text:
For the city of Versailles, see Versailles (city). For other uses, see Versailles (disambiguation).
Aerial view of the Palace from above the Gardens of Versailles
Location within Île-de-France
Versailles, France
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67,000 m2 (721,182 ft2)
Official site of the Chateau de Versailles
Palace and Park of Versailles
i, ii, vi
Designated
1979 (3rd session)
The Palace of Versailles, or simply Versailles (English /vɛərˈsaɪ/ vair-SY or /vərˈsaɪ/ vər-SY; French: [vɛʁsaj]), is a royal château in Versailles in the Île-de-France region of France. It is also known as the Château de Versailles.
When the château was built, Versailles was a country village; today, however, it is a wealthy suburb of Paris, some 20 kilometres southwest of the French capital. The court of Versailles was the centre of political power in France from 1682, when Louis XIV moved from Paris, until the royal family was forced to return to the capital in October 1789 after the beginning of the French Revolution. Versailles is therefore famous not only as a building, but as a symbol of the system of absolute monarchy of the Ancien Régime.
1 Architectural history
2 Current use
2.1 Tourist attraction and art exhibition site
2.2 Political and ceremonial functions
3.1 Grands appartements (State Apartments)
3.2 Appartement du roi (King's Apartment)
3.3 Petit appartement du roi (King's Private Apartment)
3.4 Petit appartement de la reine (Queen's Private Apartment)
3.5 Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors)
3.6 Chapels of Versailles
3.7 Royal Opera
3.8 Museum of the History of France
4 Gardens of Versailles
5 Subsidiary structures
6 Cost
6.1 Costs of restoration programmes
7 Social history
7.1 The politics of display
7.2 Life at Court
8 Treaties and proclamations
10 Images of Versailles
13.1 Footnotes
13.2 Works cited
Bust of Louis XIV by Bernini in the Diana Salon of the Palace of Versailles
Main article: History of the Palace of Versailles
View of the Palace from the garden
Begun by Louis XIII in 1623, the château began as a hunting lodge in brick and stone. It was expanded into a royal palace by Louis XIV. The first phase of the expansion (c. 1661–1678) was designed and supervised by the architect Louis Le Vau. It culminated in the addition of three new wings of stone (the enveloppe), which surrounded Louis XIII's original building on the north, south, and west (the garden side). After Le Vau's death in 1670, the work was taken over and completed by his assistant, François d'Orbay.[1] Charles Le Brun designed and supervised the elaborate interior decoration, and André Le Nôtre landscaped the extensive Gardens of Versailles. Le Brun and Le Nôtre collaborated on the numerous fountains, and Le Brun supervised the design and installation of countless statues.[2]
During the second phase of expansion (c. 1678–1715), two enormous wings north and south of the wings flanking the Royal Court (Cour Royale) of the main château were added by the architect Jules Hardouin-Mansart. He also replaced Le Vau's large terrace on the west (garden) front with what became the most famous room of the palace, the Hall of Mirrors. Mansart also built the Petites and Grandes Écuries (stables) on the opposite (east) side of the Place d'Armes in front of the palace and the château known as the Grand Trianon (or Marble Trianon), replacing Le Vau's 1668 Trianon de Porcelaine in the northern section of the palace park. Work was sufficiently advanced by 1682, that Louis XIV was able to proclaim Versailles his principal residence and the governmental center of France, and to give rooms in the palace to almost all of his courtiers. After the death of his consort Maria Theresa of Spain in 1683, Louis XIV undertook the enlargement and remodeling of the royal apartments in the oldest part of the palace, the château built by his father. The Royal Chapel of Versailles, located at the south end of the north wing, was begun by Mansart in 1688, and after his death in 1708, completed by his assistant Robert de Cotte in 1710.[3]
Marble Court[4]
In 1738 Louis XV remodeled the king's petit appartement on the north side of the Cour de Marbre (Marble Court), originally the entrance court of the old château, and built a pavilion in the palace park, the Petit Trianon, designed by Ange-Jacques Gabriel and completed in 1768. At the north end of the north wing, Gabriel also built a theatre, the Opéra, completed in 1770, for the marriage of the Dauphin (the future Louis XVI) and Marie Antoinette. After he became king, they made only a few changes to the main palace, primarily to their private apartments.[5] However, Louis XVI gave Marie Antoinette the Petit Trianon, where she made extensive changes to the interior, as well as its gardens, including adding her private Théâtre de la Reine and the Hameau.[6]
Following the Revolution and the fall of the monarchy, Versailles fell into disrepair and most of the furniture was sold. Some restoration work was undertaken by Napoleon in 1810 and Louis XVIII in 1820, but the principal effort to restore and maintain Versailles was initiated by Louis-Philippe in 1833, when he changed the palace to a museum dedicated to French history. Among the rooms created during this period, one of the most famous is the Hall of Battles (Galerie des Batailles) on the main floor of the south wing.[5]
Plan of the main floor (c. 1837, with north to the right), showing the Hall of Mirrors in red, the Hall of Battles in green, the Royal Chapel in yellow, and the Royal Opera in blue
Tourist attraction and art exhibition site
The Fifth Republic has enthusiastically promoted the museum as one of France's foremost tourist attractions.[7]
The Public Establishment of the Palace, Museum and National Estate of Versailles, a French établissement public à caractère administratif, and Château de Versailles Spectacles organized a Versailles exhibition of the modern art of Jeff Koons in 2008.[8] Six of the works on display came from "the vast private collection of François Pinault, France's wealthiest art collector."[8]
In 2008, official Versailles figures stated that nearly five million people visit the château, and 8 to 10 million walk in the gardens, every year.[8]
Political and ceremonial functions
The palace, however, still serves political functions. Heads of state are regaled in the Hall of Mirrors; the bicameral French Parliament—consisting of the Senate (Sénat) and the National Assembly (Assemblée nationale)—meet in joint session (a congress of the French Parliament) in Versailles[9] to revise or otherwise amend the French Constitution, a tradition that came into effect with the promulgation of the 1875 Constitution.[11] For example, the Parliament met in joint session at Versailles to pass constitutional amendments in June 1999 (for domestic applicability of International Criminal Court decisions and for gender equality in candidate lists); January 2000 (ratifying the Treaty of Amsterdam), and in March 2003 (specifying the "decentralized organization" of the French Republic).[9]
Following the November 2015 Paris attacks, President Francois Hollande gave a speech before a rare joint session of parliament at the Palace of Versailles.[12] This was the third time since 1848 that a French president addressed a joint session of the French Parliament at Versailles.[13] In 2009, President Nicolas Sarkozy addressed the global financial crisis before a congress in Versailles, the first time that this had been done since 1848, when Charles-Louis Napoleon Bonaparte gave an address before the French Second Republic.[14][15][16]
The president of the National Assembly has an official apartment at the Palace of Versailles.[17]
Grands appartements (State Apartments)
Plan of the main floor (c. 1676), showing Le Vau's enveloppe with the grand appartement du roi in blue and the grand appartement de la reine in yellow. The old château is shown in gray. The terrace overlooked the central parterre of the gardens of Versailles.[18]
Plan of the main floor in the central part of the palace (c. 1742),[19] showing the grand appartement du roi in dark blue, the appartement du roi in medium blue, the petit appartement du roi in light blue, the grand appartement de la reine in yellow, and the petit appartement de la reine in red
Main articles: grand appartement du roi and grand appartement de la reine
As a result of Le Vau's enveloppe of Louis XIII's château, the king and the queen had new apartments in the new addition, known at the time as the château neuf. The grands appartements (Grand Apartments, also referred to as the State Apartments[20]) are known respectively as the grand appartement du roi and the grand appartement de la reine. They occupied the main or principal floor of the château neuf, with three rooms in each apartment facing the garden to the west, and four facing the garden parterres to the north and south, respectively. Le Vau's design for the state apartments closely followed Italian models of the day, as evidenced by the placement of the apartments on the next floor up from the ground level—the piano nobile—a convention the architect borrowed from 16th- and 17th-century Italian palace design.[21]
The king's apartment consisted of an enfilade of seven rooms, each dedicated to one of the then known planets and their associated titular Roman deity. The queen's apartment formed a parallel enfilade with that of the grand appartement du roi. It served as the residence of three queens of France—Marie-Thérèse d'Autriche, wife of Louis XIV, Marie Leczinska, wife of Louis XV, and Marie-Antoinette, wife of Louis XVI. Additionally, Louis XIV's granddaughter-in-law, Princess Marie-Adélaïde of Savoy, as duchesse de Bourgogne, occupied these rooms from 1697 (the year of her marriage) to her death in 1712.[lower-alpha 1] After the addition of the Hall of Mirrors (1678–1684) the king's appartement was reduced to five rooms (until the reign of Louis XV, when two more rooms were added) and the queen's to four.
Appartement du roi (King's Apartment)
Main article: Appartement du roi
The appartement du roi is a suite of rooms originally set aside for the personal use of Louis XIV in 1683. His successors, Louis XV and Louis XVI, used these rooms for such ceremonies as the lever and the coucher.
Petit appartement du roi (King's Private Apartment)
Main article: Petit appartement du roi
The petit appartement du roi is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the private use of the king. Occupying the site on which rooms were originally arranged for Louis XIII on the first floor of the château, the space was radically modified by Louis XIV. His successors, Louis XV and Louis XVI drastically modified and remodeled these rooms for their personal use.
Petit appartement de la reine (Queen's Private Apartment)
Main article: Petit appartement de la reine
The petit appartement de la reine is a suite of rooms that were reserved for the personal use of the queen. Originally arranged for the use of the Marie-Thérèse, consort of Louis XIV, the rooms were later modified for use by Marie Leszczyńska and finally for Marie-Antoinette.
Galerie des Glaces (Hall of Mirrors)
Main article: Hall of Mirrors
The galerie des glaces (Hall of Mirrors in English), is perhaps the most celebrated room in the château of Versailles. Setting for many of the ceremonies of the French Court during the Ancien Régime, the galerie des glaces has also inspired numerous copies and renditions throughout the world.
The room's construction began in 1678.
Chapels of Versailles
Main article: Chapels of Versailles
In the evolution of the château of Versailles, there have been five chapels. The current chapel, which was the last major building project of Louis XIV, represents one of the finest examples of French Baroque architecture and ecclesiastical decoration.
Royal Opera
Main article: Royal Opera of Versailles
The Royal Opera (Opéra Royal) was perhaps the most ambitious building project of Louis XV for the château of Versailles. Completed in 1770, the Opéra was inaugurated as part of the wedding festivities of Louis XV's grandson, later Louis XVI, and Marie-Antoinette.
Museum of the History of France
Main article: Galerie des Batailles
In the 19th century the "Museum of the History of France" was founded in Versailles, at the behest of Louis-Philippe I, who ascended to the throne in 1830. Many of the palace's rooms were taken over to house the new collections and the large Galerie des Batailles (Hall of the Battles) was created to display paintings and sculptures depicting milestones battles of French history. The collections display painted, sculpted, drawn and engraved images illustrating events or personalities of the history of France since its inception. The museum occupies the lateral wings of the Palace. Most of the paintings date back to the 19th century and have been created specially for the museum by major painters of the time such as Delacroix, Horace Vernet or François Gérard but there are also much older artworks which retrace French History. Notably the museum displays works by Philippe de Champaigne, Pierre Mignard, Laurent de La Hyre, Charles Le Brun, Adam Frans van der Meulen, Nicolas de Largillière, Hyacinthe Rigaud, Jean Antoine Houdon, Jean Marc Nattier, Elisabeth Vigée Le Brun, Hubert Robert, Thomas Lawrence, Jacques-Louis David, Antoine Jean Gros and also Pierre-Auguste Renoir.
Queen's bedchamber in the grand appartement de la reine
Galerie des Batailles
Gardens of Versailles
The Orangerie of Versailles
Main article: Gardens of Versailles
Evolving with the château, the gardens of Versailles represent one of the finest extant examples of Garden à la française in French garden design.
Subsidiary structures
Main article: Subsidiary structures of the Palace of Versailles
Located in close proximity to the château, these smaller structures served the needs of members of the royal family and court officials during the Ancien Régime. They include the Ménagerie (1664, demolished), the Trianon de Porcelaine (1670, demolished), the Grand Trianon or Marble Trianon (1689), the Petit Trianon (1768), and the Pavillon de la Lanterne (1787).
One of the most baffling aspects to the study of Versailles is the cost – how much Louis XIV and his successors spent on Versailles. Owing to the nature of the construction of Versailles and the evolution of the role of the palace, construction costs were essentially a private matter. Initially, Versailles was planned to be an occasional residence for Louis XIV and was referred to as the "king's house".[22] Accordingly, much of the early funding for construction came from the king's own purse, funded by revenues received from his appanage as well as revenues from the province of New France (Canada), which, while part of France, was a private possession of the king and therefore exempt from the control of the Parliaments.[23]
The construction of the Palace of Versailles.
Once Louis XIV embarked on his building campaigns, expenses for Versailles became more of a matter for public record, especially after Jean-Baptiste Colbert assumed the post of finance minister. Expenditures on Versailles have been recorded in the compendium known as the Comptes des bâtiments du roi sous le règne de Louis XIV and which was edited and published in five volumes by Jules Guiffrey in the 19th century. These volumes provide valuable archival material pursuant to the financial expenditures of all aspects of Versailles from the payments disbursed for many trades as varied as artists and mole catchers.[24]
To counter the costs of Versailles during the early years of Louis XIV's personal reign, Colbert decided that Versailles should be the "showcase" of France.[25] Accordingly, all materials that went into the construction and decoration of Versailles were manufactured in France. Even the mirrors used in the decoration of the Hall of Mirrors were made in France. While Venice in the 17th century had the monopoly on the manufacture of mirrors, Colbert succeeded in enticing a number of artisans from Venice to make the mirrors for Versailles. However, owing to Venetian proprietary claims on the technology of mirror manufacture, the Venetian government ordered the assassination of the artisans to keep the secrets proprietary to the Venetian Republic.[25] To meet the demands for decorating and furnishing Versailles, Colbert nationalised the tapestry factory owned by the Gobelin family, to become the Manufacture royale des Gobelins.[25]
Louis XIV visits the Gobelins with Colbert, 15 October 1667. Tapestry from the series, "Histoire du roi" designed by Charles Le Brun and woven between 1667 and 1672. Articles of Louis XIV's silver furniture are seen in this tapestry.
In 1667, the name of the enterprise was changed to the Manufacture royale des Meubles de la Couronne. The Gobelins were charged with all decoration needs of the palace, which was under the direction of Charles Le Brun/[25]
One of the most costly elements in the furnishing of the Grands appartements during the early years of the personal reign of Louis XIV was the silver furniture, which can be taken as a standard – with other criteria – for determining a plausible cost for Versailles. The Comptes meticulously list the expenditures on the silver furniture – disbursements to artists, final payments, delivery – as well as descriptions and weight of items purchased. Entries for 1681 and 1682 concerning the silver balustrade used in the salon de Mercure serve as an example:
II. 5 In anticipation: For the silver balustrade for the king's bedroom: 90,000 livres
II. 7 18 November to Sieur du Metz, 43,475 livres 5 sols for delivery to Sr. Lois and to Sr. de Villers for payment of 142,196 livres for the silver balustrade that they are making for the king's bedroom and 404 livres for tax: 48,861 livres 5 sol.
II. 15 16 June 1681 – 23 January 1682 to Sr. Lois and Sr. de Villers silversmiths on account for the silver balustrade that they are making for the king's use (four payments): 88,457 livres 5 sols.
II. 111 25 March – 18 April to Sr. Lois and Sr. de Villers silversmiths who are working on a silver balustrade for the king, for continued work (two payments): 40,000 livres
II. 129 21 March to Sr. Jehannot de Bartillay 4,970 livres 12 sols for the delivery to Sr. Lois and de Villers silversmiths for, with 136,457 livres 5 sol to one and 25,739 livres 10 sols to another, making the 38 balusters, 17 pilasters, the base and the cornice for the balustrade for the château of Versailles weighing 4,076 marc at the rate of 41 livres the marc[lower-alpha 2] including 41 livres 2 sols for tax: 4,970 livres 12 sols.[24]
Accordingly, the silver balustrade, which contained in excess of one ton of silver, cost in excess of 560,000 livres. It is difficult – if not impossible – to give an accurate rate of exchange between 1682 and today.[lower-alpha 3] However, Frances Buckland provides valuable information that provides an idea of the true cost of the expenditures at Versailles during the time of Louis XIV. In 1679, Mme de Maintenon stated that the cost of providing light and food for twelve people for one day amounted to slightly more than 14 livres.[26] In December 1689, to defray the cost of the War of the League of Augsburg, Louis XIV ordered all the silver furniture and articles of silver at Versailles—including chamber pots—sent to the mint to be melted.[27]
Clearly, the silver furniture alone represented a significant outlay in the finances of Versailles. While the decoration of the palace was costly, certain other costs were minimised. For example, labour for construction was often low, due largely to the fact that the army during times of peace and during the winter, when wars were not waged, was pressed into action at Versailles. Additionally, given the quality and uniqueness of the items produced at the Gobelins for use and display at Versailles, the palace served as a venue to showcase not only the success of Colbert's mercantilism, but also to display the finest that France could produce.[28]
Costs of restoration programmes
The ravages of war and neglect over the centuries have left their mark on the palace and its park. Modern French governments of the post-World War II era have sought to repair these damages. They have on the whole been successful, but some of the more costly items, such as the vast array of fountains, have yet to be put back completely in service. As spectacular as they might seem now, they were even more extensive in the 18th century. The 18th-century waterworks at Marly— the Machine de Marly that fed the fountains— was possibly the biggest mechanical system of its time. The water came in from afar on monumental stone aqueduct which have long ago fallen in disrepair or been torn down. Some aqueducts were never completed for want of resources or due to the exigencies of war. The search for sufficient supplies of water was never fully realised even during the apogee of Versailles' glory as the seat of government, as the fountains could not be operated together satisfactorily for any significant periods of time.[29]
The restoration initiatives launched by the Fifth Republic have proven to be perhaps more costly than the expenditures of the palace in the Ancien Régime. Starting in the 1950s, when the museum of Versailles was under the directorship of Gérald van der Kemp, the objective was to restore the palace to its state – or as close to it as possible – in 1789 when the royal family left the palace. Among the early projects was the repair of the roof over the Hall of Mirrors; the publicity campaign brought international attention to the plight of post-war Versailles and garnered much foreign money including a grant from the Rockefeller Foundation. Concurrently, in Russia, the restoration of the Pavlovsk Palace located outside of Leningrad – today's Saint Petersburg – brought the attention of French museum authorities, including the curators of Versailles.[30]
Pavlovsk Palace was built by Catherine the Great's son Paul. The czarevitch and his wife, Marie Feodorovna, were avid francophiles, who, on a visit to France and Versailles in the 1780s, purchased great quantities of silk, which they later used to upholster furniture in Pavlosk. The palace survived the Russian Revolution intact – descendants of Paul I were living in the palace at the time the communists evicted them – however, during the Second World War, the furniture and artifacts housed in the palace, which had been transformed into a museum, were removed. In the process of evacuation the museum collections, remnants of the silks purchased by Paul I of Russia and Marie Feodorovna were found and conserved. After the war when Soviet authorities were restoring the palace, which had been gutted by the retreating Nazi forces, they recreated the silk fabrics by using the conserved 18th-century remnants.[30]
The "Royal Fence" restored in 2009.
When the French authorities saw the results of Russian efforts and the high quality they were able to achieve, the French revived 18th-century weaving techniques so as to reproduce the silks used in the decoration of Versailles.[30] The two greatest achievements of this initiative are seen today in wall hangings used in the restoration of the chambre de la reine in the grand appartement de reine and the chambre du roi in the appartement du roi. While the design used for the chambre du roi was, in fact, from a design that had been used during the Ancien Régime to decorate the chambre de la reine, it nevertheless represents a great achievement in the ongoing restoration at Versailles. Additionally, this project, which took over seven years to achieve, required several hundred kilograms of silver and gold to complete.[31] One of the more costly endeavors for the museum and the government of France's Fifth Republic has been to repurchase as much of the original furnishings as possible. However, because furniture with a royal provenance – and especially furniture that was made for Versailles – is a highly sought after commodity on the international market, the museum has spent considerable funds on retrieving much of the palace's original furnishings/[32]
In 2003, a new restoration initiative – the "Grand Versailles" project – was started, which necessitated unexpected repair and replantation of the gardens. The project will be on-going for the next seventeen years, funded with a state endowment of €135 million allocated for the first seven years. The project will address such concerns as security for the palace, and continued restoration of the bosquet des trois fontaines. Vinci SA underwrote the €12 million restoration project for the Hall of Mirrors, which was completed in 2006/[33]
Estimates of the amount spent to build Versailles are speculative. An estimate in 2000 placed the amount spent on Versailles during the Ancien Régime as US$2 billion.[34] This figure in all probability is an under-evaluation of the money spent on Versailles. France's Fifth Republic expenditures alone that have been directed to restoration and maintenance at Versailles undoubtedly surpass those of the Sun King.
This section does not cite any sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (August 2008)
The politics of display
Reception of the Grand Condé at Versailles following his victory at Seneffe. Condé advances towards Louis XIV in a respectful manner with laurel wreaths on his path, while captured enemy flags are displayed on both sides of the stairs. It marked the end of Condé's exile, following his participation to the Fronde.
Versailles became the home of the French nobility and the location of the royal court—thus becoming the centre of French government. Louis XIV himself lived there, and symbolically the central room of the long extensive symmetrical range of buildings was the King's Bedchamber (La Chambre du Roi), which itself was centred on the lavish and symbolic state bed, set behind a rich railing not unlike a communion rail.[citation needed] Indeed, even the principal axis of the gardens themselves was conceived to radiate from this fulcrum. All the power of France emanated from this centre: there were government offices here; as well as the homes of thousands of courtiers, their retinues and all the attendant functionaries of court.[citation needed] By requiring that nobles of a certain rank and position spend time each year at Versailles, Louis prevented them from developing their own regional power at the expense of his own, and kept them from countering his efforts to centralize the French government in an absolute monarchy.[citation needed]
At various periods before Louis XIV established absolute rule, France, like the Holy Roman Empire lacked central authority and was not the unified state it was to become during subsequent centuries.[citation needed] During the Middle Ages some local nobles were often more powerful than the French King and, although technically loyal to the King, they possessed their own provincial seats of power and government, culturally influential courts and armies loyal to them and not the King, and the right to levy their own taxes on their subjects.[citation needed] Some families were so powerful, they achieved international prominence and contracted marriage alliances with foreign royal houses to further their own political ambitions.[citation needed] Although nominally Kings of France, de facto royal power had at times been limited purely to the region around Paris.[citation needed]
Life at Court
Life at Versailles was intrinsically determined by position, favour and above all one's birth. The Chateau was a sprawling cluster of lodgings for which courtiers vied and manipulated. Today, many people see Versailles as unparalleled in its magnificence and splendour; yet few know of the actual living conditions many of Versailles' august residents had to endure. Modern historians have, on more than one occasion, compared the palace to a vast apartment block. Apart from the royal family, the majority of the residents were senior members of the household.
On each floor, living units of varying size, some 350 in all, were arranged along tiled corridors and given a number. Each door had a key, which was to be handed in when the lodging was vacated. Many courtiers would trade lodgings and group together with their allies, families or friends. The Noailles family took over so much of the Southern Wing's attic that the corridor leading to all the lodgings on that floor was nicknamed "Noailles Road" by courtiers of the time.
Rank and status dictated everything in Versailles; not least among that list was one's lodgings. Louis XIV envisaged Versailles as a seat for all the Bourbons, as well as his troublesome nobles. These nobles were, so to say, placed within a "gilded cage".[35] Luxury and opulence was not always in the description given to their residences. Many nobles had to make do with one or two room apartments, forcing many nobles to buy town-houses in Versailles proper and keeping their palace rooms for changes of clothes or entertaining guests, rarely sleeping there. Rooms at Versailles were immensely useful for an ambitious courtier as they allowed palace residents easy and constant access to the monarch, essential to their ambitions, and gave them constant access to the latest gossip and news.
Treaties and proclamations
See also: Treaties of Versailles
Two of the three treaties of the Peace of Paris (1783), in which the United Kingdom recognized the independence of the United States, were signed at Versailles.
After the French defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, with the Siege of Paris dragging on, the palace was the main headquarters of the Prussian army from 5 October 1870 until 13 March 1871. On 18 January 1871, Prussian King Wilhelm I was proclaimed German Emperor in the Hall of Mirrors, and the German Empire was founded.[36]
After the First World War, it was the site of the opening of the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, also on 18 January. Germany was blamed for causing the First World War in the Treaty of Versailles, which was signed in the same room on 28 June 1919.
Proclamation of the German Empire, 18 January 1871, 1877 by Anton von Werner
The Signing of Peace in the Hall of Mirrors, Versailles, 28 June 1919 by William Orpen
Carnival versions of Louis XIV and Marie-Antoinette in front of Versailles Palace
Main article: List of films shot at the Palace of Versailles
Singer-songwriter Al Stewart released a song entitled "The Palace of Versailles", detailing the French Revolution, The Terror, and the military coup of Napoléon Bonaparte, from the perspective of "the lonely Palace of Versailles".
On 2 July 2005, the French Live 8 was held in the courtyard of Versailles.
In 2012 animated film Madagascar 3, sophisticated chimpanzees Mason and Phil dress up as "King of Versailles" in reference to the Palace of Versailles.
The Konami video game Castlevania: Bloodlines has Versailles as the fifth stage.
The video games Assassin's Creed Unity and Assassin's Creed Rogue are set in Versailles at the beginning of Unity and the end of Rogue.
In the 2013 release, Pokémon X & Y, The Palace of Versailles is depicted as Parfum Palace.
In the Doctor who (2005) episode "Girl in the fire place" The Doctor met Marie-Antoinette in the palace of Versailles.
Images of Versailles
Panoramic view from the park
Panoramic view from the city
Garden facade from the southwest
Salle du Sacre with a view toward Salle des Gardes in the Queen's Grand Apartment
View of the upper southwest corner of the south wing
Bureau du Roi
List of Baroque residences
Paris Peace Conference, 1919
Tennis Court Oath (French: serment du jeu de paume) in the Saint-Louis district
Versailles Cathedral
Kingdom of France portal
↑ Six kings were born in this room: Philip V of Spain, Louis XV, Louis XVI, Louis XVII, Louis XVIII, and Charles X.
↑ The marc, a unit equal to 8 ounces, was used to weigh silver and gold.
↑ As of 4 April 2008, silver has been trading in New York at US$17.83 an ounce.
↑ Ayers 2004, pp. 334–336.
↑ Berger 1985a, pp. 17–19.
↑ Ayers 2004, pp. 336–339; Maral 2010, pp. 215–229.
↑ The marble paving (giving rise to the current name), gilded balconies, and busts were added by Le Vau/D'Orbay c. 1669–1671. The 3-storey avant-corps fronted with eight red marble columns supporting a gilded wrought-iron balcony and surmounted with a triangle of lead statuary surrounding a large clock, and the elaborate dormer windows and lead roof dressings, were added by Hardouin-Mansart in 1679–1681 (Ayers 2004, pp. 335, 338; Gady 2010, pp. 173–174). In 1701 Louis XIV moved his private bedroom to the room opening onto the balcony of the avant-corps (Ayers 2004, p. 338). Upon his death, the hands of the clock were stopped (Saule & Meyer 2000, p. 10).
↑ 5.0 5.1 Hoog 1996.
↑ Hoog 1996, pp. 373–374.
↑ Opperman 2004[page needed]
↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 At the Court of the Sun King, Some All-American Art, New York Times (September 11, 2008).
↑ 9.0 9.1 William Safran, "France" in Politics in Europe (M. Donald Hancock et al., CQ Sage: 5th ed. 2012).
↑ |Constitution of 1875
↑ Article 9: Le siège du pouvoir exécutif et des deux chambres est à Versailles.[10]
↑ Associated Press, The Latest: Brother Linked to Paris Attacks in Disbelief (November 16, 2015).
↑ Francois Hollande: 'France is at war', CNN (November 16, 2015).
↑ Associated Press, Breaking tradition, Sarkozy speaks to parliament (June 22, 2009).
↑ Jerry M. Rosenberg, "France" in The Concise Encyclopedia of The Great Recession 2007-2012 (Scarecrow Press: 2012), p. 262.
↑ Associated Press, The Latest: US Basketball Player James Not Going to France (November 16, 2015).
↑ Georges Bergougnous, Presiding Officers of National Parliamentary Assemblies: A World Comparative Study (Inter-Parliamentary Union: Geneva, 1997), p. 39.
↑ Berger 1985b, fig. 12 (plan), pp. 41–42; Verlet 1985, p. 74 (fig. 7).
↑ Blondel 1752–1756, vol. 4 (1756), book 7, plate 8; Nolhac 1898, p. 49 (dates Blondel's plan to c. 1742).
↑ Saule & Meyrer 2000, pp. 18, 22; Michelin Tyre 1989, p. 182.
↑ Berger 1985b[page needed]; Verlet 1985[page needed]
↑ La Varende 1959[page needed]
↑ Bluche 1986[page needed]; Bluche 1991[page needed]; Chouquette 1997[page needed]
↑ 24.0 24.1 Guiffrey 1880–1890[page needed]
↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 25.3 Bluche 1991[page needed]
↑ Buckland 1983[page needed]
↑ Dangeau 1854–1860[page needed]
↑ Bluche 1986[page needed]; Bluche 1991[page needed]
↑ The magic of the "Great Waters" of Versailles
↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Massie 1990[page needed]
↑ Meyer 1989[page needed]
↑ Kemp 1976[page needed]
↑ Leloup 2006[page needed]
↑ Littell 2000[page needed]
↑ Duc de Saint-Simon[page needed]
↑ Wawro 2003, p. 282
Ayers, Andrew (2004). The Architecture of Paris. Stuttgart, London: Edition Axel Menges. ISBN 9783930698967. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Berger, Robert W. (1985a). In the Garden of the Sun King: Studies on the Park of Versailles Under Louis XIV. Washington, DC: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Berger, Robert W. (1985b). Versailles: The Château of Louis XIV. University Park: The College Arts Association. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Blondel, Jacque-François (1752–1756). Architecture françoise, ou Recueil des plans, élévations, coupes et profils des églises, maisons royales, palais, hôtels & édifices les plus considérables de Paris. 4 vols. Paris: Charles-Antoine Jombert. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Bluche, François (1986). Louis XIV. Paris: Arthème Fayard. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Bluche, François (1991). Dictionnaire du Grand Siècle. Paris: Arthème Fayard. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Buckland, Frances (May 1983). "Gobelin tapestries and paintings as a source of information about the silver furniture of Louis XIV". The Burlington Magazine. 125 (962): 272–283. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Dangeau, Philippe de Courcillon, marquis de (1854–60). Journal. Paris. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Gady, Alexandre (2010). "Édifices royaux, Versailles: Transformations des logis sur cour". In Gady, Alexandre (ed.). Jules hardouin-Mansart 1646–1708. Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme. pp. 171–176. ISBN 9782735111879. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Guiffrey, Jules (1880–1890). Comptes des bâtiments du roi sous le règne de Louis XIV. 5 vols. Paris: Imprimerie Nationale. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Hoog, Simone (1996). "Versailles". In Turner, Jane (ed.). The Dictionary of Art. 32. New York: Grove. pp. 369–374. ISBN 9781884446009. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles> Also at Oxford Art Online (subscription required).
Kemp, Gerard van der (1976). "Remeubler Versailles". Revue du Louvre. 3: 135–137. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
La Varende, Jean de (1959). Versailles. Paris: Henri Lefebvre. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Leloup, Michèle (7 August 2006). "Versailles en grande toilette". L'Express. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Littell, McDougal (2001). World History: Patterns of Interactions. New York: Houghton Mifflin. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Maral, Alexandre (2010). "Chapelle royale". In Gady, Alexandre (ed.). Jules hardouin-Mansart 1646–1708. Paris: Éditions de la Maison des sciences de l'homme. pp. 215––228. ISBN 9782735111879. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Massie, Suzanne (1990). Pavlosk: The Life of a Russian Palace. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
——— (February 1989). "L'ameublement de la chambre de Louis XIV à Versailles de 1701 à nos jours". Gazette des Beaux-Arts (6th ed.). 113: 79–104. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Michelin Tyre PLC (1989). Île-de-France: The Region Around Paris. Harrow [England]: Michelin Tyre Public Ltd. Co. ISBN 9782060134116.
Nolhac, Pierre de (1898). La création de Versailles sous Louis Quinze. Paris: H. Champion. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Oppermann, Fabien (2004). Images et usages du château de Versailles au XXe siècle (Thesis). École des Chartes. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Saule, Béatrix; Meyer, Daniel (2000). Versailles Visitor's Guide. Versailles: Éditions Art-Lys. ISBN 9782854951172. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Verlet, Pierre (1985). Le château de Versailles. Paris: Librairie Arthème Fayard. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Wawro, Geoffrey (2003). The Franco-Prussian War: the German conquest of France in 1870–1871. Cambridge University Press. CS1 maint: ref=harv (link)<templatestyles src="Module:Citation/CS1/styles.css"></templatestyles>
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Palace of Versailles.
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for [[Wikivoyage:Versailles#Lua error in Module:Wikidata at line 863: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value).|Versailles]].
Virtual Tour of the Palace (fullscreen panoramic tour)
Large Versailles photo gallery
Flickr : Le Parc de Versailles
Versailles on Paper (exhibition website)
3D evolution of the Palace of Versailles
World Heritage Sites in France
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2Shared with Spain
3Shared with Austria, Germany, Italy, Slovenia and Switzerland
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The members of the Hall of Fame certainly would agree that the honor of their induction is shared with the many students they have served through the years, just as the honors their students are shared with their loyal coaches. Just as assuredly, their students would attest to the generosity of those who have given of their time, treasure, and talents in preparing thousands of young people for productive citizenship and life-long success. Likewise, they would be humbled to share the honor with the countless other teachers and volunteers who joined them in the task. Candidates for the Hall of Fame are nominated by Leagues and voted on by CHSSA council members, leagues, and other Hall of Fame members not currently on the council. Below you will find information about our many CHSSA Hall of Fame honorees, as well as video interviews where they discuss their time as a coach/educator.
CLICK HERE for all of the Hall of Fame interviews in one place.
Can you think of a coach who is changing lives through speech and debate? Have they devoted 15 years to this activity? Here's your chance to nominate them for the hall of fame. Using the form below, petition your local speech and debate league to nominate the coach who you think deserves this award.
Each year one person is selected by the executive council to receive this award named after CHSSA's first historian, Donovan Cummings. This award is given to someone who goes above and beyond to spread forensics throughout the state of California.


Spartak somehow managed to steal a victory away at the rock-bottomed Yenisey thanks to a late stoppage-time goal from substitute Artem Timofeev. The win helped Narodnaya Komanda break into the top four in the league standings.
Nonetheless, Massimo Carrera and his men still have to work hard to annul the seven-point deficit they have to runaway leaders Zenit. A win over Arsenal Tula on Sunday will thus be an imperative for Spartak whose defensive line looked to be too vulnerable in recent outings.
The hosts allowed as many as five goals in last two fixtures (3-3 draw to Villarreal in Europa League and 2-3 win over Yenisey in the domestic competition). Can Narodnaya Komanda keep it quiet at the back here against Arsenal Tula?
Trips to Otkrytiye Arena have never gone well for Canoneers.
Arsenal Tula lost all four away matches against Spartak Moscow with a devastating 1-10 goal difference in the process.
Narodnaya Komanda won four of last five meetings with Canoneers who failed to find the net in three of last four head to head affairs.
Arsenal Tula sit 12th after 10 rounds of the competition. They played hot and cold ever since the season began, but their main characteristic in recent outings was the lack of meticulousness at the back. Tula shipped five goals in last three league matches which is a poor record for Russian Premier League standards, especially if we know the opposition came in the likes of Rubin Kazan, Ural and Ufa along the way.
Carrera has a deadly line-up of attackers in his ranks and they are no doubts going to exploit Arsenal's defensive holes to the max on the occasion. Given Spartak can't afford a failure here, the home win is worth backing at the 1.57 odds.
Spartak Moscow Over 1.5 Team Goals @ 1.80 (4/5).


text:
Nicole Lacroix
Nicole Lacroix is the weekday afternoon host on Classical WETA 90.9 FM. Her interest in radio was piqued by listening to Voice of America broadcasts in Vientiane, Laos at the beginning of the Vietnam War. The American compound where her family was stationed had no television or telephone, and VOA's announcers provided reassuring news from home. Nicole's father, an enthusiastic if inexpert violinist, contributed to her love of music by raiding the local PX for classical and opera recordings and playing them nonstop on his homemade hi-fi.
When the family was transferred to Côte d'Ivoire, radio was again the vital link that kept them in touch with what was going on in the United States. Through the Cuban missile crisis and the assassination of John F. Kennedy, the neighborhood ham radio operator became the local hero.
Receiving a degree in music from Trinity College, Lacroix spent fifteen years at the former WGMS in Washington, with stints at VOA, KDFC San Francisco and at Baltimore's WJHU and WBJC.
Lacroix lives in the D.C. SW Waterfront with her husband, cat and labradoodle. Hobbies include singing with the Bach in Baltimore choir, yoga, and running with the aforementioned labradoodle.
On-Air Hosts
John Banther
Chip Brienza
Bill Bukowski
Linda Carducci
Trey Graham
James Jacobs
Jay Roberts
See Full Station Guide
Our UK channel offers the best of British television 24 hours a day!
Hear the next generation of classical champions as talented teens play the classics in concert.
Recreating Christian Heurich's Pre-Prohibition Lager
What happens when a homebrewer, a local business and a museum join forces? Historic beer!
Arthur follows the adventures and misadventures of 8-year-old Arthur Read (an aardvark), his little sister D.W., and his friends and family.
Historical D.C. Metro Map
Next stop: history! Our reimagined Historical D.C. Metro Map highlights real and sometimes quirky stories along your commute route.
WETA History Timeline
Enjoy this step through time charting WETA's history from its founding in the 1950s to becoming a major national producer for PBS.
See timeline →

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Prevent creating blank associations in nested attributes forms I have a form with nested attributes that is sending to the Appointments controller which is creating instances of associated models called Prescriptions, Illnesses, Allergies, and Immunizations. The idea is that a doctor can fill out the form and can add information where needed, but isn't required to fill out everything (not every appointment requires a prescription).
Currently, the form sends out and creates new instances of all the associations with all the attributes blank or nil. I tried adding a validation requiring the presence of the attributes to save, but that creates an error and then nothing can save.
How can I submit one form and prevent it from creating instances of associated models if the fields for that model were empty?
Appointments Controller
def create
    @appointment = current_user.appointments.new(appointment_params)
    set_associations(@appointment, @patient)

    if @appointment.save
      Notification.create_appointment_notifications(@appointment, @health_profile)
      flash[:notice] = "Your appointment has been saved."
      redirect_to patient_health_profile_path(@patient, @health_profile)
    else
      flash[:notice] = "There was a problem saving your appointment, please try again."
      redirect_to patient_health_profile_path(@patient, @health_profile)
    end

  end

  private

  def appointment_params
    symptoms = params[:appointment][:symptoms].split(",")
    @patient = Patient.find(params[:patient_id])
    params.require(:appointment).permit(
      :diagnosis, :referrals, :notes, :symptoms,
      immunizations_attributes: [:name, :expiration_date],
      illnesses_attributes: [:name, :status],
      allergies_attributes: [:name, :status, :severity],
      prescriptions_attributes: [:medicine, :dosage, :refills, :expiration_date]
      ).merge(symptoms: symptoms,
      patient: @patient
      )
  end

  def set_associations(appointment, patient)
    appointment.illnesses.each do |illness|
      illness.patient = patient
    end

    appointment.allergies.each do |allergy|
      allergy.patient = patient
    end

    appointment.immunizations.each do |immunization|
      immunization.patient = patient
    end

    appointment.prescriptions.each do |prescription|
      prescription.patient = patient
      prescription.doctor = current_user
    end
  end

  def set_information
    @patient = Patient.find(params[:patient_id])
    @health_profile = HealthProfile.find(params[:id])
  end

Nested Form
<%= form_for @appointment do |f| %>

Appointment

      <%= f.label :Symptoms %>
      <%= f.text_field :symptoms, id: "symptoms-input" %>

      <%= f.label :Notes %>
      <%= f.text_area :notes %>

      <%= f.label :Diagnosis %>
      <%= f.text_field :diagnosis %>

      <%= f.label :Referrals %>
      <%= f.text_area :referrals, id: "referrals-input" %>

Illnesses

    <%= f.fields_for :illnesses do |illness| %>
      <%= render "appointments/illness_fields", f: illness %>
    <% end %>

    <%= link_to_add_association '+ Illness', f, :illnesses, partial: "appointments/illness_fields" %>

Allergies

  <%= f.fields_for :allergies do |allergy| %>
    <%= render "appointments/allergy_fields", f: allergy %>
    <% end %>

    <%= link_to_add_association '+ Allergy', f, :allergies, partial: "appointments/allergy_fields" %>

Immunizations

      <%= f.fields_for :immunizations do |immunization| %>
        <%= render "appointments/immunization_fields", f: immunization %>
      <% end%>

    <%= link_to_add_association '+ Immunization', f, :immunizations, partial: "appointments/immunization_fields" %>

Prescriptions

    <%= f.fields_for :prescriptions do |prescription| %>
     <%= render "appointments/prescription_fields", f: prescription %>
    <% end %>

    <%= link_to_add_association '+ Prescription', f, :prescriptions, partial: "appointments/prescription_fields" %>

  <%= hidden_field_tag(:patient_id, params[:patient_id]) %>
  <%= hidden_field_tag(:id, params[:id]) %>

  <%= f.submit :Submit %>

<% end %>

A: In your Appointments Model, add this line:
accepts_nested_attributes_for :illnesses, reject_if: :all_blank, allow_destroy: true

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
<?php

final class Braintree_MerchantAccount_IndividualDetails extends Braintree_Base
{
    protected function _initialize($individualAttribs)
    {
        $this->_attributes = $individualAttribs;
        if (isset($individualAttribs['address'])) {
            $this->_set('addressDetails', new Braintree_MerchantAccount_AddressDetails($individualAttribs['address']));
        }
    }

    public static function factory($attributes)
    {
        $instance = new self();
        $instance->_initialize($attributes);
        return $instance;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


"What's YOUR favorite book?" As a lifelong reader, book lover, and three-decade English teacher, one would think I could answer that question in a heartbeat. But I have loved so many books, from so many authors, across so many genres, over so many years, that I can't possibly choose just one favorite. It's like asking a chef to name a favorite dish, a gardener to name a favorite plant, a parent to name a favorite child. Impossible!
But PBS asked and America answered. Check out America's 100 best loved books in PBS's Great American Read to see the books we love, from The Outsiders to Outlander; Looking for Alaska to Lord of the Rings; Gone Girl to Gone With The Wind. Are your all-time favorite books on the list? Now go to https://www.pbs.org/the-great-american-read/vote/ and cast your vote for your favorite book today!
As a middle school English teacher, one of my greatest hopes for my students is that they will become passionate readers, that they will discover the genres and authors of books that will keep them up late at night, the books that will connect them to worlds outside their own, make them feel less alone in their own worlds, develop their empathy for others, and inspire them to be the best people they can. Of course my students also need to develop their writing, speaking and listening skills, but above all I want them to be readers. No matter where they go or what they do in life, reading will make them better students, better citizens and better people, but only if they continue to read good books on their own. So finding favorite books for my students is smack dab in the middle of the target I set for us each year.
However, the work my students need to do in English class can often contradict this goal of inspiring passionate readers. My 8th graders are expected to not just read and comprehend books, but also to think and write analytically about literature. How would you like to stop in the middle of a great book to write an analytical essay on symbolism or theme? Probably not.
So how can we help our students notice and think about the elements that make up great literature while also loving the text? How do we inspire deep thinking of literary analysis without interfering with a love of reading? After struggling with this issue for (too many) years in the classroom, I stumbled across an answer that caught me (and my students) by surprise.
Without realizing it, my students were engaging in literary analysis. They looked closely at the elements of literature, not because a teacher told them to, but because they wanted to understand how to write their own compelling stories. The books they turned to for inspiration, books they had chosen for pleasure reading, became texts for literary analysis that improved their own writing and in turn boosted their reading skills. Thanks to 100 beloved books on The Great American Read, your students have more than enough mentor texts to inspire them through their own novel-writing challenge.
If you're curious about how you and your students might use writing to build reading skills, join our Virtual Professional Learning Series on October 17 @ 7pm ET, register below!
Read more about the full series, hope to see you there!
For more information on how to bring the NaNoWriMo novel-writing challenge to your students, check out free curriculum and lots of support at ywp.nanowrimo.org. I also share my own tips from seven years of teaching NaNoWriMo at nanoteacher.org.


text:
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Greening The Islands > News & Blog > News > PPC inaugurates hybrid wind-hydro power system on island of Ikaria
PPC inaugurates hybrid wind-hydro power system on island of Ikaria
Cecilia Bergamasco
Greece's Public Power Corp (PPC) has launched Europe's second hybrid renewable energy park, combining wind and hydraulic power, on the Aegean island of Ikaria.
The 6.9-megawatt project – similar to one located on El Hierro, the smallest of the Canary Islands – will replace part of the power now produced by an oil-fired station on Ikaria, cutting carbon dioxide emissions by 13,800 tonnes a year. It will allow Ikaria to meet 50% of its energy needs through renewable sources.
The park is part of the state-controlled utility's vision to turn many of Greece's off-grid islands into renewably powered ones. A commitment to shut coal-fired plants generating nearly 2 gigawatts of power in the coming years has prompted PPC to refocus on renewables.
"The hybrid project in Ikaria showcases the potential for the energy transformation of off-grid islands and our commitment to protect the environment, for which PPC is willing to allocate as much resources as possible," PPC Chief Executive Manolis Panagiotakis said at the launch of the park.
The 50-million-euro ($56.32 million) hybrid station fits in with Greece's plans to double green energy in power generation by 2030. PPC has said it plans to spend about 600 million euros on solar, wind and small hydroelectric projects to quadruple its renewables capacity to 640 megawatts by 2022.
Renewables begin to light the Galapagos Islands
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text:
package consul

import (
	"sync"
	"testing"
	"time"

	"github.com/hashicorp/consul/api"
	"github.com/hashicorp/consul/testutil"
	"github.com/ligato/cn-infra/db/keyval"
	"github.com/ligato/cn-infra/logging"
	"github.com/ligato/cn-infra/logging/logrus"
	. "github.com/onsi/gomega"
)

func init() {
	logrus.DefaultLogger().SetLevel(logging.DebugLevel)
}

type testCtx struct {
	client  *Client
	testSrv *testutil.TestServer
}

func setupTest(t *testing.T) *testCtx {
	RegisterTestingT(t)

	srv, err := testutil.NewTestServer()
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal("setting up test server failed:", err)
	}

	cfg := api.DefaultConfig()
	cfg.Address = srv.HTTPAddr

	client, err := NewClient(cfg)
	if err != nil {
		t.Fatal("connecting to consul failed:", err)
	}

	return &testCtx{client: client, testSrv: srv}
}

func (ctx *testCtx) teardownTest() {
	ctx.client.Close()
	ctx.testSrv.Stop()
}

func TestPut(t *testing.T) {
	ctx := setupTest(t)
	defer ctx.teardownTest()

	err := ctx.client.Put("key", []byte("val"))
	Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())

	Expect(ctx.testSrv.GetKVString(t, "key")).To(Equal("val"))
}

func TestGetValue(t *testing.T) {
	ctx := setupTest(t)
	defer ctx.teardownTest()

	ctx.testSrv.SetKV(t, "key", []byte("val"))

	data, found, rev, err := ctx.client.GetValue("key")
	Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
	Expect(data).To(Equal([]byte("val")))
	Expect(found).To(BeTrue())
	Expect(rev).NotTo(BeZero())
}

func TestDelete(t *testing.T) {
	ctx := setupTest(t)
	defer ctx.teardownTest()

	ctx.testSrv.SetKV(t, "key", []byte("val"))

	existed, err := ctx.client.Delete("key")
	Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
	Expect(existed).To(BeTrue())

	Expect(ctx.testSrv.ListKV(t, "")).To(BeEmpty())
}

func TestListKeys(t *testing.T) {
	ctx := setupTest(t)
	defer ctx.teardownTest()

	ctx.testSrv.PopulateKV(t, map[string][]byte{
		"key/1": []byte("val1"),
		"key/2": []byte("val2"),
	})

	kvi, err := ctx.client.ListKeys("key/")
	Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
	Expect(kvi).NotTo(BeNil())

	expectedKeys := []string{"key/1", "key/2"}
	for i := 0; i <= len(expectedKeys); i++ {
		key, _, all := kvi.GetNext()
		if i == len(expectedKeys) {
			Expect(all).To(BeTrue())
			break
		}
		Expect(all).To(BeFalse())
		Expect(key).To(BeEquivalentTo(expectedKeys[i]))
	}
}

func TestListKeysPrefixed(t *testing.T) {
	ctx := setupTest(t)
	defer ctx.teardownTest()

	ctx.testSrv.PopulateKV(t, map[string][]byte{
		"myprefix/key/1": []byte("val1"),
		"myprefix/key/2": []byte("val2"),
		"key/x":          []byte("valx"),
	})

	client := ctx.client.NewBroker("myprefix/")
	kvi, err := client.ListKeys("key")
	Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
	Expect(kvi).NotTo(BeNil())

	expectedKeys := []string{"key/1", "key/2"}
	for i := 0; i <= len(expectedKeys); i++ {
		key, _, all := kvi.GetNext()
		if i == len(expectedKeys) {
			Expect(all).To(BeTrue())
			break
		}
		Expect(all).To(BeFalse())
		// verify that prefix of BytesBrokerWatcherEtcd is trimmed
		Expect(key).To(BeEquivalentTo(expectedKeys[i]))
	}
}

func TestListValues(t *testing.T) {
	ctx := setupTest(t)
	defer ctx.teardownTest()

	ctx.testSrv.PopulateKV(t, map[string][]byte{
		"key/1": []byte("val1"),
		"key/2": []byte("val2"),
	})

	kvi, err := ctx.client.ListValues("key")
	Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
	Expect(kvi).NotTo(BeNil())

	expectedKeys := []string{"key/1", "key/2"}
	for i := 0; i <= len(expectedKeys); i++ {
		kv, all := kvi.GetNext()
		if i == len(expectedKeys) {
			Expect(all).To(BeTrue())
			break
		}
		Expect(kv).NotTo(BeNil())
		Expect(all).To(BeFalse())
		// verify that prefix of BytesBrokerWatcherEtcd is trimmed
		Expect(kv.GetKey()).To(BeEquivalentTo(expectedKeys[i]))
	}
}

func TestListValuesPrefixed(t *testing.T) {
	ctx := setupTest(t)
	defer ctx.teardownTest()

	ctx.testSrv.PopulateKV(t, map[string][]byte{
		"myprefix/key/1": []byte("val1"),
		"myprefix/key/2": []byte("val2"),
		"key/x":          []byte("valx"),
	})

	client := ctx.client.NewBroker("myprefix/")
	kvi, err := client.ListValues("key")
	Expect(err).ToNot(HaveOccurred())
	Expect(kvi).NotTo(BeNil())

	expectedKeys := []string{"key/1", "key/2"}
	for i := 0; i <= len(expectedKeys); i++ {
		kv, all := kvi.GetNext()
		if i == len(expectedKeys) {
			Expect(all).To(BeTrue())
			break
		}
		Expect(kv).NotTo(BeNil())
		Expect(all).To(BeFalse())
		// verify that prefix of BytesBrokerWatcherEtcd is trimmed
		Expect(kv.GetKey()).To(BeEquivalentTo(expectedKeys[i]))
	}
}

func TestWatch(t *testing.T) {
	ctx := setupTest(t)
	defer ctx.teardownTest()

	watchKey := "key/"

	closeCh := make(chan string)
	watchCh := make(chan keyval.BytesWatchResp)
	err := ctx.client.Watch(keyval.ToChan(watchCh), closeCh, watchKey)
	Expect(err).To(BeNil())

	var wg sync.WaitGroup
	wg.Add(1)

	go func(expectedKey string) {
		select {
		case resp := <-watchCh:
			Expect(resp).NotTo(BeNil())
			Expect(resp.GetKey()).To(BeEquivalentTo(expectedKey))
		case <-time.After(time.Second):
			t.Error("Watch resp not received")
			t.FailNow()
		}
		close(closeCh)
		wg.Done()
	}(watchKey + "val1")

	ctx.client.Put("/something/else/val1", []byte{0, 0, 7})
	ctx.client.Put(watchKey+"val1", []byte{1, 2, 3})

	wg.Wait()
}


text:
Jolla Tablet Will Also Launch In Australia and Canada
9:31 am November 26, 2014 By Hammad Saleem
Jolla Tablet has received a positive response on it Indiegogo funding campaign where it managed to raise over a million dollars in just a few days.
The company announced that Jolla Tablet will be initially available in USA, EU, Norway, Switzerland, India, China, Hong Kong, and Russia. However, based on consumer feedback, the company has added Australia and Canada to the list of countries where the tablet will initially go on sale next year.
At the moment, Jolla has raised $1,256,162 with 14 more days to go. The company is offering the tablet for $209 for Indiegogo backers compared to its $249 retail price. The company expects the tablet to hit the market in May next year.
The tablet is powered by a 64-bit Intel processor clocked at 1.8GHz paired with 2GB of RAM and 32GB of internal storage, coupled with an expandable memory card slot. Jolla Tablet features a 7.9-inch display sporting a resolution of 2048 by 1536 pixels with a 330 ppi pixel density, a 4,300 mAh battery and measures 203 x 137 x 8.3mm. The tablet also features a 5MP rear shooter for photos and videos, 2MP front-facing camera and runs Sailfish OS out of the box.
Anyone planning to/backed the project on Indiegogo for the Jolla Tablet?
Source: Jolla (Indiegogo)
Filed Under: Tablet News, Top News


text:
SEARCHING FARMINGTON HOMES
DRAWN REGION
MIN. PRICE $25,000 $50,000 $75,000 $100,000 $125,000 $150,000 $175,000 $200,000 $225,000 $250,000 $275,000 $300,000 $325,000 $350,000 $375,000 $400,000 $425,000 $450,000 $475,000 $500,000 $525,000 $550,000 $575,000 $600,000 $625,000 $650,000 $675,000 $700,000 $725,000 $750,000 $775,000 $800,000 $825,000 $850,000 $875,000 $900,000 $925,000 $950,000 $975,000 $1,000,000 $1,250,000 $1,500,000 $1,750,000 $2,000,000 $2,250,000 $2,500,000 $2,750,000 $3,000,000 $3,250,000 $3,500,000 $3,750,000 $4,000,000 $4,250,000 $4,500,000 $4,750,000 $5,000,000 $5,250,000 $5,500,000 $5,750,000 $6,000,000 $6,250,000 $6,500,000 $6,750,000 $7,000,000 $7,250,000 $7,500,000 $7,750,000 $8,000,000 $8,250,000 $8,500,000 $8,750,000 $9,000,000 $9,250,000 $9,500,000 $9,750,000 MAX. PRICE
BEDROOMS 1+ 2+ 3+ 4+ 5+
SQ. FT. (MIN) 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 6500 7000 7500 8000 8500 9000 9500 10000
BUILT AFTER 1940 1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019
LOT SIZE 2,000+ sq ft 4,000+ sq ft 6,000+ sq ft 8,000+ sq ft 10,890+ sq ft / .25+ acres 21,780+ sq ft / .5+ acres 1+ acre 2+ acres 3+ acres 4+ acres 5+ acres 10+ acres 20+ acres 30+ acres 40+ acres 50+ acres 100+ acres
Air Conditioning Balcony Basement Elevator Forced Air Garage New Construction Pets Pool REO Short Sale View Waterfront
Lot has lake view
1/2 Duplex 1/2 Duplex with Land Bungalow Cape Cod Colonial Common Entry Building Contemporary Duplex End Unit Farmhouse Free Standing/Detached High Rise Historic Loft Manufact. to be Deeded Manufact. without Deed Manufactured w/o Land Manufactured with Deed Manufactured with Land Modular Home Other Quadruplex Raised Ranch Ranch Split Level Studio Townhouse Triplex Tudor Upper/Lower Apartment Victorian
Farmington Homes for Sale
(13 listings)
Bdrms
Showing 1 – 13 of 13 Listings
Farmington, MI
Listing courtesy of: Seller Nation
Listing courtesy of: Coldwell Banker Town & Country
Listing courtesy of: Real Estate One-w Blmfld
Listing courtesy of: Century 21 Hartford-farmington
Listing courtesy of: Five Star Real Estate-commerce
Listing courtesy of: Moving The Mitten Re Group Inc
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Listing courtesy of: Coldwell Banker Weir Manuel-northville
Listing courtesy of: John Graham Realty, Llc
Listing courtesy of: Remerica United Realty
Listing courtesy of: Real Estate One-troy
Listing courtesy of: Keller Williams Advantage
West Bloomfield Twp, MI
Listing courtesy of: Exp Realty Llc-novi


text:
Singapore invests in key green ammonia projects
By Julian Atchison on February 2, 2022
Strategic equity investment in InterContinental Energy
Click to learn more about InterContinental's green project portfolio. Source: InterContinental Energy.
Singapore's sovereign wealth fund GIC has agreed to a strategic equity investment (size undisclosed) in InterContinental Energy, who are currently developing a number of green ammonia "Supergiants". InterContinental's project portfolio in Australia and the Middle East is a regular feature here at Ammonia Energy, and consists of more than 200 GW of wind & solar generating capacity, coupled with a green ammonia production capacity of around 80 million tonnes per year. The investment is subject to approval by the Australian Foreign Investment Review Board.
This is a strategic investment to position GIC early for the emerging hydrogen economy. We believe that in time, hydrogen will play a crucial role in decarbonisation globally and that InterContinental Energy will be a key player in this transformation.
Ang Eng Seng, Chief Investment Officer of Infrastructure at GIC in the official press release, 26 Jan 2022
Indonesian ports
As the Straits Times reports, this month Singapore also announced a significant green investment in Indonesia: $9 billion for a logistics hub in Jakarta's Tanjung Priok port and a number of renewable energy projects (including on Batam Island, which sits on the opposite side of Singapore Strait). Singapore is currently the largest institutional investor in Indonesia, and the new figure marks an increased investment from previous year. At a recent leader's retreat, two MoUs between the heads of state (Malaysian Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong & Indonesian PM Joko Widodo) were signed that cement a new focus on decarbonisation and alternative energies. Currently Singapore relies heavily on gas for electricity generation, but future fuels like hydrogen & ammonia are receiving more attention from the government and other key stakeholders.
Economic Implementation
Ammonia Energy Import/Export
Ammonia Transition
Green Supergiants
Geographic Regions:
InterContinental Energy


text:
Terence Young: Writer and Teacher
The Island in Winter
Rhymes With Useless
After Goodlake's
The End of the Ice Age
The annual ritual of submitting to the CBC sometimes yields a response. This year, a narrative essay about dinner with a now-deceased friend made it to the long list. You can read the essay below:
Steve drank too much and smoked too much and excelled at the art of "converfuckingsation" in a town of tea-grannies and aging flower children. The man could splice an expletive between two syllables as neatly as a geneticist grafting viable forms of DNA. But talking wasn't a pastime for him -- it was war, a way to vent the outrage he felt living among fools. There were times I'd delay going to work because of him. I'd lurk in the living room, watching through the window, waiting the two or three minutes it took him to gather his pint of rum, lock the F-250, roll another cigarette and walk from his truck to Margaret's place, where he rented a room in the basement. Then I'd make a beeline for my car. I feel bad saying that, but it's true. Nine times out ten if he saw me outside, he'd alter course and head straight over to unload about somebody who'd crossed him on e-Bay or about librarians these days or the benefits of Tea Tree oil. People say the dead get less objectionable as the years pass, that we forget what made them so hard to take when they were alive. Not with Steve.
So, when I tell friends who knew him that my wife and I once invited our colourful neighbour to dinner at our cabin in the woods, they are a little incredulous. These many years later, I am too.
It was late summer. Patricia and I had installed ourselves for a month at our rustic getaway, an ancient board and baton box with a tin roof and a porch, smack dab in the middle of a hundred acres of forest. Steve pulled up around four in his newest acquisition, a camper he'd bought by trading his labour as currency. There wasn't much Steve couldn't fix. He was a mechanic, a plumber, an electrician, a carpenter and anything else he needed to be if the situation demanded it. The camper had seen its best days in the 70s, a cumbersome aluminum crypt in yellow, red and white. Together with the truck, it was as ugly a recreational vehicle as had ever been built, but I knew not to share my opinion with Steve, who would have the monster spotless and habitable in a month.
You need to know how Steve dressed: jeans, t-shirt, jean jacket, work boots. Always a moustache or full beard. Cigarette, sunglasses. The wardrobe never changed, winter or summer. It might as well have been a costume and he a singer in some latter-day country rock band -- except he was tone deaf. He didn't walk, he marched, and when I waved him on over to where we were sitting, he took the cabin steps two at a time, crossed the porch and plunked down a bottle of German wine on the table, a liebfraumilch, right next to one of the California reds I'd bought for the occasion.
"Shit," he said, picking up the red and reading the label. "I thought you people liked sweet white crap."
"It'll get drunk," I said. "Don't worry."
"You bet it will, but not by me," he said, and from his pack he drew out twenty-six ounces of Appleton rum. "This and some green tea will do just fine."
"And a touch of brown sugar."
"Sure," I said. "We can manage that."
I didn't pursue what he meant by "you people," and I didn't need to. I knew. Married people, people with kids and houses and regular jobs and savings accounts. Those people. It made me smile to think of him at the liquor store, scanning the aisles, matching what he knew of us with something on the shelves. I put his white in the fridge to cool and gave him the tour. The cabin's well over a hundred years old, built by my great grandfather as a barn, originally. Post and beam, two floors. Relatives added a kitchen in the '30s with an Enterprise wood-cookstove, and there's an airtight in the main room that I welded together from scrap when I was much younger. I can be pretty handy myself, which was partly why Steve and I got along. In his eyes, I might have been a teacher, but because I could handle a chainsaw and service my own disc brakes, he could see I wasn't completely useless.
"Fuck," he said, when he saw the woodshed, a chalet-style waterfall roof of hand-split shakes.
"This fucking place." He made a gesture that took in the trees, the house, the sky.
"Yeah," I said.
"How come an asshole like you ends up with this and a house in town, and I have to live like a rat in a hole?"
It was the closest I'd ever heard him come to a compliment, and I didn't want to point out the fact, so I said nothing, which only made the moment worse, and before long he was taking pot-shots at things he didn't like, things that didn't fit with the rest of the cabin, like the microwave and the landline and the ten-foot orange shag couch where we slept outside on hot August nights.
"It's Gilligan's," I told him.
"The TV show. All those people shipwrecked on a desert island? That Gilligan." Friends had bought it from Bob Denver, the actor, at a garage sale in Topanga Canyon and passed it on to us when they moved.
"I don't care if it belonged to Jesus'," Steve said.
Steve wasn't one to sit long, and soon he was leading me and Patricia through the woods behind our cabin, looking for Oregon Grape berries because they had saved his life at some point and would save ours, too, full as they were of Vitamin C and other magical properties, more, he said, than store-bought oranges or any supplement. Apparently, it was a bumper year, and we gathered several buckets, which we pressed into a juice that was so tart, I felt as though my head was imploding after the first taste.
"Takes a little getting used to," Steve said. "A guy like you might want to add some sugar."
"What about a guy like me?" Patricia said.
Steve looked at her as though she was speaking another language. Women confused him and he rarely addressed them directly. They were from a world outside his ken. Patricia could see the rough appeal of someone like Steve, his blunt honesty and contrary nature, but she lost patience with him the way any woman does when she is treated like a ghost long enough. I knew at some point she would find an excuse to drift away and leave me to entertain Steve by myself, and the thought filled me with dread.
By this time, one of the reds was empty, and Steve had made a sizable dent in his rum. It was starting to get dark, time for dinner and the seafood I had bought: a couple pounds of jumbo prawns. But when I dragged out the propane barbecue, Steve nearly took my head off.
"Are you crazy?" he said. "You might as well boil them in a pot."
I looked at him for the clarification I knew would follow.
"Gas burns wet," he said, and he headed out to the woodshed.
"Clean but wet. It's lousy for cooking." He started gathering bits of wood and twigs and bark. "What you want is a small, hot fire and some decent coals." He found a rusty wok we no longer used and carried the wood and wok and food up onto the hill behind the cabin, a spot where we could see the stars through a broad break in the canopy. Patricia brought up the rice and vegetables, and we sat there from sundown to midnight, searing one or two prawns at a time, dipping them in peanut sauce and listening to music through the outdoor speakers. Satellites criss-crossed above our heads while owls, nighthawks and the growing infestation of American bullfrogs filled the forest with sound. Steve roamed the hill, gathering fuel for the fire, lecturing us as he searched. At one point, I expressed some sympathy for the absentee landlord next to my house in town who was having to spend considerable sums on his rental for maintenance. New deck, roof, paint, landscaping.
"Shit, man," Steve said, "don't feel sorry for him."
"It's a lot of money," I said.
"He can afford it," Steve said. "A house like that? It's as good as having a woman on the street."
There was some noticeable rustling in the dark near where I knew Patricia was sitting, and then I heard her stand up. "Think I'll turn in," I remember her saying before she traced her way back down the hill to the cabin. I don't think Steve made the connection, and he moved on to the evils of Visa and why he refused to have anything more than a debit card.
He had drained his bottle of rum, another red had gone, and I was working my way into the German white when he pulled out a pipe and bag of dope. At that point I knew the next day was going to be a write-off and I might as well surrender. For a little while, the music got louder. Then, Patricia turned it down. Then we turned it back up. By the time we stumbled back onto the porch, I was in no shape to continue.
"I'm throwing in the towel," I said, the perfect expression for what I was feeling, as though I'd done ten rounds in the ring.
Steve nodded. He came over, picked me up off the ground and nearly crushed me in a bear hug. "In my whole fucking life," he said, "nobody's ever done anything like this for me. Never."
I demurred, said something stupid about what friends were for. Then, I extricated myself and went off to collapse beside Patricia, who was deep in sleep.
When I woke in the morning, Steve and his rig had gone. He said later he'd had some things to do, and maybe he that was true. Two years later he was dead from all the Drum tobacco and years of drinking. He wouldn't let anyone visit him while he wrestled with his cancer, sweating it out in his basement room. Once, about a week after we found out from Margaret why we hadn't seen him in a while, I called and left him a message to say how sorry I was and that I'd dropped off a rose for the garden. He phoned me right back.
"Christ!" he said. "I ain't dead yet. Give the fucking thing to Margaret."
So, I did.
I have been sending out batches of poems over the last while, and some of those that have been accepted are just now making it into print. A poem called "The Animals Lie Down to Die" appeared in the recent issue (Summer, 2017) of Event magazine.
I was very happy a while back to discover this new addition to online poetry magazines. Sadly, it has had to cease publishing after only three issues. I was lucky enough to have a poem accepted for issue #3. Here is the poem:
The Latest Trends
Leonard drones
in amphibracic tetrameter
about his famous
blue raincoat,
accompanied by a few
clicks and hisses,
courtesy the aging
vinyl that contains his
To cue the song
and drop the needle
is an anodyne
for the painful
ease of playlists
selected by algorithms
on machines that
profess to know
our taste in music,
literature, film,
which they clearly do
with an accuracy
that is both amazing
and depressing,
though it really should
come as no surprise
that we are not
unique in our attraction
to lugubrious songs
about anguished love
triangles,
because as any good
algorithm knows,
the human species
cuts its teeth
on self-inflicted wounds,
if only to have
to sing or write about.
to discover that
those who bought "Love
and Hate"
also bought "Rain Dogs," who
loved The Outsider also
loved Heart of
Darkness, who
watched "Hiroshima Mon
Amour" also watched
"400 Blows."
Only the hard-core
romantic insists it is
better to stumble
upon a book, an album,
a work of art,
that a title
suggested during a
at the market or
on the bus is glorious
serendipity, and that
guidance is a word
better reserved for the
private realms of religion,
like divine will or karma,
those older organizing
principles once said to know
us and direct us the way
iTunes does now.
The haphazard
aisles of an independent,
bookstore, songs heard in passing
on the radio, liner notes –
all "shining artefacts
of the past," as Leonard says,
like window shopping
through real glass,
or kneeling down next
to the turntable and
filling our lungs
to blow away the dust.
A short essay titled "Home Again" was shortlisted in 2013 for the Malahat Non-Fiction Prize and was later accepted for publication. Below is a link to the magazine and, more particularly, to the issue in which it was published (#186). The cover of the issue also bore a photo of the house I wrote about in the essay, and I am including a copy of that cover here.
Click here for the Malahat Review.
And click here for an interview/podcast I did with Stephanie Harrington about the essay.
One of the more innovative and exciting new online literary magazines is Dragnet Magazine, ably edited by Jeremy Hanson-Finger and Andrew Battershill. Follow the link below to read Issue Six in which my short story "The Mouse Trap" appears.
"The Mouse Trap"
The Victoria Writers Festival
Take a look at this latest iteration of the Victoria Writers Festival. There are a lot of fine people reading during this two-day event, writers to suit everyone's taste in reading. Click on the photo to go directly to their site.
CBC Non-Fiction Longlist Announced:
The Year of Falling Apart by Leslie Beckmann (North Vancouver, BC)My Friend Super J by Sarabi Berti (Minden, ON)Train to Buchans by John Blackmore (Ottawa, ON)Unwrapped by Caitlin Crawshaw (Edmonton, AB)Two Nights, Three Trucks by Ben Crompton (Vancouver, BC)Luminescence by Diana Davidson (Edmonton, AB)Holy Bald-Headed by Hilary Dean (Toronto, ON)Is He Yours? by Jennifer Edwards (Toronto, ON)Monkeys' Wedding by Cathy Hannick (Roberts Creek, BC)Mike by Karl R. Hearne (Montreal, QC)Sea Level by Cornelia Hoogland (London, ON)Kiss It Better by Gitanjali Kolanad (Toronto, ON)Jimmy Smiles at Everyone by Garry Leeson (Kingston, NS)The Heat and the Light by Rebecca MacPhee (Montreal, QC)The Gillnetter by William Marach (Decta, BC)Firstborn by B.A. Markus (Montreal, QC)After, And Before by Judy McFarlane (Vancouver, BC)Psychosomatic by Brendan McLeod (Vancouver, BC)Cutting Wood with J. Alfred Prufrock by Steven Monaghan (Lambton Shores, ON)Long Distance by Ben Murray (Edmonton, AB)Heron Triptych: Before, During, After by Caroline Balderston Parry (Ottawa, ON)Temp by Elise Partridge (Vancouver, BC)Sweetbriar by E. Alex Pierce (Sable River, NS)On the Coromandal Coast by Shelagh Plunkett (Montreal, QC)Summer by Joanna Rance (Armstrong, BC)Twenty Thousand Stitches by Leah Seltzer (Manson's Landing, BC)Floored by Jean Sheppard (Toronto, ON)The Man Who Invented Journalism by Judith Timson (Toronto, ON)A Story by Karen Vogel (Schomberg, ON)To Laugh or Cry by Aliza Weller (Cambridge Bay, NU)Liberation by Kristen Wesenberg (Cochrane, AB)Almost Home Again by Terence Young (Victoria, BC)
--- Read "Almost Home Again" here.
--- Read Brendan Mcleod's shortlisted submission "Psychosomatic" here.
--- Read Cornelia Hoogland's shortlisted submission here.
CBC Winners Announced:
March 26th, 2012: Victoria writer Terence Young was a runner-up in the CBC Short Story Prize, it was announced Monday.
Young, one of four runners-up in the national contest, received a $1,000 Canada Council prize for his story, Mantra. Read the full story here.)
The winner was Daniel Karasik, a Thornhill, Ont., writer who won for his story, Mine. He received a $6,000 prize.
Winners were selected from more than 3,750 entries.
Karasik, the artistic director of the independent theatre company, Tango Co., is the author of several plays, including The Crossing Guard and In Full Light. His latest, The Innocents, runs at Toronto's Tarragon Theatre Studio between April 26 and May 13.
The other runners-up were Pamela Ferguson of Toronto, Alix Hawley of Kelowna and Brooks McMullin of Prince Albert, Sask. Each received $1,000.
© Copyright (c) The Victoria Times Colonist
CBC Short List:
March 16th, 2012: A very nice conjunction of father and daughter today. Both Clea's picture and mine appeared on the Canada Writes website today, where her story and mine are available to read.
Link to "Mantra"
The End of the Ice Age: News
Readings:
Wednesday, Sept.1 --- Readings of new works by Patricia Young: " The Auto-Erotic History of
Swings" and Terence Young:"The End of the Ice Age". At Metchosin
Community House, 4430 Happy Valley Road, Metchosin., 7-30-9-30 pm.
Free Admission.Tel. 250-478-5155
Monday, October 4th --- Vancouver Island University, Duncan campus, with Gerard Beirne and Patricia Young.
Saturday, October 16th --- Whistler Readers and Writers Festival, 5:00 p.m. to 6:15 p.m.
Write. Fight. Love. Writers dish the dirt on what happens when someone else's characters are part of your domestic landscape… or when characters bearing an uncanny resemblance to you appear in your loved one's work. Merilyn Simonds, Wayne Grady, Patricia Young, Terence Young Location:
Whistler Public Library Cost: Free
Saturday, October 16th, --- Whistler Readers and Writers Festival, 7:30 p.m. to 10:30 p.m.
Readings and Music with guest authors: Kathy Page, Merilyn Simonds, Wayne Grady, Russell Wangersky, Brian Brett, Kate
Pullinger, Jenn Farrell, Terence Young, Patricia Young
Location: Aava Hotel
Friday, October 22nd --- The Vancouver International Writers Festival:
Charlotte Gray, Jack Hodgins, Don McKay, Terence Young
10–11:30 am
REVUE STAGE
$16 / $8 student groups
Sunday, October 24 --- The Vancouver International Writers Festival:
Short Stories, Varied Voices
Ivan Coyote, Billie Livingston, Sarah Selecky, Terence Young
PTC STUDIO
Monday, Feb. 21st ---Bolen Books: Event Spotlight: Alexander MacLeod! - February 21st 2011 Join Bolen Books as we welcome Giller nominee
Alexander MacLeod to Victoria for the very first time! MacLeod will read from his stunning, Giller-shortlisted collection of Short
Stories, Light Lifting. Plus, Terence Young will read from his new collection of short stories The End of the Ice Age. Don't miss it!
Thursday, March 10th --- Robson Reading Series: At 7:00 PM, with Terence Young and John Gould
Friday, March 11th --- Lasqueti Island: reading with Patricia Young at the island art gallery/community centre
Saturday, March 12th --- Poetry Workshop on Lasqueti Island with Patricia Young (see pictures here)
Thursday, October 20th to Sunday, October 23rd -- The Surrey International Writers Conference. Two workshops, one on short fiction the other on poetry, plus blue pencil editorial help. A fine time with aspiring writers, as well established authors like Ivan Coyote. Very hands on and people friendly.
January, 2012 -- Oberon releases Best Canadian Fiction 11 --- Canadian fiction used to be all about angst on a farm. In recent years a crop of new writers has transformed the genre, which is now concerned with anaesthetized suburbs, seedy apartments and women who dye their hair the colour of toxic waste. Nowadays we're looking for different qualities. In fact, we no longer look for the work of Canadian writers at all. We publish the work of writers, the best writers, writers like Terence Young with his sweet lyricism, Zsuzsi Gartner with her sparkling wit, Claire Tacon with her special darkness and the new work of Laura Boudreau and many others. Best Canadian Stories is now 41 years old. Buy a copy and read it.
Feb 20th, 2012 -- The short story Mantra is longlisted for the CBC short fiction prize, right beside Clea Young's story Dock Day. The generations come together.
March 5th, 2012 -- Both Mantra and Dock Day succeed in making it to the short list. Times Colonist article follows:
CBC nods for Dad, daughter
By Adrian Chamberlain, Times Colonist March 6, 2012
A father and daughter from Victoria are each finalists for the CBC Short Story Prize.
Terence Young and his daughter, Clea Young, are among 10 English-language finalists for the prize. A winner and four runners-up will be announced March 26 on CBC Radio One.
Terence Young is nominated for his story Mantra, while Clea Young is nominated for Dock Day.
"It's great, it's sort of like we're a little team together," Clea Young, 34, said. "It's cool to be in the Top 10 with your dad."
Terence Young is the author of five books, including The Island in Winter, which was shortlisted for a Governor General's literary award. Clea Young, now living in Vancouver, has had stories published in such literary journals as Event, Grain and The Malahat Review.
The winner will be awarded $6,000, with runners-up receiving $1,000 each.
Lasqueti Island Poetry Workshop: click here for pictures
Launch of The End of the Ice Age: click here for pictures


text:
Carole Théberge  est une femme politique québécoise née le  à Saint-Philémon. Elle a été la députée libérale de Lévis de 2003 à 2007.

Biographie
Elle est diplômée du cégep de Lévis-Lauzon en 1973. Son expérience professionnelle l'a menée à travailler dans le marketing et les relations publiques.

Elle a été élue Reine du Carnaval de Québec de 1975.

Elle a été la présidente de la firme Image Plus et la directice de commercialisation de la société du Théâtre du Capitole. Avant son élection en 2003, elle dirigeait sa propre firme de consultation et elle travaillait pour le Groupe Cossette Communication. Théberge était aussi conseillère municipale pour la ville de Lac-Saint-Joseph.

Présidente du Comité exécutif du Carnaval de Québec Kellogg's inc. en 1998.
Présidente de la campagne de financement du Grand Village pour le Club Rotary de Québec en 1998.
Membre du conseil d'administration du Carnaval de Québec de 1998 à 2001, de Sports internationaux de Québec de 1998 à 2003 et de la Fondation du CHUQ de 1998 à 2003.
Coprésidente de la Campagne Centraide en 2001.

Jean Charest lui confie le ministère responsable de la famille et des aînés. Elle a notamment pris en charge le dossier des Centres de la petite enfance (CPE).

Elle a été défaite à l'élection générale de 2007, le , lorsque l'adéquiste Christian Lévesque l'emporte avec  voix sur son adversaire péquiste, Linda Goupil. Théberge finira en troisième position.

Deux jours après sa défaite électorale, lors du dernier conseil des ministres de l'ancien gouvernement, Carole Théberge prononcera devant les journalistes une phrase qui résumera bien l'amertume de sa défaite : «Les gens de Lévis vont s'ennuyer de moi».

Notes et références

Lien externe
  Carole Théberge — Assemblée nationale du Québec

Ministre de la Famille du Québec
Ministre des Aînés du Québec
Ministre de la Condition féminine du Québec
Ministre délégué du Québec
Député du Parti libéral du Québec à l'Assemblée nationale
Personnalité liée à Lévis
Naissance en décembre 1953
Naissance au Québec

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Writing to BigQuery dynamic table name Python SDK I'm working on an ETL which is pulling data from a database, doing minor transformation and outputs to BigQuery. I have written my pipeline in Apache Beam 2.26.0 using Python SDK. I'm loading a dozen or so tables, and I'm passing their names as arguments to beam.io.WriteToBigQuery
Now, the documentation says that (https://beam.apache.org/documentation/io/built-in/google-bigquery):

When writing to BigQuery, you must supply a table schema for the destination table that you want to write to, unless you specify a create disposition of CREATE_NEVER.

I believe this is not exactly true. In my tests I saw that this is the case only when passing static table name.
If you have a bunch of tables and want to pass a table name as an argument then it throws an error:

ErrorProto message: 'No schema specified on job or table.'

My code:
    bq_data | "Load data to BQ" >> beam.io.WriteToBigQuery(
                      table=lambda row: bg_config[row['table_name']],
                      write_disposition=beam.io.BigQueryDisposition.WRITE_APPEND,
                      create_disposition=beam.io.BigQueryDisposition.CREATE_NEVER
                  )

bq_data is a dict of row of pandas data frame. Where I have a column table_name.
bq_config is a dictionary where key = row['table_name'] and the value is of the format:
[project_id]:[dataset_id].[table_id]
Anyone have some thoughts on this?

A: Have a look at this thread, I addressed it there. In short; I used the internal python time/date-function to render a variable before executing the python BigQuery API request.


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Enjoy more amenities and value than a standard hotel room and make this lovely vacation home your choice for your next Florida Vacation!


This summer, I got the rare chance to work on a project with the Apple + IBM partnership team. We explored some *really* interesting areas, and I learned a lot. Shortly after, I got to do some illustrations celebrating the MacBook as the standard issued machine at IBM. At the time I was thinking a lot about the partnership and this image seemed so appropriate—only just recently did the new "Eye" emoji come to iOS 9.1 and El Capitan.
So, I give you the Modern Rebus.
Emoji character artwork and copyright belong to their respective font creators, and are approved as a part of Unicode 6.0 + 7.0.


text:
Q: Summing cells in a row up to a given column number This has been puzzling me and I hope you lot can help me out.
I have a table of numbers, and I wish to sum all the values in a row up to a specified column number. Idea being I can change the 'sum up to number' and the sum total will automatically update to the given range.
Below is a simplified sheet of what I am aiming for.
I can do it manually on this example but my live sheet is bigger so having a simple formula would be much easier.

I have had success at doing it with a load of if statements however this clearly isn't the most efficient method see below:

Thank you in advance, really appreciate any advice you give.
Jasper

A:
I have a table of numbers, and I wish to sum all the values in a row up to a specified column number.

The above statement contradicts your example which sums only alternating columns in a row starting with column C.
To sum all the values in a row try,
=sum(b5:index(b5:k5, 1, match(a$2, a$4:j$4, 0)))

To sum alternating values in a row try,
=sumproduct((c5:index(c5:k5, 1, match(a$2, b$4:j$4, 0))), --isodd(column(c5:index(c5:k5, 1, match(a$2, b$4:j$4, 0)))))