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Foreign Relations of the United States: Diplomatic Papers, 1945, The Far East, China, Volume VII
Document 1023
Marshall Mission Files, Lot 54–D270
Mr. Edwin A. Locke, Jr., Personal Representative of President Truman, to President Truman 57
[ Washington ,] December 18, 1945.
Dear Mr. President: When I reported to you, immediately upon my return from China, you asked me to put my views on the Chinese situation in writing. This memorandum summarizes my work in [Page 1364] China this autumn and presents my findings and recommendations for further action.
In preparing it, and in the work which led up to it, I had the close collaboration of my Economic Adviser, Albert Z. Carr. Important contributions were also made by my Special Assistants, Colonel Harry A. Berk, A. U. S., and Michael E. Lee. All of these men were in China with me, and their help has been invaluable.
I. America's Opportunity
China's immediate future, as I see it, will be decided not only by what China does for herself, but also, and to a large extent, by what the United States helps her to do. I should like to make it clear that in my judgment what China needs from America in the way of aid is much more than loans and credits, much more than the physical materials of reconstruction and development, much more even than good advice. Above all else China needs help in making the political and economic changes and improvements which will provide a basis for her peaceful development. The government of China finds difficulty in getting many things done, even when it wants to do them, because of lack of the quality which America calls "know-how". In order to progress rapidly toward democracy and rising living standards, China must have detailed knowledge of what to do and how to do it. I strongly feel that the chief ingredient of American aid to China at this time ought to be "know-how" which will be of practical help in changing basic governmental organization and policy and in assuring effective administration.
To let such aid depend on the achievement of political unity by the Chinese would be to put the cart before the horse. There is no chance for real unity in China unless she takes constructive action which will provide a basis for practical cooperation between the Central Government and the Communists. Even if the Chinese factions were to agree in principle to work together, whether through a central council representing all parties or through any other means, this appearance of cooperation could not last long or mean much without far-reaching changes in China's political and economic institutions and practices.
It is through helping China make such changes that we can best contribute to her unity and so serve the cause of peace and democracy.
Through the presence of American troops sent to China to help disarm and repatriate the Japanese armies, China has been given a breathing spell from full-scale civil war. If, as a result of our influence and aid, she is able to use that breathing spell to reform, liberalize and revitalize herself from within, a real basis for national peace and unity can be established.
[Page 1365]
Our influence and aid need to go well beyond moral encouragement. It is my impression that most of China's leaders desire to correct the conditions which are now tearing the country apart. Even highly conservative elements prefer liberalization, which they have long opposed, to the collapse which they anticipate, if American troops are withdrawn before internal unity has been secured. I found widespread agreement in principle on the desirability of reform and liberalization. But agreement in principle, by itself, has little practical meaning. The problem of the government leaders is promptly to formulate and carry out specific measures which will give China political and economic democracy; and they do not seem to know quite what to do or how to do it.
That is entirely understandable. The Chinese Government is inexperienced in the principles and techniques of modern democratic government. This inexperience, added to bureaucratic inertia, makes it exceptionally difficult for the government to act swiftly and effectively without help from outside. To a large extent, China's present unrest grows out of these factors.
This then is the essence of America's present opportunity in China: The current breathing spell in China gives us time to help China establish peace, unity and democracy, if we act vigorously and at once to give the Chinese government the benefit of American experience. To make the necessary "know-how" available to China would not impose any great burden on us. We have already made a practical beginning. The chief result of my recent mission to China was precisely the application of American ideas, experience and methods to China's economic problems. While I was there the Chinese Government adopted the most advanced and liberal and specific economic program in its recent history, and established a new organization at the highest level of the government to carry out the program. This program aims at objectives which the entire Chinese people, including the Communists, can support.
A similar approach is needed at once to China's political problems. China ought to be helped to put into effect a practical and specific program of democratic reform and development to which the whole people could rally and with which the Communists could cooperate. I am convinced that such a program is feasible, and that it could go far to ease China's internal stresses and strains, and pave the way for peaceful progress.
China is today confronted with a revolutionary situation brought about in part by governmental inertia and inexperience in meeting the legitimate aspirations of the people, in part by the dislocations resulting from a long and terrible war, and in part by the effects of prolonged and advanced inflation. The Chinese cannot trade or [Page 1366] manipulate their way out of that situation. Political expedients are bound to fail as historically they have always failed under such conditions. The need is for fundamental economic and political action, taken voluntarily by the Chinese Government, to remove the main causes of popular unrest. Failure to take such action, I believe, accounts for the lack of success to date of recent attempts to establish peace between the two major parties of China.
Out of our enormous influence in China has come our present unique opportunity to help China act to preserve peace and assure progress. I believe the best way of making clear my views as to the specific steps needed to utilize this opportunity is through a plain factual statement of what I saw and did in China in carrying out my mission, and the conclusions that I reached as to China's economic and political needs.
II. Observations on the Economic Situation
This was my third visit to China in the past fifteen months. En-route I stopped at Tokyo, where, as I informed you in my report of October 19,58 my information on China's economic position was further supplemented by material made available to me from Japanese sources, through the generous cooperation of General MacArthur. Thereafter, I visited Chungking, Canton, Formosa, Shanghai, Hankow, Tsingtao, Tientsin and Peiping and observed economic conditions at firsthand. In accordance with your instructions, I did not go into Communist-held territory and I was unable to visit Manchuria because of the military situation; but what I have seen with my own eyes, added to extensive data accumulated during the last year and a half in Washington, has, I believe, given me a clear picture of the Chinese economy as a whole.
Of the many troubles and difficulties which now beset the Chinese economy, there are four which, in my judgment, are of crucial importance. The key to China's economic future lies in the action or inaction of the Chinese Government with respect to:
Shortage of transportation. China has no real transportation system in the modern sense. Under present conditions, with Communist and guerrilla troops cutting key railroads, especially in the North, and with a shortage of rails and railroad ties for repairs, China's railroads are more than ever inadequate. Her air transportation is a minor economic factor. Meagerness of existing river transportation and highway trucking facilities have caused fuel and food distribution to fall below the danger point in many areas. Primarily as a result of the transportation shortage, great cities like Canton and Hankow are now burning wood in place of coal in a desperate effort to keep their power plants running for just a few hours per day, and the people of these and other cities face the prospect of a coal-less winter.
Inadequate food production. Agricultural production is dangerously near bare subsistence levels for the Chinese people. Yields per acre and per farm family are wretchedly low. There is no margin of safety. A spell of bad weather can be a major catastrophe. In some areas shortage of fertilizers is now imperiling crops, while lack of insecticides makes plant diseases a constant threat. Bad agricultural practices are prevalent, resulting in part from ignorance of modern farming techniques, and in part from the difficult economic conditions—the excessive rents, taxes, and interest rates—under which most of China's immense farm population works.
Idle Factories. As Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek told the Chinese people on November 26, most of China's industries are at a standstill. Businessmen and industrialists are unwilling to make commitments because of the uncertainties brought on by monetary inflation and financial instability. A large number of industrial workers are without employment. In Shanghai three workers out of four are idle. Manufactured goods such as textiles, are becoming increasingly scarce and costly. Difficulties in the way of getting industries back into early operation are enormous. Not only does the shortage of power and fuel constitute a major handicap but, in addition, the country is short of trained managers, technicians and skilled workers to replace Japanese personnel which operated most of China's factories during the war. The extensive and painstaking removal by the Japanese of industrial machinery and equipment from West and South China have further dislocated the Chinese industrial economy.
Bad social conditions. The social foundations of the Chinese economy, never strong, have been further weakened during the Japanese occupation—especially sanitation, medical facilities, and education. The physical destruction of factories and houses by bombing and the fact that, aside from Japanese-owned industries, there has been virtually no new construction for eight years have produced a serious shortage of buildings of all kinds, becoming even more acute as vast numbers of refugees straggle back from the hinterland to their urban homes. In some cities, as in Canton, Chinese by the thousands are sleeping in the streets despite the onset of cold weather.
Viewed in proper perspective, these economic ills are no worse than might be expected after eight years of war in an under-developed country. In my judgment, a soundly conceived, systematic and energetic attack could yield quick results for China in increasing agricultural and industrial production and distribution, in overcoming inflation, and in improving mass conditions of life. China's chief need just now is for the governmental will and know-how to overcome her economic problems. My main conclusion from what I saw of China is that she needs strong economic action, aimed squarely at a rise in the mass living standards of the people; and that such action, if coupled with sound democratic political reform and development, would offer real promise of internal peace and unity.
But I also concluded that the Chinese Government needs help and inspiration if it is to provide the nation with the leadership essential [Page 1368] to constructive action. Accordingly, in my capacity as Economic Adviser to the Chinese Government, I recommended to Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek that a definite program of action be developed at once, designed to meet the actual economic needs of the people. As I cabled you on November 24,59 he accepted this recommendation, and at his request I aided him in preparing the actual program.
Announced by the Generalissimo personally on November 26, the new economic program calls for immediate action to strengthen Chinese transportation. As one phase of this activity, it puts into motion a national road building program employing Japanese prisoners, pending their repatriation. It provides for far-reaching social and economic improvements benefiting China's agricultural masses, as well as for increased use of fertilizers, insecticides, and improved seed and free instruction of farmers in modern agricultural methods. It lays down the economic actions essential to early industrial revival and development, as well as expansion of China's foreign trade, such as removal of wartime restrictions, recruitment of qualified industrial managers, technicians and skilled workers, importation of essential machinery and equipment, and stabilization of Chinese currency. It puts emphasis on the need to improve standards of housing, health, and free public education as a social base for further economic development. Finally, it opens the way for an organized and unified program of government encouragement and assistance to projects most useful to China's economic development over the next five years, with special emphasis on the harnessing of China's great rivers.
In announcing this program, the Generalissimo showed that he was interested above all in getting results. As to method, he appears to be thinking in terms not of a nationalized economy, but rather of vigorous governmental economic leadership and cooperation with the farmers, workers and industrial managers of China. The Central Government does not propose to assume detailed administration of the nation's economic life, he stated plainly. Instead, its aim is to do everything possible to assure the well-being of private enterprise under honest and effective local government. Provincial, district and city officials, he announced, must assume direct responsibility for leadership in the economic reconstruction and development in their own areas. The Generalissimo also made it plain that China must not rely entirely on foreign aid to achieve her economic goals but must help herself.
At the same time that I recommended this program to the Generalissimo, I also recommended the creation by the Chinese Government of a Supreme Economic Council to lay down broad economic policy [Page 1369] and coordinate the economic activities of all departments of the government. The Generalissimo, who had already been thinking along similar lines, accepted this recommendation and invited my collaboration in preparing the necessary organic law.
The Supreme Economic Council was established on November 26 to function under the general direction of the President of the Republic. I believe it is unique among the organs of the Chinese Government in that its avowed goal is "a substantial and steady rise in the mass living standards of the people." To attain this objective, it will "direct and assist the early, sound and vigorous economic reconstruction and development of China," and will have full and final authority over the economic activities of all agencies of the Government.
If the Supreme Economic Council acts with energy, the political effects should be very far-reaching. One effect will be to ease the political tensions of China. There is little if anything in the program enunciated by the Generalissimo to which the Communist Party of China could take exception, in the light of their own announced economic programs. The work of the Supreme Economic Council can and should be a first step in providing an economic base for unity with the Communists.
It must be recognized, however, that the immediate program laid down by the Generalissimo for the Supreme Economic Council is as yet largely a statement of good intentions. What counts will be the action taken to make good the intentions.
Left to their own devices, the Chinese will find it exceedingly difficult if not impossible to carry out many important parts of this new economic program. China lacks the administrative and managerial experience and personnel necessary to get such a program soundly underway, not to mention shortages of essential materials and physical equipment.
The Generalissimo stated to me his view that foreign help is indispensable to China if her economic reconstruction and development are to make real and rapid progress. Recognizing as he does that America has no intention of exploiting China or trying to dominate her, he would like to see the American Government send to China an Economic Advisory Commission which would reside there for a considerable time and work closely with the Supreme Economic Council. This request is embodied in his letter on November 26th60 which I have handed to you.
In my opinion, the United States can properly grant this request. I recommend that an Economic Advisory Commission be sent to China [Page 1370] promptly to work with, help and advise the Chinese government in developing and putting into action policies and programs applicable to all parts of China, and to which Communists as well as Kuomintang adherents could give support.
Techniques for practical cooperation between an American economic mission and the Chinese government have already been established and have worked well in the relationship between the Chinese War Production Board and the American Production Mission sent there to aid China in 1944.61 Experience in this operation affords both a guide and a sound reason for believing that an American economic mission with an even broader purpose can be effective in China.
I pointed out to the Generalissimo the difficulties of recruiting highly qualified men in this country for residence in China. As a measure to help overcome this difficulty, I suggested to him that he explore the possibility of creating in this country a consultative board of leading Americans who would advise the Chinese government on economic matters primarily from the standpoint of representative American industry, and aid them in recruiting superior personnel for work in China. The Generalissimo and Premier Soong both expressed their approval of this suggestion and their intention to act upon it, if you have no objection.
During my stay in China I also carried out your instructions to terminate the American Production Mission, established in 1944 to aid China's war production. All personnel of the Mission have now left China. This action, taken in conjunction with the formation of the Supreme Economic Council is considered in China as marking the end of the wartime phase of America's economic cooperation with China and the beginning of postwar cooperation between the two countries.
III. Observations on the Political Situation
I strongly feel that if the action which the Generalissimo has taken in the economic field is paralleled by forward-looking political action, the result can be to end civil strife and speed up China's reconstruction and development. Neither Chiang's government nor the Communist party of China is committed to war. Both sides need peace in order to do anything constructive for China. Genuine peace in China is inconceivable while two authoritarian governments stand opposed. Their only hope of peaceful cooperation lies in a mutual and simultaneous ending of authoritarian government. Both sides could, I believe, be brought into a government which vigorously took the road toward true democracy, both political and economic. Given genuine [Page 1371] democratic government in China, the will of the peacefully-disposed Chinese masses could make itself felt; and I think the mutual distrust of the Communists and the National Government would in time be sufficiently removed to make possible a fusion of their two armies. In setting up a sound basis for democracy in China, it would, of course, be necessary to safeguard the country against authoritarianism in any form, be it from the left or from the right.
Although I had no contact with the Chinese Communist Party, the over-all political situation was made abundantly clear to me, not only by experienced American observers but also by loyal supporters of the present regime who are nevertheless sufficiently objective and aware to face the realities of Chinese political life. The outstanding fact is that the Central Government has been steadily losing the broad popular support which it had in its earlier years, and which it regained briefly as a result of the victorious ending of the war. The people in Kuomintang China feel that there is little to choose between the Central Government and the Communists so far as their welfare is concerned. That state of mind was so evident that I had no hesitation in speaking of it frankly to key officials of the Central Government who recognized the fact and its implications.
The dissatisfaction of the people, however, does not seem as yet to have seriously impaired the status of Chiang Kai-shek himself. Apparently most of the people still strongly believe in him and do not blame him personally for the deficiencies of his government. Here and there he is bitterly attacked—in Chungking I received anonymous communications through the mail warning me not to trust Chiang—but on the whole it is certain of the Generalissimo's ministers and officials who bear the brunt of mounting criticism.
Recent relaxation of the censorship of the Chinese press now permits the publication of anti-government journals in Kuomintang China and these journals are hot in attacking the obvious abuses and failures of the government. Some conservative Chinese regard the left wing press with alarm as a harbinger of revolution, but the more progressive members of the government agree that it serves as an essential safety valve for public opinion and as a healthy influence on the government. Careful readings of the Chinese press, added to talks with Chinese in all walks of life, strongly suggest that the Chinese people today base most of their political criticism of the Central Government on three counts:
Failure to give democracy to China. Several times in recent years, the Central Government has promised to convene a constitutional assembly which would give China a democratic constitution, but each time the assembly has been postponed. The Chinese people want democracy. Psychologically they are ready for it. They resent [Page 1372] authoritarian practices. As matters stand, many essential operations of the government are under the direction of reactionaries who have no genuine feeling for the pressing needs of the people and who are consequently a dead weight on China's progress in this critical time. There is no means by which popular opinion can get rid of incompetence in high places, or prod into action those government officials who are weltering in political and economic plans without doing anything constructive about them. Often governmental decisions of the greatest urgency are endlessly delayed. Even when such decisions are finally made, they are not carried out with sincerity or expedition because of a lack of a sense of responsibility among officials who feel themselves remote from the people and who cannot be called to account by the people.
Tolerance of pro-Japanese elements. In many places in the liberated provinces of China the Government is using the services of former "puppet" officials who collaborated with the Japanese. In some areas armed Japanese troops are employed by the Government. Officials of the Central Government state that the use of "puppets" and Japanese is a temporary expedient to enable the government to gain control of the mechanisms of political and economic administration with a minimum of disturbance. But the people see native traitors and enemy nationals accorded dignities and comforts while cold and hunger are the lot of millions of Chinese, and resentment is growing.
Widespread corruption. Official corruption is of course an old story in China. It is especially hard to eliminate because of the institutional quality which it has taken on as a result of centuries of "squeeze." Government salaries in many cases are so small that government employees cannot exist without supplementing their incomes by whatever means come to hand; and political graft is taken for granted among them. The people, I was told, are becoming increasingly indignant as they see government and Kuomintang officials fattening their purses at the public expense, and without even providing efficient administration in return. I heard indignation particularly directed at provincial and municipal officials who, starved for political spoils during the war years, have now descended on the liberated provinces and cities like hungry locusts.
The Generalissimo has indicated his determination to bring about needed political reforms in China. For example, in establishing the Supreme Economic Council he promised the people that corrupt officials would be sought out, removed from the government and severely punished for their crimes. Moral reform would certainly help China greatly. But China's primary need is for far-reaching action by the Central Government not only to reform but to transform itself into a government representative of the people and working for the true interests of the people.
There are of course many reactionaries in the Central Government who would oppose any such development. But I believe that key men of the government stand ready to make the fundamental political changes which China requires, if they are shown how to do it and given help in doing it by the United States. Just as they responded [Page 1373] to American inspiration and guidance first in organizing for war production, and now in taking the initial postwar steps looking toward a progressive economic program, so I believe they would respond to our inspiration and aid in bringing democracy and sound government to China.
If, with the help of the United States, China adopts political measures aimed at the early introduction of democracy while vigorously pursuing her new economic program, it should not take long to allay the violent political antagonisms which are now tearing her apart. The Communists have every reason to support a government in which they would share, and which would permit the peaceful political evolution of China.
If China wishes our help in establishing democracy and sound administration, I believe that this government ought without delay to work out methods of practical cooperation with the Chinese in efforts to prepare an effective democratic constitution, separate China's Kuomintang party from the National Government, eliminate authoritarian practices, set up modern governmental organization and procedures, and create and protect the "grass-roots" institutions of local democracy in villages, towns, cities and provinces. This might be done in part by sending qualified American specialists in such fields as constitutional law, government, and public administration to China to give aid and counsel, and in part by arranging for visits to this country by Chinese officials for the purpose of observing the practical operations of democracy at first hand.
In addition to such arrangements, there is in my judgment strong need for full and frank discussions with the Russians and the British as to the nature and purposes of our cooperation and theirs with China in the economic and political sphere. Such discussions carried on against the background of American aid to China aimed at genuine political and economic democracy could, I believe, go far to assure Russian and British cooperation in encouraging a peaceful solution of the existing strife in China. It is conceivable that a common policy toward China by the great powers might result, and that constructive leadership by America in promoting needed political and economic changes in China could be of major importance in bringing about closer international cooperation generally.
IV. The Present "Breathing Spell" in China
As I said to you in my memorandum of August 20 ("A Proposal Aimed at Averting Civil War in China").62
"If civil war comes to China I think that it will be long and costly. I feel sure that the Central Government cannot win a quick [Page 1374] victory.…63—Under circumstancess much more favorable to them than those existing today they tried consistently throughout the ten-year period preceding the Japanese war to destroy the Communists, and failed. The Communists, although at the present time probably even less well equipped than the Central Government's troops, are highly disciplined, well entrenched in a relatively impregnable area, skilled in guerrilla warfare, and ably led.… If they can get hold of considerable quantities of Japanese arms—as seems likely—they will be even more formidable opponents."
I was reliably informed in November that the Communists in Southern Manchuria have acquired large stores of Japanese munitions.
The effectiveness of Communist propaganda behind the Central Government lines must also be reckoned with in the event of full-scale civil war. Communist promises and some demonstrations of their policy in giving the people personal ownership of land, reduced rents, taxes and interest rates, better government and higher wages are attractive to the Chinese peasants and city workers. Because of prolonged blockade and lack of industries, people in Communist China on the average are probably even worse off than people in Kuomintang China, but at least the Communists have tried with some success to equalize the hardships of life in China—a fact which has great popular appeal.
Realistic men in the Central Government are keenly aware that civil war could only intensify China's suffering over a period of years and might end by defeating the constructive aims of both the Central Government and of the Communists, leaving China in political anarchy and economic destitution.
I think it likely that in the event of full-scale fighting both sides would make use of Japanese troops now in China. This development is suggested by the Central Government's current employment of armed Japanese soldiers for the protection of communications in some outlying areas of north China, and by the surprisingly good living conditions of Japanese prisoners, as observed in concentration camps. Troops of the Japanese puppet governments of the liberated provinces are also currently serving the Central Government. There is obvious danger that under these circumstances civil war would give the Japanese a rare opportunity to help keep China divided and weak.
The policy of this government is that our troops in China will not take part in China's internal strife, and that they are to be brought home as soon as they have finished their job in helping to disarm and repatriate the Japanese. But to my mind it should also be made plain to the world that the presence of these troops is giving China an all-important "breathing spell". It should be made plain that we are [Page 1375] using this opportunity to aid and encourage the adoption by the Chinese Government of economic and political measures designed to provide an enduring basis for peaceful settlement of the struggle with the Communists, and which will bring a fuller life to the Chinese people. The world would welcome such action on our part. It would be the clearest possible proof of the soundness of our present policy in China.
V. Summary of Recommendations
The aspirations of the United States for an expanding world economy in which we, like other peoples, can find security and rising living standards, demand a peaceful and developing Orient.
We now have an opportunity to utilize our influence in China to end civil war and speed China's reconstruction, development and democratic evolution. We can do this by encouraging and assisting the Chinese Government to take constructive economic and political action, aimed at national peace and unity. The adoption by the Generalissimo of a liberal economic program and the establishment of the Supreme Economic Council are an encouraging sign of good intentions in the Central Government. We need to follow up this first step without delay.
If we fail to utilize our opportunity, if we confine our practical cooperation with China to the military sphere, we are bound to be confronted by what Walter Lippman has called a "horrid dilemma": either we will become entangled in China's civil war, or, when we get out of China, we will leave her hopelessly divided, dangerously weak, and an inviting prey for foreign imperialism.
As I see it, there is only one way to get off the horns of the dilemma. That is to aid the Chinese government to take immediate economic and political measures which can produce political unity before our troops leave China.
The Central Government is keenly aware of its need for good relations with Russia. Russia has reason to welcome American influence in China while that influence encourages political and economic democracy, and internal peace. Given the necessary aid and stimulation from this country, I feel that China could make great strides in its foreign relations, and that the international stresses and strains which now center there could be greatly eased in a short time.
The four specific recommendations for action by this country made in the preceding pages all have the single aim of assuring a peaceful, democratic and developing China, on good terms with the world. Summarized, these recommendations are:
That America send a qualified economic mission to China as soon as possible to aid China's Supreme Economic Council to carry out its liberal program and generally to further China's economic reconstruction and development.
That we give full practical cooperation to the Generalissimo and his Government in democratizing China's political life and providing modern and efficient government.
That we discuss with Russia and England the nature and purposes of our cooperation and theirs with China in the economic and political sphere, and work out if possible a common policy toward China.
That we make it clear to the American people and to the world as a whole that the presence of our troops in China to assure the disarming and repatriating of the Japanese provides a breathing spell from civil warfare, during which we are encouraging and helping China to put into effect political and economic measures needed to provide a basis for lasting peace.
In my view, action openly taken along these four lines could be of enormous aid to China. It would end the dilemma of policy in which America now finds herself with respect to China and it would have the overwhelming approbation not only of the American and Chinese people but of world opinion as a whole. Out of these actions, if properly carried through, could emerge a democratic and peaceful China, contributing on an ever-increasing scale to the expanding world economy on which the world's future, and America's depends.
[File copy not signed.]
Copy transmitted to General Marshall by Mr. Locke on December 19. Mr. Locke was also Economic Adviser to the Chinese Government.↩
Not found in Department files.↩
For mission of Donald M. Nelson, see Foreign Relations, 1944, vol. vi, pp. 247 ff.↩
Ante, p. 448.↩
Omissions indicated in the original.↩
The Far East, China
General wartime relations between the United States and China with emphasis on China's military position and United States efforts to give military assistance to China (January–August 11) (Documents 1-122)
Political conditions in China prior to the Japanese surrender; good offices of Ambassador Hurley to end conflict between the National Government and the Communists (January–August) (Documents 123-303)
Political conditions in China following the Japanese surrender; continued interest of the United States in efforts to end conflict between the National Government and the Communists (August–December) (Documents 304-344)
Questions involving Japanese surrender arrangements (Documents 345-387)
General situation in China following Japanese surrender: Civil strife between Communists and National Government forces; Chinese Government requests for American aid and advice; use of American military forces to aid in evacuation of Japanese from China (Documents 388-529)
Resignation of Ambassador Patrick J. Hurley; correspondence respecting certain charges made by the Ambassador (Documents 530-540)
The Marshall Mission: Instructions to General of the Army George C. Marshall regarding United States policy toward China; first conferences in China (Documents 541-578)
Discussions at the Moscow Meeting of Foreign Ministers (December 16–26) regarding withdrawal of Soviet and American troops from China (Documents 579-593)
Sino-Soviet Relations: (Documents 594-787)
Financial relations between the United States and China: Efforts to assist in curbing inflation in China; shipment of gold to China; financial settlement of yuan expenditures by United States military forces; Lend-Lease questions; disposal of surplus property; exchange rates, etc. (Documents 788-921)
Representation by the United States regarding registration of American business firms in China; efforts to persuade the Chinese Government to modify provisions of proposed company law (Documents 922-966)
Preliminary discussions regarding the negotiation of a treaty of friendship, commerce and navigation with China (Documents 967-985)
Representations regarding Chinese restrictions on remittances to the United States by American film distributors in China (Documents 986-996)
Interest of the United States in plans and policies of the Chinese Government for postwar economic reconstruction and in promotion of American trade interests in China (Documents 997-1026)
Postwar transfer of Foreign Diplomatic Quarter, International Settlements, and Concessions to China (Documents 1027-1029)
Protection of American lives and property in China; repatriation of American citizens interned in China during the war and restoration of American property in liberated China (Documents 1030-1077)
Arrangements for providing technical assistance from the United States for China (Documents 1078-1110)
Dissatisfaction of the United States with results of first trial by Chinese court of an American citizen (Documents 1111-1116)
Reopening of American consular posts in liberated China and requests respecting radio communications (Documents 1117-1138)
Objections by the United States to the Chinese Government's exclusion of certain American press correspondents (Documents 1139-1149)
Exchange of views between the United States and China regarding the administration of liberated areas (Documents 1150-1155)
Exchange of views between the United States and China on the future status of Korea and the question of recognizing a provisional Korean Government


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Arizona Cardinals vs. 49ers: Injury Update and More
By cgolden Sep 5, 2008, 8:34am MDT
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The biggest concern heading into this Sunday for the Arizona Cardinals has to be the injury situation, especially at the nose. Gabe Watson is already out, although he did practice for the first time this offseason, yesterday (on a limited basis). Alan Branch hasn't practiced this week at all and his status for the game isn't looking good. If he can't go on Sunday, Bryan Robinson will start and Kenny Iwebema will be the backup. That's not a great combination at nose tackle and if that's the case, I'd expect to see more four-man fronts than normal this week. Ben Patrick and Jerame Tuman are both listed on the injury report and both have been limited in practice recently. They should still play in the game but Pope will likely be the focal point of the tight end passing game.
Kurt Warner's been working on ball security in an effort to cut down on his fumbling problem. Turnovers has always been a problem for the prolific veteran and while wearing gloves have helped cut down on fumbles, the coaching staff would like him to continue to improve on his fumbles and cut down on interceptions. Say what you want about the 37 year old vet but if he's putting up the same numbers without turning the ball over as much, it's a scary proposition for opposing teams. The coaching staff is also working with Darnell Dockett in a effort cut down on the useless penalties that he tends to collect. He's acknowledged that he needs to play 'smarter' but he also plays with a lot of aggression and emotion so it's a delicate balance.
The Cardinals defense is facing some unfamiliar faces considering they're playing such a familiar opponent. No I'm not talking about Isaac Bruce, Bryant Johnson or Mike Martz, all of whom the Cardinals are very familiar with, but starting quarterback JT O'Sullivan is a different story. He's playing for his eighth team in just six seasons but he's in the same offense for the second consecutive season and will be making the first start of his NFL career. The Cardinals have seen Mike Martz turn no-name quarterbacks into NFL stars before and they'll be the first test for 29 year old JT O'Sullivan.
Last but certainly not least, the Cardinals seem anxious to take the field and get the bitter taste of last season out of their mouth. Considering that they finished the season 8-8 but lost twice to the 5-11 Niners, who can blame them? With a new season and expectations at an all-time high, they need to get out of the gates quickly and they should have every opportunity against a team with a first time starter and a new offensive system. It's also worth remembering that these teams have swept each other each of the past four seasons so a win this Sunday could also be an indication of another win down the road.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Hydroksyloamina – nieorganiczny związek chemiczny, pochodna amoniaku, w której jeden atom wodoru został zastąpiony grupą hydroksylową. Najprostsza hydroksyamina.

Jest to bezbarwne higroskopijne, krystaliczne ciało stałe o temperaturze topnienia wynoszącej 33,1 °C. Jest silnie trująca, podczas ogrzewania rozkłada się z wydzieleniem ciepła.

Dobrze rozpuszcza się w wodzie i metanolu. Dobra substancja redukująca, czasem może jednak być utleniaczem. Słabo zasadowa, tworzy sole, z których najważniejsze to chlorowodorek hydroksyloaminy i siarczan hydroksyloaminy. Sole te są trwalsze niż wolna hydroksyloamina, ale również trujące.

Otrzymywana przez redukcję kwasu azotowego lub tlenków azotu (z wyjątkiem ) w roztworze kwaśnym albo przez działanie zasadą na chlorowodorek lub siarczan hydroksyloaminy i oddestylowanie zmniejszonym ciśnieniem wydzielającej się hydroksyloaminy.

Stosowana jako środek redukujący i odczynnik w syntezie organicznej, np. do otrzymywania oksymów:

Działanie hydroksyloaminy na organizm człowieka jest bardzo negatywne. Ma właściwości mutagenne. Reaguje z cytozyną w DNA, zamieniając ją na związek zbliżony do uracylu, działa też na enzymy komórkowe. W wyniku jej działania powstają często groźne mutacje punktowe.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Związki azotu
Związki tlenu
Związki wodoru

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Canadians have had a lot to celebrate with the inception of the TFSA back in 2009. The annual limit for 2019 has risen to $6,000, and with this the cumulative room that Canadian investors have is $63,500.
Assuming we are able to fully benefit from this room, and even if we can only partially benefit from it, the amount of savings that comes from its tax-free status is significant in the short term and especially in the long run, as dividend income and capital gains accumulate.
This tax-free status continues upon withdrawal of funds, and even after death.
But what does a well-rounded, diversified TFSA portfolio look like?
The railways are a barometer of economy activity in Canada, transporting goods such as grain, crude oil and forest products.
With high barriers to entry, limited competition, and a sustainable demand profile, these companies are in the driver's seat.
In the last 20 years, CP Railway stock has given its shareholders massive gains in the form of dividends, which have seen a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of more than 8% in this time period, and in the form of capital gains (+934%).
For more than 65 years, TransCanada has been developing and maintaining energy infrastructure while handsomely rewarding shareholders.
It's an energy stock with a current dividend yield of 5%, providing a safe and predictable income stream.
Since 2000, TransCanada stock has provided shareholders with an almost 15% CAGR, while delivering yearly dividend increases, which brought the dividend per share from $0.80 to $2.76.
A bank stock such as TD offers investors exposure to the interest rate sensitive, profitable and stable financial sector.
In the last 10 years, TD Bank has increased its dividend by a CAGR of 9.4%, the highest among its peer group.
The latest 12% dividend increase and the once-a-year dividend increase policy is testament to the bank's strength.
Waste Connections stock offers investors exposure to a stable, growing business and a cash rich company with a strong history and competitive advantage.
The company has given investors a rapidly growing dividend, many consecutive quarters of better-than-expected results, massive free cash flow generation, and a strong balance sheet.
With a 24% dividend growth rate in 2016, a 22% dividend increase in 2017, an expected 16% dividend growth rate in 2018, and a doubling of the share price since January 2016, Waste Connections stock has given investors the best of both worlds: income and capital appreciation.
A gold stock offering investors the benefit of a safe haven that has minimal market correlation, Agnico-Eagle rounds out the list of TFSA stocks for a diversified portfolio.
The $12 billion Agnico-Eagle has the lowest political risk profile of its peer group, has been a consistent top performer with solid operational performance and an industry-leading cost structure, which has driven consistently better-than-expected results.
Diversification of your TFSA portfolio is within reach with the cumulative TFSA limit at $63,500. This list samples a few of the areas to turn to in order to achieve it.


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If you're looking for the best posts on the music industry from IlluminatiWatcher.com you've come to the right place!
The #1 complaint I've heard from the people is that there is simply too much information to dig through on IlluminatiWatcher.com so I've provided a solution that you'll love!
I've painstakingly carved through YEARS of posts and analysis on everything from the film industry to music videos and created a way to guide you through all of the madness.
You can now sign up for a free email newsletter that will not only keep you up to date with the latest news from the conspiracy theory realm, but it will also allow me to guide you through the historical archives of IlluminatiWatcher.com.
If you've ever wondered why we see the 666 hand so often…
Katy Perry and the Illuminati Symbolism of the Prismatic Tour
…or perhaps why the triangle is of importance to the Illuminati:
…then you've really got to take the journey my friend!
Get updates to the secrets in Illuminati symbolism conspiracy theories:
If you're still on the fence, feel free to check out the most popular posts and analysis I've written on the music industry, including…
Illuminati Symbolism in Lady Gaga's 2017 Coachella video
Ab Soul: Aleister Crowley and the Occult God of Rap
Is The Weeknd Christian or Illuminati?…
Is Beyonce in the Illuminati?…
Kanye West: The Rise and Fall of an Illuminati Mind Controlled Alien
Is Lady Gaga in the Illuminati?
Is Ariana Grande in the Illuminati?:
Is Ariana Grande in the Illuminati?…
Is Katy Perry in the Illuminati?…
Dave Navarro:
Justin Bieber and his mind control breakdown:
5 Seconds of Summer:
Taylor Swift and the Mark of the Beast:
Dr. Dre's BEATS-BEAST satanic headphones:
Have you heard of the British occultist and ceremonial sex-magician Aleister "The Beast 666" Crowley that made contact with alien demons?… You better get familiar because your favorite musicians are certainly interested…
Adam Lambert (*Adam "Lam"-bert; as in Crowley's "Lam" entity)
Jay-Z wearing Crowley's Thelema motto "Do what thou wilt"
You can now pick up my hip hop conspiracy book that covers much of the importance behind the occult and the music industry (particularly hip hop). This was featured on multiple radio shows and podcasts (SIRIUS/XM's SHADE45, Freeman's The Free Zone, & The HigherSide Chats); SACRIFICE: MAGIC BEHIND THE MIC:
P.S. If you've already signed up for the email newsletter- thank you!! You're already receiving the delivered historical archives that unravels the mystery behind the "Illuminati" and I thank you for your interest!
Website publisher of IlluminatiWatcher.com, author, and independent researcher; Isaac Weishaupt has been on the leading edge of conspiracy theories surrounding the elusive "Illuminati" and its infiltration of the entertainment industry. Using examples of familiar pop culture and works of entertainment, Isaac has been speaking and writing about the occult from a unique perspective that seeks to understand the big agenda while helping others along the way.
Isaac has been a featured guest on Dave Navarro's "Dark Matter Radio," Richard C. Hoagland's "Other Side of Midnight", SIRIUS/XM's The All Out Show, The HigherSide Chats, Freeman Fly's "The Free Zone", Mark Devlin's "Good Vibrations", VICE, COMPLEX Magazine, and many more radio shows and podcasts. His fresh perspective and openly admitted imperfections promotes the rational approach to exploring these taboo subjects and conspiracy theories.


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Carol William "Cully" Wilson (June 5, 1892 – July 7, 1962) was an Icelandic-Canadian professional ice hockey player. The right winger played in the National Hockey League (NHL) for the Toronto St. Pats, Montreal Canadiens, Hamilton Tigers, and Chicago Black Hawks between 1919 and 1927. He was also a member of two teams that won the Stanley Cup before the NHL came into existence in 1917, the Toronto Blueshirts and Seattle Metropolitans.

Wilson came from a family of Icelandic descent and was born as Karl Wilhons Erlendson to parents Sigurður Erlendson and Medónía Indriðadóttir. The family later changed its name to Wilson.

Career
Wilson played amateur hockey in his hometown of Winnipeg between 1910 and 1912, with the Winnipeg Falcons and the Winnipeg Monarchs. He began his professional career with the National Hockey Association's Toronto Blueshirts in 1912–13. The next year, he won his first Stanley Cup when the Blueshirts beat the Montreal Canadiens in the NHA playoffs. He was a part of the "first" expansion of professional hockey when the Pacific Coast Hockey Association agreed to compete with the NHA in an east-west rivalry for the Stanley Cup championship. As a member of the Seattle Metropolitans, Wilson won the Stanley Cup for a second time in 1917, again beating the Montreal Canadiens.

Wilson signed with the National Hockey League's Toronto St. Pats in 1919, after having been expelled from the PCHA for a cheap shot on Mickey MacKay. In the NHL he also played briefly for the Montreal Canadiens, on a loan from the St. Patricks, and with the Hamilton Tigers. He left the NHL after the 1922–23 season and headed west to play for the Calgary Tigers of the Western Canada Hockey League.

Wilson returned to the NHL for one more season in 1926–27 after the WCHL folded and his rights were traded to the Chicago Black Hawks. After a disappointing year with the Black Hawks, Wilson moved on to the American Hockey Association's St. Paul Saints. Over the next three years he played and coached with the Saints before moving on to the San Francisco Tigers of the Cal-Pro League and the Duluth Hornets of the AHA. His last season was the 1931–32 season with the Kansas City Pla-Mors.

Wilson played an aggressive and rough style of hockey, both giving and receiving in the physical aspect of the game, similar to a modern day pest. As a result, he received a fair amount of slashes and cuts to his face. During the 1919 PCHA season, in a game against the Vancouver Millionaires, Wilson fought for the puck against Millionaires center Mickey MacKay and slashed him over the mouth. MacKay suffered a fractured jaw and missed the rest of the season. When the season was over PCHA chief disciplinarian Frank Patrick banned Wilson from the league. Wilson led three different leagues in penalty minutes in different seasons: 1914–15 in the NHA, 1919 in the PCHA, and 1919–20 in the NHL.

Wilson died in 1962 and is buried in Evergreen-Washelli Cemetery in Seattle.

Statistics

Regular season and playoffs

Awards and achievements
Stanley Cup championships (1914, 1917)
PCHA First All-Star Team (1919)
WCHL Second All-Star Team (1925)
In 2015, Wilson was inducted into the Manitoba Hockey Hall of Fame.

References
Society for International Hockey Research at sihrhockey.org

Notes

External links

1892 births
1962 deaths
Calgary Tigers players
Canadian ice hockey right wingers
Canadian people of Icelandic descent
Chicago Blackhawks players
Hamilton Tigers (ice hockey) players
Montreal Canadiens players
Seattle Metropolitans players
Ice hockey people from Winnipeg
Stanley Cup champions
St. Paul Saints (AHA) players
Toronto Blueshirts players
Toronto St. Pats players
Winnipeg Falcons players
Winnipeg Monarchs players


There are many facts that will have a bearing on the merits of any concerns of conflict of interest.
There are mechanisms available to challenge what the executor or administrator is saying or doing.
Steps can be taken prior to any application for a grant of probate or administration.
There are mechanisms like filing notices of dispute with the probate registry.
There are opportunities to require an executor to bring in a will that is not being brought forth.
There are mechanisms to have the executor removed on the basis of concern of conflict of interest.


RaJhon Chism had his pick of a ukulele, guitar, a tubano drum or a keyboard. He could have played chords or beat drums.
But his music of choice came from a simple pencil beaten strategically on a clipboard.
The Cast of RENT on Fox Performs Live Concert Version – Watch Highlights!


Tablets that can dual boot Windows 8 and Google Android are nothing new… but dual-booting tablets with Bay Trail chips are. Chinese device maker Weu Yan's Surge Tab PH-101 is a 10 inch tablet that runs both Windows 8 Pro and Google Android 4.2.2 Jelly Bean.
It's powered by an Intel Celeron N2910 processor, based on Intel's low-power Bay Trail designs.
The Celeron N2910 is a 1.6 GHz quad-core processor with a TDP of 7.5 watts and a 4.5 watt SDP. In other words, it uses more power than an Intel Atom chip typically found in a tablet… but not much more power.
It should be able to provide decent performance for common Windows activities including web surfing, editing documents, viewing movies, or playing casual games — and it should be more than powerful enough to offer a decent Android experience.
The Surge Tab PH101 will be available with 2GB to 4GB of RAM, and 32GB to 64GB of solid state storage.
It's expected to launch in October in China, where it'll be offered with support for Chinese 3G wireless networks. The tablet is expected to sell for around $440 or less.
While it's unlikely that we'll see this particular model outside of China anytime soon, it does show that Intel's new Celeron chips are starting to find their way into tablets. While most of the Bay Trail-powered tablets announced for launch in the US and Europe this fall feature Atom processors, perhaps we'll start to see models with more powerful Celeron and Pentium chips soon.
Since Google starting providing official support for Android on Intel ATOMs and other x86 processors… The compatibility issue is far less now than it was a year ago. Since, developers have long since been given the tools to easily provide support for both platforms.
My Motorola Droid 4 suports SDXC. I have a 64 GB micro SDXC card in it. It doesn't support the faster speeds of SDXC though.
Only 64 gigas? 128,256 or 500 gb is the minimum. Its a rubbish 64 gb.
This is only a tablet… a small 10″ model at that… You can't really expect large capacities for such a small device. Maybe 128GB at most but it'll be awhile before something in this size and price range will offer more.
Besides, you can just add more storage via the card reader or USB port… Otherwise look for a higher priced and larger device solution instead!
Yes, you can stick a USB flash drive onto the USB port, but I don't think people will walk around with USB flash drives hanging off their devices. For one thing, it's an open invitation to a broken device USB connector, personal injury, or other disaster .
It'd be nice to see Android support for SDXC/microSDXC up to at least 128 GB. The internal storage could also be made accessible for end users to replace, as in laptops. Seagate recently announced a 500 GB platter hard disk for tablets. Perhaps this hard disk could persuade manufacturers to make tablets' internal mass storage user-replaceable.
Manufacturers incorporating the Seagate hard disk in tablets but making it user-replaceable could be the Trojan Horse that lets end users replace it with an aftermarket SSDs.
As far as USB flash drives, tablets could incorporate a silo, similar to that used for an active digitizer stylus, for a full-size USB port, so people can actually walk around with a USB flash drive attached "inside" the tablet. The silo is such a no-brainer that when it occurred to me, I asked myself why it hasn't been done before. The silo could be at one corner of the tablet, with a rubber cap, so it's straightforward to insert and remove the USB flash drive.
My music only occupate 110 gigas…this is 2013 or 2003?
I've been waiting for a decent device to dual-boot Android and Windows. All the other ones i could find had 1 GB of RAM, and dual-booted Windows 7 HP and Android 2.2.
Also, do we have any word on screen resolution?
1200×800 isn't super large for this size, but it's decent. It could have been lower. But a 7000 mAh battery? That's huge!
Runs Androids as well. RIP ARM.


Great looking woman's companion. This popular women's bike pack for day tours and short trips is ecologically manufactured with bluesign® certified material. The softly padded shoulder straps and air-permeable hipbelt are specifically designed to suit a woman's figure. In combination with the Aeroflex mesh back suspension system it guarantees best carrying comfort and full ventilation. The 17 liter carrying capacity can be expanded an extra 3 liters when needed. In addition to the rain cover and holders for helmet, key and safety light, it also offers a small removable bag and - just in case - a set of tire jacks! Green Shape is your VAUDE guarantee for eco-friendly products – made from sustainable materials and resource-conserving production.


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When testosterone and endorphins in ejaculated semen meet the cervical wall after sexual intercourse, females receive a spike in testosterone, endorphin, and oxytocin levels, and males after orgasm during copulation experience an increase in endorphins and a marked increase in oxytocin levels. This adds to the hospitable physiological environment in the female internal reproductive tract for conceiving, and later for nurturing the conceptus in the pre-embryonic stages, and stimulates feelings of love, desire, and paternal care in the male (this is the only time male oxytocin levels rival a female's).[citation needed]
There is a negative correlation of testosterone levels with plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 (PAI-1) (Glueck et al 1993; Phillips 1993), which is a major prothrombotic factor and known to be associated with progression of atherosclerosis, as well as other prothrombotic factors fibrinogen, α2-antiplasmin and factor VII (Bonithon-Kopp et al 1988; Glueck et al 1993; Phillips 1993; De Pergola et al 1997). There is a positive correlation with tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) which is one of the major fibrinolytic agents (Glueck et al 1993). Interventional trials have shown a neutral effect of physiological testosterone replacement on the major clotting factors (Smith et al 2005) but supraphysiological androgen administration can produce a temporary mild pro-coagulant effect (Anderson et al 1995).
The laboratory results should be discussed with the patient and, if possible, with his sexual partner. This educational process allows a review of the basic aspects of the anatomy and physiology of the sexual response and an explanation of the possible etiology and associated risk factors (eg, smoking and the use of various medications). Treatment options and their benefits and risks should be discussed. This type of dialogue allows the patient and physician to cooperate in developing an optimal management strategy.
Relationship problems often complicate erectile dysfunction. Improving your relationship may be part of the solution. It may be a good idea to get counseling together from a sex therapist, marriage counselor, or a medical specialist. "I almost always see couples together to discuss erectile dysfunction. It often turns out that both partners have issues regarding the sexual relationship and once they are out in the open, couples can work together on a more satisfying sexual experience," says Feloney.
However, a review of a United Kingdom medical record database found no evidence that the use of 5-alpha reductase inhibitors independently increase the risk for ED. In 71,849 men with benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), the risk of ED was not increased with the use of finasteride or dutasteride only (odds ratio [OR] 0.94), or a 5-alpha reductase inhibitor plus an alpha blocker (OR 0.92) compared with an alpha blocker only. In addition, the risk of ED was not increase in 12 346 men prescribed finasteride 1 mg for alopecia, compared with unexposed men with alopecia (OR 0.95). The risk of ED did increase with longer duration of BPH, regardless of drug exposure. [48]
Dr. Ronald Swerdloff, chief of the endocrinology division at the Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and a professor of medicine at UCLA's David Geffen School of Medicine, served on the panel of experts who developed the Endocrine Society's guidelines. He is also the principal investigator for one of the 12 sites of The Testosterone Trial in Older Men, a nationwide study funded mainly by the National Institute on Aging. The study of 800 men over age 65 with low testosterone is looking at whether men using AndroGel for one year, compared to placebo, will show improvements in walking speed, sexual activity, vitality, memory, and anemia. The study will be completed in June 2015.
Camacho EM1, Huhtaniemi IT, O'Neill TW, Finn JD, Pye SR, Lee DM, Tajar A, Bartfai G, Boonen S, Casanueva FF, Forti G, Giwercman A, Han TS, Kula K, Keevil B, Lean ME, Pendleton N, Punab M, Vanderschueren D, Wu FC; EMAS Group. "Age-associated changes in hypothalamic-pituitary-testicular function in middle-aged and older men are modified by weight change and lifestyle factors: longitudinal results from the European Male Ageing Study." Eur J Endocrinol. 2013 Feb 20;168(3):445-55. doi: 10.1530/EJE-12-0890. Print 2013 Mar.
The participants were seen every 4 weeks. Blood was taken to measure hormone levels, and questionnaires were given to assess physical function, health status, vitality, and sexual function. Body fat and muscle measurements were also taken at the beginning and end of the 16 weeks. The study was funded in part by NIH's National Institute on Aging (NIA) and National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK). Results appeared in the September 12, 2013, issue of the New England Journal of Medicine.
In men with hypogonadism, a low level of testosterone is produced due to a problem in the testicles or the pituitary gland. According to Harvard Medical School, determining exactly what constitutes a low testosterone level is a controversial matter. Levels of this hormone fluctuate wildly and even vary according to the time of day. However, generally physicians only decide to treat a patient for hypogonadism if the blood testosterone level is below 300 ng/dL and the following symptoms outlined by The National Institutes of Health are present.
Erectile dysfunction is known to be associated with general health status, thus, lifestyle modification improves erectile function and decreases the rate of decline of function with aging. One year after discontinuation of smoking, patients were found to have a 25% improvement in erectile quality.16 In addition, multivariate analysis found obesity is associated with erectile dysfunction with an approximately 50% increase in ED in obese men as compared with normal weight men.17
When a man becomes sexually excited, muscles in their penis relax. This relaxation allows for increased blood flow through the penile arteries. This blood fills two chambers inside the penis called the corpora cavernosa. As the chambers fill with blood, the penis grows rigid. Erection ends when the muscles contract and the accumulated blood can flow out through the penile veins.
Testosterone is significantly correlated with aggression and competitive behaviour and is directly facilitated by the latter. There are two theories on the role of testosterone in aggression and competition.[77] The first one is the challenge hypothesis which states that testosterone would increase during puberty thus facilitating reproductive and competitive behaviour which would include aggression.[77] Thus it is the challenge of competition among males of the species that facilitates aggression and violence.[77] Studies conducted have found direct correlation between testosterone and dominance especially among the most violent criminals in prison who had the highest testosterone levels.[77] The same research also found fathers (those outside competitive environments) had the lowest testosterone levels compared to other males.[77]
Can erectile dysfunction be reversed? Erectile dysfunction (ED) is a very common issue, and it can usually be reversed with lifestyle changes, counseling, medications, or surgery. While short-term treatments are available, addressing the underlying cause will usually resolve the condition. Learn about causes and effective methods of reversing ED here. Read now
Acupuncture may help treat psychological ED, though studies are limited and inconclusive. You'll likely need several appointments before you begin to notice any improvements. When choosing an acupuncturist, look for a certified practitioner who uses disposable needles and follows U.S. Food and Drug Administration guidelines for needle disposal and sterilization.
When many people think of someone with a high level of testosterone, they may picture a man loaded with strength, sexual prowess, and machismo. But while high-T has been correlated with all those things, it's also been correlated with aggression, sexual misconduct, and violence. One of testosterone's most common uses—as a performance-enhancing steroid—illustrates both sides of the hormone. Injecting steroids can be a quick way for athletes to dramatically improve performance, but the side effects can also be extreme, and can include excessive body hair growth, sexual dysfunction, and the hard-to-corral anger known as "roid rage."
Although vardenafil does not seem to produce significant clinical QT prolongation, it has been suggested that it be avoided in patients who have congenital QT prolongation abnormalities and in patients using class I antiarrhythmic drugs, such as quinidine and procainamide. It is also best to avoid the use of vardenafil with class III antiarrhythmic drugs, such as amiodarone or sotalol.
Early infancy androgen effects are the least understood. In the first weeks of life for male infants, testosterone levels rise. The levels remain in a pubertal range for a few months, but usually reach the barely detectable levels of childhood by 4–7 months of age.[15][16] The function of this rise in humans is unknown. It has been theorized that brain masculinization is occurring since no significant changes have been identified in other parts of the body.[17] The male brain is masculinized by the aromatization of testosterone into estrogen, which crosses the blood–brain barrier and enters the male brain, whereas female fetuses have α-fetoprotein, which binds the estrogen so that female brains are not affected.[18]
These oral medications reversibly inhibit penile-specific PDE5 and enhance the nitric oxide–cGMP pathways of cavernous smooth muscle relaxation; that is, all prevent the breakdown of cGMP by PDE5. It is important to emphasize to patients that these drugs augment the body's natural erectile mechanisms, therefore the neural and psychoemotional stimuli typically needed for arousal still need to be activated for the drugs to be efficacious.
Regular exercise for about 20 to 30 minutes a day may act as a libido enhancer and certainly will improve your overall health. "Exercising improves blood flow to all areas of your body and that includes the pelvic region where the blood vessels needed for sexual functioning are located," says Feloney. Some other ways that regular exercise can improve your sexual performance include building up your stamina, lowering your blood pressure, relieving stress, and helping you look and feel better.
In males, testosterone is synthesized primarily in Leydig cells. The number of Leydig cells in turn is regulated by luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH). In addition, the amount of testosterone produced by existing Leydig cells is under the control of LH, which regulates the expression of 17β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase.[124]
Look, ED can have many causes. Most of the time, it's physiological. But there are also lots of psychological reasons why someone may experience ED. Treating ED isn't all about medication. Dealing with some of these psychological issues can help you battle ED, too. I'm talking about depression, anxiety, loss of desire, sense of inadequacy, guilt, fatigue, anger, relationship dysfunction. Working through these types of psychological challenges can help you achieve the happy, healthy manhood you deserve.
You've probably heard of Viagra, but it's not the only pill for ED. This class of drugs also includes Cialis, Levitra, Staxyn, and Stendra. All work by improving blood flow to the penis during arousal. They're generally taken 30-60 minutes before sexual activity and should not be used more than once a day. Cialis can be taken up to 36 hours before sexual activity and also comes in a lower, daily dose. Staxyn dissolves in the mouth. All require an OK from your doctor first for safety.
If testosterone deficiency occurs during fetal development, then male characteristics may not completely develop. If testosterone deficiency occurs during puberty, a boy's growth may slow and no growth spurt will be seen. The child may have reduced development of pubic hair, growth of the penis and testes, and deepening of the voice. Around the time of puberty, boys with too little testosterone may also have less than normal strength and endurance, and their arms and legs may continue to grow out of proportion with the rest of their body.
Between 10 and 88% of patients diagnosed with cancer experience sexual problems following diagnosis and treatment. The prevalence varies according to the location and type of cancer, and the treatment modalities used. Sexuality may be affected by chemotherapy, alterations in body image due to weight change, hair loss or surgical disfigurement, hormonal changes, and cancer treatments that directly affect the pelvic region.
Vascular damage may result from radiation therapy to the pelvis and prostate in the treatment of prostate cancer. [36] Both the blood vessels and the nerves to the penis may be affected. Radiation damage to the crura of the penis, which are highly susceptible to radiation damage, can induce ED. Data indicate that 50% of men undergoing radiation therapy lose erectile function within 5 years after completing therapy; fortunately, some respond to one of the PDE5 inhibitors.
Several pathways have been described to explain how information travels from the hypothalamus to the sacral autonomic centers. One pathway travels from the dorsomedial hypothalamus through the dorsal and central gray matter, descends to the locus ceruleus, and projects ventrally in the mesencephalic reticular formation. Input from the brain is conveyed through the dorsal spinal columns to the thoracolumbar and sacral autonomic nuclei.
Topical testosterone, specifically gels, creams and liquids, may transfer to others. Women and children are most at risk of harmful effects from contact with them. You should take care to cover the area and wash your hands well after putting on the medication. Be careful not to let the site with the topical TT touch others because that could transfer the drug.
Robbins, C. L., Schick, V., Reece. M., Herbenick, D., Sanders, S. A. Dodge, B., & Fortenberry J. D., (2011, December 1). Prevalence, frequency, and associations of masturbation with partnered sexual behaviors among US adolescents. JAMA Pediatrics, 165(12), 1087–1093. Retrieved from https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamapediatrics/fullarticle/1107656


4 swimmers…12 events…11 gold…1 silver… plus Layla Day was awarded joint Swimmer of the Meet and Arthur Swan Medallist. What a sensational day for our small yet dominant team at the Loddon Mallee Swimming Carnival.
Up next was the talented Layla Day. Layla followed the lead of the other two girls winning all five of her individual events – the 16yr Girls 50m Butterfly, 50m Freestyle, 50m Backstroke and the Open 100m Freestyle and 100m Backstroke.
These three girls then added Arkie Donnelly into the relay teams where they continued to be brilliant winning the 15-16 yr girls 4 x 50m Medley Relay and the girls 16yr 4 x 50m Freestyle Relay.
With the addition of the relay wins, Layla was the awarded the Arthur Swan Memorial Medal as the Swimmer of the meet with her total of five Individual and two Relay Gold Medals. She shared this award with Lara Judd from Echuca as they both finished with the same results, just in different age groups. It is the 2nd time that Layla has won this award and we congratulate her on her amazing achievement.
It was a sensational day with a wonderful group of girls, who kept us highly entertained. All of their results were simply incredible and we are very proud of the four girls who represented the College with pride and distinction.


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Open Section Nineteenth-Century Art (1)
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Wilson, Ellis
Margaret Rose Vendryes
(b Mayfield, KY, April 30, 1899; d New York, NY, Jan 1, 1977).
American painter. Wilson worked as graphic artist in Chicago for five years after completing the four-year commercial art program at the Art Institute of Chicago School in 1923. He became an adept colorist with a particular interest in still life composition. Wilson hoped to grow as a painter after moving to Harlem, New York in 1928 where he worked odd jobs for wages. Three years later, he permanently relocated to Greenwich Village. He exhibited with the Harmon Foundation, at the Detroit Museum, the Contemporary Arts and Roko Galleries in New York City, and at most of the large historically black universities and colleges. Wilson socialized with important members of the New Negro arts movement such as Aaron Douglas and Jacob Lawrence whose abbreviated figurative works tempered his academic realist style ( see New Negro Movement ). His skill with linear gestures, affinity with nature, and ability to strike a coherent balance between them identify this best work. With two years of Guggenheim fellowships, he spent time with the African Americans living on South Carolina's Sea Islands in ...


Akhisarspor, who eliminatedKayerispor where drawn against Kasimpasa, the last lots of the draw, which is the only all Super log affair sees 3rd placed Malatyaspor pitched against Goztepe who sits in 12th position in the Turkish super lig.
"The draws of the semi finals were held simultaneously with the quarterfinaldraws in Instabul on Wednesday". The Winner of the tie between Trabzonspor and Umraniyespor, will "play against the winner" of the tie between Akhisarspor and Kasimpasa. While the winner of the tie betweenGalatasaray and Hatayspor,will play the winner of the tie between Malatyaspor and Goztepe.
The first leg of the fixtures will be played on February 5, 6 and 7 while the second leg of the ties will take place on February 26, 27 and 28. The semi-finals are scheduled for April 3 and 4 (first leg) and April 24 and 25 (second leg).Galatasaraywho are the record winners of the Turkish cup having won it 17 times are favourites to win it this season. The last time they won it was in the 2015/2016 season, when the defeated Besiktas on penalties after playing out a 1-1 draw in normal time.


text:
Rally in Timmins targets racism
Search the Sudbury Star
Presented by Sudbury Prosthetic & Orthotic Design
By Len Gillis
More from By Len Gillis
Published on: February 16, 2018 | Last Updated: February 16, 2018 11:40 PM EST
Members of area First Nations, friends and supporters gathered on the steps of Timmins city hall Friday to speak out against what they said is the continuing problem of racism in Canada.
Among the speakers were former chiefs Theresa Spence of the Attawapiskat First Nation and Walter Naveau of Mattagami First Nation.
The incident that sparked the protest was the jury verdict delivered one week ago in Battleford, Sask., where farmer Gerald Stanley was found not guilty of second-degree murder for the shooting death of 22-year-old Colten Boushie, an Indigenous man. It was an all-white jury that brought in the not-guilty verdict.
There was also a brief mention of the fact that two Indigenous persons, Joey Knapaysweet and Agnes Sutherland, died in Timmins in separate incidents earlier this month. Both of their deaths are still under investigation by Ontario's Special Investigations Unit (SIU).
Walter Naveau, who was the key speaker, addressed the crowd of about 50 supporters who crowded onto the sidewalk in front of city hall. Most were holding up protest signs as many of the passing motorists honked their horns in what appeared to be a gesture of support.
"Indigenous lives matter! Where is the justice? The system is broken. The system doesn't work," Naveau shouted out above the din of the traffic.
He said that for too long, too many First Nations people have suffered and endured the wrongs that exist in the law and justice system in Canada.
"We have officers in the police system that do not respect First Nations people. They do not respect our women. They do not respect our men, nor do they respect our children in various cities and towns coming to high school," said Naveau.
He said every Indigenous family he knows of has struggled and suffered as they coped with the injustices.
"Too many hearts have been broken. Too many tears are on the ground. We are running out of tears," Naveau said. He added that Indigenous people are only asking for the streets to be safe for all men, women and children.
"I am sure that many people here today that have shed tears, have had their hearts broken and yet when they cry for justice, there is no justice. They tell you take it to a lawyer. Even the lawyers don't listen to First Nations," he said.
Naveau also said First Nations people make up a disproportionate number of inmates in Canadian jails and prisons.
"Where is the justice in that?"
Naveau continued that politicians make a lot of promises, but year after year, it seems very little gets done to resolve the issues.
"Does the water have to turn red? Do our people have to rise up like Oka? Do we have to do all these things in order to get our voices heard? I don't want to see that happen," said Naveau.
He said his people are peaceful and just want to live easier and happier lives.
"No more tears. Rather we should be a happy nation. I am only one voice. But I encourage each and every one of you to spread the news throughout your communities, to your youth so that we can work together, make our people live longer, to have a good life. Meegwetch, thank you all being here today."
The talking-feather was then handed to 17-year-old high school student Nova Gull from Peawanuck, home of Winisk First Nation. She said she wanted to show support for the family of Colten Boushie.
"The Canadian justice system failed him, failed his family and failed us as First Nations people," said Gull. She added that while young people are taught the right things, reality brings home a hard lesson.
"We are taught to show respect. We are taught those teachings. It is sometimes hard to try to live those teachings when every day the system in this country fails us," she said.
Gull called on the crowd to work together to find answers for a better future.
"All of us here today, young people and adults and elders should be figuring out how we can become a healthy, strong nation, so we can work together to strive for the goal of sovereignty. We can create a better future where we don't lose any more of our people, our brothers and sisters, our friends or family members; and achieve real justice for Colten," she said.
Another speaker was the well-known former chief of Attawapiskat First Nation, Theresa Spence.
She thanked the organizers for allowing her speaking in support of the Boushie family of Saskatchewan, and also the Knapaysweet and Sutherland families of Fort Albany.
"Justice failed us. It's always going to fail us until there is a change," said Spence, who added that racism towards Indigenous people has become systemic in Canada through the government and the citizens.
"That needs to stop. Racism is a crime. It's a crime!" Spence told the crowd. She reminded the non-Indigenous spectators that it was the First Nations who originally welcomed the people from the old world to the new world.
"Your ancestors came here for a better life. And our grandfathers and grandmothers welcomed them with peace," said Spence.
She added that First Nations want to live in peace and that means the system has to change and that it will take a lot of effort and commitment.
"We cannot do it alone. We have to do it together as treaty partners. We are treaty partners, so Canadian citizens and government, let's work together and stop the racism."
Jennifer Wabano, one of the rally organizers, expressed frustration, especially since Treaty 9 was signed more than 100 years ago and the Reconciliation Commission was established 10 years ago.
"It's 2018. Why are we still dealing with injustices?" she asked
"Do my children have to worry about their future children with these kinds of injustices?" she continued.
Wabano said more education is needed among the non-Indigenous people to learn the history of how First Nations people have been mistreated by other Canadians.
"I encourage all non-Indigenous people to learn. Because if you don't learn, these same negative views will continue," she said.
One of the last speakers was one of the most passionate. Morris Naveau, 72, a residential school survivor and a member of Mattagami First Nation said he has grown tired of seeing the racism continue that he has seen in his own travels across Canada.
"People come against us because we are poor. We get a different image because of who we are. We are not poor. We are rich in history. We want to share that history with the non-native people so we can understand each other," he said.
Naveau said all Canadians should learn about the traditional Seven Grandfather teachings; those being honesty, truth, humility, wisdom, courage, respect and love.
"It's all about love and working together," said Naveau. He said there is no need for racial groups to always be pitted against each other.
"This is Canada! This is not America. We should be better," he shouted.
He said Canadians like to talk about how they are better than Americans. Naveau said it is time to live up to that talk.
He called on the people of Timmins to stand as an example to the rest of the country.
"Let's work together. I am begging the non-native people and the native people to work together," said Naveau.
Val Caron doctor accused of sexually abusing patient
© 2019 Sudbury Star. All rights reserved.


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