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From Kinshasa to Goma: A spotlight on DR Congo's early-stage tech ecosystem
L-R: Faysal Axam, Djo Moupoundo, Noel Tshiani, and Ruddy Mukwanu are raising their voices through their tech ventures to the opportunity in the Democratic Republic of Congo.
In Kinshasa, the capital of the Democratic Republic of Congo, 40,000 phones are sold every month.
The city is home to 13% of the country's 85 million people. Unsurprisingly, it is the country's rallying point for entrepreneurship.
While possessing a mobile phone is considered a normal thing, smartphone penetration is still fairly novel owing to low broadband availability. As of 2015, only 3% of the country had 3G connection according to a GSMA report.
Thanks to digital finance initiatives from big banks like Ecobank and UBA, financial inclusion has grown to 26% in recent times. Vodacom Congo, Orange RDC and Bharti Airtel are among the leading providers of mobile communications to between 35 and 40 million subscribers.
These are not great numbers. Indeed, the DRC should be doing better with its material and human resources. It is the second largest African country by land area, the fourth most populous, and 60% of Congolese are between the ages of 15 and 25.
In the 21st century, they are not showing up much on the African tech conversation.
While it is exciting to see global acclaim for startups in North, South, East and West Africa, a representative view of innovation in Africa must engage slower growing places like the DRC.
Under the aegis of the Congo Business Network, a group of entrepreneurs from the country are doing that.
Though born in the DRC, Noel Tshiani has now been in the US for 24 years. A former military officer, Tshani founded an advisory company to advise businesses on strategy.
But after realising the difficulty in running businesses in his home country, he began the Business Network as a platform to amplify and help guide local entrepreneurs for global visibility.
By attending events like the Africa Tech Summit, the Network hopes to tell an alternative story about the DRC as a country enthusiastic about the possibilities of technology. The trips are necessary as many of the country's bright minds tend to migrate early for education and professional careers.
Ruddy Mukwanu has lived in South Africa for 18 years. He goes back to Congo from time to time to oversee that side of MaxiCash, a startup he founded in 2016.
MaxiCash provides a platform to enable remittances and electronic payments, giving the unbanked an introduction to financial services.
Instead of opening individual accounts with multiple mobile money operators, MaxiCash gives the user a Visa Card with which one can accept all payments including from banks.
Fintechs pushing the innovation needle have had to withstand initial skepticism and aversion from banks and telcos, Mukwanu says, but relations are improving.
"Most of our startups are now working much closely with banks to develop products together," he says, though a high capital barrier for entry in the financial services space preserves the banks' dominance.
At the moment, the biggest platform for collaboration between key actors in the DRC's financial services industry is Multipay Congo launched in 2015.
It is the DRC's first inter-banking platform enabling interconnectivity between bank transactions. Created through a collaboration of Banque Commerciale du Congo, FBN Bank, ProCredit Bank and RawBank, the platform plays a settlement role that creates co-existence between payment platforms like ATMs and point of sale machines.
"We really hope that we can start interconnecting," says Djo Moupoundo, another one of the group of Congolese that cut their professional cloth outside the country's shores.
Moupoundo's client acquisition company helps DRC banks onboard clients. With over a decade's experience in the country's financial sector, he would like to see more interconnection at lower levels.
"Interoperability is what will create the ecosystem. DRC is huge and there is room for everybody," he says.
Of course not everyone in the DRC experiences financial services in the same way. The country is one of the poorest in the world with more than 70% living on less than $1.90 as of 2018.
In Goma where Faysal Axam is based, low internet quality affects smartphone adoption. His startup, the Faysal Company, has a Tap and Pay electronic payment system for smartphones, but it is his USSD feature that gets traction.
Thanks to Tecno feature phones – which retail at about $20 – people in that Eastern region of the country can access mobile money platforms. But it is not enough, and Axam would want the government to improve internet connectivity in the country to enable people outside of Kinshasa benefit from the promise of digitization.
It would have been great if they didn't have to wait for the government. In Nigeria, Kenya and South Africa, startups are leveraging local and international venture funding sources for disruptive innovation.
But because the DRC ecosystem is barely two years old, there's little significant investment going into startups. Startups that emerged in the last couple of years have only started to gain visibility.
There are practically no venture capital firms dedicated to funding startups in the country. Even if a firm were interested in funding a startup with, say, $5 million, there are no metrics or data on which to evaluate how reasonable a deal it would be for both investor and the company.
Tshiani wants to use the network as a medium for propelling startups to global platforms where interactions can produce investment
If it's any consolation, neither Nigeria, Kenya, South Africa nor Egypt are in any way developed tech nations. Each has aspects of its climate that remain stumbling blocks to rapid growth.
Yet, Moupoundou has no illusions as to the work they need to do in the DRC to catch up. "We still need to prove ourselves. Some of our startups are still scratching the surface."
Congo Business Network
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Suspect named in Bay Bridge shooting
Bay Area // Crime
Steve Rubenstein
March 13, 2021 Updated: March 14, 2021 10:57 a.m.
1of2File photo of police car lights. Flashing Lights on Police CarJacom Stephens/Getty ImageShow MoreShow Less
Luis Candelaria, 42, is wanted in the nonfatal shooting of a motorist on the Bay Bridge.
California Highway PatrolShow MoreShow Less
A 42-year-old man has been identified as a suspect in the nonfatal shooting of a motorist who was standing beside his car in the middle of the Bay Bridge.
The California Highway Patrol said it is looking for Luis Candelaria, whom it described as an "armed and dangerous felon."
The victim, who was not identified, was shot in the chest and critically injured around 5 a.m. Tuesday while standing near his 2003 Subaru Outback next to the Treasure Island off-ramp of the eastbound Bay Bridge. He was being treated at a San Francisco hospital, where detectives interviewed him, the CHP said.
The CHP said the attacker fled after the shooting.
Anyone with information about the shooting is being asked to call the CHP tip line at (707) 917-4491.
Danville police say officer shot man who pulled out a knife
While reporting on S.F. robberies, a journalist's camera was stolen. Now police have made an arrest
Steve Rubenstein is a San Francisco Chronicle staff writer. Email: srubenstein@sfchronicle.com Twitter: @SteveRubeSF
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Chronicle staff writer Steve Rubenstein first joined The Chronicle reporting staff in 1976. He has been a metro reporter, a columnist, a reviewer and a feature writer. He left the staff in 2009 to teach elementary school and returned to the staff in 2015. He is married, has a son and a daughter and lives in San Francisco. He is a cyclist and a harmonica player, occasionally at the same time.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Aneurysms of the Anterior Communicating Artery Treated with Guglielmi Detachable Coils: Follow-Up with Contrast-Enhanced MR Angiography
Xavier Leclerc, Jean-François Navez, Jean-Yves Gauvrit, Jean-Paul Lejeune and Jean-Pierre Pruvo
American Journal of Neuroradiology August 2002, 23 (7) 1121-1127;
Xavier Leclerc
Jean-François Navez
Jean-Yves Gauvrit
Jean-Paul Lejeune
Jean-Pierre Pruvo
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: The long-term outcome of patients treated with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs) remains unknown and is being evaluated. We sought to assess the feasibility and utility of contrast-enhanced MR angiography in the follow-up of anterior communicating artery (AcomA) aneurysms treated with GDCs.
METHODS: In a prospective study, 20 consecutive patients with AcomA aneurysms underwent digital subtraction angiography (DSA), time-of-flight MR angiography (TOF-MRA), and contrast-enhanced MR angiography (MRA) 12 months after treatment with GDCs. The aneurysmal sac measured less than 10 mm in 19 patients and 12 mm in one patient. Two observers who did not analyze the DSA images independently reviewed the MRA images. Aneurysms were classified according to the presence of a residual neck (ie, complete occlusion, small residual neck, large residual neck, or not assessable). DSA was used as the standard of reference.
RESULTS: Images from all examinations were assessable. Venous enhancement was observed in five cases at contrast-enhanced MRA; this did not affect image interpretation. Interobserver agreement was good. A comparison of the techniques showed good agreement in the detection of a residual neck. Two cases of a small residual neck were not detected at TOF-MRA, and one case of complete occlusion was misclassified as a small residual neck at contrast-enhanced MRA.
CONCLUSION: Our findings showed that contrast-enhanced MRA is a valuable method for the follow-up of aneurysms in the AcomA after their treatment with GDCs. Further studies with multiple aneurysm locations and larger groups are required to determine the exact role of this technique.
Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) is the most severe complication of intracranial aneurysms. Its incidence is estimated to be 1 case per 1000 Europeans per year (1). The treatment consists of the exclusion of the malformation from the intracranial circulation to eliminate the risk of rebleeding. Before 1990, surgical clip placement was the only valuable treatment for these malformations. Since 1991, endovascular occlusion of the aneurysmal sac with Guglielmi detachable coils (GDCs) has been an alternative approach (2). The therapeutic strategy depends mainly on the morphology of the aneurysm.
The long-term outcome of patients treated with GDCs remains unknown and is being evaluated. A regrowth of the aneurysm or a remnant aneurysmal neck may be detected after treatment (3). Several imaging strategies may be used to image the residual neck. Digital subtraction angiography (DSA) remains the technique of choice, but this method is relatively invasive and poses a risk of neurologic complications. Helical CT angiography with three-dimensional (3D) reconstructions has been proven effective in the detection of small aneurysms (4), but coil-related artifacts may hinder the detection of a residual flow in the aneurysm. Time-of-flight MR angiography (TOF-MRA) is considered as an alternative approach to DSA. This method is effective in the detection of small intracranial aneurysms and in the follow-up of patients after embolization (5–12). However, the relatively long acquisition time and the presence of flow-related artifacts are limiting factors in TOF-MRA. To improve vascular conspicuity, some have suggested the administration of contrast medium before performance of TOF-MRA. However, because of the long acquisition time, venous enhancement often degrades the image quality (8, 13).
Important advances in MR angiography (MRA) have been made recently. Ultrafast contrast-enhanced MRA is based on the T1-shortening effect of moving spins, which minimizes the saturation effect of slow flow without major venous enhancement. Such sequences are effective in the evaluation of carotid stenoses (14), and recent findings in the evaluation of intracranial aneurysms are promising (15, 16). However, to our knowledge, this method has not been evaluated in the visualization of intracranial vasculature after GDC treatment.
The aim of the present study was to follow up a group of patients with ruptured aneurysms of the anterior communicating artery (AcomA) that were treated with GDCs. Our purpose was to assess the reliability of contrast-enhanced MRA in the detection of a residual neck. Findings were compared with those of DSA, as the reference technique, and to those of TOF-MRA, which is widely used in routine evaluation of SAH.
To evaluate the feasibility of contrast-enhanced MRA in the detection of aneurysm repermeation after embolization, we performed both MRA and DSA at 12-month follow-up in consecutive patients treated with GDCs for a ruptured aneurysm of the AcomA. All patients in the present study were referred from the neurosurgery department. The indication of treatment depended on the clinical condition of the patient, the location of the aneurysm, the size of the aneurysmal sac, and the size of the aneurysmal neck. In our institution, if DSA depicts an aneurysm of the AcomA with a diameter less than 10 mm and a small neck, the patient is referred to the neuroradiology department for potential endovascular treatment with GDCs. After treatment, both MRA and DSA are planned at 12 months, according to a protocol approved by our institutional review board. Both examinations are performed within 48 hours of each other in all patients. MR examinations include both 3D-TOF and gadolinium-enhanced fast 3D angiographic sequences. DSA is considered the reference standard.
This study included 20 patients (nine women,11 men; median age, 49 years; age range, 17–73 years) who were admitted between November 1996 and December 1999 for a ruptured aneurysm of the AcomA. In all cases, CT performed on an emergency basis showed a diffuse SAH located mainly at the anterior interhemispheric sulcus. In two patients, the bleeding was associated with a frontal hematoma. DSA performed the day after admission showed a saccular aneurysm of the AcomA; the maximal diameter of the aneurysmal sac was less than 5 mm in seven patients, 5–10 mm in 12 patients, and 12 mm in one patient. These patients were referred to the neuroradiology department for endovascular treatment, according to our protocol. In one case, despite a 12-mm aneurysmal sac, the patient was treated with GDCs because of the posterior orientation of the aneurysm that would have increased the risk of the neurosurgical procedure. All aneurysms were treated within 3 days after SAH by using GDCs of various diameters and lengths, according to the size and the morphology of the aneurysm. Endovascular procedures were performed after selective catheterization of the internal carotid artery by femoral approach. Treatment of the aneurysmal sac was angiographically complete in 18 patients and partial in two patients (one with a 7-mm aneurysm and one with a 12-mm aneurysm).
Digital Subtraction Angiography
All DSA examinations were performed by using a digital subtraction system (Integris V 3000; Philips Medical Systems, Best, the Netherlands). DSA before treatment included selective injection of both common carotid arteries with the acquisition of at least three intracranial views (frontal, sagittal, and anterior homolateral oblique). When necessary, additional oblique views were obtained to separate the aneurysmal sac from the surrounding vessels. Only the best views that showed the aneurysm during initial DSA were acquired at the end of the embolization and at 1-year DSA follow-up. Each angiogram was acquired at a rate of two images per second with a 512 × 512 matrix size and a 20-cm field of view. For each projection, an 8-mL bolus of iodinated contrast material (Iohexol; Nycomed, Princeton NJ) was injected at a rate of 6 mL/s by using a power injector. The total dose did not exceed 120 mL.
MR angiograms were obtained within 24 hours before DSA by using a 1.5-T system (Magnetom Vision; Siemens, Erlangen, Germany) with 25-mT/m maximum gradient strength. All examinations were performed with a standard head coil. Patients were positioned with a 20-gauge intravenous catheter inserted into their antecubital vein. After scout images were acquired in three planes, the following sequences were programmed. First, a 3D-TOF sequence was used in the axial plane that included both the carotid siphons and the A1 and A2 segments of the anterior cerebral arteries. A saturation band was placed above the acquisition volume to eliminate the venous signal. The parameters were as follows: 34/5.4 [TR/TE]; flip angle, 50°; field of view, 25; acquisition volume, 55 mm; and matrix, 200 × 512. The acquisition time was 4 minutes. Second, a contrast-enhanced MRA fast imaging steady-state precession sequence was performed in the coronal plane. The acquisition volume was placed on the sagittal scout image in an oblique direction so that the volume included the cervical carotid arteries, the carotid siphons, the A1 and A2 segments of the anterior cerebral arteries, the M1 and M2 segments of the middle cerebral arteries, the basilar artery, and the initial segment of the posterior cerebral arteries. The parameters were as follows: 6.8/2.3, flip angle, 35°; field of view, 25; and matrix, 150 × 512. The anteroposterior coverage was 60 mm, and the acquisition time was 40 seconds. A 100% zero-fill interpolation was performed in the section direction and fat saturation was used. A 0.2-mmol/kg bolus of gadolinium chelate (gadodiamide [Omniscan]; Nycomed) was injected at a rate of 2mL/s by the use of an MR-compatible power injector (Spectris; Medrad, Pittsburgh, PA). The circulation time of the contrast medium from the antecubital vein to the carotid arteries was estimated by the use of a test bolus before performance of 3D-MRA. Two-dimensional images (2D turbo flash sequence; 3.3/1.4, flip angle, 8°; field of view, 25; section thickness, 8 mm; matrix, 88 × 128) were acquired every second during 60 seconds at the level of the carotid siphons. The start of the test bolus injection coincided with the start of the sequence. The circulation time was then calculated by means of signal intensity measurements in a region of interest placed over either the carotid siphon or the basilar artery. The delay time was calculated so that the peak of arterial contrast enhancement coincided with the acquisition of the central part of k space according the following equation: delay time = test bolus transit time + 0.5 injection time − 0.35(acquisition time), where all times are in seconds. Source images of both TOF-MRA sequences and contrast-enhanced MRA sequences were reconstructed by using the maximum intensity projection (MIP) algorithm. Multiple projections were obtained every 15° over 180° in lateral and anteroposterior views.
Two trained radiologists (X.L., J.F.N.) together reviewed the DSA images to detect a residual aneurysmal sac. The findings on each angiogram were then assigned one of four following categories: 0, complete occlusion; 1, small residual neck (1–3 mm); 2, large residual neck (larger than 3 mm); and 3, not assessable. Two examiners (including J.Y.G.) who were blinded to the results of DSA examined the MRA images. Interpretation of MRA images was made on the basis of the MIP images and by consensus. The following criteria were used: image contrast, artifact (metal, motion), vessel overlap, and patency of the intracranial arteries. Image contrast was graded as low when the signal intensity in the enhanced arterial lumen was only slightly higher than that in the background, moderate when the signal intensity was clearly higher, and high when the signal intensity was optimal. Artifacts and vessel overlaps were judged as minor when they did not prevent the interpretation of images and major when they degraded the image quality. Patency of the parent vessels was judged in the A1 and A2 AcomA segments. Each artery was graded as normal in cases of regular outlines or abnormal in cases of stenosis or occlusion involving the artery in whole or in part.
For the detection of a remnant neck, both blinded observers evaluated the MIP images in a fully randomized order. TOF-MRA images and contrast-enhanced MRA images were used independently. The findings were compared between observers and with those of DSA by using the following classifications: 0, complete occlusion; 1, small residual neck (1–3 mm); 2, large residual neck (larger than 3 mm); and 3, not assessable. Cases leading to a disagreement between the observers regarding the detection of a remnant neck on MRA images were reviewed by both readers to reach a consensus.
The first step of the analysis consisted of an evaluation of the interobserver agreement for each set of MR images (ie, TOF-MRA images and contrast-enhanced MRA images); for this, we used the κ statistic. The second step consisted of a comparison of MR angiography and DSA in the detection of a residual neck; for this we used the same statistical tests. Kappa values greater than 0.6 suggested substantial agreement, and values greater than 0.8 indicated excellent agreement. P values less than .005 indicated a significant difference.
The overall quality of TOF-MRA images was judged optimal in all patients. The image contrast of gadolinium-enhanced MRA images was judged excellent in 17 patients and moderate in three patients. Minor artifacts were observed on TOF-MRA images in five patients. These artifacts were related to the GDCs and did not interfere with image interpretation. No coil or motion artifact was seen on contrast-enhanced MRA images. Venous overlaps were present on contrast-enhanced MRA images in five cases and on TOF-MRA images in no case. Vessel overlaps were considered minor, because they did not prevent the interpretation of vessel conspicuity. Visualization of the anterior cerebral arteries was optimal in all cases. No stenosis or occlusion was depicted in the initial portion of intracranial arteries.
Interobserver Agreement
Interobserver agreement for the detection of a residual neck was judged low in the analysis of TOF MR angiograms (κ = 0.13, P < .16). Interobserver agreement was good and the difference was significant in the analysis of contrast-enhanced MRA images (κ = 0.78, P < .001). Discrepancies between both examiners were noted with TOF-MRA findings in six cases and with contrast-enhanced MRA findings in three cases. In these cases, an additional collaborative reading by both examiners was performed to reach a consensus.
Intertechnique Agreement
DSA revealed residual aneurysmal flow at 1-year follow-up in five patients, including one with a major residual flow (neck larger than 3 mm) and four with a minor residual flow in the aneurysmal sac (1–3 mm) (Table 1).
MR angiographic and DSA findings of intraaneurysmal flow at 12-month follow-up after GDC treatment
The comparison of TOF-MRA findings and contrast-enhanced MRA findings with those of DSA showed a good and significant agreement between techniques (TOF-MRA: κ = 0.83, P < .001; contrast-enhanced MRA: κ = 0.73, P < .001) (Figs 1 and 2).
DSA and contrast-enhanced MRA show concordant findings.
A, Intracranial left carotid DSA obtained 12 months after the treatment of a 4-mm aneurysm in the AcomA. Frontal head view shows no remnant cavity at the site of the AcomA (arrow).
B, Contrast-enhanced MRA image with MIP reconstruction in the frontal view shows findings in agreement with those at DSA.
TOF-MRA and contrast-enhanced MRA show concordant findings.
A, TOF-MRA image obtained with MIP reconstruction obtained 12 months after the treatment of a 8-mm aneurysm in the AcomA. Axial image depicts a residual neck of 4-mm diameter (arrowhead).
B, Contrast-enhanced MRA image obtained with axial MIP reconstruction in the axial plane depicts a residual cavity (arrow), in agreement with the TOF-MRA findings.
Among the five cases with a residual neck at conventional angiography, TOF-MRA enabled the detection of the remnant neck in three patients. Two minor remnant necks were not detected at TOF-MRA, whereas all residual necks detected at DSA were seen at contrast-enhanced MRA (Fig 3). However, one case of complete aneurysmal occlusion, as depicted at DSA, was misclassified as a small residual neck at contrast-enhanced MRA (Fig 4). The sensitivity of MRA in the detection of a residual neck at 1-year follow-up was higher with the use of contrast-enhanced MR angiographic sequences compared with that of TOF-MRA, but its specificity was lower (Table 2).
Detection of aneurysmal neck remnant.
A, DSA image of the left internal carotid artery obtained 12 months after the treatment of a 5-mm aneurysm of the AcomA. Frontal head view shows a residual neck with a 3-mm diameter (arrow).
B, TOF-MRA image obtained with MIP reconstruction in the axial plane does not depict the residual neck.
C, Contrast-enhanced MRA image obtained with axial MIP reconstruction in the axial plane shows a small residual cavity (arrow), in agreement with the DSA findings.
Patient with a 6-mm aneurysm of the AcomA that was treated with GDCs. Only the left carotid angiogram showed the aneurysm at initial DSA.
A, Left carotid artery angiogram obtained 12 months after treatment. Frontal head view shows no recurrent aneurysm.
B, Contrast-enhanced MRA image obtained with MIP reconstruction shows a hyperintense area (arrowhead) at the site of the AcomA. This finding was misinterpreted as a residual aneurysmal neck.
Sensitivity and specificity of MR angiography and DSA in the detection of a residual aneurysmal neck at 1-year follow-up after GDC treatment
Our findings showed the potential utility of contrast-enhanced MRA in the follow-up of patients after GDC treatment for a ruptured intracranial aneurysm of the AcomA. A regrowth of the aneurysm or a remnant neck that was angiographically proven at 12-month follow-up was detected with a good sensitivity and with an appropriate image quality at TOF-MRA and contrast-enhanced MRA. However, TOF-MRA appeared to be less sensitive; two cases with a residual neck were not detected.
Preliminary studies have been performed to assess the usefulness of TOF-MRA for the follow-up of patients treated with GDCs for an intracranial aneurysm. In a study of 26 patients, Derdeyn et al (9) reported a sensitivity of 71% and a specificity of 89% in the detection of a residual intraaneurysmal flow. Three false-negative findings and two false-positive findings were reported in this study. These results were explained by 1) the presence of a slow flow in the aneurysm that led to the misinterpretation of a hypointense finding as a complete occlusion and 2) a residual hemorrhage that led to the misinterpretation of a hyperintense finding as residual flow. The authors suggest the use of a short TE to minimize the intravoxel spin-dephasing artifacts, the use of higher spatial resolution to improve the image quality, and the injection of contrast material to prevent saturation effects. In study of patients in whom 64 intracranial aneurysms were occluded with GDCs, Anzalone et al (12) reported promising results. All residual aneurysmal sacs were detected at MRA, and they had only one false-positive finding. The sensitivity and specificity were 97% and 100%, respectively. However, among the 64 aneurysms, seven (11%) could not be analyzed at TOF-MRA because of coil-related artifacts. A few patients were examined by means of contrast-enhanced MRA in this study; this approach showed the advantage of contrast material injection in cases of large aneurysms. A more recent study (17) was performed to assess the interest in TOF-MRA with contrast material infusion in 68 patients. The results showed a sensitivity and a specificity of 72% and 98%, respectively. In our study, interobserver agreement in the detection of a residual aneurysmal neck was poor with TOF-MRA. This finding can be explained by the small size of the remnant necks and by the presence of flow-related artifacts that might have made analysis of MIP images difficult. Because of the better contrast of the source images, the use of the axial source images might have been helpful in interpreting MIP images, and the reliability of this technique might have been improved.
Important advances in MRA with contrast material injections allowed the use of a large imaging volume with a short acquisition time; high signal intensity in the vascular structures resulted from major shortening of the T1 in blood because of gadolinium-based contrast agent (18). Images are similar to those obtained at DSA; on these images, the signal intensity in the vascular lumen depends on the vascular concentration of gadolinium-based contrast agent at the time of image acquisition. This technique has proved its effectiveness in the evaluation of the cervical arteries (14). Few studies have been conducted to evaluate these sequences in imaging the circle of Willis (19–21), and to our knowledge, none have assessed the follow-up of patients who undergo GDC treatment for a ruptured aneurysm. This lack is probably explained by the presence of venous structures at the skull base and by the limited spatial resolution that may prevent its use in routine evaluation. In a recent study, Metens et al (16) evaluated this technique in 32 patients who were admitted to the hospital for a suspected intracranial aneurysm. Findings showed a high sensitivity and specificity of 100% and 96%, respectively. Only one false-positive finding was observed. TOF-MRA had a sensitivity and a specificity of 96% and 100%, respectively.
Potential advantages of using contrast-enhanced MRA in the detection and follow-up of intracranial aneurysms can be highlighted. First, the assessment of the first pass of a bolus of gadolinium-based contrast agent decreases the saturation or turbulence effects that are usually observed with TOF-MRA. This effect theoretically results in higher signal intensity in the residual aneurysmal sac, with images similar to those obtained with DSA. Second, the imaging volume may be orientated in the frontal plane, which allows us to assess a large volume from the intracranial segment of the vertebral arteries to the pericallosal portion of the anterior cerebral arteries. In contrast, the imaging volume of TOF-MRA must be orientated in the axial plane to optimize flow-related enhancement. Finally, the injection of contrast material allows better visualization of small vessels. This effect is because of the appropriate filling of small arteries with the gadolinium-based contrast agent and the short acquisition time of the sequence, which decreases the risk of motion artifacts (22).
In our study, the visualization of the anterior cerebral arteries was improved with the injection of contrast material. Coil artifacts seemed less apparent on contrast-enhanced MRA images compared with those on TOF-MRA images, and this difference is probably due to the shorter TE that decreases magnetic susceptibility artifacts (10, 12). However, the present study may have several shortcomings. The number of patients was limited, and only aneurysms of the AcomA were assessed. The particular anatomy of the AcomA probably accounts for the correct visualization of this artery on axial views and the absence of major venous overlap. Thus, our findings do not allow us to draw a conclusion about the reliability of this technique in the visualization of the other arterial segments in the circle of Willis.
Our findings showed the potential utility of contrast-enhanced MRA in the follow-up of patients treated with GDC for an aneurysm of the AcomA. The image quality was appropriate in all cases, with good agreement between DSA and MRA results in the detection of a residual neck. However, the limited spatial resolution of these sequences and the potential for venous enhancement after the injection of contrast material could limit the use of this technique in routine evaluation. These drawbacks will probably be overcome in the near future with the use of high-resolution ultrafast sequences.
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Huston J, Rufenacht DA, Ehamn RL, Wiebers DO. Intracranial aneurysms and vascular malformations: comparison of time-of-flight and phase contrast MR angiography. Radiology 1991;181:721–730
Edelman RR, Sungkee SA, Chien D. Improved time-of-flight MR angiography of the brain with magnetization transfer contrast. Radiology 1992;184:395–399
Derdeyn CP, Graves VB, Tursky PA, Masaryk AM, Strother CM. MR angiography of saccular aneurysms after treatment with Guglielmi detachable coils: preliminary experience. AJNR Am Neuroradiol 1997;18:279–286
Gönner F, Heid L, Remonda G, et al. MR angiography with ultrashort echo time in cerebral aneurysms treated with Guglielmi detachable coils. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1998;19:1324–1328
Kähära VJ, Seppänen SK, Ryymin PS, Mattila P, Kuurne T, Laasonen EM. MR angiography with three-dimensional time-of-flight and targeted maximum-intensity-projection reconstructions in the follow-up of intracranial aneurysms embolized with Guglielmi detachable coils. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 1999;20:1470–1475
Anzalone N, Righi C, Simionato F, Scomazzoni F, et al. Three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography in the evaluation of intracranial aneurysms treated with Guglielmi detachable coils. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:746–752
Jung HW, Chang KY, Choi DS, Han HM, Han CM. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography for the diagnosis of intracranial vascular disease: optimal dose of gadopentetate dimeglumine. AJR Am J Roentgenol 1995;165:1251–1255
Remonda L, Heid O, Schroth G. Carotid artery stenosis, occlusion, and pseudo-occlusion: first pass gadolinium-enhanced three dimensional MR angiography-preliminary study. Radiology 1998;209:95–102
Jäger HR, Ellamushi H, Moore EA, Grieve JP, Kitchen ND, Taylor WJ. Contrast-enhanced MR angiography of intracranial giant aneurysms. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:1900–1907
Metens T, Rio F, Balériaux D, Roger T, David P, Rodesh G. Intracranial aneurysms: detection with gadolinium-enhanced dynamic three-dimensional MR angiography-Initial results. Radiology 2000;216:39–46
Boulin A, Pierot L. Follow-up intracranial aneurysms treated with detachable coils: comparison of gadolinium enhanced 3D time-of-flight MR angiography and digital subtraction angiography. Radiology 2001;219:108–113
Prince MR, Narasimham DL, Stanley JC, et al. Breath-hold gadolinium-enhanced MR angiography of the abdominal aorta and its major branches. Radiology 1995;197:785–792
Parker D, Tsuruda J, Goodrich C, Alexander A, Buswell H. Contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance angiography of cerebral arteries. Invest Radiol 1998;33:300–313
Talaga S, Jungreis CA, Kanal E. et al. Fast Three-dimensional time-of-flight MR angiography of the intracranial vasculature. J Magn Reson Imag 1995;5:317–323
Isoda H, Takehara Y, Isogai S et al. Software-triggered contrast-enhanced three-dimensional MR angiography of the intracranial arteries. AJR Am J Roentgenol 2000;174:371–375
Anthony MM, Frayne R, Unal O, Rappe AH, Strother CM. Utility of CT angiography and MR angiography for the follow-up of experimental aneurysms treated with stents or Guglielmi detachable coils. AJNR Am J Neuroradiol 2000;21:1523–1528
Received December 20, 2001.
Accepted after revision March 21, 2002.
Copyright © American Society of Neuroradiology
You are going to email the following Aneurysms of the Anterior Communicating Artery Treated with Guglielmi Detachable Coils: Follow-Up with Contrast-Enhanced MR Angiography
Xavier Leclerc, Jean-François Navez, Jean-Yves Gauvrit, Jean-Paul Lejeune, Jean-Pierre Pruvo
American Journal of Neuroradiology Aug 2002, 23 (7) 1121-1127;
MRA versus DSA for the follow-up imaging of intracranial aneurysms treated using endovascular techniques: a meta-analysis
Is Visual Evaluation of Aneurysm Coiling a Reliable Study End Point?: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
MRA Versus DSA for Follow-Up of Coiled Intracranial Aneurysms: A Meta-Analysis
Endovascular Treatment of Anterior Communicating Artery Aneurysms: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Outcomes of Endovascular Treatments of Aneurysms: Observer Variability and Implications for Interpreting Case Series and Planning Randomized Trials
Residual Flow After Cerebral Aneurysm Coil Occlusion: Diagnostic Accuracy of MR Angiography
Long-Term Prospective Follow-Up of Intracranial Aneurysms Treated with Endovascular Coiling Using Contrast-Enhanced MR Angiography
Intracranial Aneurysms Treated With Guglielmi Detachable Coils: Imaging Follow-Up With Contrast-Enhanced MR Angiography
Matrix Detachable Coils for the Endovascular Treatment of Intracranial Aneurysms: Analysis of Early Angiographic and Clinical Outcomes


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Connecting Business initiative
engaging the private sector in disaster preparedness, response and recovery
Connecting Business initiative (CBi) engages the private sector strategically before, during and after emergencies, increasing the scale and effectiveness of the response and recovery in a coordinated manner.
While governments maintain the overall responsibility for responding to humanitarian emergencies, local communities and private sector networks also play crucial roles in disaster preparedness, response and recovery. The Connecting Business initiative strengthens and supports those private sector networks.
In the last year seven of the 13 CBi Member Networks responded to at least 15 emergencies ranging from earthquakes, cyclones, floods, a tsunami and a volcanic eruption, and they helped communities recover quicker.
The Connecting Business initiative was launched at the World Humanitarian Summit in May 2016 and it takes forward the Summit outcomes, as well as the 2030 Development Agenda and the Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction.
CBi's Vision and Mission
CBi activities
Providing a clear entry point for the private sector to engage in disaster risk reduction, emergency preparedness, response and recovery.
Mobilizing and connecting partners.
Supporting the creation and strengthening of private sector-led networks for disaster risk reduction, emergency preparedness, response and recovery.
Connecting private sector networks at the sub-national, national and regional levels, and among industry and thematic groups, to each other and other actors.
Integrating the private sector in resilience programs and national disaster management structures.
Matching private sector capacities and resources to humanitarian needs through local networks.
Producing tools and delivering programs to build the resilience of businesses and their communities.
Developing and disseminating good practice on private sector engagement.
Facilitating policy engagement.
New workstreams in 2018
Innovation and new technologies
24 May - 13:00
25 Apr - 13:00
Level of support provided
CBi is a private sector driven and UN-supported initiative. Operational and technical support is provided by the United Nations Development Programme and United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs with a Secretariat based in Geneva.
Progress Report 2018
25 Apr 04:08 •et;
Connecting Business initiative Secretariat
Connecting Business initiative Snapshot
CBi NEWSLETTER - Annual Overview January – December 2018
31 Dec 12:00 •et;


text:
A Bicycle Accident Has Left This 11-Year-Old Bed-Ridden, Grappling With A Severe Infection
"Dev has always been outdoorsy and sporty. His face would always light up with smiles and laughter when he would be running around doing the things he loved. But seeing him in this state, lying in a hospital bed, so quiet, weak and frail, is very unsettling. He's our only child, and I'm so terrified to even think about what might happen to him. I can't lose my son…" - Chaya, mother
He had internal bleeding after landing on his stomach in an accident
On 27th October, 11-year-old Dev had been riding his bicycle in his neighborhood when he ran over a large rock. The cycle toppled over, sending the little boy crashing onto the uneven ground, stomach-first. He sustained a major injury on his stomach that caused some internal bleeding and he was rushed to the hospital.
"2 days after his accident, he underwent a major surgery. The minutes felt like hours as we sat in the waiting room, and when the doctor told us the surgery was a success, we thanked our lucky stars. He had to have blood transfused, and they said he would need to remain under observation for a week to track his progress. But we never anticipated that things would go so wrong, so fast." - Sandeep, father
He developed a severe infection that wouldn't subside with medicines
Dev's recovery hit a major setback, when they found out that he had a severe infection. Within a week, his condition drastically deteriorated, and his family was asked to take their ailing child to a more equipped hospital in Delhi for better treatment.
"As soon as they detected the infection, they told us that his condition was worsening. No matter how many medicines they gave him to treat it, there was little to no improvement. Finally they advised that he would need another surgery, or his life would be in danger. I was baffled, unable to digest the fact that I could lose my son like this…" - Sandeep
After spending all his savings, he's struggling to save his only child
Dev was able to undergo his second surgery last week. But he's still in critical condition, fighting off an infection that is consuming all his energy and slowly claiming his life. He had been struggling to breath on his own and spent almost 4 days on ventilator support. Now, Dev needs to remain in the hospital for at least 8 more weeks, followed by supportive treatment.
But Sandeep has exhausted everything he had, and cannot afford to continue his son's treatment. A teacher by profession, he earns a decent salary that has been sufficient to provide for his family so far. A large chunk of his income has also been going towards paying back his pending loans.
"Whatever little money I had saved for my family's future was spent on my son's treatment. I even went as far as to borrow from my friend and family and sold some of our valuables. Now I'm at a dead end. My son often asks me 'Papa, when will I get better?', but I never know what to say to him. I'm miserably failing to save him..." - Sandeep
These parents only wish to see their child running around on his feet and happily chattering away, like he used to. Only you can make that happen for them with your generous support. Click here to donate.
Patient Dev Yadav is 11 years old, living in Jhansi, Uttar Pradesh
Being treated in Medanta Hospital, Gurugram, Haryana
Receiving treatment for Accident
Click here to know more about Dev Yadav


BALTIMORE (CNS)—The U.S. bishops overwhelmingly approved a pastoral letter against racism Nov. 14 during their fall general meeting at Baltimore.
The document, "Open Wide Our Hearts: The Enduring Call to Love—A Pastoral Letter Against Racism," passed 241-3 with one abstention. It required a two-thirds vote by all bishops, or 183 votes, for passage.
Bishops speaking on the pastoral letter gave clear consent to the message.
Bishop Thomas J. Olmsted of Phoenix said the letter will be welcome among Native Americans, who populate 11 missions in the diocese, by African-Americans in Arizona—"I think we were the last of the 50 states to be part of the Martin Luther King Jr. national holiday," he noted—and Hispanics, who make up 80 percent of all diocesan Catholics under age 20.
"Every racist act—every such comment, every joke, every disparaging look as a reaction to the color of skin, ethnicity or place of origin—is a failure to acknowledge another person as a brother or sister, created in the image of God," it adds.


Physical fitness isn't something that you would like, it is something you get out there and have for your self. This information is gonna demonstrate ways in which it is possible to opt to carry out what can be done and acquire suit. Continue reading regarding guidelines and ideas about how you can create this kind of take place.
Be sure and locate working out program which you get pleasure from to help you carry on doing it. Unless you get pleasure from the physical exercise, chances are you will certainly locate good reasons to quit doing it. Check out various workout routines and various periods to see the things that work to suit your needs. It could be that will zoning from the particular elliptical does the key or perhaps choosing a day swim will keep you motivated. Strolling throughout the monitor ahead of supper could be the ticket in order to weight-loss. Find what keeps you heading back for additional and you will be on the right track to be able to losing weight.
While doing work keep clear of the forms of physical exercises you are carrying out in relation to the level of physique you really want to keep up. Several work outs are many beneficial to those people who are attempting to burn up fat. Some are nearly all helpful to individuals attempting to develop lean muscle mass. Many are ideal for individuals attempting to build bigger muscle. Know about just what the exercises what you are doing target.
Boating is an excellent form of workout also it will not placed any stress on the body. Once you go swimming you happen to be working all of the muscle tissues inside you providing your physique a nice relaxed workout. If you're not employed to floating around then it will take a little bit to obtain employed to the idea but you are going to arrived at appreciate it over time.
As you grow old muscle tissue become even less flexible, which increases the risk that your particular muscle tissue can become shateringly drained. Should you be youthful when compared with 45, gradually alter hold every stretches place for at least Half a minute. Soon after 40, increase the holding time for it to a full moment. This will likely maintain muscles pliable and strain-free.
If your workout function of choice will be bicycling or even driving on a stationary bi-cycle, targeted a variety among 70 as well as 100 revolutions for each minute (RPMs). At this rate, you will find that it is possible to journey for extended periods of time and so are less inclined to knowledge muscle mass strain and exhaustion.
As an alternative to viewing exercise as something "must" accomplish, concept it as something want to do! Really like dancing? And then reach the actual discos! Try a excellent backpack? Then grab your running shoes! Cleaning the residence, taking a walk having an outdated pal, romping about in the backyard along with your puppy — should it be something you get pleasure from performing, you're much more likely to stick with it.
As you have seen, there is nothing frightening regarding choosing to get fit. Precisely what it takes inside the perseverance to keep from it watching your purpose becoming reality. These statements have gone over with you some great ideas how you are able to obtain private health and fitness, you need to simply put them into training.


The sunshine of a new spring, along with my once-a-week counseling sessions, kept my well of worry from overflowing. Nearly three years post-injury, Beth showed me that her life with quadriplegia could be so much more than I had imagined at first. My anxiety dropped from a scary level to something more manageable. Chronic head pain remained a challenge. My obsession with worst-case scenarios improved from hourly to only some days. Most teenagers felt invulnerable and didn't worry about risks. That group included my youngest, despite her disability.
We lived a few blocks from the high school and Beth liked the idea of wheeling there instead of driving with me. My first thought: NO!
How could it be safe for her to cross alleys and streets in a wheelchair?
Beth wanted to try. On a weekend, I walked next to her on a trek to the high school. The first obstacle involved wheeling over driveway stones to get to the sidewalk in front of our house. Next, the old neighborhood had broken sidewalks and no curb cuts. We tried a narrow alley instead that had bumps and stones and potholes. And almost zero visibility for cars with bushes blocking the view.
When we crossed Tiffin's Washington Street in between parked cars, drivers approached fast. On the high school grounds, there was no way to avoid either a long incline at the front entrance or a harder slope into the parking lot towards the automatic doors. I continued to drive her to and from school.
The Quiz Bowl team finished a winning season, undefeated in the league. Against my advice, again, Beth joined the high school spring musical, Hello Dolly. She wore a headset to manage the stage crew while Maria shined in the lead role. After a show, I conversed with friends in the lobby without making a quick excuse to leave. The girls stayed out late at cast parties that followed the show's success. John and I dropped our strict curfew rule after the car accident.
A spinal cord injury had changed our perspective, with a new awareness of what really mattered. And what didn't.
Beth wasn't happy with her ACT score for college, so she studied practice books before taking the test again. Not my idea. The second ACT improved on her first composite score by a surprising four points; she credited her English teacher, Mrs. Kizer, for her high English score. Beth set goals on her own and I supported her unconditionally, but not for bragging rights. More than anything else, I needed her to be okay, to be really okay, as she claimed the night of the accident.
Was it too much to wish the same for myself, for everyone I loved, and for the rest of the world?
Flowers burst into bloom in John's big garden with the ramped walkways. I loved the sunshine. Keeping up with Beth kept me busy and distracted most days, especially when my headache settled at a lower baseline.
Lots of comings and goings. School, after-school activities, volunteering, swim practices, and time with friends. Sometimes I drove while Beth, often tired, dozed in the passenger seat. Overbooking her time shifted from a frequent inclination to an ingrained habit.
She didn't want to miss out on anything.
Beth's first swim competition with the forward freestyle!
After every swim practice, Beth leaned into a corner, put her hands up on the ledge, and raised her body up as far as she could — before being lifted out of the pool.
A familiar dynamic: complete assistance very (very) slowly becoming partial assistance, with her clear expectation that it would be no assistance in the future.
As a junior in high school, Beth managed to keep up with a full school day, swim practices, volunteering, and extensive homework. She typed lab reports and essays on a standard computer keyboard. The early version of DragonSpeak, voice recognition software, never was used. She didn't use the typing aid I bought that strapped on her hand or the supports to rest her forearms on.
Beth used three fingers to type. She always relied the most on her left index, the only finger she could move a few inches, to press down on the keyboard. The useful left index also worked her laptop's built-in mouse, set to respond to a soft touch. The same finger also hit letter keys on the left side and center.
The index and pointer on her right hand contracted in an arc and focused on the right side of the keyboard. To type with those two fingers, she had to move her right hand to place a fingertip on a specific key, since she couldn't move those fingers. When a finger or hand spasmed, she used another and kept going. Her accuracy was amazing, but in high school, her typing (and handwriting) was significantly slower than her peers. Against my advice, she took the American College Test (ACT) with no accommodations.
Beth stubbornly refused extra time for assignments and tests.
Her application for a lift chair to use at the pool was approved. We met with senior students at the University of Toledo who took Beth's measurements and discussed the design. The chair would have a standard seat with back support and a toggle switch powered by a motor with a rechargeable battery. Sitting on the seat, she would push or pull a toggle switch to lower or raise the seat.
The finished project impressively accomplished the task. At the YMCA, Beth stayed in her manual chair while I pulled the lift chair to a spot on the deck close to the water. She adjusted the seat bottom of the lift to a position slightly lower than the seat of her manual chair before moving onto the lift by herself. She used the toggle switch to move the seat down to almost floor level. From there, she used her arms to scoot to the deck and into the water without assistance.
Unfortunately, we could not store the chair at either pool. I could barely lift the heavy device to put it in and out of the car, so it found a home in our living room. Beth used the lift chair to get on and off the floor independently, sometimes stretching out to do her homework while a familiar movie played in the background. Austin Powers movies were comedy favorites. John made the girls laugh with lines from silly movies. Beth found humor in her disability that her friends and family shared. At school, a friend scolded her for not standing up during the Pledge of Allegiance.
When Beth's friends gathered at our house, I loved to listen to their easy laughter.


Standing watch or working on deck in cold and wind can wear down an able seaman in hours. Choosing the right protective clothing can make the difference between staying alert or risking personal safety on board. When conditions get cold and nasty, layer up with the AC-1100 Flotation Coat from First Watch. Reinforced durable construction combined with the renowned MMS comfort fit system makes this safety flotation coat an easy choice for the mariner venturing into harsh climates. When called upon to provide life saving floatation, this coat really proves its worth with Supersoft flotation panels providing flexibility and support.
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text:
Paper Mario producer explains the series' recent focus on existing Mario characters
It's "no longer possible" to modify Mario stars
The producer of the Paper Mario series has explained the series' recent focus on existing Super Mario characters.
Speaking to VGC in an interview covering the making of Paper Mario: The Origami King, Nintendo's Kensuke Tanabe claimed that Since 2012's Sticker Star it was "no longer possible" to modify Mario characters, or to create original characters that touch on the Mario universe.
"That means that if we aren't using Mario characters for bosses, we need to create original characters with designs that don't involve the Mario universe at all, like we've done with Olly and the stationery bosses," he explained.
In the two most recent Paper Mario instalments, the adventure games have focused on existing characters from the Mario universe, rather than entirely new Mario creations such as those seen in earlier Paper Mario games.
For example, GameCube instalment The Thousand Year Door features a Goomba archaeology student called Goombella and a Bob-omb sailor called Admiral Bobbery.
The Nintendo Switch instalment introduces several Origami characters such a King Olly and his sister Olivia, but these are billed as having come from a different universe to Mario's Mushroom Kingdom.
Paper Mario: The Origami King is out on July 17.
Tanabe – who is also a senior officer at Nintendo – did not provide an explanation for the policy change. However, in a 2012 Iwata Asks interview it was suggested that guidelines were placed on the Mario series, stating that new Mario designs should be based only on gameplay function.
On The Origami King's cast, Tanabe told VGC, "whether a character becomes an all-time hit or not isn't up to us on the development side."
He added: "I think it's more the case that characters that fans truly accept naturally end up that way. I hope that the origami siblings in Paper Mario: The Origami King will stay in players' memories, even if they do only end up appearing in this title."
Interview: Paper Mario's development team lays it all out
Nintendo and Intelligent Systems discuss the making of The Origami King and the challenge of reinventing a decades-old series
Elsewhere in the interview, the franchise head explained how he approaches story for the Paper Mario games. Tanabe said that while he's a fan of games with deep stories, he tries to avoid complicated plots for his games in order to appeal to a broader audience.
"In Super Paper Mario [for Wii], the elaborate story led the game away from the Mario universe, so since Paper Mario: Sticker Star I've refrained from using stories that are too complicated," he said.
"Personally, though, I like games with stories. During the production of The Legend of Zelda: A Link to the Past, we made use of a system for character settings and real conversations in order to build the story, which was a first for a game in a series. (I also wrote the text for this game.)"
Paper Mario: The Origami King is available for Nintendo Switch from Friday, July 17.
Review: Paper Mario: The Origami King
Today is officially Final Fantasy 7 Day in Japan
eShop update could point to Advance Wars 1+2: Re-Boot Camp release
Masahiko Nagaya
Kensuke Tanabe
Risa Tabata
Paper Mario: The Origami King
Pokémon Scarlet and Violet Dual Pack
£79.90£99.98 $119.99
Nintendo Switch Wireless Pro Controller
£54.99 $69.99 $103.99
Nintendo Switch Joy-Con Pair
£289.95£309.99 £309.99 $345 $349.99 $349.99
£197.99 $199.99 £199.99 $199.99
LEGO Nintendo Entertainment System
£209.99 $389.99
Microsoft has officially ended production of Xbox One X, ahead of expected Series S
All-Digital Edition production has also ended
2 years ago 1 Comment
The latest Assassin's Creed Valhalla trailer 'hints at Eivor's fate'
Cross-gen title set for November release


ST. LOUIS, MO (KTVI) – The head of the National Institutes of Health, while touring the campus of the Washington University School of Medicine Wednesday, said funding problems at the NIH have delayed development of an Ebola vaccine.
Dr. Francis Collins, NIH director, was on the Washington University campus to be briefed on NIH funded research into Alzheimer`s Disease and Genomics.
But at an afternoon news conference, all the questions were about the Ebola outbreak in West Africa and the fears some have it could spread to the United States.
'We should not slip into the mode of imagining this means we are going to have a major outbreak in the United States, I don`t believe that is going to happen,' Collins said. 'I think our public health system, while not perfect, has all kinds of checks and balances to enable us to keep it from bursting out in that fashion,' he said.
Earlier in the week, Collins was quoted in a Huffington Post article as saying if NIH`s funding had not been static for the past ten years, an Ebola vaccine could have been available by now.
'About half of what we used to support we can`t support anymore and that was true for Ebola as well as everything else,' Collins said.
NIH has been trying to develop an Ebola vaccine since 2001. It has already been tested in animals and a small group of human volunteers, but much more research needs to be done before it can be declared a success.
The NIH hopes to start field trials of the vaccine in West Africa in December.
'We are pulling out all the stops so this is really all hands on deck,' Collins said.


A TriMet bus moves through downtown Portland.
TriMet today proposed to cut free bus service in Fareless Square, by Jan. 3, 2010, the biggest cut to the city's landmark free transit zone since it was established in 1975.
The change to the square -- covering downtown Portland, Old Town, the convention center and Lloyd Center -- would simplify the system and save money as agency revenues drop, TriMet said Wednesday.Free rides would continue on the streetcar and light rail, including two lines that begin running north-south through the downtown bus mall by September.
Free rides would continue on the streetcar and light rail, including two lines that begin running north-south through the downtown bus mall by September.
"Thirty-four years ago, we didn't have any rail," TriMet spokeswoman Mary Fetsch said Wednesday. "Now the system has changed, especially when we're putting light rail on Fifth and Sixth (avenues) in the heart of downtown."
But the change would eliminate convenient free bus trips and make some areas of downtown tougher to get to, said Steve Trujillo, president of the Portland Downtown Neighborhood Association.
That's a problem for downtown residents with limited mobility, Trujillo said, including many elderly residents.
"There are still holes in the system from the perspective of someone who can't get around very easily," he said. "There are an awful lot of folks who moved here because they don't want to drive or can't."
TriMet has had a love-hate relationship with the fareless service over the years. Boosters view it as emblematic of the city's green ethic.
But some businesses who pay the agency's payroll tax have complained about lost revenues and crime, and the agency has tried to cut or eliminate the square several times.
In late 2007, TriMet General Manager Fred Hansen proposed eliminating free transit in the square from 7 p.m. to 7 a.m. following a spate of crimes on MAX. But he backed off after the proposal drew strong opposition.
This time, the proposal to eliminate free bus service has the support of the Portland Business Alliance and acquiescence from Travel Portland.
"It would be great if everything could stay free," Travel Portland spokeswoman Deborah Wakefield said. "But the primary modes of transportation that our visitors use are MAX and the streetcar."
According to a 2006 passenger census, the vast majority of weekday boardings in the square take place along light-rail lines or in the bus mall. About three-quarters of bus rides that start downtown begin and end in the bus mall, the survey found.
TriMet says eliminating the free bus service would make managing the buses simpler for drivers and reduce fare evasion.
Bus drivers can't track every rider who boards in the fareless zone and doesn't pay when the bus leaves the zone, Hansen said, especially on crowded rush-hour buses. That puts bus drivers "in an impossible position," Hansen said.
Riders would also be less inclined to jump on the bus for a few blocks downtown and then get off. Those short trips slow bus traffic on the downtown bus mall, Fetsch said.
The agency estimates it will collect $800,000 more annually if bus riders are charged in the fareless zone. Its budget for 2010 is $874 million.
The elimination of free bus service would not reduce crime and nuisance complaints on MAX, the major crime complaint associated with Fareless Square, consultants told TriMet last earlier this year.
But it could help some with security, the consultants said, because drug dealers tend to favor the bus for its more frequent service.
TriMet also considered other options, including eliminating Fareless Square entirely and dropping the Lloyd Center stop, the focus of many nuisance complaints.
The TriMet board, which would have to approve the change, is split on the value of the fareless zone. Board member Lynn Lehrbach, a Teamsters Union organizer, said in a meeting Wednesday that he sees the square as a public service that encourages transit use.
George Passadore, TriMet board president, once thought the entire transit system should be free.
But after more than a decade on the board, he has decided free service promotes disrespect for mass transit and draws legitimate criticism from suburban businesses that that don't benefit from a fareless area in downtown Portland.
On Wednesday, TriMet also proposed reducing non-rush-hour bus frequency by 2 to 4 minutes on 27 lines, many of them major. In most cases, buses that now come every 15 minutes would come every 17 minutes in off hours. The changes would take effect Nov. 29.
TriMet said the service reductions are needed to make up a $3.5 million hole left in TriMet's budget after earlier cuts, including eliminating four bus lines. New fare revenue from Fareless Square buses is not factored into the budget.
TriMet is accepting public comments on both proposals through 5 p.m. July 17. It has also scheduled several public hearings July 13. Get more details.


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Can Atlanta police really be reformed? Join us for a live Q&A
By Staff Author
The weeks of ongoing protests and marches in Atlanta have echoed themes heard across the country – calls for racial justice and police reform. But changing the Atlanta Police Department won't be easy.
The next episode of Q Conversations will explore reforming the police agency with leading LGBTQ voices calling for change – Xochitl Bervera of the Racial Justice Action Center, Atlanta City Council member Antonio Brown and attorney Dan Grossman. Register now for the live virtual event on Friday at noon.
Atlanta police officers have been in the center of two violent incidents that gained national attention – the shooting death of Rayshard Brooks, a 27-year-old father, in the parking lot of a Wendy's on June 12 and a May 30 incident in which two college students were yanked from a car during a protest.
Both incidents led to the firing of officers and criminal charges being filed. The killing of Brooks to the resignation of police Chief Erika Shields, the department's first LGBTQ leader.
Mayor Keisha Lance Bottoms has since ordered Atlanta police to change its use of force policies and created the Use of Force Advisory Council. But this week, the Atlanta City Council voted down an effort to withhold $73 million from the police department's $217 million budget to force reform, according to the AJC.
How can lasting change be made at the Atlanta Police Department? What do the calls of "defund the police" really mean? What does reform look like for Atlanta police? We'll explore those issues on Friday and answer your questions. (The event is free but registration is required.)
Can't make the event on Friday? Register and we'll share a recording of the conversation that you can replay later.
Host Matt Hennie is the founder of Project Q Atlanta, a media outlet covering LGBTQ issues, and has worked in local journalism for more than 25 years.
Bervera is a queer, Chicana/Latina organizer, lawyer, educator and movement builder with over 15 years of experience in grassroots organizing, media and policy advocacy, and training and technical assistance, mostly focused on ending criminalization in Black and Latino communities. She is currently the director of the Atlanta-based Racial Justice Action Center. RJAC incubated the projects of Women on the Rise and Solutions Not Punishment Collaborative and was a key partner in founding and waging the successful Close the Jail ATL: Communities Over Cages Campaign. Bervera also serves on the Reimagining the Atlanta City Detention Center Task Force
Brown was elected to the District 3 post on the Atlanta City Council in 2019 and is the council's only LGBTQ member. He is a successful CEO who built the LVL XIII men's fashion brand and the founder of Dream of Humanity. He serves on the council's Public Safety Committee and the Reimagining the Atlanta City Detention Center Task Force, and has been leading calls to reform the Atlanta Police Department during the ongoing social justice movement in the city. He also helped lead the effort to withhold a portion of the police department's budget.
Grossman is an Atlanta attorney who specializes in police procedures, police conduct, and Fourth Amendment issues, including arrest, search and seizure. He is responsible for several federal court orders imposing reforms on the Atlanta Police Department, including protection of the public's right to photograph and video police activity; requiring all officers to wear visible name tags so they can be identified by the public; requiring officers to receive recurring training on arrests, detentions, searches, and other constitutional issues; prohibiting officers from deleting or destroying photographic, video, or audio recordings of police activity; requiring the agency to resolve all citizen complaints of police misconduct within six months; prohibiting officers from conducting public strip searches; and requiring the agency to revise several unconstitutional policies.
Grossman also was a key figure in suing Atlanta police on behalf of people arrested in the raid of the Atlanta Eagle in 2009.
This event is supported through a grant from Facebook Journalism Project's COVID-19 Local News Relief Fund.
Advocates call for LGBTQ action against 'insidious' voting bills
Mike Fleming - February 8, 2021 0
After a long election cycle that included record turnout, accusations of malfeasance, two consequential runoffs and a bluer Georgia, LGBTQ advocates have one message:...
Join us live: LGBTQ advocates fighting voter suppression in Georgia
Matt Hennie - February 2, 2021 0
Georgians may face a raft of new voting restrictions as Republican lawmakers respond to the state turning politically blue. Join us Friday for a...
LGBTQ lawmakers set priorities for Georgia's legislative session
When the Georgia legislature gaveled into its 2021 session on Monday at the Gold Dome, a record number of LGBTQ lawmakers swore their oaths...


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Home News IBM unveils new machine learning security tools
IBM chair and CEO, Virginia Rometty
IBM unveils new machine learning security tools
IBM has launched a range of new machine learning-based security tools that it says can help firms identify and fight off cyber attacks.
The company has unveiled its next-generation Resilient Incident Response Platform with 'Intelligent Orchestration', which is aimed at helping enterprises respond to breaches more quickly and effectively.
From a single platform, companies can access case incident management, orchestration, automation, intelligence, and "deep two-way partnership" features, said IBM in an announcement.
Big Blue said its experts spent around 200,000 hours in research and development to create the software.
Detecting advanced threats
In a bid to combine machine and human intelligence, the firm has also launched X-Force Threat Management Services, a new artificial intelligence-driven solution that automates threat detection.
Thanks to its three AI engines, the software is able to analyse new threats by comparing them to 600,000 historical use cases.
According to IBM, the software "can help automate certain steps in the threat management process, which would normally require human intervention".
Tackling complex threats
IBM takes the view that AI and machine learning technologies should be combined with human knowledge to tackle complex issues, rather than simply automate or replace human tasks.
In this case, the company is combining machine and human intelligence to "work together in highly complex environments" and "solve" sophisticated cybersecurity threats, it said.
The company's security arm, IBM Security, said the new solutions "provide the full context of the incident", which means that humans can "focus on complex and priority threats".
Changing every industry
Marc van Zadelhoff, general manager of the firm, believes that companies can achieve more if they encourage their employees to work with AI tools. "The collaboration between humans and intelligent machines is going to affect every industry," he said.
"In security, we see this manifesting itself first in the security operations centre where the data only keeps growing. Companies have an opportunity with breakthroughs like AI for active threat management and Intelligent Orchestration to rewire incident response procedures for the age of intelligence."
The announcements come as IBM releases a report, with research from Harris Poll, which examines how consumers feel about data privacy.
In the UK section of the report, 82 percent of consumers said that lacklustre security deters them from buying some companies' products, and 83 percent of them expect the government to do more to regulate these firms.
By using its new AI and machine learning security solutions, the firm hopes that clients can implement better safeguards to stop hackers from preying on their customers and products.
"Increasingly, we are seeing companies around the world trying to balance providing personalised services to consumers, while maintaining privacy," added John Kelly, senior vice president of Cognitive Solutions at IBM.
• In IBM's Q1 2018 results, its Cognitive Solutions revenue was $4.3 billion, up two percent year on year in constant currency.
Internet of Business says
IBM's recent focus has been on the critical mix of cognitive services and enterprise security. Speaking last year at the World Economic Forum in Davos, IBM chair and CEO Virginia Rometty stressed that AI and machine learning are about augmenting and complementing human ingenuity, not replacing it.
She said, "For us, the reason we call it 'cognitive' rather than 'AI' is that it is augmenting human intelligence – it will not be 'Man or machine'. Whether it's doctors, lawyers, call centre workers, it's a very symbiotic relationship conversing with this technology. So our purpose is to augment and to really be in service of what humans do."
Read more: IIoT security: How to secure the 'Internet of Threats', by IBM
IBM Security


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Q: Java Linked List .contains method I have a LinkedList containing elements of type A.
I need to check whether the list contains an element based on some criteria.
Is it enough to override the .equals method in class A, or do I need to override the hash method as well?

A: You need to override the hashCode() method when your Object will be used in data structures that use hashes. HashMap, HashSet, etc.
Nothing is saying that you must implement the hashCode() function. Many data structures only use the equals() method, not the hashCode() function, so you can get away with not implementing it.
But you can't really guarantee that nobody will ever put it into another data structure that does use the hashCode() function, so it's probably a good habit to just implement it from the start.

A: You don't HAVE to override hashCode, but equal Objects should have the same hashcode. My advice: If you use eclipse, rightclick on the class, go to source, generate equals() and hashcode(), and select the variables that have to be equal. Its the easiest way.

A: The equals() method should be used only to tell what the object's identity is.
If the criteria used to find the object you're looking for match perfectly those used to define the object's identity, then it is just fine to call List's contains() method, which relies on equals().
In any other case, you should rather loop over the list and perform manual comparisons. Or alternatively, you use Java8 Streams, which offer filtering functions.

A: You must be aware that by implementing the equals method, you're defining an equivalence relation, i.e. one that subdivides all objects of this class into equivalence classes. When there are many objects that fulfill your criteria, they would all be considered equal and they would all have to have the same hashCode. As a consequence, when you put those objects in a HashMap at some point, all these objects would end up in the same slot, leading to a degenerated HashMap that would perform badly.
Even if you do not plan to put your objects in a HashMap, this seems to be a strong argument against implementing equals to compare based on a broader criteria.
You have to make sure that your implementation fulfills the contact of equivalence, that is, it must be reflexive, symmetric, and transitive. Joshua Bloch's standard book "Effective Java" has a detailed explanation.
You have to implement hashCode whenever you implement equals, because every two objects that are equal must have the same hash code (see this post for a detailed explanation).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


I am a 22 year old from Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. I am currently living in Scottsdale, Arizona. I recently graduated from Arizona State University with my BA in Psychology and I am now studying to attain my Doctorate in Clinical Psychology at Argosy School of Professional Psychology.


Boat repossessions are reported to be on the rise nationwide. Boat repossessions come both from private owners who have defaulted on loans, and from dealers that have gone out of business. Repossessions from private owners follow the same course as any other repossession, with a buyer who becomes unable to continue making loan payments and defaults on a loan. After default and a cure option, giving the owner the opportunity to redeem the note by paying the full balance, or possibly simply to reinstate the note by paying the shortfall plus costs, the finance company will resort to repossession, reclaiming the boat for later sale. With a dealer that has gone out of business, there could be a number of boats in the dealer's inventory, all securing dealer financing for the inventory from a bank or some other lender. When the dealer goes out of business, the dealer will also stop making note payments and the finance company will quickly step in to seize possession of inventory.
Sad though it is for someone to lose their boat to repossession, bank repossessions of boats create opportunities for new buyers. After a boat is repossessed, the lender will sell the boat by some means to recoup a part of its investment in the boat. These sales amount to liquidations, in which a lender is forced to take just a fraction of its investment in a boat in order to recover any amount. A buyer can buy a boat at this liquidation price, and likely save thousands. This takes place countless times per month all across the United States. Boat repossessions are on the rise nationwide, and more and more buyers are taking advantage of the opportunities created.
Repossessed boats range in size from tiny fishing boats all the way up to yachts. At the same time, the condition of these boats varies widely. In some cases, a repossessed boat will be recovered in excellent condition so that it is usable with no repairs or modifications. In other cases, boats are neglected before repossession, where owners stop maintaining and servicing boats after they stop paying for them. A buyer of a repossessed boat must exercise special caution in examining the boat before buying. A boat in non-working condition or in need of extensive repairs will probably not be worth investing in. Of course, boats repossessed from dealers generally do not present these problems. In many cases, these boats are new, even if sold at liquidation prices after repossession.
Repossessed boats are generally sold at auction. Auctions are operated by private auction dealers, who operate under contract with banks and lenders to conduct auctions of repossessed goods. An auction, of course, is a selling procedure under which goods are offered for sale by auction dealers in a competitive bidding procedure. Would-be buyers place bids or offers on goods, with multiple bidders participating, and the goods are sold to the highest bidder. Auctions for repossessed boats are now widespread.
The first hurdle to buying a boat at auction is to find an auction house to buy from. That is not quite as simple as it might seem. In fact, there are many auction houses in business that sell repossessed boats, but they vary in the size and quality of their offerings and in the accessibility of inventory. Access to inventory is important, because some boats at auction will be in need of extensive repairs and upgrades.
A great alternative to a boat auction is to purchase your boat at Marine Connection! This is South Florida's largest volume for super store for new, pre-owned and repossessed boats. Contact Marine Connection at www.marineconnection.com to find what you are looking for today!


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India vs Great Britain hockey quarterfinal: Indian on threshold of change
At the mid way stage of the 2020 Tokyo Olympic Games, when elite sportspersons have set new marks and seeped their way into world sporting history with sparkling gold medals, the India versus Great Britain men's hockey quarterfinals match slated for August 1 might appear to be an ordinary encounter. Harpreet Kaur Lamba But make […]
Day 8 at the Tokyo Olympic Games
New Zealand is opponent of the Orange in the quarterfinals of the Tokyo Olympic Games, which finished first in Group A. Argentina will face Germany in the battle for a place in the semifinals. Olympic defending champion Great Britain plays in the quarterfinals against Spain (main photo, ed.) and India will compete against Australia, the number […]
Great Britain ends Ireland's Olympic Journey
Olympic Games – Pool A Ireland 0 Great Britain 2 Ireland's inaugural Olympic campaign ended in tears at the pool stage after Great Britain won 2-0 at the Oi Hockey Stadium to ensure that Ireland would finish fifth in Pool A and that Spain would be Great Britain's quarter-final opponents at 1300 BST on Monday, […]
Matla leads the Netherlands to Germany win
The Dutch national team concluded the group stage as the winner in Tokyo on Saturday by beating opponent Germany 3-1. The Netherlands Ladies played very good hockey, especially in the first quarter. Unnecessarily they let Germany get back into the game, but in the end they stayed on their feet fairly easily. The 3-1 fell four minutes before […]


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