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Beauty & Beast
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Beauty & Beast - Inhaltsverzeichnis
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What is wrong with making adults feel like kids again? In January , it was announced that Emma Watson had been cast as Belle , the female lead.
Horn , as he had previously run Warner Bros. Susan Egan , who originated the role of Belle on Broadway, commented on the casting of Watson as "perfect".
The Beast was portrayed with a "more traditional motion capture puppeteering for the body and the physical orientation", where actor Dan Stevens was "in a forty-pound gray suit on stilts for much of the film".
The facial capture for the Beast was done separately in order to "communicate the subtleties of the human face" and "[capture the] thought that occurs to him" which gets "through [to] the eyes, which are the last human element in the Beast.
Before the release of the film, Bill Condon refilmed one certain sequence in the "Days of the Sun" number, due to confusion among test audiences caused by actress Harriet Jones, who looked similar to Hattie Morahan , who portrayed Agathe.
In the original version of the scene, it was Jones's character, the Prince's mother, who sings the first verse of the song, with Rudi Goodman playing the young Prince and Henry Garrett playing his father; but in the reshot version of the scene, the singing part is given to the Prince now played by Adam Mitchell.
Both Goodman and Garrett's names were mistakenly featured in the original theatrical release's credits, but was later corrected in home releases.
When released in , Beauty and the Beast marked a turning point for Walt Disney Pictures by appealing to millions of fans with its Oscar-winning musical score by lyricist Howard Ashman and composer Alan Menken.
In Bill Condon 's opinion, that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live-action version of the movie.
In fact, Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairy-tales.
Take that vision, put it into a new medium, make it a radical reinvention, something not just for the stage because it's not just being literal, now other elements come into play.
It's not just having real actors do it". Condon initially prepared on only drawing inspiration from the original film, but he also planned to include most of the songs composed by Menken, Ashman and Tim Rice from the Broadway musical , with the intention of making the film as a "straight-forward, live-action, large-budget movie musical".
While ultimately accepting the opportunity, she said: "[The] first Beauty and the Beast decision was made with my husband. Now I'm making decisions on my own.
It's a little bit harder. I couldn't say yes right away, because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way". She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career.
According to Dion, "I was at the beginning of my career, it put me on the map, it put me where I am today". Also, Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song " Evermore " six days later.
The film features a remake of the original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend.
Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song, which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original animated film.
On March 16, , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17, The stream was broadcast onto YouTube.
A sing along version of the film released in over 1, US theaters nationwide on April 7, The film was re-released in New York and Los Angeles for a one-week engagement starting December 1, The movie was an awards push as the —18 awards season heated up.
Beauty and the Beast was released on 4K Blu-Ray on March 10, along with the original animated film. It also became the second-biggest musical ever overall at the time, behind Disney's Frozen Critics said the film was playing like superhero movies amongst women.
It was the second-biggest March global opening, behind only Batman v Superman: Dawn of Justice , the thirteenth-biggest worldwide opening ever and the seventh-biggest for Disney.
Beauty and the Beast was the th digitally remastered release in IMAX company's history, which began with the re-release of Apollo 13 in It became the first film since Rogue One: A Star Wars Story also a Disney property in December to make over a billion dollars, and did so on its 29th day of release.
In the United States and Canada, Beauty and the Beast topped Fandango 's pre-sales and became the fastest-selling family film in the company's history, topping the studio's own animated film Finding Dory released the previous year.
Of those, approximately 1, cinemas were sing-along versions. It has already become the biggest March release, dethroning The Hunger Games , [] the biggest musical film both animated and live-action , [] as well as the biggest film of alongside The Last Jedi.
It added major markets like France and Australia. Though the film was falling at a faster rate than The Jungle Book , it had already surpassed the said film and its second weekend is the third-biggest ever behind the two James Bond films Skyfall and Spectre.
It was ahead of all new releases and second overall behind Bollywood film Badrinath Ki Dulhania. In China, expectations were high for the film.
The release date was announced on January 24, giving Disney and local distributor China Film Group Corporation ample time—around two months—to market the film nationwide.
The release date was strategically chosen to coincide with White Day. Largely driven by young women, its opening day pre-sales outpaced that of The Jungle Book.
The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot. Beauty and the Beast received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise going to its cast notably Watson and Stevens , visuals, Alan Menken 's musical score, songs, Jacqueline Durran 's costume design, production values, and faithfulness to the original animated film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , while the designs of the Beast and the servants' household object forms drew mixed reviews.
The website's critical consensus reads, "With an enchanting cast, beautifully crafted songs, and a painterly eye for detail, Beauty and the Beast offers a faithful yet fresh retelling that honors its beloved source material.
Leslie Felperin of The Hollywood Reporter wrote: "It's a Michelin-triple-starred master class in patisserie skills that transforms the cinematic equivalent of a sugar rush into a kind of crystal-meth-like narcotic high that lasts about two hours.
Scott of The New York Times praised the performances of both Watson and Stevens, and wrote: "It looks good, moves gracefully and leaves a clean and invigorating aftertaste.
I almost didn't recognize the flavor: I think the name for it is joy. Likewise, The Washington Post ' s Ann Hornaday commended Watson's performance, describing it as "alert and solemn" while finding her singing ability "serviceable enough to get the job done".
He also commented on the advantage of its using both motion capture and CGI technology, writing: "Almost overwhelmingly lavish, beautifully staged and performed with exquisite timing and grace by the outstanding cast".
Brian Truitt of USA Today commended the performances of Evans, Gad, McGregor and Thompson alongside Condon's affinity with musicals, the production design, visual effects featured in some of the song numbers including new songs made by the composers Alan Menken and Tim Rice, particularly Evermore which he described the new song with a potential for an Academy Award for Best Original Song.
A Missing in Action ". Tim Robey of The Daily Telegraph gave the film four out of five and wrote that "It dazzles on this chocolate box of a picture that feels almost greedy yet to make this film work, down to a sugar-rush finale to grasp the nettle and make an out-an-out, bells-and-whistles musical" while he praised the performances of Watson, McKellen, Thompson, McGregor, Evans and Gad.
He also complimented the importance of undertaking a renowned yet problematic masterpiece as well addressing changes in the elements of the story while acknowledging the film's effectiveness in resonating to the audiences.
Several critics regarded the film as inferior to its animated predecessor. David Sims of The Atlantic wrote that the film "feels particularly egregious, in part, because it's so slavishly devoted to the original; every time it falls short of its predecessor which is quite often , it's hard not to notice".
It zips from one number to another, throwing a ton of frenetically edited eye candy at the screen, charmlessly. Chris Nashawaty of Entertainment Weekly gave the film a B-, writing that the new songs were "not transporting".
He felt the film needed more life and depth, but praised Watson's performance as the "one of the film's stronger elements".
Schwartz considered the singing of the cast to be adequate but felt that their voices should have been dubbed over, especially for the complex songs.
Controversy erupted after director Bill Condon said there was a "gay moment" in the film, when LeFou briefly waltzes with Stanley, one of Gaston's friends.
Because you've seen the movie—it's such a tiny thing, and it's been overblown. We have interracial couples—this is a celebration of everybody's individuality, and that's what's exciting about it.
A board member of the company stated that the Ministry of Information's censorship department had requested it to stop its screening and edit it for things the Ministry deemed offensive.
Disney has sought to portray Belle as an empowered young woman, [] but a debate questioning whether it is possible for a captor to fall in love with their prisoner, and whether this is a problematic theme, has resulted.
Emma Watson studied whether Belle is trapped in an abusive relationship with the Beast before signing on and concluded that she does not think the criticism fits this version of the folk tale.
Belle actively argues and disagrees with [Beast] constantly. She has none of the characteristics of someone with Stockholm Syndrome because she keeps her independence, she keeps that freedom of thought", also adding that Belle defiantly "gives as good as she gets" before forming a friendship and romance with the Beast.
Psychiatrist Frank Ochberg , who was responsible for defining the term "Stockholm syndrome", said he does not think Belle exhibits the trauma symptoms of prisoners suffering from the syndrome because she does not go through a period of feeling that she is going to die.
Shortly after the release of the film, Sean Bailey said that Walt Disney Pictures will "explore possible [live-action] spin-off and prequel scenarios" for animated and live-action Disney films, including Beauty and the Beast.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster. David Hoberman Todd Lieberman. Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos.
Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films. Emma Watson as Belle , a young benevolent bibliophile who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him.
Daisy Duczmal portrays an infant Belle. Dan Stevens as Beast , a cold-hearted, selfish, unkind prince who is transformed into a beast and forced to earn back his humanity by learning to truly love and be loved in return, as well as to give rather than take.
Stevens portrays the character through motion-capture. Luke Evans as Gaston , a narcissistic and arrogant hunter and veteran of the French Royal Army who is willing to go as far as it takes to have Belle as his trophy wife.
Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle's protective widowed father who works as a music box maker and an artist.
Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston's flamboyant and long-suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend's ego but gets very little in return. Potts , the castle's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot.
Rita Davies portrays the enchantress in her beggar woman form. The film was released posthumously after Davies' death.
Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup. Potts' husband and Chip's father.
Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth's wife. Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper, the owner and keeper of Villeneuve's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink.
Zoe Rainey as Belle's mother, Maurice's late wife who contracted the plague and died when Belle was an infant. Clive Rowe as Cuisinier , the castle's head chef who has been transformed into a stove.
Thomas Padden as Chapeau , the prince's valet who has been transformed into a coat rack. Tom Turner [2] as The King, the prince's father who, following his wife's death, raised his son to be just as selfish and arrogant as he was.
Harriet Jones as The Queen, the prince's mother who died of an illness when he was a child. Dale Branston as Villeneuve's residential baker.
Chris Andrew Mellon as Nasty Headmaster, the unnamed headmaster of an all boys school in Villeneuve that disapproves of Belle teaching a young girl how to read.
Vivian Parry as the Village Lass' mother, an unnamed seamstress. Main article: Beauty and the Beast soundtrack. Walt Disney Studios. Archived PDF from the original on April 22, Retrieved April 7, University of New York.
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Los Angeles: Penske Business Media. Cinema Blend. Archived from the original on April 28, Retrieved April 28, Archived from the original on January 3, Archived from the original on March 6, Retrieved March 9, Archived from the original on March 5, BeautyAndTheBeast pic.
TV Media. Archived from the original on October 3, Retrieved August 3, Broadway World. January 26, Emma Watson Updates. February 4, Top 25 Highest-Grossing Movies of My Film Rankings for Best of Other Great Movies.
Filmes assistidos em Share this Rating Title: Beauty and the Beast 7. Use the HTML below. You must be a registered user to use the IMDb rating plugin.
Nominated for 2 Oscars. Edit Cast Cast overview, first billed only: Emma Watson Belle Dan Stevens Beast Luke Evans Gaston Josh Gad LeFou Kevin Kline Maurice Hattie Morahan Clothilde Gerard Horan Jean the Potter Ray Fearon Cogsworth Emma Thompson Potts Nathan Mack Chip Audra McDonald Madame Garderobe Stanley Tucci More About 'Beauty and the Beast' View photos of Emma Watson through the years, discover more about the early career of Josh Gad , plus look back at this formidable group of animated and live-action princesses.
Emma Watson Through the Years. Disney Princesses Past and Present. Learn more More Like This. Maleficent Action Adventure Family.
Cinderella I Drama Family Fantasy. Aladdin Adventure Family Fantasy. Frozen I Animation Adventure Comedy.
Beauty and the Beast Animation Family Fantasy. Tangled Moana I Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them The Lion King Animation Adventure Drama.
Brave He and Beauty are married , and they live happily ever after together. Beaumont greatly pared down the cast of characters and simplified the tale to an almost archetypal simplicity.
The circumstances leading to her arrival at the Beast's castle unfolds in a similar manner and on this arrival she is informed that she is mistress there and he will obey her.
Beaumont strips most of the detail and lavish descriptions present on Beauty's exploration of the palace in Villeneuve's versions and quickly jumps to her return home.
She is given leave to remain there for a week and when she arrives her sisters plot to feign fondness for her to entice her to remain another week in hopes that the Beast will devour her in his anger.
Again, she returns to him dying and restores him to life. They then marry and live happily ever after and this ends Beaumont's tale as she omits the background information given on both the Prince and his family and Beauty and hers.
Harris identifies the two most popular strands of fairy tale in the 18th century as the fantastical romance for adults and the didactic tale for children.
Tatar compares the tale to the theme of "animal brides and grooms" found in folklore throughout the world, [9] pointing out that the French tale was specifically intended for the preparation of young girls in 18th century France for arranged marriages.
Hamburger points out that the design of the Beast in the film adaptation by Jean Cocteau was inspired by the portrait of Petrus Gonsalvus , a native of Tenerife who suffered from hypertrichosis , causing an abnormal growth of hair on his face and other parts, and who came under the protection of the French king and married a beautiful Parisian woman named Catherine.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. This article is about the fairy tale. For other uses, see Beauty and the Beast disambiguation. Beauty releases the prince from his beastly curse.
The Journal of Mythic Arts. The Endicott Studio. Archived from the original on 26 July Cambridge: Cambridge UP, BBC News.
Retrieved 20 January Princeton University Press. Random House Penguin. The Atlantic. Retrieved 31 March Angela Carter and the Fairy Tale , p.
Wayne State University Press. In Berberich, Christine ed. The Bloomsbury Introduction to Popular Fiction. Hogan The Missing Link.
Retrieved 21 April The Camelot Project at the University of Rochester. Archived from the original on 6 April The New York Times.
Movie Review Film. Archived from the original on 2 March
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Before Condon was hired to direct the film, Disney approached see more with a proposal to remake the film in a more Spielothek in Silberwald finden way as Universal Studios had remade Snow White and the Huntsman Archived from the original on March 26, Archived from the original on March 4, Having said that, my perception of this movie has not changed. Jacqueline Durran [a]. Movie of the Year. Retrieved May see more, Chuzzle Online to Dion, "I was at the beginning of my career, it put me on the map, it put me where I am today". Jim Hill Media. Die Erstausstrahlung der Serie erfolgte in den Vereinigten Staaten ab dem Mai angekündigt. Sie erwidert seine Gefühle immer leidenschaftlicher und begibt sich damit erneut in Lebensgefahr. Deutscher Titel. Seither fühlt er sich zu ihr read article. Die beiden Unbekannten verfolgen Catherine, die sich in einen nahe gelegenen Wald flüchten kann, wo sie von einem mysteriösen Wesen gerettet wird. Oktober Februar auf Kabel eins. MysteryDramaKrimi. Es stellt sich heraus, dass Ashley Webster aus Eifersucht von einer Geliebten ihres Mannes, der mehrere Affären hatte, vergiftet wurde. März bis zum 2. Ähnliche Artikel Kunden kauften auch Kunden haben sich ebenfalls angesehen. Einige davon sind technisch notwendig z. Wieder den gleichen Plan trainieren? Eingeloggt bleiben. Kleidung, Schuhe & Accessoires, Mädchen,@*DISNEY BEAUTY & BEAST BELLE STRIPED TEXTURED TUNIC & LEGGINS SET*@BRAND NEW,Baby. Englisch-Deutsch-Übersetzungen für Beauty and the Beast im Online-Wörterbuch hershberger.co (Deutschwörterbuch). Beauty wird von ihrem Vater und von Beast wie ein Besitz behandelt. Der Reichtum von Beast wird dadurch betont, daß im Text konkrete Details wie z.B. der. Shop Beauty and the Beast. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. - Erkunde tabeadauths Pinnwand "beauty & beast" auf Pinterest. Weitere Ideen zu Die schöne und das biest, Disney diy, The beast.
In Bill Condon 's opinion, that original score was the key reason he agreed to direct a live-action version of the movie. In fact, Frank Rich described it as the best Broadway musical of The animated version was already darker and more modern than the previous Disney fairy-tales.
It's a little bit harder. I couldn't say yes right away, because I felt like I was kind of cheating in a way".
She eventually felt compelled to record the song because of the impact Beauty and the Beast has had on her career. According to Dion, "I was at the beginning of my career, it put me on the map, it put me where I am today".
Also, Josh Groban was announced to be performing the new original song " Evermore " six days later. The film features a remake of the original song recorded as a duet by Ariana Grande and John Legend.
Emma Thompson also performed a rendition of the title song, which was performed by Angela Lansbury in the original animated film. On March 16, , Disney announced the film would be released in 3D on March 17, The stream was broadcast onto YouTube.
The hold was strong enough to fend off newcomer The Fate of the Furious from securing the top spot.
Beauty and the Beast received positive reviews from critics, with particular praise going to its cast notably Watson and Stevens , visuals, Alan Menken 's musical score, songs, Jacqueline Durran 's costume design, production values, and faithfulness to the original animated film with a few elements of the Broadway musical version , while the designs of the Beast and the servants' household object forms drew mixed reviews.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Beauty and the Beast Theatrical release poster. David Hoberman Todd Lieberman.
Stephen Chbosky Evan Spiliotopoulos. Walt Disney Pictures Mandeville Films. Emma Watson as Belle , a young benevolent bibliophile who develops feelings for the Beast and begins to see the humanity within him.
Kevin Kline as Maurice , Belle's protective widowed father who works as a music box maker and an artist. Josh Gad as LeFou , Gaston's flamboyant and long-suffering sidekick who bolsters his friend's ego but gets very little in return.
Potts , the castle's motherly head housekeeper who has been transformed into a teapot. Rita Davies portrays the enchantress in her beggar woman form.
The film was released posthumously after Davies' death. Nathan Mack as Chip , Mrs. Potts' plucky son who has been transformed into a teacup.
Potts' husband and Chip's father. Haydn Gwynne as Clothilde , a fishmonger and resident of Villeneuve who is later revealed to be Cogsworth's wife.
Michael Jibson as the Tavern Keeper, the owner and keeper of Villeneuve's local tavern where Gaston and the village residents drink.
Vivian Parry as the Village Lass' mother, an unnamed seamstress. Main article: Beauty and the Beast soundtrack. Walt Disney Studios.
Archived PDF from the original on April 22, Retrieved April 7, University of New York. March 13, Archived from the original on April 14, Retrieved April 14, British Board of Film Classification.
Archived from the original on May 24, Retrieved May 21, Jim Hill Media. Archived from the original on July 4, Den of Geek.
Archived from the original on January 21, Retrieved January 22, Retrieved May 20, Archived from the original on February 6, Retrieved January 27, Entertainment Weekly.
TV Media. Archived from the original on October 3, Retrieved August 3, Broadway World. January 26, Emma Watson Updates. February 4, Archived from the original on April 26, Retrieved March 17, SSN Insider.
May 18, Retrieved May 18, Archived from the original on October 6, I will also add that this story was my favorite Disney story growing up.
Having watched it twice now, my experience has remained the same. I still got lost in the story, the imagery, the music, and the singing.
The plot was almost completely the same as that of the cartoon version, with a few additions. I very much loved these new additions as they added depth to the story and closed some plot holes.
It also helped to better establish the relationship between Belle and the Beast. Loved the gay millisecond!
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Rate This. A selfish Prince is cursed to become a monster for the rest of his life, unless he learns to fall in love with a beautiful young woman he keeps prisoner.
Director: Bill Condon. Added to Watchlist. From metacritic. Top 50 Highest Grossing Actors at the U. Box Office. Top 25 Highest-Grossing Movies of My Film Rankings for Best of Other Great Movies.
Filmes assistidos em Share this Rating Title: Beauty and the Beast 7. Use the HTML below. For other uses, see Beauty and the Beast disambiguation.
Beauty releases the prince from his beastly curse. The Journal of Mythic Arts. The Endicott Studio.
Archived from the original on 26 July Cambridge: Cambridge UP, BBC News. Retrieved 20 January Princeton University Press. Random House Penguin.
The Atlantic. Retrieved 31 March Angela Carter and the Fairy Tale , p. Wayne State University Press. In Berberich, Christine ed. The Bloomsbury Introduction to Popular Fiction.
Hogan The Missing Link. Retrieved 21 April The Camelot Project at the University of Rochester. Archived from the original on 6 April The New York Times.
Movie Review Film. Archived from the original on 2 March Archived from the original on 2 November Total Sci-Fi. Archived from the original on 28 July Archived from the original on 5 April Retrieved 6 March Archived from the original on 11 April Walt Disney Home Entertainment.
Daily Telegraph. Retrieved 8 June Beauty and the Beast. Gabrielle-Suzanne de Villeneuve 's Beauty and the Beast. Disney characters Beauty and the Beast Disney franchise.
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Documents of History (Primary Source)
By LiamMac2011
Magna Carta published
This document, which formally declared limitations to the power of the King of England is generally viewed as the first document of civil liberties and rights of citizens in Europe.
'95 Theses'
Martin Luther nails his '95 These' to a church door in Wittenberg, Germany, outlining his criticisms of the Roman Church
The Social Contract
Jean Jacques Rousseau's treatise about political & social structures would become one of the most influential Liberal publications of modern history. In it, he proposes that society should be governed not by centralised Absolute Monarchs, but by the general will of the people, represented by governments and that all laws must be made by the will of the people.
American Declaration of Independence
Having convened two previous Continental Congresses, the 3rd Continental Congress in 1776 formally adopted the 'Declaration of Independence' written by Thomas Jefferson.
Communist Manifesto
Published by Karl Marx & Friedrich Engels in 1848, this document outlines the conflict between those that owned capital and the resources to create capital (Bourgeoisie) and those that worked in the process of making cpaital (Proletariat). The Communist movement which sprang from this school of thought, achieved power under the 'Bolshevik' wing of Communism in Russia in October 1917.
Proclamation of Irish Republic
An assorted group of IRB, Irish Volunteers & Irish Citizen Army members took control of key buildings in Dublin, Ireland and issued a 'Proclamation of the Irish Republic' on this day. This Proclamation was read by Padraig Pearse outside the GPO building, which would be the HQ for a week-long rebellion against British Rule in Ireland.
Irish Declaration of Independence
Having convened the 1st Dáil Eireann (An Chéad Dáil Eirinn), the Dáil issued a 'Declaration of Independence' to the free nations of the world. This was done in defiance of British Rule in Ireland and is the beginning of the Irish War of Independence (1919 - 1921) commonly referred to as the "Anglo-Irish War."
The Eighties to the Twenty-first Century 1980-2001
The Atomic Age 1942-1953
Great Wars
The Progressive Era 1900-1920
Alaska Alive!
U.S. HISTORY II 1900 - 1920
Sara Casal_G&H_4ºF
mussolini + italy
Mussolini and Fascist Italy
Starscape Chronology
U.S History 1900's
European History from XVIII to XX Century.
Formation of the european union
Former Unionist Colony of Bromley Timeline
FORMATION OF EU
Bolivia History since 2000
Britain at the Turn of the 20th Century
U.S. History Timeline of Historical Events from 1900-2020
CCA and Kwinatu History
Grade Four History and Social Science Standards
Godborn
Brazilian Military Government/Dictatorship - An overview
Higher Ed Beginnings
Invention Timeline Amazon Kindle by Cano López Ana Paulina 510
Illapa History
Historical Development of PIL

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Android- JSON object The php server contain this
$test_array = array(
    'array1' => array(
            'field1'=>'1',
            'field2'=>'2'),
    'array2'=>array(
            array('field3'=>'3', 'field4'=>'4', 'field4'=>'5')
    )

);
How can I use the JOSN object in android to fill the" test_array"?

A: First of all you need to return this response:
header('Content-Type: application/json');
echo json_encode($test_array);

In an Android application after receiving response:
yourJSONOBject.put("new_key", "new_value);

A: create a jsonobject in android
JSONObject a  = new JSONObject("{hello1: hi, hello2: hey}");
params= a.toString()

make a get request to php server
 look here  : http://veerasundar.com/blog/2011/09/making-get-and-post-requests-in-android-application/
and then in php parse the param as json
json_decode($_GET['param'])

A: Here is snippet from my code, parsing depends on our json structure
try {
 URL url = new URL("http://www.domain.com/data.json");
 InputStream input  = url.openStream();

 BufferedReader r = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(input));
 StringBuilder total = new StringBuilder();
 String line;

 while ((line = r.readLine()) != null) {
  total.append(line);
 }

 JSONArray jsonReply = new JSONArray(total.toString());

 for (int i = 0; i < jsonReply.length(); i++) {
      JSONObject jObject = jsonReply.getJSONObject(i);
 }

 } catch (Exception e) {
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
European Aviation Safety Investigators Have Qantas Concerns
Henk Luf
The concerns have been heightened by the emergency landing that a Qantas Boeing 747 had to perform at Manila airport following part of the aircraft's fuselage being dislodged from the aircraft by a yet to be determined chain of events.
Recent Qantas incidents have included an emergency landing at <?xml:namespace prefix = st1 ns = "urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags" />Bangkok after a power failure, shutting down all four engines on a 747 failed, a runway overshoot by a 747 and an aborted 747 take-off at Los Angeles.
Domestically in Australia, there have been hard landings, one in Darwin substantially damaged a 717, and there have been engine failures as well as other incidents involving Qantas aircraft.
European investigators believe that, while they recognise the importance to Qantas of its flights between Australia and Europe, it may not be in the EU's interest to allow Qantas to fly into Europe until the airline is able to prove that it can safely do so.
One investigator said, "Qantas clearly has a problem, a safety culture and/or management problem even, and Europe must not allow the Australian airline to burden its difficulties upon European air-space or airports. We must clearly closely monitor the airline's performance in order to satisfy European safety concerns."
Banning airlines from operating into Europe is not unusual. A number of African airlines have been banned from landing at European airports while one major airline, Garuda, has had major problems getting flight approval into Europe, also because of safety concerns.
Judging by the concerns expressed by the investigators, Qantas appears to be 'on notice' to improve its performance in relation to aircraft safety and reliability.


» Dexamethasone Sodium Phosphate Cream contains an amount of dexamethasone sodium phosphate (C22H28FNa2O8P) equivalent to not less than 90.0 percent and not more than 115.0 percent of the labeled amount of dexamethasone phosphate (C22H30FO8P).
Alcohol-aqueous phosphate buffer— Dissolve 0.29 g of dibasic sodium phosphate in 450 mL of water, add 550 mL of alcohol, and mix.
0.05 M Phosphate buffer— In a 1-L volumetric flask, dissolve 6.9 g of monobasic sodium phosphate in 500 mL of water, dilute with water to volume, and mix.
Mobile phase— Prepare a suitable degassed solution of methanol and 0.05 M Phosphate buffer (52:48) which, at ambient temperature and at a flow rate of 1.5 mL per minute, gives a retention time of about 8.5 minutes for dexamethasone phosphate.
Standard preparation— Using an accurately weighed quantity of USP Dexamethasone Phosphate RS, prepare a solution in Alcohol-aqueous phosphate buffer having a known concentration of about 30 µg per mL. Prepare this solution fresh.
Assay preparation— Transfer an accurately weighed quantity of Cream, equivalent to about 3 mg of dexamethasone phosphate, to a 150-mL beaker. Add 65 mL of Alcohol-aqueous phosphate buffer, and heat just to boiling. Pour the contents of the beaker into a 125-mL separator containing 45 mL of isooctane. After shaking for 1 minute, decant the lower layer into a 100-mL volumetric flask with the aid of a glass funnel. Rinse the 150-mL beaker with two 15-mL portions of Alcohol-aqueous phosphate buffer, extracting the remaining isooctane in the separator with each portion and decanting the lower layer from each extraction into the 100-mL volumetric flask. Dilute with Alcohol-aqueous phosphate buffer to volume, and mix. Filter through a membrane filter before injecting.
Chromatographic system (see Chromatography 621 )—The liquid chromatograph is equipped with a 254-nm detector and a 4-mm × 30-cm column that contains packing L1. Chromatograph five replicate injections of the Standard preparation, and record the peak responses as directed under Procedure: the relative standard deviation is not more than 1.5%.
in which C is the concentration, in µg per mL, of USP Dexamethasone Phosphate RS in the Standard preparation, and rU and rS are the peak responses at equivalent retention times obtained from the Assay preparation and the Standard preparation, respectively.


Lyrics for artist YoungBoy Never Broke Again song I Came Thru coming soon. What does Chuck Norris think about this song lyrics?
Chuck Norris did not "lose" his virginity, he stalked it and then destroyed it with extreme prejudice.
About YoungBoy Never Broke Again - I Came Thru will be updated!
You can find here music lyrics from artist YoungBoy Never Broke Again, album Realer, song I Came Thru, released 20 December 2018. Listening online to YoungBoy Never Broke Again - I Came Thru song preview is free and does not require registration..


A phenomenal red from the vintage with sandalwood, roses, currants, blackberries and blackcurrants. Full-bodied, extremely structured and intense with a great finish. The tannins are so polished and poised. Shows tension and beauty throughout. Straight and focused.
The 2015 Dominus is fabulous. Explosive and alluring on the palate, the 2015 possesses stunning texture and intensity. Blueberry jam, cloves, menthol, licorice and graphite are some of the many nuances that develop over time. In 2015 Dominus artfully balances the richness of the year with the classic structural elements that are such a signature of this wine.
Bottled in July 2017, Dominus' more approachable, less tannic sister wine, Napanook, is a blend this year of 93% Cabernet Sauvignon, 4% Petit Verdot and 3% Cabernet Franc. Deep garnet-purple colored, the 2015 Napanook Proprietary Red Wine is redolent of crème de cassis, potpourri, plum preserves and violets with hints of dark chocolate, menthol, licorice and charcoal. Medium to full-bodied, the palate is densely packed with black fruit preserves and earthy layers, supported by firm, ripe, fine-grained tannins and finishing with great length.
The 2015 Napanook is dark, plush and inviting. All of which make it an excellent choice for drinking now and over the next decade or so. Super-ripe black cherry, plum, spice and licorice notes are all pushed forward in a decidedly lush, open-knit Napanook that will be ready to go pretty much upon release.


text:
4 Top-Ranked S&P 500 Stocks to Buy Now
Swarup Gupta
Zacks September 13, 2019
On Sep 12, U.S. stocks closed just short of record levels. The immediate catalysts for the day's gains were encouraging developments on the U.S.-China trade war front. Additionally, the ECB announced it would be making substantial bond purchases shortly. This helped the Dow post a seven-day long stretch of gains. Similarly, the S&P 500 sealed its third straight daily win.
The upward march of indices this week may be attributed to a confluence of events, which occurred between the close of trading on Wednesday and the recommencement of market business on Thursday.
These events include Trump's call to delay fresh tariffs on China, a rate cut by the ECB and its announcement of a bond purchase program, and the release of sluggish inflation data, clearing the way for a rate cut next week. This is why it is a great time to invest in S&P 500 stocks, which have gained strongly this year.
Trump Delays Additional China Tariffs
On Sep 11, stock futures increased after Trump tweeted that he would be delaying the proposed hike of tariffs on Chinese goods worth $250 billion. Higher tariffs would only come into effect from Oct 15, instead of Oct 1. Trump described this as a "gesture of good will" to China.
According to Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin, "The president delayed it because of a request from the vice premier." Mnuchin added that China's Vice Premier Liu He had made such a request since Oct 1 marks the 70th anniversary of the establishment of the People's Republic of China.
ECB Takes Softer Monetary Stance, Inflation Dips
Then, on Sep 16, the ECB revealed that it was reducing deposit rates to -0.5%, effectively a reduction of 10 basis points. It also announced the launch of a large bond purchase program amounting to 20 billion euros per month. These measures are all part of a fresh quantitative easing initiative.
Finally, just before markets commenced trading, the Department of Labor released fresh CPI data. The figure for last month showed that CPI had only inched up marginally in August. Core CPI, did, however, post a yearly increase of 2.4%, its highest since 2008.
But the tame nature of inflation is likely to clear the way for a Fed rate next week. This will likely also help stocks to set new records.
A trifecta of events is pushing the Dow and S&P 500 to fresh records this week. Stocks are likely to surge even higher once the Fed announces another rate cut next week.
This is why it makes for a smart choice to invest in S&P 500 stocks, which have made strong gains year to date. We have narrowed down our search based on a Zacks Rank #1 (Strong Buy) and other relevant metrics. You can see the complete list of today's Zacks #1 Rank stocks here.
Arconic Inc. ARNC is a global leader in multi-material, precision engineered products and solutions for a variety of industries.
Arconic's projected growth for the current year is 50%. Its earnings estimate for the current year has improved by 53.5% over the last 30 days. The stock has gained 60.2% year to date.
Keysight Technologies Inc. KEYS is a provider of electronic design and test instrumentation systems.
Keysight Technologies' projected growth for the current year is 38.9%. Its earnings estimate for the current year has improved by 6.4% over the last 30 days. The stock has gained 59.5% year to date.
Transdigm Group Incorporated TDG is a leading global designer, producer and supplier of highly engineered aerospace components that are used in commercial and military aircraft.
Transdigm Group's projected growth for the current year is 1.9%. Its earnings estimate for the current year has improved by 2% over the last 60 days. The stock has gained 51.3% year to date.
Fiserv, Inc. FISV provides financial services technology solutions to over 12,000 clients worldwide in the banking, insurance, healthcare and investment industries.
Fiserv's projected growth for the current year is 29.8%. Its earnings estimate for the current year has improved by 6.2% over the last 60 days. The stock has gained 41.4% year to date.
Today's Best Stocks from Zacks
Would you like to see the updated picks from our best market-beating strategies? From 2017 through 2018, while the S&P 500 gained +15.8%, five of our screens returned +38.0%, +61.3%, +61.6%, +68.1%, and +98.3%.
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EUR/USD Mid-Session Technical Analysis for January 20, 2020
Asian Stocks Drop in Risk-Off Turn; Yen Rises: Markets Wrap


Stephany's Sweet Life recently reviewed Exergen's Temporal Scanner. The article states how Exergen has created a product that can be used for the entire family.
Read the full Exergen Temporal Scanner Review.


Can I change the settings for multiple mailboxes at a time?
Can I change the text and text type displayed on Today+ / ActivityView / Welcome+?
Can I change the time format for the booking option on the Today+?
Can I customize the meeting information shown on AskCody products without affecting Exchange?
Can I display the same ActivityView on multiple devices?
Can I use the Workplace Add-in when invited to a meeting?
Can you set up a kiosk with other internet browsers than Google Chrome?
Does AskCody Meeting+/Welcome+/Workplace Add-ins work independently in Outlook?
How are updates for the AskCody Signage app managed?
How do I automatically delete cancelled meetings in a resource calendar?
How to hide the Microsoft Office Room Finder from the Outlook client.


Brianne Marion specializes in child psychology.
She offers individual and family therapy for children and adolescents, including Somatic Experiencing techniques.
I strive to be a collaborator with children, adolescents, and families, with the goal of deepening the understanding of family dynamics, strengthening relationships, improving self-esteem and self-efficacy, thus improving the emotional health and overall well-being of the child and family. I encourage the involvement of family members as much as possible in the child/adolescent's care, as well as the collaboration with other professionals as appropriate, such as schools, care providers, doctors, and other professionals.


text:
Now Reports
Fukuoka Topics
Itoshima Now
Fukuoka Asia Collection (FACo) 2019 – Report
By Julie Scheurl for Fukuoka Now
Thanks to Fukuoka Now, I was lucky enough to score a ticket to attend the Fukuoka Asia Collection (FACo) Spring/Summer 2019 event, which you may be familiar with as it has become quite the institution here, now in its eleventh year running. As a former fashion journalist, I was of course intrigued and jumped at the chance to attend, eager to understand what drives trends in Japan, a country that so many overseas designers and creatives look to for inspiration.
The theme for this year's show was Kirameki Korearata (キラメキコレアラタ), which I believe can be interpreted as "The New Glitz and Glam," a very appropriate title, if you ask me. FACo adeptly blends Japanese pop-culture by merging established lifestyle companies with celebrity guest models and live performances, all coming together to present the new must-haves to the hungry crowd, mainly consisting of teenage girls and young women.
Upon entering the venue, guests receive a goody-bag and information on the event, the brands and the celebrities in attendance. Once inside the main hall of the spacious Fukuoka Kokusai Center, the tension was palpable as a massive screen set the scene, accompanied by strobe lights perfectly timed to the beat of the bass-heavy music and illuminating the thrust stage on which the models presented the latest fashions, not only pertaining to garments but also other vanity items such as D-Up's false eyelashes or Coca-Cola's 'Amami' green tea. In terms of clothing, each brand had a distinct identity, meaning that all tastes were catered to, be it a more feminine and classic look or a slightly darker, edgier aesthetic.
In between these presentations, short talks and interviews by the MCs, RKB announcer Io Takeda (武田伊央) and comedic duo Chocolate Planet (チョコレートプラネット), lightened the mood and provided smooth transitions between presentations, live performances, and intermissions. There was never a dull moment, everything was structured, and no one missed a beat, which was clear from the audience participation.
During the intermissions, the crowd made a beeline towards the food trucks stationed outside, providing both delicious and Instagram-able foods such as burgers, 30 cm long churros, Cubanos and Turkish ice cream. Guests who weren't hungry or already finished eating could get free hair-dos and make-overs inside at one of the sponsors' booths, while groups of giggling girls also waited in front of some of the booths to meet their favorite idols who serve as brand ambassadors and came to promote new products and meet some fans.
While I wasn't familiar with most of the Japanese celebrities that the crowd went so wild for, it was hard not to get caught up in the excitement, as FACo provided an experience that most traditional fashion shows in the west do not: a democratic and relatable approach to fashion, allowing for an immersive and sensory experience that balances clothing, lifestyle, fun, and aspiration (through featuring celebrities); an event not just reserved for press and industry heavyweights but the actual consumer. Thank you for this breath of fresh air!
Published: Apr 8, 2019 / Last Updated: Apr 8, 2019
Job & Careers
Copyright © Fukuoka Now Ltd. All Rights Reserved.


text:
\section{Introduction}

Einstein's general theory of gravitation has been successful in
describing gravitational phenomena. His theory has been served as a
basis for different models of the universe. The homogeneous
isotropic expanding model based on general relativity appears to
provide a grand approximation to the observed large scale properties
of the universe. However, since Einstein first published his theory
of gravitation, several modifications have been proposed from time
to time which seek to incorporate certain desirable features lacking
in the original theory. One of the modifications he himself pointed
out that Mach's principle is not substantiated by general
relativity. So, there have been considerable attempts made to
generalize the general theory of relativity by incorporating Mach's
principle and
other desired features which are lacking in the original theory.\\

There has been considerable interest in scale invariant theory owing
to the scaling behavior exhibited in high-energy particle scattering
experiments, (Callan et al. 1970). However, such theories are
considered to be valid only in the limit of high energies or
vanishing rest masses. This is because in elementary particle
theories, rest masses are considered constants, and the scale
invariance is generally valid only when the constant rest mass
condition is relaxed. It is found from the literature that there are
two prominent generalizations of Einstein theory. Firstly, in an
attempt to unify electromagnetism with gravitation, Weyl (1922)
generalized Riemannian geometry by allowing lengths to change under
parallel displacement. The theory being unphysical was soon
rejected, wherein a mathematical technique known as gauge
transformation was introduced. Eddigton (1924)pointed out that, the
gauge transformation represents a change of units of measurement and
hence gives a general scaling of the physical system. Secondly,
Dirac (1973,1974)rebuilt the Weyl's unified theory by introducing
the notion of two metrics and an additional gauge function
$\beta(x^i)$. A scale invariant variation principle was proposed
from which gravitational and electromagnetic field equations can be
derived. It is concluded that an arbitrary gauge function is
necessary in all scale invariant theories. It is found that the
scale invariant theory of gravitation agrees with general relativity
up to the accuracy of observations made of up to now. Dirac (1973,
1974), Hoyle and Narlikar (1974) and Canuto et al. (1977) have
studied several aspects of the scale invariant theories of
gravitation. But Wesson's (1981a,b) formulation is so far best to
describe all the interactions between matter and gravitation in
scale free manner.

In the scale invariant theory of gravitation, Einstein equations
have been written in a scale-independent way by performing the
conformal or scale transformation as
\begin{equation}\label{e1}
\bar{g_{ij}}=\beta^{2} (x^{k})g_{ij}
\end{equation}
where the gauge function $\beta(0<\beta<1)$,in its most general
formulation, is a function of all space-time coordinates. Thus,
using the conformal transformation of the type given by equation
(1), Wesson (1981a,b) transforms the usual Einstein field equations
into
\begin{equation}\label{e2}
G_{ij} + 2 \frac{\beta_{;ij}}{\beta} -
4\frac{\beta_{,i}\beta_{,j}}{\beta^2}+(g^{ab}\frac{\beta_{,a}\beta_{,b}}{\beta^2}-2g^{ab}\frac{\beta_{;ij}}{\beta})g_{ij}
+\Lambda_{0}\beta^{2}g_{ij}=- \kappa T_{ij}
\end{equation}
where
\begin{equation}\label{e3}
G_{ij}\equiv R_{ij}-\frac{1}{2}Rg_{ij}
\end{equation}
Here, $G_{ij}$ is the conventional Einstein tensor involving
$g_{ij}$. Semicolon and comma respectively denote covariant
differentiation with respect to $g_{ij}$ and partial differentiation
with respect to coordinates. $R_{ij}$ is the Ricci tensor, and $R$
is the Ricci scalar. The cosmological term $\Lambda g_{ij}$ of
Einstein theory is now transformed to $\Lambda_{0} \beta^2 g_{ij}$
in scale invariant theory with dimensionless cosmological constant
$\Lambda_0$. G and $\kappa$ are the Newtonian and Wesson's
gravitational parameters respectively.  $T_{ij}$ is the energy
momentum tensor of the matter field and $\kappa=8\pi G/c^4$ . A
particular feature of this theory is that no independent equation
for $\beta$ exists.\\

Beesham (1986a,b,c), Reddy and Venkateswaralu (1987),Mohanty and
Mishra (2001,2003),Mishra (2004,2008), Mishra and Sahoo (2012a,b),
have investigated several aspects of scale invariant theory.
However, Bianchi type $VI_h(h=1)$ space-time with wet dark fluid has
not been considered, so far, in the scale invariant theory of
gravitation. Hence, in this paper, we have shown that Bianchi type
$VI_h (h=1)$ cosmological model governed by the equation of state
$p_{WDF}=(\rho_{WDF}c^2)/3$ is compatible whereas Bianchi type $VI_h
(h=-1)$ $VI_h (h=0)$, $II$ and $III$ are not compatible. In section
2, the concept of dark energy (DE) is discussed in detail. In
section 3, we have set up the field equations of scale invariant
theory of gravitation with wet dark fluid for Bianchi type $VI_h$,
$II$ and $III$ space-time. In section 4, we have obtained a
cosmological model for feasible BIanchi type $VI_1$ represented by
explicit exact solution of the field equations, with the help of
energy momentum tensor for a perfect fluid wherein we confine
ourselves to the equation of state $p_{WDF}=(\rho_{WDF}c^2)/3$ in
order to overcome the underdeterminacy for determining three
unknowns involved in a system of two field equations. In section 5,
we have discussed some physical properties of the model. In section
6, we have discussed some discussions on the solution of dark energy
and concluding
remarks are given in section 7. Finally lists of references are mentioned at the end.\\

\section{Dark energy}

The nature of dark energy component of the universe (Riess et al.
1998; Perlmutter et al. 1999) remains one of the deepest mysteries
of cosmology. There is certainly no lack of candidates: a remnant
cosmological constant, quintessence, k-essence, phantom energy.
Modifications of the friedmann equation such as Cardassian expansion
(Hayward, 1967) as well as what might be derived from brane
cosmology have also been used to explain the acceleration of the
universe.

Recently, there has been considerable interest in cosmological model
with "Dark Energy" (DE) in general relativity because of the fact
that our universe is currently undergoing an accelerated expansion
which has been confirmed by host of observations, such as  type I
supernovae (SNeIa) (Riess et al.1998; Perlmutter et al. 1999;
Bahcall et al. 1999), Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) (Tegmark et
al. 2004), Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) (Bennet et
al. 2003; Nolta et al. 2008; Hinshaw et al. 2009). Based on these
observations, cosmologists have accepted the idea of dark energy.
Cosmologists have proposed many candidates for dark energy to fit
the current observations such as cosmological constant, tachyon,
quintessence, phantom and so on. Current studies to extract the
properties of a dark energy component of the universe from
observational data focus on the determination of its equation of
state $w(t)=p/\rho$, which is not necessarily constant. The methods
for restoration of the quantity $w(t)$ from expressional data have
been developed (Sahni and Starobinsky 2006), and an analysis of the
experimental data has been conducted to determine this parameter as
a function of cosmological time (Sahni et al. 2008). Recently the
parameter $w(t)$ has been calculated with some reasoning which
reduced to some simple parameterization of the dependences by some
authors (Weller and Albrecht 1997; Huterer and Turner 2001; Krauss
et al. 2007; Linden and Virey 2008;  Usmani et al. 2008; Chen et al.
2009). These observations provide us a clear outline of the
universe: it is flat and full of undamped form of energy density
pervading the Universe. The undamped energy called "Dark Energy"
(DE) with negative pressure attributes to about 74 percent of the
total energy density. The remaining 26 percent of the energy density
consists of matter including about 22 percent dark matter density
and about 4 percent baryon matter density. So, understanding the
nature of DE is one of the most challenging problems in modern
astrophysics and cosmology. Recent cosmological observations
contradict the matter dominated universe with decelerating expansion
indicating that our universe experiences accelerated expansion.\\

There is a new candidate for dark energy: Wet Dark Fluid (WDF). This
model is in the spirit of generalised Chaplygin gas (GCG), where a
physically motivated equation of state is offered with properties
relevant for the dark energy problem. Here the motivation stems from
an empirical equation of state to treat water and aqueous solutions.
The equation for WDF is

\begin{equation}\label{e4}
p_{WDF}=\gamma(\rho_{WDF}-\rho^{*})
\end{equation}
It is motivated by the fact that it is a good approximation for many
fluids including water, in which the internal attraction of the
molecules makes negative pressure possible. The parameters $\gamma$
and $\rho^{*}$ are taken to be positive and we restrict ourselves to
$0\leq\gamma\leq1$. Note that if $c_{s}$ denotes the adiabatic sound
speed in WDF, then $\gamma=c_{s}^{2}$(Babichev et al. 2004). \\
To find the WDF energy density, we use the energy conservation
equation
\begin{equation}\label{e5}
\dot{\rho}_{{WDF}}+3H(p_{WDF}+\rho_{WDF})=0
\end{equation}

From equation of state (4) and using $3H=\frac {\dot{v}}{v}$ in
equation (5), we get
\begin{equation}\label{e6}
\rho_{WDF}=\frac{\gamma}{1+\gamma}p^{*}+\frac{k}{\nu(1+\nu)}
\end{equation}
where $k$ is the integration constant and $\nu$ is the volume
expansion.\\
WDF naturally includes two components, a piece that behaves as a
cosmological constant as well as pieces those red shifts as a
standard fluid with an equation of state $p=\gamma\rho$. \\
We can show that if we take $k>0$, this fluid will not violate the
strong energy condition $p+\rho=0$. Thus, we get
\begin{equation}\label{e7}
p_{WDF}+\rho_{WDF}=(1+{\gamma})\rho_{WDF}-\gamma\rho^{*}=(1+\gamma)\frac{k}{\nu^{1+\gamma}}\geq0
\end{equation}

Holman and Naidu [2005] observed that their model is consistent with
the most recent SNIa data, the WMAP results as well as the
constraints coming from measurements of the power spectrum. Hence,
they considered both, the case where the dark fluid is smooth (i. e.
only the CDM component cluster gravitationally) as well as the case
where the dark fluid also clusters.\\
In a homogeneous universe, it is possible to infer the time
evolution of the cosmic expansion from observations along the past
light cone, since the expansion rate is a function of time only. In
the inhomogeneous case, however, the expansion rate varies both with
time and space. Therefore, if the expansion rates inferred from
observations of supernovae are larger for low redshifts than higher
redshifts, this must be attributed to cosmic acceleration in a
homogeneous universe.\\
Nojiri and Odintsov (2011) developed the cosmological reconstruction
method in terms of cosmological time. Using the freedom in the
choice of scalar potentials and of the modified term function, which
depends on geometrical invariants, such as curvature and
Gauss-Bonnet term, they arrived to master differential equations
whose solutions solve the problem. They explicitly considered the
reconstruction in scalar tensor theory, Brans-Dicke gravity, the
k-essence model, F(R) theory and Lagrangian multiplier F(R) theory.
Special attention were paid to late-time dynamics of the effective
quintessence/phantom dark energy of arbitrary nature: fluid,
particle model or modified gravity. The advantage of the approach
proposed in this work is very general character. The developed
reconstruction scheme proposes the way to change the properties of
any particular theory in a desirable way. Motivated with the work of
Nojiri and Odintsov (2011), Bamba et al. (2012), We have constructed
Bianchi type $VI_1$ cosmological model in scale invariant theory
with WDF.\\
\section{Metric and field equations}
{\bf 3.1: Bianchi type $VI_h$:}\\

We consider the Bianchi type $VI_h$ metric with a Dirac gauge
function $\beta =\beta(ct)$ of the form
\begin{equation}\label{e8}
ds^{2}_{W}=\beta^{2}ds^{2}_{E}
\end{equation}
with
\begin{equation}\label{e9}
ds^{2}_{E}=-c^2dt^{2}+A^2dx^{2}+B^2e^{2x}dy^{2}+C^2e^{2hx}dz^{2}
\end{equation}
The metric potentials $A$, $B$ and $C$ are functions of $t$ only.
$h$= constant $(-1,0,+1)$ and $c$ is the velocity of light.
$ds^{2}_{W}$ and $ds^{2}_{E}$ respectively represent the intervals
in Wesson and Einstein theory. Further, $x^i,i=1,2,3,4$ respectively
denote for $x$,$y$,$z$ and $t$ only.\\
Here, we have taken an attempt to build cosmological model in these
space-times with a perfect fluid and WDF having the energy momentum
tensor of the form
\begin{equation}\label{e10}
T^{m}_{ij}= (p_{WDF(m)}+\rho_{WDF(m)} c^2) U_{i}U_{j}+p_{WDF(m)}
g_{ij}
\end{equation}
together with
\begin{equation}\label{e11}
g_{ij} U^i U^j=-1
\end{equation}
where $U^i$ is the four velocity vector of the fluid,  $p_{WDF(m)}$
and $\rho_{WDF(m)}$ are respectively the proper isotropic pressure
and energy density of the matter in WDF.

The non-vanishing components of conventional Einstein's tensor (3)
for the metric (9) are:
\begin{equation}\label{e12}
G_{11}=\frac{A^2}{c^2}\biggl(\frac{B_{44}}{B}+\frac{C_{44}}{C}+\frac{B_4C_4}{BC}-h\frac{c^2}{A^2}\biggr)
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e13}
G_{22}=\frac{B^2e^{2x}}{c^2}\biggl(\frac{A_{44}}{A}+\frac{C_{44}}{C}+\frac{A_4C_4}{AC}-h^2\frac{c^2}{A^2}\biggr)
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e14}
G_{33}=\frac{C^2e^{2hx}}{c^2}\biggl(\frac{A_{44}}{A}+\frac{B_{44}}{B}+\frac{A_4B_4}{AB}-\frac{c^2}{A^2}\biggr)
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e15}
G_{44}=-\biggl(\frac{A_4B_4}{AB}+\frac{B_4C_4}{BC}+\frac{C_4A_4}{CA}-(1+h+h^2)\frac{c^2}{A^2}\biggr)
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e16}
G_{14}=-(1+h)\frac{A_4}{A}+\frac{B_4}{B}+h\frac{C_4}{C}
\end{equation}

The suffix 4 after a field variable denotes exact differentiation
with respect to time $t$.\\
Using the comoving coordinates (0,0,0,c), the non-vanishing
components of the field equations (2) can now be written explicitly
for the metric (8) as
\begin{equation}\label{e17}
G_{11}=-\kappa p_{WDF(m)}A^2-\frac{A^2}{c^2}
\biggl[2\biggl(\frac{B_{4}}{B}+\frac{C_{4}}{C}\biggr)\frac{\beta_4}{\beta}
-2\frac{\beta_{44}}{\beta}-\frac{\beta^2_4}{\beta^2}+\Lambda_0\beta^2c^2\biggr]
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e18}
G_{22}=-\kappa p_{WDF(m)}B^2e^{2x}-\frac{B^2e^{2x}}{c^2}
\biggl[2\biggl(\frac{A_{4}}{A}+\frac{C_{4}}{C}\biggr)\frac{\beta_4}{\beta}
-2\frac{\beta_{44}}{\beta}-\frac{\beta^2_4}{\beta^2}+\Lambda_0\beta^2c^2\biggr]
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e19}
G_{33}=-\kappa p_{WDF(m)}C^2e^{2hx}-\frac{B^2e^{2hx}}{c^2}
\biggl[2\biggl(\frac{A_{4}}{A}+\frac{B_{4}}{B}\biggr)\frac{\beta_4}{\beta}
-2\frac{\beta_{44}}{\beta}-\frac{\beta^2_4}{\beta^2}+\Lambda_0\beta^2c^2\biggr]
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e20}
G_{44}=-\kappa \rho_{WDF(m)}c^4+
\biggl[2\biggl(\frac{A_{4}}{A}+\frac{B_{4}}{B}+\frac{C_{4}}{C}\biggr)\frac{\beta_4}{\beta}
-4\frac{\beta_{44}}{\beta}+3\frac{\beta^2_4}{\beta^2}+\Lambda_0\beta^2c^2\biggr]
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{e21}
G_{14}= 0
\Rightarrow\frac{B_{4}}{B}+h\frac{C_4}{C}=(1+h)\frac{A_4}{A}\Rightarrow
A^{1+h}=k_1BC^h
\end{equation}
where $k_1$ is an integrating constant.

Equation (2) and equations (17) - (21) suggest the definition vacuum
pressure $p_{WDF(v)}$ and vacuum density $\rho_{WDF(v)}$ that
involve neither the Einstein tensor of conventional theory nor the
properties of conventional matter (Wesson, 1981 a,b). These two
quantities can be obtained as
\begin{equation}\label{e22}
2\biggl(\bigl(\frac{h+1}{h}\bigr)\frac{A_{4}}{A}+\bigl(\frac{h-1}{h}\bigr)\frac{B_{4}}{B}\biggr)\frac{\beta_4}{\beta}
-2\frac{\beta_{44}}{\beta}-\frac{\beta^2_4}{\beta^2}+\Lambda_0\beta^2c^2=\kappa
p_{WDF(v)}c^2
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e23}
2\biggl(\bigl(\frac{2h+1}{h}\bigr)\frac{A_{4}}{A}+\bigl(\frac{-1}{h}\bigr)\frac{B_{4}}{B}\biggr)\frac{\beta_4}{\beta}
-2\frac{\beta_{44}}{\beta}-\frac{\beta^2_4}{\beta^2}+\Lambda_0\beta^2c^2=\kappa
p_{WDF(v)}c^2
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e24}
2\biggl(\frac{A_{4}}{A}+\frac{B_{4}}{B}\biggr)\frac{\beta_4}{\beta}
-2\frac{\beta_{44}}{\beta}-\frac{\beta^2_4}{\beta^2}+\Lambda_0\beta^2c^2=\kappa
p_{WDF(v)}c^2
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e25}
2\biggl(\bigl(\frac{2h+1}{h}\bigr)\frac{A_{4}}{A}+\bigl(\frac{h-1}{h}\bigr)\frac{B_{4}}{B}\biggr)\frac{\beta_4}{\beta}
-4\frac{\beta_{44}}{\beta}+3\frac{\beta^2_4}{\beta^2}+\Lambda_0\beta^2c^2=-\kappa
\rho_{WDF(v)}c^4
\end{equation}

In case where there is no matter and gauge function is a constant
function it can be easily obtained from Eqns. (22)-(25)
that

$c^2\rho_{WDF(v)}=-\frac{c^4\lambda_{GR}}{8\pi G}=-p_{WDF(v)}$

Here $\lambda_{GR}=\lambda_0 \beta^2$=constant , is the cosmological
constant in general relativity. Also, $p_{WDF(v)}$ being dependent
on the constants $\lambda_{GR}$, $c$ and $G$, is uniform in all
directions and hence isotropic in nature.\\
The cosmological model with the equation of state is rare in
literature and is known as $\rho$-vacuum model or false vacuum model
or degenerate vacuum model. The corresponding model in static case
is well known de-Sitter model.\\
It is evident from the aforesaid equations that $p_{WDF(v)}$  being
isotropic, is consistent only when
\begin{equation}\label{e26}
A= k_2B, \ \ \ as \ \ \ \beta_4\neq0
\end{equation}
where $k_2$ is an integrating constant.\\
Making use of the consistency condition (26), the vacuum pressure
$p_{WDF(v)}$  and vacuum energy density $\rho_{WDF(v)}$ can be
obtained as
\begin{equation}\label{e27}
p_{WDF(v)}=\frac {1}{\kappa c^2}\biggl[4
\biggl(\frac{A_{4}}{A}\biggr)\frac{\beta_4}{\beta}
-2\frac{\beta_{44}}{\beta}-\frac{\beta^2_4}{\beta^2}+\Lambda_0\beta^2c^2\biggr]
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e28}
\rho_{WDF(v)}=-\frac{1}{\kappa
c^4}\biggl[\biggl(6\frac{A_{4}}{A}\biggr)\frac{\beta_4}{\beta}
-4\frac{\beta_{44}}{\beta}+3\frac{\beta^2_4}{\beta^2}-\Lambda_0\beta^2c^2\biggr]
\end{equation}

where $p_{WDF(v)}$ and $\rho_{WDF(v)}$ carry the properties of
vacuum in WDF of conventional physics. The definitions of above two
properties is natural as regards to the scale invariant properties
of vacuum. So, the total pressure and energy density in WDF can be
defined as:
\begin{equation}\label{e29}
p_{WDF(t)}\equiv p_{WDF(m)}+p_{WDF(v)}
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e30}
\rho_{WDF(t)}\equiv \rho_{WDF(m)}+\rho_{WDF(v)}
\end{equation}

Using the components of Einstein Tensor (12) - (16) and the results
obtained in equations (26) - (28) with the aforesaid of (29) - (30),
the field equations (17) - (21) can be written in the following
explicit form:

\begin{equation}\label{e31}
2\frac{A_{44}}{A}+\frac{A^2_4}{A^2}-h\frac{c^2}{A^2}=-\kappa
p_{WDF(t)}c^2
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e32}
2\frac{A_{44}}{A}+\frac{A^2_4}{A^2}-h^2\frac{c^2}{A^2}=-\kappa
p_{WDF(t)}c^2
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{e33}
2\frac{A_{44}}{A}+\frac{A^2_4}{A^2}-\frac{c^2}{A^2}=-\kappa
p_{WDF(t)}c^2
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{e34}
3\frac{A^2_4}{A^2}-(1+h+h^2)\frac{c^2}{A^2}=\kappa \rho_{WDF(t)}c^4
\end{equation}

As the total pressure is isotropic in nature, we obtain from eqns.
(31)-(34) that

\begin{equation}\label{e35}
h(h-1)\frac{c^2}{A^2}=0; (h^2-1)\frac{c^2}{A^2}=0
\end{equation}

These equations simultaneously hold good for $h=1$. Otherwise it
leads to unphysical situation i.e., either the velocity of light
vanishes or the metric potential A is infinitely large. So, this
theory is not feasible when the space time is governed by Bianchi
type $VI_h(h=-1)$ and $VI_h(h=0)$ metrics whereas it is feasible for
Bianchi type $VI_h(h=1)$.

{\bf 3.2: Bianchi type $II$ and $III$ metric:}\\

With a similar approach we have also determined the field equations
for Bianchi type II and III space-times with a perfect fluid and
WDF.

The field equations of Bianchi type II non-diagonal metric
\begin{equation}\label{e36}
ds^{2}_{E}=-c^2dt^{2}+R^2dx^{2}+S^2dy^{2}+2S^2xdydz+(S^2x^2+R^2)dz^{2}
\end{equation}
where $R$ and $S$ are functions of cosmic time $t$ only and $c$ is
the velocity of light

are:

\begin{equation}\label{e37}
2\frac{R_{44}}{R}+\frac{R_4^2}{R^2}+\frac{c^2}{4R^2}=-\kappa
p_{WDF(t)}c^2
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e38}
2\frac{R_{44}}{R}+\frac{R_4^2}{R^2}-3\frac{c^2}{4R^2}=-\kappa
p_{WDF(t)}c^2
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e39}
3\frac{R_4^2}{R^2}-\frac{c^2}{4R^2}=-\kappa \rho_{WDF(t)}c^4
\end{equation}
Now, eqns. (37)-(39) yield
\begin{equation}\label{e39}
\frac{c^2}{R^2}=0
\end{equation}

which leads to inconsistency for both the cases i.e. $R$ is very
large or $c=0$. Neither of the cases are acceptable under
geometrical and physical ground. Thus, scale invariant theory of
gravitation with perfect fluid and WDF is not compatible with
Bianchi type II space-time.

The Bianchi type III space-time defined as:
\begin{equation}\label{e40}
ds^{2}_{E}=-c^2dt^{2}+e^{2A}dx^{2}+e^{2(B+x)}dy^{2}+e^{2D}dz^{2}
\end{equation}
where $A$ and $B$ are functions of cosmic time $t$ only and $c$ is
the velocity of light.\\
The introduction of a new time variable $T$ defined by
\begin{equation}\label{e41}
dT=\frac{a}{e^{A+B+D}}dt
\end{equation}
transforms the metric into

\begin{equation}\label{e40}
ds^{2}_{E}=-c^2e^{2(A+B+D)}dT^{2}+e^{2A}dx^{2}+e^{2(B+x)}dy^{2}+e^{2D}dz^{2}
\end{equation}
which describes the space-time in general theory of relativity.\\
 Now,the field equations of Bianchi type III space-time in WDF can
 be written as:

\begin{equation}\label{e41}
e^{-2(3A+k_1+k_2)}[2A_{44}-3A_4^2]=-\kappa p_{WDF(t)}c^2
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{e42}
e^{-2(3A+k_1+k_2)}[2A_{44}-3A_4^2-c^2e^{2(2A+k_1+k_2)}]=-\kappa
p_{WDF(t)}c^2
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}\label{e43}
e^{-2(3A+k_1+k_2)}[3A_4^2-c^2e^{2(2A+k_1+k_2)}]=-\kappa
\rho_{WDF(t)}c^4
\end{equation}

which again leads to inconsistency for both the cases i.e. $A$ is
negative or very large or $c=0$. Neither of these cases are
acceptable and no solution to the field equations can be obtained in
scale invariant theory in WDF, which is mainly governed by a gauge
function involving a non-zero velocity of light. Thus the scale
invariant theory with WDF is not compatible in Bianchi type III
space-time.[Mohanty and Mishra, 2003]

\section{Solutions for feasible Bianchi type $VI_1$ space-time}
Now, we have two field equations with three unknowns viz.,
$p_{WDF(t)}$, $\rho_{WDF(t)}$ and $A$ for $h=1$. For the complete
determinacy one extra condition is needed. We therefore, consider
the equation of state

\begin{equation}\label{e44}
p_{WDF(t)}=\frac{\rho_{WDF(t)}c^2}{3}
\end{equation}

From eqns. (31)- (34), we obtained
\begin{equation}\label{e45}
A=(c^2t^2+d_1t+d_2)^{\frac {1}{2}}
\end{equation}
where $d_1$ and $d_2$ are integrating constants.\\
Without loss of generality, we take $k_1=k_2=1$ in eqns. (21) and
(26).Subsequently, we have

\begin{equation}\label{e46}
A=B=C=(c^2t^2+d_1t+d_2)^{\frac {1}{2}}
\end{equation}

Now the total pressure $p_{WDF(t)}$ and total energy density
$\rho_{WDF(t)}$ can be calculated as

\begin{equation}\label{e47}
p_{WDF(t)}=\frac{\rho_{WDF(t)} c^2}{3}=\frac {1}{4\kappa c^2}
\biggl[\frac{(d_1^2-4d_2c^2)}{(c^2t^2+d_1t+d_2)^2}\biggr]
\end{equation}

where the reality condition demands that $d_1^2>4d_2c^2$.\\
Now, considering Dirac gauge in the form $\beta=\frac{1}{ct}$, the
pressure and energy density corresponding to vacuum case in WDF can
be calculate as
\begin{equation}\label{e48}
p_{WDF(v)}=-\frac {1}{\kappa
c^2}\biggl[-\frac{2(2c^2t+d_1)}{t(c^2t^2+d_1t+d_2)}-\frac{\Lambda_0-5}{t^2}\biggr]
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e49}
\rho_{WDF(v)}=\frac {1}{\kappa
c^4}\biggl[\frac{3(2ct^2+d_1)}{t(c^2t^2+d_1t+d_2)}-\frac{\Lambda_0-5}{t^2}\biggr]
\end{equation}

The matter pressure $p_{WDF(m)}$ and matter energy density
$\rho_{WDF(m)}$ can be calculated as

\begin{equation}\label{e50}
p_{WDF(m)}=\frac{1}{\kappa
c^2}\biggl[\frac{(d_1^2-4d_2c^2)}{4(c^2t^2+d_1t+d_2)^2}-\frac{2(2c^2t+d_1)}{t(c^2t^2+d_1t+d_2)}-\frac{\Lambda_0-5}{t^2}\biggr]
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e51}
\rho_{WDF(m)}=\frac{1}{\kappa
c^4}\biggl[\frac{3(d_1^2-4d_2c^2)}{4(c^2t^2+d_1t+d_2)^2}-\frac{3(2c^2t+d_1)}{t(c^2t^2+d_1t+d_2)}+\frac{\Lambda_0-5}{t^2}\biggr]
\end{equation}

The Bianchi type $VI_1$ model in scale invariant theory with WDF is
given by the eqns. (8) and (9) and the metric in this case takes the
following form
\begin{equation}\label{e52}
ds^{2}_{W}=\frac{1}{c^2t^2}\biggl[-c^2dt^{2}+\biggl(c^2t^2+d_1t+d_2\biggr)\biggl(dx^2+e^{2x}(dy^2+dz^2)\biggr)\biggr]
\end{equation}

Using the transformation $t=e^T$, the metric can be put in the
following form
\begin{equation}\label{e53}
ds^{2}_{W}=-dT^2+Q^2(T)\biggl[dx^2+e^{2x}(dy^2+dz^2)\biggr]
\end{equation}

where
$Q(T)=\biggl(1+\frac{d_1}{c^2}e^{-T}+\frac{d_2}{c^2}e^{-2T}\biggr)^\frac{1}{2}$

\section{Some physical properties of the model}
In this section, we investigated some physical properties of the
model obtained in the previous section in the transformed coordinate
system; however the behavior of the physical quantities remain alike
even though there is a shift i.e. $t(0,1,\infty)\rightarrow
T(-\infty,0,\infty)$. The new time coordinate being stretched covers
the time region from past to future completely. Thus a clear picture
of the model (56) in the new time
coordinate can be obtained.\\

The scalar expansion of the model (56)\\
\begin{equation}\label{e54}
\Theta=U^i_{;i}=3\frac{Q_T}{Q}
\end{equation}
which gives the rate of expansion or contraction of the model is
found to be\\
$\Theta(T)=\frac
{-3}{2}\biggl(\frac{d_1e^{-T}+2d_2e^{-2T}}{c^2+d_1e^{-T}+d_2e^{-2T}}\biggr)$.

So,$\Theta(0)=\frac
{-3}{2}\biggl(\frac{d_1+2d_2}{c^2+d_1+d_2}\biggr)$ and
$\Theta\rightarrow0$ as $T\rightarrow\infty$

If $d_1$ and $d_2$ are both non-zero then they are of opposite sign
and at $T=ln2+ln\biggl(-\frac{d_2}{d_1}\biggr)$, the model gets
contracted. Hence, the model contracts without admitting any
singularity during evolution.\\

The shear scalar $\sigma$ for the model (56) vanishes which indicats
that the shape of the universe remain unchanged during evolution.
Moreover, as $\frac {\sigma^2}{\Theta^2}=0$ , the
space-time is isotropized during evolution in this theory.\\

The Hubble parameter  H that determines the present rate of
expansion of the universe corresponding to the metric (56) is
\begin{equation}\label{e55}
H=\frac{Q_T}{Q}=-\frac{1}{2}\biggl[\frac{d_1e^{-T}+2d_2e^{-2T}}{c^2+d_1e^{-T}+d_2e^{-2T}}
\biggr]
\end{equation}
Since, $H\rightarrow\infty$ when $T\rightarrow0, $ and
$H\rightarrow0$ when $T\rightarrow\infty$, therefore it indicates
that the rate of expansion is accelerated or decelerated depending
on the signature of the parameters.

The deceleration parameter for the model (56) is calculated as

\begin{equation}\label{e56}
q=-\frac{Q_{TT}Q}{Q_T^2}=-\biggl[1+\frac{2c^2(d_1e^{-T}+4d_2e^{-2T})+2d_1d_2e^{-3T}}{(d_1e^{-T}+d_2e^{-2T})^2}
\biggr]
\end{equation}

It is observed that $q(0)$=constant and q is not defined at infinite
future. Hence the model is not steady state.

The acceleration $\dot{U}^i=0$ confirms that the matter particles
follow geodesic in this theory. The vorticity W of the
radiating fluid of the model also vanishes. Thus $U^i$ is hypersurface orthogonal.\\
With proper choice of the parameters $d_1$, $d_2$ and $\lambda_0$,
$\rho_{WDF(m)}$ is a positive constant and
$\rho_{WDF(m)}\rightarrow0$ as $t\rightarrow\infty$. Thus the
universe starts evolving with constant matter density at initial
epoch.

Also, $\frac{\rho_{WDF(m)}}{\Theta^2}\rightarrow $ constant at
$T\rightarrow0$ and at $T\rightarrow\infty$,
$\frac{\rho_{WDF(m)}}{\Theta^2}\rightarrow0$ which confirms the
homogeneity nature of the space-time.
\section{Discussion on the solution of dark energy}
In section 3, we have derived the field equations (31)-(34). From
eqns. (31) and (32), it is clear that $h=1$. If we take $c=1$, the
set of eqns. (31)-(34) reduce to
\begin{equation}\label{e49}
2\frac{A_{44}}{A}+\frac{A^2_4}{A^2}-\frac{1}{A^2}=-\kappa p_{WDF(t)}
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}\label{e50}
3\frac{A^2_4}{A^2}-3\frac{1}{A^2}=\kappa \rho_{WDF(t)}
\end{equation}
Since $\rho_{WDF(t)}=\gamma(\rho_{WDF(t)}-\rho^*)$, the above
equations for a suitable choice of $\gamma=\frac{1}{3}$ reduces to
\begin{equation}\label{e51}
2AA_{44}+2{A^2_4}-\frac{\kappa p^*}{3}A^2=2
\end{equation}
Now, eqn. (49) admits a solution for $\rho^*\neq0$ as

\begin{equation}\label{e52}
A=\sqrt{c_1a^{\sqrt{\alpha}t}+c_2e^{-\sqrt{\alpha}t-\frac{\beta}{\alpha}}}
\end{equation}
where $\alpha = -\frac{\kappa\rho^*}{3}$, $c_1$ and $c_2$ are
integrating constants.

The radius scale factor is an exponentially increasing function of
time if $c_1>c_2$. Also for $c_2=0$, it favors a de Sitter kind of
universe predicting a deceleration parameter $q=-1$. Moreover, the
hubble parameter is comes out to be constant. \\
In case $\rho^*=0$, the result is the same as calculated in eqn.
(48). Hence the role of $\rho^*$ in getting accelerated expansion of
the universe is clearly understood. \\
The present cosmological scenario tells us that we are living in an
expanding flat and accelerating universe dominated by dark energy,
whereas the remaining one-third is contributed by matter.\\
The deceleration parameter $q$ is a very important vector for
understanding cosmic evolution. In particular, after the emergence
of the idea of an accelerated universe, the role of this parameter
has become more important. This is because some recent works (Riess
2001; Amendola 2003; Padmanabhan and Roychowdhury 2003) have
demonstrated that the present acceleration is a phenomenon of the
recent past and was precede by a decelerating phase. So, during
cosmic evolution the deceleration parameter $q$ must have undergone
a change of sign from a positive to a negative value. Eqn. (59)
shows that the expression for $q$ contains a time factor and hence a
suitable change of $c$,$d_1$,$d_2$, its change of sign can be shown.
Considering several experimental and theoretical results, one can
assume that the matter energy density $\rho_m^*$ as $0.33^{25}$. So,
the value of $q$ comes out to be $-0.409$, which is in agrement
with the present accepted range of $q$ for an accelerating universe.\\
Dirac Large Number Hypothesis (LNH) prevent him to admit the
variability of the fundamental constants involved in atomic physics.
He thought of a possible change in $G$, which led him to the
differential equation. (Cetto et al. 1986)

\begin{equation}\label{e53}
G(t)=k_1H(t)=k_2[H(t)]^{\frac{3}{2}}[\rho_m(t)]^{\-frac{1}{2}}
\end{equation}
where $k_1$ and $k_2$ are constants of integration, $H(t)$ is the
hubble parameter. From the above equation Dirac obtained
$G(t)\sim\frac{1}{t}$. All the three variants (early Dirac, additive
creation and multiplicative creation) tells us that
$\frac{\dot{G}}{G}$, should be inversely proportional to $t$, where
$\dot{G}$ denotes differentiation with respect to $t$.\\
According to Brans-Dicke (1961), $G$ should vary inversely with time
since the scalar field $\phi(t)$ is time increasing and $G(t)$ is
proportional to $[\phi(t)]^{-1}$.\\
To the amount of variation of $G$, we found that, on the data
provided by three distant quasars of red shift, $z\sim3.5$ in favor
of an increasing fine structure constant $\alpha$ (Webb at al. 2001;
Murphy et al. 2002). Taking the present age of the universe as
$14$Gyr, it has been estimated
that$\frac{\dot{G}}{G}$$\sim+10^{-15}yr^{-1}$ for kaluza-klein and
Einstein-Yang-Mills theories whereas it is of order
of$10^{-13}yr^{-1}$ for Randall-Sundrum theory. The data provided by
the binary pulsar PSR $1913+16$, is a very reliable upper bound
(Damour et al. 1988), viz.
\begin{equation}\label{e54}
-(1.10\pm1.07)\times10^{-1}yr^{-1}<\frac{\dot{G}}{G}<0
\end{equation}
According to Helio-seismological data (Guenther et al. 1998), the
range of $\frac{\dot{G}}{G}$ is considered to be the best upper
bound and is given by
\begin{equation}\label{e55}
-1.60<10^{-1}yr^{-1}<\frac{\dot{G}}{G}<0
\end{equation}
The data provided by observations of type Ia supernovae (Riess et
al. 1998; Perlmutter 1999) gives the best upper bound of the
variation of G at cosmological ranges as ( Gaztanaga et al. 2002)
\begin{equation}\label{e56}
-10^{-11}yr^{-1}<\frac{\dot{G}}{G}<0 at z\sim0.5
\end{equation}
Very recently, using the data provided by the pulsating white dwarf
star G117-B15A the astereoseismological bound on $\frac{\dot{G}}{G}$
is found to be
\begin{equation}\label{e57}
-2.50\times10^{-10}yr^{-1}\leq\frac{\dot{G}}{G}<+4.0\times10^{-10}yr^{-1}
\end{equation}
while using the same star Biesiada and Malec (2004) has inferred
that
\begin{equation}\label{e58}
\mod{\frac{\dot{G}}}{G}<+4.0\times10^{-11}yr^{-1}
\end{equation}
Using big bang Nucleosynthesis another recent estimate of variation
of G has been obtained (Copi et al. 2004) as
\begin{equation}\label{e59}
-4.0\times10^{-13}yr^{-1}\leq\frac{\dot{G}}{G}<+3.0\times10^{-13}yr^{-1}
\end{equation}
Using eqn. (63), the value of $\frac{\dot{G}}{G}$ obtained as
$\frac{\dot{G}}{G}\sim10^{-12}yr^{-1}$, for some arbitrary choices
of the constants. In the discussion majority of the value of
$\frac{\dot{G}}{G}$ are negative, but in some cases values of
$\frac{\dot{G}}{G}$ are also found to be positive. A negative
$\frac{\dot{G}}{G}$ implies a time decreasing $G$, and a positive
$\frac{\dot{G}}{G}$ means $G$ growing with time.

\section{Conclusions}
The significance of the present work deals with the modification of
gravitational and geometrical aspects of Einstein's equations with
WDF. These are 1) scale invariant theory of gravitation which
describes the interaction between matter and gravitation in scale
free manner; and 2) the gauge transformation, which represents a
change of units of measurements and hence gives a general scaling of
physical system. The nature of the cosmological model with modified
gravity and with WDF that would reproduce the kinematical history
and evolution of perturbation of the universe is investigated.

Here, a non-singular Bianchi type $VI_1$ cosmological model
constructed here starts evolving at $T=0$  with constant volume and
expands spatially and contracts temporarily throughout the
evolution. As far as matter is concerned the model does not admit
either Big bang or Big crunch during evolution from initial epoch to
infinite future. The model is flat with unit volume at both initial
and infinite future. The total pressure and total energy density
with WDF vanish. The matter density $\rho_{WDF(m)}$ in WDF vanishes
for $\Lambda=11$, but $\rho_{WDF(m)}\neq0$ that leads to
unphysical situation.\\

Moreover, we have attempted to study the scale invariant theory of
gravity with WDF governed by Bianchi type II and III space-times
with a dirac gauge function $\beta$ . However in both the
space-times it is found that this theory is not compatible.
\section{Acknowledgement}
The authors are thankful to the honorable referee for the valuable
comments and suggestions for the improvement of the paper. The
authors are also thankful to Dr.S.K. Tripathy for his suggestions
while preparing the revised manuscript.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


the last time i was watching football was a while ago. i think 2010. argentina against germany. amazing game. i was actually working, but my bosses were great. 2 hours break instead of one. does not happen so often but it today it did.
we were meeting in a pub, had to cycle there. with a friend and her boyfriend. saturday afternoon. a lot of young guys which have everything else but world cup experience against old rabbits.
and they played them down. 4:1. the argentina just looked, stunned. no word for this outstanding performance of this guys who are so well presenting not just football but germany. multicultural, fresh, ernergetic, self confident.
since then no ral tv football for me. not the biggest fan of national league. but still i was proud. when i was in bangaldesh, looking at the young guys playing football on the dirty dry fiels next to all teh cricket player, wearing shirts from messi and chelsea. praised the gmaes ability, to move minds, stomach and spirit.
today we watch germany against denmark.in max's house. on the coach with juiceschorle and some beer. willi came later. relaxed. no screaming so much. chatting, watching.
it took me a while to get into the game. football is not complicated plus i have experience. from earlier time. still it took me a while to get into the game, knowing when they do the right move, make mistakes, are smart.
At the beginning I was quiet, shy, cause what would I have to say, could say. And that's ok, just boring, for me. Than I asked, looked, thought. At the end I actually screamed at least, shouted at the right points, not always but I did ok.
Germany won this time. Not the best performance but they did.
ok here two things. one: i love agner foto stduio in furth im wald.
they are amazing. this little foto store in a medium size ( for our area) city half an hour away by car is not just amazing, they are my angels.
they not just organise everything for me, have a fast delivery service and a good printing stations, they have an excellent service, have an medium format film processor, which they switch on that when i come they just can start using it, answer all my annoying phone calls, get me impossible things, and above all talk with me about all the important and unimportant things in life even so far too many people are around.
second: a bit of gossip. today when i went there, handed in my films had to wait i saw this girl. she was 10, pritty, quite tall and her hair reached plated her knees, plated.
she never cut her hair, her mom says. but a lot of work behind. the girl did not mind. i was impressed, and jelouse.
in india and bangladesh long hair used to be a good sign. so far i know. women get proud. question of status. i need to do research.
first of all you have to explain a lot. such as community clubs. a group of people are founding a club to do something together in a group on a regular basis which is so well organised that you need somebody at least for finance, a head of the whole this and a speaker. i think. why money i actualldo not know.
the good thing about those clubs, you do not need to pay taxes if you have a celebration in public and also earn some money with that. not important for the story but just spoil my knowledge.
ans then outing days. outing days are days where you leave your home and visit more or less a strange area, plus paying money that both of it leads to fund.
this weekend we needed to provide that for those people. a group of fireman, volunteer fireman plus friends and family, for a weekend in the bavarian forest to have fun.
fun is eating, looking, a bit of walking, chatting, eating more.
last time and probably one of the only times in my life i had it when i was in bangladesh with drik on our weekend at cox's basar. collegues and me in two buses 12 hours on stony jumpy street towards the beach. playing football and sea and water. and above all food. we even got a prelist of food which we would have there.
one of the first times i went on a trip was with the table tennis club. by the way and you need to know: my dad is table tennis president. not that it is important but i was always very proud of it. in a village of 3500 people.
anyways me on a trip with other kids. two memories. one of unconscious and to late recognised stealing of two magazines ( which were really fancy, liked their layout) from a church and one of intended rumbling around the big mountain, getting lost with my parents and friends and ending up on top of the mountain. and being tired.
nowadays this activity seems to be old fashion. going away with a big group of people i might like and not and spend my hard earned freetime with not the best selection seems to be out of fashion. community clubs in the first place are not anymore so fashionable. meeting up in groups and call it 'vereine' is anyway superuncool. i understand and not. i like the idea of vereine, meeting up with people from different background and doing something together, being forced meeting up on a regular basis and acting instead of thinking. awesome. but just my second person would take part. me do not have time.
the people stayed for two nights. first evening 4 different kind of meat, dumbling and salat buffet. second free choice. they had music, they danced. had fun, got to know each other better, hopefully, did something together and acted instead of talking, maybe not just.
i was a bit jelouse. as a self employed person you can just get to know yourself. on holiday alone and no pair dance anyways.
my parents are chefs. they cook. that is what they learned. mostly meat, at least my dad. my mum more vegetables, but not just.
they got to know each other when they were having their chef training somewhere in bavaria. i thin tegenersee. she dietassitant, he chief.
now they are not cooking together. he on the normal days, she sometimes.
my dad is excellent with meat, as i said. starting of a s a butchert raining with 14 years he developed not just a strength but sense for meat.
i can remember. most of the time being younger i spend in the kitchen. because it was the center of our house, because it was the warmest. i used to read there, novels, learn everything and nothing about cameras. and in between watched my parents cooking. my dad who had on and off huge flames in the kitchen, appearing and disappearing without any scream, him talking about the importance of the bubble for scrumble eggs and the right kind of fat for making potatos in the pan as cross and tasty as they are.
i always watched. the first time i made pasta by myself was when i was long over 20. still cooking now is a very rare occasion. but i love to think about food, and talk, and why one things works and not.
guess if i got something form my family than the interest for food.
today it was the day for having a buffet. mum's day. this is what i love about food. think creatively about food. same same but different. fine tast not over spiced. fresh and divers. and all in a day.
it is a bit of a success, concept and development. i am a bit proud.


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