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War poet
Georg Herwegh
A war poet is a poet who participates in a war and writes about his experiences, or a non-combatant who writes poems about war. While the term is applied especially to those who served during World War I,[1] the term can be applied to a poet of any nationality writing about any war, including Homer's Iliad, from around the 8th century BC, and the Old English poem The Battle of Maldon, that celebrated the actual battle of 991, as well as poetry of the American and the Spanish Civil War, the Crimean War, etc.
American Civil WarEdit
Commemorative stamp of American poet Walt Whitman in 1940
As the American Civil War was beginning, American poet Walt Whitman published his poem "Beat! Beat! Drums!" as a patriotic rally call for the North.[2] Whitman volunteered for a time as a nurse in the army hospitals,[3] and his collection Drum-Taps (1865) deals with his experiences during the War.
German Revolutions of 1848–49Edit
Georg Herwegh who wrote during the German revolutions of 1848–49 is an example of a 19th century German war poet.[4][5]
Crimean WarEdit
Probably the most famous 19th century war poem is Tennyson's "The Charge of the Light Brigade", which he supposedly wrote in only a few minutes after reading an account of the battle in The Times. As poet laureate he often wrote verses about public events. It immediately became hugely popular, even reaching the troops in the Crimea, where it was distributed in pamphlet form.[6]
Rudyard Kipling's poem "The Last of the Light Brigade", written some forty years after the appearance of "The Charge of the Light Brigade", in 1891, focuses on the terrible hardships faced in old age by veterans of the Crimean War, as exemplified by the cavalry men of the Light Brigade, in an attempt to shame the British public into offering financial assistance.[7] Various lines from the poem are randomly quoted by Mr. Ramsay in Virginia Woolf's To The Lighthouse.
Boer WarEdit
Rudyard Kipling wrote poetry in support of the British cause in the Boer War,[8] including the well known "Lichtenberg", which is about a combatant's death in a foreign land.[9] Swinburne, Thomas Hardy, and others wrote also poems relating to the Boer War. Hardy's poems include "Drummer Hodge",and "The Man He Killed". '"Swinburne regularly donated work to the papers to rouse the spirit, from 'Transvaal', with the infamous closing line, 'Strike, England, and strike home', to 'The Turning of the Tide'."[10]
"But ranged as infantry,
And staring face to face,
I shot at him as he at me,
And killed him in his place.
"I shot him dead because —
Because he was my foe,
Just so: my foe of course he was;
That's clear enough; although
"He thought he'd 'list, perhaps,
Off-hand like — just as I —
Was out of work — had sold his traps —
No other reason why.
"Yes; quaint and curious war is!
You shoot a fellow down
You'd treat if met where any bar is,
Or help to half-a-crown."
Thomas Hardy's Boer War poem "The Man He Killed" (1909).[11]
World War IEdit
See also: Category:World War I poets.
BritainEdit
The major novelist and poet Thomas Hardy (1840 – 1928) wrote a number of significant war poems that relate to Napoleonic Wars, the Boer Wars and World War I, including "Drummer Hodge", "In Time of 'The Breaking of Nations'", and "The Man He Killed"; his work had a profound influence on other war poets such as Rupert Brooke and Siegfried Sassoon".[12] Hardy in these poems often used the viewpoint of ordinary soldiers and their colloquial speech.[12] A theme in the Wessex Poems (1898) is the long shadow that the Napoleonic Wars cast over the 19th century, as seen, for example, in "The Sergeant's Song" and "Leipzig". The Napoleonic War is the subject of Hardy's drama in verse The Dynasts (1904–08).[13]
At the beginning of World War I, like many other writers, Kipling wrote pamphlets and poems which enthusiastically supported the UK's war aims of restoring Belgium after that kingdom had been occupied by Germany together with more generalised statements that Britain was standing up for the cause of good.[14]
For the first time, a substantial number of important British poets were soldiers, writing about their experiences of war. A number of them died on the battlefield, most famously Edward Thomas, Isaac Rosenberg, Wilfred Owen, and Charles Sorley. Others including Robert Graves,[15] Ivor Gurney and Siegfried Sassoon survived but were scarred by their experiences, and this was reflected in their poetry. Robert H. Ross describes the British "war poets" as Georgian poets.[16] Many poems by British war poets were published in newspapers and then collected in anthologies. Several of these early anthologies were published during the war and were very popular, though the tone of the poetry changed as the war progressed. One of the wartime anthologies, The Muse in Arms, was published in 1917, and several were published in the years following the war.
David Jones' epic poem of World War I In Parenthesis was first published in England in 1937, and is based on Jones's own experience as an infantryman in the War. In Parenthesis narrates the experiences of English Private John Ball in a mixed English-Welsh regiment starting with their leaving England and ending seven months later with the assault on Mametz Wood during the Battle of the Somme. The work employs a mixture of lyrical verse and prose, is highly allusive, and ranges in tone from formal to Cockney colloquial and military slang. The poem won the Hawthornden Prize and the admiration of writers such as W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.[17]
In November 1985, a slate memorial was unveiled in Poet's Corner commemorating 16 poets of the Great War: Richard Aldington, Laurence Binyon, Edmund Blunden, Rupert Brooke, Wilfrid Gibson, Robert Graves, Julian Grenfell, Ivor Gurney, David Jones, Robert Nichols, Wilfred Owen, Herbert Read, Isaac Rosenberg, Siegfried Sassoon, Charles Sorley and Edward Thomas.[18]
IrelandEdit
Some Irish World War I poets include: Tom Kettle, Francis Ledwidge, John O'Donnell, W. B. Yeats, and Katharine Tynan. Kettle's best known poem is a sonnet, "To My Daughter Betty, the Gift of God", written just days before his death. The last lines are an answer to those who criticised Irishmen for fighting in the British army saying that they "Died not for flag, nor King, nor Emperor/But for a dream, born in a herdsman's shed/and for the secret Scripture of the poor."[19] Francis Ledwidge published three volumes of poetry between 1916–18 and he was killed in action in 1917. His work as "peasant poet" and "soldier poet", was once a standard part of the Irish school curriculum.[20] John O'Donnell was born in Tuam, County Galway in 1890, and He served in the Australian army during World War I, arriving at Gallipoli on 25 April 1915. He later fought at the Battle of the Somme. In 1918 he was invalided home, during which time he wrote the last six poems of his only collection, dealing with the war from the perspective of an Australian.
W. B. Yeats's first war poem was "On being asked for a War Poem" written on February 6, 1915 in response to a request by Henry James that Yeats compose a political poem about World War I.[21] Yeats changed the poem's title from "To a friend who has asked me to sign his manifesto to the neutral nations" to "A Reason for Keeping Silent" before sending it in a letter to James, which Yeats wrote at Coole Park on August 20, 1915.[22] When it was later reprinted the title was changed to "On being asked for a War Poem".[23] Yeats' most famous war poem is "An Irish Airman Foresees His Death". the poem is a soliloquy given by an aviator in the First World War in which the narrator describes the circumstances surrounding his imminent death. The poem is a work that discusses the role of Irish soldiers fighting for the United Kingdom during a time when the Irish were trying to establish independence for Ireland. Wishing to show restraint from publishing political poems during the height of the war, Yeats withheld publication of the poem until after the conflict had ended.[24] "The Second Coming" is a poem written by Irish poet W. B. Yeats in 1919, in the aftermath of the First World War[25] and the beginning of the Irish War of Independence that followed the Easter Rising, at a time before the British Government decided to send in the Black and Tans to Ireland.[26] The poem uses Christian imagery regarding the Apocalypse and Second Coming allegorically to describe the atmosphere of post-war Europe.[27]
CanadaEdit
Canadian war poets of this period included John McCrae, who wrote In Flanders Fields, and Robert W. Service who worked as an ambulance driver for the Canadian Red Cross and was a war correspondent for the Canadian government.
RussiaEdit
Russia also produced a number of significant war poets including Nikolay Gumilyov (whose war poems were assembled in the collection The Quiver (1916)), Alexander Blok, Ilya Ehrenburg (who published war poems in his book "On the Eve"), and Nikolay Semenovich Tikhonov (who published the book Orda (The Horde) in 1922).[28]
FranceEdit
Amongst French World War I poets are the following: Guillaume Apollinaire, Adrien Bertrand, Yvan Goll, Yann-Ber Kalloc'h, Charles Péguy, and Louis Pergaud.
GermanyEdit
German World War I poets include: Rudolf G. Binding, Walter Flex, Stefan George, Yvan Goll, Heinrich Mann, Reinhard Sorge, and August Stramm.
SerbiaEdit
Serbian World War I poets include: Milutin Bojić, Vladislav Petković Dis, Miloš Crnjanski, Dušan Vasiljev, Ljubomir Micić, Proka Jovkić, Rastko Petrović, Stanislav Vinaver, Branislav Milosavljević and others.[29]
The Spanish Civil WarEdit
Ruins of Guernica, Spain, bombed by the German airforce in 1937
The Spanish Civil War produced a substantial volume[30] of poetry in English (as well as in Spanish). There were English-speaking poets serving in the Spanish Civil War on both sides. Among those fighting with the Republicans as volunteers in the International Brigades were Clive Branson, John Cornford, Charles Donnelly, Alex McDade and Tom Wintringham.[31] On the Nationalist side, the most famous English language poet of the Spanish Civil War remains South African Roy Campbell.
Spanish Civil War poets, include Federico García Lorca, and the brothers Antonio Machado, and Manuel Machado. While Antonio wrote a poem to honor the Communist General Enrique Líster,[32] his brother Manuel dedicated one to the saber of the rebel Generalissimo Francisco Franco.
Chilean poet Pablo Neruda became intensely politicised for the first time during the Spanish Civil War. His experiences during the War and its aftermath moved him away from privately focused work in the direction of collective obligation. Neruda became an ardent Communist for the rest of his life. The radical leftist politics of his literary friends, as well as that of del Carril, were contributing factors, but the most important catalyst was the execution of García Lorca by forces loyal to the dictator Francisco Franco.[33] By means of his speeches and writings, Neruda threw his support behind the Spanish Republic, publishing the collection España en el corazón (Spain in Our Hearts, 1938). He lost his post as consul due to his political militancy.[33]
World War IIEdit
See also: Category:World War II poets.
By World War II the role of "war poet" was so well-established in the public mind, and it was anticipated that the outbreak of war in 1939 would produce a literary response equal to that of the First World War. The Times Literary Supplement went so far as to pose the question in 1940: "Where are the war-poets?"[34] Alun Lewis and Keith Douglas are the standard critical choices amongst British war poets of this time.[35] In 1942, Henry Reed published a collection of three poems about British infantry training entitled Lessons of the War; three more were added after the war.[36] Sidney Keyes was another important and prolific Second World War poet.[34] The revival in interest in Hamish Henderson has increased awareness of his Somerset Maugham Award winning poem "Elegies for the Dead in Cyrenaica" which drew heavily on Henderson's experience in the North African campaign.
AmericaEdit
Karl Shapiro, a stylish writer with a commendable regard for his craft,[37] wrote poetry in the Pacific Theater while he served there during World War II. His collection V-Letter and Other Poems, written while Shapiro was stationed in New Guinea, was awarded the Pulitzer Prize for Poetry in 1945, while Shapiro was still in the military. Shapiro was American Poet Laureate in 1946 and 1947. (At the time this title was Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress which was changed by Congress in 1985 to Poet Laureate Consultant in Poetry to the Library of Congress.). Also, while serving in the U.S. Army, the American poet Randall Jarrell published his second book of poems, Little Friend, Little Friend (1945) based on his wartime experiences. The book includes one of Jarrell's best known war poems, "The Death of the Ball Turret Gunner." In his follow-up book, Losses (1948), he also focused on the war. The poet Robert Lowell stated publicly that he thought Jarrell had written "the best poetry in English about the Second World War."[38]
During World War II, Anna Akhmatova witnessed the 900-day Siege of Leningrad (now St Petersburg). In 1940, Akhmatova started her Poem without a Hero, finishing a first draft in Tashkent, but working on "The Poem" for twenty years and considering it to be the major work of her life, dedicating it to "the memory of its first audience – my friends and fellow citizens who perished in Leningrad during the siege".[39]
RomaniaEdit
The Romanian-born poet Paul Celan wrote war poetry including "Todesfuge" (translated into English as "Death Fugue",[40] and "Fugue of Death",[41]) a German language poem written by probably around 1945 and first published in 1948. It is "among Celan's most well-known and often-anthologized poems".[42] The is regarded as a "masterful description of horror and death in a concentration camp".[43] Celan was born to a Jewish family in Cernauti, Romania (now Chernivtsy, Ukraine); his parents died in a camp during the Second World War, and Celan himself was a prisoner for a time in a work camp.
Tristan Tzara was a Romanian and French avant-garde poet, essayist and performance artist, best for being one of the founders and central figures of the anti-establishment Dada movement. During the final part of his career, Tzara combined his humanist and anti-fascist perspective with a communist vision, joining the Republicans in the Spanish Civil War and the French Resistance during World War II, and serving a term in the National Assembly. Having spoken in favor of liberalization in the People's Republic of Hungary just before the Revolution of 1956, he distanced himself from the French Communist Party, of which he was by then a member. In 1960, he was among the intellectuals who protested against French actions in the Algerian War.
JapanEdit
Ryuichi Tamura (1923–98) who served in the Japanese navy during World War II is a major Japanese war poet. Following the war, he "helped begin a poetry magazine, The Waste Land" and those poets who contributed to it were "the Waste Land Poets." The work of these writers was especially influenced by T.S. Eliot, Steven Spender, C. Day Lewis and W.H. Auden. Tamura's first book of poems, Four Thousand Days and Nights was published in 1956.[44]
Sadako Kurihara was living in Hiroshima on August 6, 1945 and it was then "that her life was transformed from being a shopkeeper to becoming one of Japan's most controversial poets. Her first major collection of poems, Black Eggs, published in 1946", but it was heavily censored by the American Occupation Forces Censor, because of how she dealt with the horrors following the dropping of the atomic bombs on Japan. Kurihara has also "taken a stand on Japan's aggressive rule" during the occupation of China, "the mistreatment of Koreans in Japan, and the need for a world-wide ban on nuclear weapons".[45]
Of all the Serbian poets during World War II, none expressed more emotion than Desanka Maksimović, Serbia's most prominent poet during and after the war. Her "Krvava bajka" or "Bloody Fairy Story" is one of the saddest and most touching poems. It is about a group of schoolchildren who fell victim to the horrors of 1941 and all perished in one day at the Kragujevac massacre.[46]
Later warsEdit
American poetsEdit
The Korean War produced the American war poets Rolando Hinojosa and William Wantling. [47]
The Vietnam war also produced war poets, including Michael Casey whose début collection, Obscenities, drew on his work as military police officer in Vietnam's Quang Nga province. The book won the 1972 Yale Younger Poets Award. Other prominent Vietnam War poets include W. D. Ehrhart, Yusef Komunyakaa, and Bruce Weigl.[48]
Most recently, the Iraq War has produced war poets including Brian Turner whose début collection, Here, Bullet, is based on his experience as an infantry team leader with the 3rd Stryker Brigade Combat Team from November 2003 until November 2004 in Iraq. The book won numerous awards including the 2005 Beatrice Hawley Award, the 2006 Maine Literary Award in Poetry, and the 2006 Northern California Book Award in Poetry.[49][50] The book also was an Editor's Choice in The New York Times and received significant attention from the press including reviews and notices on NPR and in The New Yorker, The Global and Mail, and the Library Journal. In The New Yorker, Dana Goodyear wrote that, "As a war poet, [Brian Turner] sidesteps the classic distinction between romance and irony, opting instead for the surreal."[51]
Rob Jacques, a Vietnam-Era Navy veteran, has explored the tension between love and violence in war from the perspective of gay servicemen in his collection, War Poet, published by Sibling Rivalry Press.[52]
Epic poetry
War novel
^ "war poet noun" The Oxford Dictionary of English (revised edition). Ed. Catherine Soanes and Angus Stevenson. Oxford University Press, 2005
^ Callow, 283
^ Herwegh, Georg, The Columbia Encyclopedia (2008)
^ The Times, Southern Germany, 29 September 1848
^ Alfred Lord Tennyson, Poems, ed. Hallam Lord Tennyson and annotated by Alfred Lord Tennyson (London: Macmillan, 1908), II, 369.
^ Brighton, Terry (2005), Hell Riders: The True Story of the Charge of the Light Brigade, Penguin
^ Carrington, C. E., (1955) The life of Rudyard Kipling, Doubleday & Co., Garden City, NY, p. 236
^ Craig Raine (ed.), Kipling, Selected Poetry (Penguin, 1992), pp. 214–215
^ Poetry of the Boer War, St Andrew's University [1]
^ Time's Laughingstocks and Other Verses (London: Macmillan, 1909)
^ a b Axelrod, Jeremy. "Thomas Hardy". The Poetry Foundation. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
^ Katherine Kearney Maynard, Thomas Hardy's Tragic Poetry: The Lyrics and The Dynasts. Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1991, pp. 8–12.
^ Gilmour, David, The Long Recessional: The Imperial Life of Rudyard Kipling, London: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2002
^ Richard Perceval Graves, 'Graves, Robert von Ranke (1895–1985)', Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004
^ The Georgian Revolt, p. 166.
^ Dilworth, Thomas. Reading David Jones. Cardiff: University of W Wales, 2008, p. 1; Dilworth, Thomas. The Shape of Meaning in the Poetry of David Jones. Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988; Eliot, T.S. "A note of introduction," In Parenthesis. By David Jones. London: Faber, 1961, vii.
^ Westminster Abbey: Poets of the First World War
^ Jim Haughey, The First World War in Irish Poetry, Bucknell University Press, 2002, p. 102
^ E. Longley, "Ledwidge, Francis Edward (1887–1917)" : Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, (2004), vol. 33, pp. 45–46.
^ Jeffares,Alexander Norman.A Commentary on the Collected Poems of W.B. Yeats.Stanford University Press (1968) p. 189
^ Yeats, William Butler. qtd. in A Commentary on the Collected Poems of W.B. Yeatsby Norman Alexander Jeffares. Stanford University Press (1968) p. 189
^ Haughey, Jim. The First World War in Irish Poetry Bucknell University Press (2002) p. 162
^ Foster 2001 pp. 68–69
^ Haughey, Jim (2002). The First World War in Irish Poetry. Bucknell University Press. p. 161. ISBN 9781611481518.
^ Deane, Seamus (1998). "Boredom and Apocalypse". Strange Country: Modernity and Nationhood in Irish Writing Since 1790. Clarendon lectures in English literature. Clarendon Press. p. 179. ISBN 9780198184904.
^ Albright, Daniel. "Quantum Poetics: Yeats's figures as reflections in Water", Cambridge University Press (1997), p. 35.
^ R.R. Milner-Gulland in A.K. Thorlby (ed.), The Penguin Companion to Literature: European (Penguin, 1969), p. 762.
^ https://www.blic.rs/riznica/veliki-srpski-pesnici-u-velikom-ratu-presao-je-preko-albanije-radio-kao-srpski/clmdxg6
^ The Penguin Book of Spanish Civil War Verse, edited by Valentine Cunningham (Penguin, 1980); see also War Poets Association: Spanish War
^ Poems from Spain: British and Irish International Brigaders of the Spanish Civil War in Verse, edited by Jim Jump. (London: Lawrence & Wishart, 2006)
^ A Líster, jefe en los ejércitos del Ebro, Antonio Machado, June 1938.
^ a b Tarn (1975) p. 16
^ a b Blythe, Ronald (1966). Components of the Scene. Harmondsworth: Penguin.
^ London Review; Andrew Sinclair, The War Decade: An Anthology Of The 1940s. London; Hamish Hamilton. ISBN 0241125677 (p. 47)
^ Press, John (1 March 1994). "Poets of World War II". In Scott-Kilvert, Ian (ed.). British Writers: 007. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 422–423. ISBN 978-0684166384. Retrieved 25 May 2015.
^ Scannell, Vernon Not Without Glory Woburn Press , London 1976 ISBN 0713000945
^ Gilroy, Harry. "Poets Honor Memory of Jarrell at Yale." The New York Times 1 March 1966.
^ Martin (2007) p. 10
^ e.g. translation by Jerome Rothenburg at poets.org website, accessed 1 July 2014
^ e.g. translation by Christopher Middleton at poets.org, accessed 1 July 2014.
^ "Paul Celan", in poets.org website, accessed 1 July 2014; Duroche (1967), p. 472.
^ Glenn (1972), p. 25.
^ Voices of Education, "WWII Japanese Poets [2]
^ Voices of Education, "WWII Japanese Poets
^ https://sites.google.com/site/projectgoethe/Home/desanka-maksimovic/krvava-bajka
^ W. D. Ehrhart, The Madness of It All: Essays in War, Literature and American Life, (Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, 2002) pp. 141–172.
^ Unaccustomed Mercy: Soldier-Poets of the Vietnam War, edited by W. D. Ehrhart. (Lubbock, Texas: Texas Tech University Press, 1989)
^ Lorraine Ash, A Poet Goes to War, September 17, 2006
^ Book Publisher's Site Info on Book
^ New Yorker Article
^ Jacques, Rob (2017). War Poet. Sibling Rivalry Press. ISBN 978-1-943977-29-1.
O'Prey, Paul (ed). First World War: Poems from the Front (Imperial War Museum, 2014) ISBN 9781904897880
Silkin, Jon. Out of Battle: The Poetry of the Great War. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan, 1972. Rpt. 1998. ISBN 978-0-312-21404-3.
Roy, Pinaki. The Scarlet Critique: A Critical Anthology of War Poetry. New Delhi: Sarup Book Publishers Pvt. Ltd., 2010. ISBN 978-81-7625-991-0.
Ghosal, Sukriti. War Poetry - The New Sensibilities. Kindle Edition, 2015. ASIN: B00XH4O74Q. https://www.amazon.com/War-Poetry-The-New-Sensibilities-ebook/dp/B00XH4O74Q.
BBudgen, David: Literature (Version 1.1), in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Poetry of the Boer War, St Andrew's University [3]
Japanese War poets [4]
Potter, Jane: Literature (Great Britain and Ireland) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
Whalan, Mark: Literature (USA) , in: 1914-1918-online. International Encyclopedia of the First World War.
A selection of Boer War poems [5]
War Poems From Iraq
War Poets Association
The First World War Poetry Digital Archive
Pro Patria (1917) by Philadelphia poet Florence Earle Coates (1850–1927) pamphlet of poems in support of American involvement in WW1
Dean F. Echenberg War Poetry Collection at the Ransom Center, University of Texas, Austin. Over 7000 volumes of War Poetry
Works written on the topic War poetry at Wikisource
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=War_poet&oldid=904482430"


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Apple Watch (1st generation and Series 1)	Apple	watchOS	No	8.2+ (1st generation) 10.0+ (Series 1)	Apple S1 (1st generation) Apple S1P	4.0 LE	] From paired iPhone	No	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	No	Yes	Yes	IPX7	Digital	1.7 / 1.5	319x390 / 272x340	AMOLED	1.5	250 / 205	Lithium-ion	42 mm / 38 mm	12.46 / 12.3	36.2 / 32.9	Varies	Yes	Yes	No
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Waterproof to 165 feet, the Versa handles swimming as well as any other exercise, with the screen surprisingly visible underwater. As is standard with many other non-smartwatch Fitbit models, heart rate tracking is built in, which allows for detailed sleep tracking. There's no GPS, though — if you want to track your running route, you'll need to carry your phone or pay the extra for the Ionic model.
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Apple is back with the Apple Watch Series 4, the latest in the smartwatch game that's focused on helping wearers live a healthier lifestyle. Running on Apple's S4 64-bit dual-core processor and the new WatchOS 5 operating system, it's twice as fast as its predecessor. Available in two sizes — 40 mm and 44mm — it has a 30 percent larger display than the Series 3 and comes in six different aluminum and stainless steel finishes. New improvements include Walkie Talkie mode and a speaker that is 50% louder than in the Series 3. The microphone has been moved to the watch's opposite side to reduce noise and create clearer phone calls. The bottom, now made from black ceramic and sapphire crystal for better radio wave transmission, is intended to help with cellular reception and call quality.
In order to find the best smart watch, we looked at text and call features and, of course, design. We dug into tech reviews to separate must-haves from perks. Then, we brought in 19 smart watches to test for call responsiveness, text-ability, app accessibility, and general ease of us. In the end, three watches stood out for their reliable connectivity, gorgeous interfaces, and easy navigation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
namespace Bezier
{
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        /// <summary>
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        protected override void Dispose(bool disposing)
        {
            if (disposing && (components != null))
            {
                components.Dispose();
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            base.Dispose(disposing);
        }

        #region Windows Form Designer generated code

        /// <summary>
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}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
San Juan Grande Román, O.H. (Carmona, provincia de Sevilla, 6 de marzo de 1546-Jerez de la Frontera, Cádiz, 3 de junio de 1600), religioso, patrón de la Diócesis de Asidonia-Jerez.

Biografía
Juan Grande Román nació en Carmona, Sevilla, España, el sábado 6 de marzo de 1546. Sus padres fueron Cristóbal Grande e Isabel Román, matrimonio muy cristiano, y fue bautizado por el párroco Andrés Muñoz en la Parroquia de San Pedro de Carmona. Su padre, artesano de oficio, falleció cuando Juan tenía 11 años.

Recibió una esmerada educación cristiana, primero en el seno familiar, y desde los siete años como "niño de coro" de su parroquia.

Su formación humana y profesional la completó en Sevilla aprendiendo el oficio de pañero o tejedor. A los 17 años volvió a su casa y se dedicó al comercio como vendedor de telas. Poco tiempo después el mismo oficio le hizo entrar en una profunda crisis espiritual.

Opción por Dios
Dejó su familia, y se retiró a la Ermita de Santa Olalla, en Marchena, población cercana de Carmona, donde pasó un año en retiro, tratando de conocer su verdadera vocación. Decidió entonces dedicarse totalmente a Dios: dejó su ropa y se vistió de un hábito de jerga; renunció al matrimonio y adoptó el sobrenombre de " Juan Pecador".

Inició al mismo tiempo la experiencia de atender a un matrimonio anciano que encontró en abandono: los llevó a su habitación, les cuidaba en sus necesidades y pedía limosna para ellos. Con ello entendió que su nueva vocación era el servicio a los pobres y necesitados.

Opción definitiva por los pobres
Con sólo 19 años, Juan Pecador se trasladó a la ciudad de Jerez de la Frontera, en la provincia de Cádiz, y empezó una nueva vida: atendía personalmente a gente necesitada, a los presos de la "Cárcel Real", y a otros enfermos convalecientes e incurables, que encontraba abandonados. Para ayudarles pedía limosna por la ciudad.

Al mismo tiempo frecuentaba la iglesia de los Padres Franciscanos, donde se recogía para su oración y se aconsejaba con uno de los Padres.

Fundación del Hospital de la Candelaria

Juan Pecador era seguido con admiración por los habitantes de Jerez en su generosa vida de caridad.

En enero de 1574, se generalizó una grave epidemia en Jerez y entonces dirigió un memorial al Cabildo urgiendo la asistencia de tantos enfermos tirados por la calle. Él se multiplicaba ante tanta necesidad, y al fin optó por fundar su propio Hospital, que poco a poco lo fue ampliando: lo dedicó a la Virgen y llamó de Ntra. Sra. de la Candelaria.

Unión a San Juan de Dios

La razón de ser y actuar de Juan Pecador era Dios expresado mediante el servicio a los pobres, y sostenido por su intensa vida de fe y oración.

Tuvo mientras tanto conocimiento de la Institución fundada por Juan de Dios en Granada. La visitó en 1574 y decidió unirse a ella, acogiéndose a sus reglas y aplicando en su hospital la misma forma de vida profesada.

Con su nuevo planteamiento, su testimonio y entrega ejemplar se derivó el que se le fueran uniendo compañeros, que formó según " los Estatutos de Juan de Dios ".

Esto le dio oportunidad para ampliar su acción con otras fundaciones en Medina Sidonia, Arcos de la Frontera, El Puerto de Santa María, Sanlúcar de Barrameda y Villamartín.

La Reducción de los Hospitales
La asistencia a los enfermos más pobres en Jerez dejaba mucho que desear, mientras se multiplicaban los pequeños centros. Las autoridades ante ello determinaron la reducción de los Hospitales, pretendiendo una mayor eficacia hospitalaria; pero la medida lesionaba los intereses de no pocos, apegados a los centros no tanto por servir a los enfermos, cuanto por ser medio de beneficios personales. Por eso mismo no habían de faltar críticas, resistencias y entorpecimientos.

La medida también afectaba al Hospital de Juan Pecador. Él, como los demás, presentó a las autoridades su "Memorial" sobre cómo se atendía a los enfermos en su hospital.

Ante la decisión, el arzobispo de Sevilla, Cardenal Rodrigo de Castro, encargó tan delicada misión a Juan Pecador, como la persona más apta y mejor capacitada para ello, por su espíritu, vocación y experiencia en hospitalidad. Juan Grande se enfrentó a la reducción con valor y amor, y ante los no pocos ni pequeños sinsabores, demostró su especial sensibilidad, capacidad, buen temple y no pequeña virtud.

De su Hospital se había presentado el informe de que la asistencia hospitalaria se cumplía en el mismo "con diligencia, cuidado y mucha caridad, haciéndose muy buena obra y servicio a Dios nuestro Señor, porque él y sus hermanos de hábito son hombres virtuosos y profesan esta caridad de curar los pobres enfermos".

Actualidad de Juan Grande

Junto a su intensa vida interior, Juan Pecador se dedicó en cuerpo y alma a la tarea externa de buscar, cuidar y servir a los pobres y enfermos, preocupándose por todo lo que entonces era más grave y urgente: encarcelados, enfermos convalecientes e incurables, mujeres prostituidas, soldados enfermos desechados, niños abandonados, etc. En verdad, practicó todas las obras de misericordia.

En Juan Grande vemos a un hombre del bien hacer desde el ser, poco hablador y eficientemente práctico, servidor misericordioso del "Evangelio de la Vida", buen samaritano, organizador de hospitales y de la asistencia hospitalaria, conciencia crítica ante las injusticias, abusos y carencias. En definitiva, fue un profeta y apóstol de la asistencia sanitaria.

Epidemia de peste y muerte

Contando Juan Grande 54 años y viviendo plenamente dedicado a su comunidad y al hospital, se presentó en Jerez una terrible epidemia de peste. Juan se prodigó por todas partes con todas sus fuerzas y generosidad, pero al fin contagiado, murió el sábado 3 de junio de 1600.

Canonización

Fue beatificado en 1853 por Pío IX, y canonizado por Juan Pablo II el 2 de junio de 1996. Proclamado Patrón de la nueva Diócesis de Asidonia-Jerez en 1986, sus reliquias son venerados en el Santuario Diocesano San Juan Grande, en Jerez, dentro del hospital de la Orden Hospitalaria de San Juan de Dios de igual nombre.

En 1999, Don Rafael Bellido Caro, primer obispo de la Diócesis de Asidonia-Jerez, erigió en la zona sur de Jerez la Parroquia de San Juan Grande y Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria.

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 Diócesis de Asidonia-Jerez
 Parroquia de San Juan Grande y Nuestra Señora de la Candelaria
 San Juan Grande en Arcos de la Frontera - 1584
 Procesión de imagen del santo
 Imagen del antiguo Sanatorio

Juan Grande
Juan Grande
Juaninos
Nacidos en Carmona
Fallecidos en Jerez de la Frontera

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
HomeIPOSona Hi Sona Jewellers (Gujarat) Ltd IPO
Sona Hi Sona Jewellers (Gujarat) Ltd IPO
(i) The company is into Job Work and Trading Business of Gold Jewellery and Ornaments. The Company gets the job work done from outside for its own designs.
(ii) The Company has three brands (i) Sona Hi Sona (ii) Freya and (iii) Jinansh of which they mainly operate through its two known brands*, viz., Freya and Jinansh. Under Brand Freya, they deal in antique Jewellery & ornaments and under Brand Jinansh, deals with American Diamond (AD) Jewellery, therein.
(iii) In the past 3 years, Total Revenue from operations of the Company was ₹ 5448.10 Lakhs in F.Y. 2016-17, ₹ 5903.26 Lakhs in F.Y. 2017–18 & ₹. 6717.98 Lakhs in F.Y. 2018-19 reflecting Net Profit after tax for the above mentioned periods as ₹ 6.18 lakhs, ₹ 18.65 Lakhs and ₹ 38.86 Lakhs respectively.
Objects of the Sona Hi Sona Jewellers (Gujarat) Ltd IPO:
1. Meeting incremental working capital requirements. 2. General corporate purposes.
RHP of Sona Hi Sona Jewellers (Gujarat) Ltd IPO
Sona Hi Sona Jewellers (Gujarat) Ltd IPO Details:
Issue Type: Fixed
Lot Size: 10000 Shares
(i) Vijay Shah, aged 37 years, is the Promoter, Chairman and Managing Director of our Company. He has been Director of our Company since incorporation i.e. February 09, 2010. He has completed his Higher Secondary Education from Gujarat Secondary Education Board, Gandhinagar, Gujarat. (ii) Alpaben Shah, aged 37 years, is the Promoter, Whole Time Director and Chief Financial Officer of the Company. She holds a degree in Bachelor of Commerce (Advanced Accounting and Auditing) from Gujarat University and she also holds a degree of Master of Commerce (Accountancy) from Gujarat University. She has been Director of our Company since Incorporation i.e. February 09, 2010
Financials of Sona Hi Sona Jewellers (Gujarat) Ltd IPO:
Year Revenue(Cr) EBITDA(Cr) OPM% PAT(Cr) NPM% EPS
2017 54.88 0.9917 1.81% 0.06 0.11% 0.04
2018 59.03 1.63 2.76% 0.18 0.30% 0.11
Recommendation on Sona Hi Sona Jewellers (Gujarat) Ltd IPO:
Review and Recommendation of InvestorZone is: 1/10 (i) The asking price is highly overvalued at P/E multiple of 44x. (ii) The company does not have any fixed assets on the book. (iii) The Employee benefits expense is on a declining trend. The negative sign for the company. (iv) They have only 9 employees and 1 shop which is too on rent. It reminds me of U H Javeri which has looted the investors.
Lead Manager of Sona Hi Sona Jewellers (Gujarat) Ltd IPO:
Fedex Securities Limited
Registrar of Sona Hi Sona Jewellers (Gujarat) Ltd IPO:
Bid Details of Sona Hi Sona Jewellers (Gujarat) Ltd IPO as on
04-Oct-2019 17:00:00 IST
QIBs Yes
Discussion on Sona Hi Sona Jewellers (Gujarat) Ltd IPO:
Avoid. Don't even dare to look at.


What a beautiful country Canada is in the summer, particularly in bloom! With the kind of weather we have much of the year, we truly believe in celebrating our summers and with it the gorgeous gardens across the provinces. BBCanada.com asked our B & B owners to recommend some of their local gardens and our sincere thanks to all the owners who participated in this venture. This is by no means a comprehensive list of all Canadian Gardens. See it as suggestions by some of our members on where to visit this summer if you are in their areas. Enjoy!
Julie Fréchette and Alcide Paradis from La Capucine in Sainte Placide 30 minutes from Montreal have a not to be missed garden in proximity to their B & B called Route des Gerbes D'Angelica.
Route des Gerbes d'Angelica is an initiative of professionals from different backgrounds who share a common vision of the world based on cooperation. It is located on an agro food road in Mirabel, Quebec.
A non-profit organization founded in 2008, the official opening was in June 2010. A 94-acre land was purchased in Mirabel and it continues to expand. Peacocks, a fungi nursery, were added in 2012 and in 2013 a splendid shade garden in the middle of an 'opencast cathedral', handmade artisanal bread cooked in one of the three outdoor ovens, more activities for corporate groups and new local products made with angelica. Since the opening, over 18,000 visitors have toured the gardens and expressed their satisfaction. Tours are offered seven days a week.
There are ten different thematic gardens, marrying aesthetics, ecology, music and humanitarian mission. Home, country, fairy, observation, discovery, bird, contemporary, grass, rose, Zen, english and cut flowers. Gardens are open from mid-May to mid-October. Throughout this period, you can visit the gardens from 10 a.m. to 5 p.m., 7 days a week. Guided tours are scheduled at 10 a.m., 11 a.m., 1 p.m. and 2 p.m.
Pina Macku from Pinorama B & B advised us that The Eastern townships had a Garden Tour in Knowlton on July 10th. There are many wonderful places to visit in the area. Citizens of Lac Mégantic encourage tourists to visit their town especially in light of recent events. Our hearts go out to the community and they need tourism support. www.easterntownships.org.
Omemee Blooms held their annual Members Garden Tour on Monday July 15. Stillwater on the Lake, a local bed and breakfast was featured on this year's tour. Stillwater on the Lake is a new Bed and Breakfast located on Chemong Lake in Peterborough and boasts extensive perennial gardens, tranquil water features and relaxing gazebos. Please contact Sunny Montgomery at Stillwater on the Lake (705) 741-3886 or visit www.stillwateronthelake.com if you would like a private tour of the Stillwater gardens! Sunny is always happy to oblige and loves sharing her pride and joy with other gardening aficionados! For more information about other upcoming garden events in the area visit www.omemeeblooms.ca.
At Burley's Executive Garden Suite in Peterborough, Ontario Bob and Margaret have 2 acres of English theme gardens. There are twelve gardens each with a distinct focal point. A pond, beautiful Japanese Koi, water lilies, and a babbling brook are some of the features. The suite overlooks the gardens. People are always welcome to stop and tour the gardens and browse at the Garden Gift Store for beautiful gifts to take home. Visit www.burleys.ca for more information.
The Rural Gardens of Grey and Bruce Counties network to promote visits to many of the rural gardens of Grey and Bruce Counties. They offer an opportunity to share the delights of a variety of rural garden venues.
Lynn McCurdy from Cedarholme Bed and Breakfast and Cottages in Hope Bay tells us that the group produces a beautiful annual brochure describing each garden and other local attractions as well as many local business ads (including B&Bs).The brochure folds out to show a large map with each garden location. Lynn has 2 of the gardens very close to her B & B.
Ruth & Gord Henrich of on the Haven on the Bay B & B in Red Bay are also close to some of these delightful gardens.
As you tour, you may identify many Rural Gardens of Grey and Bruce Counties gardens by the yellow Daisy signs. Members of the group share a willingness to open their gardens and the desire to have others share the experience. Some gardens offer facilities such as hiking trails, several offer plants for sale and others organically grown produce. Admittance to the gardens of the RGGB members is by set fee. Each garden owner determines any entrance fee. Visiting hours include some scheduled hours as well as by appointment only.
The Blooms for Africa Garden Tour took place in North Hamilton and supports Grandmother's to Grandmother's Friday, July 19th, and Saturday July 20th, 6 p.m. to 10 p.m.
This campaign was started in March, 2006 by the Stephen Lewis Foundation to raise awareness of and support for grandmothers in Africa. As a result of the HIV/AIDS pandemic a whole generation has died leaving orphans to either fend for themselves or taken into care by their grandmothers.
These grandmothers are themselves grieving the loss of their children and now are raising their grandchildren. Although with little financial means they are very resourceful and with support can provide food and education for children in their care.
The Durand Neighbourhood Association of Hamilton also organizes a garden tour in the middle of June featuring 10 different gardens. The HIStory and HERitage gallery has photo exhibits about the mansions and gardens in this historic area of the city.
Janis and David Topp at Rutherford House are located in the Durand neighbourhood and they have been part of the tour in the past.
Pat Sang from Eaglescroft B&B in Tottenham is very knowledgeable about gardening and shares her expertise willingly. Her gardens are a testament to her hard work.
Many communities offer open gardens where it is complimentary to visit gardens and Pat's garden is one of them. There are glimpses of the garden on her website www.eaglescroft.com.
Pat also recommends the website of the Ontario Horticultural Association. The Ontario Horticultural Association is a volunteer, charitable organization whose mission is to provide leadership and assist in the promotion of education and interest in all areas of horticulture and related environmental issues in Ontario. There are 278 horticultural societies in Ontario dedicated to the beautification of their communities!
Carol Carty from Wolford House B and B in Merrickville, Ontario is located close to Rideau Woodland Ramble. She highly recommends visiting this garden.
Rideau Woodland Ramble (RWR) is a Garden Centre and Display Gardens situated on 7 acres of woodland near Merrickville Ontario. Its mission is "to capture the imagination of gardeners and collectors", in a woodland setting, showcasing and selling rare and unusual hostas, grasses, conifers, magnolias, and a range of shrubs, trees and perennials. The gardens are always open from April to November, 9 a.m. to 5 p.m. 7 days a week, rain or shine. Tours are self-guided, however guided tours may be available at special request on off peak periods.
The garden centre is nestled into the heart of the Ramble, and is intended to be an experience, like visiting the garden, as opposed to simply a commercial area. It is anchored by one of Canada's largest glass enclosed Gazebos-Ramble House, home to an information and seating area as well as the sales area.
For those interested in the Eastern Ontario tourism region there is a book authored and published by Jim Cooper called the Eastern Ontario Gardener's Guide, now in its third edition. It covers the area from Cornwall to Cobourg, Picton to Pembroke, Hawkesbury to Haliburton and all places therein. You will discover over 100 garden centres, nurseries and places of garden interest. Visiting the gardenersguide.ca will give you a preview of what is covered in the book. Wolford House B & B is featured in it and Carol's clients have acquired the guide over the years. They see it as a fine enhancement to their B&B travels.
Mary Helen and Don Deakin from The Deakins on Mountainview Bed and Breakfast are avid gardeners. They have built raised bed herb and vegetable gardens to extend their gardening season. Their guests enquire about the methods they use to increase productivity in the garden in spite of the 3b zone and unpredictable weather. They grow seeds indoors under grow lights in the spring and transfer them to their raised beds. They tell us that the most notable advantages of raised bed gardening are: increased yield due to intensive planting, weed control due to friable soil and soil management through nutrient control. They have used season extenders on selected beds and always rotate the crop.
Don and Mary wanted to share information on how to create a raised bed garden. Raised Bed Garden.
Royal Botanical Gardens in Burlington and Hamilton, Ontario is the largest botanical garden in Canada. Spread over 2450 acres, with 27 km of nature trails, it is a national historic site, and a registered charitable organization with a mandate to bring together people, plants and nature.
The website has a list of what is in bloom each week and all the events that happen at the garden. Of particular note are some musical and edible events at Hendrie Park.
On weekends from July 6th through August 25th visitors can participate in Edible Weekends. The events go from 10 a.m. to 4 p.m. with cooking demos at 1 p.m. and educational programming all day.
On Tuesdays, June 25 through August 13; 6 to 8:30 p.m. visitors can enjoy country music nights. On Wednesdays from June 12 through September 4 from 6 to 8:30 p.m., check out Red Hot Jazz and Cool Blues. A fabulous line up of live music with dinner and drinks available.
Mina Muench from An English Rose Garden in Kelowna BC has won awards for her outstanding garden with a specific focus on roses as one can imagine with her B & B name! Visit www.anenglishrosegarden.com and her virtual tour for more information.
Chemainus holds bi-annual garden tours one of which took place on June 23rd this year. Visitors are encouraged to stay for the weekend in one of the area's lovely B&B's, two of which Timeless Rose B&B and A Scented Garden B&B were on the tour. For day-trippers Chemainus boasts many spots where you can savour a quick bite, one of which is Twisted Sisters Tearoom.
The charity tour was self-guided and sponsored by the Chemainus Garden Club 2013. There were ten unique gardens to browse with Master Gardeners on site. The gardens demonstrated small space gardening, acreages¸ vegetable gardens, urban gardens, scenic vistas, and more. While visiting the area stop by the Sandpiper Garden Centre and pick up more information about the area at the Chemainus Visitor Centre.
A national historic site of Canada, the Butchart Gardens is named after founders Jennie and Robert Butchart. When Robert exhausted the limestone deposits at the quarry, his wife Jennie took the initiative to fill it up with soil and start the garden on their property. Now one of the finest floral displays in the world, with a TripAdvisor Award of Excellence to their name, being named as a Canadian Tourism Commission Signature Experience, and many travel writers' accolades, they see thousands of visitors per year.
Open between mid-April and mid-November, the Halifax Public Gardens are an example of a formal Victorian public garden in the heart of a modern city. You will find floral displays, statues and fountains among the 17 acres. It is enclosed by a wrought-iron fence with magnificent ornamental gates. In 1874 the city of Halifax assumed responsibility for the original garden and and it became a civic garden in 1867. The current design was created in 1875. Band concerts take place there Sunday afternoons from mid-June to mid-September.
No matter where you visit across Canada you will have the opportunity to see nature at work! Take time to delight in the beautiful gardens wherever you go! And make it an overnight stay when you are exploring by staying at one of our thousands of B & Bs across Canada. Stop to smell the roses, it's good for you!


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West Bromwich Albion vs AFC Bournemouth live score, H2H results, standings and prediction
West Bromwich Albion - AFC Bournemouth
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About the match
West Bromwich Albion is going head to head with AFC Bournemouth starting on 6 Apr 2022 at 19:00 UTC at The Hawthorns stadium, West Bromwich city, England. The match is a part of the Championship.
West Bromwich Albion played against AFC Bournemouth in 2 matches this season. Currently, West Bromwich Albion rank 10th, while AFC Bournemouth hold 2nd position. Looking to compare the best-rated player on both teams? Sofascore's rating system assigns each player a specific rating based on numerous data factors.
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NAME: West Bromwich Albion - AFC Bournemouth
DATE: 6 Apr 2022
VENUE: The Hawthorns, West Bromwich, England
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Project Malmo: Using Minecraft to build more intelligent technology
March 13, 2016 |	Allison Linn
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Microsoft researchers working on Project Malmo include, from top left, Fernando Diaz, Evelyne Viegas, David Bignell, Alekh Agarwal, Matthew Johnson, Akshay Krishnamurthy, Katja Hofmann and Tim Hutton. (Photography by Scott Eklund/Red Box Pictures)
In the airy, loft-like Microsoft Research lab in New York City, five computer scientists are spending their days trying to get a Minecraft character to climb a hill.
That may seem like a pretty simple job for some of the brightest minds in the field, until you consider this: The team is trying to train an artificial intelligence agent to learn how to do things like climb to the highest point in the virtual world, using the same types of resources a human has when she learns a new task.
That means that the agent starts out knowing nothing at all about its environment or even what it is supposed to accomplish. It needs to understand its surroundings and figure out what's important – going uphill – and what isn't, such as whether it's light or dark. It needs to endure a lot of trial and error, including regularly falling into rivers and lava pits. And it needs to understand – via incremental rewards – when it has achieved all or part of its goal.
Fernando Diaz, Akshay Krishnamurthy and Alekh Agarwal are using Project Malmo for AI research. Photo by Scott Eklund/Red Box Pictures.
"We're trying to program it to learn, as opposed to programming it to accomplish specific tasks," said Fernando Diaz, a senior researcher in the New York lab and one of the people working on the project.
The research project is possible thanks to Project Malmo, a platform developed by Katja Hofmann and her colleagues in Microsoft's Cambridge, UK, lab and unveiled publicly on Monday. Project Malmo allows computer scientists to use the world of Minecraft as a testing ground for conducting research designed to improve artificial intelligence.
Microsoft researchers are using Project Malmo for their own research, and they have made it available to a small group of academic researchers under a private beta. This summer, Project Malmo will be available via an open-source license.
Hofmann came up with the idea for Project Malmo about a year ago, in part because she was frustrated by the limitations of other platforms that use simpler, less sophisticated games for artificial intelligence research.
Minecraft is ideal for artificial intelligence research for the same reason it is addictively appealing to the millions of fans who enter its virtual world every day. Unlike other computer games, Minecraft offers its users endless possibilities, ranging from simple tasks like walking around looking for treasure to complex ones like building a structure with a group of teammates.
"Minecraft is the perfect platform for this kind of research because it's this very open world," Hofmann said. "You can do survival mode, you can do 'build battles' with your friends, you can do courses, you can implement our own games. This is really exciting for artificial intelligence because it allows us to create games that stretch beyond current abilities."
From doing to learning
Over the past few years, artificial intelligence researchers have gotten very good at teaching computers to do specific, often complicated tasks. Computers can now understand speech and translate it. They can recognize images and write captions about them.
But despite all these advances, computers still aren't very good at what researchers call general intelligence, which is more similar to the nuanced and complex way humans learn and make decisions. A computer algorithm may be able to take one task and do it as well or even better than an average adult, but it can't compete with how an infant is taking in all sorts of inputs – light, smell, touch, sound, discomfort – and learning that if you cry chances are good that Mom will feed you.
"The things that seem really easy for us are actually the things that are really difficult for an artificial intelligence," said Robert Schapire, a principal researcher at Microsoft Research who is part of the team using Project Malmo in Microsoft's New York lab.
Hofmann said artificial intelligence researchers are able to take tiny slices of that total awareness and build tools that do one thing, like recognize words, but they haven't been able to combine them in the way that humans do effortlessly. She said that's partly because we don't really know how humans are combining those senses.
"We don't understand ourselves well enough," she said.
David Bignell, Tim Hutton, Katja Hofmann and Matthew Johnson are working on Project Malmo. Photography by Scott Eklund/Red Box Pictures.
From theory to practice
There has been plenty of theoretical research into general artificial intelligence, but researchers have always been limited by practical ways to test their systems.
Building a robot and trying to teach it to climb a real hill is costly and impractical; unlike in Minecraft, you'd have to repair or replace the robot with another costly machine each time it fell into a river.
It's also not that easy to test general artificial intelligence research on systems people are using in the real world. Hofmann's background is in how to make search more of an intelligent assistant than a simple information retrieval system, but she said one problem with testing her theories in real-world scenarios is that millions of people are depending on search engines to work in a predictable way.
"It's hard to test some of this in practice, and that's one of the main motivations for building the platform," Hofmann said.
The Minecraft platform was especially appealing because it allows players to make really complex decisions that have consequences, and to add more and more difficult elements as they get better. It also lets users work together, which could help researchers experiment with how humans and artificially intelligent agents could work together.
"It's a digital playpen for artificial intelligence," Diaz said. "It's an environment in which we can develop an algorithm for teaching a young artificial intelligence to learn different concepts in the world."
Advancing all artificial intelligence research
From the beginning, Hofmann said the goal with Project Malmo was to build a system that would be useful both for Microsoft's own research and for the broader artificial intelligence research community.
"We're looking for opportunities where we can really help accelerate the pace of artificial intelligence innovation in a way that is going to be very close to the real world, with real experiences and real data," said Evelyne Viegas, the director of artificial intelligence outreach at Microsoft Research.
The Project Malmo platform consists of a mod for the Java version and code that helps artificial intelligence agents sense and act within the Minecraft environment. The two components can run on Windows, Linux or Mac OS, and researchers can program their agents in any programming language they are comfortable with.
Matthew Johnson, the development lead on the project who also works in Microsoft's UK lab, said the team developed the system with the hope that it would attract a broad range of academic researchers and motivated amateurs, with all levels of programming skills, background and goals. That said, the platform is intended for research into various forms of artificial intelligence and is not a consumer product.
"Our focus, from the beginning, has been on making sure that there's the lowest possible barrier to innovation," Johnson said.
Read more about the research group behind Project Malmo
Research paper: Exploratory Gradient Boosting for Reinforcement Learning in Complex Domains
The future of artificial intelligence: Myths, realities and aspirations
Follow Katja Hofmann on Twitter
Allison Linn is a senior writer at Microsoft. Follow her on Twitter.
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#pragma once

#include "core/narukami.h"
#include "core/geometry.h"
#include "core/spectrum.h"

NARUKAMI_BEGIN
NARUKAMI_END


A hidden gem situated within Serene Centre is Fat Belly, the new casual speakeasy steakhouse that opened months ago, co-sharing the same space with its sister brand and ice cream parlour, Sugarhaus. Helmed by banker-turned-food entrepreneur Stanley Seow, Sugarhaus runs the daytime business with its extensive brunch and desserts menu, while Fat Belly takes over for dinner from 6 to 10pm every night with its 10-seater countertop dining area at the back of Sugarhaus.
Although both eateries possess separate menu, we had the opportunity to try the dishes from both Fat Belly and Sugarhaus that night. The former focuses on specialty rather than variety with its straightforward and simple menu that offers only three alternative cuts of steak - Flat Iron, Short Rib and Denver Steak that boast stronger and more robust flavours, as well as a few sides and plated desserts to choose from.
The latest menu addition at Fat Belly – The Wagyu Marble Score 7-9 Denver Steak ($48) features a lesser-known premium cut from underneath the shoulder blade bone. Done medium rare, the slices are slightly charred on the outside while the meat is tender, juicy, well-marbled and packed full of rich, beefy goodness. Served with a house salad, chimichurri sauce and Himalayan pink salt to further enhance its flavours, yet the well-seasoned denver steak has already sufficed as an enjoyment on its own.
Add on an additional $5 for a side dish to complement your steak. Of the four available, we went for the Creamed Kale ($5) which comes in a bowl of vegetables doused in a pool of rich and luscious white cream and shredded cheese atop. Despite the generous amount of cream used, the dish is non-cloying and the kale retains a nice crunch, while the cream elevated its flavour and makes the vegetable rather satisfying to chew on.
Another side dish available - the Sauteed Thyme Mushroom ($5) features a bowl of creamy and juicy mushrooms, slightly salted with a subtle thyme fragrance.
Fat Belly also features a small selection of plated desserts. We had the Foie Gras Chocolate Bar ($12). Upon breaking the thin chocolate shell, the foie gras filling within comes in the form of ice cream. Taste-wise it reminds me more of a caramel-chocolate dessert, due to the lacking foie gras flavour which is too mild to detect.
From the Sugarhaus menu, we had the Corn & Zucchini Fritters ($15) which comes in golden brown fritters, crispy on the outside with a soft and mushy filling, sunny side up egg, bacon, a generous drizzle of okonomiyaki sauce, kewpie mayo and garnished with bonito flakes. Similar to a Japanese okonomiyaki but this rendition fares notches higher with its medley of ingredients contributing to a pleasant interplay of flavours and textures.
The Melted Cheese Toastie ($12) features a sandwich perfectly toasted and crisp on the outside, and stuffed full with Gruyere, cheddar and mozzarella cheese in between. Dip into the accompanying bowl of tomato soup for guaranteed satisfaction as it further accentuates the flavour of the melted cheese toastie.
The Crab Linguine ($22) features al dente linguine noodles with a subtle sweetness due to the generous amounts of soft shredded blue swimmer crab claw meat embedded within. It is further tossed in their house blended spices, supplementing a strong spice fragrance to the crab linguine that just elevated the entire taste of the dish.
Round off the meal with desserts from the Sugarhaus's menu, such as The Galaxy ($8) which comes in a gorgeous galaxy-glazed dome. Breaking it apart reveals a rich chocolate mousse tart with crunchy bits within the ganache and a raspberry jelly center. The pastry boasts a rich, sweet chocolatey flavour with a hint of sourness from the raspberry that I really enjoyed.
The Lemon Popsicle Tart ($8) comes beautifully plated with a lemon sable, parfait and meringue. Tastewise, it is not overwhelmingly sourish and boasts a subtle lemon fragrance. A truly unique dessert that fares well in terms of visual and taste.
The classic waffle-ice cream pairing never goes wrong, and the ones at Sugarhaus hold out its own even against the uniquely plated desserts. Waffle with single scoop ($9.50) and extra scoop at $2.50 each. We had the waffles with Dutch Chocolate, Strawberry Cheesecake and Sea Salt Toffee. The waffle boasts an airy light crispiness on the outside with a fluffy interior, while the ice cream is rich and creamy, with each faring strong in its distinct flavour profile.
Strategically housed within the same space, Fat Belly x Sugarhaus provide for a convenient one-stop to satisfy both your steak and desserts cravings. With such indulgent quality and affordable steak, we recommend coming in between 6 to 10pm to taste the menu from both eateries and get the best of both worlds while you're there.


Here are a few things 2-year-old Jada Elenbaas has never done: played with other children, gone to the grocery store or eaten in a restaurant.
But none of that compares with what she has done: Live and thrive without an immune system. Become the first child in Michigan to survive a thymus transplant.
And, of course, charm and delight her mom, dad and big brother.
The tiny girl with blond hair and deep blue eyes has lived her life in a bubble since a newborn screening test revealed she has an extremely rare condition called complete DiGeorge syndrome.
Only about 20 children are born in the U.S. each year with the condition. Most die before their second birthday, because they lack the ability to fight off infections.
But Jada's parents, Mike and Amanda Elenbaas, pin their hopes on a healthy future for their daughter, aided by new treatments, a team of medical specialists and vigilant care.
And there is Jada herself.
Born six weeks early, Jada spent her first days in the neonatal intensive care unit at Spectrum Health Helen DeVos Children's Hospital. She weighed more than 5 pounds and appeared healthy, despite her early birth. Mike and Amanda, who had an 18-month-old son, Odyn, were eager to take her home.
Jada was 1 week old when they learned the results of the newborn screening test, which checks for genetic conditions. It showed she lacked T-cells, the white blood cells that combat infection.
Further testing identified the cause as complete DiGeorge syndrome, a condition that occurs when a child is born without a thymus. The gland plays a crucial role in a child's immune system. It develops immature white blood cells produced by the bone marrow into T-cells, which fight off infection.
"But she was born with a defect that didn't allow her thymus to develop, so all her T-cells couldn't develop," said Nicholas Hartog, MD, a pediatric immunologist.
Long-term survival would require a new treatment: a thymus transplant, available at only two hospitals in the world—and just one in the U.S.
In the meantime, protecting her from infections became the challenge.
"Any common cold virus could be deadly for her," Dr. Hartog said.
Amanda and Mike reeled with the news.
"It was terrifying," Amanda said. "I just remember holding Jada and crying.
Her parents have been absolutely fantastic in doing everything they do to keep her alive.
Isolation precautions began immediately. Mike and Amanda donned gowns, gloves and face masks every time they entered their daughter's room in the NICU.
Jada came home from the hospital at 6 weeks, with a feeding tube and an extensive list of medications. But her stay didn't last long.
In a few weeks, she caught a parainfluenza virus—a bug that causes sniffles or a sore throat in most kids.
Jada almost died. She had a tracheotomy. She remained on a ventilator for over a year.
For most of the next 10 months, she remained in the hospital as doctors helped her fight the infection with a combination of medicines that included experimental antiviral drugs.
Meanwhile, Jada's parents and her medical team prepared for a thymus transplant. She was 7 months old when a medical flight carried Jada and Amanda to Duke Children's Hospital in Durham, North Carolina. Mike drove down to meet them.
At Duke, pediatric immunologist Mary Louise Markert, MD, has pioneered a surgery to transplant donated thymus tissue into children with DiGeorge syndrome.
The thymus sits on top of the heart. And when a child undergoes heart surgery, sometimes the surgeon must remove parts of the gland to operate. With the parents' consent, that tissue can be used for a transplant.
On April, 4, 2017, the doctor implanted donated thymus tissue into Jada's thigh.
A month later, the Elenbaas family returned to Grand Rapids. And their wait began. Would the transplant work? Would Jada's T-cells begin to form?
In the meantime, Mike and Amanda maintained constant vigilance over Jada's fragile immune system. To do that, they made big life changes.
They sold their house in Holland, Michigan, and bought one next door to Amanda's parents in Hudsonville.
Amanda quit her job as a dental hygienist. She stays home most of the time. No visitors are allowed in the house, not even grandparents.
Four-year-old Odyn does not go to preschool or play dates. Instead, his mom home-schools him. He visits his grandparents next door.
Although Mike continues to work outside the home as a mechanical engineer, his co-workers understand the steps he takes to prevent contact with germs: frequent use of hand sanitizer and disinfectants and a rule against handshakes.
But within that protective bubble, Mike and Amanda have created a warm and engaging family life.
They play games, read books and watch movies. On nice days, they take walks. They spend time on the deck Mike built.
In summer, they watch movies outdoors and enjoy backyard fires. They share a fenced backyard with Amanda's parents, and can visit with them in the yard.
On chilly winter days, they bundle up the kids for sled rides around the block.
Finally, we have a light at the end of the tunnel.
And they take field trips—always to places where they won't encounter other people. Watching planes take off and land from the park at the Gerald R. Ford International Airport is a treat. They go to an isolated spot at the beach so Odyn can swim in Lake Michigan.
To help her stay healthy, Jada takes a host of medications: to ward off bacteria, fungal infections, viruses and parasites. She receives shots of pooled antibodies, donated by plasma donors. She does not receive vaccines because her body can't respond to them.
She still has a feeding tube. And although she still has a tracheotomy, she no longer needs a ventilator. She receives CPAP, continuous positive airway assistance, only at at night.
Overseeing Jada's care is a team of pediatric specialists, who take great pains to minimize her exposure even to doctors and nurses. When she has an appointment for blood work, tests or a doctor's visit, Jada sees as few people as possible. Dr. Hartog and Dr. Olivero typically are the only physicians she sees; the others rely on reports from them and test results.
And for Dr. Hartog, a visit with Jada is a joy.
For a recent visit with him, the Elenbaases arrived at 7 a.m., before any other scheduled patient visits. They pulled up in front of the Helen DeVos Children's Hospital Outpatient Center and carried Jada across the lobby in a car seat with a cover draped over her.
"We wipe down the exam room with alcohol three or four times before she comes in to make sure there is no contamination in the room," Dr. Hartog said.
Anyone treating Jada wears a gown, gloves and face mask.
After a thymus transplant, T-cells usually appear within in about six months to a year, Dr. Hartog said. Sometimes it can take much longer.
But still, as the months went on and test after test showed no sign of T-cells, Mike and Amanda began to worry. With their doctors, they began to make preparations for a possible second thymus transplant.
Shortly before Christmas 2018, Amanda got a call from Dr. Hartog.
"I want to give you some good news," he said.
At last, Jada had T-cells. Her count of 186 was low—a healthy person has 500-1,500.
Complete DiGeorge syndrome often affects other systems, besides the immune system.
Jada has some delays in motor development and kidney issues. And she has a congenital heart defect—a hole in the wall between her heart's upper chambers.
"It will probably need to be repaired at some point, but it's not causing a ton of trouble," Dr. Hartog said.
But for now, her biggest challenge is to build an immune system, and in that, she is making progress.
"Finally, we have a light at the end of the tunnel," Amanda said.
Just to reach this point is a victory.
In the past, parents and doctors didn't know an infant had complete DiGeorge syndrome until a first infection, which often proved fatal. Doctors hope a growing awareness of genetic disorders that cause immune deficiency will help more children like Jada.
Including severe combined immunodeficiency disorder to the newborn screening panel is a step in that direction. Michigan added it in 2012 and by December 2018, all 50 states included it.
That's the disorder that affected David Vetter, a child known as the "boy in the bubble" in the 1970s and '80s. He died at age 12 in 1984.
The disorder, like Jada's diagnosis, involves a lack of T-cells, so the screening panel alerted Jada's caregivers to her rare condition.
Since 2012, Jada is just the third child in Michigan diagnosed with complete DiGeorge syndrome.
Of all the factors that have brought her this far, Dr. Hartog gives special credit to the steadfast devotion of her parents.