Many environmental factors have been independently associated with preterm birth (PTB). However, exposure is not isolated to a single environmental factor, but rather to many positive and negative factors that co-occur. The environmental quality index (EQI), a measure of cumulative environmental exposure across all US counties from 2000—2005, was used to investigate associations between ambient environment and PTB.
With 2000–2005 birth data from the National Center for Health Statistics for the United States (n = 24,483,348), we estimated the association between increasing quintiles of the EQI and county-level and individual-level PTB; we also considered environmental domain-specific (air, water, land, sociodemographic and built environment) and urban–rural stratifications.
Effect estimates for the relationship between environmental quality and PTB varied by domain and by urban–rural strata but were consistent across county- and individual-level analyses. The county-level prevalence difference (PD (95 % confidence interval) for the non-stratified EQI comparing the highest quintile (poorest environmental quality) to the lowest quintile (best environmental quality) was −0.0166 (−0.0198, −0.0134). The air and sociodemographic domains had the strongest associations with PTB; PDs were 0.0196 (0.0162, 0.0229) and −0.0262 (−0.0300, −0.0224) for the air and sociodemographic domain indices, respectively. Within the most urban strata, the PD for the sociodemographic domain index was 0.0256 (0.0205, 0.0307). Odds ratios (OR) for the individual-level analysis were congruent with PDs.
We observed both strong positive and negative associations between measures of broad environmental quality and preterm birth. Associations differed by rural–urban stratum and by the five environmental domains. Our study demonstrates the use of a large scale composite environment exposure metric with preterm birth, an important indicator of population health and shows potential for future research.
Preterm birth (PTB), defined as live birth occurring before 37 weeks of completed gestation, is a marker for fetal underdevelopment and a risk factor for poor health outcomes in both the short and long term, including: infant mortality, neurodevelopmental problems, and growth issues [1–4]. The United States (US) has a PTB/live birth rate of 12 %, ranking the 54th highest out of 184 counties with known preterm birth rates . The reduction of PTB is a national objective established by the Department of Health and Human Services and monitored through its Healthy People 2020 initiative . As such, PTB can be used as an indicator of population or national health .
While individual characteristics such as maternal age, parity, smoking status, and maternal educational status are well-established risk factors , the causal mechanisms for PTB remain unclear and are thought to be multi-faceted. In recent years, the literature investigating environmental factors across several environmental domains, including the air, water, land, built, and sociodemographic, and PTB has grown considerably. This is particularly true in the area of air pollution research, where PTB has been associated with many contaminantes including particulate matter, ozone, and nitrogen dioxide [8–11]. PTB has also been associated with disinfection byproducts and atrazine in water, as well as exposure to other pesticides through agriculture [12–15]. In the non-chemical environment, PTB has been associated with neighborhood and socio-demographic characteristics, such as neighborhood-level unemployment status, income level, poor housing, or racial isolation [16, 17].
Though PTB is associated with many environmental factors, approaches that address the cumulative effect of multiple exposures simultaneously are not common. The typical approach is to examine single exposures independently. Studies may control for one or two co-pollutants within the media of interest, for example adjusting for ozone when examining particulate matter, but are unlikely to adjust for a broader set environmental factors or factors outside the media of interest, such as adjusting for air pollutants when examining water contaminants. Source apportionment and emissions-based methods are useful for examining "upstream" environmental exposures that encompass individual pollutants; however not all exposures in the broad environment lend themselves to these methods.
Indices that reduce multiple variables to a single representative measure are used as exposure variables in select environmental research. These methods have more commonly been used in built and social environment research, where examination of multiple variables describing neighborhood deprivation is a more useful metric of exposure than any one indicator used singularly [18–21]. Air pollution studies have also employed index methods to examine complex air mixtures . However, index methods are typically used within a single domain of the environment (e.g., built or air) but not across environmental domains.
To deal with the multiplicity of simultaneous environmental exposures, the Environmental Quality Index (EQI) was constructed to represent multiple domains comprising the ambient environment . By including information on air contaminants, water quality, agriculture, pesticide use, road density, housing, businesses, socioeconomics, crime, and other variables, the EQI represents exposures across the air, water, land, built environment, and sociodemographic environmental domains at the county level across the United States [22, 23]. The EQI consists of both a single unified county-level index (the overall EQI) and indices from each environmental domain, wherein associations with one domain may be examined while controlling for the other ambient environment to which an individual is exposed. Using the EQI, researchers are able to examine a more cumulative measure of the environment in a way that incorporates non-emitted exposures and does not require high statistical power.
In this cross-sectional study we use the EQI to investigate associations between PTB and simultaneous environmental exposures. We examine county-level prevalence of PTB in association with the EQI, as the EQI may reflect larger-scale exposure more appropriately than small scale or variable exposures, and to explore if there are drivers of county-level birth outcomes. We also examine individual-level odds of PTB in association with the EQI to understand the environmental contribution to PTB above and beyond individual-level covariates, and to investigate the ecological environmental exposures association with PTB at a level comparable to much of the previous environmental-PTB literature. Because the overall environment, as represented by the EQI, is comprised of measures that may influence health in a negative, neutral, or positive manner, and we wish to better understand the complex relationships between environmental quality and health, we also examine associations between domain indices. As environments differ across urban–rural status and different aspects may drive environmental quality in rural versus urban locations , we also investigated the associations between PTB and the EQI and domain indices stratified by rural–urban status.
The source population included live births provided by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) for the entire United States for the years 2000–2005 (n = 24,483,348). The National Vital Statistics System of the NCHS is a repository of all vital records collected under state laws and compiled under Federal law; birth data available represent all births registered in the 50 States, the District of Columbia, and New York City . The study population was restricted to singleton, non-anomalous births, with county identifiers, recorded gestational age, and residence within the same state as birth occurrence (n = 22,705,068). Two analytic sets were generated from the study population. The individual-level analytic set consisted of all births with complete covariate information (n = 22,156,095). For the county-level analysis, total births and PTBs were aggregated from the study population set for each county and prevalence of PTBs/total births were constructed (n = 3141 counties). Counties with fewer than 10 births or with no PTBs over the study period were excluded (n = 10; 2 from less urbanized counties, 8 from rural/isolated counties).
In both the county- and individual-level analyses, PTB was defined as a birth occurring between 20 and 36 weeks completed gestation (inclusive), with 37 completed weeks and above considered term birth. Gestational age was taken from the provided NCHS variable; this variable combines multiple methods of gestational estimation depending on available data. First, dates of birth and last normal menses was used to compute gestational age; if last normal menses was unavailable, then last menstrual period date was used to impute gestational age; if last menstrual period date was unavailable, then clinical estimate of gestation was used which may include ultrasound dating or be a clinicians estimate of gestational age at time of birth [26, 27]. If none of this information was provided on birth records the variable was marked as unknown due to insufficient data [26, 27].
We used the EQI as an indicator of environmental quality at the county-level for the United States for the period of 2000 to 2005. Full methods of the EQI's construction are described in Messer et al. , while data description can be found in Lobdell et al. . Briefly, the EQI includes variables representing five environmental domains (air (n = 87), water (n = 80), land (n = 26), built (n = 14), and sociodemographic (n = 12)). Domain-specific variables were included in principal components analysis (PCA) and the first component was retained as that domain's index (air index, water index, etc.). These indices were then combined, again using PCA, and the first component of this PCA was retained as the EQI. To account for variation in geography and environmental drivers, we repeated this process in four rural–urban strata: metropolitan-urbanized, non-metropolitan urbanized, less urbanized, and rural/isolated. These strata were collapsed from the nine rural–urban continuum codes (RUCC) defined by the USDA , as has been done previously [29, 30]. The result was six non-stratified indices (one overall EQI and five domain-specific EQIs) and six corresponding indices for each of the four RUCC strata (Fig. 1). Higher values for each index were constructed to correspond to poorer environmental quality.
For the county-level analysis, we defined the county prevalence of PTB as the ratio of PTBs to all live births per county. The exposure variables for the analyses were: non-stratified and RUCC-stratified EQI, and non-stratified and RUCC-stratified domain-specific indices. Index values were linked to PTB prevalences by maternal county of residence. Linear regression was used to estimate prevalence differences (PDs) and 95 % confidence intervals (CIs) for upper 4 quintiles of each index compared to the lowest quintile; each domain quintile was entered into the model as an indicator value, which allows for non-monotonic associations with increasing values. Though indices were initially continuous, quantiles were more meaningful than the continuous variable as associations can be interpreted as the difference between the areas with the best environmental quality (lowest quintile category) and areas with poorer environmental quality. PDs were reported as proportions; positive PDs indicate an increase in PTBs, while negative PDs indicate a decrease in PTBs, with a null value at zero. Domain indices were entered simultaneously into models (i.e., air index results are adjusted for water, land, built and sociodemographic exposure). Due to the "upstream" (i.e., higher level and affected by fewer factors) and inclusive nature of the exposure, we identified few potential confounders for inclusion in the county-level models. However racial composition of counties may be a driver of environmental quality, due to siting of disamenities, environmental justice issues, as well as other issues . Therefore, county-level proportion of minority residents (from census data) was included as a covariate.
For the individual-level analysis, the outcome was individual PTB status. The exposure variables for the analyses were: non-stratified and RUCC-stratified EQI, and non-stratified and RUCC-stratified domain-specific indices for maternal county of residence. We used multilevel logistic models accounting for clustering at the county-level to estimate odds ratios (ORs) and CIs for upper 4 quintiles of indices compared to the lowest quintile. In this analysis, the null value was one. Domain indices were entered simultaneously into models. We identified potential confounders a priori based on previous environmental literature and knowledge of factors influencing PTB. Models were adjusted for maternal age (<20, 20–29, 30–39, >39), education (less than high school, high school graduate, greater than high school), and marital status (married, unmarried). These maternal demographic factors are risk factors of PTB and associated with socio-economic status, which can influence where a woman resides and therefore environmental exposures. We adjusted for individual level education (as a covariate), even though area-level education is included in the sociodemographic domain, to enable us to estimate the area-level effects on health outcomes, over and above the individual-level characteristics. Further, both characteristics may act separately on health outcomes . All adjustment variables were extracted from birth certificates.
We conducted two sensitivity analyses in this study. In the first, we examined joint effect estimates with simultaneous quintile increases in all domain indices. We did this because a simultaneous change from 1st to 5th quintile in all five indices is not the same as a 1st to 5th quintile change in the overall index. By examining overall trends we can investigate the sensitivity of the estimated effects from the EQI. Secondly, because access to prenatal care for uninsured women varied at the state level and this access may influence risk of PTB, we also performed a sensitivity analysis with adjustment for state as a proxy for available care.
There were 3131 counties included in the analysis. Of these, 35 % (1089) were metropolitan-urbanized, 10 % (323) were non-metropolitan urbanized, 34 % (1057) were less-urbanized, and 21 % (662) were rural/isolated. County-level prevalence of PTB had a mean (standard deviation) of 10.42 % (4.12 %), with an interquartile range of 4.15 %.
There were 22,609,391 women included in the individual-level analysis (Table 1). Births primarily occurred in the most metropolitan areas (84 % overall). Women with preterm births were more likely to be Black, unmarried, and have attained lower educational status than women with term births. Women with preterm births were also more likely to be at either end of the age distribution (<20 or >39) than women with term births. The births that were excluded because of missing covariate information were similar in their preterm birth proportion to the births retained for the analysis; excluded births had a PTB proportion of 11 %, while included births had a PTB proportion of 10 %.
Models of county-level PDs were used to explore drivers of county-level PTB. Associations between the air domain index and PTB were generally positive for county-level analyses; with worsening air quality prevalence of preterm birth increased (Fig. 2). For example, in the non-stratified county level analysis the PD (95 % CI) for highest quartile compared to the lowest was 0.0196 (0.0162, 0.0229). Patterns of associations between the air domain and PTB were also similar across rural–urban strata, in that there was an increase in PTB prevalence with worsening air quality. However, the magnitude of the increase differed across strata, with the metropolitan-urbanized strata having the lower PDs, and in the more urban strata there was the appearance of a plateauing of effect estimate at the 4th and 5th quintiles.
Effect estimates with the water domain index tended to be negative and near-null, or null. For example, the PD for the 4th quintile compared to the 1st quintile in the less urbanized stratum was −0.0069 (−0.0112, −0.0025) and for the metropolitan urbanized stratum was 0.0003 (−0.0043, 0.0048). Patterns of PDs appeared to be mostly flat, with all estimates being negative or null rather than trending in a particular direction. We observed consistent negative effect estimates only in the less urbanized counties, while PDs in the other strata either remain null or fluctuate around the null.
Associations for the land and built domains were similar and both tended to be either negative or null, with generally decreasing PTB as built or land quality worsened. For example, in the land domain (non-stratified) the PD for the 3rd quintile was −0.0051 (−0.0082, −0.002), and the PD for the 5th quintile was −0.0094 (−0.0127, −0.0061). The most consistent effect estimates were in the metropolitan urbanized strata, where a negative trend was observed. Other strata also showed negative PDs, however estimates were similar with worsening quality.
Effect estimates for the sociodemographic domain had clear trends in all strata; however the direction of those trends changed depending on the particular rural–urban stratum. For example, in the metropolitan urbanized stratum (highest to lowest quintile) the PD was 0.0256 (0.0205, 0.0307), while in the less urbanized stratum the PD was −0.0258 (−0.0318, −0.0199). PDs in the nonmetropolitan urbanized, less urbanized, and rural/isolated strata all showed decreasing ORs with worsening sociodemographic quality. However, in the metropolitan urbanized strata the opposite trend was shown, with worsening sociodemographic quality associated with increasing prevalence of PTB.
The EQI, which combines all individual domains into a single index, showed consistent decreases in PTB with increasing quartiles or worsening environmental quality. PDs for the non-stratified 2nd to 5th quintiles were: −0.0021 (−0.0052, 0.001), −0.0038 (−0.007, −0.0007), −0.0098 (−0.013, −0.0066), −0.0166 (−0.0198, −0.0134).
To understand the environmental contribution to PTB above and beyond individual-level covariates we examined individual-level ORs. As in the county-level analysis, associations between the air domain and PTB were generally positive in the individual-level analysis (Fig. 2). However, trends were not as straightforward. Non-stratified ORs showed increases, but plateau between the 4th and 5th quintiles. In the metropolitan urbanized stratum, ORs were elevated from the null, but were also flat across quintiles. While in the nonmetropolitan urbanized and less urbanized strata there was a more clear increasing trend (e.g., nonmetropolitan urbanized, 3rd quintile OR: 1.04 (0.97, 1.10), 5th quintile OR: 1.13 (1.06, 1.21)). In the rural/isolated stratum ORs were elevated from the null but increase from one another only from the 4th to 5th quintiles (OR 4th quintile: 1.08 (0.99, 1.17), OR 5th quintile: 1.16 (1.07, 1.26)).
In the water domain, ORs were generally null, with the exception of the less urbanized stratum where they were slightly negative. Similarly, ORs for the land domain were near-null or negative; non-stratified ORs showed a negative trend (OR 2nd quintile: 1.01 (0.99, 1.04), OR 5th quintile: 0.99 (0.97, 1.01)), while the trend was not clear in the stratified results.
Associations for the built environment and PTB were generally negative. In the metropolitan urban and nonmetropolitan urban strata, and in the non-stratified analysis, there were negative trends, with worsening built environment being associated with lower ORs of PTB (5th quintile: 0.89 (0.87, 0.91)). In the less urban and rural/isolated strata the lower quintiles had null associations with PTB, while the highest quintile had an inverse OR (rural/isolated OR, 2nd quintile: 1.00 (0.92, 1.07), 5th quintile: 0.92 (0.85, 1.00)).
In the sociodemographic domain, patterns of ORs were similar to PDs in the individual-level analysis; ORs had clear trends in all strata, but the trend direction was different in the metropolitan urban stratum. In the non-stratified, nonmetropolitan urban, less urban, and rural/isolated strata the ORs for PTB decreased with worsening sociodemographic environmental quality (increasing quintiles) (ex ORs for non-stratified analysis 2nd quintile: 0.94 (0.92, 0.96), 5th quintile: 0.81 (0.79, 0.83)). While the metropolitan urban stratum had the opposite trend, with worsening sociodemographic quality associated with increasing ORs for PTB (2nd quintile: 1.04 (1.00, 1.07), 5th quintile: 1.15 (1.11, 1.18)).
With worsening overall environmental quality/increasing quartiles of the EQI, ORs for PTB were negative and consistently decreased. ORs for the non-stratified 2nd to 5th quintiles: 0.96 (0.94, 0.99), 0.93 (0.91, 0.95), 0.87 (0.85, 0.89), 0.82 (0.80, 0.84).
Joint effect estimates with all domains increasing simultaneously were similar to effect estimates using the EQI as exposure, though shifted upwards in the metropolitan urban strata; overall trends were the same between analyses (Table 2). Effect estimates from analyses with state-level adjustment were similar to those without state-level adjustment (data not shown).
We observed both strong positive and negative associations between measures of broad environmental quality and preterm birth. Associations differed by rural–urban stratum and by the five environmental domains. We observed associations in both county-level and individual-level analyses; those results tracked similarly, potentially indicating the EQI and domain specific indices as robust predictors of both county- and individual-level outcomes. Decreasing environmental quality (increasing EQI) was consistently associated with decreased county-level prevalence and individual-level odds of PTB; this is likely due to the combinations of the effects of individual domains. Worsening air quality (increasing air domain index) was consistently associated with increases in PTB, while the water, built, and land domain indices had null or negative associations with PTB. The sociodemographic domain index was positively associated with PTB in the metropolitan urbanized strata, but negatively associated with PTB in all other stratum and in the non-stratified analysis.
Few other studies have looked at composite environmental exposures in association with PTB. Of those that have, several examined sociodemographic or built environment indices, all based on similar techniques; these studies have primarily examined areas that would be classified as metropolitan urbanized [18–21]. Though there were variations in each index used, generally these studies found that higher deprivation/lower socioeconomic advantage was associated with poorer birth outcomes and increased PTB. We observed results similar to these studies when examining the most urban stratum (metropolitan urbanized). This may reflect the better quality of data or better defined "neighborhood" qualities for this stratum. There may also be different drivers of the sociodemographic environment in the less urban strata that were not adequately represented by the data available for the EQI.
Differences in patterns of association across rural–urban strata may be explained through differing contributions of variable loadings. In principal component analysis, variable loadings represent the strength of a variable's contribution to the index value. In our analysis, these loadings differed across rural–urban strata; for example, in the sociodemographic domain index, percent of people at or below poverty level loaded highly positive in the metropolitan urban stratum (0.45) and highly negative for all other strata . The different loadings across rural–urban strata may indicate differences in the environmental drivers of the observed associations across the strata, which potentially explains the observed variation in patterns of association, particularly in the sociodemographic domain. While variables were coded to load positively if they were associated with poor health outcomes, the tiered nature of the EQI construction may result in reversal of this coding if domain indices varied in opposite directions. It is also possible that uniformity or limited variation in the input variables to the EQI could lead to differential statistical power to detect associations across rural–urban strata. However, examining the ranges of variables, this generally does not seem to be a factor. For example, the ranges of percent earning greater than high school education across strata are: metropolitan urbanized 1.0–91.9; nonmetropolitan urbanized 1.9–92.1; less urban 0.7–84.8, and rural 0.4–85.4 . Another possible explanation for observed differences is that the most accurate or complete data were often from the most urban counties. Therefore, it is possible that those counties were most representative of actual environmental quality exposure. In regard to the sociodemographic domain specifically, previous research has largely considered urban poverty when investigating poverty effects on health status. In the urban strata we see the results we might expect given previous work. Given the results in non-urban strata, it may be that rural poverty is substantially different than urban poverty and living in a non-urban area is not associated with the same risk that is observed in other studies because of their setting. This issue may be addressed in future versions of the EQI by attempting to identify better markers of the rural and suburban sociodemographic environment and incorporate those into the EQI.
For air pollution, Wilhelm et al. () examined associations with PTB using factor analysis from monitoring station measurements and land use regression estimates of pollutant concentration. In this study, the factors produced were not used as the main exposure variables, but used to identify the smallest number of pollutants that could be used as adjustment factors for co-pollutants. For example, rather than using the 1st factor as a stand in for the 13 pollutants with high loadings for that factor, ammonium nitrate PM2.5 was selected to represent all of them, and sensitivity analyses were performed by using a different variable and comparing results . They found increased effect estimates with the representative variable for the 1st factor (representing: NO2, elemental carbon, organic carbon, diesel PM2.5, benzene, and PAHs, among others) but found null associations for other factors and negative effect estimates for ammonium sulfate PM2.5 . There are a number of differences between our analyses and Wilhelm et al.'s; in particular, they used individual exposures while we employed ecologic exposures at the county level, and they used representative pollutants while we retain the composite metric. However, in both studies an increase of air pollution was associated with increases in PTB.
To our knowledge, no research has been performed that examines composite indices of water or land quality measures in association with PTB. Further, no research has examined cumulative environmental quality, including multiple environmental domains and both potentially beneficial and detrimental exposures in association with preterm birth.
In general, data were more readily available across all domains for the most urban areas, with the need for more reliance on estimation in the suburban and rural areas. The differential availability of data across strata gives rise to the possibility of differential misclassification based on urban–rural strata. Variables were chosen to represent domains as a whole, before stratification. It is possible that variable selection specific to a rural–urban stratum would result in different choices for each stratum. There are also likely to be differences in individual versus county exposure representation across strata. For example, in the less urban areas for the air domain, county level exposures were more likely to be reflective of personal exposure. We know that there was substantial heterogeneity in urban air concentrations [33–35] which was smoothed over with a county-level approach, but in areas where concentrations may not change as rapidly, a county-level approach may capture exposure as well as more granular measurements. As a corollary, individual exposures in areas where rapid change was expected may not be well represented, such as in highly urban areas. However, in our analysis county-level and individual-level assessment yielded similar results.
Other potential limitations include the broad nature of the exposure metric; the ecological nature of the EQI and the cross-sectional nature of this analysis mean that our exposure was distal to preterm birth. Mechanisms directly linking environmental quality to PTB were also not well described in the literature and unlikely to act through a single pathway. The EQI represents the environment over a 5-year period at the county level, and may mask variation in environmental factors over this period. While the individual domains of the EQI were constructed to be negative (e.g., higher concentrations of air pollution are a negative aspect of environmental quality), some factors may be either negative, positive, or neutral and this may obfuscate final interpretation of the domains to which these factors contribute. For example, high street density in the built environment domain may indicate high walkability of a county or it may be that these are counties with more road traffic and limited sidewalks. Unfortunately, given the resolution of the data and the need to cover the entire United States, it was not possible to untangle subtler meanings. This should be taken into account when interpreting the observed associations that are inverse or negative.
Strengths of this analysis include the use of the broad environmental context that covers hundreds of exposures simultaneously across several media and the ability to examine effects across the entire United States. Much of environmental research focuses on single exposure models without other environmental factors, or adjusts for potentially highly correlated environmental factors which makes interpretation of effect estimates more difficult. We used birth registry data for the entire United States in this analysis, enabling a large, population-based study. Confounding was unlikely given the comprehensiveness and "upstream" nature of the exposure and the inclusion of a proxy for race, though the possibility for effect measure modification, such as by race/ethnicity, remains.
The EQI has the potential to be a useful tool in epidemiologic studies of PTB. Our study shows utility of the EQI at examining environmental associations with both county-level prevalences and individual levels odds of adverse health outcomes. Further research using the EQI and its constituent domains could include them for adjustment when examining individual environmental exposures (e.g., adjusting for general air quality or the rest of the ambient environment when examining the effects of particulate matter in detail). Although the research presented here is not without limitations, we believe the EQI to be a useful environmental quality metric at the county level and to have meaningful potential for future use.
This study was a cross-sectional analysis of PTB and environmental quality, using a new metric of composite environmental quality. We observed both positive and negative associations for preterm birth with overall environmental quality and with domain-specific indices in both county and individual analyses. We observed different patterns of effect across urban–rural strata, particularly for the sociodemographic domain, and to a lesser extent the air domain, potentially highlighting the relative importance of different domains depending on the degree of urbanicity. This study takes the focus from single harmful environmental exposures to a broader view of the environment encompassing several domains, and provides context for further studies of birth outcomes and the broad environment.
The Office of Research and Development (ORD), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), partially funded the research with L. C. Messer (Contracts WCF DP26H0001 and EP09D000003) and also supported in part by an appointment to the Internship/Research Participation Program at Office of Research and Development (National Center for Environmental Assessment and National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory), U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, administered by the Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education through an interagency agreement between the U.S. Department of Energy and EPA. The authors wish to thank Lisa Vinikoor-Imler for her insightful review of this manuscript.
The views expressed in this manuscript are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
KMR contributed to the study conception, contributed to the construction of the EQI, performed all statistical analyses, and drafted the manuscript. LCM constructed the EQI and contributed to manuscript revisions. JSJ contributed to the construction of the EQI and manuscript revisions. CLG contributed to statistical analyses, variable construction, and manuscript revisions. SCG contributed to manuscript revisions. DTL conceived of the EQI, oversaw its design and coordination, oversaw coordination of this study, and contributed to manuscript revisions. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
March of Dimes. Born Too Soon: the Global Action Report on Preterm Birth. 2015. http://www.marchofdimes.org/mission/global-preterm.aspx. Accessed April 22 2015.
U.S. DHHS (United States Department of Human Health Services). 2020 Topics & Objectives: Maternal, Infant, and Child Health. 2015. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/topics-objectives/topic/maternal-infant-and-child-health/objectives. Accessed April 22 2015.
U.S. DHHS (United States Department of Human Health Services). Leading Health Indicators: 2020 LHI Topics: Maternal, Infant, & Child Health. 2015. http://www.healthypeople.gov/2020/leading-health-indicators/2020-lhi-topics/Maternal-Infant-and-Child-Health. Accessed April 22 2015.
CDC (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). National Vital Statistics System: Birth Data. 2015. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/births.htm. Accessed April 22 2015.
USDA (United States Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service). Rural–urban Continuum Codes. 2013. http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural–urban-continuum-codes/documentation.aspx#.VEfoLPnF8QE. Accessed April 22 2015.


text:
James Brooke v. The Family Court of the State of New York, County of Broome, 420 F.2d 296, 2d Cir. (1970)
Filed: 1970-03-23 Precedential Status: Precedential Citations: 420 F.2d 296 Docket: 34051_1
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Bedol v. COMELEC
420 F.
James BROOKE, Appellant,
The FAMILY COURT OF the STATE OF NEW YORK,
COUNTY OF BROOME, Appellee.
No. 357.
Docket 34051.
United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.
Submitted December 10, 1969.
Decided December 18, 1969.
Certiorari Denied March 23, 1970.
See 90 S.Ct. 1148.
Paul Taylor, Binghamton, N. Y. (Broome Legal Assistance Corporation,
Binghamton, N. Y., of counsel), submitted brief for appellant.
Irving L. Rollins, Asst. Atty. Gen., State of New York (Louis J.
Lefkowitz, Atty. Gen., Samuel A. Hirschowitz, First Asst. Atty. Gen., of
counsel), submitted brief for appellee.
Before MOORE and KAUFMAN, Circuit Judges, and RYAN, District
Judge.*
PER CURIAM:
James Brooke appeals from a denial of his application for a three-judge court
pursuant to 28 U.S.C. 2281 (1964).1 On August 11, 1969, the Family Court of
Broome County, New York, sentenced Brooke to three months in jail for failure
to make support payments to his former wife. As is common practice in such
instances, Brooke was given the opportunity to make the support payments
($15 per week, plus $5 arrears per week) in lieu of serving the sentence. Four
days later plaintiff sought convocation of a three-judge federal district court to
enjoin enforcement of the statute on the ground that it violated his
constitutional right to equal protection of the laws.2 The basic claim in Brooke's
complaint was that jailing an individual who was on public assistance, out of
work, and had a history of alcoholism (all conditions applying to him), violated
the equal protection clause of the constitution. His contention is grounded on
the argument that those with a sufficient income would not be in arrears, would
not be in contempt, and would thus never be subject to imprisonment as a result
of non-payment of court-ordered support. Judge Foley in the District Court for
the Northern District of New York denied the application.
A similar contention was before this court in United States ex rel. Griffin v.
Martin, 409 F.2d 1300 (1969). There we said,
"While we do not quarrel with his contention, citing Griffin v. Illinois, 351 U.S.
12, 76 S.Ct. 585, 100 L.Ed. 891 (1956), that the rich and the poor are entitled to
equal justice before the law, no attempt has ever been made by Griffin to
explain or justify his disobedience, or to show that he was or is financially
unable to comply with the $25-a-week order." 409 F.2d at 1302.
Here the defect is no less fatal. Brooke has failed to allege that he was not
willful in refusing to comply with the order of the Family Court. The New York
statutory framework applicable to the Family Court clearly contemplates
imprisonment only when the contempt is willful.3 In the absence of an
allegation that his contempt was not willful, and an indication that he is
prepared to prove such allegation, we are compelled by Griffin to regard
Brooke's complaint insufficient as a matter of law.
The decision of the District Court is affirmed.
Of the Southern District of New York, sitting by designation
2281. Injunction against enforcement of State statute; three-judge court
An interlocutory or permanent injunction restraining the enforcement, operation
or execution of any State statute by restraining the action of any officer of such
State in the enforcement or execution of such statute or of an order made by an
administrative board or commission acting under State statutes, shall not be
granted by any district court or judge thereof upon the ground of the
unconstitutionality of such statute unless the application therefor is heard and
determined by a district court of three judges under section 2284 of this title.
Brooke also sought an ex parte restraining order, which Judge Foley denied. He
does not contest that determination
The Family Court Act provides that violation of its order shall be considered
civil or criminal contempts only in the circumstances specifically provided.
New York Family Court Act 156 (McKinney 1963); see also New York
Judiciary Law 753(A) (3) (McKinney's Consol. Laws, c. 30, 1968)
The specific provision granting the Family Court power to imprison is 454
(McKinney 1963):
454: Powers on failure to obey order
If a respondent is brought before the court for failure to obey any lawful order
issued under this article and if, after hearing, the court is satisfied by competent
proof that the respondent has failed to obey any such order, the court may
(a) commit the respondent to jail for a term not to exceed six months, if the
failure was willful.
Outrage au tribunal
Injonction
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text:
(Redirected from Patchogue)
For United States Navy ships named Patchogue, see USS Patchogue.
Village in New York, United States
Incorporated Village of Patchogue
US Post Office-Patchogue
U.S. Census map
Location within the state of New York
Show map of Long Island
Patchogue, New York (New York)
Show map of New York
Coordinates: 40°45′48″N 73°1′4″W / 40.76333°N 73.01778°W / 40.76333; -73.01778Coordinates: 40°45′48″N 73°1′4″W / 40.76333°N 73.01778°W / 40.76333; -73.01778
• Mayor
Paul V. Pontieri Jr.
20 ft (6 m)
5,451.77/sq mi (2,104.68/km2)
UTC−05:00 (Eastern Time Zone)
www.patchoguevillage.org
Patchogue (/ˈpætʃɒɡ/, PATCH-awg) is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 11,798 at the time of the 2010 census.[3] Patchogue is part of the town of Brookhaven, on the south shore of Long Island, adjoining Great South Bay. It is officially known as the Incorporated Village of Patchogue.
8 Notable people
Sketch of early Patchogue
George Bradford Brainerd. Creek, Patchogue, Long Island, ca. 1872–1878. Brooklyn Museum
George Bradford Brainerd. Ocean Avenue, Patchogue, Long Island, ca. 1872–1887. Brooklyn Museum
Patchogue, which is approximately 60 miles (100 km) east of Manhattan, became incorporated in 1893.
In 1812 there were 75 inhabitants in Patchogue according to The Brooklyn Eagle, published in 1930.[4]
The Patchogue Former Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) was operated from 1904 to 1926. The company was a small operation, converting coal and/or petroleum products to a flammable gas for use in lighting and industry. The company was sold to Long Island Lighting Company (LILCO).[5]
The Patchogue Theatre opened in 1923. It was later renovated into a triplex, after which it was converted to a single movie theater. It closed in the late 1980s. In the mid-1990s the village acquired the theater, and completely refurbished the building; it now seats 1,166 people.
Three churches in Patchogue are listed on the National Register of Historic Places. The Congregational Church on East Main Street, United Methodist Church on South Ocean Avenue between Church Street and Terry Street, and St. Paul's Episcopal Church on Rider Avenue across from Terry Street.
In 2019, the local downtown area was recognized by the American Planning Association as one of America's four "Great Neighborhoods". Since 2007, the association has recognized over 300 neighborhoods, streets, and public spaces that make communities stronger and bring people together through good planning.[6]
Geography[edit]
According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of 2.5 square miles (6.5 km²), of which 2.2 square miles (5.8 km2) is land and 0.3 square mile (0.7 km2) (10.71%) is water.
A natural riverfront and harbor are resources that the village has utilized since its founding, to become a modern and largely self-contained community.
Demographics[edit]
1880 2,503 —
1970 11,582 31.0%
1980 11,291 −2.5%
2000 11,919 7.8%
2019 (est.) 12,321 [2] 4.4%
U.S. Decennial Census[7]
The Four Corners, where West & East Main Streets meet South & North Ocean Avenues
As of the census[3] of 2000, there were 11,919 people, 4,636 households, and 2,749 families residing in the village. The population density was 5,301.2 people per square mile (2,045.3/km2). There were 4,902 housing units at an average density of 2,180.2 per square mile (841.2/km2). The racial makeup of the village was 81.27% White, 3.89% African American, 0.34% Native American, 1.39% Asian, 0.02% Pacific Islander, 9.23% from other races, and 3.85% from two or more races. Hispanics or Latinos of any race were 23.84% of the population.[8]
Historical Markers in NYS - Places President George Washington visited in 1790
There were 4,636 households, out of which 29.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 40.3% were married couples living together, 13.4% had a female householder with no husband present, and 40.7% were non-families. 31.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.0% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.54 and the average family size was 3.20.
22.5% of Patchogue's inhabitants were under the age of 18, 9.2% ranged from 18 and 24, 37.1% from 25 to 44, 20.7% from 45 to 64, and 10.5% were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 35 years. For every 100 females, there were 100.4 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 99.7 males.
The median income for a household in the village was $47,027, and the median income for a family was $60,126. Males had a median income of $38,561 versus $30,599 for females. The per capita income for the village was $22,962. 8.1% of families and 10.7% of the population were below the poverty threshold, including 13.5% of those under age 18 and 10.4% of those age 65 or over.
In 2010, the demographics were 61.8% White, 29.6% Hispanic, 5.3% Black, 0.3% Native American, 1.6% Asian, 0.1% Some Other Race, and 1.4% Two or More Races.[8][9]
Economy[edit]
The Blue Point Brewing Company is based in Patchogue.
Patchogue and the adjacent hamlet of Medford share a school district and library. There are primary, middle and high schools, plus continuing education programs for adults. The school district, library, and St. Joseph's College provide a variety of educational opportunities. In 2010, the Patchogue-Medford Library was awarded the 2010 National Medal for Museum and Library Science for the library's work in bilingual programming.[10]
The Patchogue newspaper The Long Island Advance dates back to 1871, when Timothy J. Dyson a former newspaper correspondent from Brooklyn, printed the first edition out of a small office on West Main Street.[11]
The news website GreaterPatchogue.com began publication in 2015.[12] It is owned by Greater Long Island Media Group, LLC, an independent company based in Patchogue.
Radio stations Oldies 98.1, WALK-FM, WBLI, WLID and WNYG are licensed to serve Patchogue.
Transportation[edit]
Patchogue is served by the LIRR Montauk Branch. The station is a hub for several Suffolk County Transit bus lines (the S40, S54, S61, S63, S66, S68, 7A & 7B), as well as the Village of Patchogue Bus.[13]
Within walking distance of the LIRR station is the Watch Hill Ferry Terminal, which serves Davis Park, New York and the Watch Hill Visitor's Center in the Otis Pike Fire Island High Dune Wilderness.
The main road through Patchogue is Montauk Highway. Other important roads are (from west to east) County Route 19, South and North Ocean Avenues, the latter of which leads to County Route 83 and New York State Route 112.
Notable people[edit]
Emily Newton Barto, painter was born in Patchogue
Walta Borawski American poet
Frank Castellano, captain of USS Bainbridge
Mike Fagan, professional bowler
Billy Idol, English musician – lived in a house in Patchogue when his family emigrated to the United States in 1958.
Leila Kenzle, actress – was born in Patchogue (1960)
Jeffrey R. MacDonald, convicted of killing his wife and daughters, lived in Patchogue and attended Patchogue High School. This story was the focus of the book and television mini-series Fatal Vision
Biz Markie, rapper – lived in Patchogue[14]
Chrisette Michele, Patchogue-raised Grammy winner who won a Grammy Award for Best Urban/Alternative Performance in 2009 for her song "Be OK".
Robert Pelletreau, US Diplomat and Ambassador, born in Patchogue, lawyer from family of prominent judges and lawyers in Patchogue, Pelletreau & Pelletreau.
Sylvia Porter, journalist – born in Patchogue (1913)
William T. Sanders, anthropologist specialising in Mesoamerican archaeology, born and grew up in Patchogue.
Jeff Schaefer, baseball player for Chicago White Sox (1989), born in Patchogue.
Edgar A. Sharp, United States representative to the Seventy-ninth Congress (1945–1947): born in Patchogue (1876).
William Stuart-Houston (born William Patrick Hitler), Adolf Hitler's nephew lived on Silver Street, along with his mother Bridget, his wife Phyllis, and his four sons, Alexander, Louis, Howard, and Brian.[15]
Bryant Neal Vinas, convicted of participating in and supporting al-Qaeda plots in Afghanistan and the U.S., and helping al-Qaeda plan a bomb attack on the Long Island Rail Road.[16]
East Patchogue, New York
Mascot Dock
North Patchogue, New York
Patchogue Bay
Patchogue-Medford High School
Patchogue-Medford Library
Patchogue-Medford School District
Patchogue River
Patchogue Theatre
Sandspit Park Beach & Marina
Shorefront Park
Sunset off the Mascot Dock
^ "2019 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved July 27, 2020.
^ a b "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. May 24, 2020. Retrieved May 27, 2020.
^ a b "U.S. Census website". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
^ "History of Patchogue Village, East Patchogue and North Patchogue". Patchogue.com. Archived from the original on March 18, 2012. Retrieved 12 January 2012.
^ "Record of Decision, Patchogue" (PDF). New York State Department of Environmental Conservation. March 2011. Retrieved April 9, 2014.
^ Korb, Priscila (September 25, 2019). "Patchogue Village Named Among 2019 Great Neighborhoods". Patch. Retrieved January 29, 2020.
^ "Census of Population and Housing". Census.gov. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
^ a b "Patchogue, NY Population – Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts". CensusViewer. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
^ "2010 Census data for PATCHOGUE, NY". Zip-codes.com. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
^ Gillespie, Lisa (2010-12-21). "First Lady Presents Patchogue-Medford Library with National Award – Arts & Entertainment – Patchogue, NY Patch". Patchogue.patch.com. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
^ "Timothy J. Dyson Dead". The Brooklyn Citizen. May 6, 1911. p. 12. Retrieved May 18, 2021.
^ "About Us". greaterlongisland.com. Retrieved June 4, 2021.
^ "transportation". Patchoguevillage.org. Archived from the original on 2014-07-25. Retrieved 2014-05-19.
^ "Rapper Biz Markie from Long Island dies at 57". Newsday. The Associated Press. July 17, 2021. Retrieved July 29, 2021.
^ COREY KILGANNON (April 24, 2006). "Three Quiet Brothers on Long Island, All of Them Related to Hitler". New York Times. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
^ Rotella, Sebastian; Mayer, Josh (July 23, 2009). "U.S.-born militant who fought for Al Qaeda is in custody". The Los Angeles Times. Retrieved October 30, 2013.
Bibliography[edit]
Images of America: Patchogue, by Hans Henke, out of print.
The Patchogue Story, by historian Anne Swezey, (2/6/1924 – 4/20/2009)
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Patchogue, New York.
Village of Patchogue
Patchogue—Still Banking on the River article by Rhoda Amon, Newsday staff writer
Town of Brookhaven, New York
Poquott
Cupsogue Beach
East Setauket
East Shoreham
Fire Island Pines
Hagerman
North Bellport
North Patchogue/Canaan Lake
Point O' Woods
Port Jefferson Station
Strongs Neck
CDPs
Gordon Heights
Poospatuck
MusicBrainz area
National Archives (US)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Patchogue,_New_York&oldid=1062546298"
Brookhaven, New York
Villages in Suffolk County, New York
Populated coastal places in New York (state)
Pages using infobox settlement with possible area code list
Articles with MusicBrainz area identifiers
Articles with NARA identifiers


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text:
Civil rights attorney Lee Merritt gives update on fatal shooting of Patrick Warren, Sr.
The Warren family attorney hosted a press conference a day after Killeen PD released body cam video showing the encounter between Warren and Reynaldo Contreras.
Author: 6 News Digital (6News)
Updated: 10:43 PM CST January 20, 2021
KILLEEN, Texas — Civil Rights attorney for Patrick Warren, Sr.'s family Lee Merritt held a press conference Wednesday to provide an update on the fatal shooting.
This update comes a day after the Killeen Police Department held its own press conference where Chief Charles Kimble shared the graphic footage from Officer Reynaldo Contreras' body camera from the day he shot and killed Warren.
Kimble said he released the video because the narrative up to that point told a story that was not accurate. He also took issue with the accusations against Contreras.
"Officer Contreras was dealing with the incident right in front of him. He was not some rude, hostile officer who was not wanted in the home," Kimble said at the Jan. 19 press conference.
Merritt said it was their goal by sharing their evidence, KPD would share theirs, so the community could have a clearer picture.
"The scary thing is that the narrative wasn't in fact demonstratively different than what we believed happened," Merritt said.
Merritt said Officer Contreras should not have been the officer responding. He said Contreras was not prepared for the emergency outlined in the call.
"What I expected to see is what we saw the day before, which is an officer whose willing to engage Mr. Warren in his manic state, to be able to get him to help safely and get him back home to his family safe," Merritt said.
Chief Kimble said Warren's wife called 911 and asked for a mental health deputy. He said she mentioned to the call taker Warren was being aggressive. Kimble did admit there was a breakdown in the system.
"I fully admit there was a breakdown in the system where police had to go out and deal with people with mental health. Our tools are very limited," Kimble said.
RELATED: Killeen police release body camera footage from officer who shot, killed Patrick Warren
The body camera footage begins with Contreras pulling up to the house and coming to the front door. He's invited inside then leaves again to deescalate the situation and wait for backup, according to Kimble.
The footage shows Warren coming out of the house just 90 seconds later. He constantly repeats the phrase "take it by faith" and starts walking into the yard at Contreras. At this same time, Contreras is seen moving backward and telling Warren to get on the ground. He verbally warns Warren that he will use the Taser two times before finally deploying it.
Warren then falls to the ground and Contreras tells Warren to stay on the ground.
Instead, Warren gets back up and continues toward Contreras while picking up speed. The officer tries to retreat out of the yard while warning Warren that he is going to shoot him. As Warren closes the distance at the edge of the front yard, Contreras fires his gun three times.
"It's a tragic situation. It's hard to watch. I'll tell you, we watched that video over and over and over," Chief Kimble told reporters Tuesday afternoon. "I can't imagine putting myself in Officer Contreras's shoes because I believe this video shows he waited till the last possible second to use force."
Different video, from a doorbell camera that was released by the Warren family, shows Warren walk out his front door and walk toward Contreras while waving his arms.
Warren walks out of view of the camera at which point Contreras used a taser on him.
The video then cuts to another shot that shows Warren get back up and continue toward the officer. One of Warren's family members can be heard telling Warren to sit down, and asking the officer not to shoot him. Then three gunshots are fired out of view of the camera.
Warren died at Carl R. Darnall Army Medical Center.
Merritt believes criminal charges will go forward for Contreras. There was talk of a civil suit, but Merritt said they will decide on that after a grand jury has made its determination.
RELATED: GRAPHIC VIDEO | As family watches, video shows moments before and after officer shoots unarmed Killeen man
Contreras was placed on administrative leave Warren's family wants Contreras to be fired and arrested.
Texas Rangers were put in charge of the investigation. Kimble said the department was conducting its own internal investigation.
The day before Contreras came to the house, Warren's family again called for a mental health deputy because Warren was having what Merritt called a "manic episode."
Another video from the doorbell camera shows the mental health deputy at the front door. He goes inside and leaves more than an hour later with Warren.
Warren was calm and got into the back of the deputy's vehicle to be taken to the hospital.
Protesters call for arrest of Killeen officer who shot Patrick Warren
Mental health expert explains importance of specialized response teams in police departments after Patrick Warren's death
Son of Killeen man killed by police speaks out


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Professor Dumbledore sent all the Gryffindors back to the Great Hall, where they were joined ten minutes later by the students from Hufflepuff, Ravenclaw and Slytherin, who all looked extremely confused.
One casual wave of his wand and the long tables flew to the edges of the Hall and stood themselves against the walls; another wave, and the floor was covered with hundreds of squashy purple sleeping bags.
'Sleep well,' said Professor Dumbledore, closing the door behind him.
The Hall immediately began to buzz excitedly; the Gryffindors were telling the rest of the school what had just happened.
'C'mon,' Ron said to Harry and Hermione; they seized three sleeping bags and dragged them into a corner.
'Do you think Black's still in the castle?' Hermione whispered anxiously.
'Dumbledore obviously thinks he might be,' said Ron.
'Disguised himself, probably,' said a Hufflepuff fifth-year.
'He could've flown in,' suggested Dean Thomas.
'Honestly, am I the only person who's ever bothered to read Hogwarts, A History?' said Hermione crossly to Harry and Ron.
The candles all went out at once. The only light now came from the silvery ghosts, who were drifting about talking seriously to the Prefects, and the enchanted ceiling, which, like the sky outside, was scattered with stars. What with that, and the whispering that still filled the Hall, Harry felt as though he was sleeping out of doors in a light wind.


NOTE: Customers who have DL360p Gen8 servers with E5-2600 processors and want to upgrade to E5-2600v2 processors will need to contact their HP representative for a list of SKUs that are compatible with that system.
NOTE: If two processors are desired, select the second from the xxxxxx-B21 below.
NOTE: The HP ProLiant DL360p Gen8 Smart Storage solutions are equipped with entirely re-designed Small Form Factor (SFF 2.5 in) and Large Form Factor (LFF 3.5 in) hot plug carriers for HP Qualified Hard Drives and Solid State Drives. These new carriers provide status and activity indicators as well as caution indicators for 'Do Not Remove'.
NOTE: This cable is only required to connect a single SATA drive to the embedded Intel SATA controller. The P420i controller is not used in this configuration and should be disabled via RBSU to save power.
NOTE: For the following FlexibleLOM Network Adapters, only 1 FlexibleLOM can be added to the server, which is selected in Step 2 of the 'Configuration Information - Factory Integrated Models' section. These options are for upgrade or change from original configuration after the server is shipped.
NOTE: SFP Transceivers for the 530FLR-SFP+ are not included with the server and must be purchased separately.
NOTE: Please see the QuickSpecs for Technical Specifications and additional information: http://www.hp.com/go/ProLiantNICs.
NOTE: HP Secure Encryption is supported on the HP Smart Array P731m and the P230i as an option. HP Secure Encryption licensing is based on the number of physical drives requiring encryption.
NOTE: For more information about HP Secure Encryption, go to http://www.hp.com/go/hpsecureencryption.
NOTE: 96% efficiency with support for HP Power Discovery Services.
NOTE: A quantity of 1 HP Mini SAS Str to Left 33in Cable Assy (662899-B21) is required for proper connectivity.
NOTE: A quantity of 2 HP Mini SAS Str to Left 33in Cable Assy (662899-B21) are required for proper connectivity.
NOTE: Rail kits are optional for Gen8 and are no longer included standard with the server. Customers have the option to purchase their server without a rail kit.
NOTE: Kit contains full extension rails which do allow for in rack serviceability. After the rails are installed the server is aligned with the rails and slid into the rack. The HP 1U Easy Install Cable Management Arm is optional.
NOTE: HP 1U Small Form Factor Ball Bearing Gen8 Rail Kit ships standard with some BTO Preconfigured Channel Models.
NOTE: The HP 1U Gen8 Cable Management Arm is optional for the SFF and LFF Ball Bearing Rail Kits and is not available for use with the Friction Rail Kit.


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S.F. Chinatown sees big turnout for Asian American Pacific Islander self-defense, support fair
Danielle Echeverria
June 26, 2021 Updated: June 27, 2021 7:10 p.m.
Victoria Yuan, right, explains how to use pepper spray to an attendee during the AAPI Care Fair in Chinatown's Portsmouth Square in San Francisco, Calif. Saturday, June 26, 2021.
Stephen Lam / The ChronicleShow MoreShow Less
Jeremy Jong, left, and brother Ritchie Jong, with Asians Are Strong, demonstrate personal defensive tactics during the AAPI Care Fair in Chinatown's Portsmouth Square in San Francisco, Calif. Saturday, June 26, 2021.
Volunteers untangle a bundle of whistles during the AAPI Care Fair at Portsmouth Square in Chinatown's Portsmouth Square in San Francisco, Calif. Saturday, June 26, 2021.
Michelle Ku, center, helps at a take home plant workshop during the AAPI Care Fair in Chinatown's Portsmouth Square in San Francisco, Calif. Saturday, June 26, 2021. Ku, a teacher at the East Bay Meditation Center, who came to lead a meditation at the fair, also brought her daughter and a friend along to volunteer as the event.
Stephen Lam/The ChronicleShow MoreShow Less
People stand in line in front of a booth during the AAPI Care Fair in Chinatown's Portsmouth Square in San Francisco, Calif. Saturday, June 26, 2021.
Michelle Ku fills a pot with dirt at a take home plant workshop during the AAPI Care Fair in Chinatown's Portsmouth Square in San Francisco, Calif. Saturday, June 26, 2021. Ku, a teacher at the East Bay Meditation Center, who came to lead a meditation at the fair, also brought her daughter and a friend along to volunteer as the event sought to provide free resources and support against the ongoing crimes against the Asian American Pacific Islander community across the country.
A fair focused on support and self-defense resources for the Asian American and Pacific Islander communities saw a robust turnout in San Francisco's Chinatown Saturday. The event offered free self-defense classes, pepper spray, personal alarms, a booklet on how to report a hate crime, meditation lessons and voter registration.
The attendees ranged in age, with many teenagers and young adults checking out the event's offerings arm in arm with elderly people. Volunteers with stickers saying they speak Cantonese roamed around offering help.
Soar Over Hate, a New York-based volunteer group, held the event in the wake of a rash of anti-Asian violence — often against elders — that hit the Bay Area and the nation during the pandemic, with San Francisco shaken by a series of attacks that highlighted the xenophobia and prejudice the city's Asian American and Pacific Islander communities have at times endured.
The founders, Kenji Jones and Michelle Tran, connected over social media, and formally started the group in March. They hosted the fair as "an all-encompassing event for healing and celebration, organized in hopes to create a more long-term and holistic solution to problems facing the AAPI community." The organizers estimated 2,000 people attended.
A report on discrimination against Asian women takes on new meaning after Atlanta shootings
Bay Area reacts with grief but little surprise over Atlanta shootings
"I couldn't be happier," Jones said of the event's turnout.
In April, Soar Over Hate held a similar event in New York, which was so successful they decided to bring the concept to the West Coast, where there's also been a "rise in violence and crime" against people of Asian descent, Tran explained.
"When people think of Chinatown, they think of New York or San Francisco," Jones said. "We felt a connection to our Asian American family and siblings here."
Jones said that the event was especially important as people "experienced so much trauma in isolation" during the pandemic as members of the Asian community were attacked across the country.
"A lot of people have been feeling super alone, especially the elderly," Jones said, holding back tears. "It's great to see how touched they feel that young people are putting on an event just for them."
Soar Over Hate spread awareness about the event primarily through social media, reaching out to different groups active in the San Francisco AAPI community and Chinatown, Jones said.
United Peace Collaborative and Chinatown Safety Patrol, both nonviolent volunteer groups focused on protecting the Chinatown community, had tables to to recruit more volunteers and spread awareness about their services, which include helping to report hate crimes.
Adam Sherman, who was the first non-Asisan volunteer for Chinatown Safety Patrol, said the violence against the AAPI community affects the city's entire community.
"We're all still San Francisco," he added.
Other groups present included Stand With Asians, Asians are Strong, Hate Crime Book, Southeast Asian Community Center, APA Family Support Services and the Asian Women's Shelter.
Marcus Fong, who grew up in San Francisco, picked up pepper spray for his mom. He was glad to see the self-defense workshop held by Asians Are Strong. He said he's been especially worried about women and the elderly amid "so many attacks."
"We're all scared," he said.
Self-defense, especially for someone like his mom, who recently attended other workshops in Chinatown, is "fun and empowering."
On the other end of the park, attendees could pick up a free potted plant. The flowers and herbs were meant to bring "something positive" to the event, Jones said.
Esther Young Lim, a Los Angeles resident, handed out a booklet she created: "How to Report a Hate Crime" — translated into nine languages.
"San Francisco has such a strong community," she said. "Who knew so many people would be here?"
The event's last activity was a meditation workshop held by Michele Ku of the East Bay Meditation Center, which focused on anxiety and stress and ended the day on a note of love and kindness, she said.
"I wasn't sure how it would work out here with everything going on," she said, gesturing to the people bustling around the park and lining up at different tables. "But in the end, people walked away feeling better. Some people even cried."
Danielle Echeverria is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Twitter: @DanielleEchev Email: danielle.echeverria@sfchronicle.com
Reach Danielle on
Danielle Echeverria is a reporter for The Chronicle's Engagement and Breaking News team. She recently completed her Master's degree in journalism at Stanford University, where she won the Nicholas Roosevelt Environmental Journalism Award for her reporting and covered agriculture, climate change and worker safety. She previously interned The Chronicle on the Business desk, as well as at Big Local News, focusing on data journalism. She is originally from Bakersfield, California.


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text:
Emre Kelly
SpaceX's next-generation launch system designed to take humans beyond low-Earth orbit will at least partially call Florida home, CEO Elon Musk confirmed over the weekend.
When asked where the vehicle known as Starship and Super Heavy would launch from, Musk said both Texas and Florida would host liftoff and assembly operations.
"Working on regulatory approval for both Boca Chica, Texas, and Cape Kennedy, Florida," he said via Twitter Sunday. "Will also be building Starship and Super Heavy simultaneously in both locations."
Rocket manufacturing is a prestigious win for Florida, which historically has been designated as the launch site to which assembled vehicles were transported. SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket, for example, is assembled in California, tested in Texas and moved via truck to Florida for spacecraft integration and launch.
Today, however, companies like Jeff Bezos' Blue Origin and now SpaceX are planning on building towering vehicles of aluminum and stainless steel right here on the Space Coast.
The future SpaceX vehicle comes in two parts: Super Heavy, a massive booster outfitted with 31 Raptor engines that will lift Starship, a 180-foot-tall spacecraft that can transport humans and cargo beyond low-Earth orbit. The latter has been likened to something out of science fiction thanks to its three-fin design and reflective, stainless steel outer shell.
A prototype of Starship, known as a "hopper," currently stands at SpaceX's test site in Texas, where engine tests are expected this week. If all goes according to plan, it will gently lift off on short "hops" that don't go as high as space, but high enough to test out systems and components.
Much like existing Falcon 9 rockets, Starship and Super Heavy will be reused to lower launch costs, decrease turnaround time and, if all goes according to Musk's plan, increase access to space. The first full test flight is targeted for no earlier than 2020.
At Kennedy Space Center, meanwhile, SpaceX teams are targeting the first half of April to launch the much-vaunted Falcon Heavy rocket on its first operational flight. On board will be Saudi Arabia's Arabsat 6A, a large communications satellite that will launch from pad 39A. It marks Falcon Heavy's first full mission since its wildly popular demonstration flight in February 2018.
Contact Emre Kelly at aekelly@floridatoday.com or 321-242-3715. Follow him on Twitter, Facebook and Instagram at @EmreKelly.


The PHOTOGRAPHER 2 performs varied photography and film processing work including illustrative, portrait photography, 16 mm motion pictures, photomacrographs, photomicrographs, original and critical color photography used for instruction, medical care or research, engineering, scientific research or publicity, and/or information purposes.
This is the second level of a two-level series. It is distinguished from the lower level by the responsibility for performing photography assignments that are difficult in nature because of the advanced technical techniques required in the photography and/or film developing process. Employees at this level use independent judgment in the selection of methods to accomplish photography assignments. Employees at this level also provide technical advice and assistance to agency staff on photography problems.
Photography. Typical tasks: consults with customer regarding assignment to determine what is needed and best method to achieve desired results; sets up proper lighting equipment; selects correct equipment and film to accomplish photography assignment; sets correct lighting and film exposure; photographs a wide variety of subjects and materials including portraits using still, motion picture and video production cameras; operates high speed, time lapse and sequence cameras; photographs materials using such processes as photomicrography, ultra-violet and infra-red photography, stereography, fluorography and autoradiography; photographs and prepares slides and motion picture film; consults with agency personnel and others on details of work and gives technical advice and assistance to agency personnel regarding photographic problems.
Darkroom Work. Typical tasks: mixes and prepares chemicals; processes a wide variety of black and white and color film by loading film onto developing reel and determining correct temperature and processing time depending on type of film used, type of negative wanted and what was photographed; makes slide and paper prints from negatives; duplicates color slides, assuring filtering is correct so color hue can be accurately duplicated; lays out, shoots, and processes lithographic line and half tone screen negatives; uses vacuum frame and point light source to expose photographic films and papers; monitors quality control of all chemicals and film processes.
Photographic Print Production. Typical tasks: makes color and black and white photographic enlargements in a variety of sizes; retouches portraits and other prints; opaque negatives to be printed; makes full-tone, half-tone and high contrast enlargements or reductions to a specific scale using proper papers, filters, and developers.
Miscellaneous. Typical tasks: fills out work requests for photography services; maintains supply inventory and orders supplies as necessary; cleans, adjusts and makes minor repairs to cameras, processing equipment, photo enlargers and other photographic equipment; files negatives and prints; cleans up spills and cleans sinks and tanks; may assign work to student employees, explain how the job can best be done and review completed product for quality and completeness.
Employees in this class have in person or telephone contact with all levels of agency staff to provide photographic services, to take requests for services, to discuss details of work or to provide technical advise and assistance regarding photographic problems. Depending on area of work assignment, employees in this class have regular in person contact with students, patients or feature subjects to take portraits, still or motion pictures. Employees in this class have occasional telephone contact with vendors to solve problems with equipment, research new equipment, or to order supplies.
Employees in this class work under the general supervision of a supervising photographer or other administrative superior. Work assignments are primarily received through written, telephone or in person requests for photography services from the customer. Work is reviewed through meetings, progress reports, review of completed product and both negative and positive comments received from customer. Guidelines are available in the form of professional manuals, Federal copyright laws and department policies and procedures.
Supervision is not a responsibility of this class.


To say Kaitlyn Harrell's performance in a Rocky Mountain Division mogul tour competition Sunday in Telluride was unbelievable might be an understatement.
Let's put it this way: Harrell's time down Telluride's Lower Plunge was so fast that it left technical delegate Chris Ellis to check the back-up timing equipment for accuracy.
In the end, the J4 skier from Team Breckenrdige not only dominated her young age class by dropping a full four seconds off her time from the previous day but also won the women's open class in the event.
Harrell's time of 30.78 seconds was the fastest time for any woman in the field by more than two seconds.
"To put the feat into perspective, former Word Cup competitor Caleb Martin placed sixth in Saturday's men's comp on the same slope with a time of 31.47," Dowling said.
Harrell wasn't the only impressive finisher among the local contingent in Telluride on Sunday, though.
Alisha Scheifley was fourth overall in first in her J2 category, earning a win over rival Kylie Van Hoesen of Winter Park.
"The Plunge's steep slope favored Scheifley's technical facility with tough landings," Dowling said.
Breck's Dylan Walczyk continued his dominant season on the men's side with a second-place finish behind Steamboat Springs skier Ryan Dyer.
Colin Lang finished third and fourth in the two comps, while J3 skier Bruce Perry Jr. earned a pair of podiums of his own.
Sean Scanlan was fifth in men's J1 after shaking off a "harrowing backflip crash" in training, Dowling said.
Also, Alex DeBonville was seventh in J3, and Gabe Johnson and Bryce Sawhney also competed.
At the J3 Junior Olympic qualifiers in Winter Park recently, Team Breckenridge had more than 70 percent of its athletes advance to the prestigious competition.
Qualifying athletes: Katie Harris, Kaitlynn Sockett, Patrick Gruber, Nick Bailey, Rick Lawler, Drew Lazar and Michael Stanley.
The Junior Olympics are in Vail from March 4-10.


The Scotland Act 2012 gave the Scottish Parliament the power to set the Scottish Rate of Income Tax. The Scottish rate of income tax (SRIT) comes into effect from April 2016. While the Scottish Parliament will have the power to set the Scottish Rate of Income tax, HMRC will continue to be responsible for its collection and management.
HMRC plan on sending letters to all Scottish tax payers as part of its preparations for the new tax. The letters are intended to confirm the accuracy of the data held by HMRC, regarding who lives in Scotland and who will be eligible to pay the new rate from April 2016.
You need take no action if the address details HMRC holds for you are correct.
However if there is a change you must contact HMRC directly, this will ensure you are allocated the correct tax code.
Those eligible for the new tax will see their tax codes prefixed with 'S' and their income tax will continue to be collected from pay and pensions in the same way as it is now.
The Scottish Government will propose a Scottish Rate for the first time for tax year 2016/17 as part of the budget setting process. On the 10 November the Deputy First Minister invited the Finance Committee to agree that the Draft Budget will be published on the 16 December.


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text:
Koninklijke Metaalunie
20 April 2016 finnbv
The history of Finn goes back to the year 1980. In that year, Klaas Dijkstra started a small business in his own garage in the town of Noordwolde.
In 1994, Klaas Dijkstra brought his business to the city of Groningen, to the so-called Zernike Science Park area.
Peter van der Klok became the new owner of Finn on January 1st, 1996.
Due to lack of space Finn temporarily moved to the town of Drouwenermond in the year 2000.
In 2002, Finn settled in quite a large factory including large office in the town of Stadskanaal in the province of Groningen.
Meanwhile, Finn has over 35 years of experience in the production of accurate precision products made from metal or plastic. The company is using the latest technologies in the field of CAD / CAM, CNC machining, finishing and measuring.
For a complete history of Finn, please download the brochure.
E-mail: management@finn.nl
Finn B.V. specializes in producing high precision products made from metal and plastic.
Precision metalworking
Precision plastic machining
Hightech CNC machinery
Single pieces & series
Small & accurately
High precision parts
Complete engineerings solution
Full & subassembly
Support choice in material
RP Strike 4×4 vehicles
© Copyright Finn B.V.


Turn your Freightliner Coronado New Style into a state of the art machine with upgraded electronics from 4 State Trucks. We carry the industry's most popular electronics so you have a quality selection of aftermarket and custom parts and accessories. Find refrigerators, power inverters, televisions, radios, and more to upgrade your semi truck.


text:
Jota Moraes, nome artístico de João do Amor Divino Moraes Pontes (Caçapava, ) é um pianista, arranjador e compositor brasileiro. Trabalhou com inúmeros nomes da música brasileira, contribuindo para vários gêneros, do pagode ao rock. Uma série para TV, de 13 episódios, intitulada Origens - Jota Moraes, foi criada para contar sua história.

Ligações externas

 Jota Moraes Discogs

Compositores do estado de São Paulo
Arranjadores do estado de São Paulo
Pianistas do estado de São Paulo
Naturais de Caçapava

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The Dell Inspiron 15 7000 is one of the first laptops with 4K resolution.
LAS VEGAS — Laptops are going 4K, and Dell's Inspiron laptops are some of the first to make the jump.
The Dell Inspiron 15 7000 offers an option for 4K resolution (3,840 x 2,160). Powering that experience is a fifth-generation "Broadwell" Core processor, along with Intel HD Graphics. If you plan on doing serious graphics work or gaming, there's also an option for an AMD Radeon R7 M20 GPU.
You can configure the 4K Inspiron with up to 16GB of RAM, and storage options go up to 1TB — although that's with hard-disk storage, not an SSD.
With a 15.6-inch, this isn't exactly an Ultrabook: The laptop weighs up to 4.68 pounds (that's with a 4K touchscreen), and it's 0.78 of an inch thick. There's an HDMI output, a pair of USB 3.0 ports and an SD card slot.
Dell is also launching an Inspiron 15 5000 model. Although there's no 4K option for that one (it maxes out at full HD), the webcam is one of Intel's RealSense 3D cameras. The camera is capable of capturing depth information, and thus can create 3D renderings of objects, as well as enabling gesture control.
The Dell Inspiron 15 5000 includes a special camera that can capture 3D images of objects.
The new Inspiron 15 laptops are available now; the 5000 model starts at $749.99, while the 7000 model starts at $1,099.99.


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Q: Printing Excel file           xlWorkSheet.PrintOut();

This should work but according to the documentation, this is going to use the printer by default. Is it possible to give the user the ability to choose a printer like this:

In WinForms, I believe It's possible to achieve such a thing by using a PrintDialog like this:
var pd = new PrintDialog();
var settings = pd.PrinterSettings;
var name = settings.PrinterName

What's the equivalent for that in WPF? I don't see PrinterSettings/PrinterName
EDIT (more details):
I'm creating an excel file using Interop. The first code I posted will print the file using the default printer. I want from the user to be able to choose a printer. I realize there is ActivePrinter option but I will have to know the name of the printer in this case I believe.
What I want to do is make a printer dialog and get the Selected printer name and set it to ActivePrinter

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Deck Building Games
Warhammer - Fantasy
Terrain Supplies
Queen's Gambit Merch
BattleTech: Historical - Reunification War
Shop / BattleTech: Historical - Reunification War
Article number: QGG000638
In 2570, the six Great Houses of the Inner Sphere united to create the Star League, promising to bring an end to the generations of warfare that engulfed the worlds mankind now called home. Shortly thereafter, to seal their alliance, they turned against the various independent realms of the Periphery. Over the next twenty years, the so-called Reunification War would rage, claiming more lives than the savagery of the Age of War before it, all to realize House Cameron's dream of a united humanity—at any cost.
Historical: Reunification War describes the first grand military campaign of the newborn Star League against the collected realms of the Periphery. Covering each of the four major campaign theaters in detail, this book provides a hard look at the formative years of the first Star League, and the fateful decisions that led them to usher in a new Golden Age for mankind by unleashing their armies against its most far-flung worlds.
Queen's Gambit Games
Methuen's Newest Friendly Local Game Store
© Copyright 2021 Queen's Gambit Games - Powered by Lightspeed


"Crazy Rich Asians" is a surprisingly uplifting and stylish breath of fresh air in 2018, offering a vibrant, tantalizing glance at another culture while being supported by wonderful onscreen chemistry between Constance Wu and Henry Golding. But in this film about an heir to a wealthy family coming home to Singapore and to show his middle-class girlfriend, it is the mother that stands out due to Michelle Yeoh's performance as the domineering yet sophisticated and restrained matriarchy that steals the show, always commanding the room. In an age where romantic comedies have faded, this was a pleasant change of pace.


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Q: Mouse stops working in Bootcamp (XP) I've been using Bootcamp (XP) with no problem for quite a while now. Today, when I tried booting to XP, my mouse will work for about a second and then stop working. If i unplug/replug it, it will sometimes work for another second and then stop. The keyboard works fine. I've tried several different mice, all corded.
Does anyone have any idea what's going on or how I can fix it?

A: Have you tried using other mice, either the same make and model or another brand altogether, and do they exhibit the same problem? If not, then you probably have a hardware failure with your mouse.
Beyond that, what have you changed or upgraded or installed on the Mac side just before this problem appeared? What have you changed or upgraded or installed on the Windows XP side just before the problem appeared? There must be something. This is the key to troubleshooting.
Reset the PRAM.
If that does not help, report back.


Winners of the IFGW 2014 awards in Dublin today!
It was great news for food producers in Cork today with the announcement of the IFWG Food Award winners. 6 of the 7 winners announced were from the Rebel County and we were proud that Coolea Matured Farmhouse Cheese was a part of it!
The awards took place in Dublin today, with 7 awards being granted to different producers, organisations or individuals. Winners did not enter themselves making this award all the more special as the winners were nominated and chosen by members of the Guild.
At the Awards which were supported by Bord Bia, Derry Clarke, executive chef at l'Ecrivain, created a lunch for the winners and members of the Guild containing all the winning products which was delectable!
Of course, we are beyond proud here but we'd also like to congratulate all the other fantastic winners. It was great to meet everybody and get to know eachother. The weather perfectly reflected the mood today as the sun shone on while we chatted with other producers and ate delicious food!
For more information on the other winners, or the IFGW, see their website here!
2007 British Cheese Awards, Best Modern British and Best Irish!
At the 2007 British cheese awards, Coolea cheese was judged to be of gold standard in the modern British cheese category. Because of the high votes from the judges it was also claimed to be the best overall Irish cheese.
There were over 850 cheeses entered from 175 different cheesemakers across the British Isles.


My second post is up on the Brighter Life website! This time around, I wrote about my takeaways on our many wedding planning booboos. Read about it here and please don't judge me based on my confessions, I promise that I'm no longer as naive and/or financially reckless as I used to be back then.
Honestly, I suddenly got shy about this little blog being a must-read because people might start expecting relevant posts from this side of the interweb, when all it's really good for is my random musings on all things money related.
Anyway, I'll try not to let fame affect me…nuhks naman!
Thanks to the Brighter Life Team for believing in whatever it is I'm doing with this blog!