text:
Q: Two classes have the same XML type name "objectFactory" - org.glassfish.jaxb.runtime and jakarta.xml.bind In my maven based project,
import jakarta.xml.bind.JAXBContext;
...
private String contextPath = "com.abc.core:com.bcd.model:com.efg.xyz";
...
JAXBContext jc = JAXBContext.newInstance(contextPath);

When i try to call JAXBContext.newInstance(contextPath), i get the below runtime exception,
org.glassfish.jaxb.runtime.v2.runtime.IllegalAnnotationsException: 3 counts of IllegalAnnotationExceptions
Two classes have the same XML type name "objectFactory". Use @XmlType.name and @XmlType.namespace to assign different names to them.
    this problem is related to the following location:
        at com.abc.core.ObjectFactory
    this problem is related to the following location:
        at com.bcd.model.ObjectFactory
Two classes have the same XML type name "objectFactory". Use @XmlType.name and @XmlType.namespace to assign different names to them.
        this problem is related to the following location:
            at com.bcd.model.ObjectFactory
        this problem is related to the following location:
            at com.efg.xyz.ObjectFactory

In the pom.xml of the current package where i am getting this error, i have added
<dependency>
    <groupId>org.glassfish.jaxb</groupId>
    <artifactId>jaxb-runtime</artifactId>
    <version>3.0.1</version>
    <scope>runtime</scope>
</dependency>

However, i haven't added this glassfish jaxb explicitly in the packages com.abc.core,com.bcd.model,com.efg.xyz.
I tried checking if apart from my declaration, someone else also creating an objectFactory due to which i get this exception, but no clue yet. Can you please help here?
.xjb bindings in package : com.abc.core
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<jaxb:bindings xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:jaxb="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/jaxb" xmlns:xjc="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/jaxb/xjc"
        xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/jaxb http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/jaxb/bindingschema_2_0.xsd" jaxb:version="2.1">
        <jaxb:globalBindings>
                <jaxb:javaType name="java.util.Calendar" xmlType="xs:dateTime" parseMethod="jakarta.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter.parseDateTime" printMethod="jakarta.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter.printDateTime" />
                <xjc:simple />
        </jaxb:globalBindings>
</jaxb:bindings>

and in com.bcd.model
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" standalone="yes"?>
<jaxb:bindings xmlns:jaxb="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/jaxb"
        xmlns:xs="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema" xmlns:xjc="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/jaxb/xjc"
        xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
        xsi:schemaLocation="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/jaxb http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/jaxb/bindingschema_2_0.xsd"
        version="2.1">
        <jaxb:globalBindings>
    <jaxb:javaType name="java.util.Calendar" xmlType="xs:dateTime" parseMethod="jakarta.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter.parseDateTime" printMethod="jakarta.xml.bind.DatatypeConverter.printDateTime" />
                <xjc:simple />
        </jaxb:globalBindings>
</jaxb:bindings>


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text:
By abandoning Aleppo, the world has empowered jihadists – by Robin Yassin-Kassab
Article • Publié sur Souria Houria le 7 août 2016
Aleppo is 7000 years old. Its name has mythical origins related to the prophet Abraham and his cow, its opulent history underwritten by its place on the Silk Road. Socially and architecturally unique, in its pre-war state Muslims and Christians, and Arabs, Armenians, Turkmen and Kurds, lived and traded in streets redolent sometimes of the Ottoman empire, sometimes of corners of Paris. Before the war Aleppo contained the world's largest and most intact Arab-Islamic Old City. Now – with the covered souq, the Umayyad mosque, and many other markets, baths and khans destroyed – that honour passes to Morocco's Fez.
The city's working class-eastern districts have been liberated twice in the last five years. On the first occasion, July 2012, armed farmers swept in from the countryside to join urban revolutionaries against their Assadist tormentors and for a few weeks it felt the Assad regime would crumble in Syria's largest city and economic powerhouse. But the battle soon succumbed to the war's general logic: rebel ammunition ran out, the fighters squabbled and looted, foreign jihadists took advantage and a stalemate reigned.
These strangers pranced about on blast-traumatised horses, imposed their brutal versions of sharia law — including executing a fifteen-year-old coffee-seller for supposed blasphemy — and finally declared themselves a state.
In January 2014, prompted by popular anger, the entire armed rebellion declared war on Islamic State, driving it out of western Syria, Aleppo city included. This was the second liberation.
Aleppo is Syria's most important centre of civil activism. It houses revolutionary councils and emergency healthcare projects, independent newspapers and radio stations, theatre groups and basement schools. Despite years of barrel bombs and scud missiles, 300,000 people remain in the liberated zone.
The fall of Aleppo certainly wouldn't end the war, but it would probably mark the final defeat of the revolution. A few days ago it seemed this course of events was inevitable. Almost every relevant local, regional and global power was working to ensure it.
The fall of Aleppo certainly wouldn't end the war, but it would probably mark the final defeat of the revolution
On July 17, following weeks of intense Russian bombing and ground attacks by Iranian-backed Shia militias from Lebanon, Iraq and Afghanistan, the regime captured the Castello Road. This meant Aleppo was fully beseiged.
IS, as usual, was attacking the rebels at the same time that Assad was.
So was the YPG, armed wing of the Kurdish Democratic Union Party (or PYD), which had helped prepare the siege by invading Arab-majority towns to the north. The PYD claimed it was fighting 'jihadists', but these areas were defended by Free Syrian Army factions and ruled by independent councils. American artist and journalist Molly Crabapple visited Azaz, a town hard-pressed by the PYD, after its second liberation. She described it thus: "They'd painted over the IS emblems in shocking pink, and then they'd painted the Quranic verse 'There is no compulsion in religion'."
Near Azaz the PYD advanced under Russian cover. In IS-held Manbij, it (as the dominant element in the ill-named Syrian Democratic Forces) advances under American planes. American bombing atrocities (such as the strikes on July 19 killing scores of civilians) are less frequent, less deliberate, but just as devastating as those perpetrated by Russia.
Russia is dropping banned cluster and incendiary bombs on a grand scale. Russian and Assadist planes have upped the war on hospitals, hitting six medical facilities in 24 hours (on July 23 and 24). The US administration has had nothing to say about this. Quite the contrary, President Obama has apparently approved a proposal to cooordinate American airstrikes with Russia, against Jabhat al-Nusra. And the Obama administration has consistently vetoed transfers of essential anti-aircraft weaponry to the rebels.
Aleppo has been all but abandoned by the world
Facing suffocation and defeat, with no-one coming to their aid, revolutionaries and fighters have now decided to unify their energies. For the last four days rebels have fought to lift the siege, attacking from multiple directions on a 20-km-long front. Demonstrators, meanwhile, are marching in support of the battle, and citizens are organising their own inpromptu No-Fly Zone, burning hundreds of tyres to cloud the skies and protect the advancing fighters. These include Free Army and Islamist battalions from across Aleppo and northern Syria.To the south of the city, the vanguard force is Jaish al-Fateh, comprising Ahrar al-Sham and the jihadists of Jabhat al-Nusra. Jaish al-Fateh is close to breaking the siege.
America watched or actively collaborated as Aleppo was driven into the abyss. Nusra, on the other hand, came to the people's rescue. What message does this send?
For Syrians facing death and no good options, military realities must weigh heavier than social and political differences. In other words, in current conditions, they have no choice but to work with Nusra.
Now rebranded as 'Fateh al-Sham' and formally delinked from al-Qaida, Nusra is embedding itself by military prowess. Its role is being immeasurably strengthened by Russian and American policies.
Robin Yassin-Kassab is co-author, with Leila al-Shami, of Burning Country: Syrians in Revolution and War, and author of The Road From Damascus, a novel. Books he has contributed to include Syria Speaks, Shifting Sands, and Beta-Life: Stories from an A-Life Future. His book reviews and commentary have appeared in the Guardian, the National, Foreign Policy, the Daily Beast and others, and he often comments on Syria on TV and radio.He blogs at qunfuz.com and pulsemedia.org
Opinions expressed in this article remain those of the author and do not necessarily represent those of The New Arab, its editorial board or staff.
Comment: Robin Yassin-Kassab argues that besieged Syrians in Aleppo, thanks to the world's betrayal, now have no choice but to work with jihadists like the Nusra Front has empowered jihadists
Source : Al Araby - Date de parution le : 03/08/2016

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text:
The Free Library > Law/Government/Politics > Law > Journal of Forensic Economics > September 22, 1997
The Free Library > Science and Technology > Economics > Journal of Forensic Economics > September 22, 1997
The Free Library > Date > 1997 > September > 22 > Journal of Forensic Economics
Regarding median years to retirement and worklife expectancy.
<a href="https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Regarding+median+years+to+retirement+and+worklife+expectancy.-a020220237
MLA style: "Regarding median years to retirement and worklife expectancy.." The Free Library. 1997 National Association of Forensic Economists 18 Jul. 2019 https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Regarding+median+years+to+retirement+and+worklife+expectancy.-a020220237
Chicago style: The Free Library. S.v. Regarding median years to retirement and worklife expectancy.." Retrieved Jul 18 2019 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Regarding+median+years+to+retirement+and+worklife+expectancy.-a020220237
APA style: Regarding median years to retirement and worklife expectancy.. (n.d.) >The Free Library. (2014). Retrieved Jul 18 2019 from https://www.thefreelibrary.com/Regarding+median+years+to+retirement+and+worklife+expectancy.-a020220237
In the last issue of this Journal (Spring/Summer 1997), Tamorah Hunt, Joyce Pickersgill, and Herbert Rutemiller (HPR) use labor force participation rates for 1992-93 to calculate median years to retirement and worklife expectancies for men and women by educational attainment. They compare their worklife results with those of Shirley Smith (1986) and James Ciecka, Thomas Donley, and Jerry Goldman (CDG) (1995, 1996). This paper contains some general comments about median years to retirement and work-life expectancies and some specific comments on the paper by HPR.
II. Median Years to Retirement and Worklife Expectancies
Consider the hypothetical data in Table 1. Varying portions of a population of 100 people are active between the ages of 20 and 60, and assume that there is no labor force activity beyond age 60. For simplicity, we ignore mortality; therefore, all 100 people survive to age 60. In Panel A of Table 1 the participation rate is 4% for ages 20-49, 2% at age 50, and 1% for ages 51-60. In Panel B the participation rate is 40% for ages 20-49, 20% at age 50, and 10% for ages 51-60. Panel C is identical to Panel B except the participation rate is 20% at age 20. The implied number of people active on a yearly basis and cumulative years of activity are shown in each panel. Finally, median years to retirement (MYR) and worklife expectancies (WLE) at age 20 are shown in each panel. Two types of worklife expectancies are computed: [WLE.sub.g] is the WLE for the general population at age 20 (i.e., relative to all 100 people in the population) and [WLE.sub.a] is the WLE for those who are active at age 20. These hypothetical data are intentionally exaggerated in order to clearly illustrate the general remarks presented below. Although some of these remarks may be obvious, they may be easily forgotten when comparisons are made between MYR and WLE.
[TABULAR DATA 1 NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]
To define MYR, let [l.sub.x] and [a.sub.x] denote the number of survivors and the number of actives in a cohort at exact age x. Assume that ax is a monotonically decreasing function, i.e., [a.sub.x] > [a.sub.x+j], j = 1,2,...,m, where [a.sub.x+m] = 0. The median age at retirement, [k.sub.x], is the age at which 1) holds:
1) [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]
where the number of actives [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] only includes those who were active at age x and all labor force separations are assumed to be final.(1) The MYR is
2) MYR = [k.sub.x]-x..
Remark 1. MYR only depends of the activity ratios ([a.sub.x+j]/[a.sub.x]), j=1,2,...,m.
Although Panels A and B in Table 1 illustrate very different amounts of labor force activity, MYR is 30 years in both panels because the activity ratios are equal at any exact age in both panels. In general, let [Lambda]> 0; and let the initial number of actives be [a'.sub.x] = [[Lambda]a.sub.x] [is less than or equal to] [l.sub.x], where [Lambda] captures the level of labor force activity. Then,
3) [a'.sub.x+j] / [a'.sub.x] = [[Lambda]a.sub.x+j] / [[Lambda]a.sub.x] = [a.sub.x+j] / [a.sub.x]
and in particular
[MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII]
implying the same MYR as in 2). This result implies that MYR does not capture the level of labor force activity, but rather focuses exclusively on the activity ratio.
Corollary la. MYR is invariant to labor force participation levels beyond the median point (i.e., in the tail of the distribution).
Suppose that in Panel B of Table 1 participation rates at age 51 and beyond held constant at 19% rather than 10%. This would result in an additional 90 cumulative years of activity and would increase the [WLE.sub.g] from 13.2 years to 14.1 years. MYR, however, would not reflect this change. In general, all information beyond the median point is disregarded in the calculation of MYR. Consequently, many changes in retirement patterns will not be captured by this estimate of retirement behavior.
Remark 2. MYR cannot be meaningfully applied to the general population (i.e., the sum of actives and inactives) for any group.
What does it mean to say that the MYR for the general population in Panel A (i.e., 100 people) is 30 years? At peak participation there are only four people in the labor force, then two people, and then only one person in the labor force. To ascribe a median of 30 years of activity to the entire population makes no sense whatsoever.(2)
Corollary 2a. Comparisons between MYR cannot be meaningfully made across general groups even within the same period of time.
Suppose Panel A and Panel B refer to two separate demographic groups for the same time period. Except in a very formal arithmetic or algebraic sense, what is the meaning of saying that Group A and Group B have the same MYR? Both panels show MYR = 30; therefore, a forensic analysis of the loss period using MYR would yield the same length of loss for Groups A and B, even though the activity level of one group is ten-fold that of the other. Moreover, suppose the participation rate was 20% at age 49 in Panel B. The implied MYR would be 29 years, and the loss period would be smaller for Group B than for Group A even though Group B's total activity level would be almost ten times as large.
Corollary 2b. Comparisons between MYR cannot be meaningfully made for the same general group across different periods of time.
Suppose Panel A refers to all women in 1979-80, and Panel B refers to all women in 1992-93. What sense would it make to say that there is no change in MYR between 1979-80 and 1992-93 even though women have expanded their labor force activity by a factor of ten?
Remark 3. The concept of MYR, by definition, is confined to the active population only; and, even then, its interpretation is corrupted because of the manner in which it is calculated.
For only the actives, the MYR can reasonably be interpreted as 30 years in both Panel A and Panel B. Of course, there is no guarantee that the same people are active at each age. When calculated from participation rate data, MYR allows accessions and does not require that separations are final. To the extent that people move in and out of the labor force, participation rates are not tracking the activity of the same group of people; and we know little about years to retirement because the actives at any age are not necessarily a subset of those who were initially active. The appropriate definition of median age at retirement for actives at age x is given in 1); but, in applications, the median age at retirement is computed as the value n such that
4) [u.sub.n] + [v.sub.n] / [a.sub.x] = .5
where [u.sub.n] is the number of people who were active at age x who are still active at age n, and [v.sub.n] is the number of people who were inactive at age x who are active at age n. The resulting [MYR.sup.*] is then
5) [MYR.sup.*] = n - x.
Assuming [v.sub.n] > 0, [MYR.sup.*] > MYR.
Participation rates rise until age 34 for men and until age 42 for women (HPR, Appendix A, Tables 1 and 2). Therefore, for x < 34 for men (and x < 42 for women), the activity ratio ([a.sub.x+j] / [a.sub.x]) exceeds one for some j. For example, for 18-year-old men, the activity ratio ([a.sub.x+j] / [a.sub.x]) exceeds one until age 62; for 18-year-old women the ratio exceeds one until age 58. Even after allowing for mortality, years of activity are clearly being contributed by people who were not in the labor force at age 18, but their activity lengthens the measure of the [MYR.sup.*] for those that were active at 18.
The problem caused by labor force accessions and temporary separations does not arise with the increment-decrement model of WLE. In fact, entries and exits lie at the heart of the increment-decrement representation of the labor force in which transition probabilities are applied to a group of initial actives and inactives, thereby allowing separations and accessions to occur over time. However, the potential for inactives to become active later gives rise to calculation anomalies for MYR that contradict its own definition.
Remark 4. There is no method to calculate MYR for those who are currently inactive.
However, WLE can be computed for inactives by using the increment-decrement model of labor force activity.
Remark 5. The median age at retirement for young people can exceed the median age at retirement for older people.
In Panel C the median age at retirement is 51 for a 20-year-old person. However, the median age at retirement for a 21-year-old person is age 50. This is a curious result in that it implies that members of the 20-year-old group are credited with two additional years of activity even though they are only one year younger than members of the 21-year-old group. In other words, MYR ignores information about labor force activity prior to, and after, the median age at retirement.
In general, we have [l.sub.x] = [a.sub.x] + [i.sub.x], where [i.sub.x] is the number of those inactive in the labor force at age x. Calculation problems arise in computing MYR when using either participation rates or transition probabilities because [a.sub.x+i] counts contributions from [i.sub.x] inactives of an earlier age. In addition to the practical problem of computation, there are several theoretical problems stemming from the definition. In order for the median age at retirement to exist, ax must decrease as a function of x; moreover, the nature of the correspondence which associates [a.sub.x] with x is crucial. The definition of MYR essentially requires this correspondence to be inverted, i.e., that an age be associated with a given number of actives. The fact that numbers of actives are influenced by in-migration and out-migration changes the information embedded in the correspondence unless exactly the original cohort is traced throughout. The averaging effect which occurs over
when computing WLE preserves more information than the MYR process, which relies only on a transformation of [MATHEMATICAL EXPRESSION NOT REPRODUCIBLE IN ASCII] to the age domain.
Remark 6. WLE can be meaningfully applied to the general population and meaningful comparisons can be made across groups and across time.
The level of activity captured in Panel B is ten times as large as the activity in Panel A, and the corresponding [WLE.sub.g] is ten times larger for Panel B (i.e., 13.2 years versus 1.32 years). In addition, [WLE.sub.g] = 13.0 years in Panel C, a number only slightly smaller than the worklife expectancy in Panel B because there is lees activity contributed by the 20-year-old group in Panel C.
Remark 7. Participation rates can be used to calculate WLE for a general group.
The [WLE.sub.g] calculations in Table 1 are based on participation rates, and their relative magnitudes seem intuitively plausible as discussed in Remark 6. When worklife is computed over all living members of a group (whether active or inactive) at age x, a year of activity supplied by a person at age x + j, j = 1,2,3,...,m should count in [WLE.sub.g] whether, or not, that person was active at age x. For example Figure 1 shows the number of males alive at ages 1874 from an initial population of 100,000 and the number of actives at each age.(3) [WLE.sub.g] at age 18 is simply the area under the labor force curve dividend by the number of survivors at age 18. Figure 1 also shows the corresponding functions for women.
[Figure 1 ILLUSTRATION OMITTED]
Remark 8. Participation rates should not be used to calculate WLE for the active part of a group.
Panel C of Table 1 reveals the basic problem. Many of the years of activity embedded in [WLE.sub.a] are contributed by people who are not part of the labor force at age 20. Therefore, the numerator of [WLE.sub.a] is too large relative to the 20 people in the denominator of the ratio, implying [WLE.sub.a] = 65.0 which is almost twice as large as [WLE.sub.a] = 33.0 in Panel B even though both panels exhibit almost identical cumulative years of activity. How do we fix this problem? Consider 18-year-old men as an example. In its conventional model, the Bureau of Labor Statistics (BLS) (Smith, 1982) used the following procedure: (1) Find the peak participation rate (this is 94.3% at age 34 using the HPR data). (2) Pretend that the labor force equals this maximum participation rate times the number or survivors between ages 18-34. This assumption essentially creates a new labor force curve by extending its peak point to the vertical axis (see Figure 2). (3) The labor force consists of the product of age-specific participation rates and survivors for ages beyond age 34, as shown in Figure 2. (4) Total years of activity, the numerator of the [WLE.sub.a] calculation, is the sum of activity in (2) and (3). (5) The denominator of the [WLE.sub.a] is the product of the maximum participation rate and the number of survivors at age 18. In other words, the BLS solved the problem by inflating both the numerator and denominator of the worklife expectancy calculation to arrive at [WLE.sub.a]. It goes without saying that the magnitude of a ratio is affected in some unpredictable manner when both its numerator and denominator are inflated (Smith, 1982). Figure 2 also illustrates the BLS procedure for estimating worklife in its conventional model for active 18-year-old women.
General Conclusions. MYR should not be applied to a general population (Remark 1, Remark 2, and Corollaries 2a and 2b), but WLE can be computed for the general population (Remark 6). When applied to an active population, MYR is corrupted as explained in Remarks 3 and 5. MYR cannot be applied to an inactive population (Remark 4). [WLE.sub.a] for a general population can be based on participation rates (Remark 7). [WLE.sub.a] based on participation rates, for actives is corrupted as explained in Remark 8.
III. Specific Comments About the Paper by Hunt, Pickersgill, and Rutemiller
The age, gender, educational attainment specific participation rates for 1992-93 (HPR, Appendix A, Tables 1 and 2) can be useful to forensic economists. Some uses include direct application in the life-participationemployment model and indirect application to benchmark results from other studies like increment-decrement models of worklife expectancies. Users of the median years to retirement tables should keep in mind that they only apply to active individuals and not to the general population or the inactive population. Moreover, the median years to retirement tables are not of the MYR type defined in 1) and 2) but of the [MYR.sub.*] type defined in 4) and 5). Remarks 2, 3, and 5 apply to the median years to retirement estimates in HPR, Appendix A, Tables 3-5. Remark 1 explains why the [MYR.sub.*] for men and women are very close to each other (e.g., 31.6 years and 31.4 years for 30-year-old men and women, respectively) even though men have much larger participation rates than women. In addition, comparisons between groups (HPR, Appendix A, Tables 4, and 5) and across time (HPR, Appendix B, Tables 1-4) are affected by the issues raised in Remarks 2, 3, and 5.
In the section of their paper entitled "Worklife Expectancy Calculated Using Labor Force Participation Rates and Transition Probabilities," HPR compare their WLE indirect corrected estimates for actives to the WLE estimates generated by Smith (1986). They conclude that their technique yields results that are very close to Smith's. However, HPR never use independent BLS data for 1979-80 to generate their WLE estimates. Rather, they apply their techniques to activity levels generated by 1979-80 transition probabilities used in Smith's increment-decrement model. At a later point in their paper, HPR apply their technique to the period 1992-93; but they do something different in this application. They actually use independently supplied BLS participation rates to generate WLE estimates. They then compare their WLE estimates with those generated by CDG (1995, 1996). Their corrected estimates are not as close as they are in the 1979-80 period. This should not be surprising because the indirect WLE estimates for 1979-80 are based on transition probabilities, but the indirect WLE estimates for 1992-93 are based on independent BLS participation rates. The indirect WLE estimates for 1992-93 generally exceed the WLE estimates by CDG. Moreover, differences are larger for actives and for less educated groups (whose members probably have higher turnover rates than general populations). Remark 8 explains the problems encountered when worklife expectancies for actives are based on participation rates--when both the numerator and denominator of a ratio are inflated, the effect on the ratio is unknown.
HPR's corrected estimates assume the following (consider an 18-year-old as an example): (1) Assume that the participation rate is 100% at ages 18, 19, and 20. (2) Pretend that the labor force equals 100% times the number of survivors between ages 18-20. (3) The labor force consists of the product of age-specific participation rates and survivors beyond age 20. (4) Total years of activity, the numerator of the [WLE.sub.a] calculation, is the sum of activity in (2) and (3). (5) The denominator of the [WLE.sub.a] is the number of survivors at age 18. In other words, HPR inflate both the numerator and denominator of the worklife expectancy calculation, but in a manner different than the BLS, to arrive at [WLE.sub.a] (see Figure 3). The HPR procedure seems to be less extreme than the BLS procedure, but it still suffers from the similar fundamental problems, viz., it creates labor force activity for three years that does not exist, it counts activity after three years that is contributed by people who were not initially active, and it assumes an initially active population that is too large. It follows that this approach affects the WLE ratio in an unpredictable manner (Smith, 1982).
None of the foregoing problems exists in the increment-decrement formulation of [WLE.sub.a] because transition probabilities are allowed to act on a group of arbitrary size that is assumed to be active. No activity is ever supplied by anyone who was not an initial member of the group.
A significant part of HPR's paper focuses on the merits of basing median years to retirement and worklife expectancy estimates on participation rates as opposed to transition probabilities. HPR favor the use of participation rates. In summarizing they say:
1. For estimating median years to retirement, participation rates
yield exactly the same estimates as transition probabilities;
and participation rates are simpler to obtain and less subject
to bias.
2. For estimating worklife expectancies for a general population,
the situation is the same as the previous statement about median
years to retirement.
3. For estimating worklife expectancies for an active
population, transition probabilities are required for a direct
calculation; but "corrected estimates" based on participation
rates yield reasonably close estimates.
We do not believe that the first statement is demonstrated in the paper. If the statement refers to the general population, the concept of median years to retirement has little meaning (Remark 2) and the statement itself has little meaning.(4) Likewise, the statement has little meaning if median years to retirement refers to the inactive population (Remark 4). If the statement refers to an active population, then Remarks 3 and 5 come into play for median years to retirement estimates based on participation rates. Remark 3 is especially important because it shows that median years to retirement estimates based on participation rates are upward biased. Transition probabilities, when applied to an initially active population, are not subject to the problems discussed in Remarks 3 and 5.
In regard to the second statement, it is the case that worklife expectancies for the general population can be computed from participation rate data. Comparisons (in Appendix C of the HPR paper) show participation-rate based worklife expectancies exceeding transition-probability based worklife expectancies for 1992-93. The differences in the two types of estimates are about 4.4% for all men and 2.6% for all women at age 18. By age 30, the percentage difference is approximately 3% for all men and 2% for all women. This seems to be a common phenomenon as shown in Table 2 for 1970 and 1977 data (BLS, 1976 and Smith, 1982), i.e., worklife expectancies based on participation rates in a "conventional model" are consistently larger than those based on transition rates in the increment-decrement model.
Comparison of Worklife Expectancies for Men Computed with
Participation Rates and Transition Probabilities
Panel A
[WLE.sub.g] in 1970 Computed with
Participation         Transition
Age          Rates             Probabilities       Difference
16          41.4 Years           38.7 Years         2.7 Years
18          40.6                 38.1               2.5
30          31.2                 30.6                .6
Panel B
Source: BLS (1976, Table A-1) and Smith (1982, Tables 3, A-2, and B-2)
It is possible that a matched household sample produces biased estimates of transition probabilities. The active-to-active transition probability may be understated for young people who are active but move to another residence (in the same general area) or relocate for better job opportunities. To the extent that these people are lost from the matched sample, the active-to-active transition probability is underestimated and the increment-decrement model picks up too little activity. The inactive-to-active transition probability for young people may be underestimated because people enter the labor force and relocate as they complete their education. During retirement years, the active-to-inactive probability may be understated when people relocate because of retirement, and the increment-decrement model may record too much activity for this age group. The theoretical possibility of bias notwithstanding, Perrachi and Welch (1995) investigated possible biases from matched samples and concluded that no such bias exists.
Table 3 shows participation rates, active-to-active transition probabilities, and inactive-to-active transition probabilities from the matched sample for men and women at various ages (CDG, 1995). Exact-age participation rates, computed from HPR, also are shown; these participation rates are two-year averages which reflect that people are on average one-half year older than their reported age. Inspection of Table 3 reveals that the male matched-sample participation rates from CDG are close to the exact-age participation rates from HPR, the average absolute difference being only .013 and the average difference being only .005, with the CDG participation rates being slightly larger on average. Female participation rates from CDG's matched sample also closely agree with exact-age participation rates from HPR. The average absolute difference and average difference are .014 and .008, respectively. Therefore, there does not seem to be any matched-sample bias; or, if there is bias, it affects the HPR participation rates as well.
Transition Probabilities and Participation Rates (P.R.) for
Men and Women at Various Exact Ages in 1992-93
CDG        Probability         Probability        Exact-Age
Age     P.R.     Active-to-Active   Inactive-to-Active    HPR P.R.
19      65.0%         81.6%               39.4%             65.7%
20      69.6          83.4                40.3              72.9
60      72.8          84.2                 7.3              70.9
Age     P.R.     Active to Active   Inactive to Active    HPR P.R.
Source: CDG (1995, data used to compute worklife expectancies) and HPR (the participation rate at exact age x is the average of the rates reported by HPR for average ages x-1 and x).
When making comparisons between the estimates of WLE based on participation and transition probabilities the following should be kept in mind. Participation rates represent a snapshot of labor market activity, whereas transition probabilities are the result of a dynamic process and capture, at least to some degree, the duration of the labor force experience. Consequently, participation rates will increasingly overstate the amount of labor force attachment as labor market turnover increases. Given that transition probabilities are predicated on state changes they are not as susceptible to such changes.
At a more practical level, worklife expectancy for the general population have little application in the world of forensic economics where conditional estimates (based on current labor force status) are the norm. Indeed, one of the shortcomings of the increment-decrement WLE model is that it includes demonstrated labor force activity for only one period in the past. If anything, more accurate estimates of WLE would be predicated on an extended history of observed labor force participation. The use of participation rates rather than transition probabilities in the calculation of WLE will tend to decrease the accuracy of WLE rather than increase them.
Regarding HPR's third statement, Remark 8 identifies the difficulty encountered, and the fix that is applied, when worklife expectancies for an active population are based on participation rates. The corrected estimates may be close to those based on transition rates, but the standard for judging the accuracy of the corrected estimates is the set of estimates that are based on transition probabilities.
(1) That is, MYR does not allow entry or re-entry; only permanent separations are allowed to occur. Separations can occur because of death and can be voluntary or involuntary for survivors. If separations were not final, there may be more than one age at which 1) holds, and the MYR in 2) would not be unique. Other anomalies could also occur if separations were not final. For example, suppose 100 people are active at age 20; and ignore mortality for simplicity. Consider two situations. Situation A: Assume 49 people withdraw from the labor force between ages 2145, but the remaining 61 stay active between (yes 21-45. Between ages 46-70, assume that the 49 previous inactives become active, but 49 of the previous 51 actives become inactive. Assume that everyone leaves the labor force at age 71. The median age at retirement is age 71. Now, consider Situation B: Assume 49 people withdraw from the labor force between ages 21-46 Just as in Situation A, but these separations are final. Two additional final withdrawals occur at age 46. The remaining 49 people stay active to age 70, and they leave the labor force at age 71. The median age at retirement is 46. In both Situation A and Situation B, approximately half of the population is active between ages 21-70. However, median age at retirement is 25 years greater in Situation A because of reentry into the labor force.
(2) In fact, for the general population of 100 people in Panel A, the number of actives already is well below 50% at age 20.
(3) Survivors are from Vital Statistics of the United States, 1991, (1995). The labor force is the product of the number of survivors and age-specific participation rates (HPR, 1996).
(4) HPR may indeed be referring to the general population because they use the notation [A.sub.k] to denote the number of actives at average age [k.sub.x] without restricting the people who contribute to [A.sub.k] to have been active at average age x. In fact, the discussion preceding the definition of median years to retirement seems to explicitly allow inactives at average age x to contribute to [A.sub.k]. This gives the impression that HPR's apply the concept of median years to retirement to the general population. However, at another point in their paper, HPR do refer to estimating MYR "...for the active population...."
Ciecka, James, Thomas Donley, and Jerry Goldman, "A Markov Process Model of Worklife Expectancies Based on Labor Market Activity in 1992-93," Journal of Legal Economics, 1995, 5(3), 17-41.
-----, "Errata to A Markov Process Model of Worklife Expectancies Based on Labor Market Activity in 1992-93," Journal of Legal Economics, 1996, 6(1), 8185.
Hunt, Tamorah, Joyce Pickersgill, and Herbert Rutemiller, "Median Years to Retirement and Worklife Expectancy," Journal of Forensic Economics, 1997, 10(2), 171-205.
Perrachi, Franco, and Finis Welch, "How Representative Are Matched Cross-Sections? Evidence from the Current Population Survey," Journal of Econometrics, 1995, 68, 153-79.
Smith, Shirley J., Tables of Working Life: The Increment-Decrement Model, Bulletin 2135, US Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February, 1982.
-----, Worklife Estimates: The Effects of Race and Education, Bulletin 2254, U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, February, 1986.
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, National Center for Health Statistics, Vital Statistics of the United States, 1991, Washington: US Government Printing Office, 1995.
U.S. Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics, Length of Working Life for Men and Women, 1970, Special Labor Force Report 187, 1976.
James, Ciecka, Thomas Donley and Jerry Goldman(*)
(*) DePaul University, Chicago, IL. Ciecka and Donley, Department of Economics; Goldman, Department of Mathematical Sciences.
COPYRIGHT 1997 National Association of Forensic Economists
Ciecka, James; Donley, Thomas; Goldman, Jerry
Journal of Forensic Economics
Determination of personal consumption expenditures in fatal accident actions: a note.
Regarding median years to retirement and worklife expectancy: reply to Ciecka, Donley and Goldman.
Life span, Productive
Productive life span


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Cabot breaks ground on Specialty Compounds facility in Indonesia
Filed under: Carbon Black, General — Notch @ 3:10 pm
On February 15, Cabot Corporation announced the groundbreaking of a new specialty compounds facility in Cilegon, Indonesia. The new facility is co-located with Cabot's existing carbon black manufacturing site and will add 20,000 metric tons of annual global capacity for specialty compounds, including black masterbatch and conductive compounds. The facility is expected to be completed by the end of 2022.
According to Cabot, the facility will incorporate the company's latest technology advances into the plant design and operations. Additionally, co-locating the specialty compounds facility with the company's existing carbon black facility will promote manufacturing efficiencies while reducing waste, including the use of recovered waste-heat energy from carbon black production. This will reduce the environmental impact of the project in alignment with Cabot's recently announced ambition to achieve net zero carbon emissions globally by 2050. The carbon black plant in Cilegon is also scheduled for a capacity expansion scheduled to come on-stream in 2024.
Wolfersdorff/Notch publish new report on Recovered Carbon Black
Filed under: Carbon Black, General, Recovered Carbon Black — Notch @ 7:00 am
Notch Consulting and Wolfersdorff Consulting Berlin are proud to announce the publication of their first co-authored report, Prospects for Recovered Carbon Black 2022. This 94-page report provides a comprehensive overview of the global market for recovered carbon black, or carbon black filler recycled from end-of-life tires. The report includes a global demand forecast through 2030, as well as in-depth discussions of leading suppliers, joint ventures and collaborations, current capacity and planned expansion projects, and the current state of tire pyrolysis technology.
Prospects for Recovered Carbon Black 2022 is presented in two parts:
1. rCB Market Outlook from Notch Consulting provides an overview of the global carbon black industry along with the rCB demand forecast, current and planned rCB capacity, joint ventures and collaborative agreements, and industry developments
2. rCB Technology & Company Profiles from Wolfersdorff Consulting Berlin provides an overview of tire pyrolysis, a discussion of rCB production, processing, and standards, and detailed profiles of 22 leading rCB companies.
The report is provided as a printable PDF along with an Excel spreadsheet. The cost is $5,500 for the single-user license or $7,500 for the multi-user corporate license. Contact info @notchconsulting.com or martin @wolfersdorff.com for more information or to order.
Report Overview (PDF)
Tire Tech Expo postponed from April to May 2022
Filed under: Carbon Black, Conferences, General, Tires — Notch @ 12:12 pm
Due to the current rapid escalation of the Omicron variant of Covid-19 throughout Europe, the Tire Technology Expo 2022 is being postponed by 6 weeks and will now be held on May 18-20, 2022. The location remains the same, the Deutche Messe exhibition center in Hannover, Germany.
Conference organizers said they are making the change to enable delegates, speakers, and exhibitors to enjoy the show in the early summer when many of the complications associated with Covid-19 are less impactful. "Based on everything we have seen in the last two years," Tony Robinson, founder of the conference, said, "A lower risk of Covid-19 transmission in the warmer months is the most significant benefit of the 6 week postponement along with easier travel and hopefully no requirement for mask wearing or other restrictions."
Birla Carbon raising specialty black prices
On March 11, Birla Carbon (Mumbai, India & Marietta, GA) announced an increase in specialty black prices. The worldwide price increase of up to 9% will become effective April 19, 2021, and all shipments made on or after this date are subject to the increase. Birla said that the increase is necessary due to the increasing costs of doing business in all regions.
Carbon Black Asia Webinar coming next week
Filed under: Carbon Black, Conferences, Coronavirus/COVID-19, General — Notch @ 6:00 am
Notch is participating in a webinar scheduled for Wednesday, March 10. The webinar will consist of three presentations covering the current carbon black and carbon black feedstock situation in Asia: Paul Ita of Notch Consulting will cover Asia Carbon Black Supply/Demand; Shane Perl of ALPEN Group will cover feedstocks; and Martin von Wolfersdorff of Wolfersdorff Consulting will cover customer mapping in Asia and green carbons. After the presentations we will have a short discussion followed by question/answer. The pricing for the webinar is a very affordable €29. The start time on March 10th, 2021 at 06h00 (Berlin), 10h30 (Dehli), 13h00 (Shanghai), 14h00 (Tokyo), 16h00 (Sydney), 0h00 (New York). If that time does not suit you, you can watch the replay recording any time. You can find more information and register here.
Goodyear acquiring Cooper for $2.5B
Filed under: General, Tires — Notch @ 10:35 pm
Goodyear Tire & Rubber announced today that it has reached an agreement to buy Cooper Tire & Rubber Co. for $2.5 billion. Akron-based Goodyear is the third largest tiremaker in the world with annual sales totaling $13.7 billion in 2019, while Cooper ranked 13th worldwide with annual sales of $2.75 billion in 2019. The purchase has been approved by the Board of Directors of both companies. The combined company will have approximately $17.5 billion in sales, based on 2019 figures, according to Goodyear.
BKT expanding capacity for tires and carbon black in India
Filed under: Carbon Black, General, Tires — Notch @ 12:46 am
Balkrishna Industries Ltd. has announced a capital investment plan valued at $257 million that will increase capacity for OTR tires and carbon black in India.
The program has three components:
BKT will invest $108 million to boost capacity for 51- and 57-inch OTR tires at the factory in Bhuj, Gujarat, along with debottlenecking and the installation of additional ancillary equipment. Overall capacity will be expanded by 50,000 metric tons per year.
BKT will spend $60 million on modernization, automation and technology upgrades at Bhuj and another tire plant in Bhiwadi, Rajasthan.
BKT will spend $88 million to expand capacity at a carbon black plant located at the Bhuj factory complex. Capacity will increase to 200,000 tons per year. The plant started up in 2019. The company did not release a completion date for this project.
In addition, BKT is nearing completion on a new farm/industrial/OTR tire plant being built in Waluj, Maharashtra, which will replace a 30-year-old facility nearby. BKT said it expects the plant to be operational by the first quarter of 2022 with a start-up capacity of 30,000 metric tons per year.
Finally, BKT's board of directors confirmed that the company's proposed tire factory to be built in the United States, which was first proposed in 2018, has been shelved due to "business uncertainties."
Sumitomo expanding tire capacity in NY, Thailand, and Japan
Filed under: Carbon Black, General, Rubber, Rubber Chemicals, Silica, Tires — Notch @ 11:11 pm
Sumitomo Rubber Industries Ltd. (Kobe, Japan) plans to invest $122 million over three years to increase capacity for passenger car, light truck, and medium truck tires at its factory in Tonawanda, New York. Sumitomo is budgeting $96 million to raise capacity for car and light truck tires from 6,500 units/day to 12,000 units/day by year-end 2023, as well as another $26 million to raise truck tire capacity from 1,750 units/day to 2,300 units/day by year-end 2024.
In a press release announcing the project, Sumitomo said the expansions were driven by strong demand in North America for its light truck, SUV, and medium truck tires. In particular, sales of the company's Falken-brand high-performance tires continued to expand steadily in 2020 despite the impact of COVID-19.
In Asia, Sumitomo is expanding capacity for light truck and SUV tires at plants in Amati, Thailand, and Miyazaki, Japan. With the expansions, Sumitomo will have capacity to produce 4,150 units/day at the plant in Thailand by year-end 2023 and 1,600 units/day at the plant in Japan by year end 2024. These expansions will primarily be used to supply the North American market.
Linglong's Serbian tire plant attracts EU environmental scrutiny
Filed under: Carbon Black, General, Rubber Chemicals, Tires — Notch @ 1:12 pm
Shandong Linglong Tire Co.'s new tire plant in Zrenjanin, Serbia is attracting new environmental scrutiny as 26 members of the European Parliament have called on the legislative body to enforce existing environmental laws at the construction site. In a letter to EP Commissioner Oliver Varhelyi, the members, which collectively represent 15 EU nations, catalogued various complaints related to the plant's construction and permitting, including issues with environmental impact and water usage. The letter calls upon the EP to require the Serbian government to "provide a clear action plan moving forward on how they are going to address the existing issues outlined above, as well as a commitment to honoring and following both their own domestic legislation and the regulations passed down as part of the EU accession process."
Linglong broke ground in April 2019 on the $994 million factory, which will produce 12 million car tires, 1.6 million truck/bus tires, and 20,000 OTR tires per year at full capacity.
Nokian Tyres to introduce tire made entirely from eco-friendly materials by 2025
Filed under: Carbon Black, General, Recovered Carbon Black, Tires — Notch @ 6:00 am
On January 28, Nokian Tyres announced a plan to introduce a concept tire made entirely from renewable and recycled materials by 2025. In a press release announcing the initiative, Nokian Tyres stressed that it has designed tires from a sustainable point of view for years. The company already uses bio-based materials such as canola oil in its tires and actively researches new eco-friendly materials as well the utilization of recycled materials. Nokian also selects raw materials from sustainable sources, seeks to decrease emissions and waste from production, and scrutinizes its logistics and outlet channels for efficiency. The company already stresses the development of tires that are as fuel-efficient as possible and made of durable, environmentally friendly materials. Nokian Tyres invented the world's first winter tire in 1934.


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The Consequences of Carsharing Systems on Vehicles Ownership In Urban Cities
Sarah Mohammad Alhejji
Department of Geography || West Chester University of Pennsylvania || USA
In 2001, there were more than approximately 92% of United States households had at least one vehicle and 60% owned two or more vehicles (Shaheen et al., 2005). This usage of the automobile is a major impact of air pollution and noise in the urban cities of the U.S. (Katzev 2003). Urban communities face serious environmental, healthy, and transportation problems as the extreme growth of transit movement around streets. It contributes about 45% of the nitrogen oxides and 70% of the carbon monoxide in U.S urban cities (Katzev, 2003). In Portland, as another example, 35% of the total energy consumption in 2010 was generated by road transit and about 30% of CO 2 emissions (Baptista et al., 2014). With the increasing of fuel costs and vehicle ownership, people are looking for alternatives to ownership of vehicle cars (Shaheen et al., 2006) that have positive impacts or no negative impacts at least. The main goal of car sharing systems is to provide an easy access for individuals to own a privet car without any responsibilities and costs of ownership. Consequently, it reduces the volume of traffics in urban cities, then reduce air pollution. Keywords: Carsharing, Urban Cities, Vehicles Ownership.
1- INTRODUCTION
In the 1990s, car sharing became popular in Zurich, Switzerland after people had started to use it in 1948 (Shaheen and Cohen 2008).Carsharing usage has increased recently in most of the countries. In Portland, Oregon State, opened the first commercial organization, Car Sharing Portland, in the United States in1998 (Katzev 2003). In the past decade, carsharing has significantly grown worldwide, as there has been an increasing demand to understand the impacts of environment as the carsharing has expanded. There are several counties with existing operations and the other countries have possibility of carsharing (figure1). Cersharing has already existed in the countries of North America (U.S and Canada), east and north Europe counties, Japan, and Australia (Shaheen and Cohen 2008).
Figure (1) State of carsharing world wide, Shaheen and Cohen 2008
In 2008, there were less than a million of carshiring members in the world, excluding Africa and South America with approximately 20, 000 carsharing vehicles in the same year (figur2). In the following six years, there was a significant increasing in both number of members and car sharing vehicles. In 2014, there were more the 92, 000 vehicles and about five million membership the same year (figure 2).
Figure (2) Carsharing Market, Number of Members and Vehicles from 2006-2014, (Le Vine et al. 2014)
In 2006, Europe had the heist percentage of membership followed by North America, 61% and 34% respectively (figure 3). However, this percentages rose in North America by 51% and dropped in Europe by 39% ( Shahen & Cohen, 2012)..
Figure (3) Worldwide carsharing: six year of growth, ( Shahen & Cohen, 2012)
Figure (4) US car-sharing growth, Shaheen et al. 2006
North America is the largest region of worldwide membership in car-sharing (Shaheen & Cohen, 2012). In the United States, the percentage of the growth in car-sharing members increased in the past years between 2001 to 2005 (figure 4). For the following years, it rose between July 2011 and 2012 in the same month by about 44% while Canada had 28.7% ( Shaheen & Cohen, 2012). This increasing reflects also the growth in car-sharing organization numbers (figure 5). In 1998, there were only two car-sharing organizations in the US (Steininger et al. 1996). However, there were a significant raising over the following six years which reached to 17 car-sharing organizations in 2005 (Steininger et al. 1996).
Figure (5) Total number of organization in the U.S and Canada, Shaheen et al. 2006
1.1. What is Car-Sharing?
Car sharing is one of the terminologies that has never been standardized. In general, it is automobile rental services in short-term use instead of own private vehicles. Members of car sharing can take cars and leave them anywhere in the city limit. The owners of companies' cars range from small, informal cooperative to sophisticated businesses with large numbers of cars that are used by a group of people in every single day to terminate their business daily. In the UK, car sharing means using a car with many people at the same time. Vine et al. (2014) reported that car sharing in most of the world refer to be services of mobility with unique characteristics than other vehicles and transit.
– Located in different locations from large airports to small storefront
– Users have to provide their identification to verify their identity once, at the first time.
– Users have the easier access to check in and out without contact the company's car.
– Cleaning and serving are done by the operator's staff instead of each user.
2- LITERATURE REVIEWS:
Car sharing has been studied by many researchers to indicate the impacts of car sharing in metropolitan cities. Firnkorn and Martin (2011) discussed the environmental impacts of a new form of car sharing in Ulm, Germany. The new system called car2go, and started to be offered for the public in April 2009. It aimed to provide people the easiest ways to use car from and to any point within the city limit. The system has 200 cars that can be taken without advance booking. It is available via smartphones, which allowed users to know the available vehicles as well as the level of fuel. Users charged when they swipe their driving licenses at the reading device that located in the back of the windscreen. It cost 0.19 € per minute for everyone without separated fees for the kilometers driven. There are no other fees for car2go system such as minimum or maximum usage as well as base fees (Firnkorn and Martin, 2011).
Katzev, 2003, introduced the car sharing's concept as a recent approach that is innovative to the rapid growth in metropolitan areas in the United States. He outlined car sharing history and discussed three different studies about Car Sharing Portland (CSP). He determined the difference between using private cars and carsharing which was restricted in the difference in ownership and access is the concept of carsharing (Katzev, 2003). In the three studies, Katzev collected data from their survey, as discussed in the discussion below, about carsharing members in CSP to reveal people's motivation to join CSP as well as the carsharing effects on ownership. He found that the reason behind individual joining CSP was the occasional need for a car. The length of membership as well as the distance between home's individuals and the nearest station of carsharing are the main factors of CSP trip usage (Katzev, 2003).
In Martin & Shaheen, 2011, study, evaluated the impacts of greenhouse gas emission (GHG) from individuals of carsharing organizations in the United States. They made a survey to evaluate the annual changing in emission of households of join carsharing members. Their results were that most of people slightly increased the emissions to access to automobiles. They found also that Car-Sharing helped the climate by simultaneously reduce petroleum consumption and greenhouse gas either gasoline or diesel emissions. The researchers suggest that Car-Sharing will offer considerable environmental and social benefits on this earth. Some of given benefits were about this serve (Car-Sharing): GHG emission, reductions and greater use of alternative modes, for example, public transit, walking, and cycling. More explanation, Car-Sharing, as they believe, has less average fuel economy than the personal vehicle. It also provides environmental benefits, mission reductions and new relationships between the households because they will use one vehicle.
Fellows and Pitfield (2000) showed an analytical study of the potential benefits of carsharing system in the United Kingdom. The concept of their study was to reveal about the benefits to the society if a public transport scheme were to be set in the West of Midlands area in the UK. They found that there would be many economic benefits for both individuals and society form using the Car-Sharing system. It reduced the vehicle emissions as it increases the speed limit, then save fuel. In addition to increase the civilization between households in the same area that people use carsharing system.
3- METHODOLOGY
Evidences of carsharing impacts are taken from different studies and surveys that have been done to evaluate the consequences of carsharing in cities. In Martin & Shaheen survey, 2011, reached members of carsharing organizations such as City Wheels, City Carshare, Commun Auto, and Zipcar in North America. Respondents were asked about their behaviors of household trips during before joining as members in carsharing and after as well as about their reaction in buying a car in the absence of carsharing. They only ask about families instead of individuals, even if there was only one person per household is a member in carsharing organizations. They also obtain more than 6, 250 responds from people who use carsharing in the neighborhood business model. This model provided in mix-use areas and residential for residents.
Katzev (2003) provided three different studies to examine the process of adoption of Car Sharing Portland (CSP). The first study was a survey. Participants were members on their first year of join to CSP with A total of 120. Pre-membership also participated in the survey to reveal the basic information on their demographic and travel patterns. All the active members were mailed the survey at the end of the year, including travel behaviors, cars availability, costs saving, and the advantages and disadvantages of becoming a Car Sharing Portland member. The method of the second study was obtained from Trip Ticket logs. These records were filled out in the starting and ending of CSP member trips. People were asked to provide their identification, vehicle number, the goal of the trip, and the time of starting and ending the trip.
In the third study of Katzev (2003), he estimated the mobility effects of car sharing by obtaining information from members of car sharing organizations in Europe and other studies. Participants were asked to record their travel behavior on one-week trip before becoming members of CSP as well as at the end of the first year. Pre-membership also were asked to obtain evidence on nonvehicle travel, changing of ownership of vehicle, and individual's ridership.
4- RESULTS
The results from surveys found that there reducing the number of cars for members. In Martin & Shaheen survey, 2011, they found that owned cars decreased about 50 percent for household members during the survey period. There were approximately 3000 vehicles owned by household before joining and became members in crashering organization. The number of owned cars became 1, 507 per household. 62% of members had no car after their joining while the percent of members with one car was 31%. There was smaller changing also in the number of two-vehicles household becoming one-vehicles. Members would buy a car or properly in the absence of carsharing by 25% of the total responds (Martin & Shaheen, 2011).
According to the result of Katzev (2003) study, most of carsharing users were collage graduate with a mean age of 73 to 24 years. The majority of members (59%) indicated that they did not own a private car while the joined time to CSP (Katzev, 2003). While the majority of pre-membership participants said that, they would be motivated to additional car because of their periodic needs. The three studies found that there was a positive environmental impacts on the first year by decreasing the vehicle ownership as well as reduce the level of travel miles. The most successful goal was that there were 17 persons sold their private car while there were 34 said they were able to avoid purchasing a car (Katzev, 2003). The most resons behind joining individuals to CSP were that 17 members needed vehicles wile 11 of them did not own a vehicle (Table 1).
Table (1) Most Important Reason for Joining CSP, (Katzev, 2003)
5- DISCUSSION
Road transport movements have reached a high concerned level for both individuals and societies due to energy, environmental and social negative impacts as well as economic costs. Baptista et al. (2014) found that road transit in Portugal had about 35% of the final energy consumption and CO2 emissions in 2010. Using alternative transportation such as carsharing would properly reduce the number of vehicle ownership and the fuel as well as the amount of energy consumption and CO2 emissions because carsharing vehicles tend to be more efficient than other private vehicles.
Using carsharing may alleviate the demand of own cars and reduce the daily trips. European evidences prove that members of carsharing drive less than before they became members in carsharing (Steininger et al., 1996). Individuals would travel less than they need if they had to pay for each single trip. Once people become more mindful of their trip costs, the level of travel in vehicles miles is expected to decrease (Katzev, 2003).
Carsharing has social and environment advantages for the whole community as many studies shown that the lack in transit access has bad effects on health and employment outcome (Agapitou et al. 2014). It provides easy access for low-income individuals rather than purchase a private car. Agapitou et al. (2014) states that each five private vehicles replaced by one shared car and this on itself leads to reduce the traffic congestion and parked vehicles in urban cities resulting in more open spaces for individuals. Moreover, members of carsharing organization have the flexibility to use cars and return them whenever and wherever they want.
Figure (6) Carshiring vehicles and member growth 2010-2020, Frost and Sullivan, 2014
As studies and surveys discussed above show that car sharing has already a significant impact in different metropolitan cities on vehicle ownership, growth in markets might produce greater environmental benefits in the future (Martin & Shaheen, 2011). Carsharing minimize the potential environmental impact in Urban Cities. It provides consumer an affordable way to own a car with short-term in residential areas, as they need. As a result, it mitigates the need of ownership of household vehicles. Household members carsharing dropped by about 0.24 cars rather than 0.47 when they non-carsharing member. Carsharing is growing gradually and may extend even into lower communities and in 2020 expected to have about 26 million member and 446, 48 vehicles rather than 4 million members and 96, 03 vehicles in 2014 (figure 6) (Martin & Shaheen, 2011). Results from studies indicate that the system of carsharing could contribute in reduction ownership of private cars in urban cities (Firnkorn & Martin 2011). Thus, it shown to be beneficial in both environmental consideration and transit consideration.
7- ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
I would like to take this opportunity to express my deepest appreciation to The Saudi Arabian Cultural Mission (SACM) for giving me their valuable suggestions and support throughout my research.
8- REFERENCES
– Agapitou, C., Deftou, E., Frantzi, C., Stamatopoulou, M., Georgakellos, D. 2014. Car-Sharing as an Environmental Policy Tool: A Preliminary Analysis. International Journal of Business and Social Science, 5 (10) 38-43.
– Baptista, P., Melo, S., Rolim, C, 2014. Energy, environmental and mobility impacts of sharing systems. Empirical results from Lisbon, Portugal. Procedia – Social and Behavioral Sciences, 111(2014) 28-37.car-
– Briggs, M. & Woodland, A. (2015, June 12). "Future of Mobility: Continued Growth & Investment Potential of the Global Carsharing Market." Frost and Sullivan. Retrieved May 2, 2016, from: http://www.slideshare.net/alanwoodland169/frost-and-sullivan.
– Firnkorn, J., and Muller, M., 2011. What will be the environmental effects of new free-floating car-sharing systems? The case of car2go in Ulm. Ecological Economics, 70, 1519-1528.
– Fellows, N.T., and Pitfield, D.E. 2000. An economic and operational evaluation of urban car-sharing. Transportation Research Part D, 5(2000) 1-10.
– Katzev, R. 2003. Car Sharing: A New Approach to Urban transportation Problems. Analyses of Social Issues and Public Policy, 3(1), 65-86.
– Le Vine, S., Zolfaghari, A., and Polak, J. 2014. Carsharing: Evolution, Challenges and Opportunities. Scientific Advisory Group Report.
– Martin, E.W., and Shaheen, S.A. 2011. Greenhouse Gas Emission Impacts of Carsharing in North America.IEEE Transactions on Intelegent Transportation systems, 12(4) 1074- 1087.
– Martin, E., and Shaheen, S. 2011. The Impact of Carsharing on Household Vehicle Ownership.ACCESS 23-27.
– Steininger, K., Vogl, C., and Zettle, R. 1996. The size of the market segment and revealed change in mobility behavior. Pergamon, 3(4), 177-185.
– Shaheen, S.A., Cohen, A.P., and Reberts, J.D. 2005. Carsharing in North America: Market Growth, Current Development, and Future Potential. Institute of Transportation Studies 1-18.
– Shaheen, S.A., and Cohen, A.P. 2008. Worldwide Carsharing Growth: An International Comparison. Institute of Transportation Studies, eScholarshio- University of California, 80-89.
– Shaheen, S., Chohen, A. 2012. Innovative Mobility Carsharing Outlook, Carsharing Market Overview, Analysis, and Trends. Transportation Sustainability Research Center 1(1) 1-4.
النتائج المترتبة عن نظام وسائل النقل المشتركة على الملكية في المدن الحضرية
في عام 2001، كان هناك أكثر من 92% تقريباً من الأسر في الولايات المتحدة يمتلكون مركبة واحدة على الأقل و 60% يملكون مركبتين أو أكثر (شاهين وآخرون، 2005.( يؤثر هذا الاستخدام للمركبات تأثراً كبيراً في تلوث الهواء والضوضاء في المدن الحضرية في الولايات المتحدة (Katzev, 2003). لذلك, تواجه المجتمعات الحضرية مشكلات بيئية وصحية ونقل خطيرة مثل النمو المطرد لحركة المرور العابر في الشوارع. حيث تساهم بنحو 45% من أكاسيد النيتروجين و70% من أول أكسيد الكربون في المدن الحضرية بالولايات المتحدة (Katzev, 2003). في بورتلاند، كمثال آخر، تم توليد 35% من إجمالي استهلاك الطاقة في عام 2010 بواسطة النقل البري وحوالي 30% من انبعاثات ثاني أكسيد الكربون (Baptista et al.2003). مع زيادة تكاليف الوقود وملكية المركبات، يبحث الناس عن بدائل لملكية السيارات (شاهين وآخرون، 2006) التي لها تأثيرات إيجابية أو لا توجد آثار سلبية على الأقل. الهدف الرئيسي من أنظمة السيارات المشتركة هو توفير وصول سهل للأفراد لامتلاك سيارة خاصة مؤقتة دون أي مسؤولية وتكاليف الملكية. وبالتالي، فإنه يقلل من حجم المركبات المتنقلة في المدن الحضرية، ثم بالتالي يقلل من تلوث الهواء. الكلمات المفتاحية: نظام السيارات المشتركة, المدن الحضرية, ملكية المركبات.


I've been running a non scientific poll asking if Donald Trump was hurting the GOP. Everyone who has responded has agreed that his is.
With that in mind I came across this article at FiveThirtyEight about the death of the GOP. While I don't make political predictions I find the history and arguments in this piece to be interesting. If the GOP may not be dying in name it certainly is no longer the party of Lincoln or Eisenhower. I think there is an argument for claiming it isn't even the party of Reagan.
It remains to be seen just how much the GOP reflects today's American society but if Hillary does win by the margins FiveThirtyEight and others are predicting it would certainly go a long way towards arguing the end of the GOP.


text:
// ***********************************************************************
// <copyright file="IUser.cs" company="Holotrek">
//     Copyright © Holotrek 2016
// </copyright>
// ***********************************************************************

using Kore.Domain.Context;

namespace Kore.Providers.Authentication
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Represents a user entity with a UserName
    /// </summary>
    /// <seealso cref="Kore.Domain.Context.IEntity" />
    public interface IUser : IEntity
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the username of the user.
        /// </summary>
        string UserName { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the first name of the user.
        /// </summary>
        string FirstName { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the last name of the user.
        /// </summary>
        string LastName { get; }

        /// <summary>
        /// Gets the middle name of the user.
        /// </summary>
        string MiddleName { get; }
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Mounting a job search when you're unemployed may leave you feeling like you can't compete with your gainfully employed peers. This just isn't true. Transform your resume from holding you back to propelling your success.
Assess the Gap "The best way to address an employment gap depends on how long you've been out of work," says Teena Rose, director of resume-writing firm ExpertResumes.com. Unemployed for a year or less? Then your best strategy may be to say nothing. "Shorter time frames of up to a year or so aren't absolute necessities to explain on a resume," says Rose, noting that she advises her clients with less than 12 months of unemployment to resist the temptation to overexpound. "Hiring managers understand job candidates will have date gaps from time to time, especially when factoring in the jobs lost during this recent recession," she says. Longer employment gaps can be trickier, and this is where your resume could use some well-crafted words to show how you've filled that gap. Here's some advice on what you can include to show you've been productive.
Emphasize How, Not Why "Hiring managers are more interested in knowing how you used your time away from the workforce as opposed to why you were unemployed," says Anne-Marie Ditta, president of First Impression Career Services, a Mount Vernon, New York-based career-planning firm. Instead of focusing on the layoff, company closure, job termination, caregiver responsibilities or other circumstances that led to unemployment, Ditta recommends you spotlight how this time off allowed you to acquire new skills, deepen existing industry knowledge or cultivate your contacts.
Get Busy During Your Unemployment If you can't think of a single resume-worthy activity or pursuit to show how you've used your time off, then you need to get busy. "I coach my clients that unemployment is not vacation time," says Kathy Sweeney, president of resume-writing firm The Write Resume. "If they haven't been involved in some sort of activity, I implore them to investigate options to gain further experience." Many activities can provide compelling resume content. For example, volunteering; tutoring; coaching sports; learning a new computer program; studying a foreign language; or pursuing temporary, freelance or contract work can show current experience on the resume. For example, a stay-at-home parent can highlight her accomplishments as a volunteer like this: "Won board approval to establish a community parent/child playgroup at the town hall. Led grassroots group to raise $47,500 annually and opened new revenue stream for county." Sweeney tells her clients "that experience is experience, regardless of whether it is paid or volunteer. If a client is enrolled in school, for example, I will make that a full-time job on the resume. I'll include information on the certificate or degree program as well as any quantifiable results, such as grades or instructor praise." Ditta emphasizes the importance of showcasing what you accomplished during your unemployment, just as you would for paid employment. "'Devoted four years to managing a large estate and complex/difficult medical decisions while caring for terminally ill parent' will be better-received by an employer than 'took time off to care for a sick relative,'" she says.
Remain Proactive "When it comes to covering resume gaps created by unemployment, it's best to be proactive rather than reactive," Rose says. By focusing on what you've achieved during this challenging period, you will demonstrate to employers your can-do attitude, resourcefulness and ability to drive successful results.


1.The House Finch is known by the scientific community as Carpodacus mexicanus. Interestingly enough, the first word in its scientific name suits its feeding preferences quite well. Carpodacus is in fact the Greek word for fruit-eater. Then again, we know that House Finches eat more than fruits.
2.The House Finches that were released in Long Island many decades ago were saved by legislation. They were considered illegally caged and as such the people who held them in custody were to be prosecuted if caught. That is why a huge number of House Finches were released in that area.
3.Though House Finches were originally found all throughout the continent of North America, they have been introduced to other islands as well. Hawaii has its own population of House Finches now and they can be found in all of the main islands of this state. Hawaiian House Finches have changed their color to yellow, red, and orange.
4.In Hawaii, another name for a House Finch would be a linnet or papaya eater.
5.Studies have found a reason for the change in color of the Hawaiian House Finches. It seems that the culprit is physiological stress as well as improper diet. This is quite surprising as Hawaii has a lot of vegetation that could serve as food. Though the population of House Finches seems to be doing well, this fact seems to indicate otherwise.
6.House Finches get their pigmentation from plant carotids. Perhaps that is the reason for the change in color in Hawaiian House Finches as the local vegetation may have different properties.
7.Though House Finches are quite small, they can live for quite some time. Their expected life span – barring any unfortunate accidents, that is – is about 9 to 10 years.
8.House Finches remember where they can find a source of food. Once you attract certain House Finches to your feeder, they will be sure to keep coming back as long as you keep refilling your feeder.
9.One of the oldest and most commonly accepted facts about House Finches is that the females tend to choose the male which has the reddest breast color. Yet recent studies have shown that this is not entirely true. Another consideration for choosing a mate seems to be that the mate should be as genetically different as possible in order to prevent in breeding. Just how the finches know that they are genetically different, no one knows as of now.


A dispute between Tibet's prime minister-in-exile and one of his movement's leading American supporters threatens to undermine U.S. political support for the Tibetan exile cause.
In a letter to Lobsang Sangay this week, Congressman Dana Rohrabacher accused the India-based exile leader of trying to manipulate news coverage of his organization through actions that resulted in the recent firing of Jigme Ngapo, the longtime chief of the Tibetan-language service of Radio Free Asia. RFA denies the firing was related to politics.
Rohrabacher, who in 2007 pressed for a boycott of the Beijing Olympics over China's treatment of Tibet, also said he is "aware of serious accusations that U.S. funding meant for Tibetans may have been misspent." He threatened action if U.S. money went into the pockets of "Communist Chinese and Tibetan power brokers."
The California lawmaker warned that the actions of Sangay and other Tibetan leaders "are undermining support within the U.S. Congress for the Tibetan cause."
Sangay responded in a press release Wednesday, saying his Central Tibetan Administration "takes great pride in maintaining fiscal integrity and transparency" and insisted that every dollar it spends is properly accounted for.
The exile leader stated categorically that he had "nothing to do with developments between RFA management and Jigme Ngapo." He endorsed RFA broadcasting, saying its Tibetan service "was established to provide truthful and objective service to Tibetans particularly to listeners in Tibet deprived of unbiased and timely news and information."
Rohrabacher suggested in a press release that Ngapo irked the Tibetan government-in-exile by encouraging open discussion about various options for Tibet's future, including outright independence. The Dalai Lama and his Tibetan followers, hoping for an eventual accommodation with China, speak only of autonomy.
In a statement released to VOA, RFA said all of its management decisions are based on how it can best produce high quality, objective programming.


As already mentioned in the other answers you can keep it in Rest mode as long as there is a power supply to the PS4. 2. It is absolutely safe to turn of with a disc inside. Check Quo... 2. It is absolutely safe to turn of with a disc inside.
Follow these steps to activate or deactivate Demo Mode on the Reader Wi-Fi: Gently press the Reset button with a bent-open paper clip. Press the power button on the bottom of the reader to turn it on.
I keep trying to shut it off to prevent it from going into rest mode. When I turn it off from the menu or even manually by pressing the front it goes into rest mode.
Completely turn off the PS4 (do not put it on stand-by mode) Press and hold down the power button for around 10 seconds. The console will beep twice, around 5 seconds apart.


Provide overall sales & marketing leadership that establishes CEC as a high performing sales team, meeting or exceeding the company's sales goals and objectives.
Executive Leadership Team: Active member of the CEC Executive Leadership Team, providing input that ensures CEC meets its overall goals and objectives.
Staff Development: Develops and maintains an industry leading sales team with greater than 80% annual success rate for sales people.
Conducts ride-a-longs for coaching/mentoring and feedback purposes.
Provides direct leadership to General Managers in building and maintaining high performing sales teams.
Business Development: Generate a need for CEC services.
Provides direct leadership to General Managers in developing and executing Go-To-Market strategies.
Lead Marketing team (brand management/communications) that positions each suite as the experts in their industry.
Use data & analytics to establish market/customer targets by territory and technology.
Sales Compensation Plans: Develops and maintains a sales compensation plan aligned with desired outcomes.
Each unique in providing a sales deliverable that is unmatched in our market(s).
Consistently achieves a 99% compliance with sales process/methodologies.
Establishes sales goals for the company, including enterprise, RMR, construction and account management.
Establish and communicate clear metrics needed to achieve the sales goals.
Customers: Directly engaged in high profile opportunities/accounts, pulls in other executives and resources when needed to help solidify the business.
The Vice President Sales directly supervises managers/sales people directly reporting as well as sales sponsor to General Managers.
Proven success mentoring and developing sales teams with exceptional strategic, planning and execution skills.
Four year degree from an accredited college, university, or technical institution with coursework in communications, marketing, business, or IT, or substitute 2 years pertinent experience for each year of education.
Preferred experience in a corporation, involved in multiple work functions and/or management environment within the communications industry.


It's important to note that this method does not replace a class. It simply adds the class, appending it to any which may already be assigned to the elements.
Before jQuery version 1.12/2.2, the .addClass() method manipulated the className property of the selected elements, not the class attribute. Once the property was changed, it was the browser that updated the attribute accordingly. An implication of this behavior was that this method only worked for documents with HTML DOM semantics (e.g., not pure XML documents).
As of jQuery 1.12/2.2, this behavior is changed to improve the support for XML documents, including SVG. Starting from this version, the class attribute is used instead. So, .addClass() can be used on XML or SVG documents.
Here, the myClass and noClass classes are removed from all paragraphs, while yourClass is added.
As of jQuery 1.4, the .addClass() method's argument can receive a function.
Given an unordered list with two <li> elements, this example adds the class "item-0" to the first <li> and "item-1" to the second.
Add the class "selected" to the matched elements.


Incident began at 2017-06-27 07:30 and ended at 2017-06-30 01:45 (all times are US/Pacific).
The issue with degraded availability for some Google Cloud Storage objects has been resolved for all affected projects. We will conduct an internal investigation of this issue and make appropriate improvements to our systems to help prevent or minimize future recurrence.
Google engineers continue to work to restore the service. At this point, the error rate remains low. If your service or application is affected, we apologize.
We will provide another status update by June 30, 04:00 US/Pacific.
Google engineers are continuing to restore the service. Error rates are continuing to decrease.
We will provide another status update by 15:00 June 29 US/Pacific.
Starting at Tuesday 27 June 2017 07:30 PST, Google Cloud Storage started experiencing degraded availability for some objects based in us-central1 buckets (Regional, Nearline, Coldline, Durable Reduced Availability) and US multi-region buckets. Between 08:00 and 18:00 PST error rate was ~3.5%, error rates have since decreased to 0.5%. Errors are expected to be consistent for objects.
Customers do not need to make any changes at this time. Google engineers have identified the root cause and are working to restore the service. If your service or application is affected, we apologize.
We will provide another status update by 05:00 June 29 US/Pacific.


In 2005, the center was purchased close to the Northern Baltic Sea Canal on a 1700 sqm property. Since then, extensive renovation and remodeling has been carried out and the construction of a 108 sqm large meditation hall was completed. The premises provide opportunity for meditation weekends and courses. Since Rendsburg is in the middle of the Schleswig-Holstein area, it offers the chance to organize events together with the surrounding centers, and thereby strengthen the center network.


Naomi started the month by going on another camping trip to Santa Barbara, to Refugio State Beach. She camped out right on the beach, it was pretty fun.
There were lots of other kids to play with, since it was organized by a home-school group. Since the tent was so close to the beach, it was easy to keep an eye on them.
Of course, the sun was unrelenting, so everybody got a bit sunburned.
The hats only work if you wear them, not eat them.
Desmond had a lot of area to explore, and lots of people to help watch the kids.
Mia is a big fan of Desmond's. There was a lot to do during the day, including making swords from PVC and foam.
The next home-school outing was to the California Science Center. We watch the Hubble 3D IMAX, it was spectacular. By far the best IMAX I've ever seen, and the 3D was so worth it. It was like going into outer space.
There was a lady-bug clinic everybody attended, where you got to do serious lady-bug science.
Mia giving me her best model pose during the lady-bug clinic.
During the lady-bug clinic Desmond was doing his own exploration.
The rose garden at the Science Center is pretty nice. We had lunch on the grass.
There's a huge fountain in the rose garden that Mia just kept running all the way around.
Dave stopped to visit on his way to Lake Tahoe. It was a lot of fun playing with the cousins.
We got to see Luke, and he's just a happy, chubby baby, just like Desmond. He's six months right now.
Desmond and Amelie getting ready to go somewhere in Dave's car. Everybody wants to go in Dave's car.
We visited with Sue when she spent the night at the Hyatt. They had a great pool area for kids.
Mia turned four this month, which is amazing. It seemed to me like she was three forever. That's a gluten-free chocolate cake, of course.
So until next month, try and keep those pants on.


text:
Race Matters
Bubba Wallace's Mother Spills the Tea on Other Drivers Calling Him the N-Word: 'We've Been Through All of That'
Photo: Jamie Squire (Getty Images for NASCAR)
To the surprise of no one, Bubba Wallace's mother insists that her son has faced racism time and time again throughout the course of his professional racing career.
During an appearance on Sirius XM's The Joe Madison Show, Desiree Wallace made it a point to call a thing a thing.
"This is not his first incident," she said, in reference to the noose recently discovered in Bubba's garage stall. "If he gets into an incident with another driver, they're quick to throw out the n-word. He's been told he doesn't belong. We've been through all of that."
As the only Black driver in NASCAR's Cup Series, a sport that's never been particularly welcoming to any of our Black asses, none of this should come as a surprise. A thorough FBI investigation concluded that Bubba wasn't the target of a hate crime in regards to the noose that was discovered in his garage stall, but that doesn't alleviate or erase the racial tensions that Bubba must constantly navigate.
In Its Efforts to Make Itself a More Inclusive Sport, NASCAR Has Failed Already
Black folks are tired.
Prior to the FBI completing its investigation, Bubba made it a point to relay the advice that his mother had bestowed upon him.
"As my mother told me today, 'they are just trying to scare you,'" he wrote in a statement. "This will not break me, I will not give in nor will I back down. I will continue to proudly stand for what I believe in."
While Desiree expressed her excitement that "the sport is changing," in light of NASCAR's decision to finally ban the Confederate flag from its events, she's also acutely aware that it has a tremendous amount of work to do to create a more welcoming environment.
"I told him: 'At the end of the day, God has got you, God's got you. They'll do anything to try to stop you; this is just a telltale sign,'" she said. "Racism exists, people. Wake up!"
Menace to supremacy. Founder of Extraordinary Ideas and co-host and producer of The Extraordinary Negroes podcast. Impatiently waiting for ya'll to stop putting sugar in grits.
Suffersfoolsgladly
I can only imagine.
I grew up at the race course. My stepdad invented Formula Super Vee, designed and built his own namesake cars and raced competitively as well for many years. This was in the 60's and 70's and there were NO black people anywhere to be found, either in the stands, or in the paddock. It was whitey white white all the way. We were SCCA, and NASCAR was a whole other thing, but it was very white at the time. I'm sure black drivers have to put up with a lot, plus it's a very expensive sport if you can't land sponsors.


Floor standing collection box. The entry box is manufactured in high-quality clear acrylic with key lock entry. The 300mm square clear entry box is fixed to the Forescolor MDF base box available in 9 different colours with large side advertising and promotional printed panels that include fixed clear acrylic Dl/Z-folding leaflet storage pockets on two sides.
Product Details: Floor standing collection box. The entry box is manufactured in high-quality clear acrylic with key lock entry. The 300mm square clear entry box is fixed to the Forescolor MDF base box available in 9 different colours with large side advertising and promotional printed panels that include fixed clear acrylic Dl/Z-folding leaflet storage pockets on two sides. The box is fitted with lockable wheels.