerable to new variants and will continue to suffer new waves of infection", he said, adding that vulnerable people might also be offered booster shots.
But he said authorities would not be considering lockdown restrictions in Africa's most industrialized country for the time being.
Separately, Zambia's health minister Sylvia Maseko said the southern African nation would require public servants to be vaccinated to come to work, and that anyone seeking access to a government building will need to prove they have had the jab.
South Africa has seen a near-tripling of daily reported cases in the past week, mainly of the new Omicron variant first identified by South African virologists.
"If cases continue to climb, we can expect to enter a fourth wave of infections within the next few weeks, if not sooner," Ramaphosa warned.
Scientists have so far detected relatively few cases of the Omicron variant, mainly in South Africa but also in Botswana, Hong Kong and Israel. But they are worried by its high number of mutations, which have raised concerns that it could be more vaccine-resistant and transmissible.
A doctor who was amongst the first in the country to flag the possibility of a new variant said on Sunday however that its symptoms so far appeared to be mild and treatable at home.
South African officials are furious about a British ban on flights from southern African countries, which several other countries have copied. Many South Africans feel they are being punished for their transparency and hard work in keeping tabs on the way the virus is mutating.
In Sunday's address, the president slammed rich Western countries for their knee-jerk imposition of travel bans and urged them to reverse the actions.
"This is a clear and completely unjustified departure from the commitment that many of these countries made at the meeting of G20 countries in Rome last month," Ramaphosa said.
"The prohibition of travel is not informed by science, nor will it be effective in preventing the spread of this variant." (Additional reporting by Chris Mfula; Editing by Catherine Evans)
south africa,omicron,coronavirus,covid-19,world health organization,pandemic,Cyril Ramaphosa
Read More: south africa omicron coronavirus covid-19 world health organization pandemic Cyril Ramaphosa


Happy 75th Birthday, Henry Hudson Bridge!
The double-decker Henry Hudson Bridge, which links Manhattan to the Bronx, is 75 today! Originally designed for a casual jaunt in and out of the suburbs, the bridge became a thoroughfare once commuters started moving north. The Riverdale Public Library is celebrating the bridge's dodrascentennial (thanks, Google!) with a month-long exhibit featuring Depression-era photographs of the bridge's construction.
The entire lower level was replaced in 2010 as part of an $86 million rehabilitation project, along with the northern support structure and the pedestrian walkway. Another project will last three years and $33 million to replace the upper-level steel support structure.
The bridge has a daily traffic of 63,000 cars, and the current toll for the bridge costs $5, which means a lot of drivers would rather just take the free Broadway Bridge to the Bronx. For the commuters, though, the bridge is a vital part of the trip into the city, so on your way home today, wish it a happy 75th!


+running configure, to aid debugging if configure makes a mistake.
+Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
+warranty; not even for MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
+| #define PACKAGE_STRING "crystalspace 1.9"
+| /* Override any GCC internal prototype to avoid an error.
+cc1: error: unrecognized command line option "-framework"


text:
Rose City Rollers usurp flat track throne from Gotham Girls Roller Derby at WFTDA Championships
Anyone who follows women's flat track derby knows Gotham Girls Roller Derby are the New York Yankees of the sport. Winners of five of the first nine WFTDA Championships, Gotham Girls were heavy favorites to claim a sixth title this year in Saint Paul, Minnesota. But Portland-based Rose City Rollers had championship aspirations of their own…
In a rematch from last year's finals, Rose City ended Gotham's 67-game win streak in a thrilling bout last weekend that saw eight lead changes. Rose City trailed Gotham Girls by 24, before outscoring them by 35 points over the last five jams.
A photo posted by rosecityrollers (@rosecityrollers) on Nov 8, 2015 at 6:43pm PST
To advance to the finals, Rose City had to get by the No. 3 ranked London Rollergirls. London had tagged Rose City's All Star team, Wheels of Justice, with their only loss of the season back on August 8, by a score of 193-129.
Revenge was sweet for Rose City, as they prevailed 166-154 in a game that was not as close as the final score would suggest.
MVP SCALD EAGLE
2015 International WFTDA Championships MVP – Scald Eagle @rosecityrollers #WFTDAchamps
A photo posted by Women's Flat Track Derby Assoc (@wftda) on Nov 8, 2015 at 7:57pm PST
Rose City jammer Scald Eagle was named MVP of the 2015 WFTDA Championships, contributing a team-leading 133 points in the final against Gotham Girls. Last year's MVP Loren Mutch (Mutch Mayhem) added 44 points, while Jessica Rodriquez (Licker N Split) tallied 29.


Much of our sub-contracting work consists of oxyfuel-cut components. In our Messer oxyfuel cutting machine we are cutting plate up to 300mm. The cutting table take plates in dimensions up to 2000 x 6000mm.
The four burner heads provides cost efficient cutting when producing high volumes.
Our recently (2010) installed Messer Easytherm 4000 we cut with both oxyfuel and plasma. The Hyperherm plasma is capable of cutting up to 30mm of black-, aluminium- or stainless steel plates. The cutting table takes plates up to 2500 x 6000mm. Cutting can be done with the plate covered with water to reduce the thermal influence on the plate.
After cutting we can blast and/or stress-relieve anneal your components.


text:
Mozartkugel (z niem. kula Mozarta) – czekoladki w kształcie kuli, stworzone przez cukiernika Paula Fürsta w Salzburgu w 1890 roku i nazwane na cześć Wolfganga Amadeusa Mozarta jego nazwiskiem.

Początkowo nazywane były Mozartbonbon (cukierki Mozarta). Jedynie cukiernia Fürst sprzedaje oryginalne czekoladki, wszystkie inne są ich naśladownictwem.

Skład

 czekolada,
 mleko,
 cukier,
 marcepan,
 nugat,
 orzech laskowy.

Przypisy

Linki zewnętrzne

 Cukiernia Fürst Salzburg

Słodycze
Kuchnia austriacka
Salzburg
Turystyka w Austrii
Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart


text:
POLL: Should Rishi Sunak resign after latest police fine?
Dominic Raab said that by admitting he made an "inadvertent mistake", the Prime Minister has not thrown his promise of a premiership of "integrity" into disarray.
Sunak has come under fire after being handed a police fine for a second time, with critics accusing him of showing "the same disregard for the rules" as his predecessor in No 10, Boris Johnson.
Lancashire Constabulary on Friday announced it was fining the Prime Minister after he was spotted not wearing his seatbelt in an Instagram video filmed to promote levelling-up funding during a visit to Lancashire a day earlier.
Downing Street said Sunak "fully accepts this was a mistake and has apologised" and that he will "of course" pay the fine.
Deputy Prime Minister Raab told Sky News on Saturday: "Of course it shouldn't have happened.
"But I think, with these things, what people expect most of all is, you know, the individual concerned, whoever it may be, put their hand up, be honest about it, accept the mistake, pay the fine.
"And I think, look, given the circumstances, I don't think it's something which would result in his resignation."
READ MORE: Support for independence at 54%: what the latest polling tells us
Asked about Labour's claim that the episode made the Prime Minister a "laughing stock", Raab said: "I think you've got someone doing a very busy job – as many people do, so it's no excuse – who's made an inadvertent mistake. He's put his hand up, he's apologised for it."
The Justice Secretary, who is himself under investigation over bullying allegations, said it was "perfectly proper" for police to have looked into the seatbelt blunder, adding: "We wouldn't second-guess the role of the police in this."
Vote in our poll – what do you think?
A difficult week for Sunak
Sunak is the second prime minister in history, after Johnson, to be slapped with a police fine while in the top job.
The fine capped a tough week for Sunak, who was criticised for using a jet for a series of domestic trips and faced accusations that allocations of levelling-up funding were motivated by an attempt to shore up support in southern Tory seats.
He is also facing calls to sack Nadhim Zahawi as Tory party chairman after reports that he paid a penalty to HMRC as part of a multimillion-pound tax settlement.
Continue RKC Waalwijk – Go Ahead Eagles uncertain due to snow and ice
A 'quantum healer' speaks out from jail on his conviction in Toronto's largest, strangest gun and drugs case
NFL World Reacts To Brittany Mahomes' Message For Cincinnati Mayor
Canadian police chiefs speak out on death of Black man beaten by U.S. officers


text:
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text:
AMG rules out hypercar and hybrids
Daniel DeGasperi
Mercedes-Benz AMG has confirmed a successor to the SLS Gullwing and roadster exists, but it has ruled out building a more expensive hypercar to rival the LaFerrari, Porsche 918 and McLaren P1.
Rumours persist that Mercedes-Benz will replace the three-year-old SLS in 2015 with two separate models – a smaller coupe to fill the void between C63 coupe and SLS, and a larger, more expensive hyper-car.
"There are a lot of rumours," admitted AMG director of vehicle development Tobias Moers (below). "What I can confirm today is that the SLS is not a single-shoot story.
"It's not SLS runs for four years then no super-sports car from AMG."
But suggestions that AMG would produce a hypercar, potentially utilising hybrid power, were rejected.
"No hyper car from AMG," Moers responded "Not at all."
The development boss claims that the hypercar business is fragile, and although Mercedes-Benz has attempted to crack this segment before, he admits the AMG brand doesn't resonate with hypercar buyers the way other marques do.
"We have the same situation we had 10 years ago when the SLR came up … hypercars is a segment that is okay for Ferrari.
"Ferrari in the hyper-car segment is still a different brand than AMG. We have to be honest…"
The development boss did, however, leave the door open to a model to close the gap between C63 and SLS coupe models. "You're not wrong ... maybe," said Moers about the existance of such a gap.
Although AMG has ventured into producing its first four-cylinder model in the A45 AMG and CLA45 AMG, Moers ruled out using hybrid technology "in the mid-term future", confirming that AMG will instead rely on improving internal combustion engine technology and invest in lightweight materials to reduce consumption. Hybrid technology is currently used by Mercedes-Benz in the GLK-Class (above) and E-Class.
Citing the 6.9L/100km official combined fuel consumption of the A45 AMG, Moers added that it "shows what is possible in the performance engine segment if you have the right technology.
"We know there is a little bit more room to move with combustion [engine] technology in our segments."
Instead of investing in hybrid technology that AMG believes adds weight to the car, the performance division will instead push the greater use of lightweight construction materials in order to achieve "one of our goals … to be benchmark for fuel efficiency."
"We've changed AMG philosophy in the last ten years a lot," Moers continued, promising that lightweight materials will trickle down from its flagship SLS Black Series to other AMG models.
"We see the [SLS] Black Series, it's the first output of our strategy we started three years ago, for performance components and lightweight structures.
"You will see more results of that, and the combination and improvement of combustion engine technology and lightweight [materials]".
2015 Bathurst 12 Hour - The sights and sounds
Mercedes-Benz SLS AMG interstate supercar drive Video Review
Video: 2020 Mercedes-Benz GLB250 v 2020 Land Rover Discovery Sport P250 R-Dynamic SE
Video: 2020 Mercedes-Benz X350d review


text: BROOKVILLE — Woolery, Russell F., 83, of Brookville, passed away on Monday, January 3, 2022. Russ was born on March 26, 1938 and lived in Brookville his entire life. He was a graduate of Brookville High School class of 1957. He was an inductee into the Brookville High School Athletics Hall of Fame and strongly supported Blue Devil athletics through his final years. Russ retired from Fryman and Kuck Construction in 1998 and was known as a skilled brick and stone mason. An avid outdoorsman and fisherman, Russ spent many summers on Lake Erie and over 30 winters at Lake Okeechobee, Florida. He is survived by his wife of 65 years: Carol (Garber) Woolery, son and daughter-in-law: Jeffrey and Karyl Woolery, daughter and son-in-law: Lisa and Tim Hopkins, seven grandchildren, numerous great-grandchildren, two great-great-grandsons, aunt: Betty Adams, best friend: Dennis Schweigert, cousins, other relatives and friends. He was preceded in death by his parents: Floyd Russell and Leota Louise (Davis) Woolery, half-sister: Rachel Gilliam and beloved buddy: Tucker. A Celebration of Life will be held later this summer. If desired, memorial contributions may be made to the Brookville Athletic Department (1 Blue Pride Dr., Brookville, OH 45309), Crossroads Hospice (8069 Washington Village Dr., Dayton, OH 45458) or to the Montgomery County Animal Rescue Center (6790 Webster St., Dayton, OH 45414). The Kindred Funeral Home in Englewood is handling arrangements. Online condolences may be made to the family at www.KindredFuneralHome.com


text:
Q: How to use another int in a different class file java Hello i'm trying to make a game for my final project on school.  What i'm trying to do is have two files in one package using the same integers.
File one is setting the values
public class Scores {

int wins = 0;

int losses = 0;

int ties = 0;

    }

then in my second file i'm using them
     public void Stats(int wins) {

    String win1 = String.valueOf(wins);

    winOutput.setText("You have" + win1 + ".");

}

i'm still new to java and I can't seem to get this working. Thanks for the help!

A: You do not have to call a method getvalue its easier to write just
System.out.println("you have " + win1);

and it should run.

A: Remember that Java is object-oriented. The file Scores.java is not going to set any scores without being instantiated. You need to pass an instance of Scores (the Scores object) that you have created and used to the Stats(int) method.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


All On Focus: Turning 17.
my mood hasn't changed, still feeling quite low. Thanks eoin for cracking a few jokes, hope you'll become a successful waterpolo player. (whahaha!!) In about 1/2 hours time, I'll be no longer sweet 16. Not particularly excited, but very nervous. I don't know why, but I'm just nervous. No wish list and hopeful thoughts cause i know it'll lead to a disappointment. (i wanted to learn guitar, but till now... ) I just want to have a amazing harry potter movie and experience and enjoy the dinner after that as well. I thought of treating myself.... i just love haagen daze ice-cream! I must get them... (hint ...hint ...lol) and of course spending more time together studying and playing with my friends. My only wish is to enjoy myself a bit more and get really good grades in anything or EVERYTHING. (very desperate thought.) Now, I'm wondering loads of things... what more will happen tomorrow after a detailed schedule of my birthday? I wonder.
P.S: GREAT Thanks to the very photographically (is there such a word?) talented Xuyun for taking those photos!
Hey! Dont be blue! U 17 liao rite??!! Big boy! Wish I was only 17 too!! Heh heh! U're the only male scrapper i know and also the best! Keep up ur cheer!
Wow. LTC photos are finally up.


text:
Why North Korea's fleet of outdated submarines is still deadly
Eli Fuhrman ,
KCNA/Reuters
North Korea's fleet of submarines is one of its most threatening conventional military capabilities.
The subs are largely outdated and wouldn't match up well against their US or South Korean counterparts.
But they could still pose a significant challenge in war or through low-level military aggression.
Of all of North Korea's conventional military capabilities, the Korean People's Army (KPA) Navy's fleet of submarines stands out as one of the most threatening.
Like other elements of the KPA's military capabilities, its submarines are largely outdated and would not match up well against their South Korean counterparts.
Even so, North Korean submarines have the potential to pose a significant challenge in either a wartime scenario or as tools used for low-level military aggression or coercion.
According to the Department of Defense, North Korea operates one of the world's largest submarine fleets comprised of roughly 70 attack, midget, and coastal submarines.
That fleet is made up of primarily older, aging vessels including 40 Sang-O and Sang-O II-class coastal submarines, 20 Romeo-class submarines, and 20 Yugo and Yono-class mini-submarines. In addition, the KPA Navy currently operates a single Gorae-class ballistic missile submarine.
KCNA
North Korea is also believed to be developing a new ballistic-missile submarine capable of carrying up to three submarine-launched ballistic missiles.
The threat from North Korea's submarines stems less from the individual capabilities of its vessels and more from the overall capacity of the entire fleet, and in the event of a conflict, North Korea would likely employ a swarming tactic with its submarines.
At the start of a conflict, North Korea would likely deploy its submarines toward major South Korean ports and would use them to disrupt maritime traffic and trade, lay mines, and to attack enemy surface vessels.
The threat from North Korean submarines is compounded by environmental features in the waters off the Korean Peninsula, and in the East Sea in particular, that make anti-submarine warfare (ASW) challenging. The US and South Korea have taken steps to improve their ASW capabilities, while South Korea has also looked to purchase additional ASW platforms.
The biggest threat from North Korean submarines may come, however, from their potential use as tools of low-level military aggression or coercion.
North Korea has successfully used a submarine to sink a South Korean naval vessel in the past when in 2010 a torpedo fired from a North Korean submarine sank the ROK Navy corvette Cheonan, killing 46 South Korean sailors on board.
North Korea's submarines are also capable of being used as vehicles for the infiltration of North Korean special operations forces into South Korea.
The threat posed by North Korean submarines as tools for low-level aggression — as well as the potential for maritime provocations more generally — has led some analysts to advocate for a renewed focus on the part of the US-ROK alliance at strengthening maritime deterrence and preparedness.
Eli Fuhrman is an Assistant Researcher in Korean Studies at the Center for the National Interest and a current graduate student at Georgetown University's Security Studies Program, where he focuses on East Asian security issues and US foreign and defense policy in the region.
NOW WATCH: Here's how North Korea's Kim Jong Un became one of the world's scariest dictators
More: 19fortyfive News Contributor North Korea Kim Jong Un
North Korean navy
North Korean submarines


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a house that is not joined to any others. This is typically represented on a Certificate of Title as "fee simple".
a single fully self-contained unit in a retirement village.
a house that is joined to another by either one wall (semi-detached) or by two side walls, that is one of a line of houses that generally have the same exterior appearance (terrace). The dwelling may be more than one storey, but is not joined to another dwelling either above or below.
a fully self-contained house that is contained within part of a building, typically part of a small block or as the result of converting a larger house into multiple flats or units.
a house that is part of a building containing multiple dwellings and more than three storeys high. An apartment building may be either solely residential or could have some commercial (retail or office) occupancy.
a house that is rented on a room-by-room basis typically with shared kitchen, bathing and laundry facilities. Also includes houses rented for short-term periods (e.g. periods of less than 30 days).
brickwork over a wooden or metal framing. Includes Oamaru and Summerhill stone.
For anything that doesn't fit within these categories, use the one from which the majority of the roof is made.
If you are unsure, please enter the approximate year.
This should also include an allowance for demolition, professional fees associated with rebuilding your home, and inflation during the policy period and reconstruction.
This policy excludes any part of the home that is used for business or commercial purposes. If the house is used as a residential rental property with no other business use select Yes.
Present value is the market value of the home excluding the value of the land.
Present value is the reasonable cost to repair or replace an item in New Zealand that is of comparable age, quality and capability, and is in the same general condition.
If you, your partner or spouse have one or more other policy types with AMI you may qualify for a multisaver discount.
mirrors permanently fixed to your house.
A Code Compliance Certificate confirms that the project has been completed in line with the consented plans and to the requirements of the New Zealand Building Code. Following a satisfactory final inspection it is issued by the council that gave the original consent for the building project.
the home is lived in by a person or people other than the owner (the insured) as their place of residence, whether rent is paid or not.
lived in by family members or employees of the insured.
Present value is the value of an item immediately before the loss or damage occurred, taking into account wear and tear and depreciation.