For many years now, UK workers have been entitled to a limited amount of paid holiday each year. An EU-derived entitlement designed to promote health and safety for workers, the right was introduced in the UK by the Working Time Regulations 1998 (the "Regulations"). Since the introduction of the Regulations, most employers have paid this holiday at the worker's basic rate of pay only.
However, over the past 18 months, decisions from both the European Court of Justice (ECJ) and the UK courts have confirmed that, in many cases, paying holiday at the basic rate of pay is insufficient. Instead, workers should be paid their normal remuneration (which is usually higher than basic pay as it includes overtime, commission, allowances etc) when on annual leave; the rationale being that a worker must not be deterred from taking their holiday (which they would be if they stood to receive less than their normal remuneration) as this would run contrary to the health and safety objective.
So, what constitutes 'normal remuneration'?
Those hoping for a straightforward answer should stop reading now! The test applied by the ECJ is that (in addition to basic pay) payments which are intrinsically linked to a worker's employment and/or which relate to their personal or professional status qualify as 'normal remuneration', provided they are made with sufficient regularity.
In addition, the Regulations already required employers to include within holiday pay calculations both guaranteed compulsory overtime (i.e. overtime which the employer is obliged to provide and the worker is obliged to work) and certain shift premiums where these are paid to employees with normal contractual working hours for working those hours at particular times (e.g. where an employee's normal shift pattern involves working unsociable hours). Such sums should also be included in holiday pay calculations for both Euro and Domestic Leave (see appendix one).
(b) irrespective of when a claim is brought, a three month break rule will apply. If there is a gap of three or more months between underpayments of holiday pay, the worker will be out of time to bring a claim for any deductions which occurred before the three month break. This is helpful for limiting historic liability. For most workers, the underpayments only arise in relation to their Euro Leave (see appendix one). Current case law says that Euro Leave is arguably deemed to be taken first in any holiday leave year. After that has been exhausted, the worker then takes Domestic Leave (which is likely to have been paid correctly- i.e. not underpaid). Assuming most workers exhaust all of their holiday each year, this means there is likely to be at least a three month break between underpayments each year.
Increase to wage bill moving forwards - if you do need to change the way you calculate holiday pay as a result of these decisions, how to do this will present significant issues particularly where profit margins are tight; contractors and customers in outsourcing arrangements would be well-advised to check the terms of their commercial contracts to see if there is the potential for price adjustment in these circumstances.
Liability for other employers' liabilities - when businesses are sold, or when services – such as waste collection - are outsourced, the parties will normally enter into indemnities regarding historic liabilities for employees who transfer under the Transfer of Undertakings (Protection of Employment) Regulations 2006 (TUPE).
These indemnities can include liability for underpayments of holiday pay. Contractors or customers involved in any such transactions should check their commercial contracts to understand their positions – you could find yourself responsible for a predecessor's underpayments or liable for underpayments to employees who transferred out of your business some time ago.
Alternatively, you may be in the more welcome position of being able to pass the liability onto someone else. If you are currently in a TUPE negotiation, make sure any such potential liability is addressed.
Possible shortfall in pension contributions - if holiday pay is included in pensionable earnings (as defined in the relevant pension scheme rules) employers may find they are facing a shortfall. It is understood that John Lewis has set aside £7m for its additional pension liabilities.
Employee relations - while understanding the effect on the financial bottom line is important, businesses also need to consider the employee relations angle. A heavily unionised workforce may, for example, require a different approach to one which is not.
Unfortunately for employers trying to get to grips with this, the waters are muddied further by the number of questions yet to be determined.
Firstly, while the payments identified above are ones which should arguably now be included in holiday pay, question marks remain over others. For instance, what about discretionary bonuses? Or commission or bonuses based on group (as opposed to individual) performance?
Similarly, and of a particular concern for employers in the waste sector, it is uncertain whether voluntary overtime (i.e. overtime the worker is not obliged to work) should be included – there is currently no binding authority to say it should be. However, given the direction of travel, it is likely that voluntary overtime which is worked on a sufficiently regular basis will need to be included in holiday pay calculations in the future.
Secondly, assuming a claim is made before 1 July 2015 and there is no three month break in the underpayments, how far back can the claim go? One argument is that claims should be limited to six years (applying the Limitation Act 1980), but an alternative approach would permit claims back to 1998 (when the Regulations came into force) if the worker had been employed throughout that entire period.
Thirdly, having determined what types of payments to include in a holiday pay calculation, an employer must determine what relevant payments have been received by the workers in question. To do this, the employer should use a reference period over which it will assess what payments the workers have received.
However, what should that reference period be? The only thing we know is that the reference period must be representative of the worker's normal remuneration. One argument is that a 12-week reference period should be used, since this is typically the reference period used by the Employment Rights Act 1996 to calculate pay for a variety of purposes. However, in other cases, non-binding comments from the courts suggest a 12-month reference period might be appropriate.
Indeed, it might be the case that different reference periods will apply in different circumstances, depending on how widely pay fluctuates during the course of a year. We await clarification.
4) are uncertain in terms of status as the legal position remains unclear.
It can be a good idea to involve your lawyers in the audit so that a legally privileged report can be prepared and confidentiality maintained.
Depending on the audit outcome, various options are available. One approach is to do nothing, at least until 1 July 2015 (when the two year limit on backdated claims will come into force). Another option, depending on your bargaining position, may be to settle historic claims – possibly with a one-off, flat payment to all affected workers to avoid having to calculate individual entitlement.
Alternatively, or as well as settlement, you could start to include relevant payments in holiday pay calculations, although you will need to consider timings for this to minimise the risk of triggering claims.
Finally, you could change working practices in order to reduce your holiday pay bill. For example, can you reduce overtime by changing shift patterns, introducing time off in lieu, reviewing operating practices or using agency workers? Alternatively you could remove allowances altogether or amend commission arrangements. You will need to be wary of breaching contractual arrangements when making any such changes though.
While these developments are unwelcome for employers and there remain a number of unknowns, there are a variety of measures you can take to manage your risk once you've taken steps to understand it. The first step is to ensure that holiday pay is firmly on your board's agenda.
- Four weeks' annual leave (referred to as 'Euro Leave'), which derives from the European Working Time Directive.
- An additional 1.6 week's annual leave (referred to as 'Domestic Leave', which was provided for by the UK government.
- The payments referred to in this article relate to the four weeks 'Euro Leave' only and not to the additional 1.6 weeks except where otherwise stated.


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Archives by date > 2009 > January > 6th
IBM Report Examines USCG's Deepwater Meta-Program
Jan 06, 2009 14:24 UTC
(click to visit)
IBM's Center for the Business of Government:
"One of the biggest challenges facing the new administration, as well as future administrations, is the effective acquisition of complex products… This report examines contracting for complex products by reviewing the U.S. Coast Guard's experience with its Deepwater Program… a major "system of systems" acquisition to upgrade and integrate the Coast Guard'… Important elements are missing from the Deepwater story, notably the impact of contract management and the behavior of each party within the IDIQ(Indefinite Delivery/ Indefinite Quantity) contract design… Although Deepwater has garnered headlines for some of its stumbles, a more complete review of the early phases suggests a more mixed and balanced record."
DID has covered numerous aspects of the US Coast Guard's $25 billion Deepwater program-of-programs; "US Coast Guard's Deepwater Effort Hits More Rough Sailing" offers a good summary of developments to date, and links to most of the key articles. Readers can download the full IBM CBG report [PDF], which recommends more investment in building up the acquisition workforce (a workforce that is often cut short-sightedly when budgets get smaller), which leads to a better understanding of risk drivers. They CBG also recommends a commitment to learning by trying different kinds of contracts for complex systems, ensuring that the contracts can be modified mid-stream in light of experience, and collecting lessons learned.
This report was also discussed in USCG Rear Admiral Blore's Dec 31/08 blog post, where he states his general agreement with the report, and contends that most of its recommendations have already been implemented.
Crash Opens Window Into Afghan Contract Helicopters
Afghan accident
Shortfalls in allied helicopter contributions to Afghanistan have been an issue for several years now. The USA ended up having to extend some of its Chinook fleet's time in theater to make up the shortfall, but the longer term response to NATO's under-performance has involved another option: contracted helicopter services from private firms like Hummingbird, Blackwater affiliate Presidential Airways, CHL, Jingle Air, et. al.
Britain's Ministry of Defence was forced to drop a proposal to contract out battlefield helicopter support, for a number of obvious reasons. What the USAF's recent "Teamwork shown as Airmen respond to helicopter crash" release demonstrates, however, is that other divisions of responsibility below full combat missions are seeing the lines blur. Defence-Aerospace's Giovanni de Briganti was sharp enough to pick up on the key paragraphs:
"1/5/2009 – SOUTHWEST ASIA (AFNS) — Six Airmen of the 379th Civil Engineer Squadron here used teamwork to recover a helicopter that crashed Dec. 15 at a forward operating base in Afghanistan… Medics arrived and treated one of the aircrew members for a minor hand laceration. The responders then began to remove the cargo and fuel from the downed aircraft. We worked with contractors and the Army's movement control team to remove 4,000 pounds of ammo [emphasis DID's] and transfer the fuel from the helicopter," the firefighter said. The helicopter was eventually picked up by a crane, loaded on to a flatbed truck and removed from the scene."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


In this chapter, we'll talk about development platforms, application architectures, development methodologies, design patterns, and best practices for C#, and where they all fit in the process of getting from here (an idea for some software) to there (a working application).
So, you want to learn to program. That's great. You're reading the right book. But what exactly is programming? Is it the same as software development?
And what about that other stuff you might have heard about...development platforms, application architectures, development methodologies, design patterns, best practices. It all starts to sound a little scary, doesn't it?
In this chapter, we'll figure out what all these things are, and where they all fit in the process of getting from here (an idea for some software) to there (a working application).
You have a messy stack of papers and a spool of wire. What can you do?
So what's the point here? That in application development the right answer is almost always "it depends". The best solution will depend on how the application is going to be used. It will depend on how much time and effort are available (or you're willing to invest). It will depend on what else is going on in the application.
The best solution depends on...well, it depends.
Start with a good idea (that's the hard part!), and you're just five steps away from a solution. In this book we'll mostly be looking at how you write source code, but don't worry, we'll look at the rest of the steps too—at least enough to get you started on the right path.


Chris Thompson started karate in 1969 with the style Wado Ryu under Tatsuo Suzuki, who brought Wado to Europe directly from Japan. He has been a national champion and represented England on many occasions.
The Washinkai Karate organisation, established in the UK in 1977 by Sensei Chris Thompson 8th Dan, has been extremely successful enabling students to learn authentic karate with its origins in Japan.
The group has won numerous competitions in Europe and has clubs in Ireland, Norway and Spain. Washinkai is recognised by the English Karate Federation, the British Karate Federation, the European Karate Federation and the World Karate Federation, as well as the International Olympic Committee (IOC).
Therefore anybody who has received a black belt (Dan) grading from Sensei Chris Thompson has total recognition with all of these governing bodies. Sensei Chris Thompson was the Technical Director for the English Karate Governing Body, which immediately preceded the English Karate Federation. He is now the Technical Director for the English Karate Federation.
The Washinkai group in Spain was established over 10 years' ago in Javea and is headed by Geovanny Salazar Sanchez and Sarah Lakin. The group has become the largest in the Valencia region.
You can view a detailed profile about Sensei Chris Thompson by visiting this page on the official UK Washinkai website.


Writing a letter in support of your daughter is good. Showing up at sentencing to make a statement on your daughter's behalf is better, because it shows that she has a support system present that reduces the likelihood of recidivism (future crimes).... However, when a person is awaiting trial, writing a letter to the judge will not help. At best, the letter will go unread by the judge, and will be of no help. In a worst-case scenario, the letter will end up being used by the prosecution as evidence against that person.
24/09/2009 · Sample letter Asking Judge for Leniency for a First Time Offense An example plea letter to a Judge to consider an early release for a first time offender. Dear Honorable Judge Harris, My name is Aisha Thomas. My son's name is Isaiah Wallace Thomas. He is a dutiful husband and loving father to his two children- Mia and Isaac. For the last six years my son has missed out on my …... 21/03/2014 · I haven't got any demerit points on my license and was wondering if writing a leniency letter to RTA will make any difference. It's my first time and I have had a good clean record. It's my first time and I have had a good clean record.
I need a sample letter of asking a judge for leniency when he is sentencing a former student for criminal charges. I serve on the local school board and have know this former student for many years. I know her to be of good character and the crime committed is the first and is out of character for this person. She is the mother of two children and have always supported not only her children... There is no set way as to how you should write your letter. You should write anything that comes from your heart as to how you know Mr. Smith and why the judge should grant him some sort of leniency. You should write anything that comes from your heart as to how you know Mr. Smith and why the judge should grant him some sort of leniency.
How to Write a Letter of Leniency to a Judge Legalbeagle.com. Legalbeagle.com Letters of leniency are written to a judge when an individual is facing sentencing.
For example, if you are the employer of the individual it should state how important they are to the workplace and to plead to the Judge to show leniency in this case. Or if it is a child custody lawsuit it should have a family member write how much the kids mean to the recommended individual.
However, when a person is awaiting trial, writing a letter to the judge will not help. At best, the letter will go unread by the judge, and will be of no help. In a worst-case scenario, the letter will end up being used by the prosecution as evidence against that person.


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Move The Image Podcast
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Trailer: Joe Carnahan's BOSS LEVEL Starring Frank Grillo & Mel Gibson Looks Totally Gonzo!
Joe Carnahan's Boss Level will explode onto Hulu this March – and now we get the first good look at the film with this international trailer. Carnahan's film looks totally gonzo – Groundhog Day meets The Punisher. Or [...]
Joe Carnahan's BOSS LEVEL Starring Frank Grillo & Mel Gibson Hits Hulu In March
Hulu has announced that Joe Carnahan's Boss Level will arrive on the streaming service this March. With a stacked cast (Frank Grillo, Mel Gibson, Naomi Watts, Annabelle Wallis, Ken Jeong and Michelle Yeoh), Carnahan's action pic has [...]
Notebook Reviews: CROUCHING TIGER, HIDDEN DRAGON
Ang Lee – 2000 Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon is a highly watchable, yet very flawed martial-arts epic from And Lee. The cast is good – Chow Yun-Fat and Michelle Yeoh are on fine form and the action sequences are pretty spectacular, [...]
Blu-ray Review: Jason Statham Can't Fix The Dull And Lifeless MECHANIC: RESURRECTION
Jason Statham – the man, the myth, the meat-head returns in Mechanic Resurrection. This mindless action sequel takes itself far too seriously, when it should be played with the tone of a Roger Moore era James Bond adventure. If you're in the [...]
First Full Trailer For Tom Hardy's TABOO
How Excalibur Connects To BATMAN V SUPERMAN: DAWN OF JUSTICE
It's Almost Here: Movies In Focus Gets A Sneak Peek At AIN'T IT COOL WITH HARRY KNOWLES
Interview: Brett A. Hart On Bringing AIN'T IT COOL WITH HARRY KNOWLES To PBS
Mel Gibson Is Seriously Jacked In These Images From BLOOD FATHER
© Copyright 2021 Movies In Focus


YouTube user StephenHannardADGUK, part of a group called Alien Disclosure UK, spotted the anomalies on theNASA images, publicly available on the space agency"s website, and applied a series of filters to try to shed light on the mystery.
Referring to the four pin-points of light pictured in the skies of Mars (below), hesaid: "Four objects caught by Mars Curiosity, very difficult to make out on original image so I have used a few filters to highlight.
However video analyst Marc Dantonio – who, in the interests of full disclosure, has worked onprojects for the U.S. government – told the Huffington Post that these are simply "dead pixels" in the image – a regular problem in the world of graphics.
Indeed, many computers and mobile phones develop dead pixel problems, as do modern digital camera.
Dantonio said: "After watching the video, it is actually quite clear that these are one-pixel sized image anomalies.
"I fully concur at this point that these are dead pixels on the imager.
NASA has not publicly commented on either "sighting".
Curiosity, a six-wheeled vehicle the size of a compact car, landed inside a vast, ancient impact crater near Mars" equator on August 6 after an eight-month, 354-million-mile voyage through space.
Earlier today, the rover was seen wiggling its wheels back and fourth during final checks before it sets off across the surface of Mars.
Engineersat mission control have been running a series of tests before the one-ton vehicle"s first drive which is expected in the next couple of days.
The Martian motor wasalso shown flexing its extending robotic arm for the first time. The 7-foot-long (2.1-meter-long) arm maneuvers a turret of tools including acamera, a drill, a spectrometer, a scoop and mechanisms for sieving andportioning samples of powdered rock and soil.
TheMars rover Curiosity zapped its first rock on Sunday with a high-powered laser gun designed to analyze Martian mineral content, and scientists declared their target practice a success.
Therobotic science lab aimed its laser beam at the fist-sized stone nearbyand shot the rock with 30 pulses over a 10-second period, NASA said in astatement issued from mission control at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory near Los Angeles.


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Prednisolone May Raise Cholesterol in Adrenal Insufficiency
Posted on April 4, 2017 by MaryO
Prednisolone treatment of patients with adrenal insufficiency is associated with significantly elevated total-and low-density-lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol levels compared with use of an alternative glucocorticoid, hydrocortisone, new data suggest.
Real-world data from the European Adrenal Insufficiency Registry (EU-AIR) were presented on April 2 here at ENDO 2017: The Endocrine Society Annual Meeting by Robert D Murray, MBBS, consultant endocrinologist and honorary associate professor at Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust, United Kingdom.
In an interview, Dr Murray told Medscape Medical News, "In addition to previous data showing that prednisolone can cause lower bone mass, we've now shown that it may raise cholesterol to a higher degree than hydrocortisone."
Asked to comment, session moderator Constantine A Stratakis, MD, chief medical officer of the National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, Bethesda, Maryland, said: "These are significant findings. I think that the difference he's seeing may be mostly due to the differences in how glucocorticoids are metabolized locally in the liver and fat tissues."
Regarding clinical implications, Dr Stratakis said, "These data point to the need for using hydrocortisone. Clearly, at these doses anyway, you have increases in LDL and cholesterol with prednisolone."
Indeed, the new findings support recent recommendations from the Endocrine Society to use hydrocortisone as first-line glucocorticoid replacement therapy for primary adrenal insufficiency.
But the huge cost difference between the two generic medications has led some to suggest otherwise. In 2014, the BMJ published editorials arguing both for and against the preferred use of prednisolone.
During his presentation, Dr Murray reported that in the United Kingdom, an annual supply of 5-mg prednisolone (one tablet a day) costs about £16 and 3 mg (three 1-mg tablets a day) about £48, compared with £1910 for a year's supply of twice-daily 10-mg hydrocortisone.
(Hydrocortisone is also considerably more expensive than prednisolone in the United States, although the differential isn't quite as dramatic.)
Dr Murray pointed out that about 75% of the patients in the database were taking 5 mg/day of prednisolone and that although that's within the recommended range (3–5 mg/day), it might be too much. "I suspect this isn't related to the steroid use, but that we may actually have gotten the doses wrong, and we may need a smaller dose of prednisolone. I think probably in reality the ideal dose is probably nearer to 3.5 to 4 mg. Therefore, I think we may be slightly overtreating these people and both the bone mass and the cholesterol may be a reflection of that.
"I think for now we have to stay with hydrocortisone as our mainstay of treating adrenal insufficiency, but I think more studies need to be done in patients taking 3.5 to 4.0 mg to then look at the effects on cholesterol, bone mass, and other markers….It would be quite a significant saving if we were able to move patients to prednisolone," he added.
Dr Stratakis commented, "I have to say the price difference to me is amazing." Asked about Dr Murray's dose hypothesis, he responded, "It is possible we may be giving more prednisolone than we should. Also, there might be important differences in the handling of glucocorticoids at the tissue level, in fat and liver, specifically, that we don't account for."
Hydrocortisone vs Prednisolone
Beginning his presentation, Dr Murray noted that data on risk factors for cardiovascular disease in patients with adrenal insufficiency treated with prednisolone are scarce, despite this condition being the predominant cause of excess mortality, and so in this analysis he and his colleagues aimed to address this gap in the literature.
EU-AIR is a prospective, observational study, initiated in August 2012 to monitor the long-term safety of glucocorticoids in patients with adrenal insufficiency, and of 946 enrolled — in Germany, the Netherlands, Sweden, and the United Kingdom — 91.8% were using hydrocortisone for glucocorticoid replacement therapy compared to just 6.8% using prednisone, with marked heterogeneity in doses and frequency and timing of dosing (Endocrine Abstracts. 2015: DOI:10.1530/endoabs.37.EP39).
Other previous studies have found lower bone mass at the hip and spine with prednisolone compared with hydrocortisone-treated patients, but no quality-of-life difference between the two treatments, Dr Murray said.
The current study is the first patient-matched analysis of cardiovascular-risk-factor differences for the two glucocorticoid therapies. Patients were excluded if they were receiving more than one glucocorticoid, had congenital adrenal hyperplasia, were receiving modified-release hydrocortisone, or were receiving prednisolone or hydrocortisone doses outside the Endocrine Society's recommended ranges.
Prior to matching, the 909 hydrocortisone patients were significantly more likely to be female, to have primary adrenal insufficiency, to be older, and to have longer disease duration. After matching three hydrocortisone patients for every one taking prednisolone, the 141 hydrocortisone and 47 prednisolone patients were similar for those factors: 62% were female, 40% had primary adrenal insufficiency, average age was around 59 years, and disease duration 23 years.
Both total cholesterol and LDL levels were significantly higher, at 6.3 and 3.9 mmol/L, respectively, in the prednisolone group compared with 5.4 and 3.2 mmol/L for hydrocortisone (both P < .05). However, there were no significant differences in rates of hypertension, diabetes (of either type), blood pressure, triglycerides, or HDL cholesterol.
In subgroup analysis, both total and LDL cholesterol were elevated among patients with primary adrenal insufficiency taking prednisolone, but among those with only secondary adrenal insufficiency, just total cholesterol was elevated with prednisolone.
Dr Stratakis told Medscape Medical News, "It is peculiar for me to see that the only difference he found from all the parameters he measured were in lipids, and specifically total cholesterol and LDL. I think the difference is tissue-specific."
Dr Murray said it's certainly plausible that the current prednisolone dosing is too high for two reasons: First, in the United Kingdom prednisolone comes in 1-mg and 5-mg tablets, so taking 5 mg/day is simpler than taking the lower end of the recommended range.
Second, "hydrocortisone is cortisol, so you know what the body produces and about what your levels should be, but you can't do that with prednisone because it's an analog. So, we're guessing, and I think we've guessed too high."
Dr Murray is a speaker and consultant to Shire. Disclosures for the coauthors are listed in the abstract. Dr Stratakis has no relevant financial relationships.
For more diabetes and endocrinology news, follow us on Twitter and on Facebook.
ENDO 2017. April 2, 2017; Orlando, Florida. Abstract OR03-5
From http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/878097
Filed under: adrenal, Endo2017, Rare Diseases | Tagged: adrenal insufficiency, cholesterol, Dr. Constantine Stratakis, ENDO 2017, glucocorticoids, hydrocortisone, prednisolone | Leave a comment »
Cushing's Syndrome and Skin Problems
By Afsaneh Khetrapal, BSc (Hons)
Cushing's Syndrome (sometimes called hypercortisolism) is a hormonal disease caused by an abnormally high level of the hormone cortisol in the body. This may arise because of an endogenous or exogenous source of cortisol. Endogenous causes include the elevated production of cortisol by the adrenal glands, while exogenous causes include the excessive use of cortisol or other similar steroid (glucocorticoid) hormones over a prolonged period of time.
The adrenal glands are situated just above each kidney, and form part of the endocrine system. They have numerous functions such as the production of hormones called catecholamines, which includes epinephrine and norepinephrine. Interestingly, the outer layer (cortex) of the adrenal glands has the distinct responsibility of producing cortisol. This hormone is best known for its crucial role in the bodily response to stress.
At physiologically appropriate levels, cortisol is vital in maintaining normal sleep-wake cycles, and acts to increase blood sugar levels. It suppresses the immune system, regulates the effect of insulin on the metabolism of fats, proteins, and carbohydrates, and help with the homeostasis of water in the body.
Exogenous corticosteroids can also lead to Cushing's syndrome, when they are used as a form of long-term treatment for various medical conditions. In fact, the long-term use of steroid medication is the most common reason for the development of Cushing's syndrome.
Prednisolone is the most commonly prescribed steroid medicine. It belongs to a class of medicine that is sometimes used to treat conditions such as certain forms of arthritis and cancer. Other uses include the rapid and effective reduction of inflammation in conditions such as asthma and multiple sclerosis (MS), as well as the treatment of autoimmune conditions such as lupus erythematosus, and rheumatoid arthritis.
Overall, Cushing's syndrome is quite uncommon and affects approximately 1 in 50,000 people. Most of them are adults between the ages of 20 and 50. Women are 3 times more commonly affected than men. Additionally, patients who are obese, or those who have type 2 diabetes with poorly controlled blood sugar and blood pressure show a greater predisposition to the disorder.
Symptoms of Cushing's syndrome
There are numerous symptoms associated with Cushing's syndrome, which range from muscle weakness, hypertension, curvature of the spine (kyphosis), osteoporosis, and depression, to fatigue Specific symptoms which pertain to the skin are as follows:
Thinning of the skin and other mucous membranes: the skin becomes dry and bruises easily. Cortisol causes the breakdown of some dermal proteins along with the weakening of small blood vessels. In fact, the skin may become so weak as to develop a shiny, paper-thin quality which allows it to be torn easily.
Increased susceptibility of skin to infections
Poor wound healing of bruises, cuts, and scratches
Spots appear on the upper body, that is, on the face, chest or shoulders
Darkened skin which is seen on the neck
Wide, red-purple streaks (at least half an inch wide) called striae which are most common on the sides of the torso, the lower abdomen, thighs, buttocks, arms, and breasts, or in areas of weight gain. The accumulation of fat caused by Cushing's syndrome stretches the skin which is already thin and weakened due to cortisol action, causing it to hemorrhage and stretch permanently, healing by fibrosis.
Acne: this can develop in patients of all ages.
Swollen ankles: this is caused by the accumulation of fluid, called edema.
Hyperhidrosis (excessive sweating)
Reviewed by Dr Liji Thomas, MD
From http://www.news-medical.net/health/Cushings-Syndrome-and-Skin-Problems.aspx
Filed under: adrenal, Cushing's, symptoms | Tagged: adrenal glands, blood sugar, bruising, cortisol, Cushing's Syndrome, endogenous, epinephrine, exogenous, glucocorticoid, hypercortisolism, infections, norepinephrine, prednisolone, skin, sleep, steroid, stretch marks, striae, sweating, swelling, thin, wound healing | Leave a comment »


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text:
Q: MySQL get missing IDs from table I have this table in MySQL, for example:
ID | Name
1  | Bob
4  | Adam
6  | Someguy

If you notice, there is no ID number (2, 3 and 5).
How can I write a query so that MySQL would answer the missing IDs only, in this case: "2,3,5" ?

A: Rather than returning multiple ranges of IDs, if you instead want to retrieve every single missing ID itself, each one on its own row, you could do the following:
SELECT id+1 FROM table WHERE id NOT IN (SELECT id-1 FROM table) ORDER BY 1

The query is very efficient. However, it also includes one extra row on the end, which is equal to the highest ID number, plus 1. This last row can be ignored in your server script, by checking for the number of rows returned (mysqli_num_rows), and then using a for loop if the number of rows is greater than 1 (the query will always return at least one row).
Edit:
I recently discovered that my original solution did not return all ID numbers that are missing, in cases where missing numbers are contiguous (i.e. right next to each other). However, the query is still useful in working out whether or not there are numbers missing at all, very quickly, and would be a time saver when used in conjunction with hagensoft's query (top answer). In other words, this query could be run first to test for missing IDs. If anything is found, then hagensoft's query could be run immediately afterwards to help identify the exact IDs that are missing (no time saved, but not much slower at all). If nothing is found, then a considerable amount of time is potentially saved, as hagensoft's query would not need to be run.

A: SELECT a.id+1 AS start, MIN(b.id) - 1 AS end
    FROM testtable AS a, testtable AS b
    WHERE a.id < b.id
    GROUP BY a.id
    HAVING start < MIN(b.id)

Hope this link also helps
http://www.codediesel.com/mysql/sequence-gaps-in-mysql/

A: To add a little to Ivan's answer, this version shows numbers missing at the beginning if 1 doesn't exist:
SELECT 1 as gap_starts_at,
       (SELECT MIN(t4.id) -1 FROM testtable t4 WHERE t4.id > 1) as gap_ends_at
FROM testtable t5
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT t6.id FROM testtable t6 WHERE t6.id = 1)
HAVING gap_ends_at IS NOT NULL limit 1
UNION
SELECT (t1.id + 1) as gap_starts_at,
       (SELECT MIN(t3.id) -1 FROM testtable t3 WHERE t3.id > t1.id) as gap_ends_at
FROM testtable t1
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT t2.id FROM testtable t2 WHERE t2.id = t1.id + 1)
HAVING gap_ends_at IS NOT NULL;

A: It would be far more efficient to get the start of the gap in one query and the end of the gap in one query.
I had 18M records and it took me less than a second each to get the two results.  When I tried getting them together my query timed out after an hour.
Get the start of gap:
SELECT (t1.id + 1) as MissingID
FROM sequence t1
WHERE NOT EXISTS
    (SELECT t2.id
    FROM sequence t2
    WHERE t2.id = t1.id + 1);

Get the end of gap:
SELECT (t1.id - 1) as MissingID
FROM sequence t1
WHERE NOT EXISTS
    (SELECT t2.id
    FROM sequence t2
    WHERE t2.id = t1.id - 1);

A: A more efficent query:
SELECT (t1.id + 1) as gap_starts_at,
       (SELECT MIN(t3.id) -1 FROM my_table t3 WHERE t3.id > t1.id) as gap_ends_at
FROM my_table t1
WHERE NOT EXISTS (SELECT t2.id FROM my_table t2 WHERE t2.id = t1.id + 1)
HAVING gap_ends_at IS NOT NULL

A: Above queries will give two columns so you can try this to get the missing numbers in a single column
select start from
(SELECT a.id+1 AS start, MIN(b.id) - 1 AS end
    FROM sequence AS a, sequence AS b
    WHERE a.id < b.id
    GROUP BY a.id
    HAVING start < MIN(b.id)) b
UNION
select c.end from (SELECT a.id+1 AS start, MIN(b.id) - 1 AS end
    FROM sequence AS a, sequence AS b
    WHERE a.id < b.id
    GROUP BY a.id
    HAVING start < MIN(b.id)) c order by start;

A: By using window functions (available in mysql 8)
finding the gaps in the id column can be expressed as:
WITH gaps AS
(
    SELECT
        LAG(id, 1, 0) OVER(ORDER BY id) AS gap_begin,
        id AS gap_end,
        id - LAG(id, 1, 0) OVER(ORDER BY id) AS gap
    FROM test
)
SELECT
    gap_begin,
    gap_end
FROM gaps
WHERE gap > 1
;

if you are on the older version of the mysql you would have to rely on the variables (so called poor-man's window function idiom)
SELECT
   gap_begin,
   gap_end
FROM (
     SELECT
         @id_previous AS gap_begin,
         id AS gap_end,
         id - @id_previous AS gap,
         @id_previous := id
     FROM (
         SELECT
             t.id
         FROM test t
         ORDER BY t.id
     ) AS sorted
     JOIN (
         SELECT
             @id_previous := 0
     ) AS init_vars
 ) AS gaps
WHERE gap > 1
;

A: if you want a lighter way to search millions of rows of data,
SET @st=0,@diffSt=0,@diffEnd=0;
SELECT res.startID, res.endID, res.diff
  , CONCAT(
    "SELECT * FROM lost_consumer WHERE ID BETWEEN "
    ,res.startID+1, " AND ", res.endID-1) as `query`
FROM (
SELECT
  @diffSt:=(@st) `startID`
  , @diffEnd:=(a.ID) `endID`
  , @st:=a.ID `end`
  , @diffEnd-@diffSt-1 `diff`
  FROM consumer a
ORDER BY a.ID
) res
WHERE res.diff>0;

check out this http://sqlfiddle.com/#!9/3ea00c/9

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
You are here: Home Reports & data Primary health care Potentially preventable hospitalisations in Australia by age groups and small geographic areas, 2017–18
Go to Primary health care
Potentially preventable hospitalisations in Australia by age groups and small geographic areas, 2017–18
Topic: Primary health care
View citation formats for this report
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (2019) Potentially preventable hospitalisations in Australia by age groups and small geographic areas, 2017–18, AIHW, Australian Government, accessed 10 February 2023.
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2019). Potentially preventable hospitalisations in Australia by age groups and small geographic areas, 2017–18. Retrieved from https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/primary-health-care/potentially-preventable-hospitalisations
Potentially preventable hospitalisations in Australia by age groups and small geographic areas, 2017–18. Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 14 November 2019, https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/primary-health-care/potentially-preventable-hospitalisations
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. Potentially preventable hospitalisations in Australia by age groups and small geographic areas, 2017–18 [Internet]. Canberra: Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, 2019 [cited 2023 Feb. 10]. Available from: https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/primary-health-care/potentially-preventable-hospitalisations
Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) 2019, Potentially preventable hospitalisations in Australia by age groups and small geographic areas, 2017–18, viewed 10 February 2023, https://www.aihw.gov.au/reports/primary-health-care/potentially-preventable-hospitalisations
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Potentially preventable hospitalisations (PPH) for this report are defined in accordance with the National Healthcare Agreement indicator PI 18-Selected potentially preventable hospitalisations.
The term PPH does not mean that a patient admitted for that condition did not need to be hospitalised at the time of admission. Rather the hospitalisation could have potentially been prevented through the provision of appropriate preventative health interventions and early disease management in primary care and community-based care settings (including by general practitioners, medical specialists, dentists, nurses and allied health professionals). PPH rates are indicators of the effectiveness of non-hospital care. The rate of PPH in a local area may reflect access to primary health care, as well as sociodemographic factors and health behaviours (Falster & Jorm 2017).
There are 22 conditions for which hospitalisation is considered potentially preventable across 3 broad categories.
1. Vaccine-preventable conditions
These are diseases that can be prevented by vaccination. These are grouped as pneumonia and influenza (vaccine-preventable) and other vaccine-preventable conditions. Other vaccine-preventable conditions include:
chicken pox (varicella)
haemophilus meningitis
German measles (rubella)
2. Acute conditions
These are conditions that theoretically would not result in hospitalisation if adequate and timely care (usually non-hospital) was received. They include:
convulsions and epilepsy
ear, nose and throat infections
perforated/bleeding ulcer
pneumonia (not vaccine-preventable)
urinary tract infections (including kidney infections)
3. Chronic conditions
These are conditions that may be preventable through behaviour modification and lifestyle change, but can also be managed effectively through timely care (usually non-hospital) to prevent deterioration and hospitalisation. They include:
congestive cardiac failure
iron deficiency anaemia
nutritional deficiencies
rheumatic heart diseases
Reducing hospitalisations for these conditions might involve vaccination, early diagnosis and treatment, and/or good ongoing management of risk factors and conditions in community settings.
The data from 2017–18 are presented at the national level, for states and territories, and the 31 Primary Health Network (PHN) areas and more than 300 smaller local areas, known as Statistical Areas Level 3 (SA3s). All information relates to where a person lived, not where they went to hospital.
The data from 2017–18 are also available by age group—people aged under 65 years, and 65 years and over—at the national, PHN and SA3 level.
This local-level information can be used as an indicator of patients' access to primary health care services and the appropriateness or effectiveness of care, as well as preventive health interventions. It is intended to assist local health professionals to develop strategies for change where needed, in the context of their local area.
Falster M & Jorm L 2017. A guide to the potentially preventable hospitalisations indicator in Australia. Centre for Big Data Research in Health, University of New South Wales in consultation with Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Health Care and Australian Institute of Health and Welfare: Sydney.
Last updated 28/09/2021 v10.0


text:
Q:  instead of  I've been wondering if I can use

 (just space in paragraph) instead of

Because I love to keep my code semantic and thought if this is right has been bothering me for a while now. I have seen WYSIWSG editors (TinyMCE) use this, but I still rather ask then do it wrong.

A: The right way to do it is with CSS: use the margin-top or margin-bottom.

 is pretty horrible... I'd rather see
 than that (even though it may be less "correct").

A: That is not "semantic", an empty paragraph is something that more or less cannot exist, semantically. It contains no information, i.e. no semantic content. All it does is change the visual layout, i.e. the presentation.
You're far better off using styling to change the margins, borders or padding to achieve the effect you're after.

A:

 is not semantic, so I don't know how that helps you.

A: You should set the space between the paragraphs with css.

A: What's wrong with using the margins of the paragraphs for vertical-spacing instead?

Hello World

This is much cleaner than using empty tags with non-breaking spaces.

A: I advocate wrapping items in block-level tags, such as divs and ps. This way I don't need either. If you want to space out elements, you should be using margins. You can be more accurate with margins anyway.

A: In a situation where you're forced to have a line break, use
: it, unlike empty paragraph tags, actually does mean 'line break'. There's almost always a better way to do things though.

A: It's HTML. You can use whatever it wants as long as you're sure it will render the way you wanted on all the browsers you're gonna use. I don't understand what you mean by "keep my code semantic" so I'm not sure what your issue with
 is. But if you're talking about formatting and such, turn to CSS.


text:
Share this Story: SIMMONS: The fumble, the kick, and a championship lost. The '71 Grey Cup still hurts 50 years later
SIMMONS: The fumble, the kick, and a championship lost. The '71 Grey Cup still hurts 50 years later
Steve Simmons
Nov 27, 2021 • November 27, 2021 • 7 minute read • 9 Comments
Leon McQuay, 24, takes a handoff from fellow Toronto Argonaut Joe Theismann,7, during their 1971 Grey Cup defeat to the Calgary Stampeders. Sun files
After the game had ended, after the famous Leon McQuay fumble, after the inexplicable Harry Abofs kick, after so much had gone wrong for the Argos in the pouring rain of the Grey Cup of 1971, a linebacker named Gene Mack got into a taxi, heading for nowhere.
Just trying to calm himself down. Just trying to get a sense of a dream season blown up.
SIMMONS: The fumble, the kick, and a championship lost. The '71 Grey Cup still hurts 50 years later Back to video
"I felt so bad after the game I didn't catch the bus back to the hotel, I couldn't," the 72-year-old Mack said on the telephone Thursday. "I just got in a cab and said 'drive.' The driver asked me 'Where do you want to go?' I said 'I don't know. Just drive.'
"There was a lot of sadness that day. And all these years later, it hasn't left. I still feel it."
Sunday is the 50th anniversary of the most famous defeat in Toronto football history. And for those who played, those who experienced it, even those who watched from home (in our case, on our first colour television), there has been no getting over it. It was the loss of a lifetime for perhaps the most fascinating team this city has ever known.
This was an Argos team, now a half-century old, that time has not forgotten, from a Toronto that didn't have an NBA presence or a Major League Baseball team then and was part of a nine-team Canadian Football League that had a vast footprint across a country that was home to only three National Hockey League teams, one of them just starting out in Vancouver.
"We were big-time in those days," said Mack, whose face would be familiar today from all the television commercials he has appeared in over the years. "We weren't a good team, we were a great team. We had all kinds of talent and so many personalities. There are no teams like that anymore.
"Leo (Cahill) couldn't coach for sh**, but boy did he know talent. He's probably the best talent evaluator I've ever been around. He knew how to get it, he knew how to find it. We should have won that Grey Cup. We should have won more than one."
All these years later, the names from that Argos team, those who lost 14-11 to the Calgary Stampeders, still mean something to those who played and those who grew up on the Argos. Names that seemed larger than the game they played or the league they played in.
Cahill, the coach, and chief recruiter. Joe Theismann, the rookie quarterback, who was paid the enormous salary of $75,000, to come north. Leon McQuay, the freshman college dropout, with inordinate skill. Mel Profit, the California hippy who played tight end. Tricky Dicky Thornton, the one-man publicity show, played defensive back and any other position in need. The Big Z, Zenon Andrusyshyn, kicked and punted. Mike Eben, the professor, rarely dropped a pass.
Many of them were as well known for being downtown figures, men about town — regulars at the Underground Railroad Restaurant or other establishments along Yonge Street — as they were for being football players.
"We were everywhere," Mack said. "Toronto was different then, much smaller than it is today."
And the big-city Argos, with large hair and even larger personalities, were the team that everyone in Toronto loved and everyone in the CFL came to hate.
Until Grey Cup Sunday was played for the very first time on artificial turf, which wasn't yet crowned properly to deal with a Vancouver rainstorm, and the world balanced out badly. Whatever could have gone wrong that late afternoon for the Argos went wrong.
And when reminded that the anniversary of the game is this weekend, Peter Martin, the linebacker and long-time voice of the Argos and organizer of alumni ventures replied: "You mean that fiasco in B.C.?"
"I still haven't gotten over it," said Martin, who played 104 games for the Argos in the '60s and '70s. "I still think about it. I don't think I'll ever stop thinking about it.
"We went into Vancouver thinking nothing could go wrong. We had kicked the sh** out of Calgary in Toronto earlier in the season. We just thought we'd do that again. But it wasn't a very good week in Vancouver, it rained the whole time, Leo put us under lock and key, which wasn't good for our group, and we didn't respond very well.
"I still remember that empty feeling, being in the losing locker room after the game. It's raining and it's miserable and it's cold and damp and there's nobody in that dingy room but us. Not one media guy. Not one television camera. None of that championship atmosphere. It sucks big time."
Three plays still get talked about today — by those who played in that Grey Cup and from those watching from home. The Thornton interception. The career-defining fumble by McQuay. The accidental kick of frustration by Abofs, which cost the Argos their last opportunity to win.
All three of those involved have since passed away. McQuay and Abofs were deeply affected by having their names attached to the Grey Cup defeat. Abofs committed suicide at the age of 45. McQuay passed away in Florida, also at 45.
"Leon was so young, such a kid when he was with us," said Mack, who was a kid himself as a rookie on the '71 Argos. "I'd never seen a runner like him. He has the best lateral movement of anyone I've ever seen except Barry Sanders, he had the best feet.
"He was a 4.3, 4.4 guy and he could make you miss. He was such a beautiful runner. But he was a sensitive kid, really fragile mentally, and you had to keep telling him, 'Man, you're killing it' He always needed everyone's approval. And he would do stupid things, like not show up for practice, or be late, and it was like he was going in one direction sometimes and we were going in another."
"In a way, Leon was like Rocket (Ismail, 20 years later). He wasn't ready for what they needed him to do or who they needed him to be," Martin said.
Thornton intercepted a pass late against Calgary quarterback Jerry Keeling and, to the day he passed away, believed he should have scored on the play.
"I cut the wrong way," he told me years ago. But there's another way of looking at it.
"Who made the tackle on the interception? Keeling," Mack said. "What position did Keeling play before he played quarterback. He was a defensive back. He knew how to tackle. That was the CFL back then. A lot of guys played more than one position. If a quarterback today makes that throw, you think he's going to make the tackle? I don't think so."
The McQuay handoff came one play later. At worse, the Argos looked to tie the game 14-14 in the final two minutes. But McQuay ran to his left, slipped, and the ball slammed out of his right hand as he hit the artificial turf.
"That was Leon," Peter Martin said. "If you're running left, which hand is the ball supposed to be in? Your left hand? Leon had it in his right hand. He always did stuff like that, fundamentally wrong. If the ball's in his left hand and he slips, no fumble. In his right hand, the elbow hits the ground first and he has no protection."
The Argos lost the ball but were still getting it back after holding the Stampeders deep in their zone. Abofs was a punt returner in the days before blocking was allowed on punt returns in the CFL. He didn't catch the kick that came his way. And while racing the bouncing ball down, he kicked it out of bounds.
He either didn't know the rule or panicked at the moment. When Abofs kicked the ball out of bounds, the possession went to the Stampeders, who ran out of the clock.
The Argos offence did not score in the 59th Grey Cup. The Grey Cup MVP was middle linebacker, Wayne Harris. Theismann wound up lasting two more seasons with the Argos before heading to the Washington Redskins, where he quarterbacked the team for 12 seasons, including a Super Bowl victory and one MVP season.
"You look at that '71 team, you look at that roster even now, Jim Stillwagon, Jim Corrigall, Marv Luster, Tricky, Theismann, Profit, Ebo, Timmy Anderson, Dave Raimey, Leon, Sy (Bill Symons), how did we lose?
"When we met to close out our lockers a few days later, we said 'Next year we're going to do this right. Next year, we're going to win.'"
This is professional sport. Half a century later, we know this much: Next year rarely comes.


It's the small things that make a big difference. Not knowing when a discussion is an explanation as opposed to an argument can have dire consequences. Knowing the difference can radically change the outcome of an instructional session. And by argument I do not mean having a dispute, I mean laying out a reasoned explanation.
There is a difference with a distinction between explanations and arguments. And it pays to know the difference in order to reduce mistakes caused by misunderstandings – the number one avoidable cost of doing business. It is estimated that US and UK businesses lose $37 billion per year because of misunderstandings.
The objective truths of mathematics or accounting or a person or business's history are rarely disputed. What are almost always disputed are subjective opinions. And subjective opinions make up the vast majority of life inside a business or outside. Is this person contributing to the team effort? Is that marketing or engineering or design plan the best we can come up with? Usually there are no de facto obvious, demonstrable, provable answers to these kinds of subjective questions; just conjectures and theories that may be reflexes, or may be well argued positions.
Teams instinctively deploy explanations and arguments as a way to come up with the optimum answer or opinion. They probably are doing this without knowing the difference. So, understanding the distinction between an argument and an explanation can avoid costly mistakes.
Arguments attempt to show how something is, will be, or should be true.
Explanations try to show why something is or should be true.
Explanations aim to contribute understanding.
How do you know if you or someone else is explaining something or arguing for something?
The key is justification. Justification is the reason why someone can properly hold a belief, and why that belief is likely a true one. This is the justification question: Is the person and the sources used to explain or argue credible?
It is important to be aware when an explanation is not a justification. A criminal profiler, or a human resource officer may offer an explanation of why someone behaved a certain way – for example the person got evicted or has a family member in serious trouble. This is not an argument. It may justify the action, but not explain or excuse it.
This is an important distinction because we need to be able to understand and explain unwanted events and behaviors in attempting to discourage them.
So, before entering into a debate ask these two questions of others and yourself: am I explaining or arguing? And am I credible? It just might help. In fact a team would do well to examine the differences as an exercise.


What is the value of the tangent function?
The value of the tangent of an angle theta is the slope of the line passing through the origin and the point on the unit circle (cos theta, sin theta). You can think of it was a slope of the terminal arm of angle theta in standard position.
What is the meaning of the analogy in the poem 'The Story' by Karen Connelly?
In the poem titled "The Story", the author Karen Connelly uses an analogy. In this poem, the author compares the act of swimming in the ocean to the living of life. She is comparing the uncertainties of life to the fears and uncertainties of swimming far out into the depths of the ocean. In the beginning of the poem, the swimmer is in the ocean when they start to fear what might be lurking under the water - their fear is building up. Then, the swimmer feels as if they've swum out too far and fears that something is chasing after them. It turns out that it was only a floating piece of wood or something not very scary like a dolphin. The swimmer then realizes/states that no matter what it was, when one goes out swimming in the ocean, they will always have a fear of something unknown, but yet they still choose to go out swimming in the water anyway. This analogy of the swimmer out in the ocean choosing to go against their fears & swim anyway really symbolizes the overcoming of one's fears of the uncertainties of life. This analogy develops a theme of that though life will be filled with fear and uncertainty, one must overcome their fears and take risks in order to truly live.
What are easy ways to identify intervals upon hearing them?


NBSO is always looking for volunteers!
Volunteer positions include: musicians, Board of Directors and Board committees, Tag Day, Bingo, billetting out-of-town musicians, postering, and many more!
To find out more about volunteering for NBSO, click here.
How You Can Support Our Work..
• In-classroom Music Education programs, Grades 1 - 6. "Symphony in the Schools"
Please contact Robert Palangio to make a donation, or to discuss other charitable giving options.
As a non-profit charitable arts organization, The North Bay Symphony is acutely aware of the tireless contributions made by volunteers across our community. Volunteers need recognition and support. Although we are not in a position to show our appreciation financially, we can offer these volunteers a wonderful relaxing evening of music. The Gift of Music Programme sponsor purchases up to 50 seats at 1 or more of our season concerts. The Symphony matches the sponsor's gift with an equal number of seats. These seats are donated to a cross-section of volunteers selected jointly by the sponsors and the Symphony.
Contact Leanne Miners for more information on how you can support music in North Bay and the surrounding region.


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One of my last carvings was a man setting on a stump. I Found pictures of people setting on benches and chairs in different poses. All on the internet. I used some of those pictures to help me with the drawings that I felt like I needed for the carving. Then I traced it onto the wood.


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No Direito, a teoria objetiva da posse estabelece apenas um elemento para sua caracterização, qual seja, o corpus que é a utilização do poder conferido ao possuidor sobre a coisa. Importante identificar somente se há a efetiva utilização da coisa pelo possuidor, sendo que o elemento animus está inserido no elemento corpus.

Ver também
 Posse (conceito jurídico)

Direito civil
História do direito

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Visit UNICEF Global
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Nearly 36 million children in Ethiopia are poor and lack access to basic social services, a new report reveals
Joint Press release
UNICEFEthiopia/2018/NOA
An estimated 36 million of a total population of 41 million children under the age of 18 in Ethiopia are multi-dimensionally poor, meaning they are deprived of basic goods and services in at least three dimensions, says a new report released today by the Central Statistical Agency and UNICEF.
Titled "Multi-dimensional Child Deprivation in Ethiopia - First National Estimates," the report studied child poverty in nine dimensions – development/stunting, nutrition, health, water, sanitation, and housing. Other dimensions included education, health related knowledge, and information and participation.
"We need to frequently measure the rates of child poverty as part of the general poverty measures and use different approaches for measuring poverty. This requires all stakeholders from government, international development partners and academic institutions to work together to measure, design policies and programmes to reduce child poverty in Ethiopia,'' said Mr Biratu Yigezu, Director General of Central Statistical Agency.
The report adapted the global Multi-Dimensional Overlapping Deprivation Analysis (MODA) methodology and used information available from national data sets such as the Ethiopian Demographic and Health Surveys of 2011 and 2016. MODA has been widely used by 32 countries in Africa to analyze child well-being. The methodology defines multi-dimensional child poverty as non-fulfilment of basic rights contained in the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child and concludes that a child is poor if he or she is deprived in three to six age-specific dimensions. The report's findings have been validated through an extensive consultative process involving the Ministry of Women, Children and Youth, National Planning Commission, the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs together with the Economic Policy Research Institute, among others.
"Children in Ethiopia are more likely to experience poverty than adults, with distressing and lifelong effects which cannot easily be reversed," said Gillian Mellsop, UNICEF Representative in Ethiopia. "Ethiopia's future economic prosperity and social development, and its aspirations for middle income status, depend heavily on continued investments in children's physical, cognitive and social development."
The study finds that 88 per cent of children in Ethiopia under the age of 18 (36 million) lack access to basic services in at least three basic dimensions of the nine studied, with lack of access to housing and sanitation being the most acute. The study reveals that there are large geographical inequalities: 94 per cent children in rural areas are multi-dimensionally deprived compared to 42 per cent of children in urban areas. Across Ethiopia's regions, rates of child poverty range from 18 per cent in Addis Ababa to 91 per cent in Afar, Amhara, and SNNPR. Poverty rates are equally high in Oromia and Somali (90 per cent each) and Benishangul-Gumuz (89 per cent).
Additional key findings from the report indicate:
High disparities across areas and regions of residence in terms of average number deprivations in basic rights or services. For example, the differences in deprivation intensity (average number of deprivations in basic rights and services that each child is experiencing) between rural and urban areas are significant; multi-dimensionally deprived children residing in rural areas experienced 4.5 deprivations in accessing basic rights and needs on average compared to 3.2 among their peers in urban areas;
Given their large population sizes, Oromia, Amhara, and SNNPR regions are the largest contributors to multi-dimensional child deprivation in Ethiopia. These three regions jointly account for 34 of the 36 million deprived children in Ethiopia, with Oromia having the highest number at 16.7 million, SNNPR at 8.8 million, and Amhara at 8.5 million. Regions with the lowest number of poor children are Harar at 90,000, Dire Dawa at 156,000, and Gambella at 170,000.
Although there has been progress in reducing child deprivation, much more remains to be done. The percentage of children deprived in three to six dimensions decreased from 90 per cent to 88 per cent between 2011 and 2016 and the average number of deprivations that each child is experiencing decreased from 4.7 to 4.5 dimensions during the same period.
Most children in Ethiopia face multiple and overlapping deprivations. Ninety-five per cent of children in Ethiopia are deprived of two to six basic needs and services, while only one per cent have access to all services. Deprivation overlaps between dimensions are very high in rural areas and among children in the poorest wealth quintiles.
The report makes the following recommendations:
Speed up investments to reduce child poverty by four per cent each year for the next decade if Ethiopia is to achieve the Sustainable Development Goal on poverty reduction;
Accelerate investments in social sectors prioritizing child-sensitive budgeting at the national and regional levels to enhance equality and equity; and
Improve collaboration among different social sectors to ensure that the multiple needs of children are met.
Esayas Muleta
Central Statistical Agency
Email: esayasmuleta@gmail.com
Wossen Mulatu
UNICEF Ethiopia
Email: wmulatu@unicef.org
The Central Statistical Agency of Ethiopia (CSA) is an agency of the government of Ethiopia. It is responsible for generating and monitoring statistical data related to the economic and social conditions of the country. The agency is responsible in collecting data on a variety of issues including demographic and health survey data, consumption and expenditure, welfare data, price indices, industry and agricultural data, and employment figures. CSA has branch offices in all regions of the country.
About UNICEF
UNICEF promotes the rights and wellbeing of every child, in everything we do. Together with our partners, we work in 190 countries and territories to translate that commitment into practical action, focusing special effort on reaching the most vulnerable and excluded children, to the benefit of all children, everywhere. For more information about UNICEF and its work for children in Ethiopia, visit http://www.unicef.org/ethiopia
Follow UNICEF Ethiopia on Twitter and Facebook
Ethiopia Children Factsheet 2018
See the full report
Aspiring young leader advocating for a better life
for every child in Ethiopia
A historic moment as the Ethiopian Parliament goes blue to mark World Children's Day
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Last year the Young Women's Trust published their annual report titled "No Country for Young Women" where it outlined that young women struggled with everything from debt to mental heath, to education and employment. Whilst it was hoped that a year would have brought some good news, it seems that there are worrying times with things looking even bleaker. As a young woman, I can completely relate to these findings, struggling to find my way through and work out the next steps.
Young Women's Trust's new report is entitled Worrying Times, an apt title for this period of uncertainty that the country is going through at the moment. And I for one can agree with the title. Whilst I might feel like I have all the plates spinning, I'm still in a situation where the moment one slips, everything could come crashing down.
Debt seems to be one of the biggest issues that young women are facing. With more than five million young women struggling to get by on a day to day basis, it means that many can't move on or move ahead with their lives due to crippling financial problems hanging over them. To say that money doesn't buy you happiness is true in some parts, but knowing you have the money at the end of the month at least relieves the pressure that most young women face.
As someone that lives life on an Excel spreadsheet to manage the family finances, I know all to well that one big bill or an unexpected expense can throw things completely of kilter. We have tried everything from working extra hours, moving back home and even getting new jobs to try and get our money to go a bit further. And whilst I have the ability to work some extra hours freelance, many women are left relying on things such as payday loans or overdrafts to survive when times are tough. Not only does this leave you feeling ten times worse than when you started, but it also leaves you in a vicious cycle of never having enough money.
One of the main reasons that women are finding themselves in debt is normally due to low wages. Young women seem to be stuck in low paid jobs that lack promotion, a problem that I knew all to well. It resulted in me retraining and leaving my minimum wage job to try and get a better quality of life. Only time will tell if it's been worth it, but for many young women job security is something that they are lacking with many being offered zero hour contracts.
With crippling financial and employment pressures for young women, it's undoubtable that there would be a knock on effect when it came to mental health. From my own personal experience, I know how bad you can feel when you are scraping pennies together after working a job you hate to feed your family. The weight of the world feels like it's crushing down on you and you can't break free. I'm not alone though, and with 52% of young women worried about the future, it really makes you wonder why the government aren't sitting up and taking notice.
To live in a society where you feel as a young woman that there isn't much in the way of hope for you in the future is a horrible thing. To be perfectly honest, I still feel some days that me and Scott will be doing exactly the same in 30 years time no matter how hard we try. With increased living expenses and no way of saving for a future, it's like you're wading through quicksand. But with more young people than ever needing mental health support, it makes you wonder why the problems haven't even been addressed.
I'm not saying that things need to change because of young peoples demands, it needs to start slowly. Young people are left in volatile financial situations due to low wages, poorly paid apprenticeships, high living costs, expensive further education and lack of job security. There seems to be no emphasis on education about finances, especially for school leavers. For many young people that either want to have independence of living alone, or have no choice but to leave home, there is a complete lack of support. Young people are the future, so why is the government and society failing to help them get onto the right platform for life.
These are worrying times for young women, but with the uncertainty of the future, I'm hoping things can only get better. If they don't, I'm not sure how things will turn out.


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Q: How to (de)serialize POJO to Avro and Kafka without generating code I want to serialize a POJO to Kafka using Avro but I do not want to generate the POJO. There are several reason that I do not want to use generated code.

*

*I want to have control about the POJO structure. I want to use inheritance, I want to add methods, I want to use Kotlin data classes

*Avro generated code has some issues like this one

A: You can use Jackson Kafka Avro serializer which does exactly that. It (de)serializes the data using Jackson so you can easily map the POJOs to Avro schemas and back. Moreover, it has first class Kotlin support.


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Home » Why My Research Matters
Why My Research Matters: Mean Girls and Criminal Women in Australian History
By Administrator on November 10, 2014 in Why My Research Matters
By Alana Piper
At Sydney's Festival of Dangerous Ideas in 2012 a discussion was held on the question of whether all women hate each other. The panel, which featured feminist icon Germaine Greer, social activist Eva Cox and model-turned-crime-writer Tara Moss, was organised in response to a developing meme within the media claiming that women are more competitive and antagonistic towards each other than they are to men, and than men are to each other. While acknowledging that there is a grain of truth in the 'mean girl' paradigm posited by scholars of juvenile delinquency, the panellists argued that negative interactions between women receive a disproportionate amount of attention in society. As Moss pointed out, global crime statistics reveal an overwhelming pattern of male-on-male violence, but no one was suggesting that all men hate each other.
Moss's allusion to crime trends was a particularly apt rebuttal as discourses about crime have historically perpetuated a trope of female enmity. This is evident throughout the burgeoning criminological, sociological and social welfare literature of the late nineteenth century. Relationships among women of the criminal underclasses were portrayed as vicious, exploitative and deliberately corruptive. Italian father of criminal anthropology, Cesare Lombroso, offered the Darwinian explanation that centuries of competing for male attention to ensure their survival had instilled in women an 'instinctive and implacable hostility' toward one another that inevitably underlay their relations; criminal degeneration only removed any remaining vestiges of civility. Other Victorian commentators likewise purveyed the idea that female offenders were not only intent on each other's destruction, but that this reflected malevolent feelings latent among the sex as a whole.
Women from the social margins spent much of their time together. While these subcultures offered an important source of support, they also encouraged binge-drinking and drug-taking habits. Police News, 12 May 1877, 1. Courtesy of the National Library of Australia.
Two Brisbane streetwalkers portrayed exchanging a sly glance as they solicit a customer together. The placement of their hands suggests they may have been planning to pick his pockets, a common practice, with one woman usually aiding the other's escape by creating a distraction. Queensland Figaro, 20 January 1883, 37. Courtesy of the National Library of Australia.
Contemporary popular culture indicates that such perceptions of female relationships may not have shifted much. This became apparent as I was working on my PhD thesis, completed at the University of Queensland in January 2014. There was a common point-of-reference most people raised upon learning I was examining female social networks in the criminal subcultures of urban Australia between 1860 and 1920. Taxi-drivers, dinner party companions and fellow academics alike asked me about 1920s underworld queens Tilly Devine and Kate Leigh, whose famous rivalry provided the plot for the 2011 historical mini-series Underbelly: Razor, the premiere episode of which achieved the highest ratings ever for an Australian television drama. I would then feel the need to explain that I was investigating the various roles that criminal women played in each other's lives as friends, family members, accomplices and sexual partners, as well as occasional enemies and competitors. In contrast to both past and present representations of contentious relationships among women, my conclusion was that criminal women were heavily reliant on the support provided by their associations with other women until legal changes in the early twentieth century shifted the pattern of their activities.
Mugshot of Mary Hogan, convicted of robbery in company in Victoria in 1888. Prison records show that she had the words "My Dear Mother" and "I love my mate" tattooed on her upper arms. ~ Mary Hogan, no. 5221, register 10, VPRS 516/P0, Public Records Office Victoria. Reproduced with the permission of the Keeper of Public Records, Public Record Office Victoria, Australia.
Affective relationships between criminal women were a defining aspect of their lives across the economic, social, domestic, judicial and disciplinary spaces in which they moved. Rather than the rancorous interactions of contemporary imaginings, most fields of female criminal activity necessitated or benefited from co-operation with other women as they stole, solicited and sold sly grog together. Within domestic contexts, the transience or absence of male figures, as well as the general instability in their home lives caused by financial uncertainty and periodic incarcerations, encouraged women from criminal subcultures to draw together in female-centred households. Likewise, while men were usually passing figures in disorderly women's recreational culture, the more continuous sociality they enjoyed with each other empowered them to contest the limitations that class and gender placed upon their pursuit of pleasure. Such connections between women were hardly uniformly harmonious or beneficial in their effects. They were facilitated, however, by the growing disciplinary action and institutionalisation underclass women faced, which encouraged a greater sense of community among them. Courtrooms became a stage from which female defendants trumpeted their rejection of mainstream values and commitment to the alternative ethics of their criminal subcultures. The reformative goals of various institutions went unachieved as women's sense of belonging to a criminal milieu was augmented by the time they spent inside with each other.
Female prisoners at Brisbane's Boggo Road Gaol working at their sewing, 1913. In the absence of other loved ones, criminal women looked to each other to relieve the tedium of incarceration, strengthening the connections among them. ~ Image negative 33783. Courtesy of the State Library of Queensland.
This research constitutes an important challenge to the worldview that women's lives can best be understood via their associations with men, rather than their relationships with each other. The denigration of connections between criminal women by contemporaries can be read as symptomatic of a more pervasive hostility towards affective relationships among women, and the potential agency they represent, which has never entirely disappeared from society. My findings suggest that women's participation in criminal lifestyles, apart from the obvious monetary motivations, was about establishing a sense of power and self-worth, which women were able to derive from identification with each other. This connects with my current postdoctoral research for The Prosecution Project on the negotiations of identity evident in theft trials. My research matters because it speaks to the tensions between how society perceives an individual or group, and how people themselves experience or understand their own lives.
Dr Alana Piper is a Research Fellow on the Australian Research Council project 'The Criminal Trial in Australian History' at the Centre of Excellence in Policing and Security (CEPS), Griffith University. She is co-author (with Melissa Bellanta) of 'Looking Flash: Disreputable Women's Dress and "Modernity", 1870-1910', in the current issue of History Workshop Journal (no. 78).
Tags: Australia criminal subcultures female relationships women's history
Simon Sleight
Fascinating insights, Alana! We have shared this post via our Australian Studies Facebook network (https://www.facebook.com/KingsMCAS) and much look forward to seeing further publications from your thesis.


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Four Things to Know About the New U.S.-U.K.-Australia Submarine Deal
Who hates it more: the Chinese or the French?
by Shay Khatiri
French President Emmanuel Macron (2nd L) and Australian Prime Minister Malcolm Turnbull (3rd L) stand on the deck of HMAS Waller, a Collins-class submarine operated by the Royal Australian Navy, at Garden Island in Sydney on May 2, 2018. - Macron arrived in Australia on May 1 on a rare visit by a French president with the two sides expected to agree on greater cooperation in the Pacific to counter a rising China. (Photo by ludovic MARIN / POOL / AFP) / POOL SOLELY FOR BEST IMAGE AND ABACA (Photo by LUDOVIC MARIN/POOL/AFP via Getty Images)
A new security alliance announced this week brings together the United States, the United Kingdom, and Australia in a globe-spanning partnership evocative of Winston Churchill's hopes for a union of "the English-speaking peoples." The three countries are already ensconced in multiple security and intelligence relationships, but the new agreement—called "AUKUS"— brings a significant development: The United States and United Kingdom will help Australia build nuclear-powered submarines. These ships will be an important factor in protecting both Australia and freedom of navigation.
Here are four things to know about the new agreement.
1. Strengthening the Quad
The Quad, officially the Quadrilateral Security Dialogue, is the name for a security cooperation effort among the United States, Australia, Japan, and India. It is an Indo-Pacific security non-entity in search of a vision and formalization. The Quad heads of government are due to meet next week for the first time in person since Biden became president. (The Quad met virtually in March.)
Adding the United Kingdom to the Quad would be a good idea if it could be done, but parachuting a non-Pacific country into the Quad would likely be a stretch, especially given the complicated history of U.K.-India relations.
AUKUS looks like a reasonable alternative. It makes sense to involve America's most important ally, with its sizable military, in the decision-making process on matters relating to China. And burden-sharing with the United Kingdom makes good sense.
No less important is what this deal will mean for Australia's military capabilities. AUKUS will elevate Australia's status to the United Kingdom's in its military relationship with the United States, allowing for the sharing of key military technologies that the United States is reluctant to share with other countries. By increasing a Quad member's military capabilities, AUKUS will thereby increase the Quad's aggregate military power.
2. Making the U.K. a Pacific Power
There exists no closer alliance in the world than the U.S.-U.K. post-WWII "special relationship." The military-to-military ties are especially close, and the United States frequently consults with the United Kingdom on everything from intelligence to arms sales to training. The recently published U.K. Integrated Review, the equivalent of the U.S. National Defense Strategy, emphasizes the closeness of the relationship:
The United States will remain the UK's most important strategic ally and partner. The heart of the relationship is a human one: the flow of people and ideas between our countries, our shared history, and a common language. . . . Across the full spectrum of defence, intelligence, cyber power, counter-terrorism and nuclear, the US-UK partnership underpins our security and saves lives. We will continue to deepen our relationship, including through the Carrier Strike Group, joint work on emerging technologies, and collaboration on our future nuclear deterrent. The US is the UK's biggest single bilateral trading partner, accounting for over £230 billion in trade, almost 20% of UK exports and the largest single source of FDI in 2019.
The review also summarizes the U.K.'s very different relationship with China:
China's growing international stature is by far the most significant geopolitical factor in the world today, with major implications for British values and interests and for the structure and shape of the international order. The fact that China is an authoritarian state, with different values to ours, presents challenges for the UK and our allies. . . . China also presents the biggest state-based threat to the UK's economic security. . . . We will not hesitate to stand up for our values and our interests where they are threatened, or when China acts in breach of existing agreements.
The Royal Navy is much smaller today than when "Britannia ruled the waves," but AUKUS gives the U.K. a strong new presence in Pacific affairs.
3. The French Are Mad
Before yesterday's announcement of AUKUS, Australia had a deal with France to acquire diesel submarines. Australia canceled the agreement in favor of American and British "technology and capability to deploy nuclear-powered submarines." The French are claiming to have been "stabbed in the back."
The French do have a point—Australia did abruptly withdraw from their deal. And the Biden administration, in what is becoming a trend, blindsided its NATO ally, giving no advance notice to the French, let alone the courtesy of consultation. But below the surface, the French might be smarting at their own inability to deliver: The production of the French-made submarines had been delayed several times and there had been huge cost increases, angering the Australians, who were already signaling willingness to cancel the agreement. The Australians might not have "stabbed the French in the back" if the French had completed the contract on time and on budget. C'est la vie.
4. A Good But Incomplete Idea
The United States built the current international system when it had overwhelming military and economic dominance of the globe. America's power relative to China has declined, but the United States and its allies together are still insuperable. The more allies America can bring, and the closer we can bring them, into a coalition capable of standing up to China, the more successful that coalition is likely to be. Involving the United Kingdom in Indo-Pacific naval affairs is a good move. Among the likely positive effects may be bringing the U.K. closer into the anti-China orbit, avoiding mistakes like the 5G deal that the Boris Johnson government reached with Huawei (and discarded later).
Of course, AUKUS isn't sufficient. The United Kingdom is not a member of the European Union anymore and is increasingly isolated from the continent's politics. The next step will be to find a way to solidify the E.U. in the anti-China bloc—which will be harder given the colère of the French.
More generally, the United States is asking the Europeans to participate in a China strategy that has yet to be formulated, to be members of an Indo-Pacific alliance system that is nonexistent, and to serve a policy objective that is foggy at best. There is little consensus in the United States about China strategy, but the formation of AUKUS is a useful brick for once there is a decision about how we want the house designed.
Shay Khatiri is a policy associate at the Renew Democracy Initiative, where he works on strengthening freedom at home and advancing its reach abroad. He studied Strategic Studies at the Johns Hopkins University School of Advanced International Studies. He's an immigrant from Iran and writes the Substack newsletter The Russia-Iran File.
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