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Le Kremlin-Bicêtre  () est une commune française de la métropole du Grand Paris, située dans le département du Val-de-Marne en région Île-de-France.

Ses habitants sont appelés les Kremlinois.

Géographie

Situation

Le Kremlin-Bicêtre est une commune de la petite couronne de Paris. Elle se trouve au sud-est de la capitale, au niveau de la porte d'Italie.

Communes limitrophes

Géologie, relief et hydrographie
Aucun cours d'eau ne traverse la commune.

Le territoire de la commune s'étage de 45 à , avec une déclivité liée à la vallée de la Bièvre dont le cours traverse la commune voisine de Gentilly.

Son sous-sol est partiellement constitué de calcaire lutétien, qui fit l'objet d'extractions notamment pour servir de matériaux de construction. On trouve également des terrains gypsifères en affleurement.

Voies de communication et transports
Le Kremlin-Bicêtre est la première commune traversée par la route nationale 7 en partant du nord, qui va de Paris (porte d'Italie) jusqu'en Italie (ville frontalière de Menton) et qui s'étend sur environ .

Elle est accessible également par le boulevard périphérique parisien et l'A6b.

Elle est desservie par les transports en commun de la RATP :

 Métro :
 Ligne 7 (La Courneuve - 8 mai 1945 / Villejuif - Louis Aragon) : station « Le Kremlin-Bicêtre »
 Réseau de bus RATP :
 Ligne 47 : Châtelet / Fort du Kremlin-Bicêtre
 Ligne 125 : Porte d'Orléans / École vétérinaire de Maisons-Alfort
 Ligne 131 : Porte d'Italie / Mairie de Chevilly-Larue - Théâtre ou Rungis - La Fraternelle RER - Tramway
 Ligne 185 : Porte d'Italie / Choisy-Général Leclerc via Choisy-le-Roi RER
 Ligne 186 : Porte d'Italie / Fresnes - Rond-Point Roosevelt
 Ligne 323 : Châtillon-Montrouge Métro / Ivry-sur-Seine - Gambetta
 Réseau de bus Valouette (réseau de proximité du Val de Bièvre)
 Ligne v6 : Navette de proximité du Kremlin-Bicêtre, ligne circulaire au départ de Leclerc-Thomas
 Noctilien
 Ligne N15 : Gabriel Péri - Asnières - Gennevilliers / Villejuif - Louis Aragon
 Ligne N22 : Châtelet - Juvisy RER

La ligne T3a dessert à distance la commune à la station Porte d'Italie, située sur le territoire du 13ème arrondissement de Paris.

La station Hôpital Bicêtre de la ligne 14 du métro de Paris devrait ouvrir en 2024.

Urbanisme

Typologie
Le Kremlin-Bicêtre est une commune urbaine, car elle fait partie des communes denses ou de densité intermédiaire, au sens de la grille communale de densité de l'Insee.
Elle appartient à l'unité urbaine de Paris, une agglomération inter-départementale regroupant  et  en 2017, dont elle est une commune de la banlieue.

Par ailleurs la commune fait partie de l'aire d'attraction de Paris, dont elle est une commune du pôle principal. Cette aire regroupe .

Morphologie urbaine

Occupation des sols simplifiée
Le territoire de la commune se compose en 2017 de 0 % d'espaces agricoles, forestiers et naturels, 9,88 % d'espaces ouverts artificialisés et 90,12 % d'espaces construits artificialisés

Habitat et logement
En 2018, le nombre total de logements dans la commune était de , alors qu'il était de  en 2013 et de  en 2008.

Parmi ces logements, 89,9 % étaient des résidences principales, 2,6 % des résidences secondaires et 7,6 % des logements vacants. Ces logements étaient pour 4,9 % d'entre eux des maisons individuelles et pour 94,4 % des appartements.

Le tableau ci-dessous présente la typologie des logements au Le Kremlin-Bicêtre en 2018 en comparaison avec celle du Val-de-Marne et de la France entière. Une caractéristique marquante du parc de logements est ainsi une proportion de résidences secondaires et logements occasionnels (2,6 %) supérieure à celle du département (1,8 %) et à celle de la France entière (9,7 %). Concernant le statut d'occupation de ces logements, 28,2 % des habitants de la commune sont propriétaires de leur logement (25,3 % en 2013), contre 45 % pour le Val-de-Marne et 57,5 pour la France entière.

La commune respecte les prescriptions de l'article 55 de la loi SRU, qui imposent à certaines communes de disposer d'au moins 25 % de logements sociaux, puisque leur nombre est passé de  en 2008 (30,1 % du parc des résidences principales) à  en 2018 (31,7 %).

Toponymie
Le nom « Kremlin » vient de l'enseigne d'une auberge, Au Sergent du Kremlin, souvenir de la campagne de Russie en 1812. Ce nom apparaît sur les cartes en 1832 et est officialisé à la création de la commune en 1896.

« Bicêtre », en vieux français bissêtre que l'on retrouve utilisé par Molière dans L'Étourdi en 1658, signifie « triste sort, infortune ». Ce toponyme semble dériver d'un ancien manoir, maintenant disparu le Petit Winchester, francisé Vincestre, puis Bicestre, puis par déformation Bissêtre (Bicêtre), qui signifie « malheur » en vieux français, le manoir ayant été incendié par les Bourguignons.

Histoire

Du Moyen Âge au  : le château de Bicêtre

Au Moyen Âge, le territoire de l'actuelle commune relevait de la paroisse de Gentilly.

Jusqu'au , l'histoire du Kremlin-Bicêtre se confond avec celle du domaine qui va devenir le château puis l'hôpital de Bicêtre. Il s'agissait d'ailleurs probablement durant cette période du seul bâtiment sur ce territoire.

Le premier propriétaire mentionné en cet endroit est Pierre le Queux qui possédait un domaine, La Grange-aux-Queulx qui lui aurait été offert par .

Vers 1250, le domaine est racheté par  qui, voulant favoriser le développement des institutions monastiques, y installa une colonie de chartreux. Ceux-ci abandonnèrent le bâtiment quelques années plus tard pour aller s'installer au castel Vauvert (à l'emplacement actuel du jardin du Luxembourg dans Paris).

La Grange-aux-Queulx, complètement abandonnée, devient le refuge de voleurs, de vagabonds. En 1286, il n'en reste plus que des ruines rachetée par Jean de Pontoise, évêque de Winchester, qui y fait construire un château. Celui-ci aurait ensuite été baptisé par déformation Vinchestre, Bichestre puis Bicêtre. Il est également possible qu'il ait été appelé Biberis Castra « château de la Bièvre », ce qui aurait donné le nom de Bicêtre.

Le château a ensuite plusieurs fois changé de mains : confisqué en 1294 par Philippe le Bel dans les guerres avec le roi d'Angleterre , rendu ensuite à son propriétaire, il est vendu en 1304 au comte de Savoie,  qui le revend en 1346 à Philippe d'Orléans, fils du roi .

La guerre de Cent Ans est fatale à la demeure qui est brûlée en 1371 lors d'une invasion anglaise, par les mercenaires de Robert Knolles. Le domaine est ensuite cédé en 1385 par  à , dont le fils cède les ruines en 1400 à . Celui-ci le fit alors rebâtir sous la forme d'une véritable forteresse.

Éclate alors en 1410 une guerre civile entre Armagnacs et Bourguignons. Le château de Bicêtre sert de base au duc de Berry, les ligueurs assiégeant Paris. Un traité de paix est finalement signé en  sous le nom de paix de Bicêtre.

Malgré ce traité, les rivalités subsistent et à la suite d'une émeute populaire, une bande armée vient incendier le château de Bicêtre en 1411.

Du  au  : l'hospice de Bicêtre

En 1632,  ordonne la destruction des ruines du château et la construction d'un hôpital destiné initialement aux militaires blessés, qui se trouvaient auparavant rue de Lourcine dans l'hôpital établi par .

L'hôpital sert brièvement à recevoir les enfants trouvés recueillis par Vincent de Paul puis devient successivement ou à la fois hospice, prison d'État et asile d'aliénés. Les conditions de vie y sont épouvantables.

Le  voit un progrès pour tous les déchus rassemblés à Bicêtre grâce notamment à l'action de Philippe Pinel et Jean-Baptiste Pussin, qui améliorent le sort des aliénés. La Révolution permit par ailleurs de libérer tous les prisonniers internés sans jugement.

Le  : création de la commune
Jusqu'à la fin du , à part l'hôpital, le territoire de ce qui correspond actuellement à la commune du Kremlin-Bicêtre est essentiellement couvert par des champs.

Durant le Premier Empire, beaucoup de soldats blessés lors de la campagne de Russie auraient été hospitalisés à Bicêtre. Il se fonde, près de l'hospice, un cabaret à l'enseigne du Kremlin ou Au Sergent du Kremlin, qui donne son nom à la petite agglomération qui se développe progressivement autour de l'hôpital à partir de 1830.

En 1841, le principe de la construction d'une enceinte autour de Paris est adopté. Cette enceinte fortifiée, dite « enceinte de Thiers », est entourée de forts dont celui de Bicêtre, construit entre 1841 et 1845. Il sert de prison en 1851 pour quelques opposants au coup d'État du .

Le territoire de la commune actuelle du Kremlin-Bicêtre se développe alors et bénéficie notamment, après l'annexion de 1860, de l'afflux des Parisiens, comme les autres agglomérations suburbaines.
On trouve alors sur ce territoire des carrières de calcaires grossiers à ciel ouvert, dans les coteaux de la Bièvre et, dans la vallée, des carrières d'argile. De nombreuses entreprises se développent alors : une peausserie, une briqueterie, des entreprises de travaux publics, etc.
L'urbanisation progresse également : l'avenue de Fontainebleau, bordée d'entreprises de transport (dépôts de tramways et d'omnibus) et d'immeubles de rapport, est le lieu d'un important marché tandis qu'à l'arrière, et jusqu'à l'hospice, se développe un habitat pavillonnaire.

Des projets de séparation d'avec Gentilly commencent alors à germer. Après diverses péripéties, celle-ci est accordée en .

Les s : de la naissance du Kremlin-Bicêtre à nos jours
L'histoire de la ville est liée, au début du , à celle du mouvement ouvrier.
Les familles qui s'installent à cette époque au Kremlin-Bicêtre sont souvent modestes.

 Le premier maire, Eugène Thomas, élu en 1897, issu du mouvement coopératif, est un socialiste disciple d'Auguste Blanqui.
Il applique rapidement une politique anticléricale avec, en 1897 un arrêté interdisant les processions religieuses sur la voie publique, puis, en 1900, un nouvel arrêté interdisant le port de la soutane. Toutefois, la justice de paix de Villejuif, devant qui étaient portées les affaires, acquittait les contrevenants et cet arrêt fut annulé pour vice de forme peu de temps après.

Plus durablement, plusieurs rues sont rebaptisées avec des références à la Révolution française (rue Danton, rue du Quatorze-Juillet, rue de la Convention), des penseurs républicains (Gambetta, Carnot, etc.) ou des figures de la Commune de Paris (Charles Delescluze, Élisée Reclus, Louis Rossel, etc.).

Une mairie est construite en 1903.

De nouvelles industries s'implantent au début du siècle dans la ville, autour de l'avenue de Fontainebleau : notamment l'entreprise de charcuterie Géo, en 1913. Ses dirigeants et notamment son fondateur Georges Foucault, mènent une politique sociale et paternaliste. L'établissement propose ainsi à ses employés une cantine et une crèche dans le site ainsi que des logements, des jardins ouvriers et un stade. À son apogée, l'entreprise occupe  de terrain et emploie  qui transforment  par heure. L'entreprise, rachetée par le groupe Madrange, a ensuite été transférée dans les Yvelines et remplacée par un centre commercial.

Eugène Thomas réélu plusieurs fois reste maire jusqu'à sa mort en 1919. Il est remplacé par Georges Gérard, également socialiste. Au congrès de Tours en 1920, ce dernier adhère au parti communiste, puis le quitte en 1923, pour rejoindre l'Union socialiste communiste (parti qui rejoindra ensuite la SFIO).

 La ville voit alors se développer un habitat précaire proche du bidonville, notamment dans la zone des fortifications. La mairie encourage alors la construction de logements sociaux (les HBM), à partir des années 1920. Plusieurs lotissements sont également édifiés.

Au cours de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, le maire, Georges Gérard, prête allégeance au maréchal Pétain et reste ainsi en fonction. Il sera abattu dans son bureau à la Libération, par des résistants.

En 1945, le communiste Gabriel Brion est élu maire et le reste jusqu'en 1947, remplacé par Antoine Lacroix, élu sous l'étiquette SFIO, qui sera maire jusqu'à sa mort en 1983.  Decimo lui succède jusqu'en 1995. La municipalité est ensuite conquise par le chevènementiste Jean-Luc Laurent. Sous ses différents mandats, la ville a vu l'arrivée du centre commercial Okabé en 2010 et l'ouverture de la médiathèque l'Écho, deux ans plus tard. Un espace vert ouvert au public est créé, le parc Pinel.

En , après avoir exercé pendant  la fonction de maire, Jean-Luc Laurent annonce sa démission. Son premier-adjoint, Jean-Marc Nicolle, ancien conducteur de métro, lui succède le . Conseiller municipal depuis 1995, il est également conseiller régional d'Île-de-France depuis 2010 et conseiller métropolitain à la métropole du Grand Paris.

La commune du Kremlin-Bicêtre est membre de la métropole du Grand Paris depuis le . Elle accueillera l'une des nouvelles gares de la ligne 14 du Grand Paris Express, Kremlin-Bicêtre hôpital.

Politique et administration

Rattachements administratifs et électoraux
Antérieurement à la loi du , la commune faisait partie depuis sa création en 1896 du département de la Seine. La réorganisation de la région parisienne en 1964 fit que la commune appartient désormais au département du Val-de-Marne et à son arrondissement de L'Haÿ-les-Roses, après un transfert administratif effectif au . Pour l'élection des députés, elle fait partie de la dixième circonscription du Val-de-Marne.

Lors de sa création, la commune faisait partie du canton de Villejuif du département de la Seine. En 1967, avec la création du Val-de-Marne, la commune devient le chef-lieu du canton du Kremlin-Bicêtre, dont la composition est modifiée à plusieurs reprises. Dans le cadre du redécoupage cantonal de 2014 en France, ce canton, dont la commune est désormais le bureau centralisateur, est modifié et comprend la totalité des deux communes du Krémlin-Bicêtre et de Gentilly.

Intercommunalité
La commune était membre de la communauté d'agglomération de Val de Bièvre, créée en 2000.

Dans le cadre de la mise en œuvre de la volonté gouvernementale de favoriser le développement du centre de l'agglomération parisienne comme pôle mondial est créée, le , la métropole du Grand Paris (MGP), à laquelle la commune a été intégrée.

La loi portant nouvelle organisation territoriale de la République du  (loi NOTRe) prévoit également la création le  d'établissements publics territoriaux (EPT), qui regroupent l'ensemble des communes de la métropole à l'exception de Paris, et assurent des fonctions de proximité en matière de politique de la ville, d'équipements culturels, socioculturels, socio-éducatifs et sportifs, d'eau et assainissement, de gestion des déchets ménagers et d'action sociale, et exerçant également les compétences que les communes avaient transférées aux intercommunalités supprimées.

La commune fait donc également partie depuis le  de l'établissement public territorial Grand-Orly Seine Bièvre, créé par décret du , qui succède à l'ex-communauté d'agglomération de Val de Bièvre.

Tendances politiques et résultats

La municipalité est fortement ancrée à gauche, à sa création, avec des premiers maires issus du mouvement ouvrier. Elle le restera jusque dans les années 1970. Le maire, Antoine Lacroix, qui avait été élu sous l'étiquette SFIO puis PS, rompt en effet en 1972 avec ce parti (lors de la signature du programme commun avec le parti communiste), pour rejoindre le Parti social-démocrate (qui fusionne ensuite avec l'UDF).

Son successeur, Claudine Decimo, est élu en 1983 sous l'étiquette du RPR, faisant temporairement basculer la municipalité à droite.

Cependant, dès 1988, le siège de la dixième circonscription du Val-de-Marne, à laquelle est nouvellement attaché le Kremlin-Bicêtre est remporté par le parti communiste qui le conserve jusqu'en 2012. Aux élections législatives de cette année, le maire du Kremlin-Bicêtre, Jean-Luc Laurent, est élu député de la circonscription.

En 1995, Jean-Luc Laurent (MDC) remporte la mairie et est réélu aux scrutins suivants.

Les élections régionales sont ensuite également systématiquement remportées dans la commune par les candidats de gauche. La candidate du PS arrive en tête aux premiers et deuxième tours de l'élection présidentielle de 2007.

Lors des élections municipales des 23 et , la liste d'union de la gauche, conduite par Jean-Luc Laurent remporte les élections avec 55,34 % des voix.

Lors du second tour des élections municipales le , la liste MRC-GRS-PS-GE-PP-RDG menée par Jean-Luc Laurent  remporte la majorité des suffrages exprimés, avec  (34,24 %, 24 conseillers municipaux élus dont 1 métropolitain), devançant légèrement les listes menées respectivement par :
- le maire sortant Jean-Marc Nicolle  (DVG (ex-MRC)-MDC-PRG, , 6 conseillers municipaux élus) ;
- Lionel Zinciroglu  (LREM-MoDem  , 5 conseillers municipaux élus) ;
lors d'un scrutin marqué par la pandémie de Covid-19 en France où 62,03 % des électeurs se sont abstenus.

Ces résultats de l'élection municipale de 2020 ont été contestés par l'équipe du maire battu et par celle du candidat Lionel Zinciroglu. Le Tribunal administratif de Melun les a annulées le  en raison de la diffusion tardive d'un tract anonyme, dans un contexte marqué par un très faible écart entre les trois listes en présence au second tour. Le Conseil d'État, saisi par  Jean-Marc Nicolle, a  toutefois annulé le   le jugement du  tribunal administratif, jugeant que les irrégularités alléguées, et notamment la diffusion tardive d'un tract, n'avaient pas porté atteinte à la sincérité scrutin de 2020, qui sont donc définitivement validés.

Liste des maires

Politique de développement durable
Un ramassage sélectif des ordures ménagères est organisé par l'intercommunalité.

La commune dispose d'assez peu d'espaces verts au regard de sa population. Le seul parc d'une surface importante est le parc Pinel ().

Jumelages
Le Kremlin-Bicêtre n'est jumelé avec aucune autre commune.

Population et société

Démographie

Évolution démographique

La population de la commune a connu une croissance continue de sa création jusqu'au début des années 1930. Une nette régression s'est alors manifestée, comme dans d'autres communes des environs de Paris, avec une décroissance jusqu'au milieu des années 1940, suivie d'une hausse continue jusqu'à la fin des années 1960, puis une nouvelle baisse dans les années 1970, due à la désindustrialisation. La croissance a ensuite repris de façon continue, à partir des années 1980.

Pyramide des âges
La population de la commune est relativement jeune.
En 2018, le taux de personnes d'un âge inférieur à  s'élève à 41,4 %, soit au-dessus de la moyenne départementale (39,5 %). À l'inverse, le taux de personnes d'âge supérieur à  est de 18,0 % la même année, alors qu'il est de 19,9 % au niveau départemental.

En 2018, la commune comptait  pour , soit un taux de 51,55 % de femmes, légèrement inférieur au taux départemental (51,91 %).

Les pyramides des âges de la commune et du département s'établissent comme suit.

Autres éléments
On notera que la densité de population de la commune est très élevée : près de  par km, en moyenne, alors même que l'emprise de l'hôpital et du fort sont importantes.

Par ailleurs, en 2006, 53 % de la population non scolarisée de 15 ans et plus a un diplôme au moins égal au baccalauréat.

Enseignement

Enseignement primaire et secondaire en 2010
 Écoles primaires :
 Benoit-Malon
 Pierre-Brossolette
 Charles-Péguy
 Jeanne-d'Arc : établissement privé
 Collèges :
 Albert-Cron : établissement public, 380 élèves
 Jean-Perrin : établissement public, 301 élèves
 Jeanne-d'Arc : établissement privé
 Lycées :
 Darius-Milhaud : établissement public, ; section générale, technologique et professionnelle ; 7 bâtiments
 Pierre-Brossolette, 506 élèves

Enseignement supérieur en 2010
 Faculté de médecine de l'université Paris-Sud (devenue université Paris-Saclay en 2020), au CHU Bicêtre
 L'Institut de Formation en soins infirmiers, au CHU Bicêtre
 Une école d'ingénieurs : l'école pour l'informatique et les techniques avancées (EPITA)
 Une école d'expertise technologique : l'école pour l'informatique et les nouvelles technologies (EPITECH)
 La Coding Academy
 La Web@cademie

Manifestations culturelles et festivités
Le festival RussenKo, organisé par la ville du Kremlin-Bicêtre, est consacré aux arts et cultures russe et russophones. Il se déroule chaque dernier week-end de janvier depuis 2010.

Deux festivals sont organisés tous les ans au mois de mai par deux associations étudiante du campus de l'EPITA: Epitanime, convention sur l'animation et Prologin, la finale du concours national de programmation.

Par ailleurs, certaines représentations de festivals du Val-de-Marne se tiennent chaque année à l'ECAM (Espace culturel André-Malraux) : notamment le festival sons d'hiver et la biennale nationale de danse du Val-de-Marne.

En 2021, la Ville a initié un festival annuel d'art de rue, les Art'dentes, en partenariat avec l'ECAM.

Santé
La ville abrite un important centre hospitalier : l'hôpital Bicêtre.

Sports
La commune dispose de nombreux équipements sportifs :
 un stade de football avec une piste d'athlétisme (stade des Esselières) ;
 une piscine intercommunale, gérée par l'EPT 12 Grand-Orly-Seine-Bièvre ;
 trois gymnases municipaux : le gymnase Jacques-Ducasse, la Halle des Sports et le CO.S.E.C. Elisabeth-et-Vincent-Purkart).
En outre, plusieurs associations opèrent au Kremlin-Bicêtre sur la pratique sportive :
 Le CSAKB (Club Sportif et Athlétique du Kremlin-Bicêtre), club omnisports de la ville, qui comprend 17 sections (notamment le football, le handball, la gymnastique, et l'escrime) ;
 L'USKB (Union Sportive du Kremlin-Bicêtre), qui regroupe les pratiquants du tennis de table ;
 Le Kremlin-Bicêtre United (club de football en salle) ;
 Citoyenneté Active, association qui propose à présent des cours de zumba, gravity, mix-fitness, step, danse, self-défense, capoeira et pilates.

Médias
La ville publie un magazine mensuel, Le Mag''' (anciennement Le Kremlinois, puis ADNKb), qui présente l'actualité de la ville.

 Cultes
La commune comprend deux églises celle de la Sainte-Famille et celle du Saint-Curé-d'Ars, un temple, une synagogue, une salle du royaume des Témoins de Jéhovah et un lieu de prière pour les musulmans. Le lieu de sépulture de la commune est le cimetière du Kremlin-Bicêtre.

 Économie
 Revenus de la population et fiscalité
En 2009, les taux d'imposition aux taxes locales étaient de :
 20,95 % pour la taxe d'habitation dont 13,96 % pour la commune,
 38,17 % pour la taxe foncière dont 23,20 % pour la commune,
 23,31 % pour la taxe professionnelle (pas de taux communal).

Ces taux n'ont pas augmenté entre 2008 et 2009 pour la part communale, après une forte augmentation du taux communal de taxe foncière en 2007 (de 4 points).

En 2010, le revenu fiscal médian par ménage était de 30 308 €, ce qui plaçait Le Kremlin-Bicêtre au 13 481 rang parmi les  de plus de 39 ménages en métropole.

 Emploi
En 2006 les actifs représentaient 75,8 % de la population avec un taux de chômage de 8,4 % et la majeure partie de la population (plus de 80 %) travaillait en dehors de la commune.

Depuis la fermeture des dernières grandes entreprises industrielles de la ville (notamment l'usine de salaisons Géo en 1997), la très grande majorité des Kremlinois est employée dans le secteur tertiaire, à 94 %.

L'employeur le plus important de la commune est l'hôpital Bicêtre.

La ville accueille également la direction centrale interarmées des réseaux d'infrastructure des systèmes d'information de la Défense.

 Entreprises et commerces
La commune comprend, outre de nombreux petits commerces, quatre supermarchés et un centre commercial comprenant un hypermarché.

 Culture locale et patrimoine
 Lieux et monuments
La commune est récente (1896), le patrimoine architectural est donc réduit. On notera cependant :
 L'hôpital Bicêtre : certains bâtiments sont du
 L'hôtel de ville : construit en 1903 par Henri Rebersat (architecte) et Forest (sculpteur), construit pour affirmer l'identité de la nouvelle commune. Il a été versé en 1997 à l'inventaire général des Monuments historiques. Cet établissement accueille un monument aux morts de la guerre de 1914-1918, construit dans l'escalier sous la forme d'une verrière commémorative, installée en 1920 par Charles Champigneulle, maître verrier.
 Le fort de Bicêtre : Il fait partie des seize forts détachés du dispositif de protection de Paris.

 Équipements culturels

La commune dispose d'une salle de spectacle : l'ECAM (espace culturel André-Malraux) d'un conservatoire (danse, musique et théâtre) et d'une médiathèque, « l'Écho », ouverte en 2012.

 Personnalités liées à la commune
 Suzanne Flon est une comédienne française, née le  au Kremlin-Bicêtre et morte le  à Paris.
 John Christoforou (1921-2014), artiste peintre expressionniste appartenant au courant de la Nouvelle figuration, vécut au Kremlin-Bicêtre de 1957 à sa mort.
 Kamelancien, rappeur français qui a débuté en 1993 dans le milieu du rap.
 Lazare Ponticelli (1897-2008), le dernier poilu français, dernier combattant français, survivant de la Première Guerre mondiale.
 André Lamarre, Résistant pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale, fusillé au Mont Valérien.
 Vincent Purkart, 7 fois champion de France de tennis de table (dont 2 fois en simples en 1964 et 1965). 11 fois champion de France par équipes avec l'US Kremlin Bicêtre. 111 sélections en équipe de France. Créateur du show Secrétin-Purkart, spectacle humoristique de tennis de table.
Farid Dms Debah, (1976-), réalisateur et producteur de cinéma. Il a notamment tourné plusieurs séquences de son film Art'n Acte Production à la mairie et a obtenu la Médaille d'Honneur de la ville en 2005.
Laurent Maistret, (1982 -), mannequin, et vainqueur des émissions Koh-Lanta : La nouvelle édition en 2014, et Danse avec les Stars en 2016. Il est animateur depuis  de l'émission On n'est pas que des cobayes'' sur France 5.

Héraldique, logotype et devise

Voir aussi

Bibliographie
  ; rééd. Ville du Kremlin-Bicêtre et éditions de l'Atelier, 2013,

Articles connexes

 Liste des communes du Val-de-Marne

Liens externes

 Site de la mairie
 .

 .

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Site de l'Insee

Autres sources

Commune dans le Val-de-Marne
Forum métropolitain du Grand Paris
Commune desservie par le métro de Paris
Unité urbaine de Paris
Aire urbaine de Paris
Commune dans l'ancien département de la Seine


This weekend, we celebrated Harper's third birthday! I know I will continue to say this every year, but I really can't believe how fast time flies. We had a really long week with both girls being very sick, so it was such a relief for them to wake up feeling better by Sunday. Their health & happiness is all that matters, I was thanking God to have both by the end of the weekend!
Harper asked for a princess party, she wanted lots of tutus & a sparkly wand. So I decided to gather up a few of her favorite skirts from her closet & use them as inspiration for colors & decorations. The party was small, we had family & a few of her friends come over to play dress up. Harper asked for a pink cake with sprinkles & she was so excited for the big number 3 sparkler wand on top! I made these strawberry sandwich cookies, vanilla bean cupcakes & some raspberry sorbet punch. Lots of sweets, but nothing could be as sweet as the birthday girl!! She had the best day ever & probably changed her tutu ten times throughout the day.
Along with all of Harper's fun tutus & dresses for the girls to play with, we also got some glitter glue pens & poms for them to make their own crowns. I just cut them out of a roll of kraft paper, it was so cute watching Harper use glitter pens for the first time, although I will definitely be picking sparkles out of my carpet for years to come.
We sang Happy Birthday, she made her wish & blew out her candle. And then immediately sneezed on her cake. So we all ate cupcakes instead. I love this picture & her sweet little smile!!
After birthday cake, Harper & her friend Veronica put on their Ana & Elsa Frozen dresses so they could have a little dance party. Maybe the cutest thing ever!
The weather was so beautiful, so we got to hang outside for the rest of the afternoon. Harper got a big girl bike for her birthday so she had lots of fun riding it & ringing the bell. Brandon was definitely the most proud dad in the world teaching her to ride it. We can't wait to continue her birthday celebration this week with our trip to Disney!! Happy almost third birthday Harper Eve!
So cute! I am doing a princess/knight party for my little's 1st bday!
Her little gold dress is so cute! Turning 3 is the best for excitement at birthday parties. I have a photo of my oldest when she turned three jumping up and down ecstatically at every present she received. Have fun at Disney!
Happy Birthday Harper! Looks like yall had an amazing party! Have a great time at Disney!!
It looks like you all had such a great time. Everything looked gorgeous as always.
Awwww what a cute party!!!! Hope you guys have a wonderful time at Disney!! Also, in the family pic…Harper's arm is around Eloise's, so precious!!!!
Happy Birthday Harper! The birthday decorations are so cute, Nice work!
Her birthday looks perfect! Was she stoked to hear about Disney? I hope you have a great time can't wait to hear about it! Love your suede booties!
Happy Birthday, Harper! What a sweetheart. Great job on the party too Jessica, everything's beautiful.
True story: as pandora played be our guest, I scrolled over ur print…how weird is that?
Adorable Jess! I look forward to seeing what you come up with every year for Harper's birthday 🙂 I've been following since before Harper was born and I can't believe how fast time has gone. Happy almost birthday Harper Eve!!
First off, LOVE how Harper has her arm around Eloise in the family picture. So Cute! Also, I feel like I was just reading her first birthday party blog post yesterday! Time goes too fast.
Where did you get your punch bowl and serving sets? Absolutely loved them!
so beautiful! it's crazy how fast time does fly. i'll have a 5 year old in a few weeks!
She's always the cutest and I love little Ellie!
Eloise is so beautiful in that little dress!
How fun!!! It was crazy nice out Sunday…perfect birthday party weather! Have fun at Disney!
Darling and such a precious photo of her and her friend! I can't wait to hear all about your Disney adventure!
Such a cute family and happy birthday to Harper! I have enjoyed following your journey from the very beginning! I look forward to your posts each time! Enjoy Disney this weekend, I live in Orlando—grew up in Iowa as well–Pella girl here 😉 —-and the weather was just perfect last weekend, hopefully it continues for you!
What a perfect princess party! Happy Birthday Harper! Hope you have an amazing Disney trip!
We had two sick kids around here too. I'm glad the girls were feeling better for the party. It looks like it was a fabulous party, and I love that the tutus were the inspiration and used as decor. So perfect for a three year old girl.
So sweet! I got my hubby a set of those sparkler candles for his birthday in December, just because I knew Sadie would flip over them…and I was right…her mind was blown! Birthday cakes will require "fireworks" from now on 😉 Have a great trip to Disney!
where is your pink shirt from?
What a perfect party! Where did you get the sparkler candles and the 3 balloon?! Thanks!!
It seems like you just had her second birthday party! Wow, time flies. You always do such a beautiful job with parties.
How sweet! What was Harper's reaction when you told her about Disney?
Where is the sparkler candle from?
I love everything about this!! Everything looks beautiful. I can't wait to see pics of Disney!! Happy birthday sweet girl!!
Your parties are always a mega hit! You make it all look so gorgeous. Maybe next time you should have an EAT cake for everyone…and then maybe a SNEEZE cake for the candle moment. Hysterical! And the family pic is awesome. You are glowing! Harper is beautiful. Her hair is perfect in this pic. And I think she looks so much like her dad in most pics…but she looks so much like you here. Have fun at Disney! And Happy Birthday Harper!!!!!
Did you tell her you're going to Disney??
Happy Birthday Harper! Where did the gold 3 balloon come from? Also the sparkler candle? Thanks!
I'm so envious at your ability to throw such a gorgeous party with minimal decor/food! I always go all out and still feel like it's inadequate. Simply gorgeous. I am totally obsessed with that family photo! Harper's arm around Eloise is the sweetest thing EVER!
Such a beautiful celebration! I cant wait to read all about Disney!
So cute! Love the simple, yet pretty decor. Happy Birthday to your sweet girl!
Princess party! That sounds like a fun one to plan. It looks like the girls had a great time. Happy Bday Harper.
Happy birthday Harper! I love Eloise's gold bow dress. So cute!
Gosh, this part is perfection! The decor + cake + the super cute outfits for the girls!! I hope I could do something similar for my little girl.
hey sara! I've seen the candles at swoozies.
I have to laugh – I was a regular reader of your blog and life got busy and its been quite awhile. Eloise was a few months old last I read so when I popped on tonight I was so surprised to see #3 was on the way! Congratulations! The two of you make beautiful little ladies!
oh that last picture of Harper wrapping her hand around Eloise.. i just melted!! Adorable birthday party, love how you can take anything and make a theme out of it.
I was hoping for a video with Haper's reaction to the Disney news. How excited was/is she?!
I love the idea to use the tutu's as a backdrop! I think every mama has those "time flies" moments…every birthday, every month marker, every milestone. It's bittersweet 🙂 And I love Eloise's LHS dress…one of my fave lines for little's! Xo Chelsea play. wash. rinse. repeat.
I can't believe our babies are going to be three. I'm an emotional mess this week I'm not going to lie!
Happy Birthday Harper! My little girl will be 3 in April, and we are taking her to Disney as well! We are so very excited! We also just found out we are expecting our second baby! Hope you guys have a blast!
Happy Birthday to your sweet girl! It looks like she had a great party!
Happy Birthday Harper!!! I love all the colors. I read your blog and I love that you have girl because I have four and its so fun.
Summer party ideas do not need to be complicated or take much of your time. A holiday party is a great way to gather a group of friends for an intimate and casual event. You just need to be creative in planning the party.
So adorable! I love her cake! What a beautiful family!
Your party is awesome. I really enjoyed this while reading.
Bricks 4 Kidz Singapore offers an unique educational LEGO® model building for children between the ages of 3 to 12 years old. Bricks 4 Kidz is the highly popular children's edutainment program from the United States is now in Singapore!Bricks 4 Kidz offers an unique educational LEGO® model building for children between the ages of 3 to 12 years old. There is no homework. It is a creative environment where kids benefit intellectually through quality play and most importantly, fun! We serve Creative Enrichment for Children, Birthday Parties, Kids at Work Events, Junior and Advanced Robotics, LEGO freeplay and Creativity.


text:
All-Crimes DNA Law A Powerful Tool To Help Protect New Yorkers
Originally Posted: March 16, 2012
Southampton - New York State Senator Kenneth P. LaValle (R-C-I, Port Jefferson) announced that the State Senate has voted to approve legislation that will implement the largest expansion of the State's DNA databank since it was first created in 1994.
The databank expansion, which has been agreed to by Governor Andrew Cuomo and the State Assembly, will help close thousands of unsolved cases, bring justice to crime victims, and help prevent dangerous criminals from committing additional crimes.
The Senate Republican Majority has led the effort to expand the databank, garnering strong public backing for the proposal through a series of on-line petitions and public events. Several thousand citizens from communities across the state signed on in support of the measure.
"By dramatically expanding the DNA databank, we are providing police and district attorneys with a powerful tool to solve crimes, prosecute sexual predators, and keep dangerous criminals off our streets," Senator LaValle said.
The Senate previously approved a DNA databank expansion bill last year with the strong support of district attorneys and crime victims' advocates from throughout the state. Governor Andrew Cuomo also included a similar measure as part of his 2012 Executive Budget, and the Senate passed a bill in January that mirrored his proposal.
The new legislation requires anyone convicted of a felony or penal law misdemeanor to provide a DNA sample - dramatically expanding the information pool used by law enforcement and prosecutors.
Since its inception, the State's DNA databank has transformed criminal investigations and prosecutions to make them more accurate and effective, in addition to helping exonerate the innocent.
However, up to this point DNA has only been collected from fewer than half of convicted criminals because the previous law did not include certain crimes. This hampered the ability of law enforcement to solve crimes, and enabled some criminals to remain free to commit additional acts of violence.
Hamptons Politics: Linda Kabot Runs For Southampton Town Seat
"The Mistress of Monticello" To Debut At The Southampton Cultural Center
Gurney's Is For Lovers…All Lovers Of Any Sexual Persuasion This Valentine's Day!
Help Sooth Flu Like Symptoms With Kiss My Face

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Шипова́тое () — поселок,
Шиповатский сельский совет,
Великобурлукский район,
Харьковская область.

Код КОАТУУ — 6321486006. Население по переписи 2001 г. составляет 79 (36/43 м/ж) человек.

Географическое положение
Посёлок Шиповатое находится на раст в 1 км от села Шиповатое, железнодорожная станция Шиповатое, рядом небольшой лесной массив (дуб).

История
 1931 - дата основания.

Ссылки
 Сайт Верховной рады Украины

Населённые пункты Великобурлукского района

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Joel Berry was one of three North Carolina basketball players to declare for the NBA draft on Sunday. But after just two days of testing the waters, the junior point guard has decided to jump back to the safety of dry land. Berry announced Tuesday that he has decided to withdraw his name from the draft and return to school for his senior season. His return gives the Tar Heels a major boost as they look to defend the national championship they won in Phoenix earlier this month. "After speaking to my family I have decided to withdraw from the 2017 Draft and will return to Carolina next season," Berry said in a statement. "I know I can continue to improve my game and be better prepared for the NBA after another year playing against the best college competition in the country. There's no reason to rush leaving school. I love being a Tar Heel and love playing for Carolina and Coach (Roy) Williams." Despite playing on two sprained ankles, Berry earned Most Outstanding Player honors after recording game-high totals of 22 points and six assists in UNC's 71-65 national championship victory against Gonzaga. In doing so, he became only the seventh man in NCAA history to score 20 or more points in consecutive national title games. The 6-foot Florida native ranked second on the Tar Heels in scoring at 14.7 points, while leading the team with 138 assists, 53 steals and a 38.3 shooting percentage from 3-point range. Berry was considered a second round pick at best if he had stayed in the draft. Although he could possibly have been helped by going through the draft process the way now former teammate Justin Jackson was a year ago, the UNC captain decided that returning to school outweighed the potential benefits of staying in the draft — even though he had until May 24 to withdraw his name from consideration. "My family and I have enjoyed every part of playing at Carolina," he said. "I am proud of what we have accomplished in my first three seasons as a Tar Heel and am excited about our team next year, the chance to continue to improve in all areas of the game and the opportunity to complete my education and earn my degree." Jackson, fellow junior Theo Pinson and freshman Tony Bradley are the other members of UNC's championship still in the draft. Pinson and Bradley have not hired an agent and have the option of returning. Jackson, the ACC Player of the Year and a projected first round pick, has indicated he intends to stay in the draft.


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text:
Bitcoin politician wants to upgrade democracy in Vermont
Yaël Ossowski 9 December, 2013 30 November, 2021
By Yaël Ossowski | Watchdog.org
When Jeremy Hansen ran for political office in 2012, he had no idea his candidacy would spark imaginations across the country.
The assistant professor of computer science at Norwich University in Northfield, Vt., ran for the Vermont state Senate for Washington County on a bold platform of using online technology to ask every citizen their view on a particular vote, a system also proposed by then independent congressional candidate Phil Dodds in central Florida.
The idea was that once they received a grand tally from constituents, they'd cast the vote according to the most favored position, a 21st century version of the delegate modelonce imagined by 18th century political philosopher Edmund Burke.
What made Hansen's democratic experiment exciting and new was not only the creative online portal that would be used to conduct a poll on all votes, nicknamed DirectRep, but also his willingness to accept a digital alternative currency, Bitcoin.
As one of the first political candidates in the country to accept Bitcoin, a highly limited cryptographic currency created by virtue of computing power and traded via peer-to-peer networks, he cemented his reputation as a new wave political actor.
"I looked at the law myself, into Vermont's general statutes, and I looked at the requirements for campaign contributions. I also examined the FEC's how-to guide," Hansen told Vermont Watchdog.
He proceeded to get formal approval from both the secretary of state and attorney general of Vermont, provided he'd immediately convert the Bitcoin into dollars and tracked who donated the dollars. He also had to abide by Vermont's contribution limits, once some of the lowest in the entire nation.
"I did get a contribution one time that was over $1,000," explained Hansen. "So I cashed it out and donated the remaining amount to charity."
In the heat of the 2012 political campaign, he was in an elite group of "Bitcoin politicians" with Mark Warden, a Republican running for the state House in New Hampshire, and Eric Olson, a Libertarian running for Congress in North Dakota.
Utilizing Bitcoin Builder, a web platform developed by Josh Jones, a co-founder of DreamHost, one of the web's biggest web hosting services, Hansen started a revolution for digital natives looking to legally donate Bitcoin as a campaign contribution.
"Is it an alternative? Yes. Is it a perfect alternative? No. It is something that deserves a little bit of thought in looking at? Yes, for sure," Hansen said.
While he ultimately didn't win his race for Vermont's Senate, he did win a seat on the select board in his local town of Berlin, where he is trying to carry through with the principles of direct democracy he outlined in his 2012 campaign.
However bullish he is on a more accountable model for democracy, the same cannot be said about his view on Bitcoin.
"The way Bitcoin is currently set up and exchanged, I don't think it's a democratizing technology. It is decentralized, but the digital divide is a real thing," he told Vermont Watchdog.
"How do you get to the people who don't have computers or internet access or don't want to engage that way? That's an unresolved question right now," he added.
"In terms of practically, decentralized peer-to-peer currencies which are not controlled and not fiat currencies, I like time banks better," said Hansen.
He mentioned the Onion River Exchange of central Vermont, which uses standard measurements of time as a method of exchange instead of paper dollars, something akin to the barter systems of early colonial times.
As far as federal campaigns, the Federal Elections Commission isn't keen about Bitcoin being donated to fund political efforts. On Nov. 21, the six-member body deadlocked on an official decision to allow the alternative digital currency into elections, effectively halting the use of Bitcoins at the federal level.
In states like Vermont, however, the jury is still out.
"Accepting Bitcoin was a way of tapping people who are interested in these kinds of technologies," admits Hansen, but he's not sure about how this will change attitudes about direct democracy.
"People were very interested in how I felt about certain things," he said. "Whether that's a relic of the way that most people perceive how democracy is supposed to work, I'm not sure. They were less smitten with this angle where you have somebody who is going to represent their constituents in this direct sort of way."
In this sense, he's willing to concede that such an "upgrade" to the idea of direct democracy would have to adopt some measures of the current representational system.
"I'm not sure a pure direct democracy would work in that context. It always has to be a sort of a hybrid," he said.
Asked about whether he still had any Bitcoin leftover from the campaign, currently trading at $838 on Mt.Gox, one of the most popular Bitcoin exchanges, Hansen gave an affirmative answer.
"No, I don't have any Bitcoin anymore," Hansen said. "It was $10 when I received them and obviously it would be much higher now and I'd be giving a lot more to charity."
This article originally appeared on Watchdog.org.
Category: Watchdog.orgTagged: bitcoinDemocracyHansenjeremy hansenVermont Watchdogwatchdog.org
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Bust: Cory Booker's 790,000+ fake Twitter followers
Watchdog.org 18 November, 2014 30 November, 2021
Net neutrality would boost FCC's budget by upping fees
FL: Florida officials aim to outlaw cell phones at wheel, public meetings


text:
Q: whats the best control for displaying text on my app If I have a simple WPF app. This app runs some scripts to process data and I want to display some of that data (statistics) on the screen. What is the best control to use (text box, richtextbox, etc)?
I want the control to show data/update data as the script is running in the background.

A: Start by doing a little sketch on a paper how your form will look like. This helps you answer your own question.
Displaying statistic depends on the way you want to display them:

You can use a DataGrid when you have to display table form statistic results.

You can use TextBlock when you have to display final results (kind of Aggregations, Sums, Averages etc)

The most common whay to display statistics is by using Chart control
 At any time, you can refer to the Microsoft's UX Guide

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Financial Statement 2014
Financial Statements for 2014
IPPF's total income has fallen by US$10.0 million from US$136.1 million to US$126.1 million. This reduction is due to a fall in unrestricted government income of US$2.2 million, a reduction of restricted government income of US$8.0 million and reduced donations in kind of US$2.2 million offset by an increase in restricted grants from multilaterals of US$2.9 million. The total decrease is equally split between unrestricted and restricted income at US$5 million each. With the exception of Australia, all government donors have held level or increased their unrestricted funding to IPPF in the donor currency. However the strengthening of the US dollar has had a significant impact, effectively reducing US dollar unrestricted income by approximately 9% on a like for like basis compared to 2013.
Total expenditure has risen from US$132.8 million to US$137.6 million. Unrestricted expenditure has risen from US$76.8 million to US$84.3 million while restricted expenditure has fallen from US$56.0 million to US$53.3 million. The increase in unrestricted expenditure is driven by an exchange loss (US$3.6 million) and the use of designated funds to provide support in a number of areas: support in South Asia for system strengthening (US$1.7 million); provision of support to Member Associations (MAs) to scale up services (US$0.9 million); development of the new strategic framework (US$0.4 million); international advocacy and supporting IPPF Vision 2020 campaign to place sexual reproductive health (SRH) and rights at the centre of the sustainable development agenda (US$0.8 million); and support for resource mobilization at a regional and central level (US$1.4 million). Restricted expenditure levels are driven by the timing of donor funded programmes, which vary on a year-byyear basis. This has resulted in an unrestricted deficit of US$4.6 million before other unrecognized gains and losses and a restricted deficit of US$6.9 million, to generate a total operating deficit of US$11.5 million. After taking into account actuarial losses on the defined benefit pension scheme the resulting net movement in funds was a reduction of US$15.1 million.
The level of unrestricted income received was as forecast in the 2014 budget and the expenditure in excess of income levels was funded using approved designated funds (US$6.4 million). This resulted in a small increase in general reserves to US$24.0 million and a fall in designated reserves to US$85.9 million.
"The unrestricted funding that our major donors have provided to us over the long term has enabled the Federation's Member Associations to build sustainable programmes of delivery and advocacy impacting positively the lives of millions of people."
View other resources in this series
This resource is part of the Financial Statements series.
IPPF Financial Statements 2019
Financial Statements 2018
View all resources in the Financial Statements series


text:
Incorporating the MMPI-2-RF in Public Safety Pre-Employment Evaluations
Presented by Martin Sellbom, PhD
1 Hour | 1 CE (1 POST credit)
This webinar on Incorporating the MMPI-2-RF in Public Safety Pre-Employment Evaluations is presented by Martin Sellbom, PhD.
This intermediate level webinar discusses the role of the 338-item version of the MMPI-2, the MMPI-2 Restructured Form (MMPI-2-RF) to psychologists who conduct pre-employment evaluations of public safety personnel. This webinar assumes background and basic interpretation knowledge of the MMPI-2-RF. The majority of the time will be devoted to considerations for using the MMPI-2-RF in public safety pre-employment evaluations, and scientific support for using the test in such evaluations will be discussed. Multiple case illustrations for which MMPI-2-RF data was used in public safety pre-employment evaluations will be included.
Upon completion of this webinar you will be able to:
Describe the psychometric findings available to guide MMPI-2-RF interpretation in public safety pre-employment evaluations
Describe various considerations for using the MMPI-2-RF in public safety pre-employment evaluations
Describe how to interpret the MMPI-2-RF in the context of public safety pre-employment evaluations
Martin Sellbom, PhD
Martin Sellbom is a Professor in Clinical Psychology at the University of Otago in Dunedin, New Zealand. He received his Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology in 2007 from Kent State University. His research focuses on psychopathy and other personality disorders, the integration of personality and psychopathology, and personality assessment with the MMPI instruments. Professor Sellbom's work has been featured in approximately 250 publications and he has co-authored a book on the forensic applications of the MMPI-2-RF (published by the University of Minnesota Press). He has won several awards, including the American Psychological Foundation's Theodore Millon mid-career award for advancing personality science, American Psychology-Law Society's Saleem Shah Award and Society for Personality Assessment's Samuel and Anne Beck Award for early career achievement. Professor Sellbom serves as the Editor-in-Chief for the Journal of Personality Assessment. For his clinical practice, he specializes in forensic psychological evaluations.
This on-demand webinar is intended for mental health and other allied professionals.
This on-demand webinar is appropriate for beginner, intermediate, and advanced level clinicians.


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This villa has 6 bedrooms and 4 and 1 half bathrooms. Magnificent whitewater ocean views can be seen from every room in this beautiful 6,000 square foot luxury home. This 6-bedroom home is just steps away from the beach in Dominical.
The spacious, airy greatroom forms the centerpiece of the home. It features 25-foot ceilings and comfortable oversize sofas. Double-paned glass doors leading to the patio provide protection from the elements, or open up the doors to the fresh, ocean breeze.
The modern kitchen has all stainless-steel appliances, ample counter tops, walk-in pantry, high counter with barstools, cookware and place settings for up to 15 people.
Costa Rica's western coast stretches out beyond the patio, pool and deck. The outdoor dining table seats 12, and a BBQ grill and sitting area with chaise lounges make this space very inviting. The saltwater pool has an infinity edge that blends the blue of the pool into the Pacific horizon.
Two mirror-image wings extend from the main house, each with 3 bedrooms. On each side, there are two bedrooms downstairs that share a central full bath, a laundry facility and a spacious master suite upstairs.
The master bedrooms have luxurious bathrooms, walk-in closets and patios. All bedrooms have individual air conditioning as well as ceiling fans so you can enjoy the best of both worlds.


How can the planning system address obesity concerns? The Scottish Government has published a research report on the relationship between the food environment and the planning system.
In Scotland, the rates of overweight and obesity for both children and adults are among the highest in the developed world.
Action 2.12 As part of its forthcoming review of Scottish Planning Policy, the Scottish Government will take into account its commissioned research, to be published this summer, on the relationship between the food environment and the planning system, including how food outlets near schools can be better controlled. The next version of Scottish Planning Policy is expected to be published in 2020.
Bad or unhealthy food environments, sometimes referred to as 'food deserts' or 'obesogenic environments', are noted as a consequence of poor access to fresh food and increased exposure to readily available energy dense food.
The research report examines experience in England. It concludes that policy and guidance, supported by an evidence base, have led to robust planning permission decisions.
Where a certain percentage of children of a certain age within a ward are obese based on statistics available from the National Child Measurement Programme.
So, "food, glorious food", provided it's healthy food ….
Taking account of Action 2.12 and the research project, it seems likely that the draft National Planning Framework, expected to be published by the Scottish Government in 2019, will contain policies encouraging local authorities to control hot food takeaways and the food environment around schools, where there is evidence to justify controls in local areas.
The planning system tends to classify uses in groups – but is every hot food takeaway unhealthy?
Are sandwich shops an acceptable "food environment"?
What about coffee shops selling high calorie lattes?
Shops selling fizzy drinks to children?
Will a healthiness index be needed to assess specific uses? (presumably a taste test is ruled out on health grounds!).
Could this change the approach to ancillary uses, with a minor unhealthy food use becoming more significant in the eyes of the planners?
It is new planning applications that will feel the full force of any new restrictive policies. Existing premises are unlikely to be affected, as local authorities are generally unwilling to revoke existing consents, because compensation would be payable.
As this is another item is added to the long list of objectives for the planning system to deal with, it's a reminder of the crucial importance for planning authorities to be properly, and fully, resourced.


They're back for more racing in CycloManiacs Epic.
30 riders, 60 bikes, and 40 tracks await!
Race through a selection of movie-themed courses and try to win and complete the track objectives to unlock more goodies.
Can you win every race?
Control vehicle - Arrow Keys or WASD.
Jump - Spacebar or X.


text:
5 luxurious Airbnbs with hot tubs in Sussex for less than £105
Look inside £3.5 million eight-bed Sussex home with equestrian facilities, swimming pool, tennis courts and woodland
Papa John's responds to vegan cheese petition which had almost 30,000 signatures
Papa John's Pizza has spoken out about the 'positive' response to the recent vegan cheese petition, which has attracted nearly 30,000 signatures.
Thursday, 17th January 2019, 10:48 am
Set up by animal rights organisation Animal Aid and vegan blogging and news website Vegan Food UK, the petition called for the pizza takeaway and delivery chain to increase its vegan offerings.
There is good news for people looking for a Friday night plant-based takeaway after a spokesman for the company has responded to the petition.
Papa John's has more than 350 outlets in the UK, with a store in most major Sussex towns, including Brighton, Worthing, Chichester, Eastbourne, Crawley and Hastings.
Papa John's has responded to the petition asking to increase its vegan offering
A spokesman for the company said: "At Papa John's, we are completely committed to our customers, and ensuring that we deliver better pizza with better ingredients.
"We were pleased to see the positive response to the recent vegan cheese alternative petition, as this is currently an area that we are developing, and hoping to roll out in the not-so-distant future."
Greggs vegan sausage rolls out of stock in Brighton after 'overwhelming' demand
This Veganuary, a campaign where people take part in a month-long vegan pledge, is set to be the biggest yet with record breaking numbers signing up this year.
Nearly 30,000 people signed the petition
Tod Bradbury, Animal Aid campaign manager, said: "We are thrilled to see that Papa John's has reacted positively to our petition, and that they are looking to introduce a vegan cheese alternative very soon. We thank them for taking our comments and those of almost 30,000 others on board.
"By adding vegan cheese to their menu, Papa John's will be showing that they are up to date with the fast-growing vegan movement. They will appeal to a much wider audience - be they vegans, those wanting to try vegan food or indeed those who have allergies to dairy products.
"We hope that Papa John's decision not only has a positive effect on their sales, but also encourages other pizza chains and restaurants who have not yet introduced a vegan cheese to do so."
You can view the petition at www.thepetitionsite.com/en-gb/takeaction/992/294/397
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We leave for Harrisburg, PA tomorrow morning but wanted to get this out to each one of you that you may be praying for the next couple weeks. We will be in our final training at ABWE and will be leaving Gunner with Grandparents as it will be a very intensive training (long days). We covet your prayers as we not only struggle to absorb mass amounts of information, but also for Gunner and us as we are separated! We were also able to celebrate Gunner's birthday by having a small gathering of family today as unfortunately we will be leaving on his second birthday.
Thanks for your prayers and care!
CLICK TO OPEN UPDATE LETTER Gunner celebrating 2 years of life......its hard to believe just two years ago he was being born in Santiago, Chile!!


text:
Miami Open 2022, właśc. Miami Open presented by Itaú 2022 – tenisowy turniej WTA kategorii WTA 1000 w sezonie 2022 z cyklu Miami Open rozgrywany w dniach 22 marca–3 kwietnia 2022 roku w Miami na kortach twardych o puli nagród wynoszącej 8 584 055 dolarów amerykańskich.

Gra pojedyncza

Zawodniczki rozstawione

Drabinka

Faza finałowa

Faza początkowa

Pula nagród

Gra podwójna

Zawodniczki rozstawione

Drabinka

Faza finałowa

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2022
2022 w tenisie ziemnym
2022 w Stanach Zjednoczonych


text:
Television Production Guide--Article Index and Intro
Home | Audio Magazine | Stereo Review magazine | Good Sound | Troubleshooting
1. Learning Television Production
2. The Camera
3. Lenses
4. Mounting Equipment and Camera Operations
6. Techniques of Television Lighting
8. The Television Studio and Control Centers
9. Videotape and Film
10. Picturization, or Editing
11. Special Effects
13. Television Talent
14. Producing
15. Directing
16. Remote Operations
17. Small-Format Television
(18). Additional Reading
(19). Glossary
Intro / Preface
The third edition of Television Production Guide [ca. 1976] is not a simple revision of the second edition; it is a new guide [ca. 1976]. The dramatic new developments in television equipment and subsequent production techniques have made such a step necessary.
Bringing the earlier edition up to date called for thorough reorganization. In order to incorporate the new developments of production equipment and techniques, and the changes they triggered on each other, I have not only revamped the original sections but added several new ones.
Subjects that seemed to require an entire new section included: the machinery and the principles of postproduction; the production process and the possible application of a production systems design; directing; and small-format television operation, usually called "video." Scenery, properties, and graphics are now combined in a single section on design. The section on television talent covers not only the elementary performance and acting techniques but, briefly, the basic makeup and dress requirements as well.
Basically, this guide discusses the major tools of present-day color television production and their use under normal circumstances. However, since black-and-white television is still widely used in broadcast education, I have retained discussion of some of the prominent monochrome equipment and its operation.
Three special features of this text are designed to help the reader cope with a large amount of detailed information without being overwhelmed by it. First, major emphasis is put on equipment categories and production principles rather than on specific name brands or equipment codes as used by the various manufacturers. Thus, a minor change of name or equipment number by a particular manufacturer will not render the information contained in this guide invalid. I have, nevertheless, provided tables and illustrations that contain brand names and equipment numbers, so that certain equipment items currently used can be clearly identified by production and engineering personnel. Second, the key terms used in a given section are collated and defined at the beginning of that section. This device offers the reader the opportunity to preview the new terminology, to see the words again in the context of the actual equipment or production situation as discussed in the section, and then to reinforce his or her learning by checking the meanings once again in the glossary. Third, some of the important, yet peripheral, aspects of television equipment and production techniques appear as information in reduced type, usually in the outside columns.
I have used photographs rather than drawings whenever appropriate in order to reduce the jump from print to the real thing.
Fortunately, even the most sophisticated machine cannot replace human judgment entirely in television production. Therefore, in this edition, I give attention to some of the basic aesthetic principles, such as picture composition, picture continuity, and sound mixing. I enjoin the reader to realize that the dos and don'ts of television production techniques as expressed in this guide are intended as a guide, not as a credo. And, after all, I understand that we need to learn the conventional approach before we can go beyond it, or abandon it with some degree of authority.
Many more people and organizations deserve much credit for assisting me with specific information or materials, among them: ABC; Akai America, Ltd.; Ampex Corporation; Angenieux Corporation, Los Angeles; Audio Designs and Manufacturing, Inc.; Berkey Colortran, Inc.; Broadcast Communication Arts, BCA 595(2), Fall Semester 75/76; CBS; CMX Systems; Commercial Electronics, Inc.; Ed Cosci, KTVU; Cunningham and Walsh, Inc., Los Angeles; Electro-Voice, Inc.; Gotham Audio Corporation; Grass Valley Group, Inc.; Ray Holtz, Group W Station KPIX; International Video Corporation; Keep America Beautiful, Inc.; KGO; Marshall King, CBS; Kliegl Bros.; KRON; KTVU; Hal McIntyre, KPIX; Mole-Richardson Co.; NBC; Dick Newmann, RCA; Bill Noethens, KNXT; Orrox Co.; Philips Audio Video Corp.; Jim Provence, San Francisco State University; Q-TV of Q-Co Industries; RCA; Michael Sales, San Francisco State University; Frederick J. Schuhmann, ABC New York; Sennheiser Electronic Corporation; Shure Brothers, Inc.; Walt Stewart, KPIX; Swintek; Robert Tat, Fireman's Fund; Vega Electronics Corporation; Vital Industries, Inc.; Ken Wilson, KGO; Howard Yuen, KPIX; Ian Zellick, KTVU. I also extend a special word of thanks to Ben Duban for his excellent prints of many of the photographs.
Many thanks to my wife, and to my children, who not only tolerate my writing but make sure that I do the best work I can.
This guide is based on:
Television Production Handbook, Third Edition
by Herbert Zettl, San Francisco State University
Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc., Belmont, California
© 1976 by Wadsworth Publishing Company, Inc.
Communications Editor: Rebecca Hayden Designer: Gary Head Production Editor: Rebecca Hayden Illustrator: Steve Renick
ISBN 0-534-00414-8 L. C. Cat. Card No. 75-35421, Printed in the United States of America
Air Time--An Intro to Television Broadcasting
Building Blocks of Local Radio-TV Copy
Color TV Circuit Operation Guide
Top of Page | Home
Updated: Thursday, 2020-11-26 9:13 PST


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Walden var mellan 1973 och 2000 en kommun (town) i Kanada, sedan dess ingående i Greater Sudbury. Den låg i provinsen Ontario, i den sydöstra delen av landet,  km väster om huvudstaden Ottawa. Walden låg  meter över havet och antalet invånare var  när kommunen upphörde. Den största orten i området är Lively.

Källor

Tidigare kommuner i Ontario
Greater Sudbury


text:
Q: Probability of picking a ball that has already previously been picked Given $n$ unique balls, you pick out a fraction $f$ of them and put them back. You then repeat.
What is the probability $p$ as a function of the number of iterations $t$ of picking a ball that has already previously been picked?
For instance, if $n=3$ and a single ball is picked each iteration ($f=\frac{1}{3}$), $p(t)=0,\frac{1}{3},\frac{5}{9},\frac{19}{27},...$, and then my brute-force-by-hand-method kinda breaks down.
Any help will be much appreciated, thanks!

A: Let $A_t$ be the number of balls which have been seen after $t$ iterations.  Then starting with $P(A_0=0)=1$, you have $$\displaystyle P(A_{t+1}=a_{t+1}|A_{t}=a_{t}) = \dfrac{{a_{t}\choose fn-a_{t+1}+a_{t}}{n-a_{t}\choose a_{t+1}-a_{t}}}{{n\choose fn}} $$ and thus $$\displaystyle P(A_{t+1}=a_{t+1})= \sum_{a_{t}} \dfrac{{a_{t}\choose fn-a_{t+1}+a_{t}}{n-a_{t}\choose a_{t+1}-a_{t}}}{{n\choose fn}} P(A_{t}=a_{t}) $$ with the probability you are looking for being  $$p(t+1) = 1- P(A_{t+1} = A_{t}+fn) = 1-\sum_{a_t} \dfrac{{n-a_{t}\choose fn}}{{n\choose fn}} P(A_{t}=a_{t}).$$
I have no idea whether this can be simplified, though $E[A_n]$ certainly can be.
In your example of $n=3$ and $fn=1$, this will give

*

*$P(A_{t+1}=1|A_{t}=0) =1$

*$P(A_{t+1}=1|A_{t}=1) =\frac13$

*$P(A_{t+1}=2|A_{t}=1) =\frac23$

*$P(A_{t+1}=2|A_{t}=2) =\frac23$

*$P(A_{t+1}=3|A_{t}=2) =\frac13$

*$P(A_{t+1}=3|A_{t}=3) =1$

*$P(A_{t+1}=1)= \dfrac{1}{3^t}$

*$P(A_{t+1}=2)= \dfrac{2^{t+1}-2}{3^t}$

*$P(A_{t+1}=3)= \dfrac{3^t-2^{t+1}-1}{3^t}$

*$p(t+1) = 1- P(A_{t+1} = A_{t}+1)= 1-\dfrac{2^n}{3^n}$

so your sequence continues $0, \frac{1}{3},  \frac{5}{9},  \frac{19}{27},  \frac{65}{81},  \frac{211}{243},  \frac{665}{729},  \frac{2059}{2187},  \frac{6305}{6561},  \frac{19171}{19683},  \frac{58025}{59049},  \frac{175099}{177147},
 \ldots$


Khubaib Foundation adopted 34 Orphan Students from Mahsud Welfare Association (MWA).
At the occasion Chairman KF Mr. Nadeem Ahmed Khan and Mr.Saif-ur -Rehman (MNA) were also present.Mr.Saif ur- Rehman (MNA) appreciated the services of Khubaib Foundation towards humanity at National and International Level.
"A fair World from East to West" Fateh-E-Alam 12th International Students' meeting in collaboration with UDEF(Turkey) Federation of International Students Associations.
Khubaib Foundation is serving Humanity around the globe,It is providing the Physical , Spiritual and Academic education in our Centres at Skardu, Gilgit, Muzaferabad, Haripur, Rawalpindi/islamabad, Sargodha and Muzafergarh. Also distributed Ration among the needy people in Rural Areas of Pakistan, Digging well in Tharparkar district, Water Filtration plants in Sindh, KPK, Family Support Program, Orphan and widow Care, Prisioners welfare and relief work since 1999.