text:
The Practice Of Treating Petitions U/S 311 Cr.P.C In A Casual Manner and Recalling Witnesses Time And Again Should Be Stopped [Read Order]
By: Shreyasi Bhattacharya19 Jun 2019 1:43 PM GMT
In a recent order the Madras High Court has held that the practice of treating petitions under section 311 of the Cr.P.C in a casual manner and recalling the witnesses time and again for cross examination should be stopped.
The Court observed that where Trial Courts due to the High Court's directions are dealing with recall petitions in stricter manner, a casual approached adopted by the latter in dealing with such petitions would contribute to the pendency of cases before the subordinate courts.
In this case, the petitioners/accused persons were undergoing trial on charges of extortion and cheating before the Metropolitan Magistrate Court at Egmore in Chennai. Despite the final report against them being filed in 2007, there was no progress in the case and the trial started in 2012. Between 2012 and 2018, although the witnesses in the case were examined in chief, their cross examinations were not conducted by the petitioners/accused parties despite the presence of a counsel. After the examinations ended in February 2018, a petition was filed by the petitioners in October of the same year, recalling the witnesses for cross examination.
The Trial Court dismissed such petition, failing to find any reason for the delay in filing the same despite the presence of a counsel during the entire process. In the same vein it also held that witnesses cannot be called at the whims and fancies of the accused persons and since the case was already pending from 2007, it was an attempt to further delay the proceedings.
This order of the Trial Court was challenged in the instant case under section 482 of the Cr.P.C.
The counsel for the petitioners prayed for an opportunity to cross examine the witnesses before the High Court to prevent their right to fair trial from being defeated. They also contended that a change in the counsel had taken place during the proceedings and the new counsel, on discovering that the cross examinations had not taken place, had immediately filed an order to conduct the same.
While delivering the order, the Justice N. Anand Venkatesh observed that the rule under section 309 of the Cr.P.C that witnesses are to be cross examined on the same day as their examination in Chief in a day to day trial is never followed despite its repeated emphasis by the Supreme Court.
"Time and again the Hon'ble Supreme Court has reiterated the position of law and in spite of the same, this Court encounters on a daily basis, petitions of this nature where the witnesses are sought to be recalled after long number of years, after they have deposed before the Court during Chief examination."
The Court observed that while a fair trial is important, it must not provide a leeway to the accused persons to examine the witnesses at their whims and fancies expecting the Court to wait for their decisions.
The Court further noted that the practice of hearing such recall petitions might also discourage the already reluctant witnesses from appearing before the Court. It also rejected the ground shown by the petitioner of a change in counsel, stating that the law was well-settled in this aspect.
Apart from this, the judge also observed that recalling witnesses after long durations as was done in the instant case may lead to discrepancy in evidence due to the passage of time and loss of memory which might be taken advantage of by the accused.
Thus, underlining the impact of entertaining such petitions on pendency of cases, the Court held that
"Unless the Courts are going to get strict while dealing with the petitions filed under Section 311 of Cr.P.C for recalling witnesses, no solution can be found for the disposal of the long pending cases and the docket explosion is going to continue to haunt the Courts."
In light of such concerns, the Court upheld the Trial Court order, dismissing the petition of the accused persons
[Read Order]
Topics : 482 CrPC | Justice N. Anand Venkatesh | Madras HC | Section 309 CrPC | Section 311 CrPC
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text:
Q: Using overloaded << operator with pointer of class I'm defining a LinkedList class, which makes use of a separately-defined Node class. Each Node has a pointer to the next node.
In the Node class, I have
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& ostr, const Node<T>& m);
In the LinkedList class, I have head, which is a pointer to the first Node.
How can I define a print function for LinkedList that will iteratively call the overloaded << operator for each node in the list? SO far I have
void LinkedList::print() {
  Node* search = head;
  while(search) {
    cout << //print stuff here
    search = search->getNext();
  }
  cout << endl;
}

A: Fisrtly I would like to refer you to a developed question:
Operator overloading on class templates
Secondly, here some stuff I came up with:
By writing:
friend ostream& operator<<(ostream& ostr, const LinkedList<T>& m);
in class declaration you informed the compiler that you are going to use overloading of operator << to do something with the class(print it). Now you have to define the function.
Please note that it is a global function, not a class method.
Also I "fixed" two bugs in your code. One in the function declaration, in which the LinkedList should be an argument. Intuitive => Because you want to print the list not the node.
Second was in first line in which you have to take the m's head member's adress. In your "C'ish" implementation it is necessary.
ostream& operator<<(ostream& ostr, const LinkedList<T>& m) {
Node* search = &(m.head); // You have to take the adrress of the head
while(search) {
   ostr << //print stuff here
   search = search->getNext();
}
ostr << endl;
return ostr;
}

This might seem a quite odd to return the stream but it actually makes sense in statement like:
LinkedList<Banana> bananas;
LinkedList<Apple> apples;

cout << bananas << apples;

Because bananas takes cout, uses it and then returns it to be used by apples.
Hope I didn't obfuscated it too much or made any mistakes.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The whiteness outside reminds me of a new project. A blank canvas. There's anticipation and curiosity about how to begin and trust the igniting spark will light.
Okay, thirty minutes later. Back to tea and closed eyes. I pluck, pull and stretch ideas across my mind's eye. I taste and dismiss words, and pretend I'm my ideal client asking, "Hey, why should I care? What's in it for me?" When a thought makes me laugh, smile, even tear up (no kidding, emotion rules) I write it down. Elaborate. Refine. Does it flow? Excite? Yes! I've found my theme. I can begin.
An inspired theme engages ideal audience emotion and attention, and should be infused into theopening headline and first sentence of your work, the most vital tools you have to catch a reader's interest. The body and conclusion of the piece should echo this theme, to provide a satisfying experience for readers.
Home page heading: "Rocket kids to a healthy 2015!"
Home page first sentence: "Help kids kick off every day with refreshed energy and zest for learning!"
Subheading: "Get a move on"
When many obligations clamor for attention, it's tempting to skip this step. But in the long run, a project begun with deep reflection about a compelling theme, which complements your brand's purpose and goals, ensures a cohesive, animated message that builds ideal audience confidence and connection.
Do you weave a theme into your writing? Does it empower your message? Leave a comment below, I'd love to hear your thoughts!
P.S. Struggling with a theme for your written masterpiece? Fret no more. E-Mail me now or call 774-644-1965 for a theme-revealing, complimentary discovery session!
Newer PostAvoid luring the wrong folks to your website. Send the RIGHT signals!


Someone told me that modeling cars with "Splines" allows for a lighter mesh than using "Subpatch Splines". Isn't it very much just a matter of preference, with luck/curvature determining how well one method compares to the other shapewise?
Can you explain me what is "subpatch spline" ???? I'am dealing with splines on daily basis (cars also) but i never heard for that spline :)? I use draw spline or Bezier spline but i never seen "subpatch spline" in modeler ?
maybe he's a secret LW8 beta tester?
Unless I'm wrong (which may be) , subpatches are either identicle to, or the newest version of LW's old "meta nurb" technology. NURBS stands for "non uniform rational bezier splines". So it's very probably that LightWave's "splines" and "subpatches" are actually both splines and very similiar in function.
I'm not an authority, but I thought that all splines used polynomilas for thier shape ( a + bx + cx^2 + dx^3 + ...), and that the difference between different spline types is the number of polynomials terms used and how cv's are used to control them.
Yes, "LW Splines" have cv's on the surface (which is very nice for shaping them), and Subpatches have cv's typically not on the surface, but IMO the drag tool used with subpatches (on edge intersections) greatly minimizes that disadvantage.
I guess I want somebody with more modeling experience than me to either agree with or refute the statement that using "Spline" or "Subpatches" is completely a matter of preference. It just doesn't seem logical to me that one method is technologically superior to the other.
For anybody that didn't know, Lewis/Elvis is one of the top car modeler's on the planet. When you have some major free time, check out his spline tutorial he mentioned above.
Hehe Mike yes i know who is Rob ;). Ahh brothers "love" :). I also have brother but he is 6 years younger and not interested in computers so we aren't arguing about such things. But we do about everything else 'coz he is now in his 21 year and he is "smartass" now ;).
You don't need to check whole tutorial to see that teknique - just look at first 50 screengrabs where i finish splines and start spline patching. I'am sure you will understand it pretty quick and since you aren't begginer you will use it in no time :).
I love that lw spines match very close to what sub-d results are. This alows you to combines them very well. What i think makes the differnce when modeling a car is not what to use but where. Some parts of your car might be better suited for sub-d and other might be better meshing it out with splines. So the answer to your isn't which one but where. In harder edged surfaces i try to avoid sub-d at least for a final result as it's to smooth. Using splines to layout the shape then moving on from there is a good way to go about it.
For something like a car I would basically lay out the basic mesh with splines. Once patched the resulting polys make a great SubD cage to start detailing from. Since cars are made from discreet panels it isnt necessary to make a car a single seamless mesh. Create the splines along the panel lines.
Splines have a big advantage of not requiring nearly as much data as other methods. They also use less screen real estate and therefore dont cover over the reference. Splines not only define a form but the spline itself determines the edge loops for nice flow.
Splines and SubDs are basied on similar algorythms.
there's NO SUCH THING as a subpatch spline in lw! actually, i don't think there's such thing as a subpatch spline PERIOD!
the splines that we have are the curves from which we can make cages and 'PATCH' to create networks of polys. we do not have any access to actual higher order, multiresolution patches (unlike say Animation Master)... it always results in polys, though we can determine how many polys we get.
METANURBS has nothing to do AT ALL with actual nurbs. and yes, NURBS stands for non uniform rational b-splines. but this is completely a distinct technology from SDS (metanurbs, subpatches).
ADVANTAGES OF SDS OVER NURBS - all nurbs geometry is essentially a SQUARE SHEET or "patch". anything that is not the topography of a deformed square patch must consist of MULTIPLE NURBS PATCHES. this can result in tearing along the seams, especially if you subject the model to a great deal of deformation. in addition, it's also almost impossible to paint a complex NURBS model without a 3d paint app. while it is true that the UV MAPPING is automatically incorporated in each patch, the layout of each patch is rectangular and not at all useful for generating a painting template - like with polys. SDS, like polys can be of completely arbitrary topography and can have as many branching structures as you can think of (and this achieved by simply beveling).
ADVANTAGES OF NURBS OVER SDS - you can TRIM AWAY and CUT APART a curved nurbs surfaces arbitrarily - either with boolean commands or by projecting other nurbs curves onto the surface. YOU CANNOT do the same with any other higher order surface - either SDS or bspline patches... you can also blend together multiple surfaces with a smooth join. this allows you to create a single part that has very complex curving components with radically varying curvatures that nonetheless join together seamlessly (but again, you will likely get a model that consist of multiple nurbs surfaces). this is more of an asset to the precision necessary for industrial design (car chassis, modern products) than it is for organic, natural structures like plants and animals.
the one relation that SDS has with bsplines is that if you allow an sds to become INFINITELY SMOOTH (this theoretical surface is called the 'limit surface'), it is the SAME as a bspline patch.
but once again, bspline patches don't enjoy the advantages that NURBS get (trimming and such).
if you've seen the car tutorials on KEYFRAME magazine lately, the advantages of real NURBS modeling something like a car body become INSTANTLY evident. for sections like a hood where you have to drill in details (like 'torpedo hollows' and such), you really have to jump through hoops to connect the joining parts. true, you end up with a single surface if you want but that is a profoundly unimportant 'advantage' in this example. with a true NURBS surface, you could just trim away a proper void for your torpedo hollow and either just join in the new part or blend it in.
but using splines to create LOW DENSITY PATCHES that are later used to create an SDS is pretty good construction method for most circumstances and as evidenced in the keyframe article, it's usable even for cars if need be.


The Landmarks Preservation Commission handed Extell Development Co. a huge victory Tuesday when it shelved plans to vote on a building the company wants to raze to construct a huge mixed-used project. In August, Extell Chief Executive Gary Barnett told the commission that the company couldn't incorporate the façade of 225 W. 57th St. into the development and that designating it a landmark would kill the project and perhaps cause his lenders to foreclose on the site.
The commission's decision to call off the vote was surprising because it typically doesn't landmark buildings against the will of its owner. But last summer, the commission signaled its interest in designating two buildings on the site owned by Extell by starting the process with an act known as "calendaring," or putting them on the schedule for review. Later, the City Council, which has the power to override a Landmarks Preservation Commission vote, joined in Mr. Barnett's opposition to landmarking 225 W. 57th St.
The Council's stand was one reason the vote was called off, according to a statement by commission Chair Robert Tierney. He added that after considering information on the building, including analysis supplied by Extell, he didn't think the property was worthy of the designation. In the past, the commission has been accused of being too developer friendly.
However, the commission did vote to landmark 1780 Broadway, between West 57th and West 58th streets, saying it is a noteworthy reminder of the automobile industry's prominence in New York in the early 20th century. Both buildings were owned by BF Goodrich but the Broadway property once served as its headquarters. At least two other buildings in that neighborhood have been landmarked because of their connection to the automobile industry.
Mr. Barnett had said he could work the Broadway building into the development even though it would present costly challenges. Extell plans to construct a tower of up to 1.5 million square feet that would include retail and office space, a hotel, condos and maybe even trading floors. Ms. Haas said it was too soon to say when the company would break ground because three or four buildings still needed to be demolished and an architect hasn't been selected.
Extell is already developing a hotel a block over on West 57th Street.


text:
Myanmar cardinal says China-funded dam project must be stopped
20190129T0841-24094-CNS-MYANMAR-DAM-BO.jpg
A man washes clothes and a woman washes her hair along the bank of the Irrawaddy River in Sagaing, Myanmar, March 4, 2012. The Irrawaddy River is "our mother" and is at risk of being lost "to the greed of a superpower," Cardinal Charles Maung Bo of Yangon said in a Jan. 28 statement. (CNS photo/Soe Zeya Tun/Reuters)
Yangon, Myanmar — A controversial China-funded dam project in Myanmar must be stopped, said Cardinal Charles Maung Bo of Yangon, noting that the affected river is the country's most sacred symbol.
The Irrawaddy River is "our mother" and is at risk of being lost "to the greed of a superpower," he said.
The river, the Southeast Asian nation's longest, running from north to south, "is an unfailing accompanier" in the livelihoods of the people of Myanmar, which is "a nation of agriculture, where 80 percent of the people live by farming," Bo said in a Jan. 28 statement.
"On behalf of all the people of Myanmar, especially the poor farmers, we earnestly request all stakeholders to stop their attempts to abuse" Irrawaddy, which is regarded as the cradle of civilization for Myanmar's ethnic Burmese majority, he said. "We are hopeful that our leaders will resist all efforts to destroy our nation's destiny and dignity."
The $3.6 billion Myitsone Dam project, which, if built as designed, would flood more than 200 square miles of forestland in Kachin state and export 90 percent of the power produced to China, was suspended by Myanmar's previous military-dominated government in 2011.
Myanmar "pleads with all people of goodwill to come to the support of the poor," said Bo.
The river "is witness to our sorrows, joys and wounded history. She is our hope, she is our destiny," he said.
For decades, powerful countries have taken advantage of Myanmar, including commodifying "our girls and women through human trafficking in the northern states of Myanmar," Bo said.
"The grim prospect of millions of farmers losing their livelihood, the abuse of sacred sites along the rivers, the death and destruction of the precious flora and fauna of our dear nation is becoming a nightmarish reality," he said, noting that "a bleak future awaits the people of Myanmar" unless the dam project is stopped.
China's interests in Myanmar are largely strategic, including as an outlet for its landlocked southwestern provinces to the Indian Ocean.
Recent events have "unfortunately increased the leverage of certain countries over our nation," the cardinal said.
Civil wars in Myanmar's peripheries have plagued the nation once known as Burma since it gained independence from Great Britain in 1948. Ethnic-based militias have waged battles with the military, who ruled the country by junta from 1962 to 2011 and then headed its government before the November 2015 election.
In recent years, the main trouble spots have been in the north. Beginning in 2011, after 17 years of relative peace, the Kachin Independence Army and other smaller ethnic militias resumed a civil war with the Myanmar military; the conflict escalated significantly during 2018. Initially, about 120,000 Muslim Rohingya people fled to displacements camps, where they remain today. But in August 2017, many Rohingya people began fleeing western Rakhine state as the military executed a concerted program of documented destruction of entire villages, murder, rape and torture; since then more than 700,000 people have fled to makeshift refugee camps across the border in Bangladesh, with no solution in sight.
Myanmar's leader Aung San Suu Kyi, lauded as a civil rights and pro-democracy icon before she became state counselor in 2016, has since been stripped of several of the accolades she received in the West because of her refusal to condemn the carnage against the Rohingya.
Environment | Myanmar cardinal says China-funded dam project must be stopped
Vatican confirms pope's visit to Myanmar, Bangladesh in late November
On 70th anniversary, UN declaration still linchpin of human rights
Cardinal Bo slams Myanmar military for brutality in Kachin
Francis avoids word 'Rohingya' but asks Myanmar's leaders to respect all ethnic groups
Church officials upset that Myanmar won't allow U.N. fact-finders

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
SALUADOOR.COM
A Christo-Centric, Love-Oriented, and Life-Enriching Experience
FEMINIST CRITICISM
Today Feminism has influenced greatly on the church's interpretation. Feminist criticism is a branch of ideological interpretation. It is a methodology in the biblical studies. It is possible to see feminist theories forming the basis of a new world-view, distinct from those perspectives underlying the contemporary methodologies. It is necessary to get answers to certain relevant questions. Is there a feminist methodology in the biblical studies? Is there a feminist methodology or in other words whether feminism has a particular methodology as unique and derived by feminist? If there, how do they develop this methodology? For feminist perspective, biblical history should be read as two great moments, they are creation and redemption, at which women and men were equal. Following each of these, however, women lost their equality with men and declined in status.
The Term Feminism?
Feminism is a term that has many meanings and implications. Feminism is a world wide phenomenon and is different things to different people. Feminism is a social vision, rooted in women's experience of sexually based discrimination and oppression; it is a movement seeking the liberation of women from all forms of sexism. It is an academic method of analysis being used in virtually every discipline. Academic feminist methodology provides methodological tools for exposing and analyzing male advantage. In academic feminist literature, male advantage exercised as power over women and disadvantaged males is called patriarchy.
Feminism is a perspective on life that colors all of a person's hopes, commitments and actions. Joan Wolski Conn defines feminism as, "both a coordinated set of ideas and a practical plan of action, rooted in women's critical awareness of how a culture controlled in meaning and action by men, for their own advantage, oppressions women and dehumanizes men"[1].
Reasons of Feminism?
The main reason for any feminist movement is to end oppression, discrimination and violence directed to women and to acquire full equality and human dignity for every woman. In every part of the globe women are still discriminated because of their sex. It is the result of critical reflection on the structures of society which keeps people in a relationship of domination/subordination because of sex. This is developed out of the female experience of inequality and oppression.
Feminism is the result of the making of biased Christian interpretation of the text/hermeneutics, history, philosophy, theology. Existing hermeneutics tends to serve the interest of the dominant classes in society and church rather than to preserve its allegiance to god's people, especially the poor and exploited women of all nations.
The alienation of women from the history is evident in the former historical works. In 1300's the prevailing thinking regarded woman was as 'another (dissimilar) species'. In the ancient writings, particularly in the most frequently cited classics which were authored by well know male Christian saints, women were judged to be deficient as human beings. This deficient nature was even attributed to God's plan for creation, because the criterion for 'humanness' was drawn exclusively from male experience. Simon de Beauvior has given a title for his book as 'second sex', meant for women. Fiorenza says "western language and patriarchal religion have 'erased' women from history and made them 'non-beings'[2]. Feminists proclaim that they can not afford such a historical or anti-historical stance because it is the power of oppression that deprives people of their history.
The major formative factor of feminism in the church is the patriarchalised hermeneutics of the Bible by the church. In the OT text the patriarchal domination is crystal clear. E.g. Religious observance such as sign of covenant, circumcision etc. are preserved only for male. Also certain passages make women submissive to male authority without any recourse. For example Lot offered his daughters to the men of Sodom to protect a male guest (Gen.19:8); Jephthah sacrificed his daughter to remain faithful to a foolish vow (Jud.11:29-40).[3] The feminists uncovered this inferiority and subordination of women in scripture and than they build new hermeneutics in order to reinterpret the scripture and bring at the biblical message with clarity and purity without the traditional andocentric bias.
The church had taught that the female subordination to mail was a punishment to women because Eve had sinned first and led Adam astray in the Garden of Eden.[4] The church developed a two-nature anthropology in which the patriarchal influence was dominated. For example, men saints are identified as Apostles, Deacons, Priests, Bishops, Fathers etc…, while women saints find their identity in being virgins, Martyrs and widows.[5] The words of a famous ancient teacher Thomas Aquinas also reveal this sort of two- nature anthropology in the churchy. He said "male is the norm and women are defective male".[6] St. John Chrysostom says that the women taught once, and ruined all. On this account let her not teach…the whole female race transgressed. Another man St.Augustine is of the opinion that, the woman together with her own husband is the image of God, apart from man, if she alone is taken; she is not the image of God.[7] Another famous figure Terulllian is more offensive in his language. He says, "And do you know that you are Eve? God's sentence hangs still over all your sex and his punishment weighs down upon you. You are the devil's gateway… with what ease you shattered that image of God": man! Became of the death you merited the son of God had to die".[8]
Even the Indian society's perspective on women was rigid and we can see the male dominance in all the realm of life. For example, in Tamil Nadu the term, aan vazhi samudayam' is often used, which means "society according to the ways of men". But feminists interchange a term as "penu vazhi sammudayam" meaning "society according to the way of women".[9]
Different Types of Feminism
First Wave Feminism:
The feminist movement of the mid-nineteenth century was in Western Europe and North America. The major significant event was the women's rights convention held in Seneca Falls, New York, in 1848. This was for legal and economic equality of women with men continued until women gained the right to vote. Only on 1893 CE women were got the permission to vote, and the country was New Zealand. Before time they were not allowed to vote. In 1830's women of US began to lift up their voice to challenge their inferior status in the entire social life. In US women got 'the right to vote' only in 1920.Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902), Lucretia Mott (1793- 1880) &Susan B. Antony (1820-1906) were prominent figures of this period.
Second Wave Feminism
It is traceable to the adoption by the united Nations in 1967 of the "declaration of the Elimination of Discrimination against Women". In US its beginnings are closely associated with Euro-American women's advocacy for equal rights in conjunction with the civil rights movement of the 1960's and early 1970's. The significant theological work of this period was Mary Daly's "The Church and the Second Sex" (1968). In this context certain feminist perspectives such as liberal feminism; cultural feminism; radical feminism and socialist feminism were emerged.
1. Liberal Feminism: Emphasizes civil rights, interprets the right to privacy to include the right of women to freely make decisions about their own sexual and reproductive health.[10]It seeks the full equality of women with men in all facts of social life, especially economic and political life. This means the access to educational and professional opportunities, self determination in marriage and reproduction and equal pay for equal work.
2. Radical Feminism: Emphasizes the pervasiveness of male domination which is the cause of all societal problems, and the importance of "women-centered culture", characterized by nurture, closeness to nature and compassion.[11] It seeks to eliminate patriarchy in order to liberate women from male control in every facet of life, including family life. It believes that the oppression of women is the most significant oppression, rater than of race or class. It is some times developed by lesbian women.[12]
3. Cultural Feminism: It is also called "romantic feminism" and "reform feminism". It emphasizes the moral superiority of women over men and the values, traditionally associated with women, such as compassion, nurturance, and peacemaking.[13] It seeks the betterment of society by stressing the contributions made by women. Cultural feminism strikes at the root of the predominantly masculine culture and values.
4. Socialist Feminism: Emphasizes white male dominance in the economic class struggle of capitalist societies. Reason for this dominance is the division of labor according to sex and race and the devaluing of women's work, e.g. the work of raising children. It is concerned with economic independence for women.
Third Wave Feminism:
In the late 1970's a new developmental in feminism arose one that draw attention to differences in race and social class of women. Historians of feminism called it as third wave of feminism. In second wave feminism white women were creating the theology and methodology by their context and experience and they universalized their experience and thus they ignored the "women of colour; the third wave feminism goes beyond to the former, this movement is concerned not simply with the social, political and economical equality of women with men but with a fundamental re-imagination of the whole of humanity in relation to the whole of reality, including non-human creation". It has a deep and wide agenda. Eco-feminism is the new perspective which is the result of this.[14]
Eco-Feminism: Brings together a plurality of voices that connects the domination of women with exploitation of nonhuman nature, arguing that the two forms of domination (domination over women & nature) are intimately connected and mutually reinforcing.[15]Eco-feminists seek to bring to an end of all form of discrimination and exploitation, because no attempt to liberate women will be successful unless it is connected to the liberation of non-human nature.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton and the Women's Bible (1815-1902)
This served to highlight both the political conditions and hermeneutical implications of feminist biblical interpretation and the radical critical impact of feminist theology for the interpretative task. Elizabeth Cady Stanton (1815-1902), gives mainly two critical insights for a feminist theological hermeneutics in the "woman's Bible". They are:[16]
1) The Bible is not a "neutral" book, but a political weapon against women's struggle for liberation.
2) This is so because the Bible bears the imprint of men who never saw or talked with God.
Stanton explains why it is needed for a women's Bible as such? For feminist perspective, biblical history should be read as two great moments, they are creation and redemption, at which women and men were equal. Following each of these, however, women lost their equality with men and declined in status. She says, biblical text is androcentric and that men have put their stamp on biblical revelation. The Bible is not just interpreted from a male perspective rather it is manmade because it is written by men and is the expression of a patriarchal culture. She continues, feminist interpretation particularizes and relatevises the Bible even more by specifying that biblical language is 'male' language and that the cultural conditions and perspectives of the Bible are that of patriarchy. Furthermore she gives three arguments why a scholarly and feminist interpretation of the Bible is politically necessary? They are:[17]
i) Through out history and especially today the Bible is used to keep women in subjection and to hinder their emancipation.
ii) Women are also believes strongly that the Bible as word of God. And also they believe that the Bible has a numinous authority.
iii) No reform is possible one area of society if it is not advanced also in all other areas. One cannot reform the law and other cultural institutions without also reforming Biblical religion (theology) which claims the Bible as Holy Scripture. Since "all reforms are interdependent", a critical feminist interpretation is a necessary political endeavor, although it might not be opportune. If feminists think they can neglect the revision of the Bible because there are more pressing political issues, then they do not recognize the political impact of scripture up on the churches and society, and also upon the lives of women.
Elizabeth Schussler Fieorenza and Feminist Biblical Hermeneutics
Feminist biblical hermeneutics is the theory and art of interpretation in the interest of women's full humanity. Feminist theological hermeneutics requires detecting patriarchy and andocentric in biblical text, church teachings and their interpretations. Feminist biblical hermeneutics specifically focuses on 'women to make them 'the subject of interpretation' and 'the constructors of religious meaning'. Fiorenza's purpose for developing feminist hermeneutics is to enable women to engage in the critical construction of religious meaning from the stand point of women's experience, especially the experience of struggle against dehumanization & oppression [18]
In 20th century more complex and sophisticated types of feminist hermeneutics have developed. A famous feminist, Letty Russell, articulated salvation as liberation and blessing. According to Mary Daly, 'salvation' for women is freeing oneself from the misogynous chains of Christianity.[19]
Elizabeth Schussler Fieorenza is on the view that the Bible is androcentric. She argues that the invisible women should be written back into the biblical texts by using the methods developed by feminst historians, and thus lifting up and portraying the ways in which the bible empowers women.[20]
In 'God and the rhetoric of sexuality' Phyllis Trible argues like this in the exegesis of creation in Genesis. "Man(ish) does not come into beinguntill the creation of woman (ishah). Ha'adam, the earth creature who is undifferentiated becomes man and woman simultaneously. From ha'adam(one) come two (ish and ishah) and thaen we are told that the two become one flesh once more".[21]
Barbara J. Machaffe, in her book named "Her Story" explains like this, the Hebrew term 'ezer' which is translated 'helper' (Gen2:18) does not imply that the woman was in a way inferior to the man or the human creature. The term means a beneficial relationship between two parties in which one helps the other. For example, God is referred on helper of Israel but there is no sense of subordination. Woman comes from the rib of man is a fact, but it does not mean woman is inferior to man because man was inactive in the time of creation and God was the creator. God used rib as the material to create woman as the earth was used initially.[22]
The feminists use mainly three hermeneutical principles for their hermeneutics. They are:
Hermeneutics of Suspicion
A feminist "hermeneutics of Suspicion" is first and formost a consciousness-raising activity that requires one to take into account the influence of culturally determine gender roles and attitudes on Bible. It often includes systemic analysis that seeks to uncover its come in biblical society, church & academy. Its starting point is the assumption that patriarchy deeply affects biblical text and their interpretations in the Christian traditions. Therefore, they must be examined for their possible andocentric assumptions and positions. This includes how biblical text treats women in stories and laws, and neglect women's experiences completely. Therefore, hermeneutics of suspicion is concerned not only with what is said about women but also with the silences.
Hermeneutics of proclamation it challenges Christian theology and pastoral practice to publicly repent their preaching of unconditional love, which has colluded sexual, domestic, and political violence against women and children.[23] Feminist hermeneutics of proclamation insist that all texts identified as sexist patriarchal should not be retained in the lectionary and be proclaimed in Christian worship or catechesis. Those texts that are identified as transcending their patriarchal contexts and as articulating a liberating vision of human freedom and wholeness should receive their proper place in the liturgy and teaching of the church.[24]
Hermeneutics of Remembrance
It is another side of feminist interpretative method. Hermmmetics of suspicion is in service of a feminist hermeneutics of remembrance. A feminist hermeneutics proposed theoretical model for historical reconstructions that place women in the center of biblical comity and theology.[25] Feminist hermeneutics is not satisfied with unmasking patriarchy because it cause uman suffering. A hermmetics of remembrance reclaims the past suffering of women and of all person s past and present who struggle for human dignity. A hermeneutics of remembrance does not negate the dehumanizing effects of patriarchy on biblical history.[26]
Hermeneutics of Creative Actualization
It reclaims for the church of women the same imaginative freedom, popular creativity and ritual power. Women today not only rewrite biblical stories about women but also reformulate patriarchal prayers and create feminist rituals celebrating their ancestors.[27] A feminist hermeneutics of creative actualization is woman rediscover themselves in story and poetry in drama and liturgy, in song and dance their biblical foresistors' sufferings and victories.
Rosemary Radfor Ruether and God Talk in Bible
People experienced and understood God in different ways in various times and place. The language used to refer God has been predominantly masculine. So question arises: Is God male? Many people think "yes". This predominance of masculinity for God is because of the male dominance in the society. Thus feminists (not all) criticized and rejected this masculine God and embraced female God. For that they went beyond pre-Jewish &pre-Christian tradition they argued male God concept is fairly recent (4500-2800 BCE)[28] to develop religion of the Goddess. According to them this concept is common in matriarchal society. But for me it is not so because in Indian religion even there are goddesses the society in highly patriarchal and andocentric. In Rosemary Radfor Ruether's assessment Goddess theology is "historically inaccurate and ideologically distorted"[29] she adds "Mother" to "Father-God". "Mother' is less common address to God so she believes that language for God should be gender inclusive that is a parental God-language.
For Ruether, God is an "empowering matrix".[30] She chooses the word "matrix" deliberately however to make a point that she believes it is important. She understood God as having no gender difference but is encompassing source of life and renewal. Asian feminist theologians focus on God as "the source of life and the creative sustaining power of the universe".[31] For them God is a compassionate and loving God in the midst of problems and struggle. In OT we see God as spirit. The Heb. word used is 'ruah' which is a feminine noun.
Is God Male? This is a frequently asked question by feminists and they developed answer for this in their perspective from the Hebrew Bible. In the Hebrew Bible, God clothes the people in the desert (Neh 9:21) like a mother clothes her children. It has been pointed out that YHWH's quality of compassion, rachamim, is actually derived from the Hebrew word rechem and really means "movements of the Womb"[32]. The prophet of the exile, whose writings are included in the Book of Isaiah, refers to God as the one who has carried Israel "from the womb" (Isa.46:3-4) and who carries out like a woman in labour (Isa.42:14).[33] In OT the female qualities expressed in God's image are not sexual qualities like fertility but deeply cultural qualities which build the society.
Feminist Methodologies
Olivette Genest classifies ten types of feminist methodologies. They are given below[34]
1. Revisionist Interpretation: This includes works that distinguish negative texts and positive texts concerning women, male and female imagery of God, in order to check the century old strata of andocentric interpretation, which may result in a correct and well balanced understanding of the Biblical text.
2. Text and Translation: The translator work upon the grammatical gender, natural or biological gender, the inclusive language and discourse to be created, the choice of masculine or feminine variants in the different traditional manuscripts and materials, the option for a proper feminist version and the relationship to be maintained with the history of biblical times.
3. Imaginative Identification: This takes into account not only the female characters encountered in the Bible but also those whom it is legitimate to suppose are present in the narrative framework.
4. Women as Author and Bible Interpreters: This exegetical effort aims at recovering texts or portions of texts written by women and at telling the intellectual history of the interpretation of the Bible by women.
5. Historical Interpretation: This studies the women in Bible and their sisters in the contemporary milieu. These sources are approached through a hermeneutics of suspicion. They are to be accompanied by socio-critical studies of the daily lives of women and their divisions into social classes.
6. Socio-Cultural Reconstruction: The proponents of this view hold history as a story deliberately built, as the history of relationship and of struggle for power. Thus the feminist exegesis remarks that history is written from the view point of dominant class and it argues for a history taking into account analysis of women's experience valued as genuine scientific sources.
7. Ideological Inscription: Feminist literary studies have brought to light a complex ideological construct in these androcentric texts. In order to decode the ideology embedded in the Bible, some exegetes have recourse to a feminist rhetorical criticism. These studies seem to break the hold, which the androcentric sacred texts have over women.
8. Women as Subjects of Interpretation: There is a focus shift from the text to the female reader. The effort is to make all readers aware of the textual and socio-cultural situation of women and remove them from the auto-alienation generated by the reading of culturally masculine writings presented as normative.
9. The Present Socio-Political Location of Interpretation: This emphasizes the connection of the socio-political, the global-cultural, the diversified religious location and the socio-historical contexts of Biblical readings. It is this specifically female ethos, which must permeate scientific values and the commitments to the strategies of people for justice, self-determination and freedom.
10. A Critical Feminist Rhetorical Method: This is proposed by Fiorenza. She maintains her usual vision with its three components. They are: feminist studies, the movement of liberation in church & society and academic theological studies. This multi dimensional model comprises of: a) a textual analysis. B) An imaginary prolongation of what is not said. C) A historical and social contextual analysis. D) An explication of political implications and interests of the texts, of its ethical consequence in both its original sociopolitical situation and in the contemporary one. E) a placing of the text in the sociopolitical stetting of the scientific biblical research in universities, a research supposed to be rational, neutral, apolitical , value free with its notions of language reality.
[1] Anne M. Cliford, Introducing Feminist Theology (NY: Orbis Books, 2001), 17.
[2] Elizabeth Schussler Fiorenza, In Memory of Her (NY: The Cross road Pub. Co., 1985), 18.
[3] Phyllis Trible, "Feminist Hermeneutics and Biblical Studies" Feminist Theology: A Reader. Ann Loades ed., (London; SPCK, 1990), 24.
[4] Gerald Bray, Biblical Interpretation: Past and Present, Illinois: IVP, 1996. 521.
[5] Regina Coll, "Feminist Liberation Theology : Its part &future", The emerging Christian Woman (Pune: Ishavani, 1984) 22
[7] Pearl Dego, "The Feminist view Point", The Emerging…p.43.
[8] R.L.Hnui, "patriarchal Cultures & Traditions in the Bible", Feminist Hermeneutics ex.by L.Ralte & E.ARajkumanr, (Delhi: ISPCK, 2002), 81.
[9] Gabriele Deitrich, A New Thing on Earth (Delhi: ISPCK, 2001), 17.
[10] Anne M. Cliford, Introducing, 23.
[11] Ibid.,24.
[12] Helen Stanton, Christian Feminism: An Introduction (London: Longman &Todd Ltd., 1998), 6.
[14] Ibid ., 27
[15] Ibid., 28
[16] In Memory of Her., 7.
[17] Ibid.,11
[19] Regina Coll, Feminist Liberation, 21.
[20] Prasanna Kumar, Areader in Feminist Theology. (Madras: Gurukul Pub, 1993), 6.
[21] Gegina col, Feminist Lib Theology, 25.
[22] Barbara J. Machaffe, Her Story,12.
[23] Fioranza, Shring Her word (Edinburg: T&T Clerk, 1998), 153.
[24] Fioranza, Bread not Stone (Edinburg: T&T Clark, 1990), 19.
[26] Anne M.Cliff, 56
[27] Fiorenza, "Bred not.." Op.cit .,21.
[28] Anne Op.cit., 93.
[30] Anne., Op.cait., 92.
[31] Kwok Pui-lan, Introducing Asian Feminist Theology (Sheffeild; Sheffield Accademic Press, 2000), 69.
[32]Ibid., 60.
[33] Barbara J. Machaffe, Her Story (Philadelphia; Fortress Press, 1986), 11.
[34] Olivette Genest, "Feminist Tehories in the Interpretation of the Bible", Women also Journeyed with Him ( Minnesota: The liturgical Press, 2000), 30-32.
[35] Regina Coll, The emerging, 21.
[36] Gerald Bray, Biblical Interpretation. 520.
Gerald Bray, Biblical Interpretation: Past and Present, (Illinois: IVP, 1996
Anne M. Cliford, Introducing Feminist Theology (NY: Orbis Books, 2001
Elizabeth Schussler Fiorenza, In Memory of Her (NY: The Cross road Pub. Co., 1985
Phyllis Trible, "Feminist Hermeneutics and Biblical Studies" Feminist Theology: A Reader. Ann Loades ed., (London; SPCK, 1990
Regina Coll, "Feminist Liberation Theology : Its part &future", The emerging Christian Woman (Pune: Ishavani, 1984
Pearl Dego, "The Feminist view Point", The Emerging…
R.L.Hnui, "patriarchal Cultures & Traditions in the Bible", Feminist Hermeneutics ex.by L.Ralte & E.ARajkumanr, (Delhi: ISPCK, 2002
Prasannal Kumari, A reader in Feminist Theology (Madras: Gurukul Pub.,1993
Helen Stanton, Christian Feminism: An Introduction (London: Longman &Todd Ltd., 1998
Gegina col, Feminist Lib Theology
Fioranza, Shring Her word (Edinburg: T&T Clerk, 1998
Fioranza, Bread not Stone (Edinburg: T&T Clark, 1990
Gabriele Deitrich, A New Thing on Earth (Delhi: ISPCK, 2001
Barbara J. Machaffe, Her Story (Philadelphia; Fortress Press, 1986
Kwok Pui-lan, Introducing Asian Feminist Theology (Sheffeild; Sheffield Accademic Press, 2000
Olivette Genest, "Feminist Tehories in the Interpretation of the Bible", Women also Journeyed with Him ( Minnesota: The liturgical Press, 2000
Labels: IS FEMINIST CRITICISM RELEVANT IN BIBLICAL HERMENEUTICS ?
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MY YOU TUBE LINK
I am Salu Adoor (Salu Yohannan) - Researcher, Writer, Motivational Speaker and a Purpose driven Pastor. Thank you for becoming a part of my world and taking a break from the tensions of life to experience something new. Though, I intend to focus on something different, every now and then I would like to share some of my thoughts and experiences. Hopefully, for some, they can be an inspiration and guidance to reach their exact destination. Take the weight off of your feet for a while and find something blissful about your day. I am so grateful for the support from visitors to my blog. Comments always appreciated. Enjoy!!!!!!
PAUL'S SOLUTIONS TO CORINTHIAN ISSUES
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COULD PAUL BE ABLE TO SOLVE THE ISSUES IN THE CORINTHIAN COMMUNITY ?
IS FEMINIST CRITICISM RELEVANT IN BIBLICAL HERMENEUTICS ?
IS FORM CRITICISM ESSENTIAL IN THE NEW TESTAMENT SCHOLARSHIP?
JACQUES DERRIDA AND POSTMODERNISM
NARRATIVE CRITICISM
Rhetorical Criticism
SOCIAL-SCIENTIFIC CRITICSM
SOCIAL-SCIENTIFIC CRITICISM


HE'S acted in numerous theatre productions and TV shows, but South Africa first started to take notice of him in the early '90s when he played Mhlongo on the popular SABC 1 drama Hlala Kwabafileyo.
Then in 1998 he got a part on a promising new soapie and now, 15 years later, he's still playing that part and is a household name as a result.
Veteran actor Don Mlangeni Nawa (53) is best known for his role as Zebedee Matabane, a traditional family man and patriarch on SABC 3's Isidingo: The Need. Don has been playing Zeb since the show's first episode in July 1998 and has no plans to leave any time soon.
"I'm comfortable on Isidingo because it offers me stability as, unfortunately, there's no pension in the showbiz industry," Don laughs.
Without divulging any facts he hints that his storyline is about to heat up over the coming weeks and fans will be kept glued to their seats.
Don has brought two of his biggest fans to the DRUM shoot. The father of five introduces us to his two youngest children – his daughter Alwande (13) and son Olubanzi (9).


text:
Mustafa Fetouri
What role is Saif Al Islam likely to play in Libya?
Mustafa Fetouri explains why some Libyans, who have suffered for the last six years now, see Saif Al Islam as the future
Saif Al Islam Qaddafi does not want to leave Libya and securing him inside the country is not an easy task given the chaos and lack of security that persists. They declined to disclose his whereabouts, citing concerns over his safety. Ammar El Darwish / AP Photo
The announcement that Saif Al Islam, the second son of Muammar Qaddafi, is out of jail came as no surprise to me nor to those who have been following the political twists in chaotic Libya.
In fact, he was released, however partially, in April 2016 when his lawyer Karim Khan confirmed that he had been freed from jail but would be staying in Zintan with little restriction on his movements.
From last April onwards he was free to meet people, receive whoever he wanted, and contact almost any person anywhere, including his mother and sister abroad. One of his relatives and regular visitors told me last year that "his freedom is only a matter of time".
Saif Al Islam does not want to leave Libya and securing him inside the country is not an easy task given the chaos and lack of security that persists.
So the announcement only confirmed to his supporters that he is a free man. The Abu Bakr Al Siddiq Battalion, which has been in charge of guarding him while in jail, also offered a written statement.
Neither the battalion nor the lawyer revealed where the free young Qaddafi is now, but he is likely to stay in one of three cities that have been strong supporters of him and his father: they are Bani Walid in the north-east, where he spent nearly a month in the final days of the war of 2011, Brak Al Shati in the in the south-west, or Sebha in the south. Bani Walid is one of the most secure cities in Libya and almost entirely self-governing away from the chaos associated with armed militias.
Regardless of where he will stay, the important question is what role he is likely to play in the war-ravaged country.
He still commands respect and support among large groups of Libyans, particularly those who supported his father in the civil war in 2011, most notably among people in Bani Walid, Sebha, Tarhouna and many other places.
This explains the celebrations that erupted right after news of his release spread. His own tribe is a long time ally of Warfalla, Libya's largest.
In terms of tribal structure, he is positioned to be the most preferred representative of the victims of those who have been killed, displaced and imprisoned since 2011.
In the cultural tribal setting this is known as "next of kin" whereby the person representing such people has the consent of all tribes represented to forgive crimes and to help national reconciliation.
Given the fact that the UN-brokered Government of National Accord has failed to make any tangible progress in terms of security, stability and economic well-being, Saif Al Islam becomes something of a credible alternative.
While he was very influential in his father's government, he never had an official role. This makes it hard to convict him of the crimes he is being accused of committing in Libya during the 2011 protests.
Even the legal hurdles he still faces with the International Criminal Court should not present a major problem since Libya is not party to the court and it is not obliged to cooperate with it. If on the other hand his role is deemed as important and constructive to the country, one suspects the ICC case would melt away.
In fact, his defence team is already talking to the ICC to reach a compromise in which the charges against him will be dropped at the international level and left to the national Libyan justice system to deal with him.
Whatever the shifting political sands of Libya will reveal, there is no doubt that this new player has entered the scene with significant public support.
However hard it is to reconcile this statement, some Libyans, who have suffered for the last six years now, see him as the future.
Mustafa Fetouri is a Libyan academic and journalist
Updated: June 14, 2017 04:00 AM


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In 1995, Susanne and Felix Puello founded the brand Haibike. Susanne is the CEO of Winora Group and great-granddaughter to the company founder, Engelbert Wiener. In the beginning these sporty bikes were still offered under the name of our parent brand Winora, but soon became Haibike. Over the next 15 years, the brand developed new models and further advanced, both visually and technically.
The forefather of all eMTBs, the Haibike eQ XDURO, is presented at Eurobike. The response is great right from the start: Never before has a manufacturer created a truly off-road suitable eMTB. Haibike's turned motor concept and the initial design will be copied multiple times in the future. The initial range consists of four models (Fully, Hardtail, Cross and Trekking). The demand exceeds the supply and the XDUROs sell out quickly. This is a turning point in our history.
Haibike is using a special production process for the very first XDURO: Gravity Casting. This casting process originated from the motorcycle industry and makes it possible to produce complex components that are extremely stable and precise, but yet very lightweight. This technology is mainly used for our "interface," also known as the engine mount. This is the heart of the frame, where technical functions work together. This technology is used by more and more competitors later on.
Haibike gains a prominent ambassador: the well-known and talented German mountain biker, Sabine Spitz, will ride Haibikes. Sabine successfully competes in the world elite with the new Haibike ProTeam for the next four years. The Sabine Spitz Haibike ProTeam is one of the UCI-Top 3 Teams for a long time.
In her first year with Haibike, Sabine Spitz wins Olympic Silver in London - despite crashing on a steep section of the course.
German national Maximilian Semsch circles around the Australian continent with his XDURO Trekking. The "Around OZ" tour is the first of its kind, covering nearly 10,000 miles, and making it the longest tour in the history of the modern eBike. Maximilian is riding a standard XDURO Trekking, which doesn't show any damage other than two broken spokes, even under extreme conditions and 18lbs of luggage.
The product range is growing to 17 models. Including the first AllMountain eBike, that will set the future trend of longstroke eBikes with its 150mm suspension travel. Haibike presents a fast 45km/h eBike, the XDURO Trekking S, for the first time. The name affix "eQ" is dropped, the name "XDURO", which is a portmanteu word comprising the words X-Cross & Enduro, becomes the sole model name.
High-ranking visitor at Eurobike: Angela Merkel, the German Federal Chancellor, visits the Haibike booth and asks Susanne and Felix Puello to explain to her the highlights of the brand.
Haibike presents a completely new product range at Eurobike. With 37 models the message is clear: Haibike is committed to ePerformance. There are many technical changes as well: a new drive unit and a completely new aluminum frame take XDURO to a new level. Haibike also debuts more important design features: the double bent top tube, the SkidPlate, and the slanted suspension duct.
A small but important component: the SkidPlate. Made of impact-resistant plastic it protects the motor from damage and scuffs. Haibike is the first manufacturer worldwide to introduce this component with the XDURO² line. Unlike the first XDURO, where the motor was turned toward the inside of the frame, the new motor is mounted underneath the frame and would be unprotected. More and more brands integrate the SkidPlate after that, which slowly became character-defining for sporty eMTBs.
Also introduced this year is another eBike that will change the market: the XDURO Nduro. With 180mm travel it opens up the young sport to completely new terrain and riders.
For the first time Haibike presents fast and pure road models and transfers its performance focus of the XDURO offroad models to the road. The result is the XDURO Race: the first large-scale production eRunner and the Superrace, a fast Flatbar Runner.
A new sport needs a new name—Haibike introduces the term "ePerformance." An abbreviation for "electric performance": the combination of pure human (physical) performance and electric support. Even though "ePerformance" is similar to the term "eBike" it consciously distances itself and sets the main focus on performance to emphasize the basic idea of ePerformance: sporty, performance-oriented eBiking.
The XDURO gets a brother: the Haibike SDURO. The new line features a new YAMAHA drive unit, which is exclusively introduced through Haibike. The SDURO becomes an instant success thanks to its handling characteristics, reliability and the price-performance ratio. The SDURO HardNine SL is voted the most popular eBike in the German bicycle market in its first year. The YAMAHA PW drive unit is voted second most important by retailers.
Haibike is the first manufacturer to utilize the electronics to control suspension and introduces two SDURO models with electronic suspension control. With this new innovation Haibike opens the door to a new world of electronic assist systems.
One day after its reveal in Schweinfurt, the SDURO wins the title in the inaugural German eMTB championship in Bad Säckingen. The 17 year-old Max Brandle wins the championship with a one minute lead ahead of the runner-up.
At Eurobike 2014 Haibike introduces many new highlights: most notably the first Carbon-eFully with center drive. Three models mark the beginning of the carbon era in the eBike market and once again confirm Haibike is the pioneer. The eFatbike "FatSix" is also introduced.
A first in history: Haibike is presented one of the most renowned international design awards, the iF Award, five times. This includes three ePerformance and two Performance bikes. This is the first time a single manufacturer wins so many awards at one time.
In the annual poll for "Mountain Bike of the Year," by MountainBike magazine, the Haibike XDURO Nduro Pro is voted second place by readers. As the only eMTB in the running, the readers send a strong signal for ePerformance and surprise the entire industry.
Haibike integrates the Bosch system components into the frame decreasing the optical size of the motor by 38%. The battery is formally and technically integrated as well. Haibike strives for a concept of "visible integration": all character defining components are optically integrated, but stay visible as shaping features.
Guido is one of the most famous German mountain bikers. He is a four-time German champion in Dual, six-time German champion in 4Cross, a world championship bronze winner, and the only German to participate at the legendary RedBull Rampage – twice. The likeable Guido Tschugg from the German Allgäu region is the first active professional to switch onto an eMTB and he changes the perception of ePerformance.
Once again Haibike raises the bar and expands our successful line of longstroke eBikes. With the new XDURO Dwnhll PRO, Haibike presents a downhill bike with a high-performance drive unit that makes the impossible possible: a genuine downhill bike that goes uphill just as well without a lift or shuttle—breaking the limits and creating an unknown range of use. The Dwnhll is a great success from the start. Based on the regular series bikes a Guido Tschugg limited edition is also introduced.
An Australian couple quits their jobs, sells their house, and leaves for Europe to set a new long distance world record on eBikes. German national Max Semsch set the previous record on his "Around-Oz" tour on a Haibike. The two Australians discover their passion for eBiking and keep on riding. Haibike follows their journey and declares them Haibike heroes. Because they are!
Haibike goes digital and connects eMTBs through eConnect, opening doors to a new digital era. eConnect is a small device that is integrated into the eBike and sends and receives data. This offers functions like GPS based theft control, bike localization, a riding log, and exporting rides possible. All of your riding information can be viewed and managed on a special smart phone application. Haibike paves the way for smart ePerformance bikes.
Another pro switches to Haibike: German national Andi Wittman is one of the world's best dirt bikers, who currently holds the world record in high jump, organizes bike events, and is so fit he wants to get into the Enduro race scene. After a horrible crash, Andi can no longer compete professionally, but during his tough fight back onto the bike he discovers eBikes.
Another step toward integration: Haibike develops a new stem designed around the display for its European customers. The display is seamlessly integrated into the stem and protected from damage.
The Modular Rail System (MRS) makes it possible to mount different components easily and quickly on the bike. The upper side of the down tube features an integrated mounting rail on which you can freely decide where to mount for example bottles or bags. Our new InTube Battery Concept (IBC) offers a new level of integration, aesthetic beauty and functionality. It is offered for a wider range of our products.
The British Freeride champion Sam Pilgrim now also counts on ePerformance and will use the full potential of the XDURO line in order to redefine the limits of eMountainbikes. With his custom-made Haibike Jump Bike, Pilgrim will attend several events of the FMB World Tour. On his social media plattforms, where he has over 500,000 followers up to now, he will demonstrate 'what's possible on an ebike with new tricks and big jumps' with adrenalin-fuelled videos.


Capillary breather tubes are a pressure regulation device that allows the pressure inside an insulated glass unit to be equalised with atmospheric pressure. The breather tubes are developed for IG units that are exposed to continuous pressure changes as a result of variations in barometric pressure, altitude, or temperature.
Capillary breather tubes should be used if there is a difference of 610m in elevation between the final destination of the double glazed unit and where the unit is manufactured OR if the transport of the unit will result in a change of elevation over 1220m.
Typically one capillary tube is installed in an IG unit by sliding the capillary tube alongside a corner key into a spacer, or by inserting the capillary tube through a hole punched in the spacer. Sealant is then applied around the capillary tube, and typically the entire unit.


A stadium is a place or venue for (mostly) outdoor sports, concerts, or other events and consists of a field or stage either partly or completely surrounded by a tiered structure designed to allow spectators to stand or sit and view the event.
Owlerton is a suburb of the city of Sheffield, it lies 2.2 miles (3.5 km) northwest of the city centre near the confluence of the River Don and River Loxley. Owlerton was formerly a small rural village with its origins in the Early Middle Ages; it became part of Sheffield in the early 1900s as the city expanded. Owlerton stands just east of the adjacent suburb of Hillsborough and the division between the two districts is difficult to delineate. The suburb falls within the Hillsborough ward of the city. This is further complicated by the fact that certain buildings such as Hillsborough Stadium, Hillsborough Leisure Centre and Hillsborough College lie firmly within Owlerton. The name Owlerton is believed to come from the abundant growth of alder trees in the area.
Although the ground has received little investment since it was built in 1899 it is still regarded as "a beautiful ground oozing character."  It has two large two-tiered stands and two large single-tiered stands, all of them covered. All four stands are of a similar capacity with the South Stand being the largest and the West Stand, usually housing the away supporters, the smallest.
The Hillsborough disaster was a fatal crush of people during an FA Cup semi-final football match between Liverpool and Nottingham Forest at Hillsborough Stadium in Sheffield, England, on 15 April 1989. With 96 fatalities and 766 injuries, it remains the worst disaster in British sporting history. The crush occurred in the two standing-only central pens in the Leppings Lane stand, allocated to Liverpool supporters. Shortly before kick-off, in an attempt to ease overcrowding outside the entrance turnstiles, the police match commander, chief superintendent David Duckenfield, ordered exit gate C to be opened, leading to an influx of even more supporters to the already overcrowded central pens.
The FA Cup, also known officially as The Football Association Challenge Cup, is an annual knockout football competition in men's domestic English football. First played during the 1871–72 season, it is the oldest national football competition in the world. It is organised by and named after The Football Association. For sponsorship reasons, from 2015 through to 2019 it is also known as The Emirates FA Cup. A concurrent women's tournament is also held, the FA Women's Cup.
Plans by the club to renovate the stadium and expand the capacity to 44,825 have been approved by Sheffield City Council with the aim of hosting World Cup matches. The playing surface was upgraded in 2015 to the Desso GrassMaster system,  also including a complete replacement of the under-soil heating and drainage systems, while the scoreboard was replaced by a modern 'big screen' prior to the 2015–16 season. The stadium previously played host to World Cup and European Championship football in 1966 and 1996 respectively.
Under-soil heating is a method used in various sports stadia which heats the underside of the pitch to avoid any elements from bad weather, such as snow and ice, from building up and ultimately helps the club avoid having to postpone any matches.
The FIFA World Cup, often simply called the World Cup, is an international association football competition contested by the senior men's national teams of the members of the Fédération Internationale de Football Association (FIFA), the sport's global governing body. The championship has been awarded every four years since the inaugural tournament in 1930, except in 1942 and 1946 when it was not held because of the Second World War. The current champion is France, which won its second title at the 2018 tournament in Russia.
During the 1898–99 season Sheffield Wednesday were told that the land rented at Olive Grove would be needed for railway expansions.  They were allowed to remain there for the rest of that season but had to find a new ground for the next season. Several locations were considered but fell through for various reasons. An alternative was offered by the Midland Railway Company but it did not meet the requirements of the club.
The 1898–99 season was the 28th season of competitive football in England.
The Midland Railway (MR) was a railway company in the United Kingdom from 1844 to 1922, when it became part of the London, Midland and Scottish Railway. It had a large network of lines managed from its headquarters in Derby. It became the third-largest railway undertaking in the British Isles.
The ground was known as the Owlerton Stadium until 1914, when it was renamed Hillsborough to coincide with a series of ground improvements. The ground took its new name from the newly created parliamentary constituency.  The ground proved to be lucky for Wednesday with the first 8 years proving to be their most successful so far. They included their first league wins in the 1902–03 and 1903–04. This was followed by a second FA Cup in 1907.
The first FA Cup semi-final to be held at the stadium was a replay between West Bromwich Albion and Blackburn Rovers on 3 April 1912.  A crowd of 20,050 saw an extra time goal give West Brom the win. This was followed by its first international on 10 April 1920.  A match between England and Scotland was watched by 25,536. The game ended with England winning 5–4. The following two seasons saw Hillsborough host two more FA Cup semi-finals, both between Preston North End and Tottenham Hotspur.  The crowds for these matches were 43,320 and 49,282 respectively. The highest ever attendance was 72,841 on 17 February 1934 for an FA Cup 5th-round game against Manchester City.
After the end of the 1912–13 season a record profit was announced by the club.  The money was invested in a replacement for the Olive Grove stand on the south side of the stadium. The banking on the Spion Kop was also increased in size. The new south stand was completed in time for the first round of the FA Cup on 1 October 1913 against Notts County. It cost £18,000 and included 5,600 seats plus terracing at the front. New offices, dressing rooms, refreshment rooms and a billiard room were also part of the new stand. The second round tie went to a replay on 4 February 1914, which was held in front of a record home crowd of 43,000.  However the match was remembered for the collapse of the new retaining wall at the Penistone Road end. It caused 70 injuries and caused the match to be suspended while the casualties were taken to the infirmary.
Demolition of the North Stand began in 1960 and work began on a new £150,000 stand.  The new stand, designed by local firm Husband & Co, was 360 feet (110 m) in length. It was only the second stand in the country, after one at Scunthorpe United's Old Showground, to be built with a cantilever roof and the first to run the full length of the pitch.  It was opened on 23 August 1961 by Stanley Rous, secretary of the Football Association. The 10,008 capacity all-seater stand almost doubled the seating capacity of Hillsborough from 9,000 to 16,000.
On 25 June 2007, the River Don burst its banks during a period of severe weather in the area and the whole ground was flooded with several feet of water.  Changing rooms, restaurants and kitchens, offices and superstore were all affected, with repairs costing millions of pounds.  The clean-up effort took months, although Sheffield Wednesday fixtures were only slightly affected as the floods occurred in the close season.  A memorial to the floods was unveiled on 25 June 2008 under the South Stand.
After the Hillsborough disaster in 1989 the lower tier terrace was closed for two years and its fencing covered with blue tarp  for the remainder of the 1988–89 season. The terrace remained out of use for 1989–90,  and its fences were removed entirely prior to the 1990–91 season. The terrace was converted to 2,294 seats and re-opened in time for the 1991–92 season.  The North West Corner was the last section of the stand to be made all seated, adding another 1,337 seats to the structure. The old wooden seats in the upper tier were replaced with bigger plastic ones in 1997. During the 2012–13 season the first row of seats were removed from the lower tier, after an incident involving Leeds United supporters when a minor pitch invasion took place. In the summer of 2013 small gates were installed at the front of the gangways in order to keep fans at bay.
After the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, the stand's blue fences were at first retained. However, for the 1989–90 season, the gates allowing egress to the pitch were painted white and kept open throughout all matches, including the Steel City derby on 21 November 1989.  The Kop was the last part of the Wednesday ground to be converted to all-seater accommodation, the change finally coming in 1993 to comply with new FA Premier League regulations following the Taylor Report. The capacity was hence halved, but the Kop remains one of the largest single tier stands in Britain. A large concourse area was added in 2004, partially funded by the Owls Trust.
The North West Corner, or North West terrace as it is sometimes still referred to as, despite now being all seated is the only major section of the stadium to remain uncovered (the other area is the Kop Corner). The original North West Terrace was built between 1919 and 1920 to adjoin both the North Stand and West Stand, but was demolished in early 1965 and replaced in mid 1966, in time for the 1966 World Cup. The terrace was not in use for two years, and seats were installed in 1991 along with the Leppings Lane terrace. The stand failed to gain a safety certificate for the 2007–08 season.  In recent years it had only been used as overspill for away fans when both the upper and lower tiers of the West Stand have been filled, however in the 2011–12 season, with Wednesday needing to better or match the result of their neighbours to gain promotion on the final day of the season, the Corner was opened to visiting Wycombe Wanderers fans, with the West Stand used by home supporters. Whilst not being used for seating, the Corner has recently been used as extra advertising space, with advertising boards on the back wall, and more recently a large 'My Sheffield Jobs' seat covering appearing alongside their sponsorship of the North Stand. It is sponsored by Handley Brown. This corner is to be roofed, under the Hillsborough stadium Upgrade plans, yet no work has yet been done, due to owners of the nearby terraces complaining. This corner is commonly nicknamed the 'Crows Nest' by Wednesdayites.The corner is still unable to gain a safety certificate and remains unused by fans. Television company Sky use the corner for their temporary studios and technical area for televised games.
The stadium is located in the north west of the city roughly three miles from the city centre.  The area is mainly residential with a number of shops and a shopping centre located at nearby Hillsborough Corner. Views of the area can be enjoyed from hills located to the west.
Sheffield Wednesday Football Club is a professional association football club based in Sheffield, England. The team competes in the Championship, the second tier of the English football league system. Formed as an offshoot of The Wednesday Cricket Club in 1867, they went by the name of The Wednesday Football Club until changing to their current name in 1929.
Valley Parade, also known as the Northern Commercials Stadium through sponsorship rights, is an all-seater football stadium in Bradford, West Yorkshire, England. It was built in 1886, and was the home of Manningham Rugby Football Club until 1903, when they changed code from rugby football to association football and became Bradford City. It has been Bradford City's home since, although it is now owned by former chairman Gordon Gibb's pension fund. It has also been home to Bradford for one season, and Bradford Bulls rugby league side for two seasons, as well as host to a number of England youth team fixtures.
Elland Road is a football stadium in Leeds, West Yorkshire, England, which has been the home of Leeds United FC since the club's formation in 1919. The stadium is the 13th largest football stadium in England, and the fourth largest outside the Premier League.
Deepdale is a football stadium in the Deepdale area of Preston, England, the home of Preston North End F.C.
Bramall Lane is a football stadium in Sheffield, South Yorkshire, England. It is the home of Sheffield United. As the largest stadium in Sheffield during the 19th century it hosted most of the city's most significant matches including the final of the world's first football tournament, first floodlit match and several matches between the Sheffield and London Football Associations that led to the unification of their respective rules. It was also used by Sheffield Wednesday and Sheffield F.C. for major matches. It has been the home of Sheffield United since the club's establishment in 1889. It is the oldest major stadium in the world still to be hosting professional association football matches. Mansfield Town's Field Mill ground is the only stadium currently hosting professional football that is older than Bramall Lane.
Spion Kop is a colloquial name or term for a number of single tier terraces and stands at sports stadiums, particularly in the United Kingdom.
National Football Stadium at Windsor Park is a football stadium in Belfast, Northern Ireland. It is the home ground of Linfield FC and tenants Northern Ireland national football team, and is also where the Irish Cup final is played.
Bloomfield Road is a football stadium in Blackpool, Lancashire, England, which has been the home of Blackpool F.C. since 1901.
Gigg Lane is an all-seater football stadium in Bury, Greater Manchester. One of the world's oldest professional football stadiums, it was built for Bury F.C. in 1885 and has been their home ever since. Currently, the ground is officially known for sponsorship reasons as the Energy Check Stadium but it will soon be renamed the Planet-U Energy Stadium following a deal signed by the club with Leeds-based Planet-U Energy on 19 February 2019.
An all-seater stadium is a sports stadium in which every spectator has a seat. This is commonplace in professional association football stadiums in nations such as the United Kingdom, Spain, and the Netherlands. Most association football and American football stadiums in the United States and Canadian Football League stadiums in Canada are all-seaters, as are most baseball and track and field stadiums in those countries. A stadium that is not an all-seater has areas for attendees holding standing-room only tickets to stand and view the proceedings. Such standing areas were known as terraces in Britain. Stands with only terraces used to dominate the football attendance in the UK. For instance, the South Bank Stand behind the southern goal at Molineux Stadium, Wolverhampton, home of Wolverhampton Wanderers F.C., had a maximum of 32,000 standing attenders, while the rest of the stadium hosted a little bit less than that.
Blundell Park is a football ground in Cleethorpes, North East Lincolnshire, England and home to Grimsby Town Football Club. The stadium was built in 1899, but only one of the original stands remains. The current capacity of the ground is 9,052, after being made all-seater in summer 1995, reducing the number from around 27,000. Several relegations in previous years meant the expansion seating was also taken away; that reduced the capacity further from around 12,000 to what it is now.
The County Ground is a stadium located near the town centre of Swindon, England, and has been home to Swindon Town Football Club since 1896. The current capacity of 15,728, all-seated, has been at that level since the mid-1990s. A record attendance of 32,000 was set on 15 January 1972, against Arsenal in the 3rd round of the FA Cup. North of the football stadium is Swindon Cricket Club, with their pitch is also named The County Ground which was used for the football club from 1893 till 1896.
Oakwell is a multi-purpose sports development in Barnsley, South Yorkshire, England used primarily by Barnsley Football Club for playing their home fixtures, and those of their reserves.
Roots Hall is a football stadium located in Southend-on-Sea, Essex, England. The stadium is the home ground of the League One football club Southend United. With a capacity of 12,392 Roots Hall is the largest football stadium in Essex, and is the current venue for the final of the Essex Senior Cup. Plans are in place for a new 22,000 seat stadium at Fossetts Farm, though work has yet to begin on the new development.
Saltergate, officially the Recreation Ground, was the historic home of Chesterfield Football Club, and was in use from 1871 until the club's relocation in July 2010, a 139-year history that made it one of the oldest football grounds in England at the time of its closure. The name 'Saltergate' became predominant in popular usage from the 1920s.
Broadhall Way, known as the Lamex Stadium for sponsorship purposes, is an association football stadium in Stevenage, Hertfordshire. It has been the home ground of Stevenage since the early 1960s, and has a capacity of 6,722 people, including 3,142 seats.
Headingley Rugby Stadium,, shares the same site as Headingley Cricket Ground and is home to both Leeds Rhinos and Yorkshire Carnegie rugby teams. Headingley is also the 5th largest rugby league stadium in England.
1 2 "Hillsborough Stadium – About Hillsborough". Sheffield Wednesday Football Club. Archived from the original on 19 March 2015. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
↑ "Sheffield Wednesday". Football Ground Guide. Duncan Adams. Retrieved 27 January 2018.
↑ "Sheffield Wednesday: Work continues on Desso pitch". Sheffield Star . 26 May 2015.
↑ Young, Percy (1962). Football in Sheffield. S. Paul.
↑ Pybus, Sylvia (1905). Old Ordnance Survey Maps, Sheffield (Hillsborough) 1902 (Notes). Ordnance Survey. ISBN 1-84151-939-1.
↑ "The 'My Sheffield Jobs' North Stand". FL Interactive. Retrieved 14 February 2008.
1 2 Conn, David (19 September 2012). "Hillsborough families call for Sheffield Wednesday manslaughter inquiry". The Guardian. Guardian News and Media. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
↑ "Hillsborough report: Key findings". BBC News. BBC. 12 September 2012. Retrieved 19 September 2012.
1 2 "Owls get blues over flood damage". Daily Mail. Associated Newspapers. 3 August 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
↑ "Flood damage at Hillsborough". BBC Sheffield & South Yorkshire. BBC. 16 July 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2012.
↑ Pevsner & Radcliffe 1967, p. 465.
↑ "Sheffield Wednesday – The Official Review of Barclays League Division One 1988–89". YouTube. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
↑ "Hillsborough: Crowd Safety Measures:". Itnsource.com. 19 August 1989. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
↑ "Sheffield Wednesday – The Complete Story 1991–92 League Season". YouTube. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
↑ "Sheffield Wednesday – The Official Review of Barclays League Division 1 – 1989/90". YouTube. 21 November 1989. Retrieved 28 April 2014.
↑ "Directions To Hillsborough". SWFC.co.uk. Retrieved 12 September 2006.
↑ Wednesdayite website. Gives details of redevelopment.
1 2 3 4 "Club Records". SWFC.co.uk. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
↑ "Match report at Soccerbase". www.soccerbase.com. Retrieved 5 February 2008.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Hillsborough Stadium .


Bilişim Hukuku Günlüğü: Can You Crack The NSA's Top-Secret Crossword Puzzles?
Can You Crack The NSA's Top-Secret Crossword Puzzles?
The National Security Agency just released archive editions of its in-house magazine, Cryptolog. Check out the crosswords.
The National Security Agency has just released back issues of Cryptolog, the agency's in-house, formerly top-secret news magazine. In some of those issues, you'll find: cool '70s illustrations and doodles, crossword puzzles, and also [redacted], [redacted], and [redacted].
The quotation on the next page was taken from an article in an NSA publication. The first letters of the WORDS speII out the author's name and the title of the article.
So you're probably not familiar with the authors (unless you're really, really into reading NSA publications from this era), but you should be able to figure out the titles.


text:
Home › News › Viral
Depressed shelter dog who waited 400 days to be adopted given royal send-off
Queen was living at Great Plains SPCA in Kansas for so long that she slowly began to dip into depression, the shelter said.
(Great Plains SPCA)
By Megan Baynes, PA
A dog who spent more than a year waiting to be adopted was given a royal send-off when she set off for her new home.
https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/viral/depressed-shelter-dog-who-waited-400-days-to-be-adopted-given-royal-send-off-38535823.html
https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/viral/7a8e0/38535821.ece/AUTOCROP/h342/bpanews_63c32bcc-9a67-4474-8466-3010467fdcdc_1
She was at the shelter for more than 400 days and was constantly overlooked by potential owners.
So Scott Poore, who runs the company, Mission Driven, moved into her kennel to keep her company — and vowed not to move back out again until she had found her forever home.
A ROYAL SENDOFF fit for our very own �� Queen �� ❤ THANK YOU to Mission Driven and Scott Poore for all the help in...
Posted by Great Plains SPCA on Tuesday, September 24, 2019
Mr Poore spent seven days living in the kennel alongside Queen to raise awareness, even decorating his new space and taking her on day trips to get ice cream.
He shared videos of his time in the shelter on his Facebook account, encouraging people to share and find Queen a new home.
A week later, the three-year-old terrier mix was on her way to her new home, so the staff decided to give her a royal send-off.
The animal shelter said: "THANK YOU to Mission Driven and Scott Poore for all the help in finding Queen a forever family that is going to give her the royal treatment she deserves!
"Scott, we hope you don't have to move back in anytime soon, although you're always welcome!"
By Nilima Marshall, PA Science Reporter It is not just humans who are left- or right-handed.
More than 10,000 watch 10-metre high puppet parade through Glasgow
By Laura Paterson, PA Scotland More than 10,000 people gathered in Glasgow to watch a 10-metre high puppet parade through the city centre.
Lights from medical marijuana farm turn sky purple in Arizona town
By Emily Chudy, PA The sky in an area of Arizona in the US glowed bright purple as lights from a nearby medical marijuana farm reflected snow clouds in the area.
Snowball fight called off because of snow
By Alistair Mason, PA A planned snowball fight at a Canadian university had to be postponed – because there was too much snow.


Chorthippus parallelus, also known as Meadow grasshopper, is a common species of grasshopper found in costal, farmland, grassland, and heathland. Females grow to approximately 2cm and males grow to 1.5cm. Green forms are most common, but they also can be variable in color with brownish, purple-red, and pink. Both sexes are flightless.
My illustration depicts that three different habitats of meadow grasshopper. The work is done by mostly watercolor, and colored pencil is used to finalize it at the end.


What is the Flagstaff Trails Initiative?
Trails are part of what make Flagstaff what it is – a place that embraces its extraordinary setting on the Colorado Plateau. Trail providers, users, and other stakeholders have come together to make sure that the Flagstaff trail system is not just good, but incredible.
The purpose of the Flagstaff Trails Initiative (FTI) is to develop and implement a collaborative strategy for trails in and around Flagstaff. It seeks to improve the quality, connectivity and community support for a sustainable trail system that balances the demand for recreation with the community's vision for conservation, development, and health.
The FTI will include a mix of elements – like conceptual ideas for new connections, ways to support long-term maintenance improvements and strategies to protect environmental quality – that will make Flagstaff a better place to live and visit.
Anyone and everyone who cares about trails in Flagstaff can be involved in the FTI.
Founding partners for FTI include the City of Flagstaff, Coconino National Forest, Coconino County, Flagstaff Biking Organization, and the National Park Service. Other diverse organizations including the Coconino Trail Riders, Sierra Club, The Nature Conservancy and Arizona Trail Association have also joined the effort to make sure Flagstaff's recreational assets are everything they can be.
How much of the area around Flagstaff are we talking about?
This project will focus on non-motorized and motorized trails inside the boundary of the Flagstaff Metropolitan Planning Organization, which extends from Bellemont to the west, Winona to the east, Sunset Crater to the north and Mountainaire to the south. It includes trails managed by the City of Flagstaff, Coconino National Forest, National Park Service and Coconino County.
Why trails/why are we doing this?


RTsafe is a medical technology company that has developed a unique approach to quality assurance that significantly enhances the safety and accuracy of radiotherapy for cancer and other medical conditions. We combine proven expertise in medical physics with highly accurate 3D printing technology to create pseudo‐in‐vivo dosimetry phantoms towards End‐to‐End commissioning, benchmarking and patient‐specific quality assurance in SRS, IMRT, VMAT and SBRT applications. The anatomically accurate effigies enable medical professionals to plan more precise treatment interventions for each individual patient, and help radiotherapy technology innovators to fine‐tune their products. The result is more effective individualized therapy and reduced patient risk.