text:
\section{\label{intro}Introduction}

Identification of energy limits for the control of magnetization is an important fundamental problem of condensed matter physics. It is also a prerequisite for the development of energy-efficient technologies based on magnetic materials. An important application is magnetic memory where writing of data is realized via selective magnetization reversals in nanoelements.  Magnetization reversal can be achieved by various means, including optical pulses \cite{vomir2005real,hohlfeld2001fast,le2012demonstration}, spin-polarized electric current \cite{myers1999current,katine2000current}, external magnetic~\cite{sun2005fast,acremann2000imaging,hiebert1997direct,xiao2006minimal} and electric field \cite{yang2017ultrafast}, microwave-assisted reversal switching \cite{thirion2003switching,sun2006magnetization,cai2013reversal}, stress \cite{bandyopadhyay2021magnetic}, temperature gradient \cite{Pushp2015,Michel_2017}, etc. The challenge is to minimize the energy cost of the control stimulus generation.

In conventional bit recording, magnetization reversal in a memory element is achieved by applying a static external magnetic field in an opposite direction to the initial magnetization. This results in a relatively slow reversal process governed by damping as long as the magnitude of the external field exceeds the coercive field~\cite{bertotti2003comparison, mallinson2000damped}. The coercive field and, thereby, the energy cost of switching can be reduced by decreasing the magnetic anisotropy, but this may lead to unwanted reversals induced by thermal fluctuations due to decrease in the energy barrier separating the stable states. One solution to this dilemma between good thermal stability and energy-efficient writability of magnetic elements for memory applications is use of exchange spring magnets~\cite{suess2009exchange}, where the energy barrier and the coercive field can be tuned independently.

Decrease in the switching time and/or the switching field can also be achieved via realization of special reversal protocols such as precessional magnetization switching~\cite{back1998magnetization}. Precessional switching is typically induced by applying a magnetic field pulse transverse to the initial magnetization, but the pulse duration must be chosen accurately so as to avoid back switching~\cite{bertotti2003critical}. Additionally, precessional switching is prone to instabilities due to the magnetization ringing effect~\cite{bauer2000suppression} unless the switching pulse is properly shaped~\cite{gerrits2002ultrafast,bauer2000suppression, schumacher2003phase}. In microwave-assisted reversals, the switching field can also be reduced thanks to resonant energy pumping~\cite{thirion2003switching,rivkin2006magnetization,cai2013reversal, sun2006magnetization}.

Clearly, the possibility to achieve the reversal by several different methods implies the existence of an optimal protocol, but its definite identification is a challenging problem. Barros \textit{et al.} employed the optimal control theory (OCT)~\cite{pontryagin2018mathematical} to establish a formal approach to the magnetization switching optimization~\cite{barros2011optimal,barros2013microwave}. Within the approach, the optimal switching pulse is found as a result of a direct minimization of the switching cost functional under the constraint defined by a system-specific magnetization dynamics. In our previous article, we revisited the OCT due to Barros \textit{et al.} using unconstrained minimization, which helped us find a complete analytical solution to the energy-efficient reversal of a nanomagnet with uniaxial anisotropy~\cite{kwiatkowski2021optimal}.

We also reported decrease in the switching cost for systems with biaxial anisotropy, the result of the internal torque produced by the hard axis~\cite{kwiatkowski2021optimal}. That the internal torque can assist magnetization reversal was recognized earlier for several systems, for example for Co films~\cite{back1999minimum} and
Co nanoclusters~\cite{etz2012accelerating}. The aim of the present study is to explore this effect quantitatively. We focus on nanomagnets with biaxial anisotropy, which can arise due to the demagnetizing field~\cite{osborn1945demagnetizing}. This scenario is realized in flat elongated nanoelements; see Fig.~\ref{system_picture}. Such systems are used, e.g., as single bits in in-plane memory~\cite{chun2012scaling}, or as elements of artificial spin ice arrays~\cite{nisoli2013colloquium,wysin2012magnetic}.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig1.pdf}
\caption{\label{system_picture}Optimal switching of a flat elongated nanomagnet representing a biaxial anisotropy system. The direction of the normalized magnetic moment $\vec{s}$ is shown with the blue arrow. Orientations of $\vec{s}$ that correspond to the minima and the saddle points on the energy surface are marked with the green and magenta crosses, respectively. The calculated optimal control paths between the energy minima are shown with the solid and the dashed green lines. The damping factor $\alpha$ is 0.1, the switching time $T$ is $8\tau_0$, and the hard-axis anisotropy constant is twice as large as the easy-axis anisotropy constant. The green arrows along the reversal paths show the velocity of the system at $t=T/6$, $t=T/3$, $t=T/2$, $t=2T/3$, and $t=5T/6$, with the size of the arrowheads being proportional to the magnitude of the velocity.
}
\end{figure}

We investigate by means of the OCT to what extent the energy cost of magnetization switching can be minimized by pulse shaping and how this depends on the parameters of the biaxial system and the switching time. Thanks to the internal torque generated by the hard-axis anisotropy, the energy cost can be reduced below the free-macrospin level. Based on the perturbation theory, we show some analytical estimates of the energy cost reduction. We show that in a biaxial system the energy barrier separating the stable states and energy cost of switching between them can be tuned independently, which provides a solution to the magnetic recording dilemma.

The article is organized as follows. Sec.~\ref{methods} provides a theoretical framework for energy-efficient control of magnetization by means of external magnetic field: In Sec.~\ref{methods:Optimal control theory}, the OCT for magnetic systems is presented and the corresponding Euler-Lagrange equation for the optimal control path (OCP), a dynamical trajectory minimizing the energy cost of magnetization switching, is derived; In Sec.~\ref{methods:Numerical method for finding OCP}, the numerical method for finding OCPs and corresponding energy-efficient control pulses via direct minimization of the cost functional is presented; In Sec.~\ref{methods:Perturbation theory}, a method for finding an approximate solution for the minimum energy cost is worked out based on the perturbation theory. The application of the methodology to a biaxial anisotropy system is presented in Sec.~\ref{results}. Conclusions and discussion are presented in Sec. \ref{conclusion}.

\section{Methodology}
\label{methods}

\subsection{Optimal control theory}
\label{methods:Optimal control theory}
We define the cost of the magnetization switching as the amount of energy used to generate the control pulse that produces the desired change in the magnetic structure of the system. Assuming the control to be an external magnetic field generated by an electric circuit, the energy cost is mostly defined by Joule heating due to the resistance of the circuit. This is proportional to the square of the electric current integrated over the switching time. Taking into account the linear relationship between the current magnitude and the strength of the generated field, the cost functional can be written as~\cite{barros2011optimal,kwiatkowski2021optimal,badarneh2020mechanisms}
 \begin{equation} \label{eq:one}
    \Phi = \int_0^T
    |\vec{B}(t)|^2dt,
\end{equation}
where $T$ is the switching time and $\vec{B}(t)$ is the generated external magnetic field at time $t$. The aim of the OCT is to identify the optimal pulse $\vec{B}_m(t)$ that brings the system to the target state such that $\Phi$ is minimized. Whenever thermal fluctuations are negligible, the system dynamics can be described by the Landau-Lifshitz-Gilbert (LLG) equation~\cite{berkov2007magnetization}:
\begin{equation} \label{LLG}
\left(1+\alpha^2\right) \dot{\vec{s}} = -\gamma \vec{s} \times \bigl(\vec{b}+\vec{B}\bigr)  - \alpha \gamma  \vec{s} \times \left[\vec{s} \times \bigl(\vec{b}+\vec{B}\bigr) \right],
\end{equation}
where $\vec{s}$ is the normalized magnetic moment vector, $\gamma$ is the gyromagnetic ratio, $\alpha$ is the damping factor, and $\vec{b}$ is the internal magnetic field defined by the magnetic configuration through the following equation:
\begin{equation}
 \vec{b} = \vec{b}(\vec{s})= -\frac{1}{\mu}\frac{\partial E}{\partial  \vec{s} }
\end{equation}
with $\mu$ being the magnetic moment length and $E$ the internal energy of the system.

Both $\vec{B}(t)$ and $\vec{s}(t)$ can be treated as independent variables, and $\Phi$ minimized subject to the constraint defined by Eq.~(\ref{LLG})~\cite{barros2011optimal,barros2013microwave}. Alternatively, $B_m(t)$ can be calculated via unconstrained minimization of $\Phi$. For this, Eq.~(\ref{LLG}) is used to express the external magnetic field in terms of the dynamical trajectory and the internal magnetic field~\cite{kwiatkowski2021optimal}:
\begin{eqnarray} \label{eq:three}
    \vec{B}(\vec{s},\dot{\vec{s}}) = \frac{\alpha}{\gamma}\dot{\vec{s}}+\frac{1}{\gamma}\left[\vec{s}\times \dot{\vec{s}}\right]-\vec{b}^{\perp},
\end{eqnarray}
with $
\vec{b}^\perp = \vec{b} - \vec{s}\bigl(\vec{b}\cdot \vec{s}\bigr)$ being the transverse component of the internal field, and the result substituted into~Eq.~(\ref{eq:one}). Subsequently, the energy cost  $\Phi$ becomes a functional of the switching trajectory $\vec{s}(t)$:
\begin{equation} \label{eq:cost_funct}
\Phi=\Phi[\vec{s}(t)]=\int_0^T A(\vec{s},\dot{\vec{s}}) dt,
\end{equation}
where $A(\vec{s},\dot{\vec{s}})$ is given by
\begin{equation} \label{eq:func}
    A(\vec{s},\dot{\vec{s}})=\frac{\alpha^2+1}{\gamma^2}|\dot{\vec{s}}|^2 - \frac{2 \alpha}{\gamma} \dot{\vec{s}} \cdot \vec{b}^\perp -\frac{2}{\gamma}\left(\vec{s}\times \dot{\vec{s}}\right)\cdot \vec{b}^\perp + |\vec{b}^\perp|^2.
\end{equation}
The optimal reversal mechanism can be found by minimizing $\Phi$ with respect to path connecting the initial and the target state in the configuration space. Corresponding OCP $\vec{s}_m(t)$ can be identified by solving the Euler-Lagrange equation:
\begin{equation}\label{eq:EL}
    \begin{split}
    \left[\left(\vec{s}\cdot\vec{b}\right) \hat{I}-\frac{1}{\mu}\hat{H}\right]\left[\frac{1}{\gamma}\vec{s}\times\dot{\vec{s}}-\vec{b}^{\perp}\right] &  \\  +\frac{1}{\mu}\left[\vec{s}\cdot\hat{H}\left(\frac{1}{\gamma}\vec{s}\times\dot{\vec{s}}-\vec{b}^{\perp}\right)\right]\vec{s} &  \\-\frac{1+\alpha^2}{\gamma^2}\left[\ddot{\vec{s}}-\left(\vec{s}\cdot\ddot{\vec{s}}\right)\vec{s}\right] +\frac{1}{\mu\gamma}\vec{s}\times\hat{H}\dot{\vec{s}}& =  0
    \end{split}
\end{equation}
supplemented by the boundary conditions defined by the initial and the final orientation of the magnetic moment. Here, $\hat{I}$ is a $3\times 3$ identity matrix and $\hat{H}$ is the matrix of second derivatives of the energy $E$ with respect to components of the magnetic moment $s_x$, $s_y$, $s_z$. Note that Eq.~(\ref{eq:EL}) is derived under the constraint $|\vec{s}|=1$. The optimal switching pulse is found upon substituting the OCP into Eq.~(\ref{eq:three}).

It is not possible to find a general analytical solution to the Euler-Lagrange equation except for special cases where the symmetries of the system make it possible to simplify the problem. For example, for a free magnetic moment ($E=0$) Eq.~(\ref{eq:EL}) simplifies to:
\begin{equation}
    \ddot{\vec{s}}-\left(\vec{s}\cdot\ddot{\vec{s}}\right)\vec{s} = 0,
\end{equation}
and the solution is a constant-speed rotation over the shortest distance between the initial and final states. The corresponding energy cost $\Phi_f$ for reversing of a free macrospin reads
\begin{equation}
    \label{eq:cost_free}
    \Phi_f=\pi^2(1+\alpha^2)/(\gamma^2T).
\end{equation}

Another case with a fully analytical solution is the reversal of a macrospin with uniaxial anisotropy~\cite{kwiatkowski2021optimal}. Because of the rotational symmetry of the problem, the separation of variables in the spherical coordinate system is possible if the $z$-direction is chosen to be along the anisotropy axis. This leads to a well-known Sine-Gordon equation for the polar angle $\theta$ of the magnetic moment and makes the azimuthal angle $\varphi$ completely defined by $\theta$ (see Fig.~\ref{system_picture} for the definition of $\theta$ and $\varphi$):
\begin{equation}
   \tau_0^2\ddot{\theta} =  \frac{\alpha^2}{4(1+\alpha^2)^2}\sin{4\theta}, \quad \tau_0\dot{\varphi} =  \frac{\cos\theta}{1+\alpha^2},
\end{equation}
where $\tau_0 = \mu/(2\gamma K)$ defines the timescale, and $K$ is the anisotropy constant. Solution for $\theta$ is explicitly expressed in terms of the Jacobi amplitude~\cite{kwiatkowski2021optimal}.

Nevertheless, most cases are impossible to solve analytically, and numerical methods for finding OCPs are required. One such method is presented in the following.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig2.png}
\caption{\label{numerical}Illustration of the midpoint scheme used in the numerical method for finding OCPs. Two images $\vec{s}_p$ and $\vec{s}_{p+1}$ are connected by a geodesic path in the configuration space. The position $\vec{s}_{p+\frac{1}{2}}$ and the velocity $\dot{\vec{s}}_{p+\frac{1}{2}}$ at the midpoint of the path are defined by $\vec{s}_p$ and $\vec{s}_{p+1}$, and the angle $\delta_p$ between them.}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Numerical calculation of optimal control paths}
\label{methods:Numerical method for finding OCP}

We find OCPs numerically via the direct minimization of the cost functional. For this, we discretize $\Phi$ using the midpoint rule~\cite{badarneh2020mechanisms}:
\begin{equation} \label{eq:midpoint}
 \Phi[\vec{s}(t)] \approx \Phi[\mathbf{s}]  =  \sum_{p=0}^{Q}  |\vec{B}_{p+\frac{1}{2}}|^2 \left(t_{p+1} - t_p\right),
\end{equation}
where $\{t_p\}$ is a partition of the time interval $[0,T]$ such that $0=t_0<t_1<\ldots<t_{Q+1}=T$. Here, the partition has a regular spacing, i.e. $t_{p+1} - t_p = \Delta t = T/(Q+1)$, $p=0,\ldots,Q$. A switching trajectory $\vec{s}(t)$ is represented by a polygeodesic line connecting $Q+2$ points, referred to as `images':  $\vec{s}(t)\rightarrow\{\vec{s}_0, \vec{s}_1,...,\vec{s}_{Q+1}\}$, with $\vec{s}_p=\vec{s}(t_p)$. The first image $\vec{s}_0$ and the last image $\vec{s}_{Q+1}$ correspond to the initial and the final orientation of the magnetic moment, respectively; They are fixed, but $Q$ intermediate images can be moved. The external field $\vec{B}_{p+\frac{1}{2}}\equiv \vec{B}(\vec{s}_{p+\frac{1}{2}},\dot{\vec{s}}_{p+\frac{1}{2}})$ is defined by the position and the velocity of the magnetic moment at the midpoint of discretization intervals, see Fig.~\ref{numerical}, via Eq.~(\ref{eq:three}). On the other hand, both $\vec{s}_{p+\frac{1}{2}}$ and $\dot{\vec{s}}_{p+\frac{1}{2}}$ can be expressed in terms of the position of the images:
\begin{align}
    \vec{s}_{p+\frac{1}{2}} &= \frac{ \vec{s}_{p+1}+ \vec{s}_{p}}{|\vec{s}_{p+1}+ \vec{s}_{p}|},\label{eq:position}\\
    \dot{\vec{s}}_{p+\frac{1}{2}} &=\frac{\delta_p}{\Delta t} \frac{ \vec{s}_{p+1}- \vec{s}_{p}}{|\vec{s}_{p+1}- \vec{s}_{p}|},\label{eq:velocity}
\end{align}
where $\delta_p$ is the angle between $\vec{s}_p$ and $\vec{s}_{p+1}$ (see Fig.~\ref{numerical}). Upon substituting Eqs.~(\ref{eq:position}), (\ref{eq:velocity}), and (\ref{eq:three}) into Eq.~(\ref{eq:midpoint}), the  functional $\Phi$ becomes a function of a $3Q-$dimensional vector $\mathbf{s}$ defining the position of the movable images, $\mathbf{s}=\left(\vec{s}_1,\ldots,\vec{s}_Q\right)$.

Possible OCPs of the magnetization switching can be identified by locating minima of $\Phi(\mathbf{s})$. This is done using the velocity projection optimization (VPO) method~\cite{bessarab2015} and/or the limited-memory Broyden-Fletcher-Goldfarb-Shanno (LBFGS) algorithm \cite{nocedal2006numerical, ivanov2021fast} equipped with the force acting on the movable images:
\begin{equation}
    \mathbf{F}=-\mathbf{\nabla}^\perp\Phi,
    \label{eq:force}
\end{equation}
where $\mathbf{\nabla}^\perp$ denotes the gradient projected on the tangent space of the configuration space, which is a curved manifold due to the constraint $|\vec{s}_p|=1$, $p=1,\ldots,Q$. Explicitly:
\begin{equation}
    \mathbf{\nabla}^\perp=\left(\vec{\nabla}_1-\vec{s}_1(\vec{s}_1\cdot\vec{\nabla}_1),\ldots,\vec{\nabla}_Q-\vec{s}_Q(\vec{s}_Q\cdot\vec{\nabla}_Q)\right),
    \label{eq:proj_grad}
\end{equation}
where $\vec{\nabla}_p\equiv\partial/\partial\vec{s}_p$. For a given number of images involved in the local minimization of $\Phi(\mathbf{s})$, the calculation is considered converged when the magnitude of the force, $|\mathbf{F}|$, has dropped below the set tolerance.
However, even convergence with a tight force tolerance may be insufficient for a satisfactory resolution of the OCP if $Q$
is not large enough. On the other hand, including too many images in the calculation would result in an unnecessarily high computational effort. Therefore, the following strategy is applied: The OCP search is started with a moderate number of images and the switching path is first converged only to a rather high tolerance so as to bring the images relatively close to the OCP with a reduced computational effort; after that, images are progressively added to the path and minimization of the energy cost is reiterated with a low force tolerance until $\Phi(\mathbf{s})$ stops changing. In this work, up to $Q=1500$ movable images was used depending on the parameters of the system and the switching time, with the lowest force tolerance corresponding to the drop of the force by ten orders of magnitude.

Some initial arrangement of the images is needed to start an OCP calculation. This can be generated, for example, by placing the images uniformly along the shortest-distance path between the initial and the final state of the transition, or by using some previously found OCP. It is also recommended to add small random noise to the initial path so as to avoid convergence on maxima or saddle points of $\Phi(\mathbf{s})$ due to possible symmetries in the system. A local minimization of $\Phi(\mathbf{s})$ will most likely converge to the OCP closest to the initially generated path. If multiple OCPs are present between the target states, several initial estimates need to be produced so as to enable convergence on the various solutions.

\subsection{Perturbation theory}
\label{methods:Perturbation theory}

Although it is not possible to obtain a general analytical solution to the Euler-Lagrange equation [see Eq.~(\ref{eq:EL})], some analytical estimates for the energy-efficient switching can still be derived using perturbation theory. For this, we expand Eq.~(\ref{eq:EL}) around the free-macrospin solution and obtain the OCP in terms of perturbation series with respect to the parameters defined by the Hamiltonian of the system (see Appendix~\ref{appendix} for details). The minimum energy cost of switching can be estimated based on the approximate solution for the OCP. The second-order expansion for $\Phi_m$ is used in particular:
\begin{equation} \label{eq:cost functional approximation}
  \Phi_m \approx \Phi_f + \sum_{i=1}^N\epsilon_i \Phi_i + \sum_{i,j=1}^N\epsilon_i \Phi_{ij} \epsilon_j,
\end{equation}
where $N$ is the number of independent perturbations, $\epsilon_i$ is the $i$th dimensionless perturbation parameter, and $\Phi_i$, $\Phi_{ij}$ are the expansion coefficients describing the first- and the second-order corrections, respectively. The explicit expressions for $\epsilon_i$, $\Phi_i$, and $\Phi_{ij}$ for the biaxial system are presented in  the following.

\section{Results}
\label{results}
Here, we apply the methodology presented earlier to the magnetization reversal in a biaxial anisotropy system, e.g. to a flat elongated nanomagnet shown in Fig.~\ref{system_picture}. The internal energy of the system is given by the following equation
\begin{equation} \label{energy_biaxial}
    E = \xi K s_x^2 -K s_z^2,
\end{equation}
where the easy axis and the hard axis are along the $z$ and $x$ directions, respectively, $K>0$ is the anisotropy constant, and $\xi$ is a dimensionless parameter defining the relative strength of the hard-axis anisotropy. The energy surface of the system has two minima at $\vec{s}=(0,0,1)$ and $\vec{s}=(0,0,-1)$, and two saddle points at $\vec{s}=(0,1,0)$ and $\vec{s}=(0,-1,0)$ (see Fig.~\ref{system_picture}). Energy-efficient switching between the energy minima in time $T$ is analysed in the following.

\subsection{Optimal protocols for magnetization reversal}
Figures \ref{contour}(a)-(c) show the calculated OCPs of the magnetization reversal for $\alpha=0.1$ and various switching times and strengths of the hard-axis anisotropy, superimposed on the energy surface of the system. For short switching time, i.e., when $T\sim \tau_0$, the OCPs deviate weakly from geodesic paths between the energy minima. With increasing $T$, the OCPs acquire precessional motion around the easy axis, where the sense of precession changes upon reaching the top of the energy barrier at $s_z=0$.

\begin{figure*}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig3.png}
\caption{\label{contour}Transverse Mercator projection of the energy surface of a macrospin with (a) uniaxial anisotropy and biaxial anisotropy with (b) $\xi=1$  and (c) $\xi=2$. The blue arrows show the distribution of the internal torque, with the size of the arrows being proportional to the magnitude of the torque. The calculated OCPs between the energy minima at $+Z$ and $-Z$ are shown with the green, pink, and orange lines for $T = 2\tau_0$, $T=4\tau_0$, and $T=14 \tau_0$, respectively. The arrows along each OCP show the velocity at $t=T/6$, $t=T/3$, $t=T/2$, $t=2T/3$, and $t=5T/6$, where the arrow size codes the magnitude of the velocity. The damping factor $\alpha$ is $0.1$. The solid and the dashed lines of the same color show equivalent OCPs. They differ by an arbitrary rotation around the easy axis for the uniaxial case; For finite $\xi$, the degeneracy is lifted and there are two OCPs, symmetrical with respect to a $\pi$-angle rotation around the easy axis, for a given $T$. Note that the OCPs do not pass through saddle points (SP) on the energy surface. The $\theta$-projection of the internal torque along the OCPs from (a)-(c) are shown in (d)-(f), respectively.
}
\end{figure*}

The $\xi=0$ case describes a uniaxial-anisotropy system, for which OCPs can be found analytically~\cite{kwiatkowski2021optimal}. Due to the axial symmetry, the OCPs for a fixed switching time are degenerate with respect to overall rotation around the easy axis. For example, the two OCPs shown by the solid and dashed pink lines in Fig.~\ref{contour}(a) are equivalent. In contrast, the axial symmetry is broken when $\xi\neq 0$, which results in the well-separated OCPs between the energy minima. In most cases, there are two equivalent, mirror-symmetric (with respect to the $XY$ plane) OCPs in the biaxial system for a given switching time, and the OCPs differ by a $\pi$-angle rotation around the easy axis, see Fig.~\ref{contour}(b)-(c) and also Fig.~\ref{system_picture}. However, more co-existing OCPs can be present for $\xi\gtrsim4$, where the paths are different by the amount of precession around the initial and the final states (see Fig. \ref{asymm_OCPs}). Note that the OCPs can break the $XY$-plane mirror symmetry. For certain parameter values, such asymmetric OCPs deliver the global minimum to the functional $\Phi$, which is the case shown in Fig. \ref{asymm_OCPs}, or even represent the only type of solution. Nevertheless, the OCPs never pass through saddle points (SPs) on the energy surface, therefore the system does not cross the lowest possible energy barrier within the energy efficient switching protocol.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig4.png}
\caption{\label{asymm_OCPs}Calculated OCPs for $\xi=4$, $\alpha=0.2$, and $T=5.314\tau_0$. The notations are the same as in Fig.~\ref{contour}(a)-(c). The OCP shown with the green line exhibits a mirror symmetry with respect to the $XY$ plane, but the symmetry is broken for the OCPs shown with pink and orange lines. The asymmetric OCPs correspond to the global minimum of $\Phi$ for the given parameter values. Note that the asymmetric OCPs can be obtained from one another via reflection about the $XY$ plane. More OCPs can be obtained by a $\pi$-angle rotation of the shown OCPs around the easy axis. There are in total six OCPs in the present case.
}
\end{figure}

The distribution of the internal torque $\vec{\Gamma}$ [see the blue arrows in Fig.~\ref{contour}(a)-(c)] provides an insight into the mechanism of energy-efficient magnetization switching in biaxial systems and explains the position and shape of calculated OCPs. When $\xi=0$, the torque only generates precession around the easy axis and, in case of nonzero damping, relaxation to the energy minima. In this case, the internal torque does not assist switching since it does not point in the direction of the final state anywhere in the region of the initial state ($s_z>0$). This behavior is described quantitatively by the component of $\vec{\Gamma}$ in the direction of increasing $\theta$, relevant for the reversal process:
\begin{equation} \label{internal_torque}
 \Gamma_{\theta} = \Gamma_0 \sin \theta \left[\xi \sin(2\varphi)-2\alpha \cos \theta (1+\xi \cos^2 \varphi)\right],
\end{equation}
where $\Gamma_0 \equiv \left[2\tau_0 (1+\alpha^2)\right]^{-1}$. $\Gamma_\theta$ along the calculated OCPs is shown in Fig.~\ref{contour}(d)-(f). Positive (negative) $\Gamma_\theta$ signifies positive (negative) contribution of the internal torque to the reversal. For $\xi=0$, Eq.~(\ref{internal_torque}) reduces to $\left.\Gamma_{\theta}\right|_{\xi=0} = -\alpha\Gamma_0\sin 2\theta$. Clearly, $\left.\Gamma_{\theta}\right|_{\xi=0}<0$ for $\theta<\pi/2$ and nonzero $\alpha$ [see Fig.~\ref{contour}(d)].

Adding a hard-axis anisotropy to the system ($\xi>0$) leads to activation of the internal torque in the switching direction in a certain sector of the configuration space, see Fig.~\ref{contour}(b)-(c). The location of the calculated OCPs in this sector demonstrates the principle of energy-efficient control which lies in the effective use of the system's internal dynamics. It is now clear why the OCPs do not pass through the SP, where the internal torque vanishes: It is beneficial to climb up the energy surface where the internal torque picks up and assists the switching process. In particular, $\Gamma_\theta$ is maximized at the equator ($\theta=\pi/2$) when $\varphi=\pi/4$ and $\varphi=5\pi/4$  [see Eq.~(\ref{internal_torque})]. In an optimal protocol, a balance is reached between the effort in climbing up the energy surface and the strength of the internal torque. As a result, the OCPs cross the equator at an optimal point $\pi/4<\varphi_m<\pi/2$ or $5\pi/4<\varphi_m<3\pi/2$, see Fig.~\ref{contour} (b)-(c).

The favorable effect of the torque produced by the hard axis is also evident from the $\Gamma_\theta(t)$ dependencies calculated along the OCPs, see Fig.~\ref{contour}(e)-(f). Although there are regions where $\Gamma_\theta<0$, the $\theta$-component of the torque is mostly positive, especially for shorter switching times, and the magnitude of the torque increases with $\xi$.

Figure \ref{contour_xi1} shows the calculated OCPs for $\xi=1$ and $\alpha=0.4$. The OCPs look similar to those calculated for weaker damping, but demonstrate less precession, which is particularly seen for longer switching time. Overall, increased damping makes the internal torque deviate stronger from the energy contours toward the energy minima, cf. Fig.~\ref{contour}(b), leading to an increase in the energy cost of switching. This effect is analysed quantitatively in the following section.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig5.png}
\caption{\label{contour_xi1}Calculated OCPs for $\xi=1$, $\alpha=0.4$, and several values of the switching time, as indicated in the legend. The notations are the same as in Fig.~\ref{contour}(a)-(c).}
\end{figure}

The optimal switching pulses of external magnetic field for $T=14\tau_0$, $\alpha=0.1$, and $\xi=0,1,2$ are presented in Fig. \ref{optimal_field}. Note that the pulses are derived from the OCPs presented in Fig. \ref{contour} using Eq.~(\ref{eq:three}).  As expected, increasing strength of the hard-axis anisotropy leads to overall decrease in the field amplitude, although its peak values can exceed the maximum field value in the $\xi=0$ case. Similarly to the uniaxial case, the pulse is stronger in the first half of the reversal where relaxation works against the switching process, and weaker in the second half where relaxation pushes the system to the desired energy minimum. However, there is a distinct oscillation in the amplitude associated with the broken axial symmetry of the system. The field amplitude peaks when the magnetic moment deviates most from the easy plane where the energy gradient and, thereby, the internal torque are the largest. Furthermore, the external pulse amplitude is the lowest close to $t=T/2$, where the internal torque brings the system over the barrier. Irrespective of the $\xi$ value, the pulse amplitude $B_m$ demonstrates a symmetry: $B_m(0) = B_m(T)$.  Note that $B_m(0) = B_m(T/2) = B_m(T)$ in the $\xi=0$ case~\cite{kwiatkowski2021optimal}.

\begin{figure*}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig6.pdf}
\caption{\label{optimal_field}Calculated optimal switching pulse of external magnetic field for a macrospin with (a) uniaxial anisotropy and biaxial anisotropy with (b) $\xi=1$ and (c) $\xi=2$. The switching time $T$ is $14\tau_0$ and the damping parameter $\alpha$ is 0.1. The pulses are derived from the OCPs shown in Fig.~\ref{contour}(a)-(c).
}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Minimum energy cost of switching}

\begin{figure*}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig7.png}
\caption{Minimum energy cost of magnetization reversal as a function of (a) inverse of the switching time for $\alpha=0.2$, (b) damping parameter for $T = 20 \tau_0$, for various $\xi$ values. Green dashed line corresponds to the solution of the reversal of a free macrospin, while the black dashhed line shows the infinite switching time asymptotic.
}
\label{fun_vs_invrT_and_al}
\end{figure*}

The revealed optimal reversal protocols can now be used to calculate the minimum energy cost of switching $\Phi_m$ using Eq.~(\ref{eq:midpoint}) (see also Ref.~\cite{kwiatkowski2021optimal} for the analytical solution for the $\xi=0$ case). In the following, we always pick the lowest value of the energy cost whenever multiple OCPs are present for a given set of parameters. Figure \ref{fun_vs_invrT_and_al}(a) shows $\Phi_m$ as a function of the inverse of the switching time for $\alpha=0.2$ and various strengths of the hard-axis anisotropy. For any $\xi$ value,
$\Phi_m$ decreases monotonically with $T$ and approaches the universal lower limit
\begin{equation}
\label{eq:lower_limit}
\Phi_{\infty} \equiv 4 \alpha K/ \left(\gamma \mu\right)
\end{equation}
at infinitely long switching time~\cite{barros2013microwave}. Note that $\Phi_m$ reaches the limit faster for larger values of $\xi$. Overall, there is a decrease in $\Phi_m$ with $\xi$, as expected from the distribution of the torque in biaxial systems.

The switching cost for a free macrospin $\Phi_f(T)$ (see the green dashed line in Fig.~\ref{fun_vs_invrT_and_al}(a)) provides a useful benchmark for evaluating the favorable effect of the torque produced by the hard axis. Notably, the switching cost can be significantly lower than $\Phi_f(T)$ in a certain range of $T$ for finite strengths of the hard-axis anisotropy. For example, $\Phi_m(T)$ becomes almost an order of magnitude smaller than $\Phi_f(T)$ for $\xi=10$ and $T\approx 2\tau_0$. This is in contrast to the uniaxial-anisotropy case ($\xi=0$), where $\Phi_m(T)\ge\Phi_f(T)$ (the equality is reached for $\alpha=0$) for any given $T$.

The $\alpha$-dependencies of the minimum switching cost for $T=20\tau_0$ and several values of $\xi$ are shown in Fig.~\ref{fun_vs_invrT_and_al}(b). Irrespective of the strength of the hard-axis anisotropy, $\Phi_m$ is a monotonically increasing function of the damping parameter, approaching the $\Phi_\infty$ asymptote when $\alpha\rightarrow\infty$. It is noteworthy that the reduction in the switching cost with $\xi$ becomes more pronounced as $\alpha$ decreases.

\begin{figure*}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{fig8.png}
\caption{\label{phi_vs_InvrsT_all}Approximation for the minimum energy cost of magnetization reversal for a macrospin within the zero- ($\Phi_f$), first- ($\Phi^{(1)}$), and second-order ($\Phi^{(2)}$) perturbation theory [see Eq. (\ref{min_func_biaxial})], as indicated in the legend, vs the inverse of the switching time. The strength of the hard-axis anisotropy $\xi$ is (a) 0 and (b) 1. Red solid line shows the numerically exact solution. Black dashed line shows the infinite switching time asymptotic. The intersection of the short and the long switching time asymptotes provides the optimal switching time $T^\ast$ [see Eq. (\ref{optimal_time})]. The magnitude of $\alpha$ is $0.2$.}
\end{figure*}

\subsection{Perturbation theory analysis} \label{sec:perturbation}

Both anisotropies in the biaxial system can be treated as independent perturbations to the free macrospin. This results in two dimensionless perturbation parameters $\epsilon_1 \equiv \xi T/\tau_0$ and $\epsilon_2 \equiv T/\tau_0$ defined by the hard- and the easy-axis anisotropy, respectively. The approximation to the minimum energy cost is obtained by substituting the perturbation series for the OCP (see Appendix~\ref{appendix}) into Eq.~(\ref{eq:cost_funct}). The result, up to the second-order terms, reads
\begin{equation} \label{min_func_biaxial}
  \Phi_m \approx \Phi_f-\frac{4K}{\gamma\mu}\xi +\frac{K^2T}{2(1+\alpha^2)\mu^2}\left[\alpha^2+\alpha^2\xi+\frac{1}{4}(4+5\alpha^2)\xi^2\right],
 \end{equation}
where the contributions from the hard-axis anisotropy are recognized by the $\xi$-factor. The smallness of the perturbation parameters, $\epsilon_1,\epsilon_2\ll 1$, can be translated into the condition on $T$: $T\ll \tau_0$. Therefore, Eq.~(\ref{min_func_biaxial}) can be interpreted as a short switching time approximation for $\Phi_m$.

In Eq. (\ref{min_func_biaxial}), the first and the second terms represent the free macrospin solution and the first-order correction, respectively; the rest of the equation describes the second-order correction that includes the terms due to the easy- and the hard-axis anisotropies, as well as the cross term.

Equation~(\ref{min_func_biaxial}) clearly shows that the switching cost reduction in biaxial magnets is captured within the linear response to the hard-axis anisotropy. Note that the easy axis does not contribute to the first-order correction; It can be shown in fact that all odd-order corrections vanish in the uniaxial case.
The approximation for $\Phi_m$ within zero-, first-, and second-order perturbation theory is shown in Fig.~\ref{phi_vs_InvrsT_all} for $\alpha=0.2$. The numerically exact solution for $\Phi_m$ is also shown for comparison. The short switching time approximation eventually breaks down as $T$ increases, and $\Phi_m$ converges on $\Phi_\infty$.

The minimum energy cost for switching has two clear asymptotics: $\Phi_m=\Phi_f - 4K\xi/(\gamma \mu)$ when $T\rightarrow 0$, and $\Phi_m=\Phi_\infty$ when $T\rightarrow \infty$. Their intersection gives an optimal switching time
\begin{equation}
\label{optimal_time}
    T^\ast= \frac{\left(1+\alpha^2\right) \pi^2}{2 \left(\alpha+\xi\right)}\tau_0
\end{equation}
providing a tradeoff between the switching speed and energy efficiency~\cite{kwiatkowski2021optimal,Vlasov2022}. Note that $T^\ast$ decreases with the strength of the hard-axis anisotropy.

\section{Conclusions and discussion}
\label{conclusion}

In conclusion, we explored by means of the optimal control theory energy-efficient protocols for magnetization reversal in biaxial nanomagnets. We calculated OCPs of the reversal and used them to derive optimal switching pulses of external magnetic field. We studied the energy cost of switching as a function of the system parameters and the switching time. The internal torque produced by the hard-axis anisotropy can significantly reduce the switching cost: For a given switching time, it can drop below what is needed to reverse a free macrospin, which is impossible in uniaxial-anisotropy systems. However, the energy cost can never be smaller than a universal lower limit defined by the energy barrier and damping~\cite{barros2013microwave}.

We obtained some analytical estimates regarding the reduction of the energy cost using perturbation theory. In particular, we revealed the optimal switching time providing a tradeoff between the switching speed and energy efficiency. The optimal switching time decreases with the strength of the hard-axis anisotropy.

\begin{figure}[!t]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\columnwidth]{fig9.pdf}
\caption{\label{func_vs_xi}Minimum energy cost of magnetization reversal as a function of $\xi$ for various $T$ values (solid lines). The dashed color lines show the switching cost for a free macrospin. The magnitude of the damping factor $\alpha$ is $0.2$. Black dashed line shows the infinite switching time asymptotic.
}
\end{figure}

It is important to realize that the decrease in the switching cost can be achieved in biaxial magnets without sacrificing their thermal stability. Indeed, the thermal stability is characterized by the energy barrier separating the stable states. Within harmonic rate theories, this is defined by the energy difference between the saddle point and the initial state minimum \cite{bessarab2012harmonic,Fiedler2012}. In a biaxial system, the energy barrier amounts to $K$ irrespective of the $\xi$ value, see Eq.~(\ref{energy_biaxial}) and the text around it. In contrast, $\Phi_m$ depends strongly on $\xi$, especially for short switching times, which is particularly clear from Fig.~\ref{func_vs_xi} (note that $\Phi_m$ converges to $\Phi_\infty$ for $\xi\rightarrow\infty$ irrespective of the switching time). The possibility to independently tune writability and thermal stability of biaxial magnets makes these systems efficient memory elements that provide a solution to the magnetic recording dilemma.

A macrospin approximation is used in the present study, but this is expected to break down with increasing system size. Even if the target states are collinear, the transition between them may involve non-uniform rotation of magnetization such as nucleation and propagation of domain walls~\cite{Braun1993,Braun1994,bode2004shape,krause2009magnetization,bessarab2013size} or excitation of spin waves \cite{seki2013spin,Spinelli2014,Yamaji2018, badarneh2020mechanisms}. It remains to be seen under what conditions these and possibly other, yet unknown switching mechanisms become optimal in terms of energy efficiency. This is a subject of future study.

\begin{acknowledgments}
The authors would like to thank B. Hj\"orvarsson, V. Kapaklis, K.A. Th\'orarinsd\'ottir, T. Sigurj\'onsd\'ottir for helpful discussions and valuable comments. This work was supported by the Icelandic Research Fund (Grant Nos. 217813 and 184949), the University of Iceland Research Fund (Grant No. 15673), and the Swedish Research Council (Grant No. 2020-05110).
\end{acknowledgments}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


Slender 3 is a spooky first person action videogame and the second map of the Slender sequel which is a follow-up of Slender: Sanatorium . This horrifying title was developed by Marc Steene and Wray Burgess, and they´re continuously working on new content all the time.
The new Slender Indie game will keep you wide awake as you walk around a deserted hospice where you have to complete certain objectives while avoiding the enemy in gloomy corridors. You basically have to pick up 8 notes that have been left by some of the victims of this "monstrous" creature.
Slender 3: Hospice is an expansion to Slenderman´s Shadow and has the same paranormal activities going around. On the other hand, the gameplay is basically the same; the only difference here is that you have more shadows in the passages which all add on to give you a more frightening experience.
In summary, if you want to be scared to death in your leisure time and escape the gloomy passages of the mental institution, then try out Slender 3: Hospice now!
The popular survival horror game returns based on the Slenderman meme - can you escape him this time?


Hylotelephium erythrostictum is a herbaceous succulent perennial up to 28 inches (70 cm) tall. The stem is simple, up to 0.4 inch (1 cm) in diameter with alternate or opposite, sessile, oblong, and succulent, light yellow-green or glaucous-green leaves and up to 3 inches (7.5 cm) long. Flowers are tiny, white or pale pink, up to 0.4 inch (1 cm) in diameter, with lanceolate petals.


Archbishop Leonard P. Blair speaks during his Mass of Installation at the Cathedral of Saint Joseph in Hartford, Conn., on Monday, Dec. 16. 2013.
The archdiocese revealed that it has settled 142 claims from victims of sexual abuse, and has paid out more than $50 million as a result - about half from its general fund and half from insurance coverage.
Most of the claims date from before 1990.
Archbishop Leonard Blair said in a video statement issued through the archdiocese website, that the release fulfills a pledge he made last year.
"It is a cause of profound sorrow, and of soul-searching for me, that we bishops, the church's pastors have often failed to grasp the spiritual and moral devastation that results from sexual abuse, either from a misguided attempt to save an abuser's vocation or to shield the church from scandal," said Blair.
Thirty-six of the 48 names released are priests who worked directly for the archdiocese. Twenty-three of those are now dead, and the rest are no longer part of the priesthood.
The others accused were working in Hartford at the time of the offenses, but from other diocese.
But an organization representing survivors of clergy sexual abuse says it's checking to see if the Archdiocese has left off names of known abusers. SNAP also issued a statement saying it wants more information released from the files that are held on the offenders.
Gail Howard, the co-leader of SNAP in Connecticut told Connecticut Public Radio, she wants more accountability.
"It is a positive step, but it is also too little, too late," said Howard. "The Catholic church has not lived up to its promises, given in 2002, to have a zero-tolerance policy, and to be as transparent as possible.
Howard would like to see a civil investigation by the state of Connecticut, as has happened in several other states.
Hartford joins more than 30 diocese around the country that have decided to release the names of abusers as a way to address outrage about the church's role in covering up the problem.
Some of these efforts have been given more urgency in recent months by events in Pennsylvania, where an investigation begun by the state's attorney general's office resulted in the empaneling of a grand jury.


text:
Rankin closing in on No.400
GOLF by Chris Taewa
BREAKING your age is among the ultimate achievements in amateur golf but for Peter Rankin it's par for the course.
The 79-year-old Wellingtonian top-qualified for the first 16 on the opening day of the New Zealand 66th National Veteran Championship on the Poverty Bay course yesterday.
A member of the Royal Wellington course, Rankin shot 2-over 74 — five shots under his age.
Not exactly a mean feat for the retired scientist.
It's the 395th time he has done it, the first of those a 68 on his home course when he was 69.
And yes, he is keeping tally.
"That's the challenge each time I go out," he said yesterday after receiving the Past Presidents Trophy for the top gross in qualifying.
Rankin is a former Wellington representative at national interprovincial and masters level.
Yesterday was the second time he had played on the Bay course — he had a practice round on Saturday — since 1963 or '64, he said.
He had 75 on Saturday, adding Poverty Bay to the 60-odd courses on which he has broken his age.
Rankin nabbed the No.1 seeding for the ensuing matchplay in five groups of 16 for the week-long tournament.
The field was already split into 16s on handicap but the national tournament format features a strokeplay qualifying round to decide the order of each 16.
Rankin ended two shots ahead of No.2 qualifier Tene Goldsmith, a member of Poverty Bay.
Five players followed on 78. They included Electrinet Gisborne Park member Anaru Reedy, the warm favourite for the top-16 title.
Playing off a +3 handicap, 50-year-old Reedy had what would have been a disappointing score for his standard, but he remains the player to beat.
Several Poverty Bay members enjoyed trophy success in the qualifying round.
Carl Carmody won the Don Stubbings Trophy for the best overall net after carding 81-13-68.
Bill Simpson won the Patrons Trophy for best overall stableford — 89-21-68, for 40 points. It was his first round under 90 since January 2020.
Goldsmith won the Rex Bridge Trophy for the best gross by a player over 70 years of age. Rankin actually had the lowest score in this category but it is one prize per player for the individual honours.
Goldsmith was also a member of the Trust Bank Trophy-winning three-man teams event featuring a senior, intermediate and junior division player in each side. Cambridge's Ray Skiffington (int) and Poverty Bay's Warwick Thompson (jnr) completed the winning three.
Around 20 women are also competing in the tournament.
Home-course player Marg Colebourne topped their scoring yesterday with the best gross and stableford of 85-17-68 for 42 points.
She was one point ahead of New Zealand Veteran Golfers Association secretary Launa Seddon, a late fill-in to play.
Players ranging in age from 50 to 91 and from as far north as the Waikato to as far south as Dunedin are competing at the week-long Covid-affected event.
vet winners: Among the trophy winners from the qualifying round on Day 1 of the National Veteran Championship at the Poverty Bay course yesterday are (from left) Bill Simpson (of Poverty Bay), Peter Rankin (Royal Wellington), Carl Carmody (PB), Tene Goldsmith (PB), Ray Skiffington (Cambridge) and Warwick Thompson (PB). Rankin posted the lowest score of the day — 2-over 74. It was the 395th time the 79-year-old had broken his age.Picture by Chris Taewa

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Jobs @ D20
LHS Home
Graduation & Seniors
LHS Publications
Parents at Liberty
Extended Parent Portal
Fees and School Supplies
About LHSCurrently selected
Liberty High School is rich in tradition. As always, LHS reinforces the four A's: Academics, Activities, Athletics, and Accountability.
Staff Sponsor
Tuesday & Thursday
Multipurpose Room
Kent McIlhany and Ashley Julian
Art Club/Art National Honor Society
Catalina Stratienco, Leah Rachlis, Amy Ronhovde, Darlene Kalawe
During lunch
Judith Gaughan
Elite Dance Ensemble
Saturday as needed
8:00-9:30 A.M.
Commons & Auditorium
Leslie Williams
Juli Cook
Monday 3:00 P.M.
Leah Rachlis
Red Wednesday lunch
Brandon Harrison
French National Honor Society
Thursday 3:00-4:00 P.M.
Marie-Chantal Ficklin
Hip Hop Squad
Wednesday lunch
Thursday 3:00-4:00 P.M.
Marybeth McBain
Monday & Thursday 7:00-7:40 A.M.
Lancer Strong
1st Thursday of month 6:45 A.M.
Gym or Auditorium
Counseling Department
Friday during lunch
Vytas Vaznelis
Latin National Honor Society
Literature (Book) Club
2nd Monday of month 3:00 P.M.
Ryan Kroeker
National Honor Society (invitation only)
2nd Thursday of month 7:10 A.M.
Sarah Paulin & Lisa Jacobson
National Honor Society for Dance Arts
Tuesday 7:00 A.M.
1st Monday of month 3:00-4:00 P.M.
Sona Loomis & Christy Fisher
Robotics (invitation only)
Tuesday-Friday 3:00-5:30 P.M.
November & December Friday 3:00-4:30 P.M.
January, February Monday, Wednesday 3:00-4:30 P.M.
Every other Wednesday 7:00 A.M.
Natalie Ritchie
Spanish National Honor Society
Karrie Rookey
Tap Club
Thursday during lunch
Thespian Society (International)
Every other Tuesday during lunch
Steve Skelcey
The mission of Liberty High School, a comprehensive learning community that builds on a rich tradition of excellence, is to educate and equip the whole student by providing academically challenging curriculum and extra-curricular opportunities that prepare every student for the post-secondary path of his or her choice.
District 20 News.
8720 Scarborough Drive | Colorado Springs, CO 80920 | Phone: 719.234.2200 | FAX: 719.234.2399
Privacy | Web Accessibility | Financial Transparency | Nondiscrimination | Mission & Vision | AD20
© 2017-2018 Academy School District 20. All Rights Reserved.


text:
Speaker April 13th - Rebecca Rolfe - Focus Forward For Indigenous Youth
Elizabeth introduced Rebecca Rolfe to the club this morning. Rebecca describes herself as a settler woman who became involved with Focus Forward For Indigenous Youth (FFFIY) soon after it was founded in 2017, starting as a volunteer then transitioning to one of the first two paid staff members. Rebecca holds a B.A. and M.A. from Queen's
FFFIY is a national charity working in Indigenous communities on projects that empower youth and provide employment.
In 2017 and 2018 they executed successful pilot projects, then received organizational funding in 2020.
This funding allowed them to increase their reach, and they have 3 new projects.
Pilot #1 was in Montreal Lake Cree Nation – a four season solar powered greenhouse.
Vision – bring families together, build inter-generational knowledge.
Students earned experience, high school credits, and were paid as they built the greenhouse.
Pilot #2 – greenhouse in Wiikwemkoong, on Manitoulin Island. Solar and biomass powered.
Again, students gained experience as they built the greenhouse, including solar installation experience.
CK Rotary was involved in both projects.
Starting in 2020 funding has allowed FFFIY to move to the 2nd phase of both projects, focusing on food security, and running a virtual employment readiness program and workshops with help from Jays Care Foundation. There are many facets to the new work on these projects.
The youth help identify the initiatives that they work on in their communities.
Also included are mental health programs and a program to help build the confidence of indigenous young women.
The youth are so happy to be building something in and for their community.
These projects received attention from APTN National News!
Robert Reid – a reminder that CK Rotary donated to both projects, with help from Napanee and Kingston, and 4 clubs in Saskatchewan
John Gale – do you work in urban centres? Yes, we did a smaller project here in Kingston – building a birch bark canoe. There is also an upcoming project in the city of Thunder Bay.
Bill Egnatoff – can you comment on the gender mix? 25% in the Montreal Lake project, and almost 50% in Manitoulin Island. Many of the young women were very interested in STEM which was also gratifying.
Robert Reid – what does the new government funding cover? Salaries, programming, and funds for removing barriers to participating in the programs. But we still need to raise funds for the capital expenses of the projects.
Lesley Friese – are there STEM and trades classes available in the schools? Yes, although some are ahead of others. We also work with local trades to help build connections. And we need high speed internet in all communities – it's a real barrier to participation. We may want to offer a tech bursary to help.
Rebecca was thanked by Greta – you have achieved so much in a short time. You have empowered and given ownership to youth, which is marvelous!
For more information, go to
https://www.focusforwardfiy.org/


text:
Better drugs, fewer plants
Author Amy AdamsPublished on March 9, 2016 December 19, 2017
I remember when I was young and learning about Native people making use of plant products for drugs and other things. The one that really stuck in my mind was a plant that worked as a toothbrush. Mostly what I thought was, "How did anyone ever figure out that chewing on a twig could preserve teeth?" It seemed like a lot of people needed to chew on a lot of twigs before they made the connection.
What never occurred to me to wonder about is how that and all the other drugs that originated in plants got into the conveniently labeled bottles in the medicine cabinet.
It turns out that for more than half the drugs we take, someone still needs to go out and collect the plant then isolate the drug. This is especially troubling for drugs where the original source is either rare or endangered, as in the Himalayan Mayapple that I wrote about last year. It's the only source for a commonly used cancer drug.
Now, in a new story in Stanford Medicine magazine, I detail how new methods of making drugs in a lab without damaging the original plants.
Chemical engineer Elizabeth Satteley, PhD, and biochemist Christina Smolke, PhD, have both devised ways of taking the drug-making genes out of a plant and putting them into either yeast or an alternate plant that grows well in the lab. The process they used is similar to the one that earned a Nobel Prize in 2015 for Chinese scientist Youyou Tu, PhD, who produced the malaria drug artemisinin in yeast.
In my story, I describe the benefits of a lab-grown drug:
Once a drug is being produced in a controlled way, it might be possible to introduce a slightly different raw material into the molecular assembly line, which could ultimately produce a better drug.
Or, by mixing and matching genes that make up a variety of different molecular pathways, scientists could create entirely new classes of drugs.
"We don't have to be limited to what nature gives," says Smolke. "We can take inspiration from the basic structures, then improve them to either enhance their therapeutic properties or reduce their negative properties."
This is good news for our drug supply, and also for the plants that will no longer be the sole source for many drugs.
Previously: Precision health: a special report from Stanford Medicine magazine, A computer kit could lead to better way to design synthetic molecules and From plant to pill: Bioengineers aim to produce opium-based medicines without using poppies
Illustration by Jason Holley
medicine136 News Home4023 Stanford1497


text:
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Gourmet Cuisine by the Culinary Institute of New Orleans
2100 St. Charles Ave.
New Orleans, La. 70130
Cast back into time; experience the tastes and ambiance of a supper club, aloft in the heights of the Garden District on historic oak tree lined St. Charles Avenue in uptown New Orleans. The Cricket Club offers a romantic atrium setting with gourmet cuisines prepared by the Culinary Institute of New Orleans.
Originally a part of the famous Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, the structure is of historical significance. Some thirty years ago, this magnificent wonder of the world developed structural fractures in the steel. Engineers were called in to determine how to preserve the French landmark. Many solutions were discussed; however, the general consensus was the monument could not appear to be altered. Physical modifications would destroy the architectural design and the accepted passionate sense of wonder. So the engineers decided to lighten the structure by removing the restaurant located on the third level. A group of investors from New Orleans meticulously dissembled, labeled, shipped and reassembled the facility on the present location and opened as the Eiffel Tower Restaurant. The enormous cost incurred doomed the venture. After twenty-five years of neglect the Cricket Club will now carry the French torch forward.
The new name is fitting. As one gazes upon the location, the skeletal steel structure is reminiscent of a cage. The Chinese developed a Cricket culture 2000 years ago depicting a sign of good luck and good fortune for those who preserve and honor the soothing songs of crickets in cages. The theme is advanced through the memory of the 1920's-40's supper clubs throughout the US.
Gourmet foods will be prepared on site by the Culinary Institute of New Orleans and students will train to be professional chefs in the kitchens. Tourists and other gourmet enthusiasts may join the cooking fun in the form of demonstration classes or hands-on classes. Banquets, weddings, and receptions will breathe life into the Cricket Club by reviving memories of times past.
© , Famous Chefs, LLC • All Rights Reserved
2100 St. Charles Avenue • New Orleans, LA, USA 70130
Culinary Institute cooking school of New Orleans
E-Mail us at cino@culinaryinstituteneworleans.com


Budget 2016 introduced the engine capacity based unit rate method for Excise Duty calculation for motor cars. Therefore, proposed to extend the engine capacity based Excise Duty to Motor Cycles as well.
Government is committed to encourage green energy consumption and proposed to reduce Excise Duty on electric cars with motor power less than 100 KW.
To support local industries the age limit for importing lorries and refrigerated trucks of capacity over 5 Metric Tonne to be extended to 10 years.
Several duty revisions to correct anomalies in the duty structure will also be made. These changes will be implemented with effect from 11th November 2016.
With regard to motor vehicles, passenger safety is of paramount importance. As an initial step to encourage safety, I propose to set 88 motor vehicle standards of SRS, air bags, ABS and three point seat belts will be made compulsory for motor cars to ensure the road safety.
Vehicle Entitlement Fee (VEF) is paid at the time of opening of LCs, to the banks and proposed to change this procedure. This Fee will be paid at the Sri Lanka Customs at the time of clearance of the vehicle. Upon payment a certificate with details of the imported vehicle will be issued.
Proposed tax incentive on exporting vehicles which are more than 5 years old. Any export of not less than USD 200,000 that constitute minimum of 20 vehicles will be granted an Excise Duty waiver of 50 percent from the payable duty for importing a motor car with CIF value not exceeding USD 50,000.


text:
L'Aeri de Montserrat és un telefèric funicular, inaugurat el 1930, que comunica l'estació d'Aeri de Montserrat de la línia Barcelona-Manresa dels FGC i l'eix del Llobregat amb el Monestir de Montserrat.

Història
Va ser inaugurat l'any 1930 i actualment encara ofereix el seu servei amb les instal·lacions originals, tot i que va estar un temps sense funcionar a causa dels desperfectes ocasionats per la guerra civil.

Característiques tècniques
Durant la pujada hi ha un desnivel de 544 m (ascendent a 5 m per segon). S'hi poden observar les vistes i diferents tipus d'arbres típics de la muntanya de Montserrat, que forma part del Parc Natural de Montserrat, gestionat pel Patronat de la Muntanya de Montserrat. L'Aeri tanca quan hi ha altes ràfegues de vent o pluja elèctrica.

La instal·lació és de tecnologia alemanya totalment dissenyada i fabricada per la companyia Bleichert, amb seu a Leipzig.

La cabina i el seu recorregut
 Perfil longitudinal: 1.350 m
 Perfil horitzontal: 1.243 m
 Desnivell: 544 m (de +139 m a 683 m)
 Angle del pendent geomètric del total del traçat: 23º 38'
 Pendent màxim que arriben a superar les cabines durant el seu trajecte: de 43º a 45°
 Nombre de suports o castellets: 2
 Nombre de cabines: 2, amb capacitat per a 30+1 persones cadascuna.
 Pes de cada cabina buida: 2.175 kg
 Pes de cada cabina a plena càrrega: 4.900 kg

Motors
Un motor elèctric de 84 CV de potència i 730 rpm que fa funcionar la màquina principal. Aquesta màquina fa avançar les cabines a una velocitat de 5 m/s, la qual cosa fa que puguin fer tot el recorregut en cinc minuts. Un motor elèctric de 38 CV de potència i 725 rpm que fa funcionar la màquina auxiliar, la qual fa avançar les cabines a una velocitat de 2 m/s.

Ambdues màquines són totalment independents.

Un grup electrogen amb motor dièsel de 130 CV i 1.500 rpm que es connecta a les barres generals de l'edifici quan hi ha una manca de subministrament elèctric per part de la companyia, i que pot alimentar els dos motors i la resta de la instal·lació.

Cables
 Dos cables portadors de 59 mm de diàmetre amb dos cables de tensió de 75 mm de diàmetre.
 Un cable tractor de 27 mm de diàmetre.
 Un cable contratractor de 21 mm de diàmetre amb un cable de tensió de 38 mm de diàmetre.
 Un cable auxiliar de 22 mm de diàmetre amb un cable de tensió de 38 mm de diàmetre.

Contrapesos
 Dos contrapesos dels cables de tensió dels portadors, de 50.000 kg cadascun.
 Un contrapès del cable de tensió del cable contratractor de 7.600 kg.
 Un contrapès del cable de tensió del cable de socors format per dos blocs independents de 5.000 kg cadascun.

Coordenades de les estacions

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Calling all academic economists: What are you teaching your students?
"Don't just teach your students how to count. Teach them what counts most."
'In spite of the utter failure of academic and professional economists to predict, explain or find solutions to the financial and economic crises sweeping the globalised, marketised world they have created, there is still little challenge to the narrow and one-sided way that economics is taught in our universities. In spite of the fact that economics is about complex human relationships, and is therefore bound to be the subject of debate and disagreement, there is no problem with university courses that only teach the neoclassical pro-market approach.'- Gaian Economics
"Economics is only dismal because there are not enough of us making it our own."
Photo: gaianeconomics.co.uk
ECONOMICS is "not a 'gay science," wrote Thomas Carlyle in 1849. No, it is "a dreary, desolate, and indeed quite abject and distressing one; what we might call, by way of eminence, the dismal science."
But, happily today, some academic economists are discovering that their discipline is not really a "dismal science", but a subject of beauty, elegance and relevance, if it was to return to its original roots, moral philosophy amid issues and questions of broad significance involving the fullness of human existence.
More economists are now realising that the focus of economics should be on the benefit and the bounty that the economy produces, on how to let this bounty increase, and how to share the benefits justly among the people for the common good, removing the evils that hinder this process. Moreover, they are noticing that economic investigation should be accompanied by research into subjects such as anthropology, psychology, philosophy, politics, ethics and spirituality, to give insight into our own mystery, as no economic theory or no economist can say who we are, where have we come from or where we are going. Humankind must be respected as the centre of creation and not relegated by more short term economic interests.
My question to my fellow academic economists is: Are you one of those "Recovering" economists, and if not, why not?
Students everywhere are calling for pluralism in economics. See below:
So what is economics? What has gone wrong? What is to be done?
Photo: thestash.co
2000- France, the Sorbonne and other universities
"In the spring of 2000 an interesting dichotomy between theory and reality in economics teaching appeared in France when economics students from some of the most prestigious universities, including the Sorbonne, published a petition on the internet urging fellow students to protest against the way economics was being taught. They were against the domination of rationalist theories, the marginalization of critical and reflective thought and the use of increasingly complex mathematical models. Some argued that the drive to make economics more like physics was flawed and that it should be wrenched back in line with its more social aspects":
In Praise of the Economic Students at the Sorbonne: The Class of 2000
2008- London, Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II asking the economists at London School of Economics: "Why did nobody notice?"
Your Majesty,
"I note, with much interest, Your Majesty's recent visit to the London School of Economics. Given the current financial calamity, Your Majesty asked a very pertinent and important question: "Why did nobody notice?"
I firmly believe that the director of research and his colleagues present there, should have provided Your Majesty with truthful and honest answers. However, given what I have read in the press, I do not believe this was the case. Their failure to do so, clearly goes a long way to prove the detachment of economists and the modern neo-liberal economics from the real world. They have turned our profession and subject into a comedy of errors, a dismal science of irrelevance.
This is very sad indeed Your Majesty. An entire profession now appears to have suffered a collapse. Trust and confidence in my profession has all but been demolished, the "dismal science" at its worst.
Many mistakes have been made. Many economists have compromised themselves and their profession by remaining silent, not criticising the extremism and the neo-liberal fundamentalism present in their profession. Lessons should be learnt, someone should be held accountable. Otherwise the same mistakes will be repeated and nobody will believe what an economist says again. In other words, Your Majesty deserves a proper and honest answer…"
2011- London- "There is no correlation between ethics and economics"- Lord Kalms' letter to the Times (08/03/2011):
Ethics boys
Sir, Around 1991 I offered the London School of Economics a grant of £1 million to set up a Chair in Business Ethics. John Ashworth, at that time the Director of the LSE, encouraged the idea but had to write to me to say, regretfully, that the faculty had rejected the offer as it saw no correlation between ethics and economics. Quite. Lord Kalms, House of Lords
Economics, Globalisation and the Common Good: A Lecture at LondonSchool of Economics
2011- USA, Harvard University, Students of economics revolting against their professor at Harvard
"There is a growing student protest movement against orthodox economics that could change the field as we know it." On 2nd November 2011 at HarvardUniversity, students of Prof. N. Gregory Mankiw walked out of his class.
"Mankiw is the former head of the Council of Economic Advisers for President George W. Bush and an advisor to Republican presidential candidate Mitt Romney. He is also the author of "Principles of Economics," the predominant textbook used in introductory economics classes worldwide. Not surprisingly, he has an extremely traditional, market-oriented view of the discipline.
The students who walked out of Mankiw's class explained their reasoning in an open letter printed in the Harvard Political Review. It began with this declaration: "Today, we are walking out of your class, Economics 10, in order to express our discontent with the bias inherent in this introductory economics course. We are deeply concerned about the way that this bias affects students, the University, and our greater society.
They went on to explain that instead of presenting a broad introduction to economics, Mankiw's teaching was narrowly focused, did not offer alternative approaches to orthodox economic models and ultimately was complicit in perpetuating systemic global inequality…
These students are frustrated by a field that they believe could provide so much to society but instead is mired in outmoded thinking. Today's economics is dominated by ideas, like the efficient market hypothesis, making such sweeping generalizations that they render human beings practically unrecognizable"…
Goodbye, St Paul's. Hello, St Mary's
2013- Manchester University Economics Students, Post-Crash Economic Society
The Post-Crash Economics Society at ManchesterUniversity
Photo: thegusrdian.com
"What wonderfully good news! Once again, another group of brave students of economics at a university have risen against the "dismal science" and the madness of the neo-clasical economics, its ways and its teachings. I am delighted to hear that the Manchester students have seen the light, like their fellow students at other universities, such as the class of 2000 at the Sorbonne":
In praise of the students of Economics at Manchester University for rising against neo-classical fundamentalism
2014- International Student Initiative for Pluralism in Economics (ISIPE) was founded
It is not only the world economy that is in crisis. The teaching of economics is in crisis too, and this crisis has consequences far beyond the university walls. What is taught shapes the minds of the next generation of policymakers, and therefore shapes the societies we live in. We, 42 associations of economics students from 19 different countries, believe it is time to reconsider the way economics is taught. We are dissatisfied with the dramatic narrowing of the curriculum that has taken place over the last couple of decades. This lack of intellectual diversity does not only restrain education and research. It limits our ability to contend with the multidimensional challenges of the 21st century – from financial stability, to food security and climate change. The real world should be brought back into the classroom, as well as debate and a pluralism of theories and methods. This will help renew the discipline and ultimately create a space in which solutions to society's problems can be generated.
United across borders, we call for a change of course. We do not claim to have the perfect answer, but we have no doubt that economics students will profit from exposure to different perspectives and ideas. Pluralism could not only help to fertilize teaching and research and reinvigorate the discipline. Rather, pluralism carries the promise to bring economics back into the service of society. Three forms of pluralism must be at the core of curricula: theoretical, methodological and interdisciplinary.
International Students call for pluralism in economics
http://www.isipe.net/
GCGI supports the International Student Initiative for Pluralism in Economics
5 May 2014- An international student call for pluralism in economics
"It is not only the world economy that is in crisis.The teaching of economics is in crisis too, and this crisis has consequences far beyond the university walls. What is taught shapes the minds of the next generation of policymakers, and therefore shapes the societies we live in. We, over 65 associations of economics students from over 30 different countries, believe it is time to reconsider the way economics is taught. We are dissatisfied with the dramatic narrowing of the curriculum that has taken place over the last couple of decades. This lack of intellectual diversity does not only restrain education and research. It limits our ability to contend with the multidimensional challenges of the 21st century - from financial stability, to food security and climate change. The real world should be brought back into the classroom, as well as debate and a pluralism of theories and methods. Such change will help renew the discipline and ultimately create a space in which solutions to society's problems can be generated.
United across borders, we call for a change of course. We do not claim to have the perfect answer, but we have no doubt that economics students will profit from exposure to different perspectives and ideas. Pluralism will not only help to enrich teaching and research and reinvigorate the discipline. More than this, pluralism carries the promise of bringing economics back into the service of society. Three forms of pluralism must be at the core of curricula: theoretical, methodological and interdisciplinary.
Theoretical pluralism emphasizes the need to broaden the range of schools of thought represented in the curricula. It is not the particulars of any economic tradition we object to. Pluralism is not about choosing sides, but about encouraging intellectually rich debate and learning to critically contrast ideas. Where other disciplines embrace diversity and teach competing theories even when they are mutually incompatible, economics is often presented as a unified body of knowledge. Admittedly, the dominant tradition has internal variations. Yet, it is only one way of doing economics and of looking at the real world. Such uniformity is unheard of in other fields; nobody would take seriously a degree program in psychology that focuses only on Freudianism, or a politics program that focuses only on state socialism. An inclusive and comprehensive economics education should promote balanced exposure to a variety of theoretical perspectives, from the commonly taught neoclassically-based approaches to the largely excluded classical, post-Keynesian, institutional, ecological, feminist, Marxist and Austrian traditions - among others. Most economics students graduate without ever encountering such diverse perspectives in the classroom.
Furthermore, it is essential that core curricula include courses that provide context and foster reflexive thinking about economics and its methods per se, including philosophy of economics and the theory of knowledge. Also, because theories cannot be fully understood independently of the historical context in which they were formulated, students should be systematically exposed to the history of economic thought and to the classical literature on economics as well as to economic history. Currently, such courses are either non-existent or marginalized to the fringes of economics curricula."…
Continue to read the rest of the statement:
Open Letter — International Student Initiative for Pluralism in Economics
I firmly believe that the academic economists should show true leadership, wisdom and humility by supporting their students' call for pluralism in economics.
"It is clear that some serious reflection is in order. Not to stand back and question what has happened and why, would be to compound failure with failure: failure of vision with failure of responsibility. If nothing else these current crises of finance, social injustice and environmental devastation present us with a unique opportunity to address the shortcomings of our profession with total honesty and humility while returning the "dismal science" to its true position: a subject of beauty, wisdom and virtue."…
Economics and Economists Engulfed By Crises: What Do We Tell the Students?
Now, the pertinent question is: Are the students being listened to? The short answer is: NO. Dogmatism and conservatism at departments of economics have won again. Academic economists are not prepared to show leadership, humility and wisdom.
Photo: econintersect.com
As Aditya Chakrabortty writing in the Guardian has noted: "To see how fiercely the academics fight back, take a look at the University of Manchester."
"Since last autumn, members of the university's Post-Crash Economics Society have been campaigning for reform of their narrow syllabus. They've put on their own lectures from non-mainstream, heterodox economists, even organising evening classes on bubbles, panics and crashes. You might think academics would be delighted to see such undergraduate engagement, or that economists would be swift to respond to the market.
Not a bit of it. Manchester's economics faculty recently announced that it wouldn't renew the contract of the temporary lecturer of the bubbles course, and that students who wanted to learn about the crash would have to go to the business school. The most significant economics event of our lifetime isn't being taught in any depth at one of the largest economics faculties in the country. So what exactly is a Russell Group university teaching our future economists? Last month the Post-Crash members published a report on the deficiencies of the teaching they receive. It is thorough and thoughtful, and reports: "Tutorials consist of copying problem sets off the board rather than discussing economic ideas, and 18 out of 48 modules have 50% or more marks given by multiple choice." Students point out that they are trained to digest economic theory and regurgitate it in exams, but never to question the assumptions that underpin it. This isn't an education: it's a nine-grand lobotomy.
The Manchester example is part of a much broader trend in which non-mainstream economists have been evicted from economics faculties and now hole up in geography departments or business schools. "Intellectual talibanisation" is how one renowned economist describes it in private. This isn't just bad for academia: the logical extension of the argument that you can only study economics in one way is that you can only run the economy in one way.
Mainstream economics still has debates, but they tend to be technical in nature. The Nobel prize winner Paul Krugman has pointed to the recent work of Thomas Piketty as proof that mainstream economics is plenty wide-ranging enough. Yet when Piketty visited the Guardian last week, he complained that economists generate "sophisticated models with very little or no empirical basis … there's a lot of ideology and self-interest".
Like so many other parts of the post-crash order, mainstream economists are liberal in theory but can be authoritarian in practice. The reason for that is brilliantly summed up by that non-economist Upton Sinclair: "It is difficult to get a man to understand something when his salary depends on his not understanding it."
University economics teaching isn't an education: it's a £9,000 lobotomy | Aditya Chakrabortty | Comment is free | The Guardian
I must say what a great pity. Can't they see the magnitude of their failure? Read more below:
Photo: miamiautonomyandsolidarity
Open Letter to Mark Carney, Governor of the Bank of England
Corruption, Corruption,... Corruption, Everywhere
Values, Ethics, and the Common Good in MBA rankings: Where are they?
Our grandparents were wiser about markets than today's economists and regulators
Economists Stop teaching 'The World's Dumbest Idea'!
Gaian Economics: Economics in University: Teaching or Propaganda?
What is Economics? A pictorial look:
what is economics - Google Search
If you are not a "Recovered" or "Recovering" academic economist yet, but have been inspired by this Blog to begin your own journey of "Recovery", I wish to offer you the following as you prepare for your journey:
In February 2012 an international conference: "Economics education after the crisis: Are the graduate economists fit for purpose?" was organised by the UK Government Economic Service, the Bank of England and Royal Economic Society.
In her conference report, Diane Coyle (Chair) - Enlightenment Economics and ESRC Research Committee Member notes the following:
"One of the consequences of the financial and economic crisis since 2008 has been a re-evaluation of economics itself by at least some of its practitioners. This includes looking again at the teaching of economics in universities, the subject of a recent conference supported by the Government Economic Service, the Bank of England and the Royal Economic Society. As a speaker in the opening session of the conference noted 'The crisis was a large intellectual failure. We all got it largely wrong and have been using the wrong intellectual apparatus.'
The question of whether the teaching of economics in universities needs reform is linked to the underlying question about the intellectual status of economics itself, post-crisis. A number of speakers noted that there had been huge progress in recent decades in some areas of economics, such as auction theory, or development economics, for instance. However, there was a degree of consensus among participants that economists need to acknowledge the limitations of what has been the standard paradigm in the subject for 50 years. Ideally, we now need to combine a greater modesty about the state of knowledge, an insistence on dogged empirical work to the highest scientific standards, and a new eclecticism about what explanation is needed to understand economic phenomena."…
Read the full report:
Teaching Economics After the Crisis
One outcome of the Conference was the formation of a steering group, including both academics and employers of graduate economists, to discuss recommendations for reforms to the teaching of economics students in the UK, In this article, Diane summarises the issues discussed and sets out the group's recommendations. I very much recommend this as a very good starting point to all those wishing to begin their "Recovery" journey:
And then in 2012 a selection of papers presented at the conference was published in a very highly recommended book: "What's the Use of Economics? Teaching the Dismal Science after the Crisis", Edited by Diane Coyle, London Publishing Partnership, September 2012
"With the financial crisis continuing after five years, people are questioning why economics failed either to send an adequate early warning ahead of the crisis or to resolve it quickly. The gap between important real-world problems and the workhorse mathematical model-based economics being taught to students has become a chasm. Students continue to be taught as if not much has changed since the crisis, as there is no consensus about how to change the curriculum. Meanwhile, employer discontent with the knowledge and skills of their graduate economist recruits has been growing. This book examines what economists need to bring to their jobs, and the way in which education in universities could be improved to fit graduates better for the real world. It is based on an international conference in February 2012, sponsored by the UK Government Economic Service and the Bank of England, which brought employers and academics together. Three themes emerged: the narrow range of skills and knowledge demonstrated by graduates; the need for reform of the content of the courses they are taught; and the barriers to curriculum reform. While some issues remain unresolved, there was strong agreement on such key issues as the strengthening of economic history, the teaching of inductive as well as deductive reasoning, critical evaluation and communication skills, and a better alignment of lecturers' incentives with the needs of their students."
Why Economics, Economists and Economy Fail?
To all those imagining a real economics, a wise economist and a just economy: Why Economists Fail?
Values to Build a Better World
'We have to build a better man before we can build a better society.'-Paul Tillich
'Try not to become a man of success, but a man of value.' - Albert Einstein
Values: To guard the hope, faith, love, courage, integrity, honesty, peace, justice, ecology, responsible leadership and humanity for the common good that can lead us forward, because they are the foundation for our greatest thoughts, actions, and the hope for our individual/collective sustainability and can never be cast asunder.
'Saving economics from the economists'
ECON 101
A suggested first year module for all students majoring in economics
Ubuntu Economics: Economics for Meaning, Social Justice and the Common Good- Where we connect our intellect with our humanity
Prof. Kamran Mofid
Ronald Coase, professor of economics at the University of Chicago Law School and winner of the Nobel Prize in Economics, shortly before his death on September 2, 2013, published an article in the Harvard Business Review, 'Saving economics from the economists' (Coase & Wang, 2012). He argued that 'the degree to which economics is isolated from the ordinary business of life is extraordinary and unfortunate'. 'In the 20th century, economics identified itself as a theoretical approach of economization and gave up the real-world economy as its subject matter. It thus is not a tool the public turns to for enlightenment about how the economy operates…. It is time to reengage with the economy. Market economies springing up in China, India, Africa, and elsewhere herald unprecedented opportunities for economists to study how the market economy gains its resilience in societies with cultural, institutional, and organizational diversity. But knowledge will come only if economics can be reoriented to the study of man as he is and the economic system as it actually exists'.
There are many heterodox economists who reject the dominant model of rational choice in 'free' markets, and want to reconnect the study of the economy to the real world; to make its findings more accessible to the public; and to place economic analysis within a framework that embraces humanity as a whole, the world we live in.
This course, "Ubuntu Economics: Economics for Meaning, Social Justice and the Common Good" with its 'human economy' approach shares all these priorities. We believe that economic investigation should be accompanied by research into subjects such as anthropology, psychology, philosophy, politics, ethics and spirituality, to give insight into our own mystery, as no economic theory or no economist can say who we are, where have we come from or where we are going. Humankind must be respected as the centre of creation and not relegated by more short term economic interests.
Reverting to Ubuntu Economics:
As it has been said, "Africa, the birthplace of the first human, may just hold the key to the survival of humanity. How fitting and appropriate that the country where homo erectus was first identified is also the birthplace of the philosophy that points the way toward a sustainable future for us, its offspring.
No, I'm not talking about a new technology that will solve our dependence on non-renewable energy resources or that will stop climate change. Not directly at least. But I am talking about a way of seeing the world and all its inhabitants that, if adopted by a critical mass of human beings, would have a major impact in our ability to work together and ultimately shift the context of what it means to be a human being living on Planet Earth in the 21st century.
The philosophy is simple enough. It does however require a massive shift in how we think about ourselves, how we see each other, and how we view every other living thing on the planet.
I'm talking about the philosophy called "Ubuntu," which translated means "I am what I am, because of who we all are." The word "ubuntu" has its origins in the Bantu languages of southern Africa."
In all, when we speak about the Ubuntu Spirit, we're referring to the spirit of oneness, unity, love, peace and compassion, which expresses itself in a desire to help others and includes everyone. As Nelson Mandela explains, "The spirit of ubuntu – that profound African sense that we are human only through the humanity of other human beings – is not a parochial phenomenon, but has added globally to our common search for a better world."
Moreover, as it has been observed by many, people are not individuals, living in a state of independence. They are part of a community, living in relationships and interdependence. This is in stark contrast to neo-classicals who emphasise the individual and its egoism as the engine of economics and business.
Course outline:
What is Ubuntu?
Ubuntu: The philosophical, theological, and spiritual underpinnings
Ubuntu: The economic values. How do they differ from the neo-classical values?
Ubuntu in Africa
What can the West learn from African spirituality and ubuntu?
Ubuntu's role in community cohesion and transformation
Ubuntu's role in health-care provision and allocation of resources
Ubuntu business: What is it?
Examples of ubuntu transforming the CEOs and their businesses
The spirit of ubuntu and philanthropy
Ubuntu and the Bottom Line
What does Ubuntu tell us about?
Empathy, cooperation, and sharing over retribution and competition, and inclusivity over exclusivity
Ubuntu Education: Nelson Mandela's Lasting Legacy
Photo: globalelite.tv


Home › Plumbing Tips › Will you buy my house in Elkin, NC? Maybe give some tips for selling it?
Will you buy my house in Elkin, NC? Maybe give some tips for selling it?
I went through a divorce shortly after my return from Iraq in 2009 where the ex left me in a pit of debt, and I'm ready to walk away from all the money I've poured into this wonderful home because I need to get my new life going! It's got marble floors in the remodeled basement (which is incredibly huge) and wood floors upstairs. I updated the plumbing and electrical too. It's got 2 fireplaces and tons of space! It's a steal at $ 190,900!
What do you think? It's been on the market a while, and I've drastically lowered the price. What else can I do to get this to sell?
Are you kidding? I WISH Irene would wipe the house out… but probably won't happen as the home is in western NC in the mountains. 🙁 I'm sick of paying 2 mortgages. This thing is costing me more than I care to pay, but I'm responsible, and pay my mortgage. It makes me sick that some people just walk away and get rewarded for it, yet I do the right thing and seem to get punished.
Wow, that is a steal! It's such a nice looking place too… A shame Irene is coming for a visit, from what I hear. Hope it doesn't hurt your home too much. Good luck in selling it!!
« How much money and time would it take to become a plumber?


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Alternative Fuel And Hybrid Vehicle Market, By Alternative Fuel Type, (Gaseous, Electric), By Vehicle Type, (Two Wheelers, Passenger Cars, Battery Electric Passenger Cars, Hybrid Electric Passenger Cars, Alternative Fuel Passenger Cars, Commercial Vehicles), Estimation & Forecast, 2016 - 2024
Published by MRO | On Sep-2017 | Pages : 162 | Report ID : 511046
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Alternative fuel and hybrid vehicle market was valued at $318 billion in 2016 and is expected to reach $819 billion by 2024, having a CAGR of 12.8% during the forecast period of 2017 to 2024. The passenger car segment garnered the highest revenue share in the global alternative fuel and hybrid vehicle market.
Alternative fuel and hybrid vehicles (AFHV) are vehicles that run on fuels other than conventional types such as gasoline and diesel. The depletion of oil reserve at an alarming rate has given rise to the adoption of these vehicles across the globe. In addition, the emission of less harmful compounds such as oxides of carbon, nitrogen, and sulfur from these vehicles make them eco-friendly. Moreover, electric vehicles use electricity as their power source, in which electric energy is stored in the vehicular batteries and can be recharged at charging stations. On the other hand, hybrid vehicles use both conventional and alternative fuels as a source of power. Passengers can actually switch between these two powers while driving as per their feasibility and usage. The electricity based vehicle provides an attractive prospect by offering easily chargeable and noiseless urban transportation. In 2016, the total sale of electric drive vehicles in US alone stood at 5, 04,060 units.
Market Determinants
The world AFHV market has witnessed healthy growth in the recent years due to increase in demand for fuel-efficient vehicles, stringent government laws & regulations toward vehicle emission, and increase in public charging infrastructure. Technological advancements in alternative fuel vehicles and proactive government initiatives such as investment in electric and hybrid buses for public transit are propelling the market growth. Such a scenario represents both a challenge and an opportunity to capitalize on new vehicle technologies, and in the process, reap substantial economic development benefits. However, high costs of fuel, lack of awareness and high initial cost of infrastructure act as the major obstacles in the growth of the market. On the other hand, advancement in alternative fuel technologies, increasing interest in eco-friendly vehicles and upsurge in government initiatives are expected to create huge opportunities for the growth of market in the coming years.
The alternative fuel and hybrid vehicles market is segmented on the basis of alternative fuel type, vehicle type and geography. By alternative fuel type, the market is segmented into gaseous fuels, electric and others. On the basis of vehicle type, the market is segmented as two wheelers, passenger cars, and commercial vehicles. Geographically, the market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and Rest of the World. Asia-Pacific is the largest AFHV market in terms of revenue. However, North America and Europe are expected to witness the fastest growth with a CAGR of 15% during the forecast period of 2017-2024.
ASIA PACIFIC ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND HYBRID VEHICLE MARKET BY COUNTRY
asia pacific alternative fuel and hybrid vehicle market by countrySome prominent market players are Toyota Motor Corporation, Tesla Motors, AUDI AG, BMW Group, General Motors, Ford Motor Company, Honda Motor Co., Ltd., BYD Company Limited, Daimler AG, and Zero Motorcycles, Inc. Mahindra & Mahindra (M&M) and Ford Motor Company inked a pact to explore a strategic alliance covering areas like product development, electric vehicles and distribution in India and abroad. Under the agreement, teams from both companies would collaborate and work together for up to 3 years to leverage benefits of Ford's global reach and expertise and Mahindra's scale in India.
GLOBAL ALTERNATIVE FUEL AND HYBRID VEHICLE MARKET SEGMENTATION
By Alternative fuel type
• Gaseous (LPG, CNG, and LNG)
• Others (Biofuel, Biodiesel, Fuel Cell, Liquid Nitrogen, and Dimethyl Ether)
By Vehicle type
• Two Wheelers
o Battery Electric Passenger Cars
o Hybrid Electric Passenger Cars
o Alternative Fuel Passenger Cars
o Battery Electric Commercial Vehicles
o Hybrid Electric Commercial Vehicles
o Alternative Fuel Commercial Vehicles
• U.S
• Canada
• Mexico
• U.K
• Germany
• The Netherlands
• Norway
• Rest of Europe
• India
• China
• South Korea
• Rest of APAC
• Latin America
• Toyota Motor Corporation
• Tesla Motors
• AUDI AG
• BMW Group
• Honda Motor Co., Ltd.
• BYD Company Limited
• Daimler AG
• Zero Motorcycles, Inc.
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