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Streamlining open access – an alternative to scaling renewables in India?
With declining RE tariffs and large corporates committing to 100% RE consumption, open access may be the way to go.
India's ambition is to have an installed renewable energy capacity of 175 GW by 2022, of which 160 GW would be from solar and wind energy alone. However, at present, the total installed capacity of solar and wind energy stands at 72 GW, with a cumulative renewable capacity of 86.7 GW as of February 2020. To meet its targets, India's capacity must grow at a cumulative aggregated growth rate (CAGR) of 45.6 per cent until FY 2021–22. Despite this mammoth target, the pace of capacity addition continues to be sluggish, due to various risks. In a recent CEF analysis, we highlighted how discoms' payment delays to renewable energy generators act as one of the major barriers to scaling up renewable energy in India.
Open access is a possible solution to circumvent this risk. An alternative mechanism to the conventional power system, where generators can bypass the counter-party risk posed by discoms1, open-access regulations provide any electricity consumer or generator non-discriminatory access to the transmission and distribution system. Under the current open-access regulations, a large consumer (typically with a minimum load of 1 MW) may procure electricity either from a third party (by signing bilateral agreements for power purchase) or set up their own (captive/group captive) power plant. They can use the state/central transmission and distribution network to supply this power. Under the current regulation, a consumer may procure power on a short-term basis (up to a month), medium-term basis (three months to three years), or long-term basis (12-25 years).
Large consumers (with a load > 1 MW ), especially those paying commercial and industrial (C&I) tariffs, account for nearly 50 per cent of the total electricity consumption in India. With the recent discovery that renewable energy tariffs lie in the range of INR 3 per unit, we have observed C&I consumers shift to open access2. Over the last few years, many Indian corporates have pledged to consume power generated from renewable energy. Companies like Tata Motors, Infosys, and Mahindra and Mahindra have committed to 100 per cent renewable energy consumption (refer to Table 1). Still, uncertain/high open-access charges3 pose a key challenge, with varying state policies inhibiting the broader adoption of open-access regulations.
Table 1: Renewable energy open access case studies
Source: Annual and sustainability reports of companies, 2018-19
How open-access charges in different states stack up
To understand the economics of open access in renewable energy, we compared open-access tariffs with discom tariffs in RE-rich states. We calculated the tariffs (computed in INR per kWh) assuming a third-party solar project with a generation cost of INR 3 per kWh and a 1 MW industrial consumer (or an 80 per cent load factor).
In our analysis, we found that open-access regulations and charges vary significantly across the states. Additionally, many states (marked with asterisks in Table 2) do not allow inter-state open access due to potential revenue losses for state discoms4. We observed that while states such as Karnataka and Andhra Pradesh have low open-access charges, other states, such as Gujarat, Haryana, and Maharashtra, offer incentives on the lower side.
Table 2: Tariff (INR per kWh) for industrial consumers under third-party open access, based on the location of the consumer and solar power plant
Source: Author's analysis based on tariff orders
In the past three years, despite increased participation in terms of the number of consumers, we have witnessed a rapid decline in open-access transaction volumes (see Figure 1) with respect to overall power generation in India. The primary reason is the 2016 revision of the cross-subsidy surcharge5 formula under the National Tariff Policy. Also, as of FY 2019, nearly 85 per cent of open-access transactions took place under the group captive mechanism6; only one per cent was through third-party bilateral sale contracts. This was primarily due to the increasing cross-subsidy surcharge, a key component of open-access charges that is waived off for captive/group captive consumers. We have observed that despite policy direction to reduce it progressively, the charge has only increased over last few years.
Figure 1: Open access market in India
Source: CEA reports, CERC MMC reports and regional energy accounts
Our analysis suggests that there are four key challenges to an open-access-based renewable energy scale-up and possible solutions are proposed.
A. Consumers frequently switch between open access and regulated supply
With surplus power in the grid, the price of electricity on exchanges has fallen substantially. Large consumers have started to take advantage of this low price by using short-term open access to get less expensive power from the market when the price is lower than the discom's tariff (even with open-access levies added). These consumers switch part—or all—of their load back and forth between the market and discom, increasing discoms' difficulties in planning, stranding their generational capacity, disrupting grid stability, and negatively impacting small consumers of the discom.
Recommendation: Avoid regular switching between open-access and regulated power supply; once a consumer shifts to regulated supply, they should not be allowed to switch back to open access for a specified duration.
B. Frequent revision of open-access charges
Frequent changes in open-access charges (especially cross-subsidies and additional surcharges) prevent consumers from entering into long-term contracts with generators or developers. Also, non-tariff barriers—for instance, mandatory continuous withdrawal for a minimum of eight hours, mandatory round-the-clock scheduling, and high standby charges—also discourage open access. Though the National Tariff Policy 2016 prescribes a progressive decrease in cross-subsidy surcharge, in most states, these surcharges have steadily increased. This serves as a major financial barrier for consumers.
Recommendation: Discoms should design a roadmap to phase out cross-subsidies over the next three to five years.
C. Discoms impose procedural hurdles
Generators and consumers often cite procedural delays as the critical hurdle to scaling up open access. Regulators reject applications based on technical constraints, like inadequate transmission or the wheeling capacity of the grid. States like Andhra Pradesh, Telangana, Maharashtra, Gujarat, and Rajasthan have shown resistance in approving applications for open access.
Recommendation: States have shown reluctance to promote open access due to their inability to protect revenues and reduce losses. Therefore,we recommend planning a phase-wise rollout of reforms starting with progressive states. This will help incorporate learnings before implementing reforms at the national scale.
D. Intermittency in renewable energy injection makes open access more challenging
Intermittency in renewable energy generation does not match the open-access consumer demand, resulting in a mismatch of demand and supply. Under the banking mechanism, regulations allows the facility of notionally parking unused power generated with the discom and using it at a later time.. With an increased share of renewable energy and significant variations, the viability of open access is becoming increasingly difficult for discoms.
Recommendation: Design a new banking framework that standardises banking charges, banking/un-banking duration, and compensation for consumers for excess, balance, or unutilised banked power for renewable energy.
[1] Traditionally, in India, a distribution company (discom) is responsible for sourcing power from various sources—generators or open markets—and supplying it to consumers at regulated tariffs. However, in 2003, under the Electricity Act, the government introduced the concept of open access with the aim of promoting competition and increasing efficiency in the sector.
[2] As of December 2019, the total installed capacity in the open-access solar market was 3.6 GW, with 1.5 GW projects in the pipeline. (Source: Mercom India)
[3] Open-access charges include central transmission charges, state transmission charges, wheeling or distribution charges, cross-subsidy surcharge, additional surcharge, SLDC charges, etc.
[4] Inter-state open access allows a consumer to procure power from a generator within as well as outside of the state of consumption.
[5] Cross-subsidy surcharge is imposed on open-access consumers primarily as a way to compensate discoms for their loss in revenue.
[6] An open-access transaction may be of two types, namely captive/group-captive and third-party sale. In a captive/group captive transaction, a consumer sets up a plant within their site or at another's, and then uses the transmission and distribution network to transport power for their consumption. In a third-party sale, unlike in the captive/group-captive version, the consumer does not own the power plant; the transaction is facilitated through a power purchase or bilateral agreement between the consumer and generator.
Financing the Energy Transition in a Post Covid-19 India
Filled under: Policy & Regulation , Power Markets , Renewables
How can the sun shine on electricity distribution utilities?
Payment Delays – The Weakest Link in India's Energy Transition?


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Actually, Printful also falls into the category of dropshipper, or a provider that stores the goods for youpersonally, packages them, and ships them out to your clients after a purchase. So, basically, all you need to do is upload your own designs and begin posting them on your website to begin selling. In this Printful review, we'll outline the advantages of the support and show why many users choose Printful over the alternatives.
The Brief story Is that Printful does not have as big of selection of products when compared with the competition. If I wanted to publish and dropship some designs on coasters, I would need to look elsewhere. The same is true for more specific items such as yoga mats and jewellery. But, there is an onslaught of user reviews out there which say Printful is that their go-to printing media due to the quality of products. And that is a major thing.
You may have to Cut back on the range of items that you sell on your website, but you know that the tops are hardy, the printing isn't likely to wash off fast, and clients aren't going to get ticked off because of a late delivery.
Obviously, not All printing and dropshipping companies are ideal. I've seen users article dreadful Printful reviews, speaking about how the customer service is lacking or the way the print did not come out as bright as they thought. However, nearly all merchants appear to agree that Printful is your leader in this market.
1 thing to Remember is that it often depends upon the type of product you're printing on, the provider you select, and the standard of picture you upload. So, 1 kind of shirt might seem wonderful from Printful, but the bag bags may not look exactly right. The main approach to figure out whether Printful is for you is to upload a few of your layouts and order samples. In this manner, you can compare pricing, quality, and shipping rate to additional printing companies and determine which one is for you.
For This Printful review, we'll avoid the caliber of its products, since that really requires you to order some samples. But, we'll discuss pricing, ease-of-use, customer service, as well as the choice of products. This way, you'll have a better idea of how Printful can work for you and if the design and integration tools are sufficient for your industry.
Printful provides the products, Prints on the products, packages and suits the order and transmits it directly to your clients, all you have to do is send orders to them and also the order information and they'll manage the rest. To find out more about how their process works, have a look at the Printful Printing Order Lifecycle.
They're in the business Of assisting you to create products for your business, and they provide all the necessary tools and resources to help you easily integrate the dropshipping process into your ecommerce site so it's possible to offer a seamless experience to your customers. They offer plenty of ecommerce integrations so you can utilize their service whichever platform you decide to sell on, they are transparent about their goods and shipping pricing so it is easy to know their prices and apply it to your merchandise markups, they supply design, branding and photography services so your products can appear their best and they are based in North America in addition to Europe in order to easily reach the largest consumer markets.
Another cost to Consider is the sample sequence. Like I mentioned previously, the only way to really see whether the quality of the merchandise from Printful are right for you is to send a sample on your own.
This might cause Problems for those attempting to test out new products on a regular basis. However, the company does have some ways to acquire extra sample orders–such as by integrating having the ecommerce platform or creating over $300 from the previous month.
Another large Question most merchants have is whether it's fast and easy to walk through the print layout center. Also, what's it like trying to find those goods on your website?
I would choose The dimensions which I'd like to sell, then upload the printing file that is going to move onto that canvas.
In general, the Guide from Printful is quite clear as to what you may need to change with your upload. For example, most random JPGs you upload from your computer are going to be too small for printing onto a canvas. You're going to want to have a massive JPG or PNG which you exported from a RAW file in something like Lightroom or even Photoshop.
Printful Is for ecommerce entrepreneurs who want the simplicity of selling dropshipped goods without sacrificing quality or their branding at the process. Whether you're looking for a way to market your designs to your customers be it on habit t-shirts, canvases, phone cases, pillows and more, or if you're considering starting any kind of product-based business without the annoyance of owning stock or manufacturing stuff, then Printful is for you.
They are continually Growing their services and product offerings, and because they're so receptive to their own customer's needs and desires their number of sellers continues to grow. Their efficiency, transparency, high-quality product offering and varied selection are a part of the reason why they're so successful, and their capacity to work with companies to help them provide the best support for their customers is what keeps them growing.
You do not have to have Any previous business experience when it comes to working with Printful. The services they offer are available to both experienced entrepreneurs as well as new small business owners, so if you've never started your own company or haven't sourced products from a supplier before then give Printful an attempt! There's no minimum order requirement, no monthly charges, you only pay for orders because your customers make them so it's a low-risk method to start your own organization.
You don't have to have any prior business experience If it comes to working with Printful. The services they offer are accessible to both experienced entrepreneurs as well as new business owners.
What they provide sellers Goes far beyond their product offering and regular dropshipping services. Those are both a huge portion of what makes their support so precious but they also provide other resources and tools that enable sellers to set up their shops more readily, create more amazing products or just generally help vendors use Printful's service to its fullest extent.
There are several Different printing procedures but those that Printful sticks to are Direct-to-Garment (DTG) printing as it's a cost and labor efficient way to print single order things (and the reason why they don't require minimum orders), but they also offer all-over sublimation printing for a few clothing items, screen printing in certain cases (for large orders only) and embroidery for hats and coming soon for apparel.
When it comes to Printing, Printful makes it easy for you. You don't have to worry about choosing the best printing way of the product you are printing on, each product provided on their site is published in the way which best suits the product, so you don't have to research different printing methods and their advantages and disadvantages, Printful's got it covered.
For more information About their products and product pricing, check out Printful's Custom Products page. If you are interested in dropshipping something which you don't see offered on Printful yet, have a look at their Upcoming Product & Features page to see if it is coming shortly. They listen for their vendors and they add new products frequently, so if there is a product you want to see only inform them through their New Feature Requests page.
Printful also offers a Warehousing and fulfillment service at which they're able to store, pick, pack, and ship goods on behalf of merchants — they don't even have to be Printful merchandise! Printful has made a sophisticated community of shipping, satisfaction, and logistics solutions they hire out to merchants who demand access to these resources.
As Printful supplies a Dropshipping service, there is no need for one to ever handle or handle any of the solution or stock, and you don't manage the packaging, shipping or fulfillment aspects either. Printful shops, prints, picks, packs, ships and fulfills every product, so you never need to.
This is why dropshipping Is this appealing business model for entrepreneurs who are starting their very first shop or don't have a large budget to invest in product inventory or manufacturing tools. It provides a low-risk method for vendors to supply great products to their clients, and it allows sellers to focus on other aspects of their shops like the layouts, branding, customer service or marketing without needing to worry about the technical aspect of things like printing products and transport them.
That does, of course, Mean that you are paying to get Printful's services and also for providing warehousing, transport, and fulfillment so as to make it a high-value business version for you. While you do not pay for their support in monthly fees or minimum orders, your profit margins will be affected and will probably be smaller than if you were manufacturing products yourself. This drawback is not exclusive to Printful, it applies to the dropshipping business model as a whole. It is, nevertheless, an important facet of dropshipping to remember so that you can prepare your margins so.
Printful's experienced Team may also help you with the design requirements you might want to receive your ecommerce shop off the ground. Not only will they help you organize print documents for Printful products, but they can also assist you with any other design needs like redesigning logos, making sublimation print files, color-matching print files, making minor alterations to publish documents, creating new images, making custom art and more. Even if you're launching on other programs like TeeSpring, Society6 or Kickstarter, the Printful design team can assist you with the production of any layouts, artwork or graphics you want.
This is an ideal Support For the ecommerce merchant with an idea of what designs they want to publish in their products but are not sure how to bring it life or the shop owner who would like to outsource the artwork creation so they could spare some time to take care of other areas of building their business. With Printful's dedicated design group you'll be in good hands, so if this is a service you might require, check out Printful's Design Services page for more information.
As one of the many Services Printful supplies beyond just offering excellent products and a fulfillment support, they also offer design and branding solutions that will assist you take your company to another level.
These options help Detract from the impersonal belief that dropshipping can give and helps to maintain your brand consistency out of the website to the products your customers receive. To find out more about the branding services Printful offers, check out this page.
As we have mentioned before What makes Printful such a valuable service to use is they're committed to not only providing excellent service via their product offering and fulfillment responsibilities, but they go the extra mile to assist vendors use Printful to its fullest degree.
· Printing Tips: They provide lots of articles which are easily accessible through their homepage to help sellers understand the various printing benefits and disadvantages such as DTG print file transparency, fabric facts, sublimation printing details, garment printing details, and information about how to make embroidery files.
· Mockup Generator: Utilize their mockup generator to use your designs to their merchandise to either get a sense of what the finished product will appear to be to create product pictures on your ecommerce store.
· Gain Calculator: As we've said, the dropshipping business model inherently means you are going to be working with slender profit margins, so use their profit calculator to determine exactly what your margins will be for each product so that you can budget your markup so.
· Website: Printful's site is a valuable resource to visit if you're interested in learning more about their merchandise, services, integrations or how to really construct your store how you desire it. They're experts on their products and services, so if you want any more information about what they do, then take a look at their blog articles.
Printful Integrates with the most widely used ecommerce platforms, and setup for the majority of these platforms is simple and fast. Integrating Printful with your e commerce store means you don't need to manually handle each customer's purchase and submit them to Printful yourself. When you integrate Printful with your e commerce platform every time your customers place an order it automatically gets sent to Printful so that you do not have to handle it whatsoever. It follows that orders get sent to Printful instantly and there's no chance of losing the purchase or making a mistake on the sequence details during the transition.
While Printful offers many different services, tools and resources which are beneficial to their vendors, there are still some elements of their services that they are working to enhance. Let us dive into the benefits and disadvantages of utilizing Printful as a dropshipping service provider.
Finally, Printful Provides the most effective dropshipping service when it comes to apparel, accessories and homeware distributing and printing. They might not have a massive merchandise offering but what they do provide is high quality, and they strive to get it right every time. They also work with their vendors to always improve the products and services they provide whether that is getting new types of merchandise in or adding more selection to what they currently offer. Their drive to offer high quality products and services and to continuously improve their products, tools, and tools is the reason so many sellers decide to work with them.
However, the Main ones that also provide dropshipping include Printify (easy to get confused with Printful,) Print Aura, and Gooten. A few other ones exist, but there aren't many dropshipper/printers from the game.
Printful makes Money whenever you make a sale. The same goes for the supplier you're purchasing from. What happens is you select a product to market, and Printful lists a starting retail price for your item.
So, let us say I Wanted to sell some t-shirts together with my own custom layout printed onto them. Printful has a massive collection of tops from different brands and made out of different materials. Each item gets the info listed for pricing, colors, shipping locations, and testimonials.
As you walk Through the product creation process, you'll see an choice to create your own pricing and view the possible profit. I figure most t-shirts go for about $10 to $15, so I list mine as $14.99.
One of the main Reasons I enjoy Printful so much is because it concentrates on particular goods, but does them well. As an example, t-shirts sound so straightforward, but a few of the t-shirts are of incredible quality, so that you may turn your store into somewhat of a high-end supplier.
I'd argue The Printful base costs are someplace in the middle when compared with the competition. I have seen some rather cheap prices from competitors like Printify and Gooten, but once more, those two choices appear to have more trouble with transport and general quality.
I'm convinced That you can surely turn a gain for most of your earnings through Printful, so long as you're not pricing things above what people would usually pay. Folks know that custom printing is more expensive, so they're typically willing to pay a premium. Additionally, you get to determine the possible gain before publishing it into your website, so if an item doesn't yield a fantastic return, simply search for a more affordable version or hike up the cost a bit.


Eduardo Bolsonaro warned TSE they would face dire consequences if they contested his father's candidacy.
21 October 2018 (teleSUR)* — A soldier and a corporal are enough to close Brazil's Supreme Electoral Court (TSE), Eduardo Bolsonaro, the son of Brazilian Presidential Candidate Jair Bolsonaro, said Sunday [21 October 2018].
A controversial video surfaced this weekend showing Federal Member of Parliament Elect Bolsonaro warning the TSE they would face dire consequences if they contested his father's candidacy.
Allegations of electoral crimes, specifically the abuse of economic power and illegal use of social media, triggered calls for an investigation to bar the popular right-wing candidate from the presidential race and from politics for the next eight years.
The electoral court is still debating the case, however, Public Security Minister Raul Jungmann said an investigation into the circulation and purchase of contraband promotional Whatsapp messages preceding the first round of elections will be kept confidential.
The lawsuit asks for the search and seizure of documents at businessman Luciano Hang's home and his company's headquarters. Hang was linked to this scandal by a Folha de S. Paulo report. The coalition is also requesting the seizure of accounting records and access to financial and banking data of all companies allegedly involved in the illegal operation, including Quick Mobile, Yacows, Croc, and SMS Market.
The suit, which also asks that the justice system demand that WhatsApp put in place a containment plan to avoid the dissemination of false information, seeks to stop a "tsunami of fake news" scheduled for next week, as Brazil enters the final days before the second round of votes, scheduled for Oct. 28.
This is not the only lawsuit in the elections. The Democratic Labour Party, whose candidate Ciro Gomes came in third place, is requesting the election be nullified due to illegalities related to the Bolsonaro campaign.


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Category Archives: #4 Truck
Bell Rings First in NCWTS Truck Series Playoffs
#4 TruckBy Ryan Kingsbury September 24, 2017
After winning the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series regular season title and earning the No. 1 seed for the playoffs, Christopher Bell and the No. 4 team picked up right where they left off to start the playoffs winning all three stages of Saturday's UNOH 175 at New Hampshire Motor Speedway in Loudon in the…
Continuing KBM's Winning Tradition
MOORESVILLE, N.C. (Sept. 19, 2017) – With the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series regular season title already in hand, Christopher Bell and the No. 4 SiriusXM team are now focused on bringing home another combined championship to Kyle Busch Motorsports (KBM). KBM has won the Truck Series Owner's championship four straight seasons (2013-2016), including a…
Bell Earns Regular Season Title with Third-Place Finish
Christopher Bell led a race-high 72 laps of Friday night's NASCAR Camping World Truck Series TheHouse.com225 at Chicagoland Speedway in Joliet, Ill. but surrendered the lead to race winner Johnny Sauter with 28 laps remaining when the handling of his SiriusXM Tundra went extremely loose. Bell would hold on to cross the stripe in the third…
Ready to Double Down
MOORESVILLE, N.C. (Sept. 12, 2017) – While the big picture for Christopher Bell and the No. 4 SiriusXM team is to walk away from Homestead-Miami (Fla.) Speedway as the NASCAR Camping World Truck Series champions, winning the regular season title and earning 15 playoff points would go a long way towards their ultimate goal. Bell heads…
Bell Finishes 26th at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park
#4 TruckBy Ryan Kingsbury September 3, 2017
Christopher Bell restarted from the fourth position with 20 laps remaining in Sunday's NASCAR Camping World Truck Series 250 at Canadian Tire Motorsport Park in Bowmanville, Ont. but moments later missed a shift causing the engine to expire on his No. 4 Toyota Tundra. Despite finishing 26th in the event, Bell heads into the regular season…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Shimla, Dec 20- As Himachal Pradesh awaits its new chief minister, BJP central observers Nirmala Sitharaman and Narendra Singh Tomar are likely to arrive here today and meet newly-elected party MLAs.
In-charge of party affairs in the state, Mangal Pandey, would also arrive here thursday morning, state BJP vice- president Ganesh Dutt said here yeasterday.
The shock defeat of the BJP's chief ministerial candidate Prem Kumar Dhumal from Sujanpur has opened up the race for the top post in Himachal Pradesh.
Union Health Minister Jagat Prakash Nadda and five-time MLA Jairam Thakur were being seen as front-runners for the chief minister's post.
Some other senior BJP lawmakers in the state, including Mohinder Singh, who won for a seventh time, five-term MLA Rajiv Bindal, former state BJP chief Suresh Bharadwaj, and Krishan Kapoor, both elected for a fourth term, could also be considered, party sources said.
The BJP has 44 members in the 68-member Assembly.
When contacted, several BJP MLAs said they had no official intimation about today's meeting but added that most of them already reached Shimla.
The central observers would elicit the view of the members and submit a report to the party top brass, Dutt said.
Meanwhile, clamour for making Dhumal the chief minister was gaining momentum and three BJP MLAs reported to have offered to vacate their seats for him.


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Железнодорожная станция Брешиа () — главная железнодорожная станция итальянского города Брешиа на железной дороге Милан — Венеция.

Описание
Несмотря на относительно небольшие размеры, через станцию проезжает около 9 млн пассажиров в год. Управляется оператором CentoStazioni. Станция была построена по проекту инженера Бенедетто Фоа () и открыта 24 апреля 1854 года, одновременно с открытием участка Коккальо — Верона железной дороги Милан — Венеция. Здание вокзала выполнено в стиле классицизма с чертами неороманского стиля и элементами средневековых укреплений.

На станции 10 пассажирских платформ, три из которых зарезервированы для железной дороги Брешиа — Изео — Эдоло, управляемой оператором Ferrovie Nord Milano. Из остальных семи, первая платформа обычно используется для поездов из Милана в Верону и Венецию, а вторая — для поездов из региона Венето в столицу Ломбардии. Платформы с третьей по седьмую используются для региональных поездов, следующих по линиям Лекко — Бергамо — Брешиа, Брешиа — Кремона и Парма — Брешиа. На станции есть ещё несколько платформ, используемых для товарных поездов и стоянки локомотивов.

См. также
 Метрополитен Брешиа

Примечания

Литература
 Giancarlo Ganzerla. Binari sul Garda — Dalla Ferdinandea al tram: tra cronaca e storia. Grafo, Brescia, 2004. ISBN 8873856330
 Antonio Fappani, (a cura di). Enciclopedia Bresciana. Vol IV, pag. 148. Editrice La Voce del Popolo, Brescia, 1981.

Ссылки
 Описание и фотографии станции

Вокзалы Италии
Появились в 1854 году

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text:
Q: Spring / Java, good method for remotely interacting with command line Java app on another server? I am working on a Spring web application where I have a need to interact with a remotely based command-line java application to run a simple search query on this application and get back the results. I initially had integrated this into my Spring app but my app is, itself, needing a lot of memory (its an app that involves huge amounts of data) and I don't think they can coexist on one server anymore.
I am running everything on Amazon ec2 so the latency between the servers should be really low. I figure I could use a direct SSH connection but am not so sure if this is the best approach. I'd like to keep the command-line app I am interacting with as simple as possible (would rather not make it into a web-service if I don't have to). I'm still fairly new to Java so sorry if this sounds like a basic question.

A: You have several options other than a web service. Some of them are:

*

*Protocol Buffers

*JMS

*Simple socket based client/server Java

*Thrift

A: Assuming you have or can have spring on both ends -
Exposing service objects and consuming them from a different process becomes extremely trivial using Spring's remoting support. (RmiServiceExporter may be most appropriate and least trivial to setup in this case)
It really does away with all the boiler plate code and let's you focus on your business/service logic.
You can write a hello world service and consume it from another Java program in less than twenty minutes. Once you have this "infrastructure" setup, you are free to focus on your actual business logic.
(You absolutely don't have to know rmi to get this working though rmi working knowledge may help if you run into problems. But then, what is SO community for? ;))

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text:
by Iris Vander Pluym
Iris Vander Pluym is an artist and activist in NYC (West Village), and an unapologetic, godless, feminist lefty. Raised to believe Nice Girls™ do not discuss politics, sex or religion, it turns out those are pretty much the only topics she ever wants to talk about. Also: squirrels.
Mah spiritual needz!
My esteemed colleague is asking...
Tuesday Premonitions.
CONFESSIONS OF A DEADBEAT BLOGGER.
I don't understand their objection to "shithole countries."
Warms my little black heart, it does.
Fascism? What fascism?
What are you, my mom?
FANTASTIC NEWS for anti-choice d00ds!
chigau (違う) on IMNSHO: Rev. Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr.'s finest speech.
flexilis on Mah spiritual needz!
DonDueed on Mah spiritual needz!
secmilchap on Mah spiritual needz!
Iris Vander Pluym on Mah spiritual needz!
Jazzlet on Mah spiritual needz!
Iris Vander Pluym on My esteemed colleague is asking…
THE SQUIRREL MENACE
Part 1: biological warfare.
Part 2: depravity and terrorism.
Part 3: action plan.
All posts in category #deathtosquirrels.
BUY MY STUFF!
PAY ME MONEY!
If you like what I do here, please send some LOVE my way! In the form of US dollars.
Check out my other blog perry street palace. Mostly the same crap I post here—but with less squirrels.
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Ruining everything, as usual. » « I swear I didn't do it.
Jerry Coyne at BHA 2016—Part 3: Yes and hahaha no.
UPDATE: WordPress apparently black holed a few of sentences re: Purvi Patel (and some formatting tags). I fixed it—I think.
(Part 1 is here. Part 2 is here.)
[CONTENT NOTE: While this post contains no graphic descriptions or images of violence, it does mention: rape, sexual assault and violent abuse, including against children; mental illness including suicidal ideation; hostility to consent, bodily autonomy and agency; sex- and gender-based discrimination.]
To briefly recap: While atheist Big Willie Jerry Coyne is notoriously prone to poo flinging, he also said some very interesting things in his Darwin Day lecture at the British Humanist Association (and elsewhere). I transcribed a few sections of his talk because I'd like to have a handy link to it to help shut down the font of incoherent nonsense that is conservative movement atheism. I also thought some readers here just might (a) find some of this talk as worthwhile as I do (see Part 1), and/or (b) enjoy my documenting Coyne's insulting, dismissive, nearly comical obliviousness to his privilege (Part 2).
Part 3 focuses on a section of the Q&A wherein Coyne manages both to say some more really cool stuff, and then go into full mansplain-to-the-feminists mode and pull a classic Dear Muslima.
POO FLINGING AHEAD.
Question from an audience member (@1:14:57):
Q: I thought your point about the correlation between the quality of life and people having a religion or religious belief was very interesting. I was wondering how would you say that science and the concept of evolution is going to tackle countries that are currently under theocracy. I'm obviously referring to Islamic states and places where science isn't as widely spread. How do you think we can tackle the fact that their quality of lives are inevitably lower and therefore their attachment to an extreme religion is higher and therefore their likelihood to believe in evolution is going to be lower, how do you think science can help abate that?
Coyne: Yeah well that's a problem for sociology, which I think properly construed is a branch of science. Okay first of all you have to determine, because remember I just said it was a hypothesis whether indeed Marx was right, whether having a dysfunctional life makes people more religious. Now… I get in trouble for saying this but I think that properly conducted, things like sociology science and history are science, you know, because they use the scientific method. So here's one way that you can test that, and it has been tested. If indeed dysfunctional societies make people more religious, then you could make predictions. If you look at a society and plot its dysfunctionality over time then you should see religiosity going in parallel with that, but a year behind it or some time behind it. That's exactly what sociologists have found. So if you look at income inequality of The United States it fluctuates, if you look at religiosity it fluctuates in tandem, but a year behind. To me that shows that the dysfunctionality is the cause of the religious belief, rather than the other way around, because of the time lag.
♥ ♥ ♥ !!!
Now what do we do about it? Well, my remedy was what I said in the last slide. You have to improve societies. Now how do you improve a society like Saudi Arabia, for example? Or Africa [sic]? I don't have the answer to that, you know that's a political question.
Actually, Coyne does indeed have an answer to that: universal health care and reducing economic inequality. Now how you accomplish that in Saudi Arabia is another matter entirely, though it probably does not entail corporate welfare programs for Boeing arming its rulers to the teeth in an unprecedented weapons deal.
But let's just imagine for a moment what might have happened in Afghanistan, for example, if instead of arming the Taliban to fight our proxy war against Russia, and then invading, bombing, occupying and otherwise meddling with that country since 9-11, the US spent a tiny fraction of all that blood and treasure doing things like:
Partnering with Médecins Sans Frontières to build and staff free (or low-cost) regional clinics and hospitals, and using the world's greatest military to ensure safe access.
Partnering with locals to aggressively address the endemic illiteracy among adults and children, and educating for free qualified Afghans who wish to pursue careers in medicine, engineering, teaching, law, STEM, etc.
Buying up the opium crops and/or paying Afghans for cultivating other commodities.
Partnering with locals to help build basic infrastructure, such as renewable energy generation and transportation.
A girl can dream, can't she?
Coyne: But the lesson if anything that Europe has taught us is that countries that do not have god can function very well. I could have shown you another plot on the happiness of countries. There's something called the Happiness Index that the United Nations constructs, which is not just how happy are you today, but it combines a number of factors, how comfortable people are, how good they feel about their lives, how good they feel about their prospects, that is completely negatively correlated with religiosity as well. So that's an independent test, because it's not just functionality it's how people feel about themselves. And you see an even stronger negative correlation. So first of all that gives the lie to the assertion that religious societies are the happiest societies. In fact it's the opposite way around.
Coyne: So what do we do about it? I mean my view is a rising tide lifts all boats. We have to take an internationalist – I sound like a Marxist don't I? – we have to take an internationalist view of the world. So if you're a feminist for example, and I'm in hot water here because I'm telling feminists what to do
but, you don't just worry about you know, things that happen in your country, oppression of women in the Unites States, which is very real. But in other countries like the Middle East [sic] it's much, much worse. So I think you need to take the long view of, you know, where the human miseries really lie.
Once again, it was all going so well, and then all of a sudden SPLAT. Now it smells like shit up in here.
Let us put aside the trivial ease with which we could dismiss the relative privation fallacy these paragons of rationalism love to lob at feminists. Because where's the fun in that?
Coyne graciously acknowledges that the oppression of women in the US is "very real," however it's not, "you know, where the human miseries really lie." So let's talk about these feminists who "just" worry about "things" that happen in their own country, if that country happens to be the United States in the 21st century.
Here are some non-miseries on which US feminists might focus:
poverty. Poverty in the US has a gender bias: 14.7% for women vs. 10.9% for men (2014 data). And it's much, much higher for certain segments of the female population:
-women 65 and older living alone: 19.7%
-Hispanic women: 22.8%
-Black women: 25%
-women ages 18-64 with a disability: 31.9 percent
-women who head families: 39.8%
42 million US women—plus 28 million children—live in poverty or right on the brink of it. Among the reasons US feminists are engaged in a multi-front war here are: benefit cuts to social assistance programs that fund everything from adequate housing to school lunches for poor kids; opposition to equal pay and paid leave; lack of affordable health care; stagnant minimum wages; reproductive coercion by the state to force childbirth; etc. These are all directly impoverishing women (and children and men) right now, today, with profound effects that persist for entire lifetimes.
rape and abuse. The statistics are well known: 1 out of every 6 US women (and at least 1 in 33 men) has been the victim of an attempted or completed rape. The effects are well documented: enormously increased rates of depression, PTSD, alcohol/drug abuse, suicidal ideation. In any other realm, this is what you would call "a public health crisis."We also know a thing or two about rapists: the vast majority of rapes are committed by serial predators who make up a (relatively…) small minority of men, estimated between 4% and 8%. That is a lot of men—and a lot of rapes. Furthermore, these men are also disproportionately responsible for other violent acts
such as slapping or choking an intimate partner, physically or sexually abusing a child, and sexual assaults other than attempted or completed rapes. In the realm of being partner- and child-beating monsters, the repeat rapists really stood out. These 76 men, just 4% of the sample, were responsible for 28% of the reported violence… If we could eliminate the men who rape again and again and again, a quarter of the violence against women and children would disappear. That's the public policy implication.
So it's rather, uh…interesting, then, that hundreds of thousands of rape kits remain untested across the nation. Have drug tests been piling up unanalyzed by the hundreds of thousands for many years? I don't fucking think so. Evidently, it's much more important to non-feminists that we reincarcerate a parolee for smoking a joint than catch a violent rapist who will almost certainly continue to rape and abuse until caught, prosecuted and jailed. What's that you say? It costs money? Priorities: we have them.
reproductive rights. Restrictions on access to abortion (and birth control FFS) are increasing, with predictably tragic results. It is axiomatic that forcing or coercing anyone into continuing an unwanted pregnancy and giving birth is state violence, but it goes much further than that. Consider:
–This study documents hundreds of cases of forced interventions on pregnant women by the state from 1973-2005 in horrifying detail. In each case, "pregnancy was a necessary element and the consequences included: arrests; incarceration; increases in prison or jail sentences; detentions in hospitals, mental institutions and drug treatment programs; and forced medical interventions, including surgery."
-More recently, prosecutors have been aggressively targeting women for self-aborting or otherwise Doin' Preggers Rong™. Just last year, Purvi Patel was sentenced to twenty years in prison for feticide and neglect after a miscarriage at 23-24 weeks. She says it was a stillbirth; prosecutors say it lived for a few seconds. Here's the real kicker: if she had a live birth at a hospital, she could have legally declined resuscitation and neonatal intensive care, the odds of catastrophic neurological damage being extremely high at that stage. But she went into premature labor at home instead—oops!—so she rots in jail. FOR TWENTY YEARS.
This is hardly an exhaustive list. But I do think it illustrates that US feminists have their hands pretty full. What I'd like to know is this: which of the aforementioned non-miseries does Dr. Coyne think feminists should be neglecting where we live and can have an impact in order to fully focus on the worse plight of women in the Middle East?
And I hope you're sitting down, because I'm about to totally blow your mind. Believe it or not, despite the endless and overwhelming demands of smashing the patriarchy here at home, a Google search will inform you that many US–based feminist organizations do not in fact confine their activism to the US!* Many do not even focus their work here at all! I know, right?! And guess what else? I hope you are still sitting down, because feminist work is not an either/or proposition. Incredibly, it turns out that feminists are capable of focusing their efforts on more than one cause and one place at a time, just like non-feminists and even atheists are. AMAZING AMIRITE.
You see, it's not like Jerry Coyne (or Sam Harris) is demanding the release of Purvi Patel.
But persecute an atheist on the other side of the globe, and they are all over it. And there is nothing wrong with that—it is an entirely laudable endeavor that many of us enthusiastically support. But persecute pregnant women on the basis of religious ideas and junk science—seriously, is this not their entire purported purview?—right here in the US, you get *crickets*. Because women in the Middle East have it much, much worse.
By that logic, shouldn't FFRF stop focusing on trivial little issues like Latin crosses on police cars and scripture displays in public schools, and instead devote their efforts and resources to fighting religious persecution in India or Myanmar?
And what the fuck was everyone doing partying it up at the Reason Rally in DC this past weekend while atheists in Russia face jail time?
Hey! Silly Saudi ladies! What are you complaining about when women in Yemen have it so much worse than you?
It is absolutely true that the vast majority of women in the Middle East have it much, much worse than the vast majority of women in the West. Yes. And that is why so many feminists—including Islamic feminists, in the Middle East—focus their efforts there. It is also absolutely true that Western "mainstream" feminists have a long history of fucking this shit up (in many of the same ways and for many of the same reasons white feminists are prone to fucking shit up with respect to women of color). But you know what? At least some of us are listening to our sisters in the Muslim world, and trying to do better by them. What exactly is Jerry Coyne doing for them? Besides taking potshots at feminists for not doing enough, I mean.
Coyne suggests that the solution to women's oppression requires taking a more global view: "a rising tide lifts all boats." So if women across the Middle East were to become significantly less oppressed tomorrow, women in the United States would consequently escape poverty, enjoy the same rights to bodily autonomy as men, and be raped, beaten and killed by their partners a lot less frequently? Oh, and does it work the other way around? That is, if women in the United States dramatically improved their lot, would women in Yemen soon be better off?
Hahaha no.
You know, I have a theory about why such demonstrably fallacious critiques by our esteemed atheist "leaders" are only ever lobbed in the direction of Social Justice Warriors. It's because their fanatical zeal to single out Islam as the Worstest Religion EVAR™ (despite evidence to the contrary) does not spring from rationalism, humanism or even basic empathy. It is motivated in large part by a petty tribalism, a base compulsion to feel culturally superior (despite evidence to the contrary). And to feel personally superior, too. To that end they need to deny, ignore or justify the traditional Western beliefs we all internalize about the moral and intellectual inferiority of women, brown people, poor people and sexual and religious minorities—and the characteristic Western exploitation, oppression and genocide of those deemed inferior—by pointing fingers anywhere except in the mirror.
Godsforbid any of us should recognize our own part in the social, cultural and economic systems from which we unjustly benefit.
Hey, look over there! People in the Middle East have it much, much worse than you do.
*Feminist anti-war activists also have a long and impressive history in the US. Their work is also international in scope, even though their activism is obviously directed at influencing the US government and their fellow citizens. An effective anti-war movement is probably the most beneficial mission we could undertake if we were serious about, you know, actually helping women in the Middle East, and not just using them as convenient props to feel superior—or worse, to justify Western "intervention." ISIS and Boko Haram did not just spring up spontaneously out of the blue because of Islam. FFS.
Iris Vander Pluym
abuse, feminism, godlessness, inequality, poverty, privilege, rape, reproductive rights, science, USA, violence
That pesky, pesky evidence to the contrary.
Too bad they'll never read it.
Excluded Layman says
It took a minute for it to click, but "rising tides" and "internationalist view" are incompatible concepts, and create a broken analogy: Globally, water volume is effectively fixed, so a rising tide anywhere has to come from receding water elsewhere. In the context of the answer he gave, no, a rising tide does not lift all boats, just the ones he happens to be looking at.
But it was an ad hoc turn of phrase, so meh. Just goes to show how badly you can mangle a concept when you can't think it through.
Raucous Indignation says
Oh! You leave me breathless!
dianne says
You know, life for women in Saudi Arabia is pretty good compared to life for women in Medieval Europe. So we're done here, we can all go home and stop worrying about oppression. Relatively speaking, it's all completely fixed.
chigau (違う) says
re: floating boats
Someone once said something like:
"The sound of champagne corks popping in the lifeboats is of little comfort to those of us treading water."
I know I didn't make this up but I cannot find a source.


text:
Q: TypeError: Cannot read property 'querySelector' of null I have been trying for a while to get this to work, to no success. I am trying to use material.iu inside of gatsby, but the javascript elements are giving me a null querySelector. I am new to React and Gatsby and I am not sure if it is a React problem or a Gatsby problem. here is the error:

]4

A: This is not going to work because you are essentially just adding a script tag in your JSX markup. If you absolutely must add a script tag to your gatsby site you can do it a couple of ways, either by looking at using the static folder or react-helmet. Check these two links, they should help you:

*

*using the static folder in gatsby

*add script tag to header or body in gatsby project


At least the Iraq story is in larger type. But is Stephen Fry's review of a phone really of more national or international import than the practicalities of containing Ebola, a possible instance of children being deliberately poisoned en-masse and a well-known UK politician receiving a suspicious substance mailed to the Houses of Parliament?
I know The Guardian is a business and they need to keep the clicks coming. I just hate how mainstream media play into Apple's marketing-as-news strategy.


text:
Chapter Nine Women's Health.
Published byFiona Stipe Modified over 5 years ago
Presentation on theme: "Chapter Nine Women's Health."— Presentation transcript:
1 Chapter Nine Women's Health
2 The Importance of Women's Health
Being born female is dangerous to your health, especially in low- and middle-income countries Women's health is linked closely with the MDGs
3 Table 9.2: Selected Definitions on Women's Health
Data from University of Kentucky HealthCare. Glossary Index. Available at: Accessed April 15, 2007; University of New South Wales. UNSW Embryology Glossary Index. Available at: Index/index.htm. Accessed April 15, 2007; The White Ribbon Alliance. Glossary. Available at: cfm?a0=Glossary. Accessed April 15, 2007; Wikipedia. Sepsis. Available at: Accessed April 15, 2007.
4 Table 9.2: Selected Definitions (cont.)
5 The Determinants of Women's Health
Biological Determinants Iron deficiency anemia related to menstruation Complications of pregnancy Increased susceptibility to some infections Conditions, such as ovarian cancer, specific to women
Social Determinants Related to gender norms and roles Female abortion or infanticide Often fed less nutritious food than male children Male dominance leads to physical and sexual abuse Cooking with poor ventilation contributes to respiratory disease Low social status limits access to health care
7 The Burden of Health Conditions for Females
Sex-Selective Abortion Skewed ratios of males to females in some countries, including China, India, Taiwan, Singapore, South Korea Rising incomes and levels of education have led to more sex-selective abortion in these countries
Female Genital Cutting Estimated million worldwide have had some form of genital cutting performed on them Practice appears to be diminishing Can initially cause shock, infection or hemorrhaging Long-term problems include retention of urine, infertility, and obstructed labor
Sexually Transmitted Infections Biologically more susceptible Risk factors for women are young age, sex with high risk partners, and inability to use a condom 1.9% of total DALYs lost to women aged were due to STIs
10 The Burden of Health Conditions for Females
Violence and Sexual Abuse Against Women UNAIDS estimates 10-50% of women worldwide have been abused physically by a partner Can lead to injuries, unwanted pregnancy, STIs, depression, disability, and death Risk factors include low socioeconomic status, young age of the male partner, proximity to alcohol, and gender inequality
11 The Burden of Health Conditions for Women
Maternal Morbidity and Mortality Estimates suggest that there are about 342,000 maternal deaths per year 50% of all maternal deaths occur in six countries- Nigeria, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Ethiopia, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo
20% of maternal deaths are from indirect causes, 80% are from direct causes Risk factors include general health and nutrition, level of education and income, ethnicity, location, age, and having a skilled birth attendant present
Unsafe Abortion A "safe" abortion is one performed by a trained healthcare provider, with proper equipment, technique, and sanitary standards Estimates suggest that 70,000 women die from unsafe abortions every year Rates of unsafe abortion vary among regions
14 Figure 9.2: Unsafe abortion
Obstetric Fistula Condition in which a hole opens up between bladder and vagina or rectum and vagina 50,000 to 100,000 women each year will suffer a fistula Women with fistulas are often stigmatized or abandoned Risk factors are those associated with an obstructed delivery
16 Differences Between the Health of Men and Women
Greater focus has recently been put on the extent to which gender discrimination affects women's health 19 conditions disproportionately affect women- some are specific to women, some are related to women's higher life expectancy, some are a result of gender discrimination
17 The Cost and Consequences of Women's Health Problems
Violence, STIs, and fistula tend to isolate women socially When a woman dies in childbirth, her family is typically left without a primary caregiver Substantial economic costs from women's health issues
18 Addressing Future Challenges
Female Genital Cutting Efforts that promote change need to be specifically tailored to local practices and beliefs Promote female empowerment, education, and control over economic resources
Violence Against Women Protecting women through legislation Shelters for abused women Ensuring police, judges, and healthcare workers are trained to deal with violence against women in effective ways
20 Table 9.4: Selected Measures to Reduce Intimate Partner Violence
Sexually Transmitted Infections Surveillance of STIs Program of health education Appropriately trained health workers to provide proper treatment
Maternal Mortality Provide hygienic and appropriate post-abortion care at the lowest level of the health system possible Provide effective family planning methods Births attended by a skilled healthcare provider Enhance emergency obstetric care
Download ppt "Chapter Nine Women's Health."
1 ADOLESCENTSEXUALITY. 2 Definitions In 1989, the joint WHO/UNFPA/UNICEF Statement gave the following definitions: Adolescents:10-19 year olds; Youth:15-24.
Abortion Worldwide: A Decade of Uneven Progress
How Gender Impacts Safe Motherhood
LIFE CYCLE APPROACH. life cycle approach ( 2 ) Anticipates and meets women's health needs from infancy through old age Emphasizes health-seeking behavior.
Reducing inequalities: Enhancing young people's access to SRHR Consultative meeting with African Parliamentarians on ICPD and MDGs September 2012 Sharon.
06_PVL_UK_APPG_Jun1 Population Growth, MDGs and Sexual and Reproductive Health Parliamentary Hearings UK All Party Parliamentary Group on Population, Development.
Expanding the Agenda National Policy Dialogue 20th July, Islamabad Yasmeen Sabeeh Qazi Senior Program Advisor Packard Foundation MDGs.
Nutrition and Global Health
1 Global AIDS Epidemic The first AIDS case was diagnosed in years later, 20 million people are dead and 37.8 million people (range: 34.6–42.3 million)
© 2006 Population Reference Bureau Female Genital Cutting, by Age Prevalence Among Younger and Older Women Percent Source: ORC Macro, Demographic and Health.
Chapter Ten Child Health.
© Aahung 2004 Millennium Development Goals Expanding the Agenda:
The Role of Women in Development. Capitalism and women What is Capitalism's effect on the role of women in the world? lose control of the means of production.
Intergenerational impacts of maternal mortality related to HIV in South Africa L. Knight1 and A.E. Yamin2 1. School of Public Health, University of Western.
GAP Report 2014 People left behind: Adolescent girls and young women Link with the pdf, Adolescent girls and young women.
© 2004 Population Reference Bureau Female Genital Cutting, by Age Prevalence Among Younger and Older Women Percent Source: DHS STATcompiler: accessed online.
Chapter Twelve Importance of Noncommunicable Disease.
1 Adolescent Reproductive Health Presented by: Dr. Richard O. Muga (MBS) National Co-ordinating Agency for Population and Development, Nairobi- Kenya Seminar.
Factors Affecting Maternal Mortality (MM) in Turkey and in the World Dr. Yeşim YASİN Spring-2014.
GENDER AND HEALTH Keerti Bhushan Pradhan
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Two elderly ladies, who were not impressed by the behaviour of Roman invaders of Britain, posed the question, "What did the Romans do for us?".
It didn't take 3KN long to enlighten everyone in assembly about the many things from toilets and turnips to pears, paved roads and parsley!
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SINGLE COMPOUND CBD ISOLATE VS WHOLE PLANT CBD
Home CBD News SINGLE COMPOUND CBD ISOLATE VS WHOLE PLANT CBD
A groundbreaking study from Israel has documented the superior therapeutic properties of whole plant CBD-rich extract as compared to single-
molecule cannabidiol (CBD).
Published in the journal Pharmacology &Pharmacy (Feb. 2015), the article directly challenges one of the sacred cows of Big Pharma and the medical-industrial complex—the notion that "crude" botanical preparations are inherently low grade and less effective than pure, single-molecule compounds.
Entitled "Overcoming the Bell-Shaped Dose-Response of Cannabidiol by Using Extract Enriched in Cannabidiol," the article is all the more noteworthy given the contribution of co-author Lumir Hanus, who was instrumental in the discovery of anandamide, the endogenous cannabinoid compound first identified in the mammalian brain in 1992.
Hanus and two Israeli colleagues from Hebrew University of Jerusalem surveyed the scientific literature and noted that during the past fifteen years numerous preclinical studies had focused on the anti-inflammatory effects of pure, single-molecule CBD in animal models of various pathologies, including rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, and diabetes.
These studies showed that administration of pure, single-molecule CBD resulted in a bell-shaped dose-response curve, meaning that when the amount of CBD exceeded a certain point its therapeutic impact declined dramatically. "Healing was only observed when CBD was given within a very limited dose range, whereas no beneficial effect was achieved at either lower or higher doses," the authors observed. This characteristic of single-molecule CBD—manifested as a bell-shaped dose response—imposes serious obstacles that limit its usefulness in a clinical context.
These studies showed that… when the amount of CBD exceeded a certain point its therapeutic impact declined dramatically.
The Israeli team sought to determine whether the administration of a whole plant CBD-rich extract would also generate a bell-shaped dose-response curve when administered to mice. Or would cannabidiol extracted from CBD-rich avoid this liability? "The aim of the present study," the authors explained, "was to find a CBD source that could eliminate the bell-shaped dose-response of purified CBD."
The scientists obtained a CBD-rich strain called "Avidekel" from Tikkun Olam, an Israeli medical marijuana producer. Referred to as "clone 202" in this study, Avidekel has hardly any THC and therefore is not intoxicating. The origins of Avidekel can be traced to Spain, where breeders developed several phenotypes of "Cannatonic" (as in "tonic"), including a strain that measures close to 20 percent CBD by dry weight with almost no intoxicating ingredients. (The same high-yielding CBD-dominant strain is known as "ACDC" in California.)
The Israeli researchers extracted CBD-rich oil from clone 202. The extract—consisting of 17.9 percent CBD, 1.1 percent THC, 1.1 percent cannabichromene (CBC), 0.2 percent cannabigerol (CBG), and "traces" of cannabinol (CBN) and cannabivarol (CBDV)—was given to mice to evaluate its anti-inflammatory and painkilling effect.
For comparative purposes, the scientists administered pure CBD to another group of mice and assessed its anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties. They also compared the extent to which single-molecule CBDand whole plant CBD inhibited the production of tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFa), a systemic inflammatory signaling molecule. Dysregulation of TNF-alpha production has been implicated in several diseases including cancer, Alzheimer's, clinical depression, and irritable bowel syndrome.
The pure CBD tests confirmed the findings of earlier preclinical research. Once again, single-molecule CBDadministration generated a bell-shaped dose-response curve with a narrow therapeutic window.
But a different dose response pattern was observed when the clone 202 extract was administered to mice. Rather than showing a bell-shaped curve, where a therapeutic effect could only be achieved at a certain concentration of pure CBD, the whole plant CBD-rich extract caused a direct, dose-dependent inhibition of pain, inflammation, and TNFa production. "In stark contrast to purified CBD," the Israeli team reported, "the clone extract…provided a clear correlation between the anti-inflammatory and anti-nociceptive responses and the dose, with increasing responses upon increasing doses, which makes this plant medicine ideal for clinical uses."
Moreover, the Israeli researchers found that a small amount of CBD in the clone extract was needed for significant pain relief compared to the much larger amount of pure CBD required to achieve the same analgesic effect. And whereas pure, single-molecule CBD precipitated a dramatic drop in efficacy if more than a specific dosage was administered, an "overdose" of whole plant CBD-rich extract did not undermine its therapeutic potency. When greater than an optimal dose of the clone 202 oil was administered, its effectiveness leveled off, suggesting that a medicinal plateau had been reached.
The Israeli study found that clone 202 extract "is superior over CBD for the treatment of inflammatory conditions." The greater efficiency of the whole plant extract might be explained by additive or synergistic interactions between CBD and dozens of minor phytocannabinoids and hundreds of non-cannabinoid plant compounds. "It is likely that other components in the extract synergize with CBD to achieve the desired anti-inflammatory action that may contribute to overcoming the bell-shaped dose-response of purified CBD," the Israeli team surmised.
The scientists also felt it was important to examine how the CBD-rich extract compared with commercial painkillers and anti-inflammatory drugs. They found that both pure CBD and the clone 202 extract exhibited greater anti-inflammatory potency than aspirin. Aspirin, but not tramadol, registered a slight inhibitory effect on TNFa production, which was negligible in comparison to the strong inhibitory effect of pure CBD and clone 202.
The key finding that CBD in the presence of other components improves the dose-response is supported by recent reports documenting the anti-proliferative effect of cannabidiol on tumor cells and the inhibitory effect of CBD on bladder contractility.
"A lot of research has been made to isolate and characterize isolated single constituents of traditional herbal medicine to find their rationale for therapeutic uses," the Israeli team concluded. "However, our data together with those of others provide legitimation to introduce a new generation of phytopharmaceuticals to treat diseases that have hitherto been treated using synthetic drugs alone. The therapeutic synergy observed with plant extracts results in the requirement for a lower amount of active components, with consequent reduced adverse effects."
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