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TY - JOUR T1 - The composition and weathering of the continents over geologic time JO - Geochemical Perspectives Letters VL - 17 SP - 21 EP - 26 PY - 2021 AU - A.G. Lipp AU - O. Shorttle AU - E.A. Sperling AU - J.J. Brocks AU - D.B. Cole AU - P.W. Crockford AU - L. Del Mouro AU - K. Dewing AU - S.Q. Dornbos AU - J.F. Emmings AU - U.C. Farrell AU - A. Jarrett AU - B.W. Johnson AU - P. Kabanov AU - C.B. Keller AU - M. Kunzmann AU - A.J. Miller AU - N.T. Mills AU - B. O'Connell AU - S.E. Peters AU - N.J. Planavsky AU - S.R. Ritzer AU - S.D. Schoepfer AU - P.R. Wilby AU - J. Yang DO - https://doi.org/10.7185/geochemlet.2109 UR - https://www.geochemicalperspectivesletters.org/article2109 AB - The composition of continental crust records the balance between construction by tectonics and destruction by physical and chemical erosion. Quantitative constraints on how igneous addition and chemical weathering have modified the continents' bulk composition are essential for understanding the evolution of geodynamics and climate. Using novel data analytic techniques we have extracted temporal trends in sediments' protolith composition and weathering intensity from the largest available compilation of sedimentary major element compositions: ∼15,000 samples from 4.0 Ga to the present. We find that the average Archean upper continental crust was silica-rich and had a similar compositional diversity to modern continents. This is consistent with an early Archean, or earlier, onset of plate tectonics. In the Archean, chemical weathering sequestered ∼25 % more CO2 per mass eroded for the same weathering intensity than in subsequent time periods, consistent with carbon mass balance despite higher Archean outgassing rates and more limited continental exposure. Since 2.0 Ga, over long (>0.5 Gyr) timescales, crustal weathering intensity has remained relatively constant. On shorter timescales over the Phanerozoic, weathering intensity is correlated to global climate state, consistent with a weathering feedback acting in response to changes in CO2 sources or sinks.
A.G. Lipp, O. Shorttle, E.A. Sperling, J.J. Brocks, D.B. Cole, P.W. Crockford, L. Del Mouro, K. Dewing, S.Q. Dornbos, J.F. Emmings, U.C. Farrell, A. Jarrett, B.W. Johnson, P. Kabanov, C.B. Keller, M. Kunzmann, A.J. Miller, N.T. Mills, B. O'Connell, S.E. Peters, N.J. Planavsky, S.R. Ritzer, S.D. Schoepfer, P.R. Wilby, J. Yang
The composition and weathering of the continents over geologic time
A.G. Lipp1,
1Department of Earth Sciences and Engineering, Imperial College London, UK
O. Shorttle2,3,
2Department of Earth Sciences, University of Cambridge, UK
3Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge, UK
E.A. Sperling4,
4Department of Geological Sciences, Stanford University, USA
J.J. Brocks5,
5Research School of Earth Sciences, Australian National University, Canberra, Australia
D.B. Cole6,
6School of Earth and Atmospheric Science, Georgia Institute of Technology, USA
P.W. Crockford7,
7Earth and Planetary Science, Weizmann Institute of Science, Israel
L. Del Mouro8,
8Geology Department, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Brazil
K. Dewing9,
9Natural Resources Canada, Geological Survey of Canada, Calgary, Canada
S.Q. Dornbos10,
10Department of Geosciences, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, USA
J.F. Emmings11,
11British Geological Survey, Keyworth, UK
U.C. Farrell12,
12Department of Geology, Trinity College Dublin, Republic of Ireland
A. Jarrett13,
13Onshore Energy Directorate, Geoscience Australia, Australia
B.W. Johnson14,
14Department of Geological and Atmospheric Sciences, Iowa State University, USA
P. Kabanov9,
C.B. Keller15,
15Department of Earth Sciences, Dartmouth College, USA
M. Kunzmann16,
16Mineral Resources, CSIRO, Australia
A.J. Miller17,
17Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Waterloo, Canada
N.T. Mills18,
18Department of Geology and Geophysics, Texas A&M University, USA
B. O'Connell19,
19School of Earth Sciences, University of Melbourne, Australia
S.E. Peters20,
20Department of Geoscience, University of Wisconsin-Madison, USA
N.J. Planavsky21,
21Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Yale University, USA
S.R. Ritzer4,
S.D. Schoepfer22,
22Geoscience and Natural Resources, Western Carolina University, USA
P.R. Wilby11,
J. Yang23
23China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, China
A.G. Lipp
Email: a.lipp18@imperial.ac.uk
Lipp, A.G., Shorttle, O., Sperling, E.A., Brocks, J.J., Cole, D.B., Crockford, P.W., Del Mouro, L., Dewing, K., Dornbos, S.Q., Emmings, J.F., Farrell, U.C., Jarrett, A., Johnson, B.W., Kabanov, P., Keller, C.B., Kunzmann, M., Miller, A.J., Mills, N.T., O'Connell, B., Peters, S.E., Planavsky, N.J., Ritzer, S.R., Schoepfer, S.D., Wilby, P.R., Yang, J. (2021) The composition and weathering of the continents over geologic time. Geochem. Persp. Let. 17, 21–26.
AGL is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council Grantham Institute SSCP DTP (grant number NE/L002515/1). OS acknowledges support from NERC grants NE/T012455/1 & NE/T00696X/1. This work was supported by CASP.
Geochemical Perspectives Letters v17 | doi: 10.7185/geochemlet.2109
Received 24 August 2020 | Accepted 28 January 2021 | Published 2 March 2021
Keywords: chemical weathering, sedimentary geochemistry, Archean, continental crust, Phanerozoic climate
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Abstract | Introduction | Methods and Data | The Archean Protolith | Crustal Weathering on Billion Year Timescales | Crustal Weathering over the Phanerozoic | Summary | Acknowledgements | Author Contributions | References | Supplementary Information
The composition of continental crust records the balance between construction by tectonics and destruction by physical and chemical erosion. Quantitative constraints on how igneous addition and chemical weathering have modified the continents' bulk composition are essential for understanding the evolution of geodynamics and climate. Using novel data analytic techniques we have extracted temporal trends in sediments' protolith composition and weathering intensity from the largest available compilation of sedimentary major element compositions: ∼15,000 samples from 4.0 Ga to the present. We find that the average Archean upper continental crust was silica-rich and had a similar compositional diversity to modern continents. This is consistent with an early Archean, or earlier, onset of plate tectonics. In the Archean, chemical weathering sequestered ∼25 % more CO2 per mass eroded for the same weathering intensity than in subsequent time periods, consistent with carbon mass balance despite higher Archean outgassing rates and more limited continental exposure. Since 2.0 Ga, over long (>0.5 Gyr) timescales, crustal weathering intensity has remained relatively constant. On shorter timescales over the Phanerozoic, weathering intensity is correlated to global climate state, consistent with a weathering feedback acting in response to changes in CO2 sources or sinks.
Table 1 Average sediment protolith composition (wt. %) through time. Uncertainties (in the form of a covariance matrix) are given in Table S-3.
Figure 1 A dacitic composition for Archean UCC. Total Alkali-Silica plot displaying the protoliths of the average sediment for different time periods (Le Maitre et al., 2005). Ellipses indicate standard error (see Supplementary Information). '×' is the pristine igneous precursor of the modern upper continental crust (Rudnick and Gao, 2003). Dashed line is trend described by .
Figure 2 Archean protoliths were more mafic than the present day but equally diverse. (a) Grey points are protolith coefficients, ψ, for individual samples. Mean ψ ± σ for each 0.5 Ga time period given by black circles. Means for >3 Ga greyed out to emphasise low sample coverage. (b) Box and whisker comparison of protolith distributions for samples of age >2.5 and 0–0.5 Ga. Whiskers extend 1.5 × interquartile-range from the upper/lower quartiles. 200 randomly selected samples shown for each age group.
Figure 3 Weathering intensity of sedimentary rocks across the Phanerozoic. Grey points are individual samples, black line is smoothed trend calculated using 30 Myr bandwidth Gaussian kernel, and grey lines show bootstrap uncertainty (see Supplementary Information). Red line is de-trended Oxygen isotope composition of carbonates smoothed using 30 Myr bandwidth Gaussian. See Supplementary Information for origin of Phanerozoic palaeoclimate data.
Table 1 Figure 1 Figure 2 Figure 3
The rocks at Earth's surface are compositionally divided between dense, silica-poor oceanic crust and a buoyant, silica-rich continental crust. It is generally accepted that this dichotomy is maintained by plate tectonics. The emergence of Earth's first felsic continents therefore could be an indicator for when plate tectonics began. The timing of the earliest felsic continents however remains debated. The Archean (i.e. 2.5–4.0 Ga) continents are often viewed as having a mafic composition similar to the oceanic crust (e.g., Taylor and McLennan, 1986
Taylor, S.R., McLennan, S.M. (1986) The chemical composition of the Archaean crust. Geological Society, London, Special Publications 24, 173–178.
; Tang et al., 2016
Tang, M., Chen, K., Rudnick, R.L. (2016) Archean upper crust transition from mafic to felsic marks the onset of plate tectonics. Science 351, 372–375.
) suggesting a late onset for plate tectonics during the Neoarchean, ∼2.5 Ga. However, a contrasting view has emerged of evolved, silica-rich Archean continents (Greber et al., 2017
Greber, N.D., Dauphas, N., Bekker, A., Ptáček, M.P., Bindeman, I.N., Hofmann, A. (2017) Titanium isotopic evidence for felsic crust and plate tectonics 3.5 billion years ago. Science 357, 1271–1274.
; Keller and Harrison, 2020
Keller, C.B., Harrison, T.M. (2020) Constraining crustal silica on ancient Earth. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, 21101–21107.
; Ptáček et al., 2020
Ptáček, M.P., Dauphas, N., Greber, N.D. (2020) Chemical evolution of the continental crust from a data-driven inversion of terrigenous sediment compositions. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 539, 116090.
). This view suggests an earlier onset for plate tectonics before 3.5 Ga.
Not only is the history of the crust necessary for understanding geodynamics, reactions between the crust and hydrosphere stabilise the planet's climate (Broecker and Langmuir, 1985
Broecker, W.S., Langmuir, C.H. (2012) Making it comfortable. In: How to build a habitable planet. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ, 298–386.
). Continental chemical weathering (the alteration of silicate minerals by reaction with water at Earth's surface) transfers atmospheric CO2 into carbonate minerals deposited on the ocean floor. This reaction is the major long term sink for CO2 outgassed by the mantle (Walker et al., 1981
Walker, J.C.G., Hays, P.B., Kasting, J.F. (1981) A negative feedback mechanism for the long-term stabilization of Earth's surface temperature. Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 86, 9776–9782.
; Berner et al., 1983
Berner, R.A., Lasaga, A.C., Garrels, R.M. (1983) The carbonate-silicate geochemical cycle and its effect on atmospheric carbon dioxide over the past 100 million years. American Journal of Science 283, 641–683.
The geochemical composition of sedimentary rocks is our primary record of crustal evolution on Gyr timescales. However, this archive is challenging to interpret. Chemical weathering strips sediments of mobile elements altering their composition relative to the rocks from which they derive (protoliths). Signals of changing crustal composition are thus obscured by alteration. Additionally, most sediments record the signals of the local catchment they come from, not the continental crust as a whole. Here, we provide new perspectives into the long term composition and alteration of the upper continental crust (UCC). We use novel data analytic methods and the geochemical database produced by the Sedimentary Geochemistry and Paleoenvironments Project.
Methods and Data
Most studies aiming to track changes in crustal composition avoid the alteration of sedimentary compositions by selecting weathering-insensitive elemental ratios. Whilst this approach can resolve protolith changes, by design, it cannot provide information on weathering intensity changes. Here, we simultaneously extract signals of both the weathering intensity of sediments and protolith composition.
To do this we use a new method which explains the major element (Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Na, Ca, K) composition of sediments in terms of the composition of their protolith, and how intensely they have been weathered (Lipp et al., 2020
Lipp, A.G., Shorttle, O., Syvret, F., Roberts, G.G. (2020) Major Element Composition of Sediments in Terms of Weathering and Provenance: Implications for Crustal Recycling. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 21, e2019GC008758.
). This approach constructs a model for a centred log-ratio transformed composition (after Aitchison, 1986
Aitchison, J. (1986) The statistical analysis of compositional data. Chapman and Hall, London, UK.
) x′, as the sum of a weathering vector, , and a protolith vector, , relative to the composition of modern UCC:
Eq. 1
The coefficients of these vectors correspond to the weathering intensity experienced by a sediment, ω, and its protolith composition, ψ. Deviations from this model cause the misfit, E, to rise. Sediments with protoliths more(/less) felsic than modern UCC have positive(/negative) ψ values. Weathering of rocks causes ω to rise. Here, we modify this method to correct for the effect of sodium-calcium cation exchange that can occur between dissolved species and those adsorbed to clays (e.g., Sayles and Mangelsdorf, 1979
Sayles, F.L., Mangelsdorf, P.C. (1979) Cation-exchange characteristics of Amazon River suspended sediment and its reaction with seawater. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43, 767–779.
). We also use a recalibrated vector. These modifications reduce the possibility of biases. Some limitations, including diagenesis and marine authigenic clay formation, are discussed in the Supplementary Information but do not significantly affect our results.
We apply this method to the compilation of sedimentary geochemical data produced by the Sedimentary Geochemistry and Paleoenvironments (SGP) research consortium (sgp.stanford.edu). The SGP database compiles geochemical data and geological context information from three sources: 1) direct data entry by SGP team members (mainly Neoproterozoic and Palaeozoic shales with global geographic coverage), 2) the USGS National Geochemical Database (consisting of data from USGS projects from the 1960-1990s; mainly Phanerozoic samples of all lithologies from the United States), and 3) the USGS Critical Metals in Black Shales database (a global shale database spanning all of Earth history). In total we analyse 17,472 major element compositions each associated with an age. Full details of data, pre-processing and analysis is found in the Supplementary Information.
The Archean Protolith
First, we investigate changes in the average composition of the exposed UCC through time. To overcome local heterogeneities we calculate composite samples using the arithmetic mean of all samples in 500 Myr time intervals (Table S-1). Because of low sampling density in the Archean, we average all samples older than 2.5 Ga to create an Archean composite. We solve Equation 1 for each composite to calculate ω and ψ, the weathering and protolith coefficients.
Age, Ga SiO2 Al2O3 Fe2O3T MgO Na2O CaO K2O
0–0.5 66.5 14.6 5.32 2.32 3.98 4.32 2.95
0.5–1.0 67.3 14.5 4.99 2.05 4.04 3.98 3.17
2.5+ 64.1 14.9 6.22 3.16 3.82 5.27 2.46
We can use Equation 1 to reconstruct the full major element composition of a sediment's protolith from just its ψ value. By substituting the ω value of a sediment in Equation 1 for that of pristine igneous rocks (ω0 = −0.271; see Supplementary Information) the composition of a sediment's protolith is returned. The calculated compositions of the average sediment protoliths through time are shown in Table 1. These protoliths can be analysed as igneous rocks, with e.g., a Total Alkali-Silica plot (Fig. 1). The average Archean protolith was silica-rich and dacitic in composition but slightly more mafic than younger protoliths. This evolved composition for Archean protoliths is similar, albeit marginally more felsic, to the estimate of Ptáček et al. (2020)
but arrived at using independent methodologies. The average protolith has remained constant since 2.5 Ga.
Figure 1 A dacitic composition for Archean UCC. Total Alkali-Silica plot displaying the protoliths of the average sediment for different time periods (Le Maitre et al., 2005
Le Maitre, R.W., Streckeisen, A., Zanettin, B., Le Bas, M.J., Bonin, B., Bateman, P. (2005) Igneous Rocks: A Classification and Glossary of Terms. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.
). Ellipses indicate standard error (see Supplementary Information). '×' is the pristine igneous precursor of the modern upper continental crust (Rudnick and Gao, 2003
Rudnick, R.L., Gao, S. (2003) Composition of the Continental Crust. Treatise on Geochemistry 3, 659.
). Dashed line is trend described by .
As sediments derive from broad regions, their protoliths, in aggregate, can be assumed to be representative of the average exposed crustal composition. Our estimate for the average protolith of recent, <0.5 Ga, sedimentary rocks (Fig. 1) is within error of the estimate of UCC as averaged by surface sampling (Rudnick and Gao, 2003
), validating this approach. A uniformitarian interpretation of the dacitic Archean UCC is that plate tectonics commenced no later than the early Archean.
Nonetheless, we note the limitations about inferring global conditions from the small inventory of Archean samples which are highly susceptible to preservation and sampling biases (Korenaga, 2013
Korenaga, J. (2013) Initiation and Evolution of Plate Tectonics on Earth: Theories and Observations. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 41, 117–151.
). This low sample density in the Archean gives low statistical significance to variability of age-interval means within the Archean (Fig. 2a). Evolved igneous rocks could also be generated in the absence of plate tectonics (Reimink et al., 2014
Reimink, J.R., Chacko, T., Stern, R.A., Heaman. L.M. (2014) Earth's earliest evolved crust generated in an Iceland-like setting. Nature Geoscience 7, 529–533.
Focusing exclusively on the average sediment protolith neglects other features in our dataset. The protolith coefficients, ψ, for individual samples through time (Fig. 2a) show a large diversity in protoliths throughout Earth's history, including the Archean. If each individual ψ represents a catchment averaged protolith, then the diversity of rocks at the Earth's surface has remained nearly constant since ∼4 Ga. The ψ distributions from before 2.5 Ga are compared to those from 0–0.5 Ga in Figure 2b. Whilst the median of the two distributions is different, there is still considerable overlap. The high diversity of exposed rocks, and their on-average evolved nature, suggests that during the Archean the exposed continental crust was more similar to the modern crust than it was different. Near-constant protolith diversity from the Archean to Recent is independently evidenced by the ratio of felsic to mafic igneous rocks in a comprehensive compilation of geologic columns in North America (Fig. S-5; Peters et al., 2018
Peters, S.E., Husson, J.M., Czaplewski, J. (2018) Macrostrat: A Platform for Geological Data Integration and Deep-Time Earth Crust Research. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 19, 1393–1409.
). This near-constant protolith diversity supports uniformitarian models of petrogenetic processes, e.g., long lived plate tectonics.
Crustal Weathering on Billion Year Timescales
Second, we explore how the efficiency of CO2 drawdown by crustal weathering may have evolved through time. The weathering of mafic rocks sequesters more CO2 than felsic rocks due to their higher concentrations of Ca and Mg (e.g., Dessert et al., 2003
Dessert, C., Dupré, B., Gaillardet, J., François, L.M., Allègre, C.J. (2003) Basalt weathering laws and the impact of basalt weathering on the global carbon cycle. Chemical Geology. 202, 257–273.
). The more mafic Archean UCC could result in more CO2 sequestered per mass of rock weathered than modern UCC. This effect could potentially bring the weathering CO2 sink in balance with mantle outgassing despite a smaller exposed continental area (Albarede et al., 2020
Albarede, F., Thibon, F., Blichert-Toft, J., Tsikos, H. (2020) Chemical archeoceanography. Chemical Geology 548, 119625.
). To quantify this effect, we calculate the chemical depletion fraction for any ω–ψ pair, assuming that Al2O3 is immobile (see Supplementary Information). The mass of each element mobilised due to weathering per kg of protolith eroded can then be converted into moles of carbonate-bound CO2 assuming the stoichiometry
and efficient Mg-Ca exchange at mid-ocean ridges (Holland, 1984
Holland, H.D. (1984) The Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere and Oceans. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ.
). Any ω–ψ pair can thus be converted into a (maximum) amount of CO2 deposited per kg of weathered protolith (Fig. S-3a).
Weathering the Archean protolith sequesters ∼25 % more CO2 than subsequent protoliths for the same weathering intensity (Fig. S-3b). Since the Archean, the CO2 sequestered per kg UCC eroded has not changed considerably (Fig. S-3a). On timescales greater than 0.5 Gyr therefore, any change in Earth's total weathering flux must have been achieved by changing the absolute amount of erosion, not the weathering intensity. Hence, to maintain an equitable climate over these timescales, secular changes in volcanic CO2 outgassing must have been compensated for by changes in amounts of physical erosion. Alternatively, changes to other aspects of the carbon cycle could have taken place (e.g., changing the reverse weathering flux; Isson and Planavsky, 2018
Isson, T.T., Planavsky, N.J. (2018) Reverse weathering as a long-term stabilizer of marine pH and planetary climate. Nature 560, 471–475.
Crustal Weathering over the Phanerozoic
Finally, we explore how global weathering intensity has changed during the Phanerozoic. On 10–100 Myr timescales, weathering intensity is believed to respond to global climate state as part of a negative feedback (Walker et al., 1981
). Individual sediments only record the weathering intensity of their source regions, but collectively they may reflect these global shifts in silicate weathering intensity.
Figure 3 shows the weathering coefficient, ω, for the ∼12,000 samples less than 600 Ma. The lowest weathering intensity occurs in the Neogene. Other periods of low intensity are observed in the late Ordovician/Silurian, late Permian and the Jurassic. Peaks in weathering intensity are found in the Carboniferous, Triassic and Cretaceous. We find that sampling biases do not strongly affect these observations (see Supplementary Information; Fig. S-4).
The ω fluctuations we observe are on timescales too long (10's Myr) to be explained by the silicate weathering feedback acting in response to short term climatic perturbations. The weathering intensity trend is instead consistent with long term CO2 mass balance forced by changes in the magnitude of carbon sources and sinks. For example, an increased flux of volcanic CO2 would result initially in an imbalance in the geologic carbon cycle, as the weathering sink is unchanged. However, as atmospheric CO2 rises on Myr timescales, the weathering intensity of rocks should rise due to higher pCO2 driving warmer and wetter conditions. The carbon cycle will then achieve balance albeit at an elevated CO2 level and altered climate state. An increase in carbon sinks driven by, e.g., mountain building, would have the opposite effect. The global intensity of weathering hence changes in concert with the balance of carbon sources and sinks (e.g., Raymo and Ruddiman, 1992
Raymo, M.E., Ruddiman, W.F. (1992) Tectonic forcing of late Cenozoic climate. Nature 359, 117–122.
; Berner and Caldeira, 1997
Berner, R.A., Caldeira, K. (1997) The need for mass balance and feedback in the geochemical carbon cycle. Geology 25, 955–956.
; McKenzie et al., 2016
McKenzie, N.R., Horton, B.K., Loomis, S.E., Stockli, D.F., Planavsky, N.J., Lee, C.-T.A. (2016) Continental arc volcanism as the principal driver of icehouse-greenhouse variability. Science 352, 444–447.
This hypothesis predicts a positive correlation between the average surface temperature and weathering intensity. We can test these predictions by comparing the smoothed weathering trend to climate proxies. First we consider the de-trended oxygen isotope composition of marine carbonates, considered a proxy for global climate (Veizer et al., 2000
Veizer, J., Godderis, Y., Francois, L.M. (2000) Evidence for decoupling of atmospheric CO2 and global climate during the Phanerozoic eon. Nature 408, 698–701.
). When the δ18O of marine carbonates is heavy (associated with cooler climates) we observe a lower weathering intensity while the opposite is true for lighter δ18O (associated with warmer climates).
The validity of the δ18O record however is controversial as it is susceptible to diagenetic overprinting (e.g., Ryb and Eiler, 2018
Ryb, U., Eiler, J.M. (2018) Oxygen isotope composition of the Phanerozoic ocean and a possible solution to the dolomite problem. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, 6602–6607.
). As a result we also compare our ω record to a less ambiguous record of climate state: evidence of glaciated poles. We observe local minima in chemical weathering intensity during ice house climates (Ordovician-Silurian, Permian, Neogene). We note however that the end Devonian glaciation coincides with a period of observed high weathering intensity. These observations generally match the relationship between weathering intensities and climate state that is predicted by carbon mass balance.
The lack of a state change in weathering intensity following the Palaeozoic emergence of land plants further illustrates the importance of carbon mass balance. The expansion of land plants, by increased pedogenesis, initially caused an increase in the weathering carbon sink. The resulting carbon cycle imbalance is then resolved by a decrease in weathering intensity by the mechanism described above (e.g., Algeo et al., 1995
Algeo, T.J., Berner, R.A., Maynard, J.B., Scheckler, S.E. (1995) Late Devonian Oceanic Anoxic Events and Biotic Crises: "Rooted" in the Evolution of Vascular Land Plants? GSA TODAY, 24.
). Hence, only a transient ω response is observed in response to the stepwise expansion of land-plants.
A large inventory of sedimentary rock major element compositions has been deconvolved into a record of crustal composition and weathering intensity. Results indicate an evolved and heterogeneous Archean crust, which suggests an early onset of plate tectonics. Weathering of this Archean crust was ∼25 % more efficient at sequestering atmospheric CO2 than modern day UCC. On long, Gyr, timescales the weathering intensity of the crust has remained constant. By contrast, on short, 100 Myr, timescales weathering intensity responds to global climate shifts consistent with a silicate weathering feedback responding to changes in carbon sources or sinks.
AGL is funded by the Natural Environment Research Council Grantham Institute SSCP DTP (grant number NE/L002515/1). OS acknowledges support from NERC grants NE/T012455/1 and NE/T00696X/1. This work was supported by CASP. British Geological Survey authors (JFE, PRW) published with permission of the Executive Director of the British Geological Survey, UKRI. We thank Gareth Roberts for helpful comments. The authors are grateful to Julie Dumoulin, Clinton Scott, Akshay Mehra, Justin Strauss, Jon Husson, Tristan White, Tiffani Fraser (Yukon Geological Survey), Ben Gill, Florian Kurzweil, Danielle Thomson, Wing Chan, Joseph Magnall and Lawrence Och for their contributions to the Sedimentary Geochemistry and Paleoenvironments Project. Scripts and data are available at github.com/AlexLipp/crustal-comp and archived at the point of submission at doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4309952.
Editor: Sophie Opfergelt
AGL and OS conceived of the study. AGL performed data analysis and prepared the manuscript. EAS led development of the Sedimentary Geochemistry and Paleoenvironments Project. JJB, DC, PWC, LDM, KD, SQD, JFE, UCF, AJ, BWJ, PK, CBK, MK, AJM, NTM, BOC, SEP, NJP, SRR, SDS, PRW and JY all contributed to the Sedimentary Geochemistry and Paleoenvironments Project. JFE helped guide discussion of the role of diagenesis. NJP helped guide discussion of Phanerozoic carbon cycle. SEP produced Figure S-5. All authors contributed to manuscript revision.
This approach constructs a model for a centred log-ratio transformed composition (after Aitchison, 1986) x′, as the sum of a weathering vector, , and a protolith vector, , relative to the composition of modern UCC:
This effect could potentially bring the weathering CO2 sink in balance with mantle outgassing despite a smaller exposed continental area (Albarede et al., 2020).
The resulting carbon cycle imbalance is then resolved by a decrease in weathering intensity by the mechanism described above (e.g., Algeo et al., 1995).
The global intensity of weathering hence changes in concert with the balance of carbon sources and sinks (e.g., Raymo and Ruddiman, 1992; Berner and Caldeira, 1997; McKenzie et al., 2016).
This reaction is the major long term sink for CO2 outgassed by the mantle (Walker et al., 1981; Berner et al., 1983).
On 10–100 Myr timescales, weathering intensity is believed to respond to global climate state as part of a negative feedback (Walker et al., 1981; Berner et al., 1983).
Not only is the history of the crust necessary for understanding geodynamics, reactions between the crust and hydrosphere stabilise the planet's climate (Broecker and Langmuir, 1985).
The weathering of mafic rocks sequesters more CO2 than felsic rocks due to their higher concentrations of Ca and Mg (e.g., Dessert et al., 2003).
However, a contrasting view has emerged of evolved, silica-rich Archean continents (Greber et al., 2017; Keller and Harrison, 2020; Ptáček et al., 2020).
The mass of each element mobilised due to weathering per kg of protolith eroded can then be converted into moles of carbonate-bound CO2 assuming the stoichiometry and efficient Mg-Ca exchange at mid-ocean ridges (Holland, 1984).
Alternatively, changes to other aspects of the carbon cycle could have taken place (e.g., changing the reverse weathering flux; Isson and Planavsky, 2018).
Nonetheless, we note the limitations about inferring global conditions from the small inventory of Archean samples which are highly susceptible to preservation and sampling biases (Korenaga, 2013).
A dacitic composition for Archean UCC. Total Alkali-Silica plot displaying the protoliths of the average sediment for different time periods (Le Maitre et al., 2005).
To do this we use a new method which explains the major element (Si, Al, Fe, Mg, Na, Ca, K) composition of sediments in terms of the composition of their protolith, and how intensely they have been weathered (Lipp et al., 2020).
Near-constant protolith diversity from the Archean to Recent is independently evidenced by the ratio of felsic to mafic igneous rocks in a comprehensive compilation of geologic columns in North America (Fig. S-5; Peters et al., 2018).
This evolved composition for Archean protoliths is similar, albeit marginally more felsic, to the estimate of Ptáček et al. (2020) but arrived at using independent methodologies.
Evolved igneous rocks could also be generated in the absence of plate tectonics (Reimink et al., 2014).
'×' is the pristine igneous precursor of the modern upper continental crust (Rudnick and Gao, 2003). Dashed line is trend described by .
Our estimate for the average protolith of recent, <0.5 Ga, sedimentary rocks (Fig. 1) is within error of the estimate of UCC as averaged by surface sampling (Rudnick and Gao, 2003), validating this approach.
The validity of the δ18O record however is controversial as it is susceptible to diagenetic overprinting (e.g., Ryb and Eiler, 2018).
Here, we modify this method to correct for the effect of sodium-calcium cation exchange that can occur between dissolved species and those adsorbed to clays (e.g., Sayles and Mangelsdorf, 1979).
The Archean (i.e. 2.5–4.0 Ga) continents are often viewed as having a mafic composition similar to the oceanic crust (e.g., Taylor and McLennan, 1986; Tang et al., 2016) suggesting a late onset for plate tectonics during the Neoarchean, ∼2.5 Ga.
First we consider the de-trended oxygen isotope composition of marine carbonates, considered a proxy for global climate (Veizer et al., 2000).
The Supplementary Information includes:
Supplementary Information on Data and Methods
Tables S-1 to S-3
Figures S-1 to S-5
Supplementary Information References
Download the Supplementary Information (PDF).


My research this semester has been focused on using materials considered detritus or refuse and repurposing them to create a work of art that is beautiful, compelling and intriguing. I am interested in showing the undercurrents of relationships in my works that are narrative, spectral and ephemeral. I use discarded diadems alongside handmade objects made of fiber, burned out porcelain and glass to show fragility, and the transient. My work is underscored with themes of abandonment, loss and grief with an element of rebirth and transformational themes.


Does governor KP care about people?
Here's a roundup of news you can follow today.
The newly appointed finance minister Hafeez Sheikh has taken office.
'Only one minister left the cabinet and the other resigned.
A big announcement by PM in Orakzai Agency.
Zartaj Gul can do anything for Imran Khan!


Arhaus in Rockville, Maryland is located at the North Bethesda Market, also known as NoBe,roughly seven miles northwest of the District of Columbia. This mixed-use development has more than 180,000 square feet of retail space and over 400 luxury apartments. The Arhaus luxury furniture store is located on the corner of Rockville Pike and Marketplace Lane in a contemporary storefront. Large windows illuminate the showroom with natural light. Inside the showroom customers are greeted with Arhaus' signature furnishings, sourced from around the world. Many pieces are made exclusively from recycled natural resources, like glass, wood, and copper. From hand-forged wrought iron to reclaimed antiques, Arhaus has high-quality and functional furnishings that are built with passion in family-owned workshops. Get inspired by the lifestyle displays that are designed to immerse you into a natural home setting. Let Arhaus help you furnish your favorite destination–your home.


text:
"Opencode systems" Ltd. and the ICI Lab are building up an Open RAN Testbed
Opencode systems (OC) Ltd. and the "Intelligent Communication Infrastructure Laboratory" (ICI Lab) of the R&D&I Consortium at Sofia Tech Park have started the development and implementation of an Open Radio Access Network (Open RAN) Testbed.
Major part of the mobile network infrastructure is the Radio Access Network (RAN), where the basic components are the base stations. A base station, like any radio, has a Radio Frequency (RF) part and a Baseband (BB) part. For many years these two parts have been tightly integrated. Around 2011 distributed BSs appeared consisting of a base band unit (BBU) and remote radio units (RRUs). In addition, in the last few decades, RANs have shifted from analog to digital, in which hardware components have been replaced by software solutions that allow the implementation of flexible software-defined functionalities.
However, despite the digitalization and physical separation of these two parts, connecting the RRU of one provider to another provider's BBU is usually not possible due to the proprietary of the solutions. This is a serious limitation for mobile operators in the process of equipment selection for the development of their networks and introduction of new technologies.
Following these driving forces the base station architecture has also evolved considerably over the last years towards the so called "Open RAN". The main idea behind "Open RAN" is to make the RRU and BBU of cellular base stations independent and to develop a way to build an open standard with open software for the interfaces and interaction procedures between the different elements of the base station. Thus, applying the "white box" approach, base stations can be assembled using hardware and software from different vendors, i.e. components from different vendors can be connected in the same base station. Currently, service providers worldwide are encouraging the adoption of Open RAN for 5G, because expectations are that, like the development of popular kit platforms such as Rasberry PI, the Open RAN component market can reveal significant innovations in the cellular network.
Aiming at the realistic validation and testing of 5G innovative solutions and applications Opencode Systems Ltd and the ICI Lab of the R&D&I Consortium at Sofia Tech Park have started the implementation of an Open RAN testbed The main goal behind this joint initiative is to better understand the practical implementation of this technology, its characteristics and constraints, in order to build up a sound foundation and relevant expertise allowing up-to date research and implementation of novel multi-user and multi-application 5G solutions.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Turbicellepora hirsuta är en mossdjursart som först beskrevs av Calvet 1907.  Turbicellepora hirsuta ingår i släktet Turbicellepora och familjen Celleporidae. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Mossdjur
hirsuta

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Complexity of simple division What is the (a) worst case, (b) best case, and (c) average case complexity of the following function which does simple division
while n>=1 do
    n=n DIV 2
end {while}

How would you justify the complexity?

A: The function is O(log n), since it will require exactly floor(log2(n)) + 1 iterations.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The Bowen Island Library offers storytimes for preschoolers, and a wide variety of programs for parents and caregivers. Please call or visit our website for dates and times of current programs.
Steps from the ferry dock, the Bowen Island Public Library provides a welcoming space for children and their caregivers, offering a wide variety of books and audio/visual material.


Masala Chicken is a special recipe from deepsrecipes.Here we are preparing a masala which gives all the taste to the curry.This masala is closely related to the dry masala that Tribal people make and carry with them when they travel from one place to another in the forest.Once they get any animal they mix the masala and cook it right away.But the taste is so authentic and lip smacking.
But this recipe is just a trial from deepsrecipes.We can make the masala beforehand and can store it refrigerated.
So try this and enjoy the juicy,spicy chicken! Don't forget to comment here.!!
Fry all these ingredients in 1 tbsp oil.Grind it into a fine paste.
Coat the chicken with the masala.
Pour 1/2 cup water and cook well in a nonstick pan.Stir occasionally.
Cook until all the water dries up and then pour some oil and lightly fry it.
ya! I've already done this b4..it's quick, easy and tasty too but i guess u missed garam masala in this recipe which actually adds a twist to the recipe!
Meena,I purposely avoided Garam masala,since I have already written,this is a trial to reproduce the Tribal recipe,wanted to stick to the authentic taste...Thanks a lot,dear, 4 taking the support..


text:
Die Fidschi-Ralle oder Bindenflügelralle (Nesoclopeus poecilopterus) ist ein höchstwahrscheinlich ausgestorbener flugunfähiger Vogel von der Fidschi-Insel Viti Levu.

Aussehen
Die Fidschi-Ralle war 36,5 cm lang. Sie hatte einen orange oder bräunlichgelben Schnabel mit gelblichweißer Spitze, der länger ist als der Kopf. Die gelben oder grauweißen Beine und Zehen waren kurz und kräftig, viel größer als bei der Bindenralle (Gallirallus philippensis).

Sie war wahrscheinlich flugunfähig und hatte abgerundete, ziemlich weiche Flügel mit gut entwickelten Schäften der Flugfedern. Die Handschwingen waren breit und an der Spitze abgerundet. Die Schwanzfedern waren ziemlich verkümmert und hatten dünne Federschäfte.

Die schwärzlichen Unterschwanzdecken waren unregelmäßig und undeutlich braun gebändert. Handschwingen und Flügeldecken waren kastanienbraun und dabei in fast ihrer gesamten Länge schwarz und hellbraun quergebändert. Die Unterflügeldecken waren schwarz und haben jeweils 3 bis 4 weiße Randflecken.

Die Oberseite und der Schwanz des Vogels hatten eine dunkelbraune Farbe, die etwas in Kastanienbraun überging. Die gesamte Unterseite, die Kopfseiten, Hals- und Halsseiten und ein verwaschener Strich auf den Schläfen war schiefergrau. Die Brustseiten, Schenkel und Unterschwanzdecken waren dunkler, mehr schwärzlich. Die Federn der Bauch- und Flankenbefiederung hatten weißliche Spitzen. Die Zügel waren braun und fast kahl. Kinn und Kehle waren weißlich. Die Iris war hellbraun.

Lebensweise und Bestand
Die Fidschi-Ralle galt, da sie zuletzt 1890 nachgewiesen wurde, als ausgestorben, bis sie 1973 lebend wiederentdeckt wurde. Inzwischen gilt sie seit 1994 wieder als ausgestorben.

Sie lebte auf den Fidschi-Inseln Viti Levu und Ovalau, wo sie Sümpfe und dichte Taro-Felder bewohnte. Sie war ein sehr scheuer, versteckt lebender Vogel, der nie fliegend beobachtet wurde.

Die Vögel brüteten von Oktober bis Dezember in einem Nest, das am Boden aus Riedgräsern gebaut wurde. Das Gelege bestand aus etwa sechs 50 X 35 mm großen umber- und cremefarbenen Eiern mit purpurfarbenen oder dunkel blutroten Flecken.

Literatur

Quellen
 Dieter Luther: Die ausgestorbenen Vögel der Welt. 4. Auflage, unveränderter Nachdruck der Auflage von 1986. Magdeburg: Westkarp-Wiss und Heidelberg: Spektrum Akad. Verlag. 1995
 Trevor H. Worthy: The fossil rails (Aves: Rallidae) of Fiji with descriptions of a new genus and species. Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand Volume 34, Number 3, September 2004, S. 295–314
 []

Weblink

Rallenvögel
Neuzeitlich ausgestorbener Vogel
Viti Levu


text:
Elisa Miller
Staff, Leadership
General Counsel, Finance and Operations
Elisa Miller joined the Brennan Center as general counsel in 2015. She is responsible for corporate legal matters, tax and ethics compliance, and oversight of the organization's pro bono law firms. She also advises various programs on corporate, nonprofit, tax, disclosure, and ethics law matters and is secretary to the Board of Directors.
Miller was previously general counsel at ALM Media, LLC, an international business news and information company that publishes legal and real estate journals such as the American Lawyer and New York Law Journal. As an associate at Davis Wright Tremaine, LLP, she represented a wide range of media companies in first amendment, intellectual property, and general commercial litigation; she also practiced commercial and securities litigation as an associate at Davis Polk & Wardwell. Miller will serve on the board of the Brennan Center Strategic Fund, Inc. She is a graduate of Duke University and received her JD from New York University School of Law.


Clip Point: 3.25 in. Spey: 3.25 in.
The Case Crimson Bone Traditional Trapper 74170 is a great everyday carry manual folding pocket knife that features 2 Stainless Steel blades. The clip point and spey blades both measure 3.25 in. and have a damascus finish and plain cutting edge. The knife can be opened with the nail nick on each blade. The Crimson bone handle measures 4 in. and offers a comfortable grip. Overall the length of the knife is 7.5 in. and it weighs approximately 4 oz. Made in the USA.
Blade Length Clip Point: 3.25 in. Spey: 3.25 in.


text:
Jobs at Health eCareers in Westfield, NJ
NYC: Dir. of Psych & staff position for Psych EM Services. Medical Ctr is closely affiliated with major teaching hosp. Exc financial pkge. Visas OK
Anapol Enterprises, LLC - NY
HEADLINE : New York City: Two positions available: (1) Director of Psychiatric Emergency Medicine Services and (2) Staff Psychiatry position. Both psychiatrists will work at a medical center that is closely affiliated with a major academic medical center/teaching hospital. The Director of Psychiatric Emergency Medicine Services wil...
Careers at Anapol Enterprises, LLC
Jobs in NY
Anapol Enterprises, LLC Jobs in NY
Manhattan, NYC: Ob/Gyn to join SSG with 4 Ob/Gyns, 2 NPs, 1 PA. Major teaching hospital. Level 3 NICU. Robotics. Call: 1:5. Strong earning potential
Anapol Enterprises, LLC - New York, NY
HEADLINE: Manhattan, New York City: Ob/Gyn is needed to join a single-specialty private practice group with four Ob/Gyn physicians, two Nurse Practitioners, and one Physician Assistant. They have a good mixture of both Ob and Gyn. Admit to a premier teaching hospital. Level 3 NICU. Robotic equipment. Weekday and Weekend Call: 1:5. $Str...
Jobs in New York, NY
Anapol Enterprises, LLC Jobs in New York, NY
Wayne, NJ (northern, 40 mins to Manhattan): Ob/Gyn for SSG with 5 Ob/Gyns, 2 NPs, 1 PA. Level 2 and Level 3 NICUs. Robotic avail. $ Exc growth ptnl.
Anapol Enterprises, LLC - Wayne, NJ
HEADLINE: Wayne, New Jersey: Ob/Gyn is needed to join a successful and very well established single-specialty group. They have five Ob/Gyn physicians, two Nurse Practitioners and one Physician Assistant. Weekday and Weekend Call will be 1:6. Good mixture of Ob and Gyn cases. Admit to two hospitals. One has a NICU Le...
Jobs in Wayne, NJ
Anapol Enterprises, LLC Jobs in Wayne, NJ
Westmed Medical Group - New York, NY
An excellent Hematologist/Oncologist opportunity exists with the Westmed Medical Group - a large, progressive, and financially thriving, physician-owned, multi-specialty practice. Within commuting distance from NYC, CT, and NJ, we offer an excellent, competitive compensation and benefits package. We are actively seeking BC/BE a Hematologist/Oncologist to join our existing team. New Gra...
Careers at Westmed Medical Group
Westmed Medical Group Jobs in New York, NY
Faculty Group Practice Physicians- Endocronology
NYU Langone Health - New York, NY
Full-Time Immediate Openings We are actively seeking Endocrinology candidates for our Ambulatory Practice in Brooklyn, Manhattan or Long Island. The ideal physicians are motivated with an interest in being part of a growing World-Class, Patient-Centered Network! Position Qualifications: Medical License Board Eligible or Bo...
Careers at NYU Langone Health
NYU Langone Health Jobs in New York, NY
Ferny Fertility New York - New York, NY
Gynecologist Ferny, a boutique-style fertility clinic located at the heart of Manhattan, is looking for a gynecologist to join our growing team. This is an on-site position that will require the candidate to come to the office from Monday to Friday. The ideal candidate would be an enthusiastic medical professional who excels in a fast-paced, team-oriented, and patient...
Careers at Ferny Fertility New York
Ferny Fertility New York Jobs in New York, NY
New York City: Chairman of Surgery Dept & staff position at NYC Medical Center. Affiliated with major NYC academic/teaching medical center. Visas OKAY
HEADLINE: New York City, New York: Two positions available: (1) Chairman of Surgery Department and (2) Staff General Surgeon. Both physicians will work at a New York City Medical Center that is closely affiliated with a major academic/teaching hospital. The Chairman of Surgery will be involved in both clinical and administrative aspects...
New York City: Several BE/BC IMs for 100% O/P. Hospital-based at NYC Medical Ctr. M- F No Call. Employed. $Very competitive pkge. Loan Repayment
HEADLINE : New York City, New York: 100% outpatient internal medicine opportunities! Several BE/BC Internists needed for hospital based staff positions at a New York City Medical Center. This Medical Center is affiliated with an academic/teaching hospital. Work Monday to Friday. 40 hour work week. No Call. These are all hospital employed opportunities. $ They are offering a ver...
Assistant Professor (GFT) / General Otolaryngologist
SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University - NY
The Department of Otolaryngology at SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University and University Hospital of Brooklyn is seeking a full time Assistant Professor (GFT) / General Otolaryngologist to join over 20 full and part time faculty at one of the premier residency training programs in the New York Metropolitan Region. The department has a referral base of over 3 million individua...
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SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University Jobs in NY
Physician Affiliate Group of New York - New York, NY
Physician Affiliate Group of New York (PAGNY) is comprised of nearly 3,000 physicians and healthcare professionals who provide services to NYC Health + Hospitals, the largest public health system in the United States. Our doctors are highly skilled professionals with outstanding credentials who deliver the highest level of quality healthcare to patients throu...
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Physician Affiliate Group of New York Jobs in New York, NY
Attending Physician - Psychiatry-OPD
Physician Affiliate Group of New York (PAGNY) is one of the largest multi-disciplinary groups in the country whose main purpose is to nurture and embolden the healthcare providers who take care of the most fragile and vulnerable patients in New York City. PAGNY people do more than diagnose and treat; we uplift the spirits and dignity of patien...
New Hope Fertility Center - New York, NY
Job Title: Gynecologist General Description: A fertility center in Manhattan is looking for a gynecologist to join our growing team. The physician is expected to perform office and hospital-based procedures including but not limited to: IUI, D & C, hysteroscopy, laparoscopy, and myomectomy. The ideal candidate would be an enthusiastic medical professional who e...
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Pediatric Surgeon , Goryeb Children's Hospital -Atlantic Health System, NJ
Atlantic Health System - Morristown, NJ
Goryeb Childrens Hospital at Morristown Medical Center is seeking a Pediatric Surgeon for delivery of pediatric surgical services. The position will involve research and resident teaching. Goryeb Children's Hospital, in Morristown, NJ with a second location in Summit, NJ- Is conveniently located approximately 45 minutes from New York City and 2 hours from Philadelphia. &nb...
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Jobs in Morristown, NJ
Atlantic Health System Jobs in Morristown, NJ
Associate Medical Director Primary Care (Gotham Health)
NYC Health + Hospitals - New York, NY
Seeking an Associate Medical Director board-certified in a Primary Care specialty to serve as the lead in the day-to-day oversight of NYC Health + Hospitals/Gotham Health, East New York. In this role, you will oversee the hiring and development of staff, as well as ensuring financial viability and quality. Take this opportunity to collaborate with management to develop strategies and policie...
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NYC Health + Hospitals - Staten Island, NY
Seeking an Associate Medical Director board-certified in a Primary Care specialty to serve as the lead in the day-to-day oversight of 9 Gotham Health Centers. In this role, you will oversee the hiring and development of staff, as well as ensuring financial viability and quality. Take this opportunity to collaborate with management to develop strategies and policies, as well as provide leader...
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An industrial automation manufacturing company located in Grass Valley, California, needed to create and design a working communication system to connect multiple devices on auto-guided machines. Ward Systems Inc., designs manufactures and distributes automated pallet handlers used in warehouse and industrial settings.
In order for the handlers to be automatically guided through a warehouse with precision, cameras attached to the vehicle itself must be as accurate as possible. These cameras also need to interact with a PLC running Modbus TCP/IP, which writes and ready data to and from the cameras' power for efficient battery usage.
As shown to the right, five cameras needed to communicate with a PLC on each handler. Ward Systems decided to use Comtrol's DeviceMaster® UP 4-Port and a daisy-chained DeviceMaster UP 1-Port to provide support for each camera. All of the cameras are directly connected to one network switch, which is then connected to the DeviceMaster switch, which is then connected to the DeviceMaster UP 4-Port and DeviceMaster UP 1-Port. The PLC is also connected to the network switch, along with a detachable PC used for configuration and programming. An RFID reader and a custom PCB board connect to the two remaining ports on the DeviceMaster UP 4-Port.
The cameras on the pallet handlers support raw/ASCII data, while the PLC supports Modbus TCP/IP. Comtrol's DeviceMaster UP enables communication between the two different protocols to make the entire system a success.


text:
Burt vows to listen in 2018 message
Tim Smith, News Editor
Published Jan 2, 2018 at 8:04 am (Updated Jan 2, 2018 at 9:17 am)
Happy new year, Bermuda
New year message: David Burt outlined government plans (File photograph by Akil Simmons)
Coward's classic for the social-media age
Car bursts into flames outside Cabinet Office
Keeping her late husband's business alive
'Landmark' charter sets out seniors' rights
Two hurt in bus crash at Barnes Corner
David Burt has vowed to communicate and listen more as the Progressive Labour Party tackles inequality in 2018.
Delivering his new year's message yesterday, the Premier said introducing a living wage and reducing the high cost of living in Bermuda would be key goals for the next 12 months.
He also issued a plea for the community to work together to confront "devastating premature deaths" as a result of gun violence, road deaths and poor health.
Mr Burt said: "In this new year, we will communicate more, listen more and do more as we will continue to focus on our promise to build a better and fairer Bermuda for all Bermudians.
"In the upcoming year, we will start to hear from the various committees that have been created as they share their findings and their recommendations.
"Over the next 12 months, we must tackle the core issue of a living wage and the high cost of living in Bermuda. We will address the needs of our seniors and education reform will remain a top priority."
Last month, MPs passed
legislation re-establishing the Cost of Living Commission, which will have powers to hand out larger fines as it examines the costs and margins of importers.
At that time, Mr Burt said that the move would go hand in hand with plans for a living wage and tax reform.
He added yesterday that the Government would provide more opportunities for entrepreneurs and increase training for Bermudians.
Last year, 15 people died in road accidents and five were murdered, while health experts repeatedly warned of the growing threat of chronic illnesses such as heart disease, stroke, type 2 diabetes, high blood pressure and obesity.
Mr Burt said yesterday: "If I only had one new year's wish, it would be for us, as Bermudians, to focus on becoming a healthier community.
"We must become more conscious of what we eat and the importance of exercise. You will hear this message over and over as we will work to reduce diabetes and obesity in Bermuda — and the Government will lead by example.
"Together we must find solutions that will reduce the devastating premature deaths in our society; those deaths caused by gun violence and road traffic collisions.
"A community approach is needed to reverse these two devastating public health crises. We need to be honest with each other and look out for our family, friends and neighbours.
"If you see a young person going down the wrong path, engage them to see how you can help them to make better decisions.
"Similarly, if your friend or loved one has been drinking, do not allow them to drive. We must work together to reduce premature deaths, and while we will introduce random sobriety tests this year, we must change our collective mindset when it comes to impaired driving.
"Bermuda, I look forward to celebrating our strengths and successes in 2018, as we work together to build a better and fairer Bermuda."


I'm about to introduce land and water forms for the fourth time. I've created and used several Montessori-inspired land and water form printables over the years, which you can download for free at any time.
All of them have been used in conjunction with fabulous and free Land and Water Cards from Montessori By Mom.
But this year we're varying things up a bit to help those who haven't quite grasped concepts in the past, and also to help those who don't learn the same way that older siblings do. In my search for great ideas I came across 10+ Ways to Teach Land and Water Forms. They are absolutely amazing and sure to be a hit. I just had to share them with you.
1. Hands-On Learning on Land and Water Forms from The Pinay Homeschooler looks like so much fun! I love how vehicles are incorporated into the work. The printable that goes along with the activity looks amazing as well.
2. Teaching Land and Water Forms from The Pinay Homeschooler once again uses vehicles to teach land and water forms in a different way. Such a fabulous activity for those who learn best with objects and textures!
3. Land & Water Forms from The Helpful Garden is a link to fabulous free printables to download. There is such a variety of options depending on the needs of your child.
4. Learning About Landforms from Around the Kampfire seems like the ultimate land and water form immersion project that ties in several different subject areas and helps a child develop so many different skills. I love this idea for my kiddos who have a one track mind related to dinosaurs or Star Wars.
5. Ocean Theme Fun! from Discovery Moments includes a picture of a land form activity where rocks are used. What an easy and fabulous way to create land. No salt dough or clay needed!
6. Super Teacher Worksheets has some fabulous printables. I really like the one that includes cutting and gluing as part of the activity. My kiddos always seem to need extra practice with those skills.
7. Learning About Land and Water Formations-Montessori Outdoor Explorations from Montessori Nature introduces a wonderful way to learn about land and water formations at the beach! If you have a child who loves being outside and you have a beach nearby, this may be the perfect way to teach land and water forms.
8. Crayola provides instructions for a fabulous land and water form art project that includes cutting, gluing, textured paper, etc. The final product looks amazing!
9. Life At Sea Week III: Pirates from Every Star Is Different includes a great land and water form activity using felt cut outs. This works great when you have limited space, and also when you have a child who may not be the safest with materials.
10. As I was looking on Pinterest I saw a photo of Land and Water Form Cupcakes using blue and green colored cake batter. Sadly it had no link. However, I wanted to be sure to mention it here because if there's one way to help two of my kiddos learn a concept it's to make cupcakes. I'm guessing Land and Water Form Pancakes would also be an option with this activity.
If you're looking for more resources when teaching about land and water forms, be sure to check out the list of materials below!
Bulldozer's birthday is this month. I can't believe he's turning 9 years old. It seems like just yesterday he was being put in my arms for the first time. Our tradition of making wish lists continues this year with these gift ideas for boys. Bulldozer is more excited than ever about his wish list. He sat down with me and picked out every item.
When Bulldozer was little he was obsessed with cars. Over the past three months it appears the obsession has returned. I admit I'm kind of excited. There are so many fun car related things for nine year old boys! And you never know if the obsession continues, we may have a future mechanic on our hands.
Bulldozer loves superheroes and has for a very long time. His biggest concern right now is that he doesn't have ALL of the Marvel movies that he loves so much. His brother and him take turns picking a movie to unwind with each night before bed. The movies below are ones he's already seen and loves. He just doesn't own them yet.
At our new home we spend at least three hours a day outside. Bulldozer has noticed that we're a little short on sports equipment that he likes, especially when it comes to playing sports games as a family every night after dinner. The items below are the basics he's requesting.
Second to Star Wars, LEGO Nexo Knights are Bulldozer's favorite thing. I personally don't know much about them, but it's all he talks about. From what I understand you collect shields. Each shield has a different power. The more powers you have, the more you'll be able to play the LEGO Nexo Kights video game, which is what he loves more than anything.
When it came to making his wish list Bulldozer did a search for every LEGO Nexo Knight item that includes a power he doesn't have. Not only does he love all of the items, but he can't wait to get his hands on these new shields.
The list is divided into two sections. The first list is items over $10. Below is another list of items that are under $10. Some of them seriously cost under $4. So if you're trying to round out gifts, don't hesitate to throw something small in there.
*There is no limit to how many of these are purchased as they are mystery bags.
Now before we go any further with the next section of Bulldozer's wish list I need to explain a few things. Jason and I are not gun people. We've never owned a gun. Neither of us has a desire to own one. Both of us believe that guns can be useful when hunting for food, but for any other purpose, we are not supporters of them.
Bulldozer and his brother on the other hand, are obsessed with weapons. They've shown interest in weapons for quite some time now. We've had nerf guns, water guns, and LEGO guns, but it's definitely not the same as owning a "real" gun.
Jason and I are very big on letting our children make their own decisions in regards to their beliefs and values. When it comes to guns, we're no different. Both of us agree, if they have an interest in guns, we'd rather teach them how to use them responsibly than not. And when not in use, the weapons will be kept under lock and key.
Now that we've gotten that out of the way, I'd like to present to you Bulldozer's Outdoor Adventure section of his wish list. With so much land to roam and have fun with, and a barn that will be turned into the boys' own hang out very soon, there's plenty of room for them to use these items.
And finally, a wish list for Bulldozer would not be complete without a Star Wars section, his favorite thing in the whole wide world. He has assured me he would love any of the items below. Lol.
If you have a boy in your life with a birthday, special occasion, or holiday coming up, perhaps some of these gift ideas will work for him? We know that Bulldozer's grandparents, aunts and cousins love these lists as it makes shopping for him so much easier.
And if you don't find anything on this list, perhaps check out Bulldozer's wish list from last year and the year before.
Too often I see a question about how to incorporate music and Montessori as if they are two things that don't work together. Today I'd like to show just how compatible music and Montessori are and provide you with 6 tips when teaching music in a Montessori classroom. If you aren't combining the two, you are missing out on so much learning!
It is very rare to find a child who does not respond positively to music in some way. Most children love rhythm, melody, and so many aspects of music, especially when combined with movement. Music is a language that all can understand no matter levels of education, language, race, ethnicity, or background. It speaks to our hearts and minds in ways that other types of communication can not.
Yes, I'm biased. Music has been a very big part of my life. Before my children were born and we started our Montessori journey, it was my career. I graduated from college as a music major with an emphasis in voice. Since high school I have taught piano and voice lessons to people of all ages. As my children have grown it has been a major part of our daily lives.
1. Follow the child when studying musical concepts.
When considering the combination of music and Montessori it's important to identify a focus. Music is a very broad term and includes so many different skills. As you observe your child consider what aspects of music he likes best and start there. If you have not introduced all aspects of music, trial and error is the best way to go, knowing that some materials and activities may not be used.
The options are limitless as all of the suggestions above can be broken down even further. Dinomite is obsessed with musicals and conducting right now. Bulldozer is obsessed with modern day composers who write film scores. Princess is trying out her voice singing anywhere she can. Sunshine loves instruments and dance. She's also very good at "Name that Tune."
2. Incorporate music into other subject areas.
If a child loves music, it is quite easy to incorporate musical ideas into the learning of subjects such as language, math, science, history, etc. Whether you use an instrument to help with the counting of numbers or syllables, or use songs to teach concepts in science and history, a child with a passion for music will respond in positive ways.
If you're unsure about what instruments to use, be sure to check out all of the options in my post: The Best Musical Instruments to Use in a Montessori Classroom.
Bulldozer struggles with auditory processing issues. When I teach new concepts he often struggles. However, if I put concepts to music with visuals, he catches on quicker than anyone else. When I'm introducing new concepts, I always try to find a song that will go along with what he's learning. All of our children learned a song for every number 2-9 when skip counting. To this day they sing the songs every time they need them.
3. Use music to introduce lessons and topics in the classroom.
Dinomite is obsessed with the clean version of the musical Hamilton right now and has been for some time. This has lead to an interest in American History, the study of past Presidents of the United States of America, a specific interest in the constitution and the desire to visit our nation's capital.
Before Hamilton he couldn't get enough of Newsies. The musical inspired our study of the printing press, writing newspaper articles etc. You can see all we did in the post: Learning Activities Inspired by Newsies the Musical. Had I introduced the history of the printing press and writing newspaper articles without the musical, he would have shown no interest.
If you notice your child shows an interest in a piece of music, use the music as inspiration for learning. It can make a world of difference and help the child remember the material and experience in ways that are otherwise not possible.
4. Incorporate music activities into Montessori-inspired thematic units.
Most often it's easy to incorporate at least one music activity when studying a topic of interest. Some examples of this can be found in previous unit studies.
If you're struggling to come up with your own ideas know that all of my Montessori-inspired Unit Syllabuses include two music activities with links to free printables if needed.
5. Embrace the study of music in the classroom knowing that the child will develop skills necessary in other subject areas.
At times we come across a child who is only interested in music, and will do nothing else. When this happens we can choose to follow the child. Focusing academic studies on musical concepts does not mean all is lost in other subject areas. Music is language. It is math. History can be taught through music. The science of sound and how it's evolved is fascinating.
Do not underestimate the power of music. If you still find yourself struggling to come up with ideas the blogs below are fabulous resources!
For those who are unaware, there is a Montessori music curriculum. It focuses on the use of bells and tone bars. The materials are very pricey but can be very beneficial for a child who responds well to music. You can purchase the Montessori Music Album with all of the curriculum at Garden of Francis.
There are also many DIY ideas out there for those who can not afford the actual materials. Here are my favorites!
There should never be any reason to hesitate incorporating Montessori and music. The two go hand in hand, especially when you are being led by Maria Montessori's principle of "following the child." I can't imagine what our classroom would be without music. It is essential to creating an environment of peace and order.
It is rare to meet a child who doesn't love music in some form. Music can be a fabulous way to engage children and help them learn. Instruments are the perfect at keeping little hands busy and focused, whether accompanying a song or learning how to count.
So much can be taught and learned when musical instruments are included in a Montessori environment. They provide such an amazing sensory experience. The hard part is deciding what musical instruments are appropriate for a Montessori setting. Today I'm sharing my recommendations for the best musical instruments to use in a Montessori classroom.
All instruments are made from natural materials. They are child sized for little hands. Most are played using hands instead of the mouth to minimize the spreading of germs. (I usually remove an instruments played with the mouth, even when they come in sets.) Lastly, they're proven to withstand the test of time.
If you're on a limited budget and don't know where to start, these musical instrument sets are the perfect way to go. All are small and easy to store. The handbells can be a great way to introduce the Montessori music curriculum. All other sets are made of solid wood and absolutely beautiful!
My children are blessed with a grandfather who's known as the "Music Man" of our town. He collects musical instruments of all kinds. Whether we're visiting his home or he comes to ours, the kiddos have so much fun playing instruments he's collected. These instruments are our favorites and small enough for any little hands to enjoy.
Just in case you don't have enough musical instruments to choose from already, here are some more! These instruments I've found to be particularly wonderful to have on hand, whether we're studying a continent or a special needs kiddo needs extra support through a lesson where musical instruments would be appropriate and beneficial.
If you have not invested in musical instruments for your Montessori classroom, I highly recommend it. Children love them, especially when movement is incorporated into their use. I know our kiddos' education would not be the same without them.


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About Wishful Singing
Workshops & lectures
"Wishful Singing have that incredibly rare ability to move one to tears with the sheer beauty and pureness of their beautiful voices and at the very next moment leave one on the floor in a helpless pile of laughter."
Stephen Connolly, King's Singers
A female a cappella performance by Wishful Singing is an exuberant journey packed with highlights and surprises. Five classically trained female singers combine their flexible voices and powerful stage presentation in their own unique way. Seemingly effortless and simple, every gesture and every sound used to good effect, adventurous from beginning to end.
The singers sang together in the Netherlands Youth Choir. They hit it off so well there that the ambition developed to continue together in female a cappella repertoire; a relatively rare genre very dear to the hearts of all five. The top quality displayed since by Wishful Singing – both aurally and visually – makes the ensemble unique in the world.
The repertoire ranges from modest works from the Renaissance and Baroque eras to swinging versions of golden oldies such as Mister Sandman. The ensemble provides a full evening's entertainment that leads the audience from one surprise to the next. The emotions summoned up vary from hushed poignancy to screams of laughter. The individual quality of each singer is shown to full advantage in the group's collective intonation and balance. It is this, in combination with their sense of timing, plus their talent for wry comedy, that makes Wishful Singing so prominent in their field.
The ensemble performs regularly in Dutch concert halls such as the Concertgebouw in Amsterdam, and at foreign festivals such as the prestigious City of London Festival. There are also regular tours abroad, including Japan, the USA, Germany, Spain, Estonia and Italy. Wishful Singing are resolutely and actively working to expand the female a cappella repertoire by frequently commissioning compositions. In addition the ensemble collaborates often, and in many different contexts, with other musicians, artists and young talent.
Download our biography
Download our complete biography below
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Wishful Singing radiates with spontaneity and youthful zest. They have a beautiful colour to their well blended voices and show high level of discipline in their performances. Wishful Singing engages the audience with charm and a love for the music that they sing.
– Mariss Jansons, Chef Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra
For bookings:
Wishful Singing is sponsored by the Performing Arts Fund NL
Wishful Singing is sponsored by donors from Wishful Fifty


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'use strict';
var assert = require('assert');
var all = require('..').all;

assert(all(Date, []));
assert(!all(Date, [undefined]));
assert(all(Date, [new Date(), new Date(), new Date()]));
assert(all(Date, new Array()));
assert(all(Date, new Array(new Date(), new Date(), new Date())));
assert(all(Number, new Array(10)));
assert(!all(Date, null));
assert(!all(Date, [new Date(), new Date(), '2000-1-1']));
assert(!all(Date, ['a', 'b', 'c']));
assert(!all(Date, new Date()));

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Deep Ellum Block Party is an indoor and outdoor, walkable, arts and culture festival taking place in Dallas, Texas in 2015. There will be over 1,000 bands, visual artists, film makers, brewers, actors, dancers, comedians, authors, food vendors and more.
The site is a built with Foundation and WordPress with a heavily customized back-end for adding artists and vendors as well as standard blog posts. Artwork by Luke, of course.


"My private area of protected landscape"
The art is associated with the nature just as much as it is related to the man. / as the man is bound to her. Artist standing on the border of relation between the culture and nature is a link of these two worlds, a sensitive recipient and a sender. "The amazing prodigality of nature in the use of blue" is a continuation of the project "My private area of protected landscape". The world is an indivisibleunity and it belongs to both the nature and the man, his work and his art. The exhibition which is a summary of the project, presents a complete cycle and will be created as a painting space in which the image (painting) will be understood as partof the world, fulfilling the function of communication within the same world andrealised only a certain degree of perfection. The world of art and artists, a variety of artistic attitudes is really infinite and cannot be grasped just like the world of nature. Each element is of the essence of macro and micro perspective.
Consequence of my painting attitude is an important element of diversity andcomplement the creation of a common consciousness and yet I feel like an integralpart of nature.
"My private area of protected landscape" - consists of open, paint compositionsabout 4 max 7 m, consisting of 77 modules x110cm creating a pictorial space that, depending on the capabilities of the exhibition can grow or narrow. At the same timeeach component of a larger whole is a finite, self-image.
Construction of painting environment is a direct reference to nature, which consists of an unlimited number of elements, and these elements function in an infinite number of combinations. It is difficult to remain indifferent towards this fascinating ability of nature to the variability and uniqueness and ability toevolve.
Nature can create itself, through the creation of spatial forms, unique structuresexisting for a moment or centuries, changing color and light depending on time of day or year.
Painting measures are used in a way that extends the boundaries of the image - the space beyond the image and the space within the image - an image not having a permanent stroke and line stopping. Aspect of the fragment to form a whole and the relationship - background (the voice that reaches the empty space, having equalimportance of form and colour).
Painting-Image understood in this way - there is nothing in the illusionist, is purely visual and aesthetic sensation, intuitively engineered by the artist andgenerating an infinite number of worlds. The value is what is elusive and unnamedvariables and the viewer is actively cooperates in the creation of new meanings, andmeanings.


Disney Announces Toy Story Land Coming to Hollywood Studios!
Today, Disney's annual D23 expo has some major announcements for the parks! One of these announcements is the all new Toy Story Land, which will be coming to Disney's Hollywood Studios.
This new expansion will add two new attractions and will expand the existing Pixar Place section of the park.
One of the new attractions will be a new roller coaster. The family friendly ride will twist you around the course in slinky dog themed cars. It sounds like it will be a fun attraction.
Another addition will be an Alien Saucers attraction. The famous three-eyed aliens will appear in this ride, which will let families travel in their own flying saucers. This attraction should help Hollywood studios appeal to a younger demographic, which is one that is currently neglected at the thrill-heavy park.
The final expansion will be adding a much needed third track to the extremely popular "Toy Story Midway Mania" attraction. This ride has one of the longest waits of any ride at the Disney parks, and this should help shorten the wait.
Are you excited for this new addition from the D23 expo? Let us know and see updates as they are announced by following us on Instagram, Facebook and Twitter! You can also find us on YouTube, Google+, and Tumblr! Thank you for visiting Theme Parks and Travels! Be sure to follow us here on WordPress and share with the buttons below!


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5 Questions We Asked on Our First Wedding Anniversary
Navigate Life, Relationships
Molly Cruitt
My first wedding anniversary is rapidly approaching. I could say all kinds of cliché things about how I can't believe how quickly the year has gone, about how marriage is worth it and how our wedding day was the happiest day of our lives — but to say that wouldn't add anything new or valuable to anyone besides me and Patrick.
To be honest, on most days marriage is pretty boring. We live our married life — much like most of our lives — in the holy ordinary, where the choices we make and the motions through which we move define who we become as people. That's how much of our first year of marriage has gone.
At the same time, Patrick and I hope to be intentional about the stage we're setting for ourselves and eventually for our family, so we decided to use this occasion to have an honest conversation about our first year of marriage. Here's what we said — and what we learned.
Why did you marry me?
Patrick: I am generally wary of this question, because I know how much our justifications for making big, life-changing decisions often evolve with hindsight. However, I think an element of that process was baked into why I chose to marry you from the beginning. When I proposed to you in the living room, after all my plans had gone completely off the rails, I told you that the choice we were making to commit to one another was one we had already made and would continually make in the future.
I chose to marry you because I knew that repeatedly choosing to love you had already transformed my life. Celebrating the sacrament of marriage with you would be equally transformative. And I knew that continuing to choose you in the future would push me toward becoming the person I want to be when I'm with you. In that context, I think it makes sense that the answer to "why" will constantly evolve and change throughout our marriage.
Molly: Sorry I ruined your proposal plans, and sorry I'm impossible to surprise.
I married you because you make me a better version of me, and I know as a married couple we will be able to fulfill our vocation and change the world by bringing life and love into it together. I married you because while I don't believe in soulmates, I do believe that when I'm with you, I become better — and I believe that, in some way or another, God sent you to me.
What do you know now that you didn't know a year ago?
Patrick: I've learned how the vows we made in the marriage sacrament have real power. This lesson was most clear when we went to our friends' wedding shortly after ours. Listening to their exchange of vows hammered home how I am constantly called to be a better husband. One of the things that I find really powerful in the Catholic marriage rite is that the Eucharist plays a central role. So every time we attend Sunday Mass and participate in the Eucharist, there is a kind of renewal of vows. I am reminded that I am called to be united in love with you, and that our love enables us to bring life to others. I don't think I knew a year ago how powerful a reminder this would be, and how much it would challenge me to ever more fully live out my vows.
Molly: I've learned that the commitment that comes with marriage is concrete and real. For basically nine years I've pretty much assumed we would be together forever — but there's something different that happened when we got married. Suddenly, when we talk about our kids, it's not some ethereal "maybe, someday" thing where I know I'll have kids but can't be certain with whom. Now, when we talk about our family and our future plans, things are set — it's more real.
And I've learned that being married doesn't mean things get easier or go away. We're still going to have to figure out life, and jobs, and major life decisions together — and while it's certainly comforting that you'll be there with me every step of the way, that doesn't take away your desires or mine, my stubbornness or yours. So I suppose that means I've learned —unsurprisingly — that marriage is work!
What's been the most surprising thing about marriage?
Patrick: The most surprising thing about marriage is how much more intense and collaborative our decision-making process has become. Even though being together so long gave us some of a head start on developing common habits and expectations for our life as a married couple, I've found that since marriage, these have taken on new meaning. We are setting the groundwork for how we operate as a family moving forward, in everything from combining finances to balancing time between our two families. It feels as if there's a greater weight to the decisions we make and what they mean for our future together. At the same time, I feel more strongly than ever before that we're a team.
Molly: I've been surprised — though maybe I shouldn't be — by how normal and ordinary married life feels. The strangest thing about being married has been saying my new name — and every once in a while I still slip up. Other than that, our daily life of being husband and wife feels completely and totally ordinary. It's not different than most of the other sacraments I've experienced; when I was confirmed, I didn't feel like an adult all of a sudden. I suppose that's the nature of the sacrament — that it transforms us and who we are, that it's a sign of something bigger, but that this transformation is so beyond our comprehension that it's not quite perceptible. So the majority of my days of marriage are ordinary, but there's beauty in that ordinary. And the rest is trust: trust that we're doing this right, trust that something bigger is happening than we can understand, trust that our commitment to one another brings more love and light to the world through these everyday moments.
What would you tell yourself if you could go back to the night before or the morning of our wedding?
Molly: Okay, so mayyyybe I forgot the rings at my parents' house. And maybe that made our wedding start 15 minutes late, and maybe the photographer had to go back and get them. Oops.
What I'd want to tell myself would be more about the planning phase: "Relax, everything is a gift." I spent so much time worrying about the day — what might go wrong, whether I'd be overwhelmed by the people and the day, how I'd feel walking down the aisle with everyone looking at me. But once we got to that day, I just absolutely knew in my heart that everything was right — and nothing else mattered. I wish I could've given myself that peace in advance of the preparation, but I'm grateful that it was there at the end of the day.
What have you learned about marriage after being married a year?
Patrick: I've learned that marriage means that we both need to be ready to make sacrifices — and at the same time, that sacrifices feel less painful because we're both all-in. Over the past year, I've constantly relearned that my purpose is to be a husband — and eventually a father — first and foremost. Once my priorities are reoriented around that, making decisions as a married couple has always seemed easier and less of a compromise.
So after a year of marriage, that's where we're at. Patrick and I both have a much more realistic vision of marriage, and we've got a pretty clear grasp on what our purpose in this life is: we're in this together to make the world a better place by the decisions we make and the paths we walk. And most of all, we're doing that in the everyday, boring, silly, holy ordinary moments.
What Our First Year of Marriage Taught Us About Compromise
Marriage is About More than Just the Couple
Article & Video
3 Questions That Will Transform Your Relationship
A Newlywed's Promise to Her Single Friends
A Therapist Explains 3 Common Relationship Issues


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Amazon delays its MMO, New World, by three months
Amazon's upcoming fantasy MMORPG New World has been delayed by three months. In an update that probably surprised nobody, Amazon Game Studios announced that the title won't make its May release. Instead, it will now drop on August 25. This is yet another delay attributed to the global crisis, though the community is skeptical about whether COVID-19 is truly the perpetrator.
The New World delay is, perhaps, a good thing?
"Like most of you," Amazon wrote in its update, "our entire team has been sequestered as a result of the global COVID-19 pandemic. While we are still making great progress, developing an ambitious MMO like New World remotely has introduced some challenges. We want to make sure that we have the time needed to make New World the very best it can be for our players."
The message goes on to explain that Amazon takes the utmost care of the health of its employees, and it asks for understanding during these strange times. But many in the MMO community quickly jumped to the conclusion that they are simply using the pandemic as a convenient scapegoat. They believe Amazon Game Studios underestimated what it takes to create an MMO as big as New World.
Regardless, many see the delay as a positive, as it will allow Amazon to fix a game that they believe is not even close to ready for release. However, there are also those who looked forward to the beta this month and pre-ordered for that reason. They are understandably annoyed that they are now not getting what they paid for. Several such individuals are asking Amazon for guaranteed access to the alpha, at least.
And while the game is still in alpha, a release for next month was looking far too close for comfort. It's a mightily dangerous time for MMOs to release in a broken or underwhelming state, as proven by Final Fantasy XIV and Wildstar.
In the meantime, the New World alpha remains open as the team continues to work on the game. You can still sign up for it, too.
Amazon, delays, MMO, Months, world
Bloons TD 6 best banana farm
5 reasons why you should try upcoming monster-raising game, Becoming BytesTM | Articles
Crapshoot: Deus, the FPS that made us do surgery to get hit points back


If you are faced with one of the following issues, Southern States Automotive Group can help you rebuild AND drive.
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Bitdefender 2020 Business Threat Landscape Report Reveals New Challenges for 2021
Posted on November 3, 2020 January 12, 2021 by Bitdefender
More attacks aimed at exploiting unpatched year-old vulnerabilities
An increase in stealth/covert execution tactics
APT-hackers-for-hire becoming the new norm
Based on this year's business threat landscape report, these are likely a small part of the challenges organizations will face throughout 2021.
More information about the "new normal" state of cybersecurity can also be found in a recent webinar where we were joined by Forrester Senior Analyst Chris Sherman, who presented how how the buyer's security challenges have evolved during the pandemic and How endpoint security is expected to evolve in the next 5 years. Click on the banner below to watch the full webinar.
Bitdefender business telemetry shows that 63.63 percent of all reported unpatched vulnerabilities involve CVEs that are older than 2018, potentially signaling that organizations have a large attack surface that threat actors could exploit. If the highlight of opportunistic threats in 2020 revolved around spear-phishing emails leveraging the Coronavirus pandemic, it's likely that unpatched vulnerabilities will make the spotlight into 20201. If organizations don't start adopting patch management solutions that asses the state of employees' machines for unpatched vulnerabilities, companies could be at serious risk.
The use of PowerShell commands and scrips remains the preferred sub-technique that attackers use during the execution stage of attacks, accounting for 52.52 percent of all reported sub-techniques. With attackers focused on tactics that involve flying below the radar of traditional security solutions, it's likely that organizations will have to reassess their security stack for 2021 to include more than just antimalware capabilities.
One of the biggest changes in the threat landscape involves the emergence of APT-hackers-for-hire, which forces companies of all sizes and across all verticals to reassess their threat model. While traditional APT attacks were something facing government entities and specific industries, APT-style attacks by APT-mercenaries completely change the security paradigm for all organizations.
Whether it's companies being caught off guard by the rapid transition towards a remote workforce, or new threat landscape shifts, it's likely that 2020 was just a catalyst for changes throughout 2021 as businesses seek to cope with the "new normal." From infrastructure blind spots caused by the rapid transition to a work-from-home regime, to employees facing more risk than ever, and the emergence of APT-mercenaries, 2020 likely serves as a preview for what companies should expect in the next 12 months.
For more information about how the pandemic has changed the threat landscape for organizations, check out our 2020 Business Threat Landscape Report.


Discover ideas about Highlights At Home. How to Darken Your Highlights at Home. my platinum blonde hairdresser got a bit overzealous w/ my 'a few subtle. How to Fix Bad Highlights at Home. This will warm up any grey But after today's highlighting session, I have some very blonde streaks and one side of my head looks really grey. . How to Darken Your Blonde Hair at Home. 4 days ago Learn how to darken your hair color with natural products at home with ingredients like cocoa and sage.
from orange roots, to yellow blondes, and stripy highlights to patchy hair dye, will need to lighten the hair more and then tone it darker, adding the ash into it." at-home hair colour like L'Oréal Professional's Colourful Hair in Coral Sunset. Blonde highlights can liven up dull-looking block color and give the appearance of texture, volume If your highlights are too light in contrast to an overall darker. In the world of blonde hair, brassiness is considered especially heinous. In Denver, Colorado, this dedicated beauty writer, determined to rid.
It looked good on top of really blonde highlights. Now it's too Oh and too add to it all I have a home kit Brazilian blow dry kit I wanted to use soon. I have just. Highlights can accentuate eye color, bring out cheek bones, and even slim faces. They show off the . For darker hair, try sombré. "Low-maintenance . Is What Happened · Home. How I Share A Tiny NYC Studio With My S.O.


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Robbemond will remain rest of season trainer Willem II
Reinier Robbemond the rest of this season, the coach of Willem II. The 46-year-old South-Hollander stood since the resignation of Erwin of Tanning two weeks ago for the group in the Brabanders.
"We have chosen to the season with the current technical staff. Reinier knows the staff and cast of actors good and about the showing of the game and the results achieved, against PSV and FC Twente, we are satisfied," says technical director Joris Mathijsen Tuesday on the website of Willem II.
With Robbemond, that under the Tanning assistant, as head coach, the people of tilburg for a tremendous stunt against leader PSV (5-0). Last Saturday grabbed Willem II at the very end next to the gain at FC Twente (2-2).
The club from Brabant takes with 27 points in the fourteenth place in the Premier league. Willem II stands with still six games to go six points above the degradatiezone.
"I am pleased that the club trust me and the rest of the staff has given to the season off," responds Robbemond. "We want the last six rounds the line of the last matches to continue to the maximum results."
View the program and the position of the Premier league


Meditations on the mysteries of the Rosary in larger print for the visually impaired.
It also explains the practical steps of saying the Rosary, with helpful instructions and all the various prayers that are used. The booklet contains scripture passages to aid contemplation of each of the Mysteries, including the recently introduced Mysteries of Light (or Luminous Mysteries).This new Rosary book responds to John Paul II's call to rediscover the Rosary. The inspired recommendations of his Apostolic Letter Rosarium Virginis Mariae (2002) are woven throughout. A final section considers why it is important to rediscover the Rosary.