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Contribution of Quantitative Methods of Estimating Mortality Dynamics to Explaining Mechanisms of Aging
G. A. Shilovsky1,2,3*, T. S. Putyatina3, A. V. Markov3, and V. P. Skulachev1,2
1Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia; E-mail: grgerontol@gmail.com
2Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, 119991 Moscow, Russia
3Lomonosov Moscow State University, Faculty of Biology, 119991 Moscow, Russia
* To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Received August 7, 2015; Revision received September 6, 2015
Accumulation of various types of unrepaired damage of the genome because of increasing production of reactive oxygen species and decreasing efficiency of the antioxidant defense system and repair systems can cause age-related diseases and emergence of phenotypic signs of senescence. This should lead to increasing vulnerability and to mortality monotonously increasing with age independently of the position of the species on the evolutionary tree. In this light, the survival, mortality, and fertility curves for 45 animal and plant species and one alga published by the Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research (Germany/Denmark) are of special interest (Jones, O. R., et al. (2014) Nature, 505, 169-173). We divided all species treated in that study into four groups according to the ratio of mortality at the terminal age (which corresponds to 5% survival) and average mortality during the entire studied period. For animals of group IV (long-lived and senescent), including humans, the Jones method makes it possible to trace mortality during the entire life cycle. The same applies to short-lived animals (e.g. nematodes or the tundra vole), whether they display the Gompertz type of senescence or not. However, in long-lived species with a less pronounced increase in mortality with age (e.g. the freshwater crocodile, hermit crab, or Scots pine), as well as in animals of average lifespan that reach the terminal age earlier than they could have enough time to become senescent, the Jones method is capable of characterizing only a small part of the life cycle and does not allow judging how senescence manifests itself at late stages of the life cycle. Thus, it is known that old trees display signs of biological senescence rather clearly; although Jones et al. consider them non-senescent organisms because less than 5% of sexually mature individuals survive to display the first manifestations of these characters. We have concluded that the classification proposed by Jones et al. makes it possible to approximately divide animals and plants only by their levels of the Gompertz type of senescence (i.e. actuarial senescence), whereas susceptibility to biological senescence can be estimated only when principally different models are applied.
KEY WORDS: lifespan, senescence, non-senescent species, survival curves, phenoptosis
Abbreviations: LS, lifespan; ROS, reactive oxygen species.
The purpose of this study was to review and critically assess studies that investigate the process of senescence and its evolution and to compare the main patterns of aging in representatives of different lineages.
There are two main historically developed approaches to the study of aging. The first approach is focused on the search for mechanisms and molecular "substrates" of senescence. It deals above all with the accumulation of DNA damage caused by exogenous and endogenously generated radicals [1-5]. The accumulation of DNA damage and decreasing ability of cells to repair this damage and respond to it as the organism ages should lead to poorer functioning of particular cells, tissues, organs, and the entire organism (eventually leading to higher chances of its death). A living cell produces reactive oxygen species (ROS), which damage various macromolecules, including DNA, affecting cellular functions and, possibly, the development of age-related changes [2, 6-11]. The ability of the organism to neutralize the ROS produced can be an important factor in determining individual and species-specific lifespan (LS) [12]. Therefore, animals that have greater LS should, ceteris paribus, have a better ability to respond to ROS and to DNA damage caused by ROS. This conclusion is confirmed, among other things, by the positive correlation between the activity of systems involved in DNA repair and maximum LS in mammals [13-16].
The second main approach, which started in the 19th century from the work of Gompertz, a mathematician specialized in life insurance, has also become quite widespread [15, 17-24].
Gompertz showed that humans display senescence, which he defined as increasing probability of death with age. It turned out that if human life is divided into a number of equal intervals, the probability of death (the ratio of the number of those who die during each interval and those who survived to its beginning) inevitably grows with age ("the law of mortality") [22].
Survival tables and curves were later made and analyzed for many other animals (Tables 1-3). It turned out that absence of senescence (the Gompertz type of senescence) does not necessarily lead to long LS (see below), i.e. a cohort that successfully stands against the tendency of increasing probability of death with age does not necessarily function longer than other cohorts do. It was found that those species in which the probability of death does not increase with age could nevertheless display signs of biological senescence, i.e. decline of physiological functions and accumulation of some degenerative changes (which are not lethal per se). Finch proposed two criteria of negligibly slow aging: absence of increase in mortality and negligibly small functional degradations with age [25].
Table 1. Age-related dynamics of fertility and mortality in plants and algae
Note: ↑, increasing; ↓, decreasing; ≈, constant; ΔF, change of fertility with age; ΔM, change of mortality with age; LS95, cohort age of 5% survival; ΔM95, ratio of mortality at the terminal age (LS95) and average mortality. The data are grouped in decreasing order of mortality (decreasing number according to Jones et al. [1]).
Table 2. Age-related dynamics of fertility and mortality in vertebrates
Note: Mam, mammals; Rep, reptiles; Am, amphibians; ↑, increasing; ↓, decreasing; ≈, constant; C, observed in captivity; W, observed in wild; LSmax, maximum LS; ΔF, change of fertility with age; ΔM, change of mortality with age; LS95, cohort age of 5% survival; ΔM95, ratio of mortality at the terminal age (LS95) and average mortality. The data within each class are grouped in decreasing order of mortality (decreasing number according to Jones et al. [1]).
Table 3. Age-related dynamics of fertility and mortality in invertebrates
Note: ↑, increasing; ↓, decreasing; ≈, constant; C, observed in captivity; W, observed in wild; LS95, cohort age of 5% survival; ΔF, change of fertility with age; ΔM, change of mortality with age; ΔM95, ratio of mortality at the terminal age (LS95) and average mortality. The data within each phylum are grouped in decreasing order of mortality (decreasing number according to Jones et al. [1]).
Many theories have been proposed to explain the emergence of the phenomenon of senescence and its changes in the course of evolution [2, 23, 26-31].
Weismann was the first to suggest that since non-senescent individuals are bad for the population, because they occupy the place of younger ones, evolution should produce a senescence program aimed at purging the population from aged individuals [26]. He believed that the biological mechanism of senescence was based on the limited number of divisions of somatic cells (in contrast to the unlimited proliferation of sex cells) and explained interspecies differences in LS in animals by the numbers of cell generations.
However, the existing theoretical approaches provide no complete explanation of the fact that senescence has evolved in some species, but not in others [32], and that even relatively closely related species sometimes display quite considerable differences in LS: (i) vertebrates: mammals: naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber), 32 years, and house mouse (Mus musculus), 3 years; birds: eagle owl (Bubo bubo), 68 years, and elf owl (Micrathene whitneyi), 6 years; raven (Corvus corax), 69 years, and hooded crow (Corvus cornix), 17 years; reptiles: giant tortoise (Testudo gigantea), 180 years, and panther chameleon (Chamaeleo pardalis), 2 years; amphibians: Japanese giant salamander (Megalobatrachus japonicus), 65 years, olm (Proteus anguinus), 68 years, and blue-legged mantella (Mantella expectata), 3 years; (ii) invertebrates: mollusks: freshwater pearl mussel (Margaritana margaritifera), 100 years, and bay scallop (Argopecten irradians), 2 years; (iii) echinoderms: red sea urchin (Strongylocentrotus franciscanus), 60 years, West Indian sea egg (Tripneustes ventricosus), 3 years, mosaic sea star (Plectaster decanus), 60 years, and sea cucumber (Isostichopus badionotus), 5 years; (iv) nematodes: a parasitic nematode (Loa loa), 15 years, and a free-living nematode (Caenorhabditis elegans), 0.017 year [23, 33-37].
Since LS as a species-specific character is as stable as body size or fecundity, it can be assumed that LS (i.e. the moment of death) and its mechanisms should be at least partly programmed in the genome. The suggestion about programmed death of the organism, put forward by Weismann more than a century ago, can be fairly appreciated only now, when the phenomena of self-liquidation have been described for cells and separately for mitochondria, making it possible to propose the new theory of programmed death [38, 39]. According to modern notions, programmed death of an organism, i.e. death caused by triggering the start of the genetic program of self-liquidation of the individual, is a real phenomenon. Such regulation of LS should be distinguished from purely chemical aging, not programmed in the genome. One example of chemical aging is the L→D-isomerization of amino acids in crystallins, proteins of the eye lens, in whales. Because of this spontaneous process, in 200-year-old whales about 40% of L-aspartate in crystallins turns into the D-isomer, presumably having a negative effect on the properties of this protein, which, once formed in the lens, is retained there for the entire life. Other examples of non-programmed, chemical aging include the processes of carbonylation and deamidation of proteins [11, 40].
Thus, Weismann's theory of senescence as an adaptive mechanism of programmed death can be combined with the alternative view that senescence is a result of accumulation of damage and mistakes. Accumulation of damage could be traced by special systems that send a lethal signal to activate the phenoptosis program (programmed death of the organism) when the damage reaches some critical level. This program is adjusted to eliminate the damaged object before it makes the existence of the organism (or another living system) impossible. Such a mechanism is aimed at preventing the emergence of asocial monsters that can destroy the community and the entire population. This is how the "Samurai" law of biology manifests itself: "It is better to die than to make a mistake". This system is responsible for the following functions: (i) prevention of oxidation-related or any other damage to the genome, (ii) repair of damaged genome, and (iii) purging living systems of potential monsters with damaged genomes. One example of pathology that displays features of phenoptosis is septic shock. Many of its features indicate that its rapid lethal effect is specially organized by the organism itself after it becomes subject to a large-scale bacterial invasion. It prevents the development of an epidemic. Sepsis is accompanied by large-scale release of cytokines by macrophages, which induces apoptosis [11, 41].
As a rule, phenoptosis is encoded in the genome and consists of a chain of biochemical events that ultimately result in self-destruction of the organism. Less often, such death results from a behavioral reaction encoded in the genome of the organism's sexual partner [40, 42-46].
Worsening environmental conditions, like any other deviation of the system from the optimum, should weaken the defenses of the organism and thus increase the probability of mutations and accumulation of damage, which, in turn, stimulates phenoptosis. This probability increases also as fecundity increases and alteration of generations accelerates, i.e. as LS decreases. For instance, in some killifish species of the genus Nothobranchius, LS varies by a factor of up to five, depending on the natural habitat occupied by the species [47]. Austad provides an example of average LS increasing and senescence (determined from the structure of collagen in tendons of the tail) decreasing in a population of opossums that accidentally colonized a small isolated island and ended up under conditions of weakened selection pressure compared to continental populations for lack of predators [15, 48].
Rapid phenoptosis is often associated with reproduction. In such cases, mating includes a behavioral or biochemical suicidal program. In squids, the male tears the skin of the female, injects a spermatophore, and immediately dies after mating; the female dies after laying a clutch of eggs [49]. Salmonid fish of the genus Oncorhynchus become senescent and die one or two months after spawning, not because of exhaustion of the organism, but because of triggering a special program in which the key role is played by steroid hormones of the adrenal glands. Lampreys and eels, like salmonids, die soon after breeding [41]. In lampreys, life can be prolonged by removal of gonads or the pituitary gland; in eels, it can be prolonged by prevention of mating. Such death is also known among mammals, e.g. Australian marsupials of the genus Antechinus, in which males commit biochemical suicide immediately after the breeding season [50]. In some animals, the very structure of the body is incompatible with life of any considerable length, e.g. adult mayflies are unable to eat for lack of mouthparts and die of hunger soon after mating [11].
Bamboo lives for 10 to 15 years with vegetative reproduction and then blossoms and dies after ripening of the seeds. Arabidopsis with two genes knocked out grows almost normally, blossoms, and bears fruit more poorly, but it has LS longer by at least an order of magnitude; it has thicker stem and leaves and additional rosettes of leaves [51, 52]. In the Mexican agave, which usually lives for ten years, annual removal of the flowering shoot increases LS by a factor of ten. Rapid senescence and death of soy can be prevented by removal of fruits or seeds ripening inside them [53, 54]. It can be suggested that phenoptosis exists in any species that breed only once.
Senile phenoptosis could appear as sudden death, which happens when the individual reaches some critical age. Bowles mentions one species of marine birds that suddenly die when they are about 50 years old, showing no signs of senescence [55].
Usually, however, death from old age is the result of a very prolonged process (slow phenoptosis). However, in case of individuals with multiple reproduction it can prove more beneficial for the species than rapid apoptosis: the presence of a beneficial character in an individual can for some time compensate adverse effects of senescence, thus giving the individual advantages in breeding. Phenoptosis in natural environments is beneficial above all for survival and evolution of communities under aggressive conditions. A considerable role in this process is played by epigenetic modifications of chromatin [56, 57]. In contrast to situations treated by mutation accumulation and disposable soma theories, which assume constant pressure of adverse environmental conditions (predators or diseases), such a program could have evolved for adaptation to short-term extreme external influences (fluctuations of temperature or humidity of the environment or of levels of food resources) [58, 59].
Analysis of mortality curves. Scientists of the Max Planck Research Group on Modeling the Evolution of Aging (Rostock, Germany, and Odense, Denmark), headed by A. Baudisch, studied mortality and fecundity curves [1].
Analysis of functional changes (in fecundity, mobility, and memory) that happen during senescence shows that different organs and tissues undergo age-related disturbances at different rates. In addition, LS varies from individual to individual. Even genetically similar or identical individuals (e.g. workers and queens of social insects) can have fundamentally different LS trajectories. Contrary to the opinion that evolution should inevitably lead to mortality increasing and fertility decreasing with age after maturation, considerable differences between species have been shown in the dynamics of these parameters (increasing, stable, decreasing, convex, or concave mortality curves) in both long-lived and short-lived species (figure) [1].
Demographic trajectories according to Jones et al. [1] (modified, reproduced by the courtesy of the NPG group). The relative mortality (curve 1) and fertility (curve 2) are shown as functions of age, from the moment of maturity to the age at which only 5% of adults survive; mortality and fertility are normalized relative to average values (calculated for all living adults from maturity to terminal age) (curve 1, axis Y to the left). The dashed lines are trajectories obtained by mathematical calculations. Mortality and fertility averaged for all ages are shown with horizontal dashed gray lines. Survivorship (ratio of the size of the cohort still alive at this age and the number of surviving individuals by the moment of sexual maturity) (curve 3, axis Y to the right) is represented in logarithmic scale. The graphs are numbered from 1 to 48 in decreasing order of relative mortality by the terminal age from the highest level of relative mortality at the terminal age (top left) to the lowest level (bottom right), and they are arranged sequentially, row by row and left to right. The dimension of axis X (age) is given in years. 1) Humans, female Japanese born in 2009 (Homo sapiens); 2) humans, female Swedes born in 1881 (Homo sapiens); 3) Bali mynah (Leucopsar rothschildi); 4) guppy (Poecilia reticulata); 5) humans, hunter-gatherers (Homo sapiens); 6) southern fulmar (Fulmarus glacialoides); 7) killer whale (Orcinus orca); 8) water flea (Daphnia longispina); 9) lion (Panthera leo); 10) yellow baboon (Papio cynocephalus); 11) bdelloid rotifers (Macrotrachela sp.); 12) roe deer (Capreolus capreolus); 13) red deer (Cervus elaphus); 14) nematode worm (Caenorhabditis elegans); 15) human louse (Pediculus humanus); 16) chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes); 17) fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster); 18) chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra); 19) Soay sheep (Ovis aries); 20) Mediterranean fruit fly (Ceratitis capitata); 21) alpine swift (Apus melba); 22) mute swan (Cygnus olor); 23) tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus); 24) St. John's wort (Hypericum cumulicola); 25) Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris); 26) freshwater crocodile (Crocodylus johnsoni); 27) yellow-bellied marmot (Marmota flaviventris); 28) sparrow hawk (Accipiter nisus); 29) yellow cryptantha (Cryptantha flava); 30) agave (Agave marmorata); 31) geonoma palm (Geonoma orbignyana); 32) common lizard (Lacerta vivipara); 33) dwarf gorse (Ulex minor); 34) borderea (Borderea pyrenaica); 35) collared flycatcher (Ficedula albicollis); 36) great rhododendron (Rhododendron maximum); 37) great tit (Parus major); 38) hydra (Hydra magnipapillata); 39) hermit crab (Pagurus longicarpus); 40) armed saltbush (Atriplex acanthocarpa); 41) red abalone (Haliotis rufescens); 42) red-legged frog (Rana aurora); 43) red gorgonian (Paramuricea clavata); 44) viburnum (Viburnum furcatum); 45) oarweed (Laminaria digitata); 46) netleaf oak (Quercus rugosa); 47) desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii); 48) white mangrove (Avicennia marina). Designations: Am, amphibians; Arth, arthropods; Cn, cnidarians; In, invertebrates; Mam, mammals; Mo, mollusks; Nem, nematodes; Pl, plants; Rep, reptiles; Rot, rotifers; V, vertebrates
Vaupel has shown that in some species (those with the so-called negative senescence, group I) (figure, lower row, and Tables 2 and 3), such as the desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii), fertility continues to increase and probability of death decreases with age after maturation [1, 60]. In other cases, initial decrease is followed by a long period of constant mortality level (e.g. in Mexican oak, Quercus rugosa), while in most species mortality increases. This variability of curves is not predicted by standard evolutionary theories of aging, which assume that mortality only increases and fertility only decreases with age [27, 28, 61-63], but do not explain differences in the scale of these changes.
Survival curves. Survival curves (concave, linear, and convex) are known among biologists [64, 65], but they were usually drawn for LS beginning with birth rather than beginning with sexual maturity as in the study discussed here [1]. Similar survival curves can be found in species that strongly differ in LS. Thus, lions and chimpanzees are close to animals with rapid life cycles, such as louse (Pediculus humanus), daphnia (Daphnia longispina), or fruit fly (Drosophila melanogaster) [1].
After the terminal age, sample size is usually rather small, and identification of age is often problematic.
Baudisch supposes that the shape of the curve is a more informative parameter for the study of aging than the rate of mortality increase [32, 66].
METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
To compare the principal patterns of the senescence process in organisms that represent different evolutionary lineages, we sorted the data of Jones et al. [1] into groups according to the mortality at the terminal age and average mortality. We numbered all species treated as they were numbered in that study (from 1 to 48, in decreasing order of the above-mentioned parameter) and divided them into four large groups, group I comprising species with the smallest changes in mortality with age, and group IV comprising species with the greatest changes in mortality with age. Jones et al. [1] provided normalized mortality and fertility curves for a broad range of taxa (11 mammals, 12 other vertebrates, 10 invertebrates including five arthropods, two cnidarians, one mollusk, one nematode, and one rotifer, 12 vascular plants, and one brown alga). For arthropods, we calculated the ratio of the LS until the moment by which only 5% of the cohort survives (LS95) and the maximum LS to reveal how well LS95 characterizes the life cycle of each species (the data are given in Table 2). The data on other species are unfortunately incomplete and contradictory, and the table value of the maximum LS was often lower than LS95 given by Jones (see, e.g. [23]). The values of maximum LS (unless specified otherwise) are taken from the database of the Max Planck Research Group on Modeling the Evolution of Aging (Rostock, Germany, and Odense, Denmark) [35]. We also indicated in the Table 2 whether the animals were observed in natural environments or in captivity. To avoid the widespread objection that senescence is not found in nature and manifests itself only under laboratory conditions, Jones et al. [1] presented data on animals that live in the wild (mainly in nature reserves and game parks), except for domestic animals (sheep), laboratory animals (fruit flies and the nematode), and animals whose demographic structure cannot be recorded under natural conditions (rotifers, louse, and crab).
The results are shown in three tables for different taxa (Table 1 for vascular plants and the brown alga; Table 2 for chordates (in this case vertebrates); Table 3 for the other animal phyla), which contain the English and Latin names of the species and specify to which taxa of higher rank they belong.
LS and mortality. Although the demographic trajectories shown in the figure vary over a broad range, careful analysis of the graphs has revealed that they can be divided into four large groups according to the degree of "accumulated mortality" (defined as the ratio of mortality at the terminal age and average mortality): strongly increasing with age (IV), markedly increasing (III), weakly increasing (II), and decreasing or constant (I).
Thus, for humans, which belong to group IV (Nos. 1-6 in figure and Table 2), this ratio was the highest: 23 for female Japanese (No. 1 in figure and Table 2), 13.5 (No. 2) for female Swedes and 7.5 for Ache Native Americans (No. 3). Such a pronounced growth of relative mortality with age that can be found in humans (and which emerged largely over the last century because of increasing LS95) was explained by the effects of behavioral and ecological changes (including advances of healthcare) rather than genetic changes [66-68].
This ratio is also high (8 and 7.5, respectively) in fish kept in captivity (No. 4, guppy) and birds (No. 3, the Bali mynah, which was on the verge of extinction, and its population size was supported by all possible means) [69].
The next group, group III, in which senescence is less pronounced, comprises more species (Nos. 7-18); it is more heterogeneous and includes the killer whale, lion, ungulates, and primates (baboon and chimpanzee), as well as the fruit fly, nematode worm, and rotifers. This group is characterized by considerable although less pronounced growth of mortality: from 5.5 in the killer whale (No. 7) to 3.5 in the chamois (No. 18).
Group II is characterized by rather low values of the ratio of mortality at the terminal age and average mortality: from 2.5 in the sheep (No. 19) to 1.2 in the agave (No. 30). Finally, group I, which comprises the greatest number of species (Nos. 31-48), is not characterized by any considerable changes in mortality with age (from 1.1 in the geonoma palm (No. 31) to 0.5 in the white mangrove (No. 48)); essentially, these species are non-senescent. Since the species were selected for analysis by Jones et al. [1] not for being preferably non-senescent but for providing the most comprehensive available data on survival, such a great number of species that successfully withstand aging is remarkable. It can be suggested that in many species LS95 is too different from the maximum LS, and 95% individuals in the population die before they can show any pronounced signs of senescence (as shown, e.g. in Table 2).
Fertility. Jones et al. [1] used fertility as the parameter of vitality. Using this parameter (in spite of its evolutionary importance), they could not reveal considerable variation in the studied series of organisms. Thus, considerable decrease in fertility with age can be observed only in the groups of species with strongly pronounced increase in mortality (groups III and IV; figure and Tables 2 and 3). In the other groups, independently of the taxon, fertility either remains constant or even increases. Even the decrease in fertility found at later ages (closer to LS95) is rather small, and there is almost no species in which the curve falls below the average level for the entire study period from the moment of maturity. If we disregard the most short-lived species (rotifers, nematode worm, and fruit flies), then a strong decrease in fertility is found only in some ungulates (red deer (No. 13) and chamois (No. 18)) and in two animals kept in captivity: guppy (No. 4) and Bali mynah (No. 3); only humans (Nos. 1, 3, 5) and killer whales (No. 7) (and partly chimpanzees, No. 16) additionally have bell-shaped fertility curves, with the peak reached already at a young age, i.e. these species have acquired a capability to live rather long during the post-reproductive period (figure). This suggests that such a phenomenon is widespread under the conditions of decreasing selection pressure [27, 28, 62, 63, 70]. It should be noted that all the above-mentioned species (humans, killer whales, and chimpanzees) are highly social and highly capable of learning. Therefore, their long post-reproductive periods could be an adaptation determined by the value of old, experienced individuals for the survival of groups and for raising the young (the so-called "grandmother hypothesis"; see e.g. [15]). For instance, it has been shown that old non-fertile killer whales more often become leaders of the school than fertile females or males, especially in years with deficient food resources [71].
Therefore, in spite of its evolutionary importance, fertility proved insufficient as a parameter for comparative analysis of the dynamics of senescence, although it confirmed the conclusions drawn from division of animals and plants into groups according to mortality curves (Tables 1-3).
In addition, the mortality and fertility trajectories of any species depend on the environment in which they are measured. Ecological and genotypic variations have been recorded in laboratory studies of nematodes, the Mediterranean fruit fly, Drosophila fruit fly, and other model species [5, 72]. In laboratory rats (Rattus norvegicus) and mice (Mus musculus), the shapes of mortality curves, although they clearly indicate that in these animals mortality considerably increases with age (see group III), show considerable variance of data (especially in mice), which probably reflects genetic changes that have accumulated under laboratory conditions [1].
Discussing non-senescent animals, we must separately mention the hydra and the naked mole rat (Heterocephalus glaber) [36, 73].
In the hydra (Hydra magnipapillata, No. 38) living in the laboratory, mortality risk, and stable for all adult ages, is so small that 5% of adults should remain alive after 1400 years [1]. Khokhlov suggested that destructive changes leading to biological senescence are triggered by cell proliferation limitation, which does not allow, "diluting" damaged cells in time with "fresh" undamaged cells [4, 74, 75]. This theory explains the existence of some non-senescent species, which display no degenerative changes over their entire life cycles, such as the hydra [75]. Nevertheless, data on other non-senescent species (tortoises, which grow much more slowly than the hydra and thus cannot have equally rapid renewal of cells) show that there are some non-senescent species with unlimited growth over their entire life (e.g. the giant tortoise Testudo gigantea or desert tortoise Gopherus agassizii), but there are also rather small tortoises that stop growing by an age of 30-40 years (e.g. the three-toed box turtle Terrapene carolina) [23, 76, 77].
Data on the mortality and fertility of the naked mole rat were provided by Buffenstein [36]. They were not used by Jones et al. because of the values of initial mortality, inadequate in their opinion. However, Jones et al. [1] used such a format of data representation in which mortality at the moment of sexual maturity rather than at birth was viewed as initial mortality. In this case the naked mole rat would belong to non-senescent animals (group I), occupying in the figure an honorable place next to the "immortal" hydra.
Views vary on the susceptibility of angiosperms to aging [78-80]. In our opinion, the available data reveal no clear signs of the Gompertz type of senescence in plants or algae (Table 1).
It was repeatedly stated [66, 81] that in plants, in contrast to animals, aged cells die rather than accumulate, and they do so in a programmed way rather than randomly. In addition, dead plant cells are not discarded, but included in supporting or vascular structures. Thus, plants may have evolved a mechanism that allows them to fight aging by means of programmed cell death.
Phylogenetic models of senescence. It has been suggested that asexual reproduction [82], modularity [83], absence of division into the germ line and soma [84, 85], absence of predator pressure and presence of protected shelters [86], capability of regeneration, and small number of cell types [87] in some cases can facilitate escape from senescence [1]. Many species of group I (reptiles, the coral, vascular plants, and the alga) continue growing to become much larger after reaching reproductive maturity. In these species with unlimited growth, mortality does not increase with age, whereas fertility somewhat increases; i.e. their aging patterns are principally different from those found in species with limited growth [25, 32, 60]. In addition, methods of computer modeling have shown that under some conditions sedentary, attached forms (known among both animals and plants) can evolve phenoptosis (programmed senescence and death) as a result of kin selection, and the evolutionary benefits of such acquisition have been proved [88].
As noted in the disposable soma theory [28], differences between species in LS and in the optimal distribution of resources between vital processes can help explain empirical data on differences in mortality and fertility trajectories [32, 89, 90]. Senescence rate decreases in evolutionary lineages with increasing body weight, duration of pregnancy, age of sexual maturity, and flight capacity [91].
It should also be noted that survival curves display the mortality of a general, genetically heterogeneous cohort. As the age of the cohort increases, the proportion of individuals that have genotypes conducive to longevity inevitably grows. If some individuals in the population acquire alleles that facilitate decelerated increase in the probability of death, the survival and mortality curve for the entire population will change [14, 25]. It is difficult to distinguish from survival curves a situation in which the probability of death of each individual decreases with age from a situation in which the probability of death of each individual remains constant, but initially the cohort was strongly polymorphic in alleles that affect longevity and therefore the proportion of individuals with inherited tendency to live long increases with time. This is partly confirmed by the opinion about decelerated mortality at later ages [15]. Gavrilov and Gavrilova [92] warned about the existing methodological difficulties, since according to their calculations the Gompertz law continues to work even in long-living individuals, until the age of 106 years in humans. In addition, those authors together with L. S. Yaguzhinsky showed as early as 1978 the existence of the so-called compensation effect: attempts to decrease the level of the age-related component of mortality in the Gompertz–Makeham equation (e.g. by improving environmental conditions) increase the relative rate of growth with age for this component [17, 19]. A number of genes have already been revealed that mutate to produce beneficial effects on LS through preventing age-related diseases (e.g. there are such data on the gene APOE) [15, 21]. An additional difficulty is the fact that LS in humans is rather poorly inherited and strongly depends on environmental conditions [21, 93]. One promising approach could be to study the so-called "blue zones" of the planet, in which the proportion of long-lived persons is dramatically higher than average; one of them is Okinawa, Japan [15]. In this case, the presence of a great number of centenarians would be conductive to growth of LS95 (figure and comments to it), and therefore, according to Jones, to prolongation of reliable survival curves to later ages and thus an opportunity to reveal genes responsible for longevity and decelerated growth of mortality.
It can be noted that for animals of groups III and IV (including humans; see figure and Table 2) (long-lived and senescent), the method of Jones et al. [1] characterizes mortality during almost the entire life cycle. The same is true of short-lived animals, e.g. the tundra vole or rotifers, whether they display the Gompertz type of senescence or not. As for long-lived species with a less pronounced increase (or even decrease) in mortality (e.g. the freshwater crocodile, desert tortoise, or Scots pine) and short-lived non-senescent animals, in them the Jones method can characterize only a small part of the life cycle and does not make it possible to judge how senescence manifests itself at later stages of the cycle. For instance, it is known that in old trees signs of senescence are rather clear [94, 95], but less than 5% of individuals that reach maturity survive to become senescent. As a result, senescence in trees cannot be analyzed by that method.
It seems clear from analysis of the graphs provided by Jones et al. [1] that many animals fall among the eliminated 95% long before they reach their maximum LS. This fact does not make the analysis less reliable if mortality already considerably increased before LS95 (e.g. as in groups III and IV) (Nos. 1-18 [1]) (figure and Tables 2 and 3). It should be notes that these groups include no plants or algae.
As for cases of intense mortality in nature caused mainly by environmental factors, it turns out that those authors fall into "the trap of Medawar", who insisted that senescence does not exist in natural environments [62]. In fact, the size of the cohort in such cases, e.g. in the mute swan (No. 22), collared flycatcher (No. 35), or great tit (No. 37), falls very rapidly (figure); as a result, the cohort of animals that includes 5% surviving individuals long before they become old, is considered non-senescent. We tested this conclusion by comparison with data on the maximum LS of species from groups I and II (Table 2). Even though Jones et al. [1] repeatedly criticized maximum LS, this parameter is given in most databases and reference books on gerontology (e.g. [23, 33-35]).
For instance, Jones et al. [1] note that it was extremely difficult to find signs of either the Gompertz type of senescence or biological senescence in the mute swan [96]. LS95 of the swan (No. 22, group II; figure and Table 2) is 16 years, but it can live at least 29 years in nature and up to 70 years in captivity [97].
Role of phylogenetic relatedness. All mammals are concentrated in the upper part of figure (Table 2). It can be suggested that senescence is especially strong, apart from mammals, in species with the greatest number of postmitotic cells, i.e. insects (Table 3).
Considerable variation in senescence of the Gompertz type can be seen among birds, from the Bali mynah (No. 3, group IV) to the great tit (No. 37, group I) (Table 2). In spite of the conclusions of Jones et al. [1], large birds (fulmar, No. 6; swan, No. 22; sparrow hawk, No. 28) are also senescent, but their biological senescence can begin to manifest itself at a rather late age, which may be reached by less than 5% of the initial cohort. As for senescence of small birds, which are short-lived and have many enemies, it really cannot be revealed in nature, as predicted by Medawar [62].
Amphibians and reptiles fall into group I (only one species, the crocodile, No. 26, is in group II) and have flat mortality curves (figure and Table 2). Reptiles can live and remain capable of reproduction extremely long, but the proportion of long-lived individuals is probably also no greater than 5% of the initial cohort, and the dynamics of their senescence is also difficult to analyze by the Jones method (because it also requires that mortality until the terminal age LS95, which is nothing outstanding for these species, does not increase with age). Amphibians are represented in that study by only one species (the red-legged frog, No. 42), but most of the mortality curve was unfortunately obtained mathematically (figure). On the whole, frogs are not distinguished by great LS or resistance to senescence [23], in contrast to some caudate amphibians, such as the Japanese giant salamander (Megalobatrachus japonicus), olm (Proteus anguinus) (see above), or the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) [23, 37, 98].
Different invertebrate phyla are scattered among all groups, beginning with bdelloid rotifers and water fleas (group III; figure and Table 3), which have mortality curves similar to those of mammals.
Mollusks, represented in the study by the red abalone (No. 41), are known for their longevity and resistance to biological senescence [23, 99], but the champions in longevity and resistance to senescence among the animals considered are cnidarians – the hydra (No. 38) and the red gorgonian (No. 43). Furthermore, while the hydra is capable of displaying its exceptional abilities only in the laboratory [87], the red gorgonian, which grows in nature by 1-2 cm in height and 0.36 mm in diameter per year, can follow this pattern for several centuries and possibly even millennia [100, 101].
As noted above, we could not reveal from the provided data any signs of the Gompertz type of senescence in plants or algae (Table 1). In our opinion, data on changes in fertility have only confirmed the conclusion about lack of changes in their mortality with age. We suggested above that plants have evolved a mechanism of fighting aging by programmed cell death. Thus, we can rather tentatively state that the very definition of the term "senescence" as "increasing probability of death with age" requires some specification, because, as noted above, there is some discord between the Gompertz type of senescence and biological senescence. As for the often-used definition of biological aging as "processes that lead to increased probability of death with age", it appears somewhat vague.
We have concluded that the classification proposed by Jones et al. [1] makes it possible to approximately divide animals and plants only by their levels of the Gompertz type of senescence, whereas susceptibility to biological senescence can be estimated only when principally different models are applied (see, e.g. [19, 21]).
We are grateful to V. V. Ashapkin and L. S. Yaguzhinsky for useful advice and comments provided in the course of our work on this study.
This study was supported by the Russian Science Foundation (project No. 14-50-00029).
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text:
Hall Portrait: Carroll
Author: Mike Connolly '02 & Brigid Sweeney '03
Published: Autumn 2002
Capacity: 106 (smallest)
Male or female? always male
They Call Themselves: Vermin
Named for: Charles Carroll of Maryland, the only Catholic signer of the Declaration of Independence and a cousin of John Carroll, the first Catholic bishop in the United States. The building was originally known as Dujarie Institute or Dujarie Hall after Jacques Dujarie, founder of the Holy Cross brotherhood. It served primarily as a scholasticate, a kind of seminary, for the brothers until 1966, when the University bought the building and the brothers moved into new quarters across the highway at Holy Cross College. This is actually the second Carroll Hall, but the original wasn't even a building. It consisted of three floors at the west end of the Main Building that housed about 350 high school students hospital-ward-style. The high school wing passed into history in 1946 when the space was converted to offices.
Distinguishing features: Carroll is the smallest residence hall but has some of the largest rooms. Its location overlooking the west shore of Saint Mary's Lake provides great views of the Dome and Basilica, but because of its remoteness some students jokingly consider Carroll to be "off-campus housing" or, in winter, "Siberia."
History made there:: This is more like potential history. The most famous of Holy Cross brothers, Blessed Brother Andre Bessette, CSC, stayed briefly in Dujarie twice, in 1920 and 1927. Brother Andre died in 1937 and has already been beatified. If he's canonized, his visits would represent the only time a future saint stayed at Notre Dame.
They lived there as students: Brother Edward Sniatecki, CSC, '25, who just turned 100, lived and studied in Dujarie from 1921-24. He now resides across the street in the brothers' nursing home, Dujarie House. More recent residents include Class of 2002 valedictorian Timothy Dolezal and current Irish starting quarterback Carlyle Holiday.
Lore: According to legend, Carroll men owe their Vermin nickname to rodents having taken possession of the dorm between the departure of the brothers in 1966 and the arrival of Notre Dame undergrads the following year. Carroll was home to graduate students from 1970 until 1977, after which it returned to being an undergraduate dorm. Whether rodents ever completely ruled the roost, they've long been attracted to the building, especially squirrels in winter.
Ttaditions: In September 2000 in anticipation of a home football game against No. 1 Nebraska, Carroll residents constructed an immense "Go Irish" banner out of 72 bed sheets stapled together. The banner, which covered nearly the entire lake-facing side of the building, is now raised before every home football game. Carroll residents used to take advantage of their hall's remote locale and gothic architecture at Halloween by turning it into a haunted house. In 1997, however, female visitors complained about a portion of the house in which hands reached out from the darkness and grabbed them. The gropers earned themselves a date with Student Affairs, and the tradition abruptly ended. Two events have replaced the haunted house: A Carroll Christmas and the Fusic Festival. The first involves the lighting of a 30-foot tree on the dorm's front lawn. The Fusic Festival, "a fusion of food and music," features performances by campus bands while students enjoy food donated by local chains. All proceeds go to charity.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
require 'spec_helper'

describe 'collectd::plugin::mcelog', type: :class do
  on_supported_os(baseline_os_hash).each do |os, facts|
    context "on #{os}" do
      let :facts do
        facts
      end

      let :pre_condition do
        'include collectd'
      end

      it { is_expected.to compile.with_all_deps }

      options = os_specific_options(facts)
      context ':ensure => present, default params' do
        it "Will create #{options[:plugin_conf_dir]}/10-mcelog.conf" do
          is_expected.to contain_file('mcelog.load').with(
            ensure: 'present',
            path: "#{options[:plugin_conf_dir]}/10-mcelog.conf"
          )
        end

        it { is_expected.to contain_file('mcelog.load').with(content: %r{<Memory>}) }
        it { is_expected.to contain_file('mcelog.load').with(content: %r{McelogClientSocket "/var/run/mcelog-client"}) }
        it { is_expected.to contain_file('mcelog.load').with(content: %r{PersistentNotification false}) }
      end

      case facts[:os]['family']
      when 'RedHat'
        context 'on osfamily => RedHat' do
          it { is_expected.to contain_package('collectd-mcelog').with(ensure: 'present') }
        end
      end

      context ':ensure => :mceloglogfile => true' do
        let :params do
          {
            mceloglogfile: '/var/log/mcelog'
          }
        end

        it "Will create #{options[:plugin_conf_dir]}/10-mcelog.conf" do
          is_expected.to contain_file('mcelog.load').with(
            ensure: 'present',
            path: "#{options[:plugin_conf_dir]}/10-mcelog.conf"
          )
        end

        it { is_expected.to contain_file('mcelog.load').with(content: %r{McelogLogfile "/var/log/mcelog"}) }
      end

      context ':ensure => :memory => true' do
        let :params do
          {
            memory: {
              'mcelogclientsocket' => '/var/run/mcelog-client',
              'persistentnotification' => true
            }
          }
        end

        it "Will create #{options[:plugin_conf_dir]}/10-mcelog.conf" do
          is_expected.to contain_file('mcelog.load').with(
            ensure: 'present',
            path: "#{options[:plugin_conf_dir]}/10-mcelog.conf"
          )
        end

        it { is_expected.to contain_file('mcelog.load').with(content: %r{<Memory>}) }
        it { is_expected.to contain_file('mcelog.load').with(content: %r{McelogClientSocket "/var/run/mcelog-client"}) }
        it { is_expected.to contain_file('mcelog.load').with(content: %r{PersistentNotification true}) }
      end
    end
  end
end

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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In 2016, Suze Orman broadcast her final episode of The Suze Orman Show, the CNBC financial advice program that transformed her from a recurring guest on Oprah into a household name when it premiered in 2002. What better way to celebrate her accomplishments than looking at the best of Suze Orman on life insurance?
In the years since that first broadcast, Orman has won Emmys, published handfuls of books, added her imprimatur to everything from DIY legal documents to a pre-paid debit card, and developed at least a couple of catchphrases: "Denied!" and "People first, then money, then things."
She's been criticized by personal finance professionals for giving advice that's too simplistic or even inaccurate, and she's butted heads with other TV titans of personal finance from time to time. But viewers like her advice. "The Suze Orman Show" was CNBC's highest-rated Saturday programming right up until the end.
Around here we like Suze Orman for a very specific reason: she's always given clear and informative advice when it comes to insurance, which happens to be something we feel strongly about.
Below are some of the insurance tips she's passed along through the years. And in honor of the TV format, we'll dilute the tips with amusing and/or distracting filler so you won't be inclined to change the channel.
Orman specifically wants you to comparison shop for auto and home insurance, but we say you should apply the same attitude toward life and long-term disability insurance if you want to save money.
FUN FACT! Orman says for a brief period in the early 1970s, she moved to Berkeley, California, got a job as a tree cutter, and lived in a van. We do not know whether it was a van down by the river or not.
In one of her countless money saving tips she writes, "Never name your minor child as a beneficiary of your life insurance policy because a minor cannot inherit money and as a result it will be put in a blocked account that they cannot access." Instead, consider creating a trust account to be the beneficiary.
FUN FACT! While Orman worked at Merrill Lynch in the 1980s, "she consulted a crystal (for spiritual guidance on investments)."
FUN FACT! Orman has an unusual history with the infamous sketch comedy show Saturday Night Live: John Belushi was her roommate in college while he dated her friend.
But later in the post, find out what else connects her to this long-running comedy show—and how it left another comedy star speechless!
Right before Orman signed off for good, she aired a segment she called her "5 Forever Nevers", a list of commandments she thinks everyone should follow. And two of them just happen to be about insurance.
"Never buy whole life, universal or variable life insurance"
We agree. For most people, you'll be much better off if you buy a cheap term life policy and put your investment dollars in stand-alone investment products.
"Never buy a variable annuity, especially inside an investment account"
As Suze puts it, "You are not to mix insurance with investments." And when she says it in that tone, you know she means it.
"As she rebuilt her business, Orman wrote about the critical lessons she had come to understand. Her first book,You've Earned It, Don't Lose It, was published in 1995 by Newmarket Press. Orman and her publisher approached QVC about selling the book on the air, and she was given a single spot in October 1995. When Orman made her pitch to the viewing audience, the entire stock of books sold out in a few minutes."
She writes, "I remain amazed at how many families I speak with that don't have term life insurance. Honestly, I don't get it. If anyone is dependent on your income, you need life insurance. It's really that simple."
We agree. There's so much confusion (and marketing cross-talk) around life insurance that it's easy to overlook the fundamental reason you should buy it, which is to provide a backup source of financial support for anyone who depends on you. It's also probably cheaper than you think. You can use our free quote engine to get some quick personalized quotes in a few minutes.
God bless ya, Suze! See you next to Judge Judy in a year or so—assuming TV is still a thing at that point.
Photo credits: Van, Kate Skegg; Crystal ball, Jonathan Higa.


text:
more web buzz here
Music in the Garden
Music in the Garden features Chicago folk artist on July 27
ST. JOSEPH MI - The Maud Preston Palenske Memorial Library, 500 Market Street welcomss Chicago's "official troubadour" for a summer "Music in the Garden" concert on Thursday, July 27 at 6:30 pm.
Dvorak who accompanies himself on guitar, 5-string banjo and 12-string guitar, has performed in thirty-eight states and in parts of Europe and Canada. He has released seventeen albums and has won awards for journalism and children's music. In 2008 he received the Woodstock Folk Festival Lifetime Achievement Award and received the Lantern Bearer Award from Folk Alliance International in 2013.
"He's the real deal," said Bau Graves, Executive Director of the Old Town School of Folk Music in Chicago, where Dvorak has been on faculty for almost thirty years. "Mark has made music is life and his livelihood. His performances are elegant, rich and powerful. He is one of the Old Town School's Distinguished Teaching Artists."
The concert is free to the public and all ages are welcome to attend. For more information contact the Maud Preston Palenske Memorial Library at 269 983 7176 or visit online at www.youseemore.com/maudpreston.
For more information on Mark Dvorak, visit his home page at www.markdvorak.com.
buzz in here


text:
FIVE YEARS OF SIGNIFICANT IMPROVEMENT AT SHOREHAM ACADEMY
Tim Harkins / 23 August 2018 / Categories: News
Academy sees overall results increase to best ever
More students achieving the new top 9 grade, including in English and maths
More students than ever going on to join Shoreham Academy Sixth Form, which also saw an excellent set of results last week
Students and staff at Shoreham Academy are celebrating after receiving the school's best ever GCSE results, representing a five-year trend of improvement.
This summer, 71% of students achieved five or more 9-4/A*-C grades including English and maths, under this year's new GCSE grading structure. This is a significant improvement on last year's results, when 65% of the academy's students achieved the equivalent GCSE measure, and is the fifth year in a row where results have increased.
More students than ever also achieved good passes in both English and maths, with 73% achieving level 4 or above on the combined Basics measure and 50% achieving 5 or above.
In addition to the considerable overall progress, more students at Shoreham have achieved the new top 9 grade, including:
· Josh Gumbrell, who achieved seven 9s, an A* and two 7s;
· Niamh Hunter-Faherty, who achieved six 9s, one A*, two As and two 7s;
· Charlie Horne, who achieved four 9s, an A*, an A and three 7s;
· James Harrington-Rutterford, who was awarded three 9s, one A*, four 8s, one 7 and one B;
· Maryam Siddiqa, who achieved one 9, two A*s, four 8s and three 7s;
· Irena Begic, who came away with three 9s, four 8s and one 7;
· Pushpa Rahman, who achieved three 9s, an A*, two 8s, two 7s and a 6;
· George Thomas, who was awarded with two 9s, one A*, three 8s, two 7s, one A, one 6 and one 5;
· Laura Hollis, who achieved two 9s, one A*, four 8s, three 7s and one 6.
Today's GCSE successes follow last week's excellent Sixth Form results, where 61% of entries achieved A* to B grades, and many students achieved places at top Russell Group universities.
Jim Coupe, Principal at Shoreham Academy, said:
"These GCSE results are our best ever and demonstrate the significant, sustained progress we have made as a school over the past five years. I take tremendous pride in all of our students for their consistent dedication, enthusiasm and ambition and their achievements today are testament to all their hard work to date.
"Likewise, today's results would not have been possible without the day-to-day efforts of our staff, who continue to go the extra mile to support students. I know they will all be as delighted as I am that students have achieved so highly.
"What is also pleasing is that we will be welcoming the vast majority of our Year 11s back for the new term as they continue their studies at our Sixth Form, which is growing each year in popularity both with our existing students and others more widely."
Dave Oakes, Vice Principal for Key Stage 4 at Shoreham Academy, added:
"Congratulations to all our Year 11s on their excellent results today, which are a fitting reward for all their hard work over the past two years. I am particularly pleased to see so many of our students excelling beyond what they would have thought possible and achieving many more of the new top 9 grades. Their achievements will provide firm foundations on which to build as they begin their A Level courses and aspire to the very best universities, apprenticeships and training courses."
Niamh Hunter said of her results:
"I am feeling surprised and speechless! My tip for next year's classes? Use your class time wisely and your friends for support."
Maryam Siddiqa added:
"Keep on believing in yourself, listen to the advice you are given, you will not have regrets."
BEST AGAIN FOR SHOREHAM ACADEMY'S SIXTH FORM
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text:
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Home » Karftwerk x The Chemical Brothers Mechandise
Karftwerk x The Chemical Brothers Mechandise
Terence Conran
Tom Pigeon
Featured Recently Added Most Popular Price: Low to High Price: High to Low
Electronic Album Stamps Print
A new NEON print celebrating the most influential and exciting electronic albums of the last 50 years 42 seminal electronic albums reimagined as a series of oversized postage stamps beginning with the 1968 groundbreaking eponymous album by Silver Apples and featuring other classics including Kraftwerk and their 1974 album Autobahn, Brian Eno and Ambient 1: Music for Airports, Gary Numan and The Pleasure Principle, The Human League and Dare, New Order and Power, Corruption and Lies, Depeche Mode and Violator, Massive Attack and Blue Lines, Aphex Twin and Selected Ambient Workds 85-92, Portishead and Dummy, The Chemical Brothers and Exit Planet Dust, Daft Punk and Homework, Bjork and Homogenic and Jamie xx and In Colour Each stamp features a graphic inspired by the album (or tracks on the album), the date of release, the label it was released on and its running time
Electric Love Blueprint
Developed in a unique electric blue colourway exclusively for the Design Museum Electronic Exhibition A history of electronic music mapped out to the circuit board of a theremin, one of the world's first electronic musical instruments Celebrates over 200 inventors, innovators, artists, composers and musicians who (in our opinion) have been pivotal to the evolution of electronic music, from the invention of the earliest known sound recording device in 1857 to the present day The print loosely groups genres, from the obscure Musique Concrète (Pierre Schaeffer) to the better known Krautrock (Kraftwerk, Can, Tangerine Dream, Neu! and Faust), Synthpop (Gary Numan, Human League and Depeche Mode) and Electronica (New Order, Massive Attack, LCD Sound System, The Chemical Brothers and Daft Punk) Detroit techno legends (Juan Atkins, Kevin Saunderson, Jeff Mills) Godfather of House Music (Frankie Knuckles) and discover early pioneers (Daphne Oram and the seminal BBC Radiophonic Workshop) as well as inventors of iconic instruments (Robert Moog, Léon Theremin, Thaddeus Cahill) Key pioneers featured include Léon Theremin, Bob Moog, Karlheinz Stockhausen, BBC Radiophonic Workshop, John Cage, Brian Eno, BJÖRK, Aphex Twin and our favourite innovating record labels Mute and Warp 50 x 70cm Metallic silver screen print 120gsm Keaykolour Royal Blue uncoated paper Designed by Dorothy
Acid House Love Blueprint
A History of Dance Music and Rave Culture, The Summer of Love Edition A history of dance music and rave culture mapped out on the circuit diagram of a 303 bass synthesiser Celebrates over 900 DJ's, clubs, musicians, free parties, sound systems, record labels, radio stations and fanzines who have been pivotal to the evolution of acid house and its subsequent impact on dance music and rave culture The print pays homage to the cities, clubs and individuals that were forerunners of acid house, rave and dance culture Organised around key scenes, clubs, and DJs Focuses on key moments (Second Summer of Love, Castlemorton, Criminal Justice Act) and features underground clubs (Chicago's Music Box and London's Clink Street), pioneering and occasionally overlooked DJ's (Nancy Noise, Lisa Loud), super clubs (Cream, Ministry of Sound, Gatecrasher), superstar DJ's (Tiësto, Pete Tong, Sasha, Carl Cox) bands (New Order, 808 State, S'Express, The KLF), producers (Larry Heard, Derrick May, Andrew Weatherall), fanzines (Boy's Own), record labels (Trax Records, R&S, Warp) and stores (Manchester's Eastern Bloc) who all played a part in bringing acid house and dance culture to the masses 60 x 80cm Single colour screen print 135gsm Colorplan Factory Yellow uncoated paper Designed by Dorothy
The Chemical Family Print
An Exclusive edition for the Design Museum Electronic Exhibition Inspired by modular patch panels and vintage analogue synths, and maps out the history of the Chemical Brothers collaborations up until the present day Features over 30 collaborators including Q-Tip, Beth Orton, Tim Burgess, Richard Ashcroft, Noel Gallagher, Bernard Sumner, Bobby Gillespie, Beck, St. Vincent, Willy Mason, Hope Sandoval, K-OS, Fatlip, Klaxons, Kele Okereke, Jonothan Donahue, Steven Drozd & Wayne Coyne, Stephanie Dosen, The Magic Numbers, Anna-Lyne Williams, Anwar Superstar, Ali Love, Cate Le Bon, Colin Stetson, Spank Rock, Miguel, Tim Smith, Adam Smith, Spike Jonze, Dom and Nic, W.I.Z., Chris Milk, Joseph Kahn, Walter Stern, Michael Haussman, NE-O and Michel Gondry 50 x 70cm Matt white screen print 120gsm Keaykolour Jet Black uncoated paper Designed by Dorothy
The Chemical Family Tea Towel
A black and white printed tea towel illustrating the brief history of The Chemical Brothers' collaborations Exclusively designed by Dorothy, for The Chemical Brothers and the Design Museum
Kraftwerk Autobahn T-Shirt
100% Cotton short sleeved t-shirt featuring the cover artwork from Kraftwerk's ground breaking Autobahn album Please note: that the small size is a slightly lighter colour blue (see third and fourth images) than the medium, large and XL, which are all the same.
The Chemical Brothers Logo T-Shirt
Designed exclusively for the Electronic Exhibition 100% cotton vintage black t-shirt featuring a pink "The Chemical Brothers" classic logo Size guide: S- 34-36" / M- 38-40" / L- 42-44" / XL- 46-48" / XXL- 48-50"
Kraftwerk: Future Music from Germany
The story of the phenomenon that is Kraftwerk, and how they revolutionised our cultural landscape 'We are not artists nor musicians. We are workers.' Ignoring nearly all rock traditions, experimenting in near-total secrecy in their Dusseldorf studio, Kraftwerk fused sound and technology, graphic design and performance, modernist Bauhaus aesthetics and Rhineland industrialisation - even human and machine - to change the course of modern music. This is the story of Kraftwerk the cultural phenomenon, who turned electronic music into avant-garde concept art and created the soundtrack to our digital age
Kraftwerk 3D Book
For over forty years they have entertained us in a wordly, low-key way. All the while they've written music history and one hit after the other: the musicians of the techno pop band Kraftwerk Their depersonalised style has produced both sonic and visual master performances that are now even noticed by the world of contemporary visual arts, as a unique form of artistic performance. The visual and musical metamorphosis of the group that is indeed more of a power plant than a band, has always been driven by the development of new technologies Now they are presenting Kraftwerk videos in 3D projections in a museum tour in Munich, London, and New York that will, of course, also be part of future Kraftwerk concerts. The book, complete with 3D glasses, will be published by Schirmer/Mosel The essay is by Matthias M hling, curator of the October 2011 show in Munich
Kraftwerk 3-D Poster
A large landscape poster based on Kraftwerk's 3-D album cover, featuring cubic approximations of the quartet 85 x 60cm
Kraftwerk 3-D T-Shirt
100% Cotton short sleeved t-shirt featuring the cover artwork from Kraftwerk's 3-D The Catalogue album Please note: that the small size is a slightly lighter colour red (see 3rd image) than the medium, large and XL, which are all the same.
Kraftwerk Roboter Book
Released in January of 2013 to celebrate the event 'DER KATALOG RETROSPEKTIVE 12345678' concert series, followed by an exhibition in Düsseldorf
Kraftwerk 3-D The Catalogue 8 Vinyl Box Set
New recordings 2012-2016 Set of 8 vinyls + download card 220 min Vinyl 7 - headphone surround 3D English version
Kraftwerk 3-D 12345678 Blu-Ray DVD & Book set
Culled from a tour performing their classic LPs accompanied by three-dimensional visuals, this mammoth live compendium puts a sleek, streamlined spin on Kraftwerk's catalog, rendering eight beloved albums in a cohesive electronic palette "Autobahn" is built around minimalist chimes far cleaner and brighter than the sound of the 1974 version; the chugging rhythm and gliding melody of "Trans Europe Express" are a bit smoother than the original. And when interweaving songs into clever medleys—as they do with "Numbers" and "Computer World"—they put a tantalising twist into their electro déjà vu Contains: 2 disks (220 min concert video) + 2 disks / (220 min film) + 228 page book
The Chemical Brothers Sticker Set
A trio of stickers including The Chemical Brothers logo, a Green Man and a red and grey Electric Villain Made from paper, vinyl and a packaged in a compostable plastic bag
The Chemical Brothers: Dig Your Own Hole (2LP)
The Chemical Brothers Ed Simons and Tom Rowlands waste no time on their nuclear-weapon of a second album proving they are masters of the techno groove Dig Your Own Hole opens with a sampled shout-out by old-school gangsta Schoolly D, a syncopated bass line, and a drum loop that gives credence to the song's title, Block Rockin' Beats. This smorgasbord of sounds - a hallucinatory interweaving of hip-hop, techno, trance and the Chemicals' trademark synthesised guitar loop - builds up and cold-rocks the first five minutes of the record like a tsunami crashing ashore Unlike most productions in the electronic / dance-music universe, the music on Dig Your Own Hole also has the weight of great rock and roll. What makes Dig Your Own Hole the personification of modern pop music at its chaotic best, and a funky agent of change Dig Your Own Hole is built on a repetition of beats, samples and skewered sounds, but that doesn't mean it's a repetitive album. Between bass-heavy house tunes like It Doesn't Matter and Elektro Bank, the Chemicals show where their pop-oriented interests lie - in tradition. Whether butting heads with the Beatles (Setting Sun, which features vocals by Oasis' Noel Gallagher), exploring English folk tonalities (Where Do i Begin, featuring Beth Orton) or venturing on sprawling acid-rock voyages (the instrumental Private Psychedelic Reel, with Mercury Rev's Jonathan Donahue), the Chemicals refashion familiar styles with a beat-heavy, electronic gleam Double 180 Gram Black Vinyl Track list:Block Rockin' BeatsDig Your Own HoleElektrobankPikuSetting SunIt Doesn't MatterDon't Stop the RockGet Up On It Like ThisLost In the K HoleWhere Do I BeginThe Private Psychedelic Reel Released: 18/11/2016
The Chemical Brothers: Brotherhood (2LP)
Brotherhood' is a compilation album by English electronic dance music duo The Chemical Brothers, originally released in September 2008. It is the second compilation spanning the band's greatest hits, after 2003's 'Singles 93-03' Track list:1. Galvanize - The Chemical Brothers (4.28)2. Hey Boy Hey Girl - The Chemical Brothers (4.5)3. Block Rockin' Beats - The Chemical Brothers (4.54)4. Do It Again - The Chemical Brothers (3.4)5. Believe - The Chemical Brothers (6.06)6. Star Guitar - The Chemical Brothers (6.1)7. Let Forever Be - The Chemical Brothers (3.42)8. Leave Home - The Chemical Brothers (5.06)9. Keep My Composure - The Chemical Brothers (5.43)10. Saturate - The Chemical Brothers (4.5)11. Out of Control - The Chemical Brothers (7.21)12. Midnight Madness - The Chemical Brothers (3.35)13. The Golden Path - The Chemical Brothers (4.47)14. Setting Sun - The Chemical Brothers (4.01)15. Chemical Beats - The Chemical Brothers (4.04) Released: 01/08/2008
The Chemical Brothers: Exit Planet Dust (2LP)
For years before the release ofExit Planet Dust, the production duo of Tom Rowlands and Ed Simons were cranking out slabs of the biggest sounds around on the label junior boys' own. A key record of the 1990s,Exit Planet Dust invented the big-beat style that dominated British dance music in the second half of the decade, and it still sounds superb in its own right Skull-crunching hip-hop loops, fuzz guitar, insistently repetitive spoken samples and thunderous basslines make up the blueprint for one of the most instantly energising albums ever recorded Many of the titles - Chemical Beats, Fuck up Beats, Chico's Groove are fairly self-explanatory. Others show a level of erudite humour; Song to the Siren filches the name of a Tim Buckley ballad for a track more in keeping with the mysteries of a car alarm, while One Too Many Mornings is nothing that Bob Dylan would recognise in a hurry Collaborations with Beth Orton (Alive Alone) and the Charlatans' Tim Burgess (Life is Sweet) add human voices to the brilliant mechanical formula Double 180 Gram Vinyl Track list:Leave HomeIn Dust We TrustSong to the SirenThree Little Birdies Down BeatsFuck Up BeatsChemical BeatsChico's GrooveOne Too Many MorningsLife Is SweetPlayground of a Wedgeless FirmAlive Alone Released: 28/10/2016
Kraftwerk: Trans Europe Express (2020 Colour Repress)
Limited Indie edition pressed on clear vinyl Includes a 16 page 12" x 12" booklet Released 9 October 2020 Kraftwerk celebrate Europe's romantic past and shimmering future (even more so now post Brexit) with a glistening panorama of elegance and decadence, travel and technology The infinite vistas of Europe Endless and Endless Endless' bookend the album, which includes the unsettling kafka-esque fable The Hall of Mirrors' and Showroom Dummies - Kraftwerk's elegantly ironic reply to critiques of their deadpan manner. But it is the streamlined rhythmic locomotive of Trans Europe Express' which dominates with its doppler-effect melodic swerves and hypnotic, pneumatic, piston-pumping rhythm. along with its sister track, Metal on Metal', which New York DJ Afrika Bambaataa would re-construct five years later for his own seminal 'planet rock' This milestone in avant-pop modernism later becomes a crucial influence on the early pioneers of hip-hop and sampling, electro and industrial music. Poetry in motion
Kraftwerk: The Man Machine (2020 Colour Repress)
Limited Indie edition pressed on red vinyl Includes a 16 page 12" x 12" booklet Released 9 October 2020 A bold new look, sound and concept for Kraftwerk. Over supple processed rhythms which predate the rise of European techno and trance, they address automation and alienation, space travel and engineering, the seductive allure of urban landscapes and the vacant glamour of celebrity Clipped and funky, The Robots adds another dimension to Kraftwerk's ultra-dry sense of humour. Behind its intoxicating melodic pulse, The Model is a highly prophetic satire on the beauty industry, so ahead of its time that it only becomes a UK chart-topper by accident three years later. And Neon Lights is Kraftwerk's most achingly romantic song to date, a sci-fi lullaby for cities at twilight. Pure magic
Kraftwerk: Computer World (2020 Colour Repress)
Limited Indie edition pressed on neon yellow vinyl Includes a 16 page 12" x 12" booklet Released 9 October 2020 Computer World captured the band right at the moment when its pioneering approach fully broke through in popular music, thanks to the rise of synth pop, hip-hop, and electro As Arthur Baker sampled Tans-Europe Express for Planet Rock and disciples like Depeche Mode, OMD, and Gary Numan scored major hits, Computer World demonstrated that the old masters still had some last tricks up their collective sleeves. Compared to earlier albums, it fell readily in line with the Man-Machine, eschewing side-long efforts but with even more of an emphasis on shorter tracks mixed with longer but not epic compositions
Kraftwerk: The Mix Double LP (2020 Colour Repress)
Limited Indie edition pressed on white vinyl Includes a 20 page 12" x 12" booklet Released 9 October 2020 Kraftwerk's first fully digital album confirmed their clubland credentials and reworked 11 of their best-loved tunes for a new generation. Painstakingly reconstructed and sequenced in the band's Kling Klang studio, new versions of tracks like The Robots, Trans Europe Express and Home Computer now feature more funky rhythms and cleaned-up, liquid-crystal sounds. A stark warning about pollution at Sellafield is added to the glistening overhaul of Radioactivity, sparking a war of words with British nuclear fuels. But most of all, The Mix is a career-spanning collection of legendary electro anthems and a classy acknowledgment of the two-way traffic between Kraftwerk and club culture
Kraftwerk: Tour de France double LP [2020 Colour Repress]
Limited edition double coloured edition pressed on translucent red and blue vinyl Includes a 20 page 12" x 12" booklet Released 9 October 2020 The Tour De France was the conceptual starting line for Kraftwerk's first album for over a decade. Although it features an immaculate new version of a 20-year-old former single, the exquisitely graceful Tour De France, pop nostalgia is not on the menu. From the chunky cyber-funk of Vitamin to the restless metallic shimmers of Aro Dynamik, this is emphatically the sound of 21st century techno visionaries
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text:
Canberra ban Wighton for six games
By John Davidson Jul 9 2018 8:35PM
By John Davidson
Jul 9 2018 8:35PM
The Canberra Raiders have banned Jack Wighton for six games following his latest court appearance.
Wighton has pleaded guilty to assault charges in the ACT Magistrates Court.
The Raiders said in a press statement: "Wighton has also made moves to engage with the victims of his offence in February, agreeing to Restorative Justice, which would allow him an opportunity to repair the harm done by his offence.
Canberra Raiders Chairman Dr Allan Hawke said the Canberra Raiders would continue to work with Wighton to ensure he's taking the appropriate measures in his rehabilitation, and the punishment handed down by the Board considered all factors involved.
"We will continue to work with Jack to help him address the issues he's facing, his welfare, his wellbeing and his rehabilitation," Dr Hawke said.
"Jack has already taken some positive steps in this process and we will continue to ensure he's doing everything he can to continue in this direction."
Dr Hawke said the Raiders would continue to take a strong stance on player behaviour, but were also mindful that every situation is different.
"We don't condone Jack's actions and we've been transparent and upfront during this whole process," he said.
"Our club has taken a strong stance on issues like this in the past and our track record on dealing with player behaviour is on the public record. After reviewing all of the facts surrounding this incident we firmly stand by our decision and the punishment handed down."
canberra raidersjack wightonleaguenrl
Cameron Smith trying to make a name for himself


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Q: Create Function in h2 from Oracle i have the following function in oracle that i have to translate into h2. Could anyone help me. I have no idea to do this:
create or replace function unpack_info (p_trackchar table.ordchar%type)
 return varchar2 is
l_res varchar2(8);
begin
select decode(bitand(to_number(ascii(p_trackchar)),1),1,'1','0') ||
  decode(bitand(to_number(ascii(p_trackchar)),2),2,'1','0') ||
  decode(bitand(to_number(ascii(p_trackchar)),4),4,'1','0') ||
  decode(bitand(to_number(ascii(p_trackchar)),8),8,'1','0') ||
  decode(bitand(to_number(ascii(p_trackchar)),16),16,'1','0') ||
  decode(bitand(to_number(ascii(p_trackchar)),32),32,'1','0') ||
  decode(bitand(to_number(ascii(p_trackchar)),64),64,'1','0') into l_res
from dual;
return l_res;
end;

I have tried to do first some basics but the creation of this function will not work:
CREATE ALIAS HTS.TEST AS $$
String nextPrime(String value){
 return null;
}
$$;

I get this error:

Error: Syntax Fehler in SQL Befehl "CREATE ALIAS HTS.TEST AS []$$
      String nextPrime(String value){
      return null"
      Syntax error in SQL statement "CREATE ALIAS HTS.TEST AS []$$
      String nextPrime(String value){
      return null" [42000-162]

Is this the right way to do the translation or what can i do?
I have created an alias (the test one) and could execute it. Now O have to create the alias for unpack:info. Could someone help me cause of the syntax etc. how does the function looks as an alias in h2?

A: I can't reproduce the problem. How exactly did you run the statement? Possibly you run the statement with a tool that only sent part of the query? Or possibly there is a 'special character' (some kind of unicode space) just before the '$$'?  I tried this:
create schema hts;
CREATE ALIAS HTS.TEST AS $$
String nextPrime(String value){
    return null;
}
$$;

Could you try this again in the H2 Console?

A: Use ' as the escaped sequence instead of $$. In between if you want to use the escape sequence use $$. so the code would look like:
CREATE ALIAS HTS.TEST AS '
public static String nextPrime(String value){
 return null;
}
';

A: This should work but the syntax error suggests that your version of H2 doesn't support this. Are you using the latest version?
If not, it's a bug. File it.
As a workaround, write the function in Java, compile it to a JAR, add the JAR to the classpath and use it with CREATE ALIAS HTS.TEST FOR "...package.Type...";
See http://www.h2database.com/html/features.html#user_defined_functions for an example.

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