EIGRP is easy to use and manage, but always calculates everything because it's also the main reason of mibehaving networks using EIGRP.
EIGRP is called a hybrid protocol because it combines the feature of distant-vector protocol and link-state protocol.
EIGRP is an enhanced of IGRP (IGRP is also cisco propietary).
hold time = time before a router assume that the end router is down because it's not receiving hello packets anymore.
both use metrics composed of bandwidth, delay, reliability and load. both routing protocols use only bandwidth and delay.
Cisco discontinued IGRP starting with IOS 12.2(13)T and 12.2(R1s4)S.
EIGRP doesn't use holddown timer.
communication between EIGRP routers are sent through multicast 224.0.0.10 address.
DUAL (Diffused Update Algorithm) is the algorithm used by EIGRP. with DUAL EIGRP doesn't use hold-down timer and split horizon primarily for routing loop avoidance. EIGRP primarily use DUAL to avoid routing loop, EIGRP maintains a topology table beside the routing table. this topology table maintain the best route to a destination and any loop-free (loop-free mean that neighbor router doesn't have route for the destination network that pass through this router) backup routes. when a route become unavailable DUAL will see if any backup paths exist and enter it to the routing table.
Although EIGRP refers to the parameter as an "autonomous-system" number, it actually functions as a process ID. This number is not associated with an autonomous system number discussed previously and can be assigned any 16-bit value.
you can see these values on a router by entering the "show ip protocols" command.
Bandwidth - is a static value. the value of the bandwidth may or may not reflect the correct value of the physical bandwidth of the interface. the value of bandwidth in an interface can be changed. bandwidth is measured in Kbit. in most serial interfaces the default value is 1544 Kbit.
Delay - a measure of the time it takes for a packet to traverse a route (the router does not actually track how long packets are taking to reach the destination. The delay value, much like the bandwidth value, is a default value that can be changed by the network administrator). delay is measured in microseconds (usec). the value of the delay is based on the type of link to which the interface is connected. for FastEthernet link the value is 100 usec, Ethernet 100 usec, T1 (default serial) 20000 usec.
Reliability - is a measure of how rely is the link for the packet to be forwarded (how many packets are error or dropped). unlike delay, reliability is dynamically measured every 5 minutes. value of reliabilty is between 0 and 255. with 1 means minimally reliability and 255 means 100% reliable. if the value is 234/255 means that the link is 91.8% reliable.
Load - measure of how saturized is the link (amount of traffic saturizing the link). like reliability, load is calculated dynamically using 5 minutes-weighted average. of which value range from 0 - 255. in load, 1/255 is minimally loaded link (more desireable) and 255/255 means the link is completely saturated. there are two loads value tx (outgoing) and rx (ingoing).
successor = a neighboring router that's used to forward the packet, this router has the least cost to reach the destination, in other words sucessor is the next hop for a route. is showed after the word via.
Feasible Distance = the lowest metric for a given route. this is showed after the administrative distance in "show ip route".
Feasible successor = a neighboring router that can reach the same destination as the successor and satisfies the feasibility condition.
Feasibility condition = a condition that the reported distance of the feasible successor to a given destination is less than the local distance (metric).
Reported Distance = metric that is advertised to other routers. this is simply a neighbor feasible distance for a destination.
a loop-free backup paths for a given destnation exists if there's another neighboring router (feasible successor) beside the current next-hop router (successor), of which metric (reported distance) for that destinatin is less than local current metric.
but this doesn't mean that if the successor failed, and all other neighbors RD (reported distance) is greater than this own FD (feasible distance), no route can be used to a given destination. if there is another path, and RD is greater than FD, that path will be used but it takes time for DUAL to recompute.
auto-summary is on by default.
default route in EIGRP is usually set by the static route for the router that's connected to outside EIGRP network (ISP for example) and is redistributed with the router configuration command "redistribute static".
Frame Relay is a network technology that runs on layer 2. Frame Relay is a NBMA (Non-Broadcast Multiple Access) network. Frame Relay usually used as an option for WAN connection.
when connecting more than two sites, a topology must be chosen to create the connection between each sites. the Frame Relay topologies are star, full-mesh and partial-mesh.
a central site acts as a hub and other remote sites act as spokes. each remote site has an access link to the central site.
full mesh topology connects every site to every other.
DLCI is local significance which means that it's only unique to the local. at other hop, the same DLCI number can be used to identify different VC.
ARP is used to find out the layer 2 address from a layer 3 address available. inverse ARP does the opposite.
used primarily in frame relay and ATM.
on cisco routers, inverse ARP is on by default.
Inverse ARP works as much like ARP. the frame relay router will sends an inverse ARP requests on its PVC to dscover the layer 3 adress of the remote device connected to the frame relay network.
Local Management Interface, a protocol developed by Cisco, digital equipment corporation (DEC), Northern Telecom and StrataCom. enable the DTE to communicate with the DCE and acquire information about the status of the network.
LMI is basically a keepalive mechanism. every 10 seconds or so, the end device polls the network, either requesting a dumb sequenced response or channel status information. if the network does not respong width the requested information, the user device may consider the connection to be down.
if you configure the lmi type manually, you need to set the keepalive interval too. if the keepalive interval is mismatch too big. the switch can declare that the router is dead. configure the keepalive interval with the command "keepalive second". default keepalive is 10 seconds on cisco serial interface.
dynamic mapping, dynamic mapping in frame relay is achieved from the combination of LMI and inverse ARP. LMI will acquire the active DLCI for each data link, so the router knows what DLCI that's exist. then the router will send inverse ARP request for each DLCI to acquire the corresponding network layer address.
used in frame relay to enable forwarding routing updates through a physical interface which has multiple connections (split horizon rule).
establish one PVC connection to another physical interface / subinterface on a remote router. acts as a point-to-point connection. has a single DLCI, each point-to-point subinterface is on its own subnet. typically, there is a seperate subnet for each point-to-point subinterface. solve the split horizon issue.
establich multiple PVC. acts as a NBMA network. doesn't solve the split horizon issue. all the participating interface are in the same subnet.
when you use the subinterface, usuall you must assign the subinterface with a DLCI number to differentiate it from the physical interface (LMI does not know about subinterfaces).
do not assign network address to the physical interface. if the physical interface has an address, frames are not received by the local subinterfaces. the required command for the physical interface is to specify the encapsulation to be used (ALL SUBINTERFACES WILL BE USING THE SAME ENCAPSULATION AS SPECIFIED AT THE PHYSICAL INTERFACE ENCAPSULATION).
assume that congestion occure at the link between SW1 and SW2.
FECN bit is set for every frame going from SW1 to SW2.
BECN bit is set for every frame coming to SW1 from SW2 and is leaving on another interface.
DTE can set the DE (Discard Eligible) flag to 1. usually less important frames are marked with the DE 1. this is used to avoid more critical data to be discarded should congestion happened.
Cisco routers autosense the LMI type used. recall that there are three LMI types: Cisco, ANSI Annex D and Q933-A Annex A. the default LMI type for cisco routers is cisco.
sub-number = subinterface number. to make troubleshooting easier, use the DLCI as the subinterface number.
dlci-number = the number of the DLCI you wished to be associated with the subinterface.
Carrier Sense : before transmitting, each device sense the media if there's another data being transmitted.
Multiple Access : in ethernet, the distance between devices maybe too long that one device couldn't detect the data sent from another and both device may transmit data at the same time.
Collision Detection : when a collision is detected, by unnormal amlitude. devices run a random backoff time and start transmitting again.
Full-duplex switches do not use CSMA/CD, because full-duplex communication has their own Tx and Rx line. this is not the case if the line is half-duplex (see autonegotiation).
with auto-MDIX enabled, you can use either straight-through or crossover to connect devices to the switch.
The auto-MDIX feature is enabled by default on switches running Cisco IOS Release 12.2(18)SE or later. For releases between Cisco IOS Release 12.1(14)EA1 and 12.2(18)SE, the auto-MDIX feature is disabled by default.
latency => the overall time needed for a packet to travel from its source to the destination. source of latency can come from three sources, 1. the time the NIC needs to put voltage pulses on the wire, 2. the propagation delay, 3. the time for the devices on the way to process the packets.
Store-and-Forward : the switch first store the data in the buffer until the full frame receive before forwarding it. (Cisco switches use this mechanism). when the frame is in the buffer, the switch will check for error with CRC. store-and-forward is needed for QoS analysis where frame classification for traffic prioritization is necessary.
Cut-through : the switch acts upon the data as soon as the data is received. the switch only buffers the destination address for CAM table lookup and then forward the packets. this mehcanism doesn't do error checking. there are two types of cut-through, fast-forward -> forward the frame only by seeing the first 6 bytes (Destination address) and fragment-free -> stores the first 64 bytes, The reason fragment-free switching stores only the first 64 bytes of the frame is that most network errors and collisions occur during the first 64 bytes.
layer 3 switching : as layer 2 lan performs switching by analyzing the MAC address correspondends to which port, layer 3 switching analyze the IP address is associated to which interface.
Routers perform additional Layer 3 services that Layer 3 switches are not capable of performing. Routers are also capable of performing packet forwarding tasks not found on Layer 3 switches, such as establishing remote access connections to remote networks and devices. Dedicated routers are more flexible in their support of WAN interface cards (WIC), making them the preferred, and sometimes only, choice for connecting to a WAN. Layer 3 switches can provide basic routing functions in a LAN and reduce the need for dedicated routers.
The boot loader finds the Cisco IOS image on the switch by first looking in a directory that has the same name as the image file (excluding the .bin extension). If it does not find it there, the boot loader software searches each subdirectory before continuing the search in the original directory.
The boot loader also provides access into the switch if the operating system cannot be used. The boot loader has a command-line facility that provides access to the files stored on Flash memory before the operating system is loaded. From the boot loader command line you can enter commands to format the flash file system, reinstall the operating system software image, or recover from a lost or forgotten password.
When the switch is on, the POST begins. During POST, the LEDs blink while a series of tests determine that the switch is functioning properly. When the POST has completed, the SYST LED rapidly blinks green. If the switch fails POST, the SYST LED turns amber. When a switch fails the POST test, it is necessary to repair the switch.
you can show the last 10 command that you've entered by entering the command "show history". you can change the size of history commands by entering "terminal history size 50" at the privileEXEC mode.
to remotely access a switch you must assign the switch an IP address.
good practice is not to use VLAN 1 as the management vlan.
but, if you use the "enable password" command, the password is not encrypted and can be viewed in the running-configuration file. when you enter both command the password from "enable secret" is the one that's used.
you can apply access-list to the line connection similar applying access-list to interfaces by entering "access-class". the difference is that interface use the "access-group" command.
vty lines (you may have up to 16 vty lines, 0 - 15) are telnet by default you can change it to SSH (there are some version of SSH, use SSHv2 because it use stronger encryption than SSHv1) enter "transport input ssh" at the line configuration level. you can also enter "transport input all" to enable telnet and ssh connection.
to overcome the issue of viewing the password in the configuration file. you can use the encrypted password service by entering "service password-encryption" at global configuration level. the encryption that's used is called type 7, this is a weak encryption and there are tools to crack password encrypted with this encryption.
to recover password (if you accidentally happen to forget your password) you need to get access to the switch from console, actually the step is booting the switch and enter the helper mode, rename the config.text file so the switch doesn't load the configuration, after you're inside rename the config.text back. and change your old password.
you can set banner on line connection, "banner login" will be shown before the username and password prompt is presented.
-CDP attack, from CDP attacker can inspect the version of the device and search for vulnerabilities.
-Telnet attacks - Brute force, DoS (vulnerability at telnet server).
allow you to strict which MAC addresses are able to connect using the port to the switch.
- static secure MAC addresses: you specify the MAC addresses allowed to connect to the port. mac addresses configured this way are stored in the address table and the running-configuration on the switch. enter the command "switchport port-securit mac-address theAddress" at the interface configuration level.
- dynamic secure MAC addresses: MAC addresses are learned dynamically and stored only in the address table. MAC addresses are removed when the switch restarts. enter the command "switchport port-security" at the interface configuration level.
- Sticky secure MAC addresses: MAC addresses are learned dynamically and saved in the running-configuration. enter "switchport port-security mac-address sticky" at the interface configuration level.
enter "switchport port-security maximum number" at the interface configuration level to set the maximum number of MAC address learned to the interface.
-maximum MAC addresses (default maximum mac address learned is 1) learned is reached and new MAC address attempts to access the interface.
-the same MAC address has been learned / configured on a secure interface and is seen on another secure interface in the same VLAN.
change violation modes by entering "switchport port-security violation [protect | restrict | shutdown]"
- protect: frames from unknown source addresses are dropped. you're not notified of the violations occured.
- restrict: frames are dropped, syslog message is logged, violation counter increments.
a good practice is to shutdown unused port. you can use the "interface range" command to shutdown a range of ports.
OSPF (Open Shortest Path First) is one of the routing protocol most used. It's a link state routing protocol.
OSPF use bandwidth as its metric. The algorithm it uses to calculate the metric is to divide 100,000,000 by the bandwidth that the link has in bps, so a 100 Mbps link will have a metric value of 1.
OSPF forces you to design the network by dividing it into areas, there are two main type of area backbone area (usually called area 0) and nonbackbone area. OSPF also support different type of network in fact that there are different type of networks like point to point, broadcast (ehternet, Token Ring, FDDI), nonbroadcast (framerelay), etc..
usually a router running OSPF has a loopback interface to prevent the election of the DR through the highest physical ip address.
so, when you're configuring a network with OSPF (remember that OSPF is a classless routing protocol) you specify which area this network will be in.
the complexity of OSPF is one of the reasons that many people choose EIGRP instead. but remember that EIGRP is only implemented by cisco routers.
routes redistributed into OSPF is divided into two 2 types. E1 routes increase the metric of the route as it is propagated through OSPF router (added cost at each hop). while E2 routes have its metric the same for all routers.
Routes from different AS is a E2 route.
Dead time - 40 (dead time is the time for OSPF to wait before declaring the end router is down).
OSPF DOES NOT AUTOMATICALLY SUMMARIZE SUBNET AT MAJOR NETWORK BOUNDARY.
1.Hello - used to maintain adjacency with other OSPF routers.
2.DBD - Database Description, sent to other OSPF routers that contains an abbreviated list of the sending router's link-state database and used by the receiving routers to check against the local link-state database.
3.LSR - Link State Request, sent to request more information about any entry in the DBD.
4.LSU - Link State Update, used to reply LSR and to announce new information.
5.LSAck - Acknowledgement to LSU.
OSPF calculates the metric using the bandwidth of the link. the calculation is taken as per 100mbps, so if a link bandwidth is 100mbps then the cost is 1. you can change the reference-bandwidth the ospf command "auto-cost reference-bandwidth" (measured in mbps). it's good practice to change the reference-bandwidth on all router running ospf when you change it on a router.
DR and BDR election is happen only in multiaccess network.
election of DR & BDR happen as soon as an interface of a router participate in OSPF routing. this can happen when a router boot up or a network command for an interface is enabled. because of this, a router with a lower ip address (or routerID) could be the DR if it happened to be the first router running OSPF that boots. once a router become a DR, it will be a DR until it fails, or interface shutdown.
1. DR: router with the highest OSPF interface priority.
3. if OSPF interface priorities are equal, the highest router'ID is used to break the tie.
1. use the IP address configured with the "router-id" command.
2. use the highest loopback interface address.
3. use the ACTIVE (interface must be in an up-up state, but not neccessarily included in OSPF activity) physical IP address.
because OSPF interface priority is set on interface level. it can be set that a router be the DR on a network and a DRother on another network.
every link on an OSPF has a state. this state tell us about it's status with the other end device.
"show ip ospf neighbor" can show you about neighbor OSPF routers, their status as DR/BDR/DRother and their state with the local router (2WAY / FULL). 2WAY is adjacency between DRother routers they don't send LSA to each other just hello packets, FULL is adjacency between DROther and DR.
router ospf process-id is a number between 1-65535. the process-id is only locally significant, means that it may differ between router running OSPF to establish an adjacency. this is different with EIGRP that the autonomous-number DOES NEED to match to form a neighboring.
When two routers have the same router ID in an OSPF, domain routing may not function properly. If the router ID is the same on two neighboring routers, the neighbor establishment may not occur.
VLAN means Virtual LAN. a VLAN is as much the same as a subnet.
Computers connected to a switch doesn't mean that they can communicate, they must be in the same vlan (subnet). for computer in different network (subnet/vlan ) to communicate a layer 3 device is needed. however, we can create internetwork without VLAN.
-Security : data are not cannot travel cross vlans except they are meant to.
-Higher performance : vlan create seperate broadcast domain, host that is not logically in the same domain won't receive broadcast traffic.
-Improved IT staff efficiency : vlan makes IT staff works easier, because each network has similar function.
-1 and 1002 - 1005 (1002-1005 are reserved for token ring and FDDI VLANs) are automatically created and cannot be removed.
Data vlan : traffic generated by users. it's common practice to seperate voice traffic and management traffic from user's data traffic.
Default vlan : the default vlan id assigned to ports when the port is up. this make any devices connected to the port can communicate to each other and become in one broadcast domain. in Cisco this is vlan 1. securit best practice is to change the default vlan other than vlan 1.
Native vlan : assigned to trunk port. according to IEEE, native vlan designed to maintain backward compatibility with untagged traffic (old LAN scenario). for our purposes we call native vlan a comon identifier on opposing end of trunk-link. best practice is to set native vlan other than vlan 1.
Management vlan : management vlan is used for administrator to connect to the switch, as switch is a layer 2 address, we create a vlan interface so that we can remotely connect to the switch by assigning an ip address to the vlan interface. and also because traffic only forwarde to the same vlan, computer attached to another vlan port won't be able to access the management vlan.
Voice vlan : voice vlan is needed because voice traffic require low latency. you can tag vlan for voice traffic. this can be achieved because cisco ip phone is a switch, it can communicate with the switch it's connected to and prioritize voice traffice.
Static mode : manually assigned a port belongs to which vlan.
Dynamic mode : port vlan configuration is handled by a VMPS (Vlan Membership Policy Server) based on the MAC address connected to the port.
from the example configuration, void vlan is assigned to vlan id 150, data vlan is assigned to vlan 20.
Trunk link is used to carry traffic from more than one vlan. trunk doesn't belong to a specific vlan, rather that it's a conduit for vlans between switches and routers.
ISL is legacy of cisco trunking technology, today only 802.1Q trunking that's used.
ON : command "swicthport mode trunk". the port sends DTP frames periodically. the port then will become a trunk port whatever the other end is set to be.
dynamic auto : command "switchport mode trunk auto". the port sends DTP frames periodically, telling that the port can be a trunk port but doesn't request the other end to make a trunk connection. this port will be a trunk only if the other end request this port to be trunk.
dynamic desirable : command "switchport mode trunk desirable", the port sends DTP frames periodically, telling the other end that it's able to be in a trunking state and asks the other end to be in a trunking state, if the other end is able to be in a trunking state (with mode of on / desirable / auto), this port will be a trunk port, if the other end is set to nonegotiate this port will remain access port (not a trunk port).
nonegotiate : command "switchport nonegotiate" this will turn off DTP, no DTP frame will be sent out. this port won't be a trunk port through DTP negotiation. BUT USE THIS MODE TO ESTABLISH A TRUNK LINK WITH A SWITCH FROM OTHER VENDORS.
enter the command "show dtp interface" to determine the current mode configured.
There are two ways to create a vlan in a cisco catalyst switch, through the vlan database and global configuration. database configuration is being phased out in favor of global configuration.
Native vlan mismatches : This configuration error generates console notifications, causes control and management traffic to be misdirected and, as you have learned, poses a security risk.
Trunk mode mismatches : This configuration error causes the trunk link to stop working.
Allowed Vlans on trunks : In this situation, unexpected traffic or no traffic is being sent over the trunk.
Vlan on different subnet : every host in the same vlan must be in the same subnet.
RIPv1 is a classfull routing protocol. CLASSFULL ROUTING DOESN'T INCLUDE THE SUBNET MASK INFORMATION IN ITS ROUTING INFORMATION UPDATES. because RIP is a classful routing. when you enter a subnetted network, the IOS will automatically convert it to the corresponding classful network. for example, network 192.168.1.32 will be converted to 192.168.1.0. Because of this behaviour, there is a design issue in RIP. there shouldn't be two subnetted networks with the same classful network address reached by different interface (discontiguous subnet) from a router. RIP advertise classful network. the routing table entry in this router will be unstable (if the cost of both subnets are the same) or this router will send the packets load balanced through each route (because there are two entries for the same major network).
RIPv1 broadcast its routing entires through update packets. a single update packet, can hold up to 25 routing entries.
RIP implements split horizon, so routes learned from an interface is not sent when sending updates to that interface.
you can stop a router running a routing protocol (the command discussed next is supported by all routing protocol), in this case RIP, from sending routing advertisement such as periodic updates to an interface by entering the following command at router's global configuration level.
interface-type : type of the interface (FastEthernet, Serial, ..).
interface-number: number of the interface.
you might want to enter this in a case where there's no neighbor router running the same routing protocol on that interface.
Routers running RIPv1 are limited to using the same subnet mask for all subnets with the same classful network.
Flush Timer - 240 secs. 60 secs longer than invalid time. after flush timer expires, the route is removed from the routing table.
Holddown Timer - 180 secs. if a router learns about a route from another router that it's unreachable, the route still stay in the routing table up to the holddown timer before it's removed to give time for every router to learn about the unreachable route. any advertisement with the same or worse metric reporting the route will be ignored. however, if an advertisement telling a better metric, the entry will be renewed and the holddown timer will be cleared.
RIPv1 sends updates to 255.255.255.255, which means a local broadcast address. any router will block packets destined to this destination from going out.
however RIP might recognize a subnet network. examine the following routing table.
RIP may have more than one route for a destination, if there's more than one route with equal cost to the same destination. RIP will use one of these for load balancing. if you enter "show ip protocols" command. you can see this information in the RIP section.
this means that there can be up to 4 redundant equal cost path to the same destination.
Boundary Router : any router with interfaces in more than one major classful network.
if the route entry for an update sent out to a different major network interface. then the network addres in the route entry is summarized to the classful network and then advertised. so the in the receiving router, the entry in the routing table for those subnets is only one, that is the major network of the subnets.
when an RIP interface first come up, it will sent a request message to neighboor routers. neigboor routers running RIP will send response message to the requesting router. it evaluates each route entry. If a route entry is new, the receiving router installs the route in the routing table. If the route is already in the table, the existing entry is replaced if the new entry has a better hop count. The startup router then sends a triggered update out all RIP-enabled interfaces containing its own routing table so that RIP neighbors can be informed of any new routes.
RIP doesn't support VLSM either. in a case where there are subnets from the same major network is applied with different subnets. only the subnets with the same subnet mask as the interface address of the outgoing update are advertised.
Supernet route will not be advertised by classful routing protocol including RIP. imagine in a case that you're creating a static default route with the destination address is a supernet. and you want RIP to redistribute this default route through the "redistribute static" command. however, because it's a supernet route, that default route won't be advertised to neighboring routers.
A ROUTER RUNNING RIPv1 CAN STILL PROCESS AN RIPv2 MESSAGE, IT WILL JUST IGNORE RIPv2 SPECIFIC FIELD.
RIPv2 Message (packet) contains subnet information, next-hop (The Next Hop address is used to identify a better next-hop address).
Distance : how far the destination from this router.
DV RP doesn't know the full path to reach the destination, it only know how far the destination is, and the direction of the destination.
Split Horizon - that a router should not advertise a network through the interface from which the update came.
Poison routing - a way for DV router to make a route removed from a table of neighboring router by making the metric of the route to be unreachable.
- Hop count is used as the metric for path selection.
- If the hop count for a network is greater than 15, RIP cannot supply a route to that network.
- Routing updates are broadcast or multicast every 30 seconds, by default.
- It can perform unequal cost load balancing.
- It uses Diffusing Update Algorithm (DUAL) to calculate the shortest path.
- There are no periodic updates as with RIP and IGRP. Routing updates are sent only when there is a change in the topology.
IOS as it's operating system.
user mode you can only run limited commands, you can't configure the router. You can enter the exec/privileged mode by entering the command "enable". Then you'll be given the prompt Router#. You may notice that the ">" is changed to "#" this tells you that you are in the exec mode. In privileged mode you can enter more commands than in user mode and also you can do some debugging here. But still, no configuration can be made in this mode.
You may see at the picture above, that i've changed the name of the router to "NewYork". Then maybe you want to configure one of the interface of the router. Let's say that you want to configure the fastEthernet 1/0 interface. First thing that you've got to do is to enter the interface fastEthernet 1/0 configuration level. Because you're at the global configuration mode, you can enter the interface configuration mode by entering the command "interface interface-type slot-number" because we want to configure the fastEthernet 1/0 interface then we enter "interface fastEthernet 1/0" command. You may see the change of the mode by seeing the prompt given. Usually some basic things people do is to give an ip address to the interface and activate the interface. To give an ip address to the interface you enter the command "ip address 192.168.1.1" you may want to change the 192.168.1.1 part to any ip address you want. Then enter the "no shutdown" command to activate the interface.
Remember that i said IOS is structured hierarchically. If you remember the modes you've been before reaching the interface configuration mode. Than you might have the idea of the hierarchy. First time you enter a router, you will be at the user mode. So the hierarchy is user mode -> exec mode -> global configuration mode -> interface level configuration mode. You've seen how to enter each mode. Then you might be wondering how to go up one level in the hierarchy, to do this you can enter the command "exit" command.
is turned off accidentally, the changes you've made are gone. To save the configuration to be permanent enter the command "copy running-config startup-config" at the exec mode. After entering the command you will be asked for the destination file name, enter "startup-config" as the name.
There are still so many other comands available in IOS. Hope this can give you some understanding of how IOS works.


Xinjiang Crackdown and Changing Perceptions of China in the Islamic World?
The outbreak of ethno-sectarian unrest in China's northwestern Xinjiang Autonomous Region (XAR) between members of the local Uighur community, an ethnic Turkic population that is predominantly Sunni Muslim, and ethnic Han Chinese, China's majority ethnic group, has largely subsided on the surface. The hostilities began on July 5 during a public demonstration by Uighur college students and others in the provincial capital of Urumqi to protest the deaths of two Uighur factory workers in a brawl in Shaoguan, Guangdong Province. The demonstration eventually spiraled into a riot against local Han Chinese citizens (See "The Xinjiang Crisis: A Test for Beijing's Carrot-and-Stick Strategy," China Brief, July 23). Approximately 200 Han Chinese and Uighurs have been killed and over 1000 injured. Thousands of rioters from both sides have also reportedly been detained. Most estimates of damage to public and private property hover around $15 million (Xinhua News Agency, July 8).
Given the extent of the violence, the residual domestic impact of the riots on ethno-sectarian relations and stability in Xinjiang is cause for serious concern in Beijing. Also, because of global media coverage of the hostilities, Beijing is wary about once again becoming the target of scrutiny by international human rights groups and major powers over its treatment of ethnic and religious minorities and political dissidents. The widespread comparisons of the crisis in Xinjiang with the uprisings in Tibet in 2008 and Tiananmen Square in 1989 in media and activist circles, for instance, are not sitting well in Beijing (ISN Security Watch, July 23). In addition, because of the political sensitivities surrounding China's treatment of its Muslim community, China is also worried that the recent crisis will tarnish its reputation in the Middle East and the greater Islamic world.
In light of the recent events in Xinjiang, observers of China's increasingly expanding and multifaceted relationship with the Middle East and the greater Islamic world are asking whether the crisis in Xinjiang will affect how key Muslim countries view China. In spite of scenes of unrest and a heightened awareness of the Uighur predicament, the official reaction of most Muslim countries to the crisis, particularly that of Arab countries in the Middle East with a vital stake in maintaining friendly relations with China, has been muted (al-Jazeera [Doha], July 7). Similarly, despite being home to sizeable ethnic Uighur communities of their own that maintain close links to their kin in Xinjiang, the former Soviet republics of Central Asia, along with Pakistan and Afghanistan, have followed suit by keeping silent. The fact that the Uighur predicament is largely overlooked internationally outside of narrow activist circles has also contributed to the overall silence regarding the recent hostilities, making it easier for governments to avoid the issue. Unlike the plight of the Palestinians, who live under Israeli military occupation—an issue that resonates deeply across the Middle East and the greater Islamic world as well as in human rights circles—the Uighurs are generally ignored (The Associated Press, July 14; al-Jazeera, July 7). In fact, the extent to which key Muslim countries, including Indonesia, the world's most populous Muslim state, tried to distance themselves from any association with the Uighur cause in China is striking. A July 12 statement by Indonesian Ambassador to China H.E. Sudrajat illustrates this trend: "What happened in Xinjiang is China's internal affair. We respect China's sovereignty over the region and will never meddle in the problem." He also provided insight into at least one of the reason's underlying Jakarta's position: "The two countries have agreed to respect each other's sovereignty and refrain from interfering in each other's internal affairs" (Kompas [Jakarta], July 13) .
In contrast, the official reactions of major Muslim countries following the controversial publication of cartoons depicting the prophet Muhammed in a negative light in European newspapers in 2005 prompted an outpour of condemnations by key Muslim leaders and religious figures. The storm over the publication of the cartoons also provoked a series of diplomatic crises, economic and cultural boycotts, and public demonstrations in autocratic countries such as Egypt, Syria, and Pakistan where mass expressions of any form of organized dissent are typically suppressed by authorities. Remarkably, only Turkey and Iran have issued strong rebukes over China's handling of the recent crisis and its treatment of the Uighur community (Financial Times [London], July 14; Eurasia Daily Monitor, July 15; Tehran Times, July 15).
The official silence from major players in the Middle East and the wider Muslim world reflects the importance of China as a key regional and global actor. In spite of Beijing's record of repressing its own Muslim community, perceptions of China tend to be highly positive on both the state and popular levels among Muslims in the Middle East and beyond . Spurred on initially by its drive to secure sources of energy and new markets for its goods, China has made tremendous political, economic and cultural inroads in the Middle East in recent years. For many Muslim countries, China is a crucial source for investment and a reliable customer for oil and gas and other natural resources. In spite of their close ties to the United States, autocratic regimes in the Middle East, such as Egypt and Saudi Arabia, also look toward China for diplomatic cover and to serve as a check on what they often see as Washington's overbearing influence in regional affairs . Similarly, Cairo and Riyadh, among other autocratic regimes in the region, see strong ties to Beijing as a way to offset widespread domestic opposition to their relations with Washington and to counter the popular perception among Arab and Muslim publics that they exist to further U.S. (and Israeli) imperial interests . This support is crucial considering the widespread popular opposition to U.S. foreign policy in the Muslim world. In addition to the value they assign to strong trade relations with Beijing, Muslim countries such as Indonesia with a history of ethno-sectarian strife also look to China for support in repelling criticism from the United States and international institutions and activists regarding their approach to dealing with politically sensitive domestic issues such as minority rights. In this regard, Jakarta's support for Beijing during the Xinjiang crisis is logical (Kompas [Jakarta], July 13).
Moreover, predominantly Muslim countries in Central Asia, such as Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, and Tajikistan with significant Uighur populations of their own and a history of ethnic and sectarian tensions see the crisis in Xinjiang as a serious threat to their own domestic stability. Kazakhstan, for instance, is home to at least 300,000 ethnic Uighurs, representing the largest ethnic Uighur community outside of China. Kyrgyzstan is home to another 60,000 ethnic Uighurs while approximately 6,000 ethnic Uighurs live in Tajikistan (The Associated Press, July 14). Cultural and economic ties between Chinese Uighurs and their ethnic kin in neighboring countries help maintain a strong sense of Uighur identity. The trade volume of Xinjiang with neighboring countries topped $14 billion dollars in 2008, helping make Urumqi the most prosperous city in the region (Xinhua News Agency, July 15). In addition to prioritizing their growing economic and diplomatic relations with China, the Central Asian republics fear that their own Uighur citizens may one day follow in the footsteps of their kin in China and agitate for more rights. Evidence of widespread outrage among the Uighur diaspora in Central Asia is a case in point. While refraining from mobilizing public protests out of fear of provoking the ruling regimes into a violence crackdown, ethnic Uighur groups in Central Asia have issued letters to international bodies such as the United Nations (U.N.) condemning China's actions (The Associated Press, July 14). Prominent Uighur activists have also gone so far as to single out the Central Asian republics for actively colluding with China to suppress Uighur identity and culture in the region (al-Jazeera, July 7). Like their counterparts in the Arab Middle East and other major Muslim countries such as Indonesia, the Central Asian republics are firm in their support for China amid the crisis.
A strong rebuke by Turkish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan during a July 10 press conference, where he labeled China's actions in Xinjiang a "near genocide," broke the official silence among key Muslim countries regarding the events in Xinjiang (See "Ankara's Reaction to Xinjiang Crisis Raises Bilateral Tension," Eurasia Daily Monitor, July 15). In spite of burgeoning Sino-Turkish trade ties, Turkish Industry Minister Nihat Ergun went as far as to call for a boycott of Chinese products in a sign of solidarity with the Uighurs, although he later retreated from that position. Ankara also threatened to raise the issue of Xinjiang at the United Nations (Financial Times, July 14). Turkey's reaction to the crisis is rooted in a complex set of factors. In addition to sharing the Islamic faith, Turkey shares ethnic, linguistic, and cultural ties with the Uighurs. Turkey's reaction to the crisis was also prompted by the de facto leadership role it assumed among ethnic Turkic peoples in the Caucasus and Central Asia after the breakup of the Soviet Union. In this regard, Turkey sees itself as a sort of guardian of Turkic rights. Unlike in other countries, where Uighurs and their supporters have been banned from staging public demonstrations, members of the Uighur diaspora and other supporters have staged a number of protests in Turkey in front of Chinese diplomatic missions (Today's Zaman [Istanbul] July 26; Christian Science Monitor, July 14; The Associated Press, July 14). The rise of the Justice and Development Party (AKP), an Islamist-oriented party, in Turkish politics also shaped Ankara's approach to its dealings with issues affecting Muslims outside of its borders, prompting a more activist approach to the crisis in Xinjiang by Ankara. Turkey also probably sees the crisis in Xinjiang as an opportunity to showcase its growing international profile. The tensions stemming from the Xinjiang crisis in Sino-Turkish relations may go as far as to impact Beijing's efforts to sell Ankara its HQ-9 high-altitude air defense system and further cooperation in the defense sector between China and Turkey. China's HQ-9 system is currently competing with systems offered by both the United States and Russia (Defense News, July 20).
While Turkey's reaction to the crisis in Xinjiang may be at least partially explained by cultural, historical and geopolitical reasons, many observers were surprised when Iran's clerical establishment issued its own condemnation of China's actions. On July 14, Ayatollah Jafar Sobhani called for the Organization of the Islamic Conference (OIC) and other international institutions to intervene on behalf of the Uighurs. He also added: "We just thought that only the bullying West violates Muslims' rights and deprive them of their basic rights but reports from China indicate that in that part of the world the unprotected Muslims are being mercilessly suppressed by yesterday's communist China and today's capitalist China" (Tehran Times, July 15). Other prominent Iranian clerics made similar comments (Press TV [Tehran], July 13).
Significantly, official criticism of China out of Iran has been coming from the clerical establishment. Nevertheless, the timing of the criticism, given the ongoing post-election turmoil, is also curious, since China has refrained from criticizing Tehran's suppression of opposition elements. In contrast, statements from diplomatic and elected officials about the crisis in Xinjiang have tended to be more measured. While expressing concern for the plight of Muslims in China and calling for peace and calm during a July 12 telephone conversation with his Chinese counterpart Yang Jiechi, for instance, Iranian Foreign Minister Manouchehr Mottaki also added that the meddling of "Western governments" was to blame for the crisis (Press TV, July 12). Iranian government officials also had to defend themselves from a barrage of criticism from influential clerics who accuse the state of failing to do enough for the Uighurs. Among other things, a number of senior clerics have suggested that the Iranian state is operating a doubled-standard in its approach to the crisis in Xinjiang and relations with China compared to its actions related to Palestine and other issues important to Muslims (Press TV, July 27).
The apparent disconnect between certain key members of the clerical establishment and the state appears to represent a major dilemma for Tehran. Both Iran and China maintain close diplomatic, economic and military ties. Moreover, as Iran continues to face increasing pressure from the United States and Israel regarding its nuclear program, it likely sees China as a deterrent to any potential U.S. or Israeli military action due to Beijing's major stake in Iranian energy resources. The decision by key clerics to speak out against China may represent an effort on their part to reach out to Muslims across the globe by showcasing Iran's credentials as an advocate for Muslim rights during a period where the Islamic Republic appears to be under siege from hostile forces operating within and outside of its borders. The official stance of the political establishment, however, while keen on showcasing Iran's religious credentials, also likely calculates the importance of maintaining strong Sino-Iranian ties during this crucial period in the Islamic Republic's history. Going out of its way to lambast China over the crisis in Xinjiang is not in Iran's interest.
While key Muslim heads of state have largely remained silent about the events in Xinjiang in order to remain in China's good graces, al-Qaeda's Algerian-based North African affiliate, al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb (AQIM), has singled out China for its actions by announcing its intent on July 14 to exact revenge against China and its interests. Among other things, AQIM declared its intent to attack Chinese workers in North Africa. Beijing has warned its citizens working in North Africa and elsewhere to remain vigilant. Approximately 50,000 Chinese workers are estimated to be working in Algeria alone (People's Daily Online, July 15; The Times [London], July 15). This threat is reportedly the first time al-Qaeda or an al-Qaeda-affiliated movement threatened China directly.
Radical Islamist militants often claim to act on behalf of oppressed Muslims. As a result, regimes viewed as illegitimate, corrupt, despotic, and beholden to U.S. and other foreign interests are often targeted for their perceived complicity in the repression of Muslims. The overall silence from key Muslim countries regarding the plight of the Uighurs out of deference to Beijing is a case in point. While al-Qaeda's primary targets remain the United States and U.S. interests and allies abroad, the crisis in Xinjiang has at the very least presented Islamic militants with another opportunity to further their cause, this time at the potential expense of China.
While it is clearly in China's interest to resolve the crisis in Xinjiang on terms that promote long-term reconciliation and stability and address the legitimate grievances of the Uighur community, the recent violence will have little impact on Beijing's relations with the Middle East and wider Islamic world. Turkish and Iranian criticism of China, which at this point has amounted to little more than rhetoric in the first place, will likely prove to be an exception rather than a precursor of future trends. In the long run, China's diplomatic and economic clout is too important to ignore. International human rights groups and Uighur advocacy organizations operating in the diaspora, however, may become emboldened by the recent events to step up their campaigns to pressure Beijing to improve its treatment of ethnic and sectarian minorities and political dissidents. For now, China appears to have weathered the storm of criticism in the world of international Muslim opinion. The realities of Chinese political and economic power and a new geopolitics are working in China's favor, especially on the state-to-state level. The emergence of future crises in Xinjiang, however, may not prove to be as benign for domestic stability and China's position in the Islamic world.
1. Uighur activists have noted the stark contrast between U.S. rhetoric and media coverage regarding the post-election turmoil in Iran and Washington's reaction to the violence in Xinjiang. Rebiya Kedeer, an influential Uighur activist living in exile in the United States, stated that she was "perplexed and disappointed" by what she labeled as Washington's "somewhat cold" reaction to the crisis. Meanwhile, China's vice foreign minister Wang Guangya, commenting on Beijing's reaction to the U.S. position on the crisis "expressed our appreciation for the moderate attitude of the United States so far" (Agence France-Presse, July 29).
2. For public opinion polling data indicating favorable Arab and Muslim perceptions of China versus unfavorable opinions of the United States, see "2008 Annual Arab Public Opinion Poll," University of Maryland (with Zogby International), March 2008, http://www.brookings.edu/topics/~/media/Files/events/2008/0414_middle_east/0414_middle_east_telhami.pdf.
3. Chris Zambelis and Brandon Gentry, "China Through Arab Eyes: American Influence in the Middle East," Parameters, Vol. 38, Iss. No. 1, Spring 2008, pp. 60-72, at www.carlisle.army.mil/usawc/parameters/08spring/zambelis.pdf.
4. For Arab and Muslim public opinion polling data regarding perceptions of the United States and U.S. foreign policy, see "2009 Annual Arab Public Opinion Survey," University of Maryland (w/ Zogby International), May 2009, www.brookings.edu/events/2009/~/media/Files/events/2009/0519_arab_opinion/2009_arab_public_opinion_poll.pdf.


Since 1970, the 22nd of April has globally been celebrated as Earth Day. As one of the most important environment events in the world, various national and international communities use this day to expand the consciousness and appreciation of the natural environment through various activities. In celebration of Earth Day, here are some mythological deities associated with the earth.
Ala is a goddess in Igbo mythology from eastern Nigeria. She is the daughter of the elder god Chukwu and wife of Amadioha, the sky deity. She is the mother goddess of the earth, ruler of the underworld and goddess of fertility in all living things. Ala is believed to be responsible for child growth in the womb and stays close to guide the child into adulthood. It is also said that, when the person dies, she receives the individual into her womb as a resting place. Ala is also known to be a very moral god who upholds values like honesty and truth.
Not to be confused with Oduduwa, Odudua is the deity of Earth in Yoruba mythology from western Nigeria. She is the wife of Obatala and the sister of Olorun, who is the sky deity and ruler of all the deities. She is usually depicted as a woman sitting down and nursing a child. According to the myth, Odudua is a blind woman with glossy black skin and extraordinary beauty. She is also recognised as the patroness of love and many of her stories are about her adventures and escapades.
Geb is the god of earth from ancient Egyptian mythology. He is usually depicted as a man lying down below the arch of the sky goddess, Nut, who is both his sister and wife. He is also the father of Osiris, Isis, Nephthys and Seth, and is popularly known as the physical support of the world according to mythology. He was the third divine ruler of the Egyptian gods and the royal throne was called the "throne of Geb".
Gaia is the goddess of earth from Greek mythology. She is the great mother of all creation and the source of all the other gods, titans and mortal men. In the stories, she has opposed the gods, titans and mortals at different times because they did not bend to her will. Of all the gods and goddess of earth in various mythologies, Gaia is the only one who is mostly portrayed as a villain. She is sometimes depicted as a woman rising from the earth or a woman reclining on the earth clothed in green.
Danu is the oldest of the ancient Celtic gods. She is the mother of all Irish gods and is a mother goddess that represents the earth and fruitfulness. Not many stories are available about her but some accounts say that Danu was a goddess with twin characteristics, the first being the loving benevolent mother and another as a strong malevolent warrior.


Alexandra Bee Blog: Alexandra Bee Blog!!!
Happy Friday sweet friends, and Happy 3rd Blogoversary to me!
Today we are celebrating more than just a blogoversary, though. As I mentioned on Monday, today marks the launch of a new chapter in my blog's journey. I am saying goodbye to Sundresses and Smiles and hello to Alexandra Bee Blog!
As I mentioned a while back, this new blog name has been more than a year in the making. In fact, a year ago, in my 2nd Blogoversary Post, I first mentioned I was considering a name change. As much as I love the name Sundresses & Smiles, I felt like I had outgrown it and wanted to find a name that really defined me, while also having the ability to grow with me.
It took me quite some time to find the name. I brainstormed ideas all the time and compiled a huge list...finally, one night in December, the perfect name came to me while lying in bed.
Honestly, I dread those late night ideas. It seems often my creativity is ignited late at night, but then I get so excited and full of energy that I can't sleep. I ultimately came downstairs and played around until the wee hours of the morning, creating an inspiration board and searching for a blog designer. I settled on Laura Wyatt Design and could not be happier with the choice (full post on that, coming soon!).
Now let me explain a bit more about the name. My full name is Alexandra. My middle name is Bennett. Barbara Bennett was my mother's godmother and my namesake. I never met her, but have heard stories about the woman she was my whole life. She was a person that was full of style, a whole lot of fun, and never took life too seriously. I'd like to think, that despite never having met her, I have inherited some of those qualities that made so many others love her.
Additionally, growing up, my mom and grandma would both sometimes call me "Alexandra B." for Alexandra Bennett. I always loved when they called me this; it made me feel grown up and sophisticated. I also have always loved bees, especially in emblems, logos, and design. When the name "Alexandra B." came to me, I instantly knew that it had to be Alexandra BEE and I would somehow have to incorporate a bee into my design.
That being said, I'm still me. You can expect the same types of posts, just under a new name and look.
So grab some champagne an a slice of cake, explore the new design a bit, and celebrate with me!
LOVE the new design love! It looks absolutely amazing and I love the story behind it! Hope you have a wonderful weekend and wine date ASAP!
I love the new design and the story behind your new title makes it even more special!
I absolutely love it! Congratulations!
This is adorable!!!! You did an amazing job. I love the design, colors, and esp. the name. I want to change my blog name as well, I am just waiting for the perfect name to pop in my head!!
It's beautiful, I love it all! Especially the story behind the new name, so special!
Love all of this, such a cute story!!
I cannot get enough of this look! Seriously love it all- that bee icon is so cute! I'm definitely going to need to connect with Laura soon for some spiffy blog designing too!!
Absolutely love the name and the design. Can't wait to read more!
It looks great!! And I love the new name and story behind it!!
Love the new design and name! Happy 3rd anniversary, Miss Alexandra B!!!


text:
My favourite songs: Awesome and cool songs of 2010-2011: my best of list: #4: The National with "Conversation 16"
I've never been shy about my affection for the music of The National. They're easily one of my favourite artists to come out in the past decade or so. The album High Violet is another masterpiece and this song, "Conversation 16" is a piece of amazing. Even if I still don't like the video.
Number 4:
Check out the rest of my best of posts, including my favourite albums of 2010-2011 and the rest of my favourite songs of 2010-2011.
Tags: best of, favourites, the national
Happy New Year from oneintenwords.com
Cool new artist: Jamie N Commons
Great acoustic version of Sick by The Twilight Sad
New Los Campesinos!
Fun new song from Fun.
One in Ten Words - the song!
My favourite songs: Awesome and cool songs of 2010...
My favourite albums: Awesome and cool albums of 20...
New track from Band of Skulls
The Naked and Famous are Punching in a Dream
Farourites: Lime Spiders' Slave Girl

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This comprehensive rental breathing air quality test kit is compact, easy to operate and can be used to indicate the level of contamination, as well as, operating flow, temperature and pressure. Sampling of compressed air is fast, with the ability to process results in less than minutes. Concentrations of carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, oxygen and oil & mist can be determined almost instantly without further lab analysis.


text:
Jamie Moses, First Black MLA To Speak In The Manitoba Legislature
Black History Month Op-Ed Western Canada
Posted on February 25, 2021 February 25, 2021 Author TDS NewsComments Off on Jamie Moses, First Black MLA To Speak In The Manitoba Legislature 716 Views
Black History Month celebrates historic election of MLA Jamie Moses
On Tuesday, October 1, 2019, I became the first Black person to ever speak in the Manitoba Legislature as a Member of the Legislative Assembly. For the first time, Black people in Manitoba have a voice in the Legislature. Walking into the chamber and seeing a seat with my name on it, is a memory that I won't forget. As the Speaker of the House called on the "Member from St. Vital", I rose to speak and history was made. Nearly 150 years after Manitoba joined Confederation, not only was history was made in Manitoba, but it has opened the doors for next generation of history makers.
That day my Members' Statement was about the ground-breaking Inez Stevenson. Inez Stevenson is credited as the first Black elected official in Manitoba. She was elected as a school trustee in the Winnipeg School Division in 1974. My work as an MLA and future success of other Black people in Manitoba was predicated on trailblazers like Inez Stevenson, whose accomplishments I continue to build on. Her pioneering role in our province set the table for people like myself to find success.
There is a long history of Black people in Manitoba, like Inez Stevenson, whose work may not have been shared and whose stories may not have been told. This includes Black people working as sleeping car porters for CP rail over 100 years ago. This also includes Black people that worked in Manitoba during the fur trade. While this history is, unfortunately, less told, it is not less valuable. It is so important to recognize these stories for the accomplishments that they are, but also so that young people can see these examples to give themselves the confidence to value themselves and their work.
In my own journey, as a young person growing up in a mostly white neighbourhood and school in Winnipeg, it was impossible not to struggle with confidence or to question your self-worth to some extent. Without many visible role models that looked like me, it was hard to dream any bigger than what I could see. Having a strong family that I could look up to helped me gain the confidence to meet the challenges of growing up as a Black person in Winnipeg. Before I even entered politics, I volunteered in my neighbourhood and saw the impact that government policy had on my local community. Seeing that, along with knowing that having a Black person as an MLA would be an inspiration to people; were both strong motivators for me to put my name forward in the election.
On election night, a few weeks before I first spoke in the Legislature, I watched the results as they were coming in. As a candidate, in that moment there is nothing that you can do – the fate of your next four years is determined already, you just haven't found out. It is certainly a stressful time, waiting in anticipation. My thoughts naturally centred around my family and the campaign team and all the work that we put in over the past several months. I am immensely grateful for all of their hard work. I also thought about all those in the past who were unsuccessful in their attempts to break through this barrier. As I slowly saw more and more results show that victory was in sight, yes, I thought about the history that was being made, but what I really thought about was the doors this would open up for other people in the future.
As an MLA, I want to give young people the role model in politics that I never had so that they can break even more ground in the future. I also want to make the path more equal for Black people and people of colour to achieve their goals by promoting anti-racism and equality in Manitoba. One of the ways that I'm doing this is with Bill 212 which I have introduced called "The Mandatory Training for Provincial Employees (Systemic Racism and Human Rights) Act". This legislation would require all provincial employees to complete annual anti-racism training. Bill 212, if passed, would be a step toward addressing systemic racism.
We should all be proud that we now have Black MLAs in Manitoba, but the fact that it is ground-breaking does not mean that the summit of the mountain of equality has been reached. This is simply the next step we climb on the path. We take a step on this path every time we learn and teach others about Black History in Canada. We take a step every time we understand the lesson in that history and incorporate it into our own lives. We take a step when that history inspires and motivates us to take action in promoting anti-racism and equality in our communities.
This Black History Month I encourage you to learn the history, live the history and go out and make your own history.
– Jamie Moses
Honourable MLA for St. Vital Jamie.Moses@yourmanitoba.ca
B.C Indigenous People A Step Closer To Self Governing
Reading Time: 2 minutes Canada supports the nation rebuilding efforts of Indigenous groups in British Columbia The Canada government needs to be responsible for rebuilding the nation-to-nation, Inuit-Crown and government-to-government relationship with Indigenous peoples through supporting the realization of their visions of self-determination. Today Carolyn Bennett, Minister of Crown-Indigenous Relations, announced that Canada has provided $2.6 million this fiscal Read More…
Western Canada Trending
Why So Many Restaurants Were Unprepared to Deal With The Pandemic – From a Marketing Point Of View
Posted on October 29, 2021 October 29, 2021 Author Kevin Toney
Reading Time: 3 minutes First of all, my heart goes out to all restaurant owners, I understand that the last year has been incredibly difficult. That being said I have a few thoughts from a marketing perspective. Before the pandemic, my experience was I saw very few restaurants doing strategic long-term marketing planning. Most were doing inconsistent, haphazard marketing. Read More…
COVID-19 Western Canada
British Columbia's COVID-19 Hits Alarming Levels
Reading Time: 2 minutes British Columbia still does not have a mandatory provincial wide mask policy Today, B.C.'s Dr. Bonnie Henry, B.C.'s provincial health officer, and Adrian Dix, Minister of Health we are reporting 717 new cases of COVID-19, including one epi-linked case, for a total of 23,661 cases in British Columbia. There are 6,589 active cases of COVID-19 Read More…
New Infrastructure, Jobs Coming To B.C's Hardest Hit COVID-19 Communities
LGBTQ2+ National Monument In Ottawa, One Step Closer To Reality


text:
/**
 * @file
 * CPU interrupt handling
 *
 * @date December 2010
 * @author James Cowgill
 */

/*
 *  Copyright 2012 James Cowgill
 *
 *  Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
 *  you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
 *  You may obtain a copy of the License at
 *
 *      http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
 *
 *  Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
 *  distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
 *  WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
 *  See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
 *  limitations under the License.
 */

#ifndef INTERRUPT_H_
#define INTERRUPT_H_

/**
 * The context an interrupt occurs in
 *
 * This structure contains all the registers saved on the stack before
 * an interrupt is handled. You may modify some values here to return
 * from an interrupt with different register values but with some restrictions.
 */
typedef struct IntrContext
{
	/**
	 * @name General purpose registers
	 *
	 * Generally, you should only need to change these (and usually only eax)
	 * @{
	 */
	unsigned int edi;
	unsigned int esi;
	unsigned int ebp;
	unsigned int : 32;
	unsigned int ebx;
	unsigned int edx;
	unsigned int ecx;
	unsigned int eax;

	/**
	 * @}
	 * @name Segment selectors
	 *
	 * Changing these can be a security risk
	 * @{
	 */
	unsigned int ds;
	unsigned int es;
	unsigned int fs;
	unsigned int gs;

	/**
	 * @}
	 * @name Interrupt information
	 *
	 * The interrupt number contains the interrupt fired.
	 * The interrupt error is used for some interrupts so the CPU can supply additional information.
	 * @{
	 */
	unsigned int intrNum;
	unsigned int intrError;

	/**
	 * @}
	 * @name Caller return information
	 *
	 * Changing cs and eflags can be a security risk
	 * @{
	 */
	unsigned int eip;
	unsigned int cs;
	unsigned int eflags;

	/**
	 * @}
	 * @name Caller stack information
	 *
	 * These exist only if the caller was in user mode (cs == 0x1B)
	 * @{
	 */
	unsigned int esp;
	unsigned int ss;

} IntrContext;

/**
 * Initializes the interrupt system and installs CPU exception interrupts
 *
 * @private
 */
void INIT IntrInit();

/**
 * Entry point for the interrupt handler
 *
 * @param iContext context of the interrupt
 * @private
 */
void IntrHandler(IntrContext iContext);

/**
 * This flag allows interrupts to have multiple handlers.
 *
 * Each handler will be called one after the other
 */
#define INTR_SHARED 1

/**
 * Registers the given IRQ with an interrupt handler
 *
 * @param irq IRQ number to register (0 - 15)
 * @param flags extra flags for the handler
 * @param handler pointer to the function to use as the interrupt handler
 *
 * @retval true the handler was successfully registered
 * @retval false a handler already exists or the IRQ was invalid
 */
bool IntrRegister(int irq, int flags, void (* handler)(IntrContext *));

/**
 * Unregisters the given IRQ handler
 *
 * @param irq IRQ number to unregister
 * @param handler pointer to the function passed to IntrRegister() before
 * @retval true the handler was successfully unregistered
 * @retval false the handler is not registered
 */
bool IntrUnRegister(int irq, void (* handler)(IntrContext *));

#endif /* INTERRUPT_H_ */

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Ex-Pinoy Big Brother Teen Housemate Ylona Garcia has a lot to be thankful for this 2016. Aside from releasing her solo album and having a digital concert, Ylona's Instagram has hit the 1.4 million mark and the teen star couldn't help but be grateful for her blessings.
"I had a long talk with Santa about my Christmas wish list the other week. Having 1.4M followers isn't on the list but I think he gave it as a bonus!" she said in her photo's caption.
I had a long talk with Santa about my Christmas wishlist the other week. Having 1.4M followers isn't on the list but I think he gave it as a bonus!???


Who wants to drill where? Winter 2018/9 update – DRILL OR DROP?
The list is organised alphabetically by county or unitary authority and then by site. Click on the bold red site name to take you to more detailed information.
Please let us know if we've missed something important or if the information is wrong or out-of-date. Contact here.
Status: Producing oil field. Next to Markwells Wood PEDL216, with interest from UKOG for horizontal drilling.
Status: Permission granted for 25 years in 2015 but no activity.
Of course two places where drilling for gas is taking place are Qatar & the USA. Some of that gas is being frozen and shipped long distances to the U.K. in the form of LNG. Yesterday during our current cold snap about 12% of our gas was being supplied in this imported form. Now wouldn't it be greener and cheaper to produce some of our own onshore gas to avoid these unnecessary imports.


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I would like to make constants use int64 until it is necessary to use a bignum.
That would probably fix this issue.
I am starting having problems to compile go on a amd64 machine I don't use really often.
This doesn't seem to be a problem. Computers are not in the days of 512mb RAM but 8gb RAM common place.
A large multiplier in resource use when compiling is always a problem.


text:
Ricardo Garabito, Trenque Lauquen, 1930, es un maestro y artista plástico de Argentina. Sus creaciones se exhiben en el Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes de Buenos Aires, en Estados Unidos, en el Museo de Arte de la Universidad de Texas en Austin, en la Colección de Arte del Banco de la República de Colombia, y en el Museo de Arte Latinoamericano de Buenos Aires (MALBA) que posee 31 obras.

Vida personal
Garabito nació en la ciudad de Trenque Lauquen, provincia de Buenos Aires donde vivió su infancia hasta los 18 años, cuando se estableció en la Capital Federal de Argentina, más precisamente en el barrio de Montserrat donde instaló su taller.

Trayectoria
Realizó once exposiciones individuales en su país natal y en otros siendo su debut en la galerìa Rubbers. Se destacan las presentaciones en la Fundación San Telmo en 1982, la del Centro Cultural Recoleta en 1998 y la retrospectiva de 2007 en el Museo Nacional de Bellas Artes, curada por Samuel Paz y Victoria Noorthoorn.

Referencias

Pintores de Argentina del siglo XX

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Data quality management tools (DQM) are growing significantly as volume of data has increased and dependence of more automated tools depend on a high degree of accuracy of the data to avoid exceptions and delays in processes. As customers and other trading partners expectations increase in terms of automation and speed that are more and more dependent on good quality data to be able to execute such processes resulting in a direct impact on both revenues and costs for organizations.
The first step of this kind of application is to either connect to the data or get the data loaded in to the application. There are multiple ways data can get loaded in to the application or the ability to connect and view the data. This also includes the ability to parse or split data fields.
Once the application has or has access to the data the first step of the DQM process is to perform some level of data profiling which would include running statistics on the data (min / max, average, number of missing attributes) including determining relationships between the data. This should also include the ability to verify the accuracy of certain columns such as e-mail addresses, phone numbers etc. as well as the availability of reference libraries such as postal codes, spelling accuracy.
Data cleansing uses both using seeded automated cleaning functions such as date standardization, eliminating spaces, transform functions (such as replacing 1 for F and 2 for M), calculating values, identifying incorrect location names referencing external libraries as well as defining standard rule sets and data normalization which will help the identification of missing or incorrect information. This also includes the ability to manually adjust information.
Deduping records invelve leveraging a variety or combination of fields and algorithms to identify, merge and clean up records. Duplicate records can be the result of poor data entry procedures, merging of applications, company mergers or many other reasons. You should ensure that not only addresses are deducted but that any data can be estimated for duplication. Once a suspect duplicate record is identified the process for actually increasing the record needs to be clarified which could include automated rules to select which attributes are to be prioritized and / or manual process to clean up the duplication.
Ability of the application to export the data in a variety of formats, connect to databases or data stores to drop either full data or incrementally.
New emerging capabilities in DQM applications.
These types of processes or projects usually involve a large set of internal as well as external stakeholders. Managing this through spreadsheets and emails can be a daunting and complex affaire. Applications, which can automate portions of this process, can add significant value and predictability of success of the project. This could be simple things like monitoring adherence to standards defined and throwing exceptions / tasks to specific users or data owners when violated or coordinating large scale validation directly with external parties such as requesting updated tax exemption certificates or addresses directly.
Some DQM applications are highly specialized to manage only address verification or part / SKU cleaning. The DQM application should be able to handle any type of MDM (master data) or transactional data with flexible rule definitions.
Big Data files can come in structured, semi-structured and completely unstructured formats. Standardizing and automating the cleaning of this data can be necessary on a continuous basis. This emerging process of cleaning up large amounts of data requires automated transformation rules, which can be applied unstructured, formats.
Data governance and monitoring adherence is a key aspect of being able to maintain accuracy and cleanliness of the data. Many applications are unable to enforce business rules, which is desired from a structural perspective. Some DQM applications can be used to monitoring the data governance processes for requesting new attributes or values and exception monitoring to achieve a higher level of quality of your information.
A typical data quality management or conversion project goes through a series of steps and phrases involving a large set of stakeholders. Appropriate allocation of responsibility, progress on cleansing and inter-dependency of tasks is a complex process and some applications are starting to take on these types of collaborative functionalities as well.
Feminization Hypnosis – Can A Real Man Become A Real Woman Using Hypnosis?


Crosley Refrigerator Filters reduces chlorine and other contaminants in your refrigerator water and Ice.
4396510 Whirlpool Refrigerator Water Filter replace part numbers 2255520, 4392922, 4396164, 43967611, 2203980, 9902, and 46-9902, 469902. These refrigerator water filters remove more impurities than the 4396508.
This genuine Whirlpool 4396508 Refrigerator Water Filter that will fit all refrigerators which use a Quarter Turn in-grille water filter including Whirlpool, KitchenAid, Maytag, and others.
This refrigerator water filter replaces part numbers 2301705, 4396701, WF-L200, L200, WFL200, WF-L200V, L200V, WFL200V, WF-LC200V, LC200V, WFLC200V, WF-NL120V, NL120V, L120V, WFL120V, 4396702, 4396703, 2301706, Kenmore 46-9915, Kenmore 9915.


text:
Q: Cron job in a different timezone Is there a way of setting up a cronjob for a specific timezone?
My shared hosting is in USA (Virginia) and I am in UK. If I set a cron job to be executed at 1600 hrs every friday, then it will execute when its 1600 in Virginia.
I was wondering if I can setup my cronjob in such a way that it understands which timezone to pick. I am not too worried about daylight saving difference.
I have asked my shared hosting providers about it and they said I should be able to set the timezone in some cron ini files, but I could not find any.

A: If you want to set different timezone for your particular cronjob, execute crontab -evia ssh and add
TZ=Europe/Moscow

before every cronjob.
Full article here

A: To expand on AlexT's answer:
CRON_TZ="Europe/London"

is the answer.
p.s. If anyone is here looking for timezone fixes for GoDaddy, I recommend putting...
export TZ="Europe/London"

...in your .bashrc so that your console runs in your timezone.

A: On Ubuntu 18.08
host@machine$crontab -e

then enter
TZ=Asia/Kolkata

Note:- Replace Asia/Kolkata with your desire timezone

A: I think that you should check
/etc/default/cron

or just type
Crontab cronfile

and you should find
TZ=UTC

This should be changed (for example America/New_York). Second way is set in cron example
5 2 3 * * TZ="America/New_York" /do/command > /dev/null 2>&1

A: You can use the CRON_TZ environment variable, excerpt from man 5 crontab on a CentOS 6 server:

The CRON_TZ specifies the time zone specific for the cron table.
  User type into the chosen table times in the time of the specified
  time zone. The time into log is taken from local time zone, where is
  the daemon running.

So if you add this at the top of your cron entry:
CRON_TZ=Europe/London

You should be good.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I pay every month, and use this app to edit video for social media. Now as of the last update your videos are "branded" in the upper right corner with VIDEOSHOP. I am cancelling and asking for a refund! Do not buy!
Which is all I wanted, also, you can cut clips down to smaller bits than through iMovie or Apple Photos, which is basically what I wanted. $2.99 to get rid of watermark 👍🏽, you'll still have ads tho 🤷🏽♂, but I've only gotten them when you export, which I'm ok with for now.
I love this app! I use it to edit YouTube videos, and edit things for myself, and other people. I do have one suggestion. When you add a text, you should be able to HEAR where you put the next not only see it. Because if you want to make it in line with your mouthing, you would need to hear it. Also maybe have the watermark removal for free. Otherwise, this app is great!


Authority Architecture | James Kemp.
Learn from me and other Authorities who've actually done it..
Authority Architecture is a proven, battle tested community that teaches you how to leverage your skills, stop trading time for money, get predictable inbound leads and attract clients prepared to pay premium fees.
This is not a 'course'.
You get personal guidance from me and my team and everything you need to implement your own Authority Architecture, even if you don't have any tech or business experience.
When you join the Authority Architecture community you get instant access to my framework and direct and private access to an engaged community to take your business to the next level.
"Before working with James I was looking for someone who could take me to the next level. I wanted a predictable sales funnel and I wanted to know how to create that myself. I felt there were two paths, I could either outsource work to advertising and digital agencies or I could go with James who would teach me how to do it, giving me a deep understanding of the business and ultimate control over my results.
I was a little nervous about signing on as I wanted to make sure I got a return on my investment. However after signing up I realised I didn't need to worry, James clearly knew his stuff.
Within 4-6weeks I had implemented James program and I saw an immediate return on investment by doubling our sales that next month. Sales have continued to grow strongly each month and within 5 months I was achieving 8 x return on my marketing investment and finished the year blowing my expectations.
James has helped me create an e-commerce engine that drives predictable, scaleable sales. This has allowed me to spend more time with my children, go on holiday and work less hours whilst achieving great results.
There is so much information out there, how do you know what to listen to? James is an absolute authority in this area and he's able to tell you what's important, how to implement it and get results. The best thing is when you sign on with James you have him for life, the program is always being updated and you can implement the latest new business solution that drives sales.
I'm incredibly excited about the future as my business provides me with a great lifestyle and income. To think what I have achieved in less than a year with James, imagine what it could look like in 5 years.
If you are on the fence about working with James I would say don't waste another minute, get off the fence, it will be the best business decision you ever make".
We've translated the complex online world into plug-and-play lead generation and sales systems.
No previous tech or social media experience needed.
Markets are becoming winner takes all. The top players hoover up the profits and the attention.
We teach you how to position yourself as the default choice in your market.
We've engineered a new paradigm in services delivery and productisation.
Leverage your skills and assets to deliver results without spending more time at the coal face.
We've assembled a curated community of forward thinking entrepreneurs and business owners.
private Q and A sessions.
You'll be able to access James and his team in your private members area. Simply start a private thread and only you and our team can see the discussion.
Get your pressing business questions answered and help implementing and customising your own Authority Architecture in private.
Every month James holds a live training session for members.
Get brand new trainings as your business scales and get your questions answered live.
50 comprehensive training videos, dozens of simple worksheets, swipe ready content are waiting for you.
Two plug-and-play sales funnels and a complete website template cater for all levels of technical ability.
Share expertise 24/7/365 in our private community and get the help you need.
"James was the guy everyone said we should meet in setting up Simplicity, and that's turned out to be great advice.
He quickly and effectively advised us on some insightful customer acquisition strategies that have been real winners. His depth of knowledge is impressive, but his X factor is the ability to translate that into strategies that actually work in the marketplace. Our customer acquisition costs are extremely low, and James played a big part in making that happen. Effective, personable, insightful. I'd be amazed if anyone was anything other than impressed."
"If you want to grow your business, in particular sales, there is no one better. James is not afraid to share his knowledge, his coaching and content are extremely insightful, and you'll get strategies that rarely fail."
"In these times with exponential change you either disrupt or get disrupted. You need to rethink alomost every part of your business. James has helped us at Spark Ventures and can help you on your journey."
Businesses looking for inbound leads.
Consultants, coaches and professionals who want to stop trading time for money.
Experts who want to start a business without the guesswork.
Services businesses who want to scale properly.
Online businesses who want to stand out in their market.
People looking for a get rich scheme. Real work is required.
People who love the old ways of cold-calling and 'networking' for customers.
To preserve the quality of coaching and experience we keep a tight control on new members.
Join the free waiting list and be notified when Authority Architecture is open to new members.


In July 2017, with the change of the government and release of Ministerial mandate letters, the current government made three key commitments to British Columbians to guide its vision for a better BC. Post- secondary education and training is a natural fit in a conversation about investing in the betterment of BC; it is an integral component of BC's economic framework and amongst the most important social programs provided by the BC government. Making post-secondary education affordable and accessible to all falls directly in line with the three key commitments the current government has made to British Columbians: to make life more affordable; to deliver services that people count on; and to build a strong, sustainable, innovative economy that works for everyone.
Education is a fundamental component of achieving these three commitments. The recommendations put forward in this document describe ways in which the BC government can follow through on its three key commitments and the key priority mandated to the Minister of Advanced Education, Skills and Training: to reduce the financial burden on students.
This report was a submission to the Select Standing Committee on Finance and Government Services for the 2019 budget consultation by the BCFS.


Having said that, a small house also has it's challenges. Everything must have a spot to be put away or that calm, warm feeling turns onto chaos. Having a "put-away" spot for everything is a task easier said then done. I find consistency is vital. Sort of clean as you go, a little everyday. Thank goodness, I am an organized person by nature, so, when it comes to my stamp room that organization comes naturally, except when working on a project, but, that's another post.
For my first, what I am calling, "Tidy Friday," I'm going to take you through my stamp room, one Friday at a time. Today, I will share with you how I organize my stamp sets. Even though my space is small I still buy the wood mount stamp sets. I guess I am a purist at heart.
Here is a picture of the cabinet I use. I love it because it has glass doors and it forces me keep my sets neat and tidy. After all no one wants to look at a mess!
I have the sets organized by categories similar to the way Stampin' Up! organizes them in the Idea Book and Catalog. On each stamp box I punch a 1/2″ circle with my Stampin' Up! punch in the color that matches the category it belongs in. Here are the categories and their assigned colors.
I have a shelf designated for each category. Behind each stamp set label I place a white label on the inside. It makes it easier for me to see the name of each set. I'm a visual person so this system works for me.
On the retired stamp set boxes I add a star I can see the retired sets easily at a glance.
Before I mount my stamp sets, I copy the label sheet on my printer, place it in a clear protective sleeve, add it a binder which has colored separation dividers for the appropriate category. I like using a binder for several reasons. One reason is I can add or remove stamp sets as i acquire or sell them. Another reason is I can keep all my stamp sets within each category alphabetically. Again, this system works for me. These reference books also come in handy when I am designing or looking for a certain sized image or greeting to use.
Green divider for the Nature category. Nature stamp sets.
I hope this gives you incentive to get your stamp sets organized. Of course if you have the clear mounts all you need to do is line them up alphabetically but, you can still set up a reference binder to aid you when you are designing your projects.
Thanks for stopping by and have a terrific weekend!


I couldn't help reacting emotionally—yes, with tears—to the Supreme Court of British Columbia decision on assisted suicide.
I couldn't help reacting emotionally—yes, with tears—to the Supreme Court of British Columbia decision on assisted suicide, released by Madam Justice Lynn Smith earlier this month.
The decision was released electronically through the B.C. Supreme Court website at 11:30 a.m., and I was watching for it.
The website is easy to find—simply enter "Supreme Court of BC" into Google and it's the first result.
Click next on "Judgments," then "Recent Judgments," and scroll to June 15, 2012, where the decision is listed as Carter v. Canada (Attorney General).
If you have any difficulty accessing the judgment, email me and I'll gladly send you a copy.
I am not going to summarize the decision in this column. The 395-page ruling has had lots of media coverage.
I became interested in the issue of assisted suicide through Gloria Taylor, a West Kelowna resident who is one of the successful plaintiffs in the lawsuit. At Gloria's suggestion, I attended a debate in April 2012, hosted by the Centre for Inquiry Okanagan and very ably moderated by CBC Daybreak host Chris Walker.
I learned that there are good arguments for prohibiting assisted suicide.
But the more I learned about Taylor's fatal neurodegenerative disease, ALS or Lou Gehrig's disease, the more I was convinced that this particular woman, and those similarly afflicted, absolutely must be permitted to arrange a merciful end to their lives when life becomes unbearable, and the person suffering has become too weak to bring about an end to the suffering themselves.
I became angry that Gloria had to bring a lawsuit against the federal government, challenging the constitutionality of the Criminal Code's absolute prohibition against assisted suicide. It was offensive to me that the federal government would not pro-actively step up to carefully consider what could be done to change the Criminal Code so as to provide for an exception for citizens like Gloria Taylor.
In my view, it was another of many examples of politics getting in the way of what is right.
Tough issues like this are dangerous for our political leaders to take on.
We now have the Supreme Court of British Columbia declaring the absolute prohibition against assisted suicide in the Criminal Code illegal, because it runs contrary to our rights under the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
The federal government is now faced with an important choice.
One option is to appeal the decision to the British Columbia Court of Appeal, and then when they lose again to appeal to the Supreme Court of Canada, ensuring that the legal point of the constitutionality of a dated Criminal Code provision is litigated to death.
Another option is to do what they should have done in the first place, which is to lead the country in carefully considering and crafting public policy in such a way that Gloria Taylor, and those like her, are permitted a way to end their suffering when they become too weak to do so themselves while protecting the most vulnerable among us from abuses that could flow from unrestricted assisted suicide.
Please choose the right option.
This column is intended to provide general information about injury claims. It is not a substitute for retaining a lawyer to provide legal advice specifically pertaining to your case.


Our graphic designers in Scotland have built a great reputation for designing brochures and leaflets for print, it's in our nature to care about what we produce and enjoy seeing our clients businesses benefit. We are very easy to deal with so let's talk!
Graphic designers need good briefs - so if you would like to receive a quote for your next graphic design, advertising or print project please provide a clear detailed brief. Please note quotations are never supplied over the phone.
What do you require - brochure design, leaflet design, logo design etc.?
If a brochure, leaflet or advert what size are you looking for?
Who do you want to reach most?
Are you providing the copy?
Are you providing the images and logo?
Do you have a corporate style that we should adhere to?
Consider providing us with some examples of what you consider to be effective or relevant design.
Do you have a timescale in mind? Keep in mind rushing design jobs helps no one and can lead to errors.
At G3 Creative we always strive to do business with companies and individuals with an environmentally conscious nature and are committed to continuously improve our environmental performance where possible.
Copyright © 2018 G3 Creative Solutions all rights reserved.
Our well established, versatile Glasgow based graphic design team enjoy doing good work and are passionate about what we do - it shows in our graphic design work, At G3 Creative we design brochures, flyers, leaflets, brand guides, direct mail, posters, adverts, logos, maps, business stationery, business cards, interpretation signage, outdoor non tear posters, visual communications, advertising, transport advertising, press, advertising, branding and rebranding - in fact, just about everything.
G3 Creative can give your business the WOW factor and reach usually only offered by large agencies, without the inflated costs.
If you like the graphic design and advertising we've created for our clients, perhaps we could design something for you. If you'd like a quote - whatever your budget, please call or drop us an email using the contact details below. Thank you!