Questions may or may not consist  of question words  (Lesson 25). The following are some examples of possible questions and their  answers.
Question 1.  Ku sunGw awni gn? = What (who) is your name?
AwuKwra gn enti? = Whose son are you?
A: AwteKwra = The son of Awte.
Question 2.  The question tag  -ma  (Lesson 18) has the same meaning as the Tirgringa word -do .
ku sunGw gabrema? =    Is your name Gabre?
A3. yi sunGw Gabre aKet awahabre ariro? = How did you know that my name is Gabre?
A4. yi sunGw Gabre Aket awi duweka? = Who told you that my name is Gabre?
A2.  lari yli = I didn't say anything (I said nothing).
A1. an gn = It is me. I am.
A2. Gabre ystaKw an gn = It is me who is called Gabre.
A3. Gabre ystaKw an aKli = It is not me who is called Gabre.
A4: net Gabre ystaKw illa = There is nobody here called Gabre.
A5. Gbare ystaKw enti jerebraKw net illa = The one (Gabre) whom you are looking for is not here.
A6. wra jerebrelu? = What do you want of him?
Question 5.  awil mendertraKun? Where do you live?
A1. net mendertekun = I live here.
A2. Asmara mendertekun = I live in Asmara.
A3. nan Asmara mendertekun imanaKa Keren Keren mendertu ergKun = I live now in Asmara but I (had) lived in Keren before.
A4. awil mendertet dwelika = I will not tell you where I live.
A5. dwiyaka jerebren entiKr awil mendertret dwile = If you want me to tell you, you also tell me where you live.
A6. wra jerebre an nil mendertaKwsi? = What do you want (of) where I live?
Question 6.  awil ferdaKun? = where are you going?
A1. mdatiya ferekun = I am going for lunch (mdatna = to eat lunch).
A2. tebdiya ferekun = I am going to study (tebdna = to study).
A3. kol ferekun = I am going home.
A4. laKwl fereli = I am going nowhere.
A5. an nil feraKwsi dwelika = I will not tell you where I am going.
Question  7.  kol awn ferto gn? = When are you going home?
A2. amar dembera = The year after next year.
A3. kol fereli = I will not go home.
A4. kol ferdma yro? Do you think I will go home?
A5.  ashashaKud  feriya gn = I will go soon.
A6. enti ferdakak feriya gn = I wil go when you go.
A7. betaten fereli = I  will never go.
fereli = I shall not go.
Question 8.  kol awdi ferto gn? With whom are you going home?
A1. kudi feriya gn = I am going with you.
A2. laKwdi fereli = I am going with nobody.
A3. ytu feriya gn = I am going alone.
Question 9.  kol awti Qwalto gn?  = Whom will you visit (at) home?
A1. yi genat = My mom.
A2. yi shansi = My brothers and sisters.
A3. kut QwalawQ aKla = It is not your concern.
I give you ten dollars, is it sufficient to buy tea?
A1. yewa aqtrele = Yes, it is sufficient for me.
A2.ifalu aqtelale = No, it is not sufficient.
A3. jar uwunkut abbe aqtew gn = Thank you dad it is sufficient.
add (for me) the balance.
A6. shkad wra isiya geresaKun = What can I do for ten?


The British Royal family is auctioning off a rare Rolls Royce at the Goodwood Revival Sale on September 8. 1950 Rolls-Royce Phantom IV State Landaulette is one of just 18 such cars that were ever produced and it looks very similar to the car that Meghan Duchess of Cambridge arrived in for her wedding to Prince Harry. This car was used by the Royal Family between 1959 and 2002.
The modifications made to this Rolls Royce seem to evidence its life as a Royal Chariot. It has high seats and large windows, intended to give the public a glance at the Queen. It also has a tough perspex panel at the back for extra visibility and light, as well as a blue light above the windshield for emergencies. It will be joined at auction by other Rolls Royces used by the Royal Family including a 1985 Rolls-Royce 'Centenary' Silver Spur Saloon which was occasionally used by the late Princess Diana.


text:
\section{Introduction}

One of the common goals in the forthcoming experiments is the search for new
phenomena. In the forthcoming high energy physics experiments
(LHC, TEV22, NLC, ...) the main goal is the search for physics
beyond the Standard Model (supersymmetry, $Z'$-, $W'$-bosons, ...) and
the Higgs boson discovery as a final confirmation of the Standard Model.
In estimation of the discovery potential of the future experiments
(to be specific in this paper we shall use as an example CMS experiment
at LHC~\cite{1}) the background cross section
is calculated and for the given integrated luminosity $L$ the average
number of background events is $<N_b> = \sigma_b \cdot L$.
Suppose the existence of a new physics
leads to the nonzero signal cross section $\sigma_s$ with the same
signature as for the background cross section  that
results in  the prediction
of the additional average number of signal events
$<N_s> = \sigma_s \cdot L$ for the integrated luminosity $L$.

The total average number of the events is
$<N_{ev}> = <N_s> + <N_b> = (\sigma_s + \sigma_b) \cdot L$.
So, as a result of new physics existence, we expect an excess
of the average number of events. In real experiments the probability
of the realization of $n$ events is described by Poisson
distribution~\cite{2}

\begin{equation}
f(n,<n>) = \frac{<n>^n}{n!} e^{-<n>}.
\end{equation}
Here $<n>$ is the average number of events.

Remember that the Poisson distribution $f(n,<n>)$ gives~\cite{3} the
probability of finding exactly $n$ events in the given interval
of (e.g. space and time) when the events occur independently
of one another and of $x$ at an average rate  of $<n>$ per the
given interval. For the Poisson distribution the variance $\sigma^2$
equals to $<n>$. So, to estimate the probability of the new physics discovery
we have to compare the Poisson statistics with $<n> = <N_b>$ and
$<n> = <N_b> + <N_s>$. Usually, high energy physicists use the following
``significances'' for testing the possibility to discover new physics
in an  experiment:

\begin{itemize}
\item[(a)]
``significance'' $S_1 = \displaystyle \frac{N_s}{\sqrt{N_b}}$~\cite{4},
\item[(b)]
``significance'' $S_2 = \displaystyle \frac{N_s}{\sqrt{N_s + N_b}}$~\cite{5,6}.
\end{itemize}

\noindent
A conventional claim is that for $S_1~(S_2) \ge 5$ we shall discover
new physics (here, of course, the systematical errors are ignored).
For $N_b \gg N_s$ the significances  $S_1$ and $S_2$ coincide (the
search for Higgs boson through the $H \rightarrow \gamma \gamma$
signature). For the case when $N_s \sim N_b$,~$S_1$ and $S_2$ differ.
Therefore, a natural question arises: what is the correct definition for the
significance $S_1$, $S_2$ or anything else ?

It should be noted  that there is a crucial difference between ``future''
experiment and the ``real'' experiment. In the ``real'' experiment the total
number of events $N_{ev}$ is a given number (already has been measured)
and we compare it with $<N_b>$ when we test the validity of the
standard physics. So, the number of possible signal events is determined
as $N_s = N_{ev} - <N_b>$ and it is compared  with the average number of
background events $<N_b>$. The fluctuation of the background is
$\sigma_{fb} = \sqrt{N_b}$, therefore, we come to the $S_1$ significance
as the measure of the distinction from the standard physics.
In the conditions of the ``future'' experiment when we want to search
for new physics, we know only the average number of the background
events and the average number of the signal events, so we
have to compare the Poisson distributions $P(n,<N_b>)$ and
$P(n,<N_b>+<N_s>)$ to determine the probability to find new physics
in the future experiment.

In this paper we estimate the probability to discover new physics
in future experiments. We show that for $<N_s>,~<N_b> \gg 1$ the
proper determination of the significance is
$S = \sqrt{<N_b>+<N_b>} - \sqrt{<N_b>}$. We suggest a method
which takes into account systematic errors related to  nonexact
knowledge of the signal and background cross sections. We also propose
a method for the estimation of exclusion limits on new physics
in future experiments. Some of presented results has been published
in our early paper~\cite{8}.

The organization of the paper is the following.
In the next section we give a method
for the determination of the probability to find new physics in the future
experiment and calculate the probability to discover new physics
for the given $(<N_b>,~<N_s>)$ numbers of background and signal events
under the assumption that there are no systematic errors. In section 3
we estimate the influence of the systematics related to the nonexact
knowledge of the signal and background cross sections on the probability
to discover new physics in future experiments. In Section 4 we describe
a method for the estimation of exclusion limits on new physics
in future experiments.
In section 5 we estimate the probability of new physics discovery
in future experiments.
Section 6 contains the concluding remarks.

\section{An analysis of statistical fluctuations}

Suppose that for some future experiment we know the average number of
the background and signal event $<N_b>,~<N_s>$. As it has been mentioned
in the Introduction, the probability of realization of $n$ events in an
experiment is given by the Poisson distribution

\begin{equation}
P(n,<n>) = \frac{<n>^n}{n!} e^{-<n>},
\end{equation}
where $<n> = <N_b>$ for the case of the absence of new physics
and $<n> = <N_b> + <N_s>$ for the case when new physics exists.
So, to determine the probability to discover new physics in future
experiment, we have to compare the Poisson distributions with
$<n> = <N_b>$ (standard physics) and $<n> = <N_b> + <N_s>$ (new physics).

Consider, at first, the case when $<N_b>~~\gg 1$, $<N_s>~~\gg 1$.
In this case the Poisson distributions approach the Gaussian distributions

\begin{equation}
P_G(n,\mu,\sigma^2) = \frac{1}{\sigma \sqrt{2 \pi}} \cdot
e^{-\frac{(n - \mu)^2}{2 \sigma^2}},
\end{equation}
with $\mu = \sigma^2$ and $\mu = <N_b>$ or $\mu = <N_b> + <N_s>$.
Here $n$ is a real number. Note that for the Poisson distribution
the mean equals to the variance.

The Gaussian distribution describes  the probability density to realize
$n$ events in the future experiment provided the average number of events
$<n>$ is a given number. In Fig.1 we show two Gaussian distributions
$P_G$ with $<n> = <N_b> = 53$ and $<n> = <N_b> + <N_s>$ = 104
(\cite{6}, Table.13, cut 6). As is clear from Fig.1
the common area for these two curves (the first curve shows the
``standard physics'' events distribution and the second one
gives the ``new physics'' events distribution) is the probability
that ``new physics'' can be described by the ``standard physics''.
In other words, suppose we know for sure that new physics takes place
and the probability density of the events realization is described
by curve II ($f_2(x) = P_G(x,<N_b>+<N_s>,<N_b>+N_s>)$.
The probability $\kappa$ that the ``standard physics''
(curve I ($f_1(x) = P_G(x,<N_b>,<N_b>) $)) can imitate  new physics
(i.e. the probability that we measure ``new physics''
but we think that it is described by the ``standard physics'')
is described by common area of curve I and II.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\epsfig{file=inrfig1.eps,width=\textwidth}
\caption{The probability density functions
$f_{1,2}(x) \equiv P_G(x,\mu_{1,2},\sigma^2)$ for $\mu_1 = <N_b> = 53$
and $\mu_2 = <N_b> + <N_s> = 104$.}
\label{fig.1}
\end{figure}

Numerically, we find that

\begin{eqnarray}
\kappa &=& \frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi} \sigma_2}
\int_{-\infty}^{\nonumber \sigma_1 \sigma_2}exp[-\frac{(x-\sigma_2^2)^2}{2 \sigma_2^2}]dx +
\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi} \sigma_1}
\int_{\sigma_1 \sigma_2}^{\infty}exp[-\frac{(x-\sigma_1^2)^2}{2 \sigma_1^2}]dx\\
&=&\frac{1}{\sqrt{2 \pi}}
[\int_{-\infty}^{\sigma_1-\sigma_2}exp[-\frac{y^2}{2}]dy +
\int_{\sigma_2-\sigma_1}^{\infty}exp[-\frac{y^2}{2}]dy] \\ \nonumber
&=&1 - erf(\frac{\sigma_2-\sigma_1}{\sqrt{2}}).
\end{eqnarray}
Here $\sigma_1 = \sqrt{N_b}$ and $\sigma_2 = \sqrt{N_b + N_s}$.
The transformation of the distributions to standard normal distribution
and the exploitation of the equality
\begin{center}
$\displaystyle
\frac{x_0 - \sigma_1^2}{\sigma_1} = - \frac{x_0 - \sigma_2^2}{\sigma_2}$
\end{center}
allows one to find the point $x_0$ of the intersection of the curves I and II.

Let us discuss the meaning of our definition (4). For $x \leq x_0 = \sigma_{1}
\sigma_{2}$ we have $f_1(x) \geq f_2(x)$, i.e. the probability density of the
standard physics realization is higher than the probability density of
new physics realization. Therefore for $x \leq x_0$ we do not have any
indication in favour of new physics. The probability that the number of
events is less than $x_0$ is
$\displaystyle \alpha = \int_{-\infty}^{x_0} f_2(x)dx$.
For $x > x_0$ $f_2(x) > f_1(x)$ that gives evidence in favour of new physics
existence. However the probability of the background events with
$x > x_0$  is different from zero and is equal to
$\displaystyle \beta = \int _{x_0}^{\infty}f_1(x)dx$.
So we have two types of the errors.
For $x  \leq x_0$ we do not have any evidence in favour of new physics
(even in this case the probabilty of new physics realization
is different from zero). For $x >x_0$ we have evidence in favour of new
physics. However for $x > x_0$ the fluctuations of the background can
imitate new physics. So the probability that standard physics can
imitate new physics has two components $\alpha$ and $\beta$ and it is
equal to $\kappa = \alpha + \beta$.
If $\kappa$ equals to $1$ the new physics will
never to be found in the experiment, if $\kappa$ equals to $0$
the first measurement with probability one has to answer
to the question about presence or absence of the new physics  (this case
is impossible for two Poisson distributions). Note that
the other estimator (normalized $\kappa$)
$\displaystyle \tilde \kappa = \frac{\kappa}{2 - \kappa}$
has the same properties.
It means that
the area of intersection of the probability density functions of the
pure background and the background plus signal
is the measure  of the future experiment undiscovery potential.

As follows from formula (4) the role of the significance $S$
plays

\begin{equation}
S_{12} = \sigma_2 - \sigma_1 = \sqrt{N_b + N_s} - \sqrt{N_b}.
\end{equation}

Note that  in refs.\cite{7}  the following criterion of the signal
discovery has been used. The signal was assumed to be observable
if $(1 - \epsilon) \cdot 100\%$ upper confidence level for the
background event rate is equal to $(1 - \epsilon) \cdot 100\%$
lower confidence level for background plus signal
$(\epsilon = 0.01 - 0.05)$. The corresponding
significance is similar to our significance $S_{12}$. The
difference is that in our approach the probability
density $\kappa$ that new physics is described by standard physics is
equal to $2 \epsilon$.

It means that for
$S_{12} = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6$ the probability $\kappa$ is correspondingly
$\kappa = 0.31, 0.046, 0.0027, 6.3 \cdot 10~^{-5}, 5.7 \cdot~10^{-7},
2.0 \cdot~10^{-7}$ in accordance with a general picture.
As it has been mentioned in the Introduction two definitions of the significance
are mainly used in the literature:
 $S_1 = \displaystyle \frac{N_s}{\sqrt{N_b}}$~\cite{4} and
 $S_2 = \displaystyle \frac{N_s}{\sqrt{N_s + N_b}}$~\cite{5}.
The significance $S_{12}$ is expressed in terms of the significances
$S_1$ and $S_2$ as $S_{12} = \displaystyle \frac{S_1 S_2}{S_1 + S_2}$.

For $N_b \gg N_s$ (the search for Higgs boson through
$H \rightarrow \gamma \gamma$ decay mode) we find that

\begin{equation}
S_{12} \approx 0.5~S_1 \approx 0.5~S_2.
\end{equation}
It means that for $S_1 = 5$ (according to a common convention the
$5 \sigma$ confidence level means a new physics discovery) the
real significance is $S_{12} = 2.5$, that  corresponds to $\kappa = 1.24 \%$.

For the case $N_s = k N_b$, $S_{12} = k_{12} S_2$, where for
$k = 0.5, 1, 4, 10$ the value of $k_{12}$ is
$k_{12} = 0.55, 0.59, 0.69, 0.77$. For not too high values of
$<N_b>$ and $<N_b + N_s>$, we have to compare the Poisson distributions
directly. Again for the Poisson distribution $P(n,<n>)$ with the area
of definition for nonnegative integers we can define
$P(x,<n>)$ for real $x$ as

\begin{equation}
\displaystyle \tilde P(x, <n>) = \left\{
\begin{array}{ll}
               0,        & x \le 0, \\
     P([x], <n>),        & x > 0.
\end{array}
\right.
\end{equation}
It is evident that

\begin{equation}
\int_{-\infty}^{\infty}{\tilde P(x, <n>) dx} = 1.
\end{equation}

So, the generalization of the previous determination of $\kappa$
in our case is straightforward, namely, $\kappa$ is nothing but
the common area of the curves described by $\tilde P(x, <N_b>)$
(curve I) and $\tilde P(x, <N_b> + <N_s>)$ (curve II) (see, Fig.2).

\begin{figure}[ht]
\epsfig{file=inrfig2.eps,width=\textwidth}
\caption{The probability density functions
$f_{1,2}(x) \equiv \tilde P(x,\mu_{1,2})$ for $\mu_1$ = $<N_b>$ = $1$
and $\mu_2 = <N_b> + <N_s> = 6$.}
\label{fig.2}
\end{figure}

\noindent
One can find that \footnote{We are indented to Igor Semeniouk for the help
in the derivation of these formulae}

$ \kappa = \alpha + \beta, $

$\displaystyle \alpha = \sum^{n_0}_{n=0}\frac{(<N_b> + <N_s>)^n}{n!}
\displaystyle e^{-(<N_b> + <N_s>)} = $

~~~~~~~~~~$\displaystyle \frac{\Gamma(n_0+1, <N_s> + <N_b>)}{\Gamma(n_0+1)},$

$\displaystyle \beta =  \sum_{n = n_0 + 1}^{\infty}\frac{(<N_b>)^n}{n!}
\displaystyle e^{-<N_b>} =
1 - \frac{\Gamma(n_0+1, <N_b>)}{\Gamma(n_0+1)} $,

$\displaystyle n_0 = [ \frac{<N_s>}{ln(1 + \frac{<N_s>}{<N_b>})}].$

\noindent
Numerical results  are presented  in Tables 1-6.

As it follows
from these Tables for finite values of $<N_s>$ and $<N_b>$
the deviation from asymptotic formula (4) is essential.
For instance, for $N_s = 5$, $N_b = 1~~(S_1 = 5)$~
$\kappa = 14.2\%$. For $N_s = N_b = 25~~(S_1 = 5)$~
$\kappa = 3.8\%$, whereas asymptotically for $N_s \gg 1$ we find
$\kappa = 1.24\%$.
Similar situation takes place for $N_s \sim N_b$.

\section{An account of systematic errors related to nonexact
knowledge of background and signal cross sections}

In the previous section we determined the statistical error $\kappa$
(the probability that ``new physics'' is described by ``standard physics'').
In this section we investigate the influence of the systematical errors
related to a nonexact knowledge of the background and signal
cross sections on the probability $\kappa$ not to confuse a new
physics with the old one.

Denote the Born background and signal cross sections as
$\sigma_b^0$ and $\sigma_s^0$. An account of one loop corrections leads to
$\sigma_b^0 \rightarrow \sigma_b^0(1+\delta_{1b})$ and
$\sigma_s^0 \rightarrow \sigma_s^0(1+\delta_{1s})$, where typically
$\delta_{1b}$ and $\delta_{1s}$ are {\cal O}(0.5).

Two loop corrections at present are not known. So, we can assume that the
uncertainty related with nonexact knowledge of cross sections is around
$\delta_{1b}$ and $\delta_{1s}$ correspondingly. In other words, we assume that
the exact cross sections lie in the intervals
$(\sigma_b^0, \sigma_b^0 (1+2 \delta_{1b}))$ and
$(\sigma_s^0, \sigma_s^0 (1+2 \delta_{1s}))$.
The average number of background and signal events lie in the intervals

\begin{equation}
(<N_b^0>, <N_b^0> (1+2 \delta_{1b}))
\end{equation}
and

\begin{equation}
(<N_s^0>, <N_s^0> (1+2 \delta_{1s})),
\end{equation}
where $<N_b^0> = \sigma_b^0 \cdot L$, $<N_s^0> = \sigma_s^0 \cdot L$.

To determine the probability that the new physics is described by the
old one, we
again have to compare  two Poisson distributions with and without new physics
but in distinction from Section 2 we have to compare the Poisson distributions
in which the average numbers lie in some intervals. So, a priori the only
thing we know is that the average numbers of background and signal events
lie in the intervals (9) and (10), but we do not know the exact values of $<N_b>$
and $<N_s>$. To determine the probability that
the new physics is described by the old,
consider the worst case when we think that new  physics
is described by the minimal number of average events

\begin{equation}
<N_b^{min}> = <N_b^0> + <N_s^0>.
\end{equation}

Due to the fact that we do not know the exact value of the background
cross section,  consider the worst case when the average
number of background events is equal to $<N_b^0> (1 + 2 \delta_{1b})$.
So, we have to compare the Poisson distributions with
$<n> = <N_b^0> + <N_s^0> =$

$<N_b^0> (1 + 2 \delta_{1b}) + (<N_s^0>  - 2 \delta_{1b} <N_b^0>)$
and $<n> = <N_b^0> (1 + 2 \delta_{1b})$.
Using the result of the previous Section, we find that for case
$<N_b^0>~\gg~1, <N_s^0>~\gg~1$  the effective significance is

\begin{equation}
S_{12s} = \sqrt{<N_b^0>+<N_s^0>} - \sqrt{<N_b^0>(1+2\delta_{1b})}.
\end{equation}

For the limiting case $\delta_{1b} \rightarrow 0$, we reproduce
formula (5). For not too high values of $<N_b^0>$ and $<N_s^0>$, we
have to use the results of the previous section (Tables 1-6).

As an example consider the case when $\delta_{1b} = 0.5$,
$<N_s> = 100$, $<N_b> = 50$ (typical situation for sleptons search).
In this case we find that\\

 $S_1 = \displaystyle \frac{<N_s>}{\sqrt{<N_b>}} = 14.1,$

 $S_2 = \displaystyle \frac{<N_s>}{\sqrt{<N_s> + <N_b>}} = 8.2$

 $S_{12} = \sqrt{<N_b>+<N_s>} - \sqrt{<N_b>} = 5.2,$

 $S_{12s} = \sqrt{<N_b>+<N_s>} - \sqrt{2<N_b>} = 2.25.$\\

The difference between CMS adopted significance
$S_2~=~8.2$ (that corresponds to the probability
$\kappa = 0.24 \cdot 10^{-15}$)
and the significance $S_{12s}~=~2.25$ taking into account
systematics related to  nonexact knowledge of background cross section
is factor 3.6
The direct comparison of the Poisson distributions
with $<N_b>(1 + 2\delta_{1b}) = 100$ and $<N_b>(1 + 2\delta_{1b})
 + <N_{s,eff}>$ ( $<N_{s,eff}> = <N_s> - 2\delta_{1b}<N_b> = 50)$
gives $\kappa_{s}
= 0.0245$.

Another example is with $<N_s> = 28$, $<N_b>=8$ and $\delta_{1b} = 0.5$.
For such example we have $S_1 = 9.9$, $S_2 = 4.7$, $S_{12} = 3.2$,
$S_{12s} = 2.0$, $\kappa_{s} =0.045$.

So, we see that an account of the systematics related to nonexact knowledge
of background cross sections is very essential and it decreases the LHC SUSY
discovery potential.

\section{Estimation of exclusion limits on new physics}

In this section we generalize the results of the previous sections
to obtain exclusion limits on signal cross section (new physics).

Suppose we know the background cross section $\sigma_b$ and we
want to obtain bound on signal cross section $\sigma_s$ which depends on
some parameters (masses of new particles, coupling constants, ...)
and describes some new physics beyond standard model. Again as in
Section 2 we have to compare two Poisson distributions with and
without new physics. The results of Section 2 are trivially generalized
for the case of the estimation of exclusion limits on signal
cross section and, hence, on parameters (masses, coupling constants, ...)
of new physics.

Consider at first the case when $<N_b> = \sigma_b \cdot L \gg 1$,
$<N_s> = \sigma_s \cdot L \gg 1$ and the Poisson distributions
approach the Gaussian distributions. As it has been mentioned in
Section 2 the common area of the Gaussian curves with background events
and with background plus signal events is the probability that
"new physics" can be described by the "standard physics".
For instance, when we require the probability that "new physics"
can be described by the "standard physics" is less or equal $10\%$
($S_{12}$ in formula (5) is larger than 1.64) it means that the
formula

\begin{equation}
\sqrt{<N_b>+<N_s>} - \sqrt{<N_b>} \le 1.64
\end{equation}
gives us $90\%$ exclusion limit on the average number of signal events
$<N_s>$. In general case when we require the probability that
"new physics" can be described by the "standard physics" is more
or less $\epsilon$ the formula

\begin{equation}
\sqrt{<N_b>+<N_s>} - \sqrt{<N_b>} \le S(\epsilon)
\end{equation}
allows us to obtain $1-\epsilon$ exclusion limit on signal cross section.
Here $S(\epsilon)$ is determined
by the formula~(4)~\footnote{Note that $S(1\%) = 2.57$,
$S(2\%) = 2.33$, $S(5\%) = 1.96$ and $S(10\%) = 1.64$}, i.e. we suppose that
$\epsilon = \kappa$.
It should be stressed
that in fact the requirement that "new physics" with the probability
more or equal to $\epsilon$ can be described by the "standard physics"
is our definition of the exclusion limit at $(1-\epsilon)$ probability
for signal cross section. From the formula (14) we find that

\begin{equation}
\sigma_s \le \displaystyle \frac{S^2(\epsilon)}{L} +
2 S(\epsilon) \sqrt{\frac{\sigma_b}{L}}.\\
\end{equation}

For the case of not large values of $<N_b>$ and $<N_s>$ we have to compare
the Poisson distributions directly and the corresponding method
has been formulated in Section 2. As an example in Table 7 we give
$90\%$ exclusion limits on the signal cross section for
$L = 10^4pb^{-1}$ and for different values of background cross sections.

Formulae (14), (15) do not take into account the influence of the
systematical errors related to nonexact knowledge of the
background cross sections on the exclusion limits for signal cross section.
To take into account such systematics we have to use the results of
Section 3. The corresponding generalization of the formulae (14) and (15)
is straightforward, namely:

\begin{equation}
\sqrt{<N_b>+<N_s>} - \sqrt{<N_b>(1+2\delta_{1b})} \le S(\epsilon),
\end{equation}

\begin{equation}
\sigma_s \le \displaystyle \frac{S^2(\epsilon)}{L} +
2 S(\epsilon) \displaystyle \sqrt{\frac{\sigma_b(1+2\delta_{1b})}{L}} +
2 \delta_{1b} \sigma_b.
\end{equation}

Remember that $\delta_{1b}$ describes theoretical uncertainty in the
calculation of the background cross section. As an example, in
Table 8 we give $90\%$ exclusion limits on the signal cross section
for $L = 10^4pb^{-1},~~2 \delta_{1b} = 0.25$ and for different values
of background cross sections.

Note that in refs.\cite{9,10} different and strictly speaking "ad hoc" methods
to derive exclusion limits in future experiments has been suggested.
As is seen from Fig.3 the essential differences
in values of the exclusion limits take place.
Let us compare these methods by the use of the equal probability test~\cite{11}.

\begin{figure}[ht]
\epsfig{file=inrfig3.eps,width=\textwidth}
\caption{Estimations of the 90\%~CL upper limit on the signal in a future
experiment as a function of the expected background. The method proposed
in ref.~[10] gives the values of exclusion limit
close to "Typical experiment" approach.}
\label{fig.3}
\end{figure}

In order to estimate
the various approaches of the exclusion limit determination
we suppose that the new physics exists, i.e. the value $<N_s>$ equals
to one of the exclusion limits from Fig.3
and the value $<N_b>$ equals to the corresponding value of expected background.
Then we apply the equal probability test to find critical value $n_0$
for hypotheses testing in future measurements. Here a zero hypothesis is
the statement that new physics exists and an alternative hypothesis is the
statement that new physics is absent.
After calculation of the Type I error
$\alpha$ (the probability that the number of observed events will be equal to
or less than the critical value $n_0$)
and the Type II error $\beta$ (the probability that in the case of absence
of new physics the number of
observed events will be greater than the critical value $n_0$)
we can compare the methods.
In Table 9 the comparison result is shown. As is seen
from this Table the "Typical experiment" approach~\cite{10} gives
too small values of exclusion limit. The difference in the 90\%~CL definition
is the main reason of the difference between our result and the
exclusion limit from ref.~\cite{9}.
In ref~\cite{9} is used the criterion for determination exclusion limits:
$\beta < \delta$ and $\displaystyle \frac{\alpha}{1-\beta} < \epsilon$,
where the experiment will observe with probability at least $1 - \delta$
at most a number of events such that the limit obtained at the
$1 - \epsilon$ confidence level excludes the corresponding signal.
If we define $\epsilon$ as normalized $\kappa$
($\displaystyle \epsilon = \tilde \kappa = \frac{\kappa}{2-\kappa}$)
we have the result close to ref.~\cite{9},
i.e. $\kappa = 0.17$ corresponds to $\epsilon = 0.0929$.

\section{The probability of new physics discovery}

In section 2 we determined the probability $\kappa$ that "new physics" can
be described by the "standard physics". But it is also very important
to determine  the probabilty of new physics discovery
in future experiment.
According to common definition \cite{1} the new physics discovery corresponds
to the case when the probability that background can imitate signal is
less than $5 \sigma$ or in terms of the probabilty less than
$5.7 \cdot 10^{-7}$ (here of course we neglect any possible systematical
errors).

So we require that the probability of the background fluctuations for
$n > n(\delta)$ $\beta(\delta)$ is
less than $\delta$, namely
\begin{equation}
\beta(\delta) =  \sum ^{\infty}_{n=n_0({\delta})+1} P(<N_b>, n) \leq \delta
\end{equation}
The probability $1 - \alpha(\delta)$
that the number of signal events will be bigger than
$n_0(\delta)$ is equal to
\begin{equation}
1 - \alpha(\delta) = \sum ^{\infty}_{n = n_0(\delta) + 1}
P(<N_b> + <N_s>, n)
\end{equation}

It should be stressed that $\delta$ is a given number and $\alpha(\delta)$
is a function of $\delta$. Usually physicists claim the
discovery of phenomenon \cite{1} if the probability of the background
fluctuation is less than  $5\sigma$ that corresponds to
$\delta_{dis} = 5.7 \cdot 10^{-7}$. So from the equation (18) we find
$n_0(\delta)$ and estimate the probabilty  $1 - \alpha(\delta)$ that
an experiment will satisfy the discovery criterion.

As an example consider the search for standard Higgs boson
with a mass $m_h = 110~GeV$ at the CMS
detector. For total luminosity $ L = 3 \cdot 10^{4} pb^{-1} ( 2 \cdot
10^{4} pb^{-1})$ one can find \cite{1} that
$<N_b> = 2893(1929), <N_s> = 357(238)$,
$\displaystyle S_1 = \frac{N_s}{\sqrt{N_b}} =6.6(5.4)$.
Using the formulae (18, 19) for $\delta _{dis} = 5.7 \cdot 10^{-7}$
($5 \sigma$ discovery criterium) we find that
$1 - \alpha(\delta_{dis}) = 0.96(0.73)$. It means that for total
luminosity $L = 3\cdot 10^{4}pb^{-1}(2\cdot 10^{4}pb^{-1})$ the CMS experiment
will discover at $\geq 5\sigma$ level
standard Higgs boson with a mass $m_h~=~110~GeV$ with a probabilty 96(73)
percent.

\section{Conclusions}

In this paper we determined the probability to discover the new physics
in the future experiments when the average number of background $<N_b>$ and
signal events  $<N_s>$ is known. We have found that in this case for
$<N_s>~\gg~1$ and $<N_b>~\gg~1$ the role of significance plays

 $S_{12}~=~\sqrt{<N_b>+<N_s>}~-~\sqrt{<N_b>}$

\noindent
in comparison with often used
expressions for the significances
 $S_1~=~\displaystyle~\frac{<N_s>}{\sqrt{<N_b>}}$ and
 $S_2~=~\displaystyle~\frac{<N_s>}{\sqrt{<N_s>~+~<N_b>}}$.

For $<N_s>~\ll~<N_b>$ we have found that $S_{12}  = 0.5 S_1 = 0.5 S_2$.
For not too high values of $<N_s>$ and $<N_b>$, when the deviations
from the Gaussian distributions are essential, our results are presented
in Tables 1-6. We proposed a method for taking into account
systematical errors related to the nonexact knowledge of background and signal
events. An account of such kind of systematics is very essential in the search
for supersymmetry and leads to an essential decrease in the probability to
discover the new physics in the future experiments.
We also proposed a method for the estimation of exclusion limits on new
physics in future experiments.

We are indebted to M.Dittmar for very hot discussions and useful questions
which were one of the motivations to perform this study. We are grateful
to V.A.Matveev for the interest and useful comments.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Do you ever start a project all gung-ho, full of energy only to find that a fews days or weeks or months later you're zapped of all enthusiasm and your 'former exciting project' so is now collecting dust in the corner of your wardrobe?
Here, here my friend. Here, here.
As young creative people and especially now in our culture of instant gratification and access to distractions 24-7, there are so many opportunities to do all the things. So many projects you want to start, things you want to experience. It can be overwhelming.
Personally I want to start a market stall for miss yasemin (my dream) though when I walk around our apartment I see all the things I *haven't* done and ping! It has a little effect on my self confidence to get stuff done.
To finish any project you must first decide - to complete or not to complete (that is the question).
Yes, here me out. This might sound rebellious - a little wild, even: you don't have to finish a project to have it complete. What? You say. Here's an example from my life.
My personal coach Andrea taught me this in 2015. What was stopping me from creating miss yasemin and making art back then was the thought that my friends would think "oh here Yas goes again, with another project that she's excited about but won't complete". I didn't have a platform of self-confidence to spring off to really get started with my artwork.
So what did I do? I wrote down a list of all the things I hadn't completed. On my list was to finish the homework that came out of a video-making course I did in the US in 2014 (to create 2 videos from the content we captured). I didn't want to do it, but I felt that I should.
When my coach told me I didn't have to finish it to have it complete and asked 'what would you do to have this complete?' my first thoughts were to send a message to my former classmates and teachers. I let them know I wasn't going to complete the videos and let them know the impact of not completing them had on me (feeling bad), the impact on them and let them know to reach out if there was anything there that was unresolved for them.
I. felt. so. liberated. Everyone was so understanding about me not creating the videos and BOOM! Two video projects I didn't want to do, off my to-do list.
So for you, if there's something you don't want to finish anymore - there might be a conversation to have, a mess you might have to clean up. And remember, anything can get resolved in communication.
Though, if do you want to complete the project then you just gotta sit down and do it!
These next few weeks before my Europe trip I'm going to complete all of my unfinished projects - sewing all my pom poms on my scarf that's been sitting on my bedside table, deciding what I'll do with my Europe 2011-2012 photos plus the self portrait I mentioned here on the blog a couple weeks back.
What are some projects you've started but haven't finished? How would it feel to have them complete? Let me know in the comments below, you got this.


Pantera, Killswitch Engage, Trivium, Unearth, In Flames, Meshuggah, RHCP, Pepper, SRV... too many to list!
A Million Little Pieces, My Friend Leonard, catcher in the rye, and several others that I don't feel like listing.
That 70's Show, Mythbusters, any MMA event, THE OFFICE.
Fight Club is perhaps my favorite movie of all time. I also enjoy most of Tarantino's work, as well as a great deal of comedies - most of which involve a SNL cast-member in some way, shape, or form.
A7X-LoGaN-A7X is ranked #81815 contributor among all users.


In this study zooplankton was determined between June 2015-May 2016 in Keban Reservoir. Also some chemical and physical parameters as water temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, electrical conductivity and Chlorophyll a were measured in situ, monthly. Total of 40 zooplankton species; 27 Rotifera, 11 Cladocera, 2 Copepoda species were identified in this study. The data of this study were evaluated number of individuals, species richness and species diversity. Maximum, minimum, SD and mean values of water quality parameters were calculated. As a result of Shannon Wiener index analysis of current study, species diversity was found highest in January (H'=2.03) and the least index value was found in May (H'=0.46). Margalef index value recorded in its highest value in January (D=1.07) in the 2nd station and the lowest value in February (D=0.11) in the 1st station.
Water quality parameters; Zooplankton; Species diversity; Species richness; Euphrates Basin.


text:
Il nuraghe di S'Ortali 'e su Monti, o nuraghe San Salvatore, è un nuraghe a pianta complessa che si trova a Tortolì, nella provincia di Nuoro, in Sardegna.

Descrizione
Il nuraghe ha un muro di cinta a pianta irregolarmente ellittica, non canonica, una torre centrale e torri laterali.

La torre centrale è stata scavata nel 2010, arrivando allo strato del periodo di costruzione (circa 1500 a.C.). Nella stratigrafia sono state rinvenute sepolture di epoca romana.

L'ingresso ha un architrave sormontato da una finestrella triangolare, con lo scopo di alleggerire il peso della muratura. Il blocco di architrave proviene dal reimpiego di un menhir, forse proveniente dall'allineamento (di cui ne residuano due) che insiste sulla vicina collina.

All'esterno della cinta muraria erano in passato state rinvenute alcune capanne nuragiche e, verso nord, un'area destinata all'immagazzinamento del grano, custodito in dieci silos. Molte delle capanne erano inoltre dotate di macine. Questo ritrovamento ha permesso di ipotizzare che la principale attività esercitata dagli abitanti del villaggio fosse la coltivazione del grano e la sua successiva lavorazione.

Nei pressi dell'area sacra neolitica della vicina collina gli abitanti del villaggio costruirono una tomba dei giganti per la sepoltura dei propri defunti. Nei pressi del nuraghe è presente anche una tomba a grotticella del neolitico recente (domus de janas)

Altri progetti

Collegamenti esterni
Scheda sul nuraghe S'Ortali 'e su Monti sul sito dei beni culturali della Regione Autonoma della Sardegna
Descrizione del nuraghe S'Ortali 'e su Monti e degli altri resti archeologici facenti parte del Parco Archeologico di San Salvatore - S'Ortali 'e su Monti.

Siti archeologici nuragici
Siti archeologici della provincia di Nuoro
S'Ortu 'e su Monte
Architetture di Tortolì

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Atomaria lundbergi är en skalbaggsart som beskrevs av Johnson 1978. Atomaria lundbergi ingår i släktet Atomaria, och familjen fuktbaggar. Arten är reproducerande i Sverige.
Arten är uppkallad efter Stig Lundberg som tog det första exemplaret i Kalix.

Källor

Fuktbaggar
lundbergi


What does "ng/mL" mean on my drug test?
What does an ng/mL level mean on my drug test?
A "ng/ml" stands for nanograms per milliliter. It is used by labs as a unit of measure (of density) for test results. Specifically, for our customers, it is used for drug testing results.
Who came up with these levels for each drug?
How did SAMSHA determine these levels?
SAMSHA considers positive results above the standard ng/mL level abuse, more than a one-time use.
What level are UTest drug testing kits?
All of our drug tests we sell are of the same level as a lab based test. We also carry a few testing devices that can detect at even lower levels than the standardized lab tests.
Why do these levels concern you as a customer?
It's important to do your research and make sure that any drug test you buy meets the standard levels of a lab test. If you do not buy a test that meets the standard level or is lower than the standard level of a lab, you run the risk of testing positive (dirty) when you go in for a standardized test.
Need more information on the standard ng/mL levels labs used?


text:
Tiger Woods a shot ahead of Rory McIlroy and Graeme McDowell at the Chevron World Challenge
DARA KELLY
Tiger Woods playing at the Limerick celebrity pro-am
Tiger Wood fired a seven-under-par 65 to take a one-shot lead Thursday at the Chevron World Challenge in Thousand Oaks. The 18-player event is being held to benefit the Tiger Woods Foundation.
Woods has won the even four times but missed the event in 2008 due to knee surgery and again last year because of his Thanksgiving night car crash and the ensuing sex scandal.
The conditions on Thursday were good. Woods was in an aggressive frame of mind and played well. He said "I played solid all day" despite not sinking many long putts, he added.
This is the first time that Woods has topped the leader board since August 26 after shooting 65 in the first round at The Barclays tournament in New Jersey.
Graeme McDowell and Rory McIlroy finished one shot behind Woods after shooting 66s. McDowell said "No disappointment….Obviously (it's) just a great way to begin the week and (I) hope to build on it as the weekend goes on."
Dustin Johnson and Stewart Cink followed at three-under 69, with Luke Donald and Camilo Villegas (70). Furyk shot an even-par 72.
McDowell said he expects more low scores throughout the competition. He said "The greens are soft, very receptive…The whole golf course is very well set up for scoring."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
mindchangingUSA
Voters | Workers | Consumers
Can Courts Strike Down Right-to-Work?
From The American Prospect:
Last week, in a move that's as likely to baffle union activists as it is to encourage them, a West Virginia judge struck down key portions of the state's "right-to-work" law.
The Kenawha County judge's ruling may amount to no more than a temporary hiccup in West Virginia Republicans' war to destroy unions. But it's another example of how hotly provisions of the 1947 federal Taft-Hartley Act are being contested in the courts as it becomes clearer that the anti-union impact of the law has contributed to an era of massive inequality that threatens our democracy.
West Virginia's "right to work" law was rammed through on a party-line vote prior to 2016's presidential election and the recent statewide teachers strikes. It had survived a Democratic gubernatorial veto and a previous injunction based in part on its ridiculously sloppy drafting. Last week, however, siding with a coalition of unions that included the building trades, Teamsters and Mineworkers, Judge Jennifer Bailey ruled the law "unnecessarily and unconstitutionally imposes an excessive burden on Plaintiffs' associational rights," and that the goal of letting workers opt out of union membership "can be, and have been, fully accomplished without taking the additional steps of prohibiting agency fees, and giving free riders something for nothing."
Anne Marie Lofaso, a professor of law at West Virginia University, describes Bailey's ruling as "an extremely well-done decision that holds together and reflects some excellent lawyering for the union plaintiffs."
In many respects, the West Virginia decision is a replay of a briefly encouraging moment in April of 2016 when a Dane County judge struck down Wisconsin's recently enacted "right-to-work" law. That decision was predictably reversed by a Republican-dominated higher state court one year later.
Read the complete article here.
This entry was posted in #WorkRights, fair wages, labor market, labor unions, Republican Party, worker rights and tagged right to work laws, unions, West Virginia by admin. Bookmark the permalink.


text:
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Jasper Dohrendorf, P.E.
Lead, Distribution
Jasper.Dohrendorf [at] hdrinc.com
Jasper leads our distribution program with a focus on growing and evolving our practice. He's a technical resource for emerging technologies impacting the distribution grid including distributed energy resources and electric vehicle infrastructure.
Passionate about creating lasting relationships by building mutual trust and respect, Jasper constantly looks out for our clients. He helps them stay relevant in the market by keeping a constant conversation going on advances in technology.
Jasper's knowledge of electric vehicle charging and its impacts to the electrical system have led him to become a key grid modernization leader at HDR. He's an expert on distribution who was instrumental in designing thousands of miles of new and rebuilt distribution lines during North Dakota's Bakken oil boom. His leadership was essential in supporting HDR's distribution design work in Canada and Saudi Arabia, most notably the medium voltage distribution build-out of King Abdullah Economic City.
Jasper is an IEEE member and a registered professional engineer with over 16 years of electrical engineering experience.
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SKU: MEHA6346. Category: Diesel Locomotives.
The BT2 Bombardier Blue Tiger Diesel Locomotive Poollok livery from Mehano stands out above all. With some of the finest detail parts, paint work and lettering this is a must for modellers.


Costanza Zitellini, 25-years-old, was left devastated after running to Skydive Deland, where her husband was doing the jump, and asked an employee to stop her husband immediately, according to reports.
The wife explained to the first employee she found and said she'd just received a video from Vitantonio, saying her husband was 'not going to pull the cord and that he was going somewhere wonderful'.
Capotorto Vitantonio then plunged to his death at Sky Dive DeLand in Florida.
The employee tried to radio up to the plane, but it was too late.
DeLand police said an officer was called to Skydive DeLand and was told that Capotorto, an experienced skydiver, jumped from a plane and did not deploy his parachute.
The authorities later found his body face down in a nearby field.
Authorities state that Vitantonio, an Italian national who worked for United Parachute Technologies, plummeted 13,500 feet to his death.
A manager at the company said that they have the best aircraft in the nation and noted that "when a person steps out the door, they are responsible for themselves".


text:
Rick's Cafe Texan
Everybody Comes to Rick's
American Beauty (1999): A Review
In case you didn't know, Suburbia is Hell and the people who live there live lives of loud desperation, unfulfilled, miserable, empty. I have no idea why this is seen as something original, but American Beauty somehow thinks that this tale of Suburban Malaise is speaking truth to power. American Beauty, after almost twenty years, is more a product of its time than an eternal tale of human misery among the placid and perfectly manicured lawns.
A variation of Lolita with a hint of Spoon River Anthology, American Beauty is narrated from beyond the grave by Lester Burnham (Kevin Spacey). Lester has been writing for Media Monthly Magazine for 14 years and may potentially be laid off. Not that Lester actually cares whether he is or not, as he has given up on life. His wife and daughter are no help or comfort and by his own admission consider him a loser.
His wife Carolyn (Annette Bening) is obsessed with perfection and projecting a successful career image as a real estate agent. She, however, flounders in her profession and cannot match the success of her rival, Buddy 'King' Kane (Peter Gallagher). Lester and Carolyn's daughter Jane (Thora Birch) is morose and grumpy and hates both of them.
That does make her being part of the cheer squad at her school a puzzling decision. In an effort to 'show support', Lester and Carolyn go to a basketball game where Jane will entertain as part of the 'Spartanettes' dance team. And that's where Lester finds himself reborn.
That 'recall to life' comes in the delicious form of Angela Hayes (Mena Suvari), the aspiring model and what I would call Jane's frenemy (though the term hadn't been created yet).
Angela is Jane's best friend, but her erotic nature sparks Lester's libido like nothing has. He fantasizes about her in his sleep, dreaming she's enveloped in American Beauty rose petals.
This new spark shocks his wife and daughter, though only Jane knows of Lester's fixation. All Carolyn knows is that Lester has lost his mind.
He quits his job (after blackmailing the company to give him a year's pay), starts smoking pot and working out. He also tells off his wife and daughter while continuing to flirt with Angela, who flirts right back.
New complications come in the form of the Burnhams' neighbors, the Fitts. There's retired USMC Colonel Frank Fitts (Chris Cooper), his catatonic wife Barbara (Allison Janney) and their son Ricky (Wes Bentley). Ricky loves videotaping the strangest things, such as floating plastic bag that he calls 'the most beautiful thing he's ever seen'. He's started videotaping the Burnhams, especially Jane, much to her initial horror and disgust but who soon warms to things. Ricky also funds his videotaping through pot-selling, which delights Lester as he tokes away while bulking up to seduce Angela.
Things really explode when Lester, now happily flipping burgers, enters the last day of his life. On this fateful day, Carolyn's affair with Buddy is discovered, Jane and Angela have a falling-out over Ricky, Ricky and Frank have a falling-out over a series of misunderstandings leading the virulently homophobic Colonel to think Ricky's gay, Angela reveals she is actually a virgin, and Lester is shot.
American Beauty still holds some revered place in the pantheon of film critics, and I cannot say that it was a bad film, let alone badly-made. Director Sam Mendes in his film directing debut brought a beautiful-looking film. Mendes, and screenwriter Alan Ball, did know how to use music as subtext to reveal character. There was Carolyn's belting out Don't Rain on My Parade to lift her mood before finding Lester had grown more self-indulgent. There is also the 'mood music' Carolyn insists on playing at the very unhappy family dinner, where the newly-liberated Lester lets his rage out while Call Me Irresponsible plays on.
I just don't see now what I saw then, even when I 'look closer'.
I oftentimes wondered whether American Beauty was a very dark Saturday Night Live sketch gone bonkers, particularly with Bening's outwardly strong but internally crushed Carolyn. Her 'hysterical' reaction to Lester's blase attitude about quitting his job (and his openness about the circumstances) was broad to the point of infinity.
These were character sketches, not actual human beings to me. The disaffected middle-aged man who dumps his burdens. The shrewish wife. The sullen teen daughter. The teen temptress. The creepy neighbor kid. The homophobic military man who unsurprisingly turns out to be gay himself. Each of them was more a type than a person, all fitting into their own set roles.
Watching the film again, I could not help think that subconsciously or not, Ball drew from Vladimir Nabokov's Lolita. Angela Hayes is not far from Dolores Haze (Lolita's real name). Like our nymphet, Angela has been tempting men sexually since she was twelve, albeit Angela says she knows it and is conscious of it.
As a side note, this is something Humbert would say...that Lolita seduced him rather than he raping her.
Lester Burnham, like Humbert Humbert, is a middle-aged man lusting after a girl who could be his daughter and trapped in a miserable marriage. Like Humbert Humbert, he ends up dead.
Granted, there are differences. Lester for example is more open about his desires than Humbert, and he is the one murdered versus being a murderer. However, I don't think the distance is too far from Lolita to American Beauty.
I saw in the performances people 'acting', perhaps to compensate for these not being real people. From Spacey's 'I don't give a damn' manner to Bentley's 'I'm consciously bizarre' (his Vulcan eyebrows help) to Cooper's 'Look at me raging about gays in awful terms only to reveal myself to be suppressed' and Birch's 'I'm a mopey teenager', each character is one I found rather cartoonish and downright freakish.
Ball's cynicism, nihilism and utter hopelessness flows through all of American Beauty, this sense of the endless despair all these people have. I also have somewhat of a difficulty accepting all the wild coincidences on the day of Lester's death.
In terms of production I can't fault American Beauty. It has a strong score from Thomas Newman and the milieu of this Suburban Nightmare is well-rendered. I also did learn that 'Star 69' is how you dial the telephone number that just called you.
As I look back on American Beauty, I don't see actual people, let alone people I care about or for. I see types. I see almost a spoof of the 'Suburbianites Are Empty, Hollow Shells of Humans' story with overblown caricatures.
Let's not run with the dogs tonight...
DECISION: C-
2000 Best Picture Winner: Gladiator
Posted by Rick at 1:01 AM
Labels: Best Picture Winners, Crime Drama, Review
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Moshekwa Langa: Paradise
Moshekwa Langa's indexical practice spans drawing, installation, video, and photography, culling materials from his immediate surroundings to record his own history and emotions. For the gallery's online viewing room, Langa presents seven new drawings started in 2014 and completed earlier this year when he returned to his Amsterdam studio in March during lockdowns in Europe. First initiated by soaking paper in a mixture of salt and coffee, when Langa returned to the works this year, he added bleach to create openings for vibrant layers of acrylic and colored pencil. Dreamlike in their appearance, the drawings result from the mediation of seemingly heterogeneous elements, with the slow accumulation of marks functioning as a record of passing time. Simultaneously poetic and sentimental, Langa's works seek to create a visual language to convey personal events and feelings, as a way to grapple with the often slippery qualities of meaning.
Moshekwa Langa lives and works in Amsterdam. In Fall 2021, Langa's first exhibition with the gallery, as well as the artist's first solo exhibition in New York, will be presented at the gallery's 22 Cortlandt Alley location. In 2022, Langa's work will be the subject of a solo exhibition at Zeitz MOCAA, Cape Town, the first institutional exhibition of his work in his home country. Past solo exhibitions of Langa's work have been presented at venues that include Kunsthalle Bern, Switzerland, Modern Art Oxford, United Kingdom, The Rennaissance Society, Chicago, Krannert Art Museum, University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign, among others. In 2018, Langa's work was included in We Don't Need Another Hero, 10th Berlin Biennale, Germany, and The Red Hour, The 13th Dakar Biennale, Senegal. Langa additionally participated in the 2011 Lyon Biennale, the 2010 and 1998 editions of the Bienal de São Paulo, the 2009 and 2003 editions of the Venice Biennale, and the 1997 Johannesburg Biennale, curated by Okwui Enwezor.
Moshekwa Langa
Paradise IV, 2014/2020
Colored pencil, acrylic, salt, coffee, and bleach on paper
39 3/8 x 27 1/2 inches (100 x 70 cm.)
(ML20-047)
Paradise III, 2014/2020
Paradise II, 2014/2020
Paradise I, 2014/2020
Paradise VII, 2014/2020
Paradise VI, 2014/2020
Paradise V, 2014/2020


text:
Free Essay on The Lives of Different Characters in Friday Night Lights Book
Categories: Students Sport
Wordcount: 1008 words
Brian Chavez was a uniquely strong and defensive player in the Permian Football Team. He was the only Hispanic player in the team. Despite his unique football skills in the field he also had academic discipline. He was performing well in his tests, giving him an extra advantage for him to get a scholarship. He made it to Harvard and graduated with a law degree.
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Gary Edwards was a crucial player in the Carter Cowboys Football Team. His showcased outstanding skills in both are defending and attacking. He did not have to attend class, but his field skills will automatically give him lucrative over good grades. He became widely famous after a court ruling raises his Algebra 2 grade just to let his name appear on the line up of the next game. He and his teammates played so well to defeat the known football legends Permian.
Mike Winchell played football with passion as a quarterback of the Permian's team. Afte the death of his father while he was young Winchell has been continuously living in fear and anxiety which occasionally destructs his performance at the field. His body size and slow speed outdo him to play for college football.
Ivory Christian played as a middle linebacker for the Panthers football team. He had developed a habit of vomiting before the start of any game of which it later other players found it motivating. He had a passion for religious issues and wanted to become a preacher after high school. He later joined Texas Christian University via a scholarship where he continued to play football.
Boobie Miles is a player whose life has been focused all throughout the book. He was adopted by his uncle L.V. Miles. Boobie was a pure talent in the field, and no one could argue; many colleges had shown interest in him when he was still in his junior year. His coaches considered him of being too self-centered. He gets a Knee Injury during his final season. He will eventually get benched in favor of a new player named Chris Comer.
Gary Gaines was the head coach of the Panthers Football Team. Despite him receiving a higher salary then many teachers he is the most pressured character in the book. The school and the whole society demands continuous success of the team. Therefore this makes him work more hours to make sure he delivers as per their demands. His team loses in the semis 1988but a year later they won the state title making him keep his job for a little longer.
Why were so many fans emotionally dependent on the success of a boy's high school football team?
Football was the most popular sport in the town of Odesa, West Texas. High school football games have been a part of the culture in this society; in some games, more than 19,000 fans could attend to see the boys play. Luckily ever since the 1960's, their home high school team, the Panthers have been dominating the league. Therefore expectations were always high that the team should make it to the state finals. Football did not just mean a game but a symbolism to show one's ability to persevere through pain, overcome fear and the winning spirit of a community. Odesa community especially the Africans Americans kids were stars in football hence it was their pride celebrating where they excel at despite the oppression around them.
Race and gender stereotypes perpetuated through the football program.
Bissinger quotes some Whites in his book arguing that Africans only have athletic superiority but lack intellectual skills. Most positions played by African American football players are not as highly appreciated as their fellow white players when talking about the Team's success. The players relate well despite the stereotypical narratives around them. Girls used as cheerleaders for the football team and each player was assigned one lady to take care as his petette. In Bissinger's book boys especially football players portray how the Odesa society views men more on their masculinity.
The dynamics of the relationships between football, political ideology, and culture.
Friday Night Lights is a book that links high school players' dreams that ties them up with a town's cultural history. The Permian Panthers football team has been the source of happiness and glory in the history of Texas. The Odesa society puts all their stresses of their town's bad economy on the success of their home team. In any Friday the team plays, so many people are attending to watch lively expecting wins in every game. The society allusion is focused more on football with other assumed misplaced priorities will later spoil the productivity of many players after high school they end up in the same rotten economy as their families.
The plight of the team through the course of the season.
The school aimed at turning those academically challenged students to some other important roles in the society. Both the school and the community attended these games like it was a calling. In exchange for the injury risks they expose themselves to in the field, they are treated like royalties in their school having the privileges of having a cheerleader squad, and petette girls who would offer carry you books all around the school or even pay the players for sexual favors.
School politics and educational expectations across race, class, and gender.
Education is a misplaced priority in this community. LaRue Moor a teacher working at Permian also regrets how much the community glorifies football games than their kid's academic grades. Teachers are underpaid while coaches received lump sums amounts. The book reflects more on Boobies life in school, who makes no effort at class and still proceeds to the next class. The overall community perspective towards education from parent to the school stuff acted oblivious to the future growth of the players outside the field. Black players got the chance to play in white teams after the desegregation of schools where school teams with no Black talent will not be allowed to compete.
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Ривервью () — статистически обособленная местность, расположенная в округе Хилсборо (штат Флорида, США) с населением в 12 035 человек по статистическим данным переписи 2000 года.

География
По данным Бюро переписи населения США статистически обособленная местность Ривервью имеет общую площадь в 24,35 квадратных километров, из которых 23,57 кв. километров занимает земля и 0,78 кв. километров — вода. Площадь водных ресурсов округа составляет 3,2 % от всей его площади.

Демография

По данным переписи населения 2000 года в Ривервью проживало 12 035 человек, 3400 семей, насчитывалось 4434 домашних хозяйств и 4800 жилых домов. Средняя плотность населения составляла около 494,25 человек на один квадратный километр. Расовый состав населённого пункта распределился следующим образом: 63,81 % белых, 32,33 % — чёрных или афроамериканцев, 0,44 % — коренных американцев, 1,33 % — азиатов, 0,07 % — выходцев с тихоокеанских островов, 2,05 % — представителей смешанных рас, 1,98 % — других народностей. Испаноговорящие составили 9,02 % от всех жителей статистически обособленной местности.

Из 4434 домашних хозяйств в 38,2 % воспитывали детей в возрасте до 18 лет, 61,1 % представляли собой совместно проживающие супружеские пары, в 12,2 % семей женщины проживали без мужей, 23,3 % не имели семей. 17,5 % от общего числа семей на момент переписи жили самостоятельно, при этом 5,6 % составили одинокие пожилые люди в возрасте 65 лет и старше. Средний размер домашнего хозяйства составил 2,68 человек, а средний размер семьи — 3,02 человек.

Население статистически обособленной местности по возрастному диапазону по данным переписи 2000 года распределилось следующим образом: 28,0 % — жители младше 18 лет, 6,1 % — между 18 и 24 годами, 33,8 % — от 25 до 44 лет, 23,5 % — от 45 до 64 лет и 8,6 % — в возрасте 65 лет и старше. Средний возраст жителей составил 36 лет. На каждые 100 женщин в Ривервью приходилось 97,8 мужчин, при этом на каждые сто женщин 18 лет и старше приходилось 93,4 мужчин также старше 18 лет.

Средний доход на одно домашнее хозяйство статистически обособленной местности составил 51 016 долларов США, а средний доход на одну семью — 58 417 долларов. При этом мужчины имели средний доход в 40 297 долларов США в год против 28 036 долларов среднегодового дохода у женщин. Доход на душу населения статистически обособленной местности составил 51 016 долларов в год. Все семьи имели доход, превышающий уровень бедности.

Примечания

Ссылки

 Map and Aerial Views on Google Maps
 Riverview Chamber of Commerce

Статистически обособленные местности Флориды
Статистически обособленные местности округа Хилсборо (Флорида)


text:
Källaren Hamburg var en krog som öppnade på 1600-talet och låg vid Götgatan 53 (f.d. 47) på Södermalm i Stockholm. Verksamheten lades ner 1908 och huset revs 1912.

Historik
Krogen fanns redan på 1640-talet och fick sitt namn efter krögaren Henrik Hamburg. Källaren Hamburg blev ökänd för att de dödsdömda fick sin sista sup här innan de fördes vidare till galgbacken i nuvarande Hammarbyhöjden. Glasen som de dödsdömda drack ur ska ha sparats i ett blått skåp för allmän beskådan. År 1908 stängdes krogen då byggnaden ansågs vara i för dåligt skick. Byggnaden revs sedan 1912.

Serveringsrättigheterna köptes då av Stockholms utskänkningsbolag som samma år öppnade krogen "Grå Kvarn" (efter närbelägna Borgmästarkvarnen), nuvarande restaurang Kvarnen, på Tjärhovsgatan. Kåken där källaren Hamburg huserade revs 1912 och 20 år senare, den 25 januari 1928, invigdes Göta Lejon av Svensk Filmindustri på samma plats.

Se även
 Stockholms historiska krogar, värdshus och restauranger

Referenser
Stockholmskällan
SSM:Sistasupenskåpet från Källaren Hamburg
Södermalmsnytt mars 2010: Ett sista glas på väg mot stupstocken - Källaren Hamburg

Externa länkar

Stockholm under 1600-talet
Södermalm
Ej längre existerande restauranger i Stockholm


Electronic gaming is a relatively new sector of business, which can be rightfully called the product of the 21st century. Most existing providers of online gaming software were formed in the period from 2000 to 2003, except for those ones that had been engaged in the development of brick-and-mortar casino products before 2000. This is also true for the World Match company, which was established in 2003 and for slightly less than one decade has turned into a serious player in the gambling market. Today, World Match casinos online are recognized for the superb quality of games on offer, flexibility and seamless functioning. Beyond any doubt, World Match is the kind of the software provider that is worth taking a closer look at.
As official sources say, World Match casino software developer was founded in 2003 in Malta. Just a year later, they presented their unique software platform empowered by Adobe Flash technology as well as a bunch of games working on this platform. At that time it was a really innovative and cutting-edge solution, which became the first big success of WM. After that they could relax and rest on their laurels for a while, but they didn't. The World Match team continued working hardly in several direction: creation of new games, improving their platform, adding it some flexibility and looking for new innovative ideas. And it didn't take long to see a result.
The new turn-key gambling solution for virtual casinos was presented in 2009. In was a flexible system for casino management with about 100 games using Flash technology. An interesting fact is that to start using the platform, a casino operator didn't need to download any software, as the entire system was stored in a cloud storage. All the games could be launched right in a browser. Moreover, the system allowed integration of games from other providers. This ready-made solution known as the Cloud Gaming Center became very popular with casino operators and let WM reach a new level of its development.
Another interesting fact from World Match's biography is that they were the first European company that received a Class 4 license issued by the Lotteries and Gaming Authority of Malta. Today, they are licensed in the UK, Malta and some other countries.
Actually, the collection of World Match games is quite moderate, though the company is definitely one of the key players of the gambling market. The thing is, they are bot focused on the quality of games. Instead, WM is concentrated in developing comprehensive software solutions and their maintenance. Their main goal is to offer a perfect universal system that will suit to any online casino and will provide an excellent gaming experience to casinos' visitors.
As of today, WM portfolio includes almost all types of table virtual games and digital versions of card games – poker (12 versions of the game), blackjack, baccarat. Less popular options are craps, hi-lo and punto banco. Also the company offers solutions for live betting.
But of course, the most popular games from WM are its slots. Both real-money and free World Match slots online attract users for a variety of reasons. They are diverse; they are well made and colourful, and, finally, they are fair. Slots from World Match are the product that deservers a closer inspection.
A distinctive feature of WM is their clear focus on quality instead of quantity. In its games the developer actively uses innovative solutions. Here are some features of WM slots that make players love them.
Top-quality graphics and sounds. The latest incarnation of the WM proprietary platform supports HD resolution 1280×720. It means that every game is not just a bright picture on the screen. It is a modern product with a crystal clear picture that provides an excellent visual experience. The background sound is on a par with the image. Many WM games are 3D slots with breathtaking visual effects. Briefly speaking, it is a real delight to play these marvelous games.
Themes are diverse. Yes, there traditional fruit machines (by the way, they have a great design), but there are also some really cool themes. Tastes differ, but there are at least a few games that are highly estimated by the majority of gamers. They are Viking Legend HD and Hercules HD, Super Heroes HD and Vampire Killer HD, as well as some others. There are probably, all the popular themes used: Ancient Egypt and Ancient East, Vegas, popular movies and legends, cartoons, animals and nature – everything that is in demand in the casino games world.
All the games are adapted for the mobile format. World Match mobile slots look as gorgeously as usual web slots for playing on a PC. They work quickly and seamlessly, and fit perfectly well in smaller screens of smartphones and tablets. As of today, WM products are fully compatible with iOS, Android and WP. This is an important advantage, as an opportunity of playing right on the go gives a certain freedom to players and helps to fill in time on their way to work, in traffic jams and in many other situations.
Decent payouts and a thought-out bonus system. It's not a secret that entertaining is not the only goal of casino visitors, including online casino users. The global aim of every player is to win a round sum. World Match increases the chances for success by offering generous bonuses and fair payouts. Actually, the whole range of typical perks is used in WM games – special symbols (Scatters, Multipliers and Wilds), free spins and free bonus games, a lot of winning combinations as well as some special offers. In some casinos welcome bonuses and match bonuses are offered.
No deposit options available. If real money gaming seems too risky for you right now, or you want to get familiar with the software for a starter, or you just don't have an opportunity to make a deposit immediately, but want to entertain yourself a little, you can play almost any game from World Match for free and without registration. Of course, if you feel involved in the gameplay and decide upon making a deposit, you are free to do it at any moment.
Maybe the only drawback of World Match games is that they are not available in many regions. Though World Match is an international provider, it mainly collaborates with European casinos, predominantly the Italian ones.
It uses the cloud technology, which means that a casino operator won't have to download and install any special programs. All the software is stored in the cloud.
It is a turnkey solution. Obtaining a "package" from World Match, a casino gets an effective management system, a first-class software for launching games and the games themselves – modern, colourful and popular.
The platform is flexible. In practice, it means that the particular set of games can vary from one casino to another. Every casino owner chooses what games he or she wants to provide. Moreover, the platform allows integration of third-party software, which is really cool, as many casinos users look for diversity. It is rather convenient when one can try games from different providers in one gambling house.
Multi-language and multi-currency support. The platform was initially created as an international product. Though it is now used mainly in the EU, it supports different types of currencies (not just euros) and multiple languages.
World Match gives due consideration to the issues of security. It is equally important for casinos and casino visitors, who want to be sure that their personal information as well as details of financial transactions will never be revealed, stolen or used in some way. WM uses the most advanced tools to guarantee the highest level of safety.
Cloud Gaming Center is an award-winning innovative solution, which offers a convenient ready-made platform for casino operators and a range of brilliant HD games for end users.
Fairness is one more crucial criterion that makes a game popular with punters. That is why all major gambling providers regularly check their software using services of independent third-party testers. World Match, being a serious developer, is not an exception. It is a licensed gaming provider, which means that all its products fully comply with all existing regulations and standards in the industry. It is one of few companies that have received the Class 4 license from the famous Malta Gaming Authority. It is a sign of the compliance with the highest standards. All the games from WM undergo regular checks, and numerous tests confirm the perfect randomness of the results. This is one of the reasons why players trust World Match and opt for its games.
Types of World Match Casinos: How to Choose the Best One?
Check what other games are available in the casino. World Match software is compatible with games of such giants of the gambling sector as Microgaming, NetEnt, Amaya and iSoftBet. Diversity is always good, and an opportunity of trying games from several stellar developers in one place is really tempting.
Check the range of WM games. Keep in mind that the assortment can vary in various casinos, so if you have some clear preferences it can matter.
Inspect all the terms and conditions regarding rules of depositing and withdrawal. They can be different in different casinos as well. Ask about the minimum and the maximum amount of deposit if you can't find this information by yourself. The minimum sum of withdrawal as well as the time of application processing is also important. Finally, check the currencies available and methods of funding and withdrawal.
Look for information regarding the bonus system used by the casino. Check whether they give welcome bonuses, bonuses for higher deposits, match bonuses, bonus rounds or something else.
Check payouts rate information, which is usually published in an open access and read customer reviews – sometimes they can be of use.
It is highly recommended to learn all these details before registration and before making your first deposit. Use a sensible approach, choose the best casino with the most favourable terms and get a real delight from the process of gaming.
While there are a lot of suppliers of high-quality gaming software on the world's gambling arena, World Match is the company that is worth special consideration. This developer is known for its innovative approach and high-end solutions in the sphere of virtual gaming. Its brilliant HD slots are beyond praise in terms of design, quality and functionality. And the unique WM gaming platform provides a seamless running of these games, security, safety and an overall excellent gaming experience. Though the number of WM games is limited, there are enough of them for you to estimate the true-to-life experienced provided by the superb 3D animation and live sound.


At 1:55 pm IST, Infosys' share is trading at a volume of 2.1 lakh and 54 lakh in BSE and NSE at Rs. 743.65 ( 2 per cent up), respectively.
Infosys and ABN AMRO have announced their strategic partnership in the Netherlands in which Infosys will acquire 75% in Stater N.V., a subsidiary of ABN AMRO Bank. Stater is the largest mortgage service provider of the Benelux, that services 1.7 million mortgage and insurance loans for approximately 50 clients in The Netherlands and Belgium.
Shares of the IT major opened at Rs. 730 and rose 2.14 per cent to the intraday high of Rs. 744.70 against the previous close of Rs. 729.05 today.
Infosys share price has been gaining for the last 2 days and has risen 2.15 per cent in the period. It is 3.88 per cent away from the 52-week high of Rs 771.15.
At 1:55 pm IST, the share is trading at a volume of 2.1 lakh and 54 lakh in BSE and NSE at Rs. 743.65 ( 2 per cent up), respectively.
"This transaction strengthens our approach to offer clients digital platforms and industry-focused solutions. It brings together our complementary capabilities to enhance the value we offer to our financial services clients. We are excited to welcome Stater's talented team to the Infosys family, thereby enhancing our presence in Europe," Mohit Joshi, President, Infosys stated as per the press release.
The filing added that ABN AMRO will continue to hold the remaining 25% of the shareholding. The transaction is expected to close during the first quarter of fiscal 2020, subject to customary closing conditions.
Although the stock has a falling investor participation, it trades above 10,50,100, and 200-day moving averages. With more volume closer to the high price, it has outperformed the sector by 0.52 per cent today.


text:
Hotel Casa del Trigo
Celebration Granada
Nights: 1234567891011121314151617181920212223242526272829303132	 (Departure )
Track/Cancel Reservation
Enjoy exclusive advantages when you book on our website
Exclusive advantages
Extra amenities
Free access per to the Jacuzzi in the hotel solarium (only during summer season - 30 mins. per room).
Welcome massage for 20€/person
A charming hotel in Granada… Hotel Casa del Trigo.
The Hotel Casa del Trigo captures the essence of Granada's lowlands. Built on one of the oldest houses in Santa Fe, it dates back to the end of the 19th century. Its main façade has been preserved intact over the years and is now carefully restored to give it a new look that further enhances its style and elegance. Originally a sausage factory, it later became a flour factory. From then on, it was popularly known as La Casa del Trigo (The Wheat Hourse).
It opened as a 4-star hotel in March 2008, and reopened in June 2020, after the forced closure due to the pandemic. Now, we are back with more energy and enthusiasm than ever under new management and we have expanded our services to include a cafeteria, restaurant, chill-out and terrace, offering the exquisite service and cuisine that such a place deserves. Our location is ideal for exploring Granada and its surroundings: The Alhambra, Albaicin, Sacromonte, the Cathedral, Realejo and the museums, art and culture of this unique city.
Equipped for disabled guests.
We publish offers periodically. Visit us soon so you don't miss them.
Restaurante El Granero
Avenida de la Hispanidad, 14 18320 Santa Fe Granada
Tel: +34 958015580 Fax: +34 958440479
Avenida de la Hispanidad, 14


The research programs carried out within the GE-RGBA group are mostly associated with PhD and Post Doc projects.
Nicolas Clerc: Tectonic evolution and structural style and of deep geothermal plays in the Greater Geneva Basin.
Elma Rusillon: Rock typing and reservoir charcaterisation of deep geothermal plays in the Greater Geneva Basin.
Gabriel Hunger: Unravelling tectonic and climate forcing in the accumulation of a thick foreland continental Miocene succession in Central Argentina.
Maud Brentini: regional geological information aimed at exploring geothermal reservoirs in the Geneva Basin: knowledge capture and organization.
Francisco J. Bataller: Ordovician Glacial paloegeography in the Murzuq Basin (Libya): Seismic spectral decomposition, chemostratigraphy and petrophysics.
The Lab. Manager / Technical Research Assistant is Dr. Antoine de Haller, who brings a large academic and industry experience in mineralogy and petrography. Antoine is responsible for optical microscopy and the QEMSCAN lab.
Loïc Pierdona: Chemostratigraphic correlation and petrography of Tertiary Molasse in the Swiss foreland.
Emna Meftah: Seismic stratigraphy of the orogenic barrier between east and west Mediterranean during the Messinian salinity crisis.
Karim Beguelin: Paleozoic stratigrapy and procvenance in NE Chad.
Rodolphe Lathion: Sedimentology and Architecture of the Carboniferous Grundy Formation, Breathitt Group, US.
Antonio Benvenuti PhD : Heterogeneity of glaciogenic deposits associae with tunnel valleys and their terminations (examples from the Pleistocene of North Sea and the Ordovician in Morocco).
Giovanni Zanoni: Reservoir characterization, geochemistry and clay mineralogy of the Dentale and Gamba reservoirs (Gabon). (now PhD student at Texas Tech University, Lubbock, US.


Some of the nation's biggest retailers reported better-than-expected second-quarter earnings yesterday. The exception was the J. C. Penney Company, which reported a steep decline in the quarter in part because of weak department store and catalogue sales.
Penney, which is based in Plano, Tex., earned $27 million, or 8 cents a diluted share, in the second quarter, down from $90 million, or 32 cents a share, in the period a year earlier. The 1998 results include a $70 million charge for integrating its other drugstore chains into its Eckerd operations. Without the charge, quarterly earnings would have been 35 cents a share.
Second-quarter sales increased to $6.7 billion from $6.6 billion.
Earnings of the Dayton Hudson Corporation rose 32 percent from a year ago, bolstered by strong results at its department stores and Target discount stores. The Minneapolis-based retailer earned $172 million, or 36 cents a diluted share, compared with $130 million, or 27 cents a share.
Sales in the quarter were up 12 percent, to $7.06 billion.
Comparable-store sales, from stores open longer than one year, were up more than 7 percent at the department stores, including Dayton's and Hudson's and more than 6 percent at Target stores.
Net income excluding special and nonrecurring items at the Limited Inc. climbed 27 percent, lifted by sales at its women's clothing stores. The retailer, based in Columbus, Ohio, reported operating earnings of $32.94 million, or 13 cents a diluted share, in the quarter ended Aug. 1, up from $27.58 million, or 10 cents a share, in the period a year earlier. The results for this year do not include a $1.68 billion gain from the spinoff of its Abercrombie & Fitch division.
Sales rose to $2.06 billion.
Limited operates 3,642 stores, including Express, Lerner New York, Lane Bryant, Limited Stores, Structure, Limited Too and Henri Bendel.
The Ann Taylor Stores Corporation's fiscal second-quarter earnings rose sevenfold, as more women paid full price for its clothes.
The retailer of upscale women's clothing said net income rose to $7.04 million, or 27 cents a share, from profit before a charge of $985,000, or 4 cents a share, a year earlier.
Revenue rose 21 percent, to $223.4 million from $184.9 million. Sales at stores open at least a year rose 10.5 percent during the quarter.


If you've ever thought the whole "sees you when your sleeping, knows when you're awake" bit about Santa Claus reeked of out-of-control espionage and surveillance, take some solace in the fact that even employees of the CIA are apparently under the watchful eye of "CIA Santa Claus" -- at least as far as the agency's annual charity drive goes.
A formal after action report [PDF] filed by CIA Santa Claus in 1976 shows that more than 40 years ago the big man was keeping an eye on the spy service's charitable spirit. That year, he was happy to report the agency had collected more than two tons of clothes, toys and food.
"Santa Claus was again impressed by the generosity of the Agency employees," the report says. "This was the second year that this Agency program has gone 'overt,' in that most of the recipients actually knew that the gifts originated from people 'at the CIA.' The responses have been heartwarming and all indications are that the program should be continued again next year."
That year most of the donations went to The House of Ruth, a home for battered and abused women and their children. The next year, after apparently receiving a "truckload" of donations from CIA employees, the charity wanted to thank the CIA man in charge -- but couldn't because of the secretive nature of the agency.
Instead, Stansfield Turner, the CIA director at the time, personally passed on the thanks to "John."
"While I understand that you do not seek personal acclaim, the fact that your activities bring credit to our organization and that we all have the opportunity to share in the benefits makes all of us proud of what you have done," Turner wrote [PDF].


This Growth option is fossil fuel free, with no nasties and has a target of 20% investment in renewable energy projects, like solar farms.
Ok, I'll join the waitlist!
We aim to invest in a diverse mix of assets with 75%Â in growth assets (like shares and property)Â and 25% in defensive assets (like fixed interest and cash), with a bias toward Australian assets.
The Future Super Growth investment strategy will target a 20% exposure to renewable energy through a diversified range of assets across all of Australian shares, International shares, Alternative investments, infrastructure and debt.
Going ethical doesn't mean compromised performance.
^ Returns provided are after fees have been taken out. Past performance is not a reliable indicator of future performance. Benchmark for Growth option is CPI +2.75% per annum. Returns shown are to 31 August 2018. Inception date is 1 May 2018.


text:
Q: How to globally disable and re-enable Echo? I have Echo's buried in code all over my notebook, I'd like a flag to turn them all on or off globally.

*

*Sure Unprotect[Echo];Echo=Identity would disable them, but then you can't re-enable them

*A solution that works for all the various types of Echos (EchoName, EchoEvaluation, ...) would be nice

*QuietEcho doesn't work because I'd have to write it add it around every blob of code

A: I would recommend using QuietEcho rather than redefining Echo:
In[62]:= $Pre = QuietEcho;

In[63]:= Echo[3]

Out[63]= 3

This has the added benefit of disabling printing for all Echo functions, not just Echo.

A: Echo has an autoload, so you need to make sure the symbol is autoloaded before you modify its values:
DisableEcho[] := (Unprotect[Echo]; Echo; Echo = #&; Protect[Echo];)

EnableEcho[] := (Unprotect[Echo]; Echo=.; Protect[Echo];)

Test:
DisableEcho[]

Echo[3]

EnableEcho[]

Echo[3, "EchoLabel"]

3

EchoLabel 3

3

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Teresa Troublefield McPherson, age 62 of Laurel Hill passed away Thursday, October 18, 2018.
Funeral services will be at 3:00 p.m. on Tuesday, October 23, 2018, 2018 at Richard Boles Funeral Service Chapel, officiated by Rev. Matthew Haynes and Sister Sarah Grooms. Burial will follow in Hillside Memorial Park.
Teresa was born June 8, 1956 in Scotland County, a daughter of the late Hector Troublefield and Ancedale Haywood Troublefield. She was the loving wife of the late Jimmy Rogers McPherson, Sr. She worked for many years with Nic's Pic Kwick Convenient Stores. She loved attending Huckabee Grove Emanuel Holiness Church and listening to gospel music. Teresa also enjoyed cleaning, riding around with family and friends, and watching the Hallmark Channel. Her greatest joy was sharing her time with family, especially her grandchildren.
Along with her parents and husband, she is preceded in death by her sisters, Susie Galligan, Sarah Frances Reynolds, Minnie Elizabeth McPherson, Marie T. Snipes, Mary Martha Troublefield and Alene Troublefield.
She leaves behind her son, Jimmy R. McPherson, Jr. of Laurel Hill and daughter, Karen McPherson Locklear (Jimmy) of Wagram; brother, Roman Troublefield of Laurel Hill; sister, Kathy T. Ray (Carlton) of Laurel Hill and brother-in-law, Richard Reynolds of Laurinburg; her grandchildren, Courtney McPherson (Jody Hunt), Brenton "Walker" Taylor (Emily Spangler), Brad McPherson, Brittany Locklear, Jimmy Locklear, III, Christi Locklear; great grandchildren, Rosanna Taylor, Brenton Taylor and Nanna's sweetheart, Kendall Rayne Hunt; her special friend, Rose Langley and a host of loving nieces, nephews and many friends.
The family will receive friends from 6:00 until 8:00 p.m. on Monday, October 22, 2018 at Richard Boles Funeral Service.