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Numbers 11:1-3 — General Complaining About Hard Times
AGAINST THE BACKDROP OF FAITHFUL PROVIDENTIAL CARE, GOD'S PEOPLE RESPOND TO THE PRESSURE OF ADVERSITY WITH GRUMBLING AND COMPLAINING THAT BRING SEVERE DISCIPLINE
This more general introduction to the repeated theme of grumbling and complaining marks the beginning of the second main section of the book of Numbers. The tone has dramatically switched from that of preparation to triumphantly embark on the march to conquest the Promised Land to that of immature and rebellious reaction to difficult days on the journey. The severe reaction of the Lord highlights the significance of the sin of grumbling and complaining.
Brueggemann: So far in Numbers we have seen nothing but expressions of agreement with God's direction, obedience, and a high sense of expectancy. But the first three verses of chapter 11 introduce elements that were to become regular features of the subsequent wilderness experience:
(1) complaint (11:4–5; 12:1–2; 14:1–4; 16:1–3, 41; 20:3–5; 21:5);
(2) divine punishment (11:33; 12:9–10; 14:20–37; 16:32, 45–49; 17:10–13; 21:6);
(3) Moses's intercession, which brings a measure of relief (11:2; 12:13; 16:22, 46–49; 21:7); and
(4) memorializing the incident by giving a name to the site (11:34; 20:13; cf. Exod 15:23; 17:7).
Complaints had been tolerated earlier (Exod 15:24; 16:2; 17:3), but henceforth God would judge it (11:4, 19, 33; 14:2; 16:3; 20:3; 21:5), and that would require Moses's intercession. First, the people grumbled about general conditions (11:1–3), then troublemakers carped about their reliable—and therefore repetitious—diet of manna (11:4–9). Moses chimed in, moaning about his impossible responsibilities (11:10–15). Miriam and Aaron protested Moses's prophetic leadership (12:1–16). Sniveling reached an unforgivable crescendo when the people rejected not only their daily provisions but even their very salvation in the Promised Land (14:1–4). It continued with Korah's anarchy (ch 16).
Dennis Cole: The initial rebellious incident cited in the text sets the stage and pattern for the successive acts of sedition. As noted previously, this method of introducing a section with a formative case is typical of the Book of Numbers and other Pentateuchal texts. . .
In the Book of Numbers this action constitutes a shift in the structural and theological movement of the book from one of unity, faithfulness, holiness, and celebration to one of discord, rebellion, and dissatisfaction with who they were as the people of the covenant. The text translates literally "and so the people became like those murmuring evil in the ears of Yahweh." God had promised goodness and blessing; the people responded with rebellious complaints.
David Guzik: Israel, having been ordered, organized, cleansed, separated, blessed, taught how to give, reminded of God's deliverance, given God's presence, and the tools to advance to the Promised Land, is now on the march to Canaan—and immediately, the people complained. How can it be that a nation so blessed can still complain? God had done so much in and for Israel; yet they still murmur against Him. Of course, their circumstances were not easy—but what sin it is for them to complain against God, wiping out the spirit of gratitude in their hearts!
Ronald Allen: There is a cyclical nature to Israel's rebellions against God; obdurate people tend to repeat the sins of the past. . . The narrator of Numbers has arranged his materials so carefully that this sudden outbreak of renewed pettiness against God seems unprecedented, unexpected – unbelievable. How, we wonder, with all the preparation for a holy walk, could there come such stumbling so soon?
I. (:1a) GOD HEARS OUR COMPLAINING WHEN WE FAIL THE TEST OF ADVERSITY
"Now the people became like those who complain of adversity
in the hearing of the LORD;"
Due to sin, mankind is quick to respond to difficulty with unbelief and an unthankful heart and rebellion.
A. Adversity Will Come as a Test from the Lord – Expect Hard Times
Gordon Wenham: Leaving the relative fertility of the area around Mount Sinai, the Israelites soon found themselves in the most inhospitable desert of Et-Tih, and they began to complain. A modern traveler would sympathize. But the biblical writers did not (cf. Deut. 9:22; Ps. 78:17ff.). For them the complaints of Israel were proof of national rebelliousness and unbelief.
Raymond Brown: They whined first about the everyday hardships of their desert journey. It was exactly the same when they left Egypt a year earlier. They had been on the desert highway for only three days when they began moaning about their troubles. All of them had suffered immense hardships in Egypt, and a few days' discomfort in the blazing sun could hardly be compared with the 400 years of agony they and their people had suffered under cruel oppressors. Surely they did not imagine that the journey would be effortless! Everything in life that is worth anything demands training, discipline, struggle and sacrifice. Little of value is achieved without pain.
Believers, of all people, must expect some element of costliness in the Christian life. All the main characters of the Bible had to cope with adversities of one kind or another.
If only those Israelites could have seen that those tough days in the bleak desert were God's training days, encouraging them to believe that, having delivered them from their Egyptian captors, he would go on to deliver them from their malevolent moods, ungrateful attitudes and churlish dissatisfaction!
The pilgrims never forgot the place where they whined about their difficulties. The scene of complaint became the arena of judgment. Unchecked fire (perhaps the result of lightning) was a terrifying prospect for a camping community. Reflecting on the event later, they called the place Taberah ('burning'), because fire from the LORD had burned among them (3). But they did not learn from the grim lessons of experience.
Eugene Merrill: The reference to His hearing them is anthropomorphic language used, no doubt, to suggest that their complaining was not inward and quiet. Indeed, it was so loud it reached the very heavens!
Harrison: Quite probably the people were fatigued after their experience of marching for three days. The euphoria of the Sinai experience was now being put to practical test, and the Israelites discovered, like many saints since that time, that the "mountain-top" experience is not infrequently followed by a sojourn in an emotional and spiritual "valley." Their complaints are not specified in the MT, but the fact that they even indulged in such ungrateful behavior shows how superficial was their thankfulness to God for His mighty deliverance from Egypt, and how little was their faith in Him as provider and in Moses as His appointed leader.
B. Complaining Dishonors the Character of God – Choose Contentment
1. His Covenant Love and Compassion
2. His Faithfulness and Providential Care
J. Ligon Duncan: Whenever we complain of our circumstances, we are denying God's providence over us.
2. His Justice and Fair Treatment
3. His Wisdom and Divine Plan for Our Lives
David Thompson: It is interesting that the only other place this word is used is in Lamentations 3:39. In Lamentations 3:39 the meaning is why should a man complain about anything in view of all of his sins.
Gordon Keddie: "A murmuring spirit," said Jeremiah Burroughs, "is the evil of the evil and the misery of the misery." What the great English Puritan meant was that, however grievous the affliction which has come upon us might be, a "murmuring heart within . . . is more grievous." Why more grievous? Because it denies the attitude of faith, trust, gratitude and dependence upon the Lord which ought to characterize the Christian. It therefore brings to any problem, real or imagined, a disposition to be frustrated, angry, bitter, fault-finding and recriminating, with the inevitable result that far from being resolved, the difficulty becomes further fuel for the fires of discontent in that person's innermost being. It is the antithesis of the peace that God gives to his people, the denial of the grace-filled lordship of Christ over all of our life and withdrawal from the healing power of gospel grace.
C. Complaining (in Heart or Tongue) is Never Hidden from the Lord
II. (:1b) GOD HATES OUR COMPLAINING AND RESPONDS IN ANGER
A. Divine Response of Anger
"and when the LORD heard it, His anger was kindled,"
Greg Allen: And as we see from these first few verses, God heard the complaints of His people. They may have thought that they could complain and 'humph!' outside of God's earshot; but He heard every grumble. And we also see that it displeased Him. It aroused His anger. Each time they had complained in the past, He had answered their complaints graciously. And each time He answered, they should have learned the lesson. And now, with each new complaint that He hears from them, He grows increasingly angry with them.
Robert Rayburn: Why is grumbling so serious a sin, so deadly a sin? Because it is the evidence of unbelief. We are going to discover that the largest part of the nation of Israel was in fact an unbelieving people. That will become dismally clear in the next few chapters of Numbers. But already the handwriting is on the wall. Already the evidence is mounting that Israel does not have a living confidence in the Lord, does not love him, does not trust him to fulfill the promises he made to her, and is not willing to keep his commandments in the confidence that his commandments are good and right and in the confidence that their happiness lies in submission to the Lord. And the evidence of that, the proof of that is her readiness to grumble and to complain. Grumbling is a form of unbelief and the act of an unbeliever. It is nothing less, as we read in v. 20 than rejecting God! That is what makes it so serious and why God judges it so severely.
B. Discipline of Consuming Fire
"and the fire of the LORD burned among them
and consumed some of the outskirts of the camp."
Iain Duguid: The grumbling started with "the rabble," the riff-raff ( hāsapsup ), who lived on the fringe of the camp (v. 4 ). This is the mixed multitude of all nationalities who came out of Egypt with God's people but had never fully assimilated and taken on
Israel's values and standards. The grumbling then spread from the riff-raff to infect the rest of the Israelites (v. 4).
Timothy Ashley: Fire is a common biblical image for God's presence, as at the burning bush (Exod. 3:2) or at Mt. Sinai (19:18), and especially common as an image for God's judgment. A further contrast here is between the fire of God used for divine guidance (as in the fiery pillar, e.g., Num. 9:15–16) and the fire of God used for judgment, as here. Since the fire led to the naming of the place as "the burning place" (Taberah), and since the fire is said to have consumed part of the camp, it is better to take this judgment as literal fire rather than as a metaphor for some other divine punishment.
Dennis Cole: The Lord was merciful in sending his purging fire only to the perimeter of the Israelite camp. Many could have been consumed had the judgment been meted out in the midst of the encampment. The outskirts of the camp were where uncleanness and ceremonial impurity were relegated. A judgment of fire from the Lord often comes by means of lightning, though the mode of igniting the fire is not specified. This form of judgment parallels that meted out against Nadab and Abihu (Lev 10:1–3), though that fire came out from the midst of the tabernacle.
III. (:2) GOD HALTS HIS DISCIPLINE WHEN INTERCESSION IS EFFECTUAL
A. Appeal to the Mediator
"The people therefore cried out to Moses,"
B. Effectual Intercession
"and Moses prayed to the LORD,"
Iain Duguid: This cameo scene shows us that what is at stake in this chapter is not just the sin of grumbling. It is also the role of Moses as a prophet. An important part of the work of a prophet in Old Testament times was to intercede for the people. On the day when the Lord's judgment was about to be poured out on his people, it was the prophet's calling to stand between the people and their God, averting God's wrath by intercessory prayer. This was hard and dangerous work, a task compared to standing in the breached wall of a besieged city, the most dangerous position in an assault (see Ezekiel 13:5; 22:30). Yet without faithful prophets, the people's future would be bleak indeed. As the archetypal prophet, the pattern after whom all other prophets were framed (see Deuteronomy 18:15), Moses had both the ability and obligation to approach God and intercede for the people. This is exactly what he did at Taberah.
C. Divine Relief
"and the fire died out."
Ronald Allen: In the midst of his wrath, the Lord remembers mercy. This is one of the ongoing themes of Scripture and is a particular truism in the Book of Numbers. The people truly deserve God's considerable wrath. But the survivors of this outburst of his anger cry out to Moses for help in their behalf before the Lord. Moses prays, and the fire subsides. The Hebrew verb is saqa, a word meaning "to sink down,' a particularly picturesque term for the dying out of a raging fire. . .
Chapters 11–20 present a dismal record of their acts of ingratitude and of God's consequent judgments on his ungrateful people. Yet within these chapters are innumerable instances of his continuing grace. The reader of these texts goes astray if he or she focuses solely on God's wrath or on the constant provocations to his anger by his meandering people. The more impressive feature in this text is God's continuing mercy against continuing, obdurate rebellion
(:3) EPILOGUE –- REMEMBER THE CONSEQUENCES OF COMPLAINING
"So the name of that place was called Taberah,
because the fire of the LORD burned among them."
Complaining is not some minor, insignificant sin
Look at the cycle of sin and deliverance presented in the Book of Judges – without some type of memorial, it is too easy to forget past failures and repeat the same type of sin that leads to severe judgment.
Dennis Cole: The place was memorialized as Taberah ("burning" or "it [the fire] burns") because the fire of Yahweh had burned the outskirts of the camp in judgment against his people. The site is mentioned again only in Deut 9:22, in the context of Moses' recounting the history of Israel's unfaithfulness in a challenge to the people to fear the Lord and to obey, serve, and love him (Deut 10:12–13). Taberah is omitted in the journey itinerary of Numbers 33:16–17, perhaps being subsumed under the heading of Kibroth Hattaavah in the subsequent context.


9780300179835 | Yale Univ Pr, February 19, 2013, cover price $45.00 | About this edition: Joseph Pulitzer Jr.
9781616890674 | Princeton Architectural Pr, September 5, 2012, cover price $29.95 | About this edition: In this age of emails, texts, and instant messages, receiving a letter has become a rare treat.
9780300111446 | Harvard Univ Art Museum, September 10, 2005, cover price $19.95 | About this edition: This handsomely illustrated book presents more than seventy paintings, drawings, prints, photographs, and sculptures by Edgar Degas (1834–1917) in Harvard University's collections—one of the most important holdings of the artist's work in the United States.
9780300096941 | Yale Univ Pr, October 1, 2002, cover price $60.00 | About this edition: Lois Orswell (1904-1998) was a pioneering collector of abstract expressionist art and modern sculpture.
9781891771231 | Harvard Univ Art Museum, September 1, 2002, cover price $22.01 | About this edition: Lois Orswell (1904-1998) was a pioneering collector of abstract expressionist art and modern sculpture.
9789053562437 | Amsterdam Univ Pr, June 1, 1997, cover price $131.50 | About this edition: This long awaited English edition of Manuale per la conservazione e il restauro di disegni e stampe antichi (1991) offers a clear and complete manual for the preservation and conservation of old master prints and drawings.
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Product Description: From 3,500 prints in albums assembled in Paris 300 years ago. Complete works of major printmakers.
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Product Description: Book by Cohn, Marjorie B.
9780916724603 | Wm Hays Fogg Art Museum, October 17, 1986, cover price $15.95 | About this edition: Book by Cohn, Marjorie B.


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Home International News France offers to mediate in north Syria
France offers to mediate in north Syria
France has offered to mediate in the conflict in northern Syria, where Turkey launched a military offensive against Kurdish fighters in January.
Ankara is battling to drive out the Kurdish YPG militia, which it sees as an extension of the banned Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK).
President Emmanuel Macron met members of the Kurdish-dominated Syrian Democratic Forces, including the YPG.
Mr Macron expressed hopes for dialogue between Turkey and the militia.
His office said he had "paid tribute to the sacrifices and the determining role" of the Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF) in the fight against the Islamic State (IS) group.
France has suffered a series of deadly terror attacks claimed by IS in recent years, including the Paris attacks which killed 130 people in 2015.
Just a week ago, an IS sympathiser killed three people in a rampage in southern France, including a police officer who died after swapping places with a hostage.
Why does France back the SDF?
The SDF is a key US ally in the fight against IS and the Kurdish YPG forms a core part of it.
France and the US have given the militia weapons and training to support its battle against IS.
The US also backs the YPG's assertion that it has no direct organisational links to the PKK, which Turkey calls a terror group.
The president said France would support the "stabilisation" of the security zone in north-east Syria to stop IS regaining strength.
Kurdish officials said Mr Macron had committed himself to sending more troops to the area but Paris declined to comment on that.
How dangerous is the conflict in northern Syria?
Earlier this month Turkey ousted Kurdish fighters from the Syrian-Kurdish city of Afrin. Activists said 280 civilians had been killed, although this was denied by Ankara.
As many as a quarter of a million civilians are said to have fled the city.
Turkey has since threatened to attack the SDF-controlled town of Manbij, which was taken from IS in 2016 – and where the US has stationed troops.
The Turkish national security council issued an ultimatum on Wednesday, saying it would act if Kurdish fighters did not leave immediately.
Sebastian Usher, Middle East Editor for the BBC World Service, says the US dimension to the conflict does not appear to have been resolved as yet.
There is no sign that American troops have pulled back from Manbij, where they helped the SDF in its successful campaign against IS, our correspondent reports.
gracemaina
Kurdish fighters
Kurdish PKK rebels
Syrian Democratic Forces

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Seven tips for handling a potential royal scandal
January 13, 2015 by Christine Smart
Has the Palace spoken too soon in the case of Prince Andrew and claims. which he denies, that he once slept with an underage girl? Here are seven tips for handling a potential royal scandal.
Think twice before denying claims outright and seek allies, advises Christine Smart
1. Think twice before denying claims outright
From a PR perspective, organisations or individuals seeking to protect their reputations should think twice before denying claims outright, unless they are 100 per cent confident that the statement will not be disproved at a later date. Ultimately, it is better to be seen as an honest Joe who simply got wrapped up in an unfortunate set of circumstances than someone who will blatantly lie to the world without a second thought. The latter would cause more lasting damage to your reputation.
2. Get a good lawyer and be prepared to ride it out
Revelations of this type can take months, if not years, to unravel. In this case, there could be more revelations to come as Victoria Roberts has promised to write a 'tell-all' book. Considered and careful legal intervention will be essential if the Duke of York is going to succeed in keeping his name out of the publication.
3. Avoid commenting on speculation and stick to the facts
The latest news stories suggest that Prince Andrew was among the influential people who voiced their support for Jeffrey Epstein, during another recent US court case against him, which resulted in Epstein's conviction for soliciting underage prostitutes. The fact that a court order has declared these documents 'confidential' means that we will never know what Prince Andrew did or did not say in support of his friend. The Palace is right to avoid commenting on this.
4. Consider telling your story in your own words
The secrecy surrounding the prince's association with Epstein is not helpful and will fuel speculation rather than quash it. So perhaps the Palace should consider creating an opportunity for Prince Andrew to tell his story in his own way to a sympathetic media ear. This kind of controlled media interview where questions are agreed upfront and content controls negotiated could help to set the record straight, but legal constraints may apply.
5. Prompt action is better than doing nothing
Prince Andrew has reacted to the situation quickly and appropriately by breaking his skiing trip to Switzerland and is now back in Britain. This was a wise move and is a sign that he is taking the matter seriously. What he chooses to do next is critical. He will need to make a statement of some description and acknowledge the serious nature of the allegations against him. The denials from the Palace were certainly speedy and more credible for that, but at some stage the British public will want to hear from Andrew himself.
6. Seek allies
It is always a good idea to look for allies in a crisis and in this case it seems the prince may have turned to his ex-wife, Sarah Ferguson. She has recently spoken out in support of her ex-husband, describing him as the 'best man in Britain'. This will help to balance out some of the negative media reporting.
7. Stay positive and plan your comeback
For those in the public eye, the court of public opinion can be a hard place to seek solace. Those involved need to stay positive. If the Duke of York is concerned that his reputation and the reputation of the royal family has been irrevocably damaged by his association with Epstein, he should take heart. If Prince Harry can rebound from being 'public enemy number one' when he dressed up as a Nazi at a costume party, to become a national hero thanks to his charity work, perhaps Andrew could take some lessons from him?
Christine Smart is a senior consultant at Smarts Illuminate
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Spanning the personal-computing, optical-storage, and consumer-electronics industries, the DVD+RW Alliance is responsible for creating a pair of DVD formats that compete directly with standards developed by the DVD Forum. Despite the power of the Alliance's major players, which include heavy hitters like Hewlett-Packard, Philips, and Sony, the consortium is widely considered an underdog in the DVD format wars. But this is hardly obvious when you tour the Alliance's outstanding Web site, which does a terrific job of presenting technical data and specifications, competitive analyses, white papers, and press releases about the DVD+R and DVD+RW formats. By the time you're done, you may be convinced that DVD+ is the only choice.


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Q: Bulletproof seeding of random generators to ensure computational reproducibility in Python My intention is to create a guideline on how to do reproducible computations in Python (if possible, regardless the environment, the operating system, etc.). However the issue of generating random numbers keeps coming back to my mind. I am struggling to find a bulletproof way (if there is one).
Standard way how to make the output of random generators reproducible is to use
import random
random.seed()

As far as I know, the automatic choice of the seed is dependent on the system. (See random.seed's documentation in Python.)
A better way is therefore to use specific number to seed the generator.
import random
random.seed(0)

However, there are libraries that does not use built-in random but rather use numpy.random. Therefore you also need to seed numpy's generator.
import numpy
numpy.random.seed(0)

Built-in random works as a singleton and I suppose numpy.random works the same way. It means that you set the seed once and then it is used everywhere.
I would like to create a code snippet which you could use at the beginning of your code and which would ensure the computational reproducibility in terms of random generators.
Is there any better way then combining both generators and setting both seeds and possibly even keeping the reproducibility across operating systems?
And are you familiar with any widely used pseudo-random generators that should be added to built-in random and to numpy random generators in order to make the snippet as general as possible?

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Mercedes-Benz has today announced an all-new nomenclature set to be introduced on its 2015 model year cars.
The main hierarchy is based around a 'core' model range, which includes the A-Class, B-Class, the C-Class, the E-Class and the S-Class.
To supplement these models there will be SUV (or off-roader style) cars called the G-Class, the GLS (replacing the GL-Class), the GLE (replacing ML-Class), the GLC (replacing the GLK we don't currently get in the UK) and including the GLA we already know about.
You'll also have the option of a Coupe four-door version of some core models. We already know about the CLS, CLS Shooting Brake and CLA models.
Finally, roadster cars will come under the SL heading. This means the SL-Class is joined by the SLC, which we have in the past referred to as SLK.
The firm is also taking this opportunity to tidy up its naming strategy for engine and powertrain information. Where the current range refers to all sorts of drawn-out nomenclature such as Bluetec, E-Cell and plug-in hybrid, things are set to be radically simplified for 2015.
It'll be as simple as this: if you see a 'd' on the boot, the car is a diesel. This replaces CDI and Bluetec badging. Examples are E 350d or GLA 200d.
If the car has an 'h' on the boot, it's a hybrid. This could be petrol or diesel combined with electric – the former would be a 400h while the latter would be a 300h.
A little 'e' means the car is either fully electric or a plug-in hybrid vehicle.
Drivers on the continent may also spot 'c' (for compressed natural gas) or 'f' fuel cell cars, but we're not expecting those in the UK at this point.
In other news, Mercedes-Benz will now introduce a pair of sub-brands with which to differentiate its performance and ultra-prestige cars.
The high-performance cars will now be known as Mercedes-AMG models, starting with the Mercedes-AMG GT sports car.
At the other end of the scale you've got Mercedes-Maybach. This is a resurgence for the Maybach brand, which we saw before as a stand-alone marque offering supreme comfort at a supremely high price. This time it's a sub-brand, kicking off with a modified S-Class built for those who demand something that little bit more special. Considering the massive success the S-Class has become, selling over 100,000 units, we can definitely see a space in the market for such cars.
Now, Mercedes-Maybach will return next week – unveiled in LA and China simultaneously with a highly customisable V12-powered S 600. This represents the very best of what's on offer from the German brand right now, buyers getting full access to a 'Personal Liaison Manager' who can guide you through the design and customisation process. They'll even be on call at weekends to cater to your every whim.
The cars will be built in the same facility as the current S-Class but use longer bodies for more interior space. Pricing is due to be announced on December 18, but don't expect such a huge gulf between Mercedes-Maybach models and current S-Classes. We'd guess between £10-15,000 as a starter for ten, but you'll have to wait for the official pricing to be unveiled just before Christmas.
We've had a sneak-peak, and though our cameras were confiscated, we can report there's a surprisingly small level of Maybach branding on the car. It's clear that Mercedes is the dominant force here, this being a special version of the S-Class rather than a new car in its own right. The three-pointed star still adorns the front grille, steering wheel, sills and boot lid. Maybach branding appears on the seating, the bootlid and the C-pillar (behind the rear windows) only, as far as we can see.
To find out more about these new models, keep an eye out for the full Parkers reviews as the model ranges are rejuvenated.


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Honolulu Zoo will name a worm after your ex and feed …
Tagovailoa parents express gratitude, optimism for …
No. 1 Hawaii men's volleyball sweeps Belmont Abbey
FILE – In this Oct. 2, 2020 file photo, a woman walks into the international airport in Honolulu. (AP Photo/Caleb Jones, File)
Travelers to Hawaii should follow these tips to prepare for busy summer season
by: Chelsee Yee
Posted: Apr 9, 2021 / 01:38 PM HST
Updated: Apr 9, 2021 / 01:49 PM HST
HONOLULU (KHON2) — The Hawaii Department of Transportation (HDOT) is encouraging everyone planning to fly into or from Hawaii's airports to prepare for a busy summer travel season.
There's currently an average of 20,906 passengers arriving daily, which is approximately 70% of pre-COVID-19 numbers, according to preliminary visitor statistics.
Given the current trends, HDOT recommends departing travelers to follow these tips:
Arrive more than two hours before your flight departure.
Consider checking your luggage. Reducing the number of carry-on bags and personal items that need to be screened through the security checkpoint saves a lot of time for everyone.
Be prepared for the screening process. Don't bring prohibited items to the security checkpoint. Download the myTSA app and use the "Can I Bring?" feature to find out whether an item is allowed in your carry-on luggage or if it needs to be checked in.
Take these steps to bypass Hawaii's 10-day quarantine
A significant increase in travel is expected over the summer at the Daniel K. Inouye International Airport (HNL), Kahului Airport, Ellison Onizuka Kona International Airport at Keahole, Hilo International Airport, and Lῑhuʻe Airport.
Travelers are encouraged to plan ahead if they will be making trips through these airports, especially during the peak times between 10 a.m. and 3 p.m.
Those leaving Honolulu are also reminded that they may use any of the available TSA checkpoints throughout the airport, regardless of their airline or gate. If one checkpoint has a long line, it may be better to go to the next one available. Click here for a map of the checkpoints.
Hawaii is open for business: Places to visit during the COVID-19 pandemic
Remember there is a statewide mask mandate requiring everyone age five and up to wear a face covering. The mask mandate applies regardless if a traveler has been vaccinated.
HDOT continues to offer hand sanitizing stations for use within airport terminals.
Sentenced to life in prison for Maui murder case
Hawaii Crime / 11 hours ago


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Q: Apache - Serve all files in subdirectories My server acts as a personal file share. I would like to set up a folder, _misc, which contains random files. Further, I need extra folders inside _misc to act as categories for files. What I've been trying to do these last couple nights is configure it in such a way that all files within _misc and it's subfolders can be accessed from the domain root.
Examples:
www.example.com/_misc/chatlog.txt
www.example.com/_misc/food/burgers.jpg
www.example.com/_misc/sounds/soundclip.mp3

Can all be accessed as:
www.example.com/chatlog.txt
www.example.com/burgers.jpg
www.example.com/soundclip.mp3

As well, I need the rest of the file system to be served as normal. I have other files in the root that I will keep, as well as a few Wordpress sites and auth folders and just general server related stuff.
I tried to use alias, which could almost work. I don't mind configuring each folder inside of _misc, since there's <12. However I don't think alias allows multiple calls to "/" and it also redirects the actual "/" to "_misc".
mod_rewrite could almost work if it would allow me to use regex on the directory side.
I am a programmer, my last resort is using an external program for mod_rewrite which can scan _misc and return the actual path for the requested file. I'm not sure how well this is going to work out though.
Any other ideas? Thanks.

A: You can use the following, untested, mod_rewrite rewriterules. Please note that this is potentially taxing on the server, because for every request that is made to the server, a lot of subrequests are done to check if files exist on the server. As a result, the server is likely unable to serve as many requests/minute as it otherwise could. The environment variable trick is there to prevent even more requests to be made.
If you can, use this in httpd.conf instead of .htaccess.
RewriteCond %{REQUEST_FILENAME} !-f
RewriteRule ^ - [E=notfound:1]

RewriteCond %{ENV:notfound} =1
RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/_misc/$1 -f
RewriteRule ^([^/]+)$ /_misc/$1 [L,E=!notfound]

RewriteCond %{ENV:notfound} =1
RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/_misc/food/$1 -f
RewriteRule ^([^/]+)$ /_misc/food/$1 [L,E=!notfound]

RewriteCond %{ENV:notfound} =1
RewriteCond %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}/_misc/sounds/$1 -f
RewriteRule ^([^/]+)$ /_misc/sounds/$1 [L,E=!notfound]

I am unsure if %{DOCUMENT_ROOT} contains a trailing slash or not. You might need to write it as %{DOCUMENT_ROOT}_misc instead.


Fantastic selection of used medical equipment in San Diego. Harmony Home Medical has a great selection of lightly used medical equipment. We have used wheelchairs, used power chairs, used hospital beds, used walkers, and other various used medical supplies in San Diego. This medical equipment is in great condition and can save you money. Get a high quality used wheelchair cheaper than you can get a clunker from Amazon. The product on this page is only some of what we have in stock, it constanlty changes so you must come in to see all the available used medical supplies. Come into our showroom in San Diego today!
Examples of the Used Medical Equipment- Stock Varies Weekly and we carry more than shown here.
Selling your used medical equipment? We are buying, call or come in today!
Harmony Home Medical's selection of used medical equipment is in great condition. We do not sell beat up used equipment and carry only quality supplies so you can get huge savings on next to new medical supplies. Come in to see for yourself, you can find great items such as used wheelchairs or walkers for cheaper than internet prices!


How many stars would you rate Forecast Machinery?
For all your earthmoving and construction equipment repair needs, head into Yarrawonga's Forecast Machinery.
At Forecast Machinery we have a wealth of industry knowledge having worked around anything that can lift, pull, dig, vibrate, compact and carry.
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Let us add value to your repairs with the benefit of in-house hydraulic hose repairs. As well as cylinder rebuilds, we hold an arc refrigerant handling and trading license so we can check your air con whilst your earthmoving gear is in for a service.
For all your construction and earthmoving equipment needs head into Yarrawonga's Forecast Machinery, give us a call today!


Heading into the Raiders' Week 4 game with the Browns, I questioned if the Derek Carr's early season struggles — or, more specifically, the mixed messages coming from Jon Gruden about his quarterback's play — were an example of the to-be-expected growing pains of a new offense or a harbinger of bad things to come.
His struggles in the first three weeks were simply the challenges of adapting to a new offense.
But the Raiders' quarterback isn't struggling anymore.
Carr looked downright fantastic in the Raiders' first win of the season Sunday. He was a quarterback in full control of Gruden's offense, but he also took the big-play opportunities that were presented in the contest. He found the mesh point between smart, conservative play and explosive aggression.
He looked every bit like a $125 million quarterback.
Much has been made of Carr's late-game play Sunday, and for good reason, but it was his overall performance that most impressed me. Yes, the comeback effort harkened back to his magical 2016 season, but if you watched, for four quarters, you saw a quarterback that prodded the imagination, reminding every one of his elite level of arm talent and playmaking ability.
It was the kind of performance that could convert even a dyed-in-the-wool Derek Carr skeptic, like me.
Yes, it was just one game, and yes, it was against the Browns (that still means something around these parts), but I'm buying stock in Carr as we start Week 5.
That said, Carr was not perfect on Sunday — he threw two interceptions against Cleveland that were downright indefensible (and not in a good way). Those throws showed that there's still room for improvement for No. 4.
In fact, the difference between Carr's bad throws and his good throws (there were significantly more of the latter) is painfully obvious. So obvious that a big part of me presumes you've already noticed.
When Carr steps into his throws — and this year he's really stepping into his throws — he looks like an All-Pro quarterback.
When he doesn't step into his throws — either because of a lack of pocket poise or legitimate pass-rush pressure (or both) — his ball floats and is eminently interceptable.
Such a distinction, of course, doesn't make Carr special — that's the rap on most quarterbacks and something they emphasize starting in Pop Warner. But in the game against the Browns, it was incredible how pronounced the difference between Carr's back-foot, no-balance floaters and his front-foot missiles were.
Notice how the ball floats. Notice how he's generally inaccurate. These are missed opportunities at best and game-changing mistakes, at worst.
Now, to be fair, Carr had a few floater throws that worked out against the Browns — plays where he flipped the ball over a linebacker or an oncoming rusher and was able to find a receiver. But those throws from the clip above? Those are asking for trouble.
Poor pocket poise and lacking field awareness have always been Carr's top issues, and many of those bad throws can be attributed to just that.
Now that's a quarterback. Check out that howitzer.
The touchdown pass to Jordy Nelson (22 seconds into the video above), where he split the coverage with a fastball, was a tremendous example of Carr at his best.
It reminded me, once again, of this clip of Brett Favre from Gruden's "QB Camp" show.
That touchdown to Nelson was a "javelin, Goose Gossage ball" for sure.
Here are two other examples of Carr at his best — stepping into the throw and letting it rip.
On this throw, Carr isn't able to step up, rev back, and really fire it at Cook to tie the game, but he certainly finishes on his front foot, with his momentum coming forward. He's throwing downhill, and because of that, the perfectly-placed ball gets to Cook before the late-breaking coverage.
And a little earlier in the game, Carr threw a touchdown to Cook that should be shown to the quarterback before every series. This is a throw only a handful of quarterbacks in the NFL should make.
Here's another angle of the touchdown. What an arm.
How can throws like those not be the main takeaway of Sunday's game?
How can you not be excited about a quarterback who can do stuff like that?
In football, as in life, confidence is everything, and when Carr is stepping into throws like he did Sunday, it's impossible to say that his confidence — which has overtly ebbed and flowed over the last two seasons — isn't in a great place.
And with that being the (presumed) case I wouldn't be surprised if he strings together a few more weeks of stellar, MVP-caliber play.
I'll tell you this: a three-or-four game stretch like that couldn't come at a better time for the Raiders.
At 1-3, the playoffs are still a possibility for Oakland. They're a long shot, sure — and let's not forget that the Raiders' defense allowed 42 points on Sunday — but they're not completely out of the question yet, as they would have been if the Raiders lost to the Browns and fell to 0-4.
While the Raiders won't have an easy game next week when they head down to L.A. to take on the Chargers, they will have a home crowd at the soccer stadium that's hosting the quasi-brainstorming Bolts. Things could be worse.
And considering that I saw the 49ers give the Chargers a good run Sunday, I feel confident in saying that if Carr plays the way he did Sunday (bad throws and all), the Raiders should win.
Then the Raiders play the Seahawks in London — tough road trip, but Seattle is a not-so-tough team.
After that, the schedule eases up considerably — the Raiders get a bye week, and then the Colts (solid, but not necessarily good) at home, then head down the road to play the banged-up Niners on Thursday Night Football. Going into a long weekend at the beginning of November, it's easy to imagine the Raiders at 4-4 or 5-3 — right in the thick of the playoff race.
But so much of that comeback relies on Carr at least maintaining the level of play he showed off Sunday, if not improving upon it.
The good news: the Raiders quarterback looks as if he's figured out what he needs to be for his team to be successful.
The better news: he still has room to improve.


Looking into how to process an HDR time lapse… An HDR image allows for an image that is closer to what we see in real life when done right. However they can be vastly blown out of proportion as well. Although it would require three times the number of pictures I was thinking about trying it for the year-long time lapse. There are several programs that offer a batch process mode of HDR, but none are free. The two I looked into the most was Photomatix and SNS-HDR (this website is in polish).
There is a really good wiki page here that has many different software packages for processing HDR and the different options they each have.


Thinking of working for INTEGRIS? Learn more about Oklahoma and the amazing culture at INTEGRIS.
The name "Oklahoma" comes from the Choctaw words "okla," meaning "people," and "humma," meaning "red." Literally translated, the name means "red people. The state is known informally by its nickname, The Sooner State.
INTEGRIS is the state's largest Oklahoma-owned health system and one of the state's largest private employees (nearly 10,000 employees statewide), with hospitals, rehabilitation centers, physician clinics, mental health facilities, fitness centers, independent living centers and home health agencies throughout much of the state.
When you commit to The Most Challenging Healing™, you give your best effort every day. You know you're making a positive difference in the lives of patients and their families. That's a reward in itself. There are also the tangible benefits that come from great work, like competitive pay, excellent benefits, and the chance to learn and advance in your chosen field.
Everyone in the INTEGRIS family has a story to tell. Whether they're stories of joy, heartbreak, humor or miracles, what they all share is that vital, healing element of genuine human connection. Better still, there are many more to come.
Becky Rutter says patients are a good reminder to smile and move on.


The utility pole at La Grange that broke in half when the car from which Julian Batson was rescued reportedly slammed into it.
At least three men were last evening rushed to the hospital after two separate but purportedly related vehicle crashes on the West Bank Demerara.
The first incident was said to have occurred around 9 pm at La Grange, and involved a silver grey car bearing license plate PMM 3202 reportedly driven by Julian Batson.
The second incident, which involved a black Fielder wagon and a motorcycle occurred less than 15 minutes later in the vicinity of the Goed Fortuin Power Plant; the identities of that driver and the motorcyclist were unknown up to press time last night.
The car from which Julian Batson was rescued at La Grange last evening.
On arrival at the scene of the first accident, Stabroek News received several varying accounts of what had transpired.
A number of persons on the scene claimed that the driver of the vehicle was speeding when he encountered the turn and lost control, other reports were that two cars were racing when one slammed into a utility pole, breaking it in the process before finally landing on its roof on a bridge.
Occupants of the house whose bridge the car landed on said they did not see what had happened, but were alerted by the impact. A female occupant of the house said she thought something had hit the car parked in her yard, and rushed outside to find a badly damaged car on her bridge. She said she heard cries of someone calling for help and within minutes, several persons came out and assisted in lifting the vehicle to allow the rescue of Batson who was reportedly pinned underneath it.
The occupants of the house could not say whether Batson had been driving the car at the time of the incident, but they said based on what they saw he appeared to have been badly injured.
Stabroek News has subsequently informed that Batson had sustained injuries to the head and was taken to the West Demerara Regional Hospital.
Meanwhile, when Stabroek News arrived at the second crash scene the black Fielder wagon was positioned halfway through the power station's fence; underneath it was a badly damaged motorcycle bearing license plate CR 3153.
Several persons who claimed that they did not know what had transpired, were seen removing the car's mirrors and licence plate before police arrived on the scene.
Asked if they knew the drivers involved in the accidents, they said both men were friends of theirs and were also friends with each other since they reportedly operate along the same route.
Stabroek News was later able to confirm with another bystander that there were empty alcoholic beverage bottles on the floor of the vehicle.
However, up to press time last night this newspaper was unable to confirm how many persons were in the car at the time of the crash, as well as the condition of those involved.


text:
Systems Office, Yale University Library, records
Call Number: RU 181
The records consist of correspondence, notebooks, subject files and magnetic tapes documenting the activities and operations of the Yale University Library Systems Office. Included are research and development records maintained by Frederick G. Kilgour and Ben-Ami Lipetz.
Yale University. Library
Access to the records is partially restricted. See Collection Contents for details.
Original born digital files, as well as preservation masters, may not be accessed due to their fragility. Researchers must consult use copies, or if none exist request that they be made. Born digital files cannot be accessed remotely. System requirements include a Manuscripts and Archives computer and file viewing software.
Some records in this finding aid have been redacted, as they include student names, donor names, and other restricted data. These records will not appear in the published finding aid.
Copyright for materials authored or otherwise produced as official business of Yale University is retained by Yale University. Copyright status for other collection materials is unknown. Transmission or reproduction of materials protected by U.S. Copyright Law (Title 17, U.S.C.) beyond that allowed by fair use requires the written permission of the copyright owners. Works not in the public domain cannot be commercially exploited without permission of the copyright owners. Responsibility for any use rests exclusively with the user.
The records are arranged by accession.
107.25 Linear Feet (77 boxes)
https://hdl.handle.net/10079/fa/mssa.ru.0181
Forms part of Yale Record Group 32-C (YRG 32-C), Records of Yale University Library departments and offices.
Yale University records are arranged and described at the accession level by the creating office. The University Archives creates collection level descriptive records, but typically does no further arrangement and description at the accession level.
Libraries -- Automation
YRG. Yale University Archives Record Groups
YRG/YRG 32. Records of the Yale University Library
YRG/YRG 32/YRG 32C. Records of Yale University Library departments and offices
Guide to the Systems Office, Yale University Library, Records
Under Revision
compiled by Daniel Hartwig
Part of the Manuscripts and Archives Repository
http://www.library.yale.edu/mssa/
mssa.assist@yale.edu
Sterling Memorial Library
Systems Office, Yale University Library, Records (RU 181). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library. https://archives.yale.edu/repositories/12/resources/2617 Accessed January 26, 2023.


Blagdon's Mayfly 750 Preformed Pond is very sturdily designed and manufactured.
It holds 750 litres / 166 gallons of water and is very easy to install, quickly becoming a healthy aquatic and wildlife environment.
Marginal shelves offer you the chance to introduce baskets of plants to complete the pond.
Can you deliver this pond to Blackpool? Do you sell filter boxes with built in UV lights and pumps?
Can this pond be freestanding with wooden planter type fixing around the exterior, or does it need to be inset in the ground?


text:
IBAC Update:
Source: IBAC
"We all missed EBACE in May, in particular the opportunity to gather the business aviation community from around the world. We may be seeing each other via video meetings, but we are all finding out that they are no substitute for in-person meetings. Once the world is on a path to moving beyond the corona virus public health crisis, there is no doubt business aviation will resurge and bring us, our clients, our colleagues, and our families together again.
In the meantime, IBAC continues to support the industry in a number of ways. In our IS-BAO and IS-BAH programmes, we have introduced remote auditing options to help operators and handlers renew their registrations in a safe manner. At ICAO, we have contributed to the work of the Council Aviation Recovery Task Force (CART) and the Collective Arrangement for the Prevention and Management of Public Health Events in Civil Aviation (CAPSCA), and we have been able to share with the member associations expert guidance from the worlds of public health and air transport. You'll learn more about these initiatives below.
Last week, I enjoyed the opportunity to participate in an AsBAA webinar and share with our colleagues in the Mainland China Chapter the state of play at ICAO in Montreal. Now I'm looking forward to the meeting of the IBAC Governing Board in early June, catching up with all the member associations, and charting our course through the next six to 18 months.
Please stay safe and healthy."
ICAO Update
Andreas Meyer – Director, ICAO Liaison
IBAC remained engaged in the discussion of CAPSCA and collaboratively worked with ICCAIA and GAMA to include maintenance, ferry and delivery flights in the applicability of the Public Health Corridor concept for cargo operations.
Work and involvement with the Safety Management Panel is ongoing, and IBAC is part of a group that validates submissions of examples to the Safety Management Information Website relating to COVID19 management.
IBAC attended various Council and Committee meetings and continues to closely follow the developments of the Council Aviation Recovery Taskforce, which released their initial COVID19 related draft document to Council on 1 June 2020 and the report can be found HERE.
IS-BAO
Bennet Walsh, IS-BAO Programme Director
IS-BAO Policy 2020-01 revision extends remote auditing option through December 2020. See full policy details HERE.
Five Progressive Stage 3 beta operators have completed virtual audits successfully as new programme option moves forward.
Online workshops continue to be a success with plans to continue through the end of the year. Planning has begun for new IS- BAO initial and recurrent workshops that will include safety officer/ auditor training, use an improved interval for recurrent, and incorporate online learning components for long term. More details coming soon.
Terry Yeomans – IS-BAH Programme Director
IS-BAH Standards Board #6 meets virtually for the first time, a well-attended and very productive meeting.
Allison Markey (Wyvern) steps up to Chairperson of the IS-BAH Standards Board for 2020-2022, Marc Pieters (Jet Aviation) voted as Vice Chair
IS-BAH COVID Policy 2020-01 revised through December 2020, extending virtual audit option to those wishing to step up to Stage 3. See full policy details HERE.
Bruce Parry - IBAC Environment Director
CORSIA Baseline - Following the IBAC press release and letter to the ICAO Council last month calling for the CORSIA baseline years to be reviewed, there is no news yet on any specific change, but we do understand that ICAO is considering the options and will make a decision on this important issue at the end of June. We will continue to keep you updated on this matter.
ICAO Stocktaking Seminar - ICAO's Stocktaking Seminar, due to be held this April has been postponed until September. However, the Environment Branch recently held a "Stocktaking Preview: Reducing aviation in-sector CO2 emissions" virtual meeting, which IBAC participated in, to set the scene for the rescheduled meeting in September. More details on this preview and the presentations made by a variety of stakeholders can be found HERE.
As part of this overall stocktaking process, IBAC submitted a questionnaire to ensure that business aviation would gain recognition within this process, which detailed business aviation efforts to reduce its overall environmental impact, including details on the Business Aviation Commitment on Climate Change (BACCC) and the work of the Sustainable Aviation Fuel (SAF) Coalition, of which IBAC is an integral partner.
SAF Coalition Summit - IBAC, as part of the SAF Coalition were scheduled to participate in a SAF Summit in March in Washington, DC, which also had to be postponed. The purpose of the summit was to gather together key policy makers and stakeholders in an effort to highlight how policy decisions that could help increase the use and improve the infrastructure needed to increase the supply of sustainable aviation fuel to operators. The SAF Coalition is now planning to reschedule this meeting as a virtual event in the coming months. We will make further updates once a date for the summit has been decided.
IBAC


text:
Pyramides är en metrostation i Paris metro för linje 7 och linje 14. Den är belägen längs Avenue de l'Opéra mitt mellan Opéra Garnier och nationalteatern Comédie-Française där Rue des Pyramides slutar. Namnet är givet efter Napoleons vinst över mamlukerna i slaget vid pyramiderna 1798. Stationen öppnade år 1916 på linje 7 medan linje 14 tillkom 1998.

I stationstaket vid plattformarna för linje 14 har konstnären Jacques Tissinier gjort installationen Tissignalisation n°14. Den invigdes 2003 och består av tusen färgade stålskivor i innertaket på stationerna Pyramides och Madeleine.

Galleri

Källor

Järnvägsstationer invigda 1916
Paris tunnelbanestationer
1916 i Frankrike

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Access, although downplayed, can be a source when it is compromised. As a homeowner or business proprietor, the value of seamless access to your property cannot be understated. It is imperative that at all times, you have control of your access needs, 24 hours a day.
Unfortunately, sometimes locks fail to work as they should. It is impossible to anticipate the exact time a lock will fail to work. Mobile locksmiths in American Local Locksmith have created a niche in dealing with such matters. For as long as they have existed, mobile locksmiths have perfected the art of saving residents both time and money when they encounter a problem with a lock.
Being locked out of your house can be both frustrating and unsafe. Mobile locksmiths at American Local Locksmith are available at any time for lock replacement, repair or rekeying. Under their belt, they possess a range of skills that enables them to address any lock mishap whenever you call. Apart from getting locked out, security is a vital part of a good home. Having the proper lock guarantees that all your belongings are safe even when you are away. A mobile locksmith will even attend to you on short notice to make sure your home security is more robust.
Your business is an asset not only to you but to any person that it serves as well. As such, it attracts lots of traffic. The in and out nature of the business may deteriorate the state of your locks. Mobile locksmiths at American Local Locksmith are experts in assessing the current status of the lock and recommending appropriate measures. Business owners have made mobile locksmiths an extension of the business community on account of their availability.
Your car is possibly one of your most valuable assets. It gives you increased mobility so you can conduct your business easily. However, the car lock gets faulty. When this happens, you safety may come into question. Furthermore, there is the added frustration of having to figure out a way to get back into your car. Calling American Local Locksmith saves you the stress of delays and the risk of insecurity if you are far.
Why Should You Use a Mobile Locksmith?
Emergency has a tendency of occurring at the worst times. If it is not attended to, a lock mishap can spell doom for your home or business. Mobile locksmiths from American Local Locksmith are available to you 24 hours a day whenever you require assistance.


Add the vinegar, sugar, and salt into a large non-metallic bowl.
Pour over the boiling water, mix well and allow to cool until warm.
Cut the cabbage in 4cm strips. Cucumber and carrots into matchsticks and white onion into thick rings and add to the warm pickling mixture.
Put a flat plate on top of the vegetables.
Place a small bowl filled with water on top of the plate to weigh it down and submerge the vegetables.
Scoop into sterilized jars, seal and store in the refrigerator for up to 1 month.


Table 2.39 below gives a listing of all Level 1B products, as was first disclosed in Section 2.1 "Products and Algorithms Introduction." 2.1.
ASAR produces Image and Wave products. The details of these products are given in Subsections "Level 1B Image Products 2.6.2.1.1. " and "Level 1B Wave Products." 2.6.2.1.2.
The image formation algorithm used is either the Range Doppler Algorithm 2.6.1.2.3. or the SPECAN 2.6.1.2.4. algorithm, depending upon the product requested.
All of the above-mentioned algorithms are discussed in detail in Subsection entitled "ASAR Level 1B Algorithms." 2.6.1.
During preprocessing, PF-ASAR performs raw data analysis, noise processing, and the processing of the ASAR calibration pulse data. Chirp replicas and antenna pattern gain factors are obtained from the calibration pulse processing. The signal data for all modes is FBAQ decoded; prior to processing (from 2, 3 or 4 bits back to 8 bits).
As far as the Wave Mode (WV) is concerned, the products generated are not detected, but Single-Look Complex (SLC). They allow for further Cross Spectra processing, following the algorithm developed by NORUT (Norway) and provide complete speckle compensation and potential capability to resolve the propagation ambiguity observed on the corresponding ERS products.
The general product structure, used in all ENVISAT products, is given in "Definitions and Conventions." 2.3.2.1. For the engineering quantities associated with these products, refer to "Level 1B Engineering Quantities." 2.6.2.2.
Advanced Synthetic Aperture Radar (ASAR) Image Products can be grouped into those produced as stand-alone products 2.6.2.1.1.2. , and those produced as stripline products 2.6.2.1.1.3. . All ASAR Image Products are stored in time-increasing order, except the geocoded products, which are oriented such that the first pixel of the first line is the most north-west pixel. Image products can be generated from various ASAR modes, as outlined in the section entitled "Products and Algorithms Introduction." 2.1.
SQ for MDS 1 ADS "MDS1 SQ ADS"
SQ for MDS 2 ADS "MDS2 SQ ADS"
Main Processing parameters ADS "MAIN PROCESSING PARAMS ADS"
Doppler Centroid parameters 2.6.1.2.2. ADS "DOP CENTROID COEFFS ADS"
Slant Range to Ground Range Conversion ADS "SR GR ADS"
Chirp parameters ADS "CHIRP PARAMS ADS"
Antenna Elevation Pattern for MDS 1 ADS "MDS1 ANTENNA ELEV PATT ADS"
Antenna Elevation Pattern for MDS 2 ADS "MDS2 ANTENNA ELEV PATT "
Geolocation Grid ADS (LADS) "GEOLOCATION GRID ADS"
Map Projection parameters GADS "MAP PROJECTION GADS"
Measurement Data Set 1 "MDS1"
Measurement Data Set 2 "MDS2"
DSD referencing the Level 0 product from which this product was created "LEVEL 0 PRODUCT"
DSD referencing PF-ASAR Processor Configuration file "ASAR PROCESSOR CONFIG"
DSD referencing Instrument Characterisation file used "INSTRUMENT CHARACTERISATION"
DSD referencing External Characterisation file used "EXTERNAL CHARACTERISATION"
DSD referencing External Calibration file used "EXTERNAL CALIBRATION"
DSD referencing the Orbit State Vectors file used "ORBIT STATE VECTOR 1"
Data Sets (DS) are in mixed-binary format. ASCII values may be included in the Data Sets, but they do not follow the Keyword-value format of the MPH and SPH, nor are they contained within quotation marks.
The details relating to the layout of each of these Data Set Records (DSRs), is given in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section.
Stand-alone image products are produced by request only and are created directly from the Level 0 data. They are ordered as a scene. All of these products share a common format.
Table 2.41 below lists the type of image formation algorithm applied to the various stand-alone products.
The format for this product is given in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section, and the engineering quantities are given in the section entitled "Level 1B Engineering Quantities." 2.6.2.2.1.2.1.
Figure2.43 is an example of an ASA_IMS_1P product as seen using EnviView: 1.2.1.2.
The format for this product is given in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section, and the engineering quantities are given in the section entitled "Level 1B Engineering Quantities." 2.6.2.2.1.3.1.
Figure2.44 is an example of an ASA_IMP_1P product as seen using EnviView 1.2.1.2. .
The format for this product is given in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section, and the engineering quantities are given in the section entitled "Level 1B Engineering Quantities" 2.6.2.2.1.4.1. .
Figure2.45 is an example of an ASA_IMG_1P product as see with EnviView 1.2.1.2.
The format for this product is given in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section, and the engineering quantities are given in the section entitled "Level 1B Engineering Quantities." 2.6.2.2.1.2.2.
Figure2.46 is an example of an ASA_APS_1P product as with EnviView 1.2.1.2.
The format for this product is given in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section, and the engineering quantities are given in the section entitled "Level 1B Engineering Quantities." 2.6.2.2.1.3.2.
Figure2.47 is an example of as ASA_APP_1P product as seen with EnviView 1.2.1.2. .
The format for this product is given in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section, and the engineering quantities are given in the section entitled "Level 1B Engineering Quantities." 2.6.2.2.1.4.2.
Figure2.48 is an example of an ASA_APG_1P product as seen with EnviView 1.2.1.2. .
The input for all of the stand-alone products is the Level 0 data corresponding to the particular mode and auxiliary data.
The auxiliary data required to create the stand-alone products is listed in table 2.42 shown below. The description of the main auxiliary data records is provided in the "Auxiliary Data Sets for Level 1B Processing" 2.9.2. section, and the formats are provided in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section. The description of the orbit state vectors, including their formats, is provided in the section "Common Auxiliary Data Sets." 2.9.3.
Stripline image products contain image data for an entire segment, up to a maximum size of 10 minutes per product for IM, AP and WS and up to a full orbit (100 minutes) for GM. The PF-HS concatenates together several sub-images called slices received from PF-ASAR on a data set by data set basis in order to form the entire stripline image.
Each slice produced by PF-ASAR follows the standard stand-alone image product format described previously. After concatenation of slices to form the stripline, the structure of the stripline image is identical to that of the stand-alone image products except the data sets contain data concatenated from several slices in time ordered sequence.
1. Data Sets of the same type for each slice are concatenated in zero Doppler time order sequence.
Geodetic latitude and longitudes for the first, last, and middle samples of the last line of the stripline image (as read from the SPH of the last slice in the stripline).
Number of DSRs within a data set.
Child product extraction is performed as per specified in the section "Child Products. 2.1.1. "
The medium-resolution products are systematically generated in the PDHS from Level 0 data collected when the instrument is in Wide Swath Mode (WS), alternating polarisation (AP), or Image Mode (IM) narrow swath. The product covers a continuous area along the imaging swath up to a maximum size of 10 minutes per product.
The format for this product is given in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section, and the engineering quantities are given in the section entitled "Level 1B Engineering Quantities." 2.6.2.2.1.1.1.
Figure2.49 is an example of a simulated ASA_IMM_1P product as seen with EnviView. 1.2.1.2.
Note: This product may contain only one of the two available polarisations from the original Level 0 data. The format for this product is given in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section, and the engineering quantities are given in the section entitled "Level 1B Engineering Quantities." 2.6.2.2.1.1.2.
Figure2.50 is an example of an ASA_APM_1P product as seen with EnviView. 1.2.1.2.
The format for this product is given in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section, and the engineering quantities are given in the section entitled "Level 1B Engineering Quantities." 2.6.2.2.1.1.3.
Figure2.51 is an example of as ASA_WSM_1P product as seen with EnviView. 1.2.1.2.
The format for this product is given in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section, and the engineering quantities are given in the section entitled "Level 1B Engineering Quantities." 2.6.2.2.1.5.1.
Figure2.52 is an example of an ASA_GMI_1P product as seen with EnviView. 1.2.1.2.
The input for all of the strip-line products is the Level 0 data corresponding to the particular mode and auxiliary data.
The same data used for on-request (stand-alone) products is required for the production of stripline products, as indicated above 2.42 . The description of the main auxiliary data records is provided in the "Auxiliary Data Sets for Level 1B Processing" 2.9.2. section, and the formats are provided in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section. The description of the orbit state vectors, including their formats, is provided in the section "Common Auxiliary Data Sets." 2.9.3.
The product structure and contents for stripline products is identical to the on-request products. The stripline image product structure is shown in Figure2.53 below.
For a detailed description of the contents of the data sets refer to the sections for stand-alone products 2.6.2.1.1.1.1. discussed above.
The general product structure, used in all ENVISAT products, is given in "Definitions and Conventions." 2.3.2.1. For the engineering quantities associated with these products, refer to "Level 1B Engineering Quantities" 2.6.2.2. .
Wave Mode (WV) products are not detected, but Single Look Complex (SLC). They allow for further Cross Spectra processing, following the algorithm developed by NORUT (Norway,) and provide complete speckle compensation and potential capability to resolve the propagation ambiguity observed on the corresponding ERS products. For a discussion of the processing steps carried out in the generation of the Level 1B products refer to the section entitled "ASAR Level 1B Algorithm Descriptions." 2.6.1.2.
Wave Mode (WV) products are those products produced from data acquired while the ASAR instrument is operating in Wave Mode. During Wave Mode operation, the ASAR instrument acquires small measurements called wave cells which are approximately 5 km along-track by (up to) 10 km in across-track. The wave cells are acquired at 100 km intervals. The cells may have alternating positions in the same swath or be in alternating swaths. In theory, up to 400 of these wave cells may be acquired per orbit, but in practice it is anticipated that the average number of acquisitions per orbit will be substantially lower. Each wave cell is processed into a small SLC image called an imagette and each imagette is further processed using the cross-spectra methodology to produce the cross-spectra of the imagette. In addition, each imagette can be processed to generate the Level 2 ocean wave spectra product.
The format for this product is given in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section, and the engineering quantities are given in the section entitled "Level 1B Engineering Quantities." 2.6.2.2.2.1.1.
Figure2.54 below is an example of as ASA_WVI_1P product as seen using EnviView: 1.2.1.2.
The format for this product is given in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section, and the engineering quantities are given in the section entitled "Level 1B Engineering Quantities" 2.6.2.2.2.2.1. .
The Cross Spectra product is simply an extraction of the Cross Spectra MDS and all ADSs from the SLC Image and Cross Spectra Product.
The auxiliary data used to create the Wave Mode products is the same as that used to create the on-request SLC Image Mode product (see "Strip-line Auxiliary Data Used" in "Level 1b Image Products" 2.6.2.1.1.3.3. ). Auxiliary data formats are described in the section "Auxiliary Data Sets for Level 1B Processing" 2.9.2. .
The processing steps applied to create the SLC imagette are the same as those used to create the on-request SLC Image Mode product (see the section entitled "ASAR Strip Line Product Processing" 2.6.1.2.5. ). The processing steps required to create the Cross Spectra products are discussed in the section entitled "ASAR Level 1B Algorithm Descriptions"
The MDSR containing the cross/wave spectra is given the correct time stamp (corresponding to the first line of the imagette), the Quality Flag is set to -1, and all entries pertaining to the cross spectra are set to zero.
Fields in all ADSRs pertaining to the cross / wave spectra are set to zero.
The Attachment Flags of the SQ ADSR and the Geolocation ADSR corresponding to the wave cell are set to 1.
The SPECTRA_FAILED counter in the SPH is incremented.
The MDS which was supposed to hold the imagette is still created. It contains only 1 MDSR which consists only of the time stamp corresponding to the estimated location of where the imagette would have been located, a range line number of 1, and the Quality flag set to -1. If it is not possible to determine the approximate time stamp for the MDSR, the time stamp may be set to zeros.
The MDSR which was to have held the cross / wave spectra is still produced, but it is zero filled and the Quality Flag set to -1 (as in CASE 1). The time stamp is identical to that used in the single MDSR of the imagette MDS.
Information in all ADSRs is set to zeros, and the Attachment flag of each ADSR is set to 1. The time stamp for each ADSR is identical to that of the single MDSR of the imagette MDS.
The SPECTRA_FAILED and IMAGETTES_FAILED counters in the SPH are incremented.
by setting the MDSRs and ADSRs (if appropriate) to zero, a placeholder is inserted in the product which allows one to identify unambiguously which wave cell failed, in both the WVI product and in further extracted products.
The MPH will be the same as for all ENVISAT products, as discussed in "Definitions and Conventions" 2.3.2.2. .
As explained in "Definitions and Conventions" 2.3.2.3. , the SPH is defined for each product and provides additional information, applicable to the whole product, related to the processing. A description of the Level 1B Wave products' SPH, which includes the formulae used to reconstruct the wavelengths as well as the table of related Data Set Descriptors (DSDs) , refer to the ASAR_Wave_Base_SPH in the Data Formats 6.6.22. section.
For the table of DSDs, refer to ASAR_Wave_Base_SPH in the Data Formats 6.6.22. section.
The data sets 2.3.2.5. which make up the ASAR Wave product structure are shown below.
Wave Mode Summary Quality Annotation Data Set Records (SQ ADSRs) - There is one Wave Mode SQ ADSR per wave cell. The ADSR contains information pertaining to both the imagette and the spectrum. This table, known as the ASAR_Wave_SQ_ADSR, consists of the ASAR image SQ information, defined in the table ASAR_SQ1_Image_ADSR, plus new information pertaining to the cross spectra.
The formats for all of these Data Sets can be found in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section.
The structure of the Measurement Data Set (MDS) for the SLC Imagette and Imagette Cross Spectra (ASA_WVI_1P) 2.6.2.1.2.1.1. product, which contains an imagette, will be identical to that specified in the "Level 1b Image Products" Section 2.6.2.1.1.1. . Note that there is one MDS per imagette and up to 400 MDSs per product. The MDSs are not included for the Imagette Cross Spectra (ASA_WVS_1P) 2.6.2.1.2.1.2. product.
Browse products are a special form of Stripline product, produced from Level 0 products. As first discussed in the section entitled "Organisation of Products," they are decimated images which can be ordered from the ENVISAT inventory.
Browse products are also created as individual slices and then concatenated together by the PF-HS. However, browse products are intended only as a user aid when ordering data. Thus, many of the Annotation Data Sets (ADS) pertaining to detailed processing records may be discarded by the PF-HS for the browse product. There is no additional auxiliary data required.
This low-resolution product will be produced systematically together with the Image Mode medium-resolution Product (ASA_IMM_1P).
These products will be amenable to dissemination by electronic links in near real-time (NRT). Possible use of data compression algorithms will be considered. The product covers a continuous area along the imaging swath and is derived by block averaging the medium-resolution product.
DESCRIPTION ASAR product generated when the instrument is in Image Mode. The product is for browse purpose only. The product is generated from ASA_IMM_1P product.
The format for this product is given in the Data Formats(Chapter 6. ) section.
Below in Figure2.57 is an example of an ASA_IM_BP browse image as seen with EnviView. 1.2.1.2.
This low-resolution compressed image product will be produced systematically together with the AP medium-resolution Product. This product will be provided via electronic link in near real-time. The product will contain only one of the polarisation options rather than two. The polarisation used will be that of the MDS1 of the APM product. This means the polarisation may vary depending upon which polarisation option is chosen for MDS1 for the medium-resolution AP product.
Possible use of data compression algorithms will be considered. The product covers a continuous area along the imaging swath and is generated by subsampling from the medium-resolution product.
Note: This product may contain only one of the two available polarisations from the original Level 0 data.
DESCRIPTION ASAR product generated when the instrument is in Alternating Polarisation Mode. The product is for browse purposes only. The product is generated from ASA_APM_1P product. It contains one of the two possible polarisation combinations generated in AP mode.
Below in Figure2.58 is an example of an ASA_AP_BP browse image as seen with EnviView. 1.2.1.2.
This low-resolution product will be produced systematically together with the WS medium-resolution Product.
These products will be amenable to dissemination by electronic links in near real-time. Possible use of data compression algorithm will be considered. The product covers a continuous area along the imaging swath. The product is generated by subsampling from the medium-resolution product.
DESCRIPTION ASAR product generated when the instrument is in Wide Swath Mode. The product is for browse purpose only.
This low-resolution product will be produced systematically together with the GM Image Product from Level 0 GM data. The image is intended for browse purposes only (pixel spacing is approximately 1000 m).
These products will be amenable to dissemination by electronic links in near real-time. Possible use of data compression algorithms will be considered. The product covers a continuous area along the imaging swath.
DESCRIPTION ASAR product generated from the ASA_GM1_1P when the instrument is in Global Monitoring mode. The product is for browse purposes only.
The structure of the browse product is the same as for the regular Stripline products except that some data sets have been removed. The structure of the product is shown in figure2.59 below. For a detailed description of the contents of the data sets, refer to the sections for on-request products in "Stand-Alone Products" in "Level 1B High Organisation of Products 2.6.2.1.1.1.1. "
The SQ ADS for the browse product is simply the SQ for the medium-resolution image from which the browse was created. No fields are updated or changed during the formation of the browse product.
If the browse product is created from an Alternation Polarisation (AP) medium-resolution product containing 2 Measurement Data Sets (MDSs), which means using both polarisations (H and V), then both SQ ADSs are left in the browse product to provide a complete quality record.
During the formation of the browse product, the Geolocation Grid from the corresponding medium-resolution Image is reduced approximately by a factor of 10 (i.e., approximately every 10th grid entry is left in the ADS, the rest are discarded.) However, the last granule must remain to document the last line of the product.
This Strip-line ASAR product is systematically generated in the PDHS. This product, processed to approximately 150-m resolution, features an ENL (radiometric resolution) good enough for ice applications.
DESCRIPTION ASAR product generated from Level 0 data collected when the instrument is in Image Mode. This product has lower resolution but higher radiometric resolution than the ASA_IMP. The product covers a continuous area along the imaging swath.
This stripline product is processed to approximately 150 m resolution using the SPECAN 2.6.1.2.4. algorithm and contains radiometric resolution good enough for ice applications and covers a continuous area along the imaging swath. This product may also be generated on request with one, or both, polarisations included in the product.
This is the standard product for ASAR Wide Swath Mode and it is systematically generated in the PDHS using the ScanSAR technique and processed to 150-m resolution. The swath width is approximately 400 km.
DESCRIPTION ASAR product generated from Level 0 data collected when the instrument is in Wide Swath Mode. The product includes slant range to ground range corrections and it covers a continuous area along the imaging swath.
Intended use: SAR image quality assessment, calibration and interferometric applications. A minimum number of corrections and interpolations are performed on the data, so as to allow the end-user maximum freedom to derive higher level products. Complex output data is retained to avoid loss of information. Absolute calibration parameters, when available (depending on external calibration activities) shall be provided in the product annotations.
DESCRIPTION This is a single-look, complex, slant-range, digital image generated from Level 0 ASAR data collected when the instrument is in Image Mode (7 possible swaths HH or VV polarisation). It is primarily intended for use in SAR quality assessment and calibration, and can be used to derive higher level products.
GEOMETRIC RESOLUTION Approximately 6 azimuth, programmed chirp bandwidth dependent slant range.
This stand-alone narrow swath product uses the Range Doppler 2.6.1.2.3. algorithm and the most up to date processing parameters available at the time of processing. The product can be used to derive higher level product.
Intended use: SAR image quality assessment, calibration, and interferometric applications, if allowed by the instrument acquisition. A minimum number of corrections and interpolations are performed on the data in order to allow the end-user maximum freedom to derive higher level products. Complex output data is retained to avoid loss of information. Absolute calibration parameters, when available (depending on external calibration activities) shall be provided in the product annotations.
GEOMETRIC RESOLUTION Approximately TBD azimuth, TBD slant range.
This stand-alone image is generated using the Range/Doppler 2.6.1.2.3. algorithm. The processing uses up to date (at time of processing) auxiliary parameters and corrects for antenna elevation gain, and range spreading loss.
Engineering corrections and relative calibration are applied to compensate for well-understood sources of system variability. Absolute calibration parameters, when available (depending on external calibration activities) shall be provided in the product annotations.
SIZE Up to 134 Mbytes. Product size in the range direction will vary function of imaging swath.
This is a stand-alone multi-look, ground range, narrow swath digital image generated using the SPECAN 2.6.1.2.4. algorithm and the most up to date auxiliary information available at the time of processing. Engineering corrections and relative calibration (antenna elevation gain, range spreading loss) are applied to compensate for well-understood sources of system variability. Generation of this product uses a technique to allow half the looks of an image to be acquired in horizontal polarisation and the other half in vertical polarisation and processed to 30-m resolution (with the exception of IS1). Absolute calibration parameters, when available (depending on external calibration activities), shall be provided in the product annotations.
DESCRIPTION ASAR product generated from Level 0 data collected when the instrument is in Alternating Polarisation Mode (7 possible swaths). The product contains two CO-registered images corresponding to one of the three polarisation combination submodes (HH and VV, HH and HV, VV and VH).
SIZE Up to 268 Mbytes. Product size in the range direction will vary function of imaging swath (56 to 100 km).
This stand-alone Image Mode Geocoded SAR image is generated in either HH or VV polarisation, using the Range/Doppler 2.6.1.2.3. algorithm with the best available instrument corrections. The product is intended for mapping applications and other uses requiring map projection images. Absolute calibration parameters, when available, shall be provided in the product annotation. All processing information in the geocoded product corresponds to the intermediate product created during processing. Only the Geolocation Grid ADS and Map Projection ADS are updated to reflect the map projection information.
DESCRIPTION ASAR product generated from Level 0 data collected when the instrument is in Image Mode. It is the geocoded version of the PRI product. The product is resampled to a map projection and its orientation is north up. The absolute calibration of the GEC product shall be the same as for the corresponding non-geocoded PRI product.
SIZE Up to 282 Mbytes. Product size will vary function of imaging swath position.
This is a multi-look image generated upon request using the SPECAN 2.6.1.2.4. algorithm and the most up to date auxiliary information available at the time of processing. Engineering corrections and relative calibration (antenna elevation gain, range spreading loss) are applied. The product contains two CO-registered images corresponding to one of the three possible polarisation combinations (HH and VV, HH and HV, VV and VH). Absolute calibration parameters (when available) shall be provided in the product annotation. All processing information in the geocoded product corresponds to the intermediate product created during processing. Only the Geolocation Grid ADS and Map Projection ADS are updated to reflect the map projection information.
DESCRIPTION ASAR product generated from Level 0 data collected when the instrument is in Alternating Polarisation Mode. It is the geocoded version of the PRI product ASA_APP_1P. The product is resampled to a map projection and its orientation is north up.
SIZE Up to 563 Mbytes. Product size will vary function of imaging swath position.
This strip-line product is the standard for ASAR Global Monitoring Mode. It is processed to approximately 1 km resolution using the SPECAN 2.6.1.2.4. algorithm. The swath width is approximately 400 km.
DESCRIPTION ASAR product generated from Level 0 data collected when the instrument is in Global Monitoring Mode. One product covers a full orbit. The product includes slant range to ground range correction.
This is the basic Level 1B Wave Mode product. The product includes up to 400 single-look, complex, slant range, imagettes generated from Level 0 data and up to 400 imagette power spectra computed using the cross-spectra methodology. The auxiliary parameters used are the most up-to-date at the time of processing. A minimum number of corrections and interpolations are performed in order to allow the end-user maximum freedom to derive higher level products. Complex output data is retained to avoid loss of information. Absolute calibration parameters, when available (depending on external calibration activities), shall be provided in the product annotations.
Imagette power spectrum is equivalent to the ERS UWA product with revisited algorithm (cross-spectra) taking into account the higher quality of the SLC imagette.
Note: Starting from an SLC imagette, generation of an ERs UWA-type product might be ensured by a simple look detection and summation.
DESCRIPTION The information is retained in complex form to allow derivation of Cross-spectra. Product containing up to 400 imagettes and associated imagettes cross-spectra.
PIXEL SPACING Natural pixel spacing in range and azimuth. Azimuth pixel spacing depends on Earth-Satellite relative velocity and actual PRF. Slant range pixel spacing is given by ASAR sampling frequency (19.208 MHz).
This image power spectrum product contains up to 400 cross-spectra extracted from the SLC Imagette and Imagette Cross-Spectra product, shown above. It contains only the cross-spectra derived using cross-spectra methodology.
DESCRIPTION ASAR Cross-Spectra extracted from the combined SLC and Cross-Spectra product ASA_WVI_1P generated from data collected when the instrument is in Wave Mode. The Product is for Meteo users.
SIZE Maximum 2 Mbytes for 400 spectra including auxiliary data.
Product Confidence Data (PCD) data is designed to demonstrate whether the product has met certain minimum quality standards. As such it should be differentiated from mere processing statistics. For example, a processing statistic might be the percentage of pixels in an image which are corrupted. A PCD flag would only be set if the number of bad pixels exceeded a predefined threshold (e.g., 10%).
Product Confidence Data may be located in the MPH, the SPH, and/or within a specific Annotation Data Set attached to a product. A signed character is used at the start of each MDSR in a Data Set to indicate the quality of the DSR (for Level 1B and Level 2 products only, if needed). The value of -1 is reserved to indicate that the DSR is blank.
Product Confidence Data in the MPH is designed to very simply provide the user with an assessment of the overall product quality by reporting if errors have occurred during the processing. To obtain a detailed description of the errors which occurred, the user refers to the SPH or the detailed PCD structures of the product.
The thresholds used when evaluating PCD information are stored in the processor configuration files for each processor that generates products.
The MPH is a generic header (i.e., instrument unspecific), and so any PCD contained within must be applicable to all instrument types.
The PCD in the DSR, which was called measurement confidence data (MCD) in ERS, is referred to as PCD in the ENVISAT payload data segment. The DSR PCD provides details on individual source packet quality. It is related directly to the engineering aspects and details of the ground processing algorithms. PCD data includes: error codes, error flags and threshold values for product data, and processor thresholds from processor parameters.
Payload data is found in INSERTLINKTO SQ_ADSR. The flags are listed in table 2.64 below.
Processor thresholds are shown in ASA_CON_AX 6.5.1. data.


text:
Key Signaling Protein Linked to Aggressive Cancers
| Original story from the Institute of Cancer Research
Complete the form below and we will email you a PDF version of "Key Signaling Protein Linked to Aggressive Cancers"
Scientists have identified a protein which is associated with more aggressive breast, colorectal and ovarian cancers, which could be used to assist the diagnosis and development treatments for these cancers.
A team at The Institute of Cancer Research, London, with funding from Worldwide Cancer Research, has uncovered the process by which the protein Dickkopf-3 (DKK3) influences tumor progression by altering how healthy cells, called cancer-associated fibroblasts, act to become tumor-promoting.
This study – published in Nature Communications – examined the role of these cells which exist in the environment surrounding the tumors. They concentrated on the DKK3 protein due to its ability to activate proteins involved in signalling pathways that aid tumor progression.
The researchers found that in cancer-associated fibroblast cells, once activated by DKK3, proteins such as Heat-Shock Factor 1 alter the signalling that cancer cells receive to promote tumor growth. Similarly the activation of the proteins YAP/TAZ promotes cancer cell invasion and the formation of new blood vessels around tumors, two processes which the tumor relies on to survive and spread throughout the body.
These findings demonstrate a previously unknown link between HSF1 and YAP/TAZ. Therefore, DKK3 is a potential target for future drugs against these aggressive cancer types – these drugs could work by preventing the corruption of the cancer-associated fibroblasts, impeding their ability to help the tumor growing and spreading.
The exception to the rule
Dickkopf (DKK) proteins are normally known for their role in preventing cancer development, by interfering with a signalling pathway that has important functions in cancer including tumor growth and spread to different parts of the body, known as the Wnt signalling pathway.
In contrast, the researchers found that the DKK3 protein in cancer-associated fibroblasts promotes tumor growth and spread. Instead of interfering with the Wnt signalling pathway, it enhances it. This in turn leads to increased activation of the YAP/TAZ proteins, as well as the cancer-associated protein β-catenin.
As YAP/TAZ activation promotes tumor growth and invasion, this explains the finding that cancer-associated fibroblasts with higher levels of the DKK3 protein seem to drive the development of more aggressive cancers.
Potential target for aggressive cancer treatment
These findings suggest that the discovery of drugs which block the action of DKK3 may have strong therapeutic potential in treating more aggressive cancers.
Dr Fernando Calvo, who led the research as Team Leader in Tumor Microenvironment at the ICR said:
"This study found that the DKK3 protein, unlike other proteins in the DKK family, promotes tumor growth and development, leading to more aggressive cancers of the breast, colon and ovaries.
"The next step is to use the information from this study to develop drugs that target DKK3 to prevent its pro-cancer signalling, and investigate whether they have any therapeutic benefit."
Dr Calvo is now Team Leader in Tumor Microenvironment at the Institute of Biomedicine and Biotechnology of Cantabria, Spain.
This article has been republished from materials provided by ICR. Note: material may have been edited for length and content. For further information, please contact the cited source.
Reference: Nicola Ferrari, at al. -3 links HSF1 and YAP/TAZ signalling to control aggressive behaviours in cancer-associated fibroblasts. Nature Communications (2019) DOI: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07987-0
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