Turnovers play a critical role in football.
A tipped pass for an interception or crushing hit for a fumble can decide a close game. No coach emerges from a press conference without touting the importance of winning the turnover battle.
However, not all turnovers are created equal. In the 2013 NFL regular season, teams with more interceptions than their opponent won the game 80% of the time. Teams that forced and recovered more fumbles than their opponents won the game 70% of the time.
Interceptions have a bigger impact because the defender is most likely on his feet after the takeaway. This can lead to a big swing in field position or even a score. Defenders that recover fumbles tend to fall on the ball.
What factors affect interceptions in the NFL? Here, we'll look at the surprising analytics behind interceptions.
You can do better than guessing that each team will throw picks on 2.9% of pass attempts, the NFL average. And it doesn't involve an arcane statistic that comes from charting games. The critical numbers are in the box score, although it might not be the numbers you expect.
We'll also look at how this analysis changes the predicted point spread for a game.
Seattle cornerback Richard Sherman led the NFL in interceptions in 2013. Despite all of his public claims about being the best cornerback in the league, Sherman credits his front seven for much of his success.
Pass rush is an obvious candidate to affect interceptions. The more often a defense applies pressure on the quarterback, the more often he throws an errant pass. Or perhaps the defender strikes the quarterback's arm, causing a wobbly pass to fall into the hands of the defense.
To study this, we need to measure the strength of the pass rush. To start, let's look at sacks, a number that requires proper context. A defense might rack up more sacks by facing more pass attempts. To account for this, let's use sack rate, or sacks divided by the sum of pass attempts and sacks, as a measure of pass rush.
To determine whether pass rush causes interceptions, consider NFL defenses in the regular season from 2003 through 2013. While I expected defenses with a better sack rate to have a higher interception rate, there's no correlation between these two quantities for these 352 defenses.
For those with a technical inclination, sack rate explains less than 1% of the variance in interception rate. For everyone else, check out the left panel of the visual in the next section.
Richard Sherman might be a great cornerback because of Seattle's pass rush. However, his pass rush doesn't explain his high interception total in 2013.
If pass rush has no effect on a defense's interceptions, what about pass protection on offense? An offensive line that keeps pass rushers away from the quarterback might result in fewer interceptions.
Over the same 11 regular seasons, the sack rate allowed by an offense explains 6% of the variance in the interception rate. While this correlation is stronger than on defense, I still do not recommend using sacks to predict interceptions. The right panel of the visual shows why.
We can dig even deeper into pass protection. Over the last 5 seasons, the NFL has tracked QB hits, or the number of times the quarterback gets hit after releasing the ball. We can now calculate the rate at which an offensive line allows the hits on the quarterback (the sum of QB hits and sacks divided by the sum of pass attempts and sacks).
This QB hit rate gives a better perspective on pass protection. An offensive line might look good because of a low sack rate. For example, Indianapolis gave up sacks on 5.2% of pass attempts in 2013, 5th best in the NFL.
However, this same offensive line allowed a hit rate of 23%, 26th worst in the NFL. Andrew Luck's ability to get rid of the ball in the face of pressure played a big role in their low sack rate. The lack of protection probably also contributed to Luck's below average completion percentage of 60% in 2013.
However, even a better statistic like QB hit rate doesn't correlate with interceptions. Hit rate explains 4% of the variance in interception rate, a weaker correlation than shown in the right panel of the visual.
The data does not support the belief that pass rush affects interceptions. I would guess this comes from the ability of NFL quarterbacks to not let pressure to affect their accuracy. Of the thousands that play in high school and hundreds that make it to college, only 32 can play in the pros. These quarterbacks do not fold under pressure.
However, these 32 quarterback do vary in their accuracy, and that might impact interceptions.
Despite the wobbles of the his balls, Peyton Manning has shown incredible precision with his throws. Over his career, he has completed 65.5% of his passes. Of active players, only Drew Brees and Aaron Rodgers have a better career completion percentage.
However, Peyton has gotten even better after having multiple neck surgeries. In his last two seasons with Denver, his completion percentage has increased to 68.4%.
Do more accurate quarterbacks throw fewer interceptions? Any fan would rather have Manning and Rodgers leading their offense than Derek Anderson or Brady Quinn. But are fewer interceptions a consequence of a better quarterback?
To answer this question, consider the career statistics for NFL quarterbacks in 2013 with at least 500 career pass attempts. The visual of these 52 players shows the negative correlation between completion percentage and interception rate.
Peyton Manning is the third point from the right, and he has thrown picks at a higher rate than this regression analysis predicts. Aaron Rodgers has the lowest interception rate of the 3 quarterbacks with better than 65% completion rate.
The outlier with the lowest interception rate is Nick Foles, the second year quarterback with Philadelphia. As much potential as he has shown, he will not continue to throw interceptions on 1.2% of his pass attempts. The same applies to San Francisco's Colin Kaepernick, the point with the second lowest interception rate (1.7%).
This correlation does not imply that better accuracy causes fewer interceptions. But this conclusion does seem logical. The quarterback has control over where he throws the ball. The more control he shows, the less likely the ball hits the hands of a defender. There are better ways to look at this causation, but they will have to wait for another day.
For these quarterbacks, completion percentage explains 32% of the variance in interception rate. In the noisy world of football statistics, that's as strong a relationship as you will see between two statistics. In addition, the correlation also exists for the regular season statistics of offenses from 2003 through 2013. Here, completion percentage explains 20% of the variance in interception rate.
With this strong relationship between accuracy and interceptions, how can we modify a point spread prediction for a game?
To use these results to adjust a prediction, let's look back at the Super Bowl between Seattle and Denver at the end of the 2013 season. Before the game, the team rankings at The Power Rank predicted Seattle by 1.3 points, which implied a 46% chance for Denver to win.
Denver had a lower likelihood to throw a pick based on Peyton Manning's accuracy. On average, NFL quarterbacks throw interceptions on 2.9% of pass attempts. With Peyton's 65.5% career completion percentage, the regression model predicted he would throw interceptions on 2.56% of pass attempts. For a league average 35 pass attempts, this meant 0.14 fewer interceptions for the game.
While such a small fraction of picks might seem inconsequential, the impact of such a turnover makes it matter. From the relationship between interceptions and points in NFL games, the average interception is worth about 5 points. This changed the predicted point spread by 0.7 points in Denver's favor. Seattle's predicted margin of victory dropped from 1.3 to 0.6, which increased Denver's win probably from 46% to 48%.
The game didn't go Denver's way. Seattle's defenders knew what mouthwash Manning used before the game since they spent the entire game in the backfield.
Manning thew 2 interceptions. The first was an errant pass that landed in the hands of Cam Chancellor, a play in which Manning wasn't pressured that heavily. The second pick came when a defender hit his arm on a throw. The football wobbled into the hands of Malcolm Smith, who ran for a Seattle touchdown.
For the game, Manning thew 49 passes, so the two picks implied a 4.1% interception rate. Even with this small sample size, that is not an outrageous rate. If not for the bad luck on the pick in which his arm got hit, Manning would have had a 2% rate.
Common sense says that pass rush and throwing accuracy affect interceptions. However, the NFL data only shows a link with one of these factors. If you want to predict interceptions, stay away from pass rush statistics and look at completion percentage.
Would there be a correlation between yards gained rushing by the QB and a low interception rate?
This might explain Kaepernick … taking off to run rather than make a bad throw?
Yards gained rushing (or on scrambles with no passes available) probably says more about the running skills of the QB than the ability to avoid picks.
I did look into sack rate for each QB's, but I'll have to save that for a different post.
I have found that quarterbacks that tend to run the ball do have lower interception rates than would be explained by completion percentages. That is the case in college too. Tim Tebow, for instance, was not an accurate quarterback but he took off an ran the ball when he couldn't find an open receiver rather than force a throw. That helps explain his low interception rate both in college and the NFL. So, I do agree with you that running quarterbacks tend to throw less interceptions than expected based on completion percentages.
Thanks, Bob. We'll see how Kaepernick does as his career continues.
1) Seeing the pressure and taking off running.
3) Seeing the pressure, waiting, and launching a ball downfield in play (with possible INT).
4) Not seeing the pressure and getting sacked (with possible fumble).
Finding what stats best indicate these outcomes will be key to predicting INT rates with OL and opposing defense held constant.
First off, thanks, because I always enjoy your columns. However, in this case, I would argue that completion percentage has two primary components: accuracy, as you mention, and offensive style, which isn't mentioned. I suspect that the correlation between completion percentage and interception rate is actually as much a function of the style of passes that the offense attempts as the quarterback's accuracy. In this case, the completion rate vs interception percentage chart would benefit from comparing similar throws, ie 0-10 yds downfield against 10-20 and 20+ or something similar. I feel like this might give you a better insight on the quarterback's "accuracy" and that relationship to interception rate. For example, my perception is that the style of offense run by the Colts changed considerably this year compared to Luck's rookie year. Would this style change explain more of the change in interception rate and completion rate rather than his maturity?
RK, thanks. That's certainly an angle to look at. I should have mentioned style of passes in the article. It clearly matters, but it's hard to quantify without charting each play. I do think style of play matters even more in college than in the NFL.
This is dead on. Comp. pct. is massively correlated to depth of target. Depth of target is correlated to INT rate. Therefore, it's not surprising (though not necessarily causal) that comp. pct. and INT rates are correlated.
Great article! Will you be incorporating this info into your rankings and win probabilities? What about Russell Wilson… you got one of the 2 QB's in the game.. Which data point is he and how does that change the predicted MOV?
Wilson is at 63.6% completion percentage. Pretty close to league average with not a ton of attempts, so we'll stick with 2.9% pick rate for him. His actual pick rate over 2 seasons has been 2.4%.
1. Pass Efficiency sorts teams (probably) better than any single stat.
2. INTs define winners and losers in any individual game more than any single stat.
So, what is the grease in the system? What makes teams "win" in #1 and #2, holding the variable of QB ability and just-plain team ability constant? Something, in the running game, by my guess. Otherwise, we are in Dr. Ben Alomar's world, where a team should never run the ball because YPPA is greater than YPRA.
But that's why we hired you, Dr. Feng. To unlock these secrets; the unified filed theory of football.
Thanks, Craig. My goal is to fill in the holes of your unified theory.
Just did a quick check, and there's no correlation between rush yards per carry on offense and their interception rate.
I would add, that anecdotally, it seems that a large percentage of picks occur at the end of games when teams are behind by 2 or more scores late in the 4th quarter. For instance if you are behind by 10 with 3 minutes left and only one or two TOs you have to air it out, get one quick score, then go for the onside kick. Since there is nothing to lose quarterbacks will naturally take more calculated risks, but unfortunately for them they do so either against prevent defenses or heavy pass rushes in the face. TOs that occur under those circumstances would seem to be mostly irrelevant in charting picks under normal game circumstances.
Therefore the factors you previously analyzed might become more relevant if you can eliminate games where teams lost by say 9 or more points.
Marc, another great point. Brett Favre would throw into triple coverage for the 1 in 1000 chance to get a touchdown to save his team. Yet he didn't throw that many picks when his team was good. I wouldn't eliminate games in which a team lost by more than 9 but just not count those late game picks, something one can do with the play by play.
Eyeballing the main chart, it looks like the rate of interceptions on non-completed passes doesn't really vary much across completion rates. In other words, if a pass isn't a completion, then it has roughly a 1 in 13 chance of being an interception, no matter who threw it.
Great question. I think it's high. But sacks are rare, so even if fumbles on sacks are more likely, I'm not sure about the total impact.
I really enjoyed this article. The one thing I found odd is that you were using sack rates rather than QB pressures to monitor a pass rushers effectiveness. What was the rationale for picking sack rate over pressure rate?
I found the pressure rates for offenses (data on QB hits) but not defense. Kick nfl.com in the pants, and I'll include the pressure rate for a defense.
Is there a stat that measures how often the defense gets their hands on the ball beyond the line of scrimmage or how well covered the defense plays the receivers? That could be a measure of how tight the coverage is and that might predict interceptions.
Another thing that might predict interceptions is qb arm strength + qb accuracy. The faster you throw the ball the less time the defense has to maneuver and then intercept it. Also, many interceptions are on underthrown balls which more arm strength would address. Does ball speed or arm strength predict interceptions?
Another one is release speed. The faster your release the less time the defense has to read it and INT.
4. Type of route the receiver runs – long or short – in or out.
It also seems that the type of throw might impact the interception rate. For example, deep throws probably have a higher interception rate than short throws. A slant would be different than an out. You could adjust the QB's INT rate based on his throw difficulty. You'd have to create a throw difficulty index of course if one did not exist. I would also say that throw difficulty might play a lot into the QB completion percentage. A crude throw difficulty index would be the QB's average throw distance minus RAC (run after catch).
Another thing that might predict INT's is more of an in-game phenomenon. If your team is behind at the end of the game (or way behind early in a game) and you must get a TD to win, you are going to take a risk on an INT. In fact, hail mary's often end in INTs. So a pregame stat that might predict interceptions is the likelihood of your team being behind.
In thinking about end of game interceptions such as 60 yard heaves with 2 seconds left, those aren't really the quarterback's fault. They should be taking the risk of an INT. If possible, any search for factors that predict INTs should be done with those INT's removed. They are really a totally different INT – a punt would be more accurate than calling them an INT.
Finally, I see interceptions where the defender out-jumps or outmaneuvers the receiver. So the size or height or speed or jumping ability of your receivers relative to the same of the defending receivers might predict INTs. However, this might be captured in the receiver's interception rate provided receivers have been thrown to enough to have an interception rate.
Any of these sound plausible?
Eric, you touch on some good points. Unfortunately, we need video tracking technology before we can answer some of your questions!!
There's a trivial linear relationship between completion percentage and interception rate because every interception is an incomplete pass. By definition, compl% = 1 – int/att – nint/att (where "nint" refers to non-interception incomplete passes).
I would suggest seeing if there is a linear relationship between int/att and nint/att.


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Articles Tagged with injury lawyer Fort Myers
Medical Malpractice Damage Caps May Soon Be Eliminated
There are now two Florida appellate courts – including the one that oversees courts in Fort Myers – that have ruled in favor of eliminating medical malpractice damage caps of non-economic damages in personal injury lawsuits. That means we could be very close to seeing the elimination of damage caps in all medical malpractice lawsuits in the state. The most recent ruling was handed down by Florida's 2nd District Court of Appeal in Port Charlotte HMA v. Suarez.
The Florida Supreme Court was already considering an earlier ruling to this same effect made by Florida's 4th District Court of Appeal in North Broward Hospital v. Kalitan. Both rulings cite precedent set by the Florida's Supreme Court's 2014 opinion in McCall v. U.S., which struck down medical malpractice damage caps in wrongful death cases, finding them unconstitutional. But McCall, which invoked the constitutional right to equal protection, applied only to those cases in which the patient had died. Surviving patients are still subject to damage caps, which were approved by then-Gov. Jeb Bush, who sided with lawmakers citing a "medical malpractice crisis." It was asserted such caps were needed to stem the tide of doctors fleeing the state due to hefty medical malpractice payouts. The state supreme court conducted its own analysis and found these and other claims upon which the law was enacted were simply untrue (the number of doctors in Florida was actually increasing during this time and there was no evidence of frivolous lawsuits or excessive verdicts).
Other states, including Illinois and New Hampshire, have previously struck down damage caps in medical malpractice lawsuits. Continue reading ›
Posted in: Professional Malpractice
Tagged: Fort Myers medical malpractice lawyer, injury lawyer Fort Myers and Port Charlotte medical malpractice attorney
Minnegren v. Nozar – Proving Breach of Duty of Care in Crash Case
One would assume that proving someone caused a crash would be sufficient to establish liability to compel them to pay for it. As the case of Minnegren v. Nozar shows, though, that's not always true.
The driver in this case admitted his error in judgment resulted in a crash that caused plaintiff's injuries. Open-and-shut liability then, right? But the question became whether he breached his duty of care. The appeals court held that when there is evidence a driver used at least some care, there can be a finding that he may have acted reasonably – and therefore did not breach duty of care – even if his actions ultimately led to a car accident.
These kinds of legal gymnastics show you that there are some really good defense attorneys working in personal injury law – which means you can't take your chances with a mediocre lawyer to represent your interests. At Associates and Bruce L. Scheiner, Attorneys for the Injured, our experienced traffic accident attorneys are committed to making sure our clients' rights are protected and that they have the best possible chance at a successful claim for compensation. At the end of the day, those injured in a collision caused by another driver shouldn't have to be responsible for burdening costs associated with recovery, lost wages or ongoing care. Continue reading ›
Tagged: car accident lawyer, Fort Myers car accident attorney and injury lawyer Fort Myers
Foster-Naser v. Aurora County – Road Sign Maintenance
February 26, 2016 | Associates and Bruce L. Scheiner
Roadway signs are the means by which drivers learn the rules, warnings, guidance and other information necessary to safely navigate their route. Erection and maintenance of roadway signs are the responsibility of whoever owns that street, whether it's a local township, county, city or state.
There are sometimes contracts between these entities wherein the owner of the road will sign over certain rights in exchange for maintenance duties. According to the Federal Highway Administration, signs are only effective if you can clearly see them. That's why it's imperative to:
Clean them;
Implement vegetation control;
Protect them from theft;
Make sure they are properly supported and adjusted.
These are all reasonable steps that governments can take to ensure the signs are visible and drivers can safely navigate. But what if a government agency doesn't take reasonable measures? If it results in a driver being involved in an injurious crash he or she likely would have otherwise avoided, it's plausible there are grounds for personal injury litigation. Continue reading ›
Tagged: car accident injury, Fort Myers car accident lawsuit and injury lawyer Fort Myers
Updated: March 7, 2016 10:30 am
Uber Sued for Misrepresenting Driver Safety to Public
August 31, 2015 | Associates and Bruce L. Scheiner
Ride-sharing company Uber, which has usurped local taxi providers in larger cities, has an estimated 160,000 drivers in the U.S. The service promises its users that it conducts thorough background checks of these drivers so that patrons can be as safe as possible.
Now, in an amended complaint that is part of a civil lawsuit filed by two district attorneys offices in California, there is new evidence to refute such assertions by the company.
The lawsuits, filed by district attorneys in San Francisco and Los Angeles, say the background checks conducted by Uber in those two cities failed to uncover serious criminal records of 25 drivers, just in those two cities. Offenses of these drivers range from felony traffic convictions to sex offenses to murder. With this information, the lawsuit focuses primarily on reportedly misleading claims made to consumers, as opposed to any legal violation in Uber's background check process. Continue reading ›
Tagged: Fort Myers personal injury attorney, injury attorney and injury lawyer Fort Myers

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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The Greatest Hits Network just died
4 February, 2017 Christopher England Anoraking, Liverpool, Media, Radio One comment
Across a lot of the north of England and the south and east of Scotland the 'oldies' stations are mainly owned by Bauer Media and all broadcast exactly the same programming. It generally comes from Manchester. Each of the transmitters it goes through uses a different radio station name to give the illusion of localness, but is relaying the same 'greatest hits' network.
Clever trickery means that a pre-recorded "It's Radio City 2…" will fire off in Liverpool whilst "It's Radio Aire 2…" fires off in Leeds, and so on in all of the dozens of locations. The idea is that the presenter's sentence starts with that pre-recorded phrase and then continues with whatever it may be he (for it's virtually never a 'she') is saying. In theory the ordinary listener shouldn't notice the disjointed inflection as he tries to match the 'bounce' of the recorded phrase. And of course, since nobody's actually listening (as opposed to having the station on in the background) nobody notices when he predominantly fails to 'match'.
Sadly, presenters are only allowed to speak after every three or four songs have finished playing on 'the greatest hits' network. He will usually trot out a bit of standard on-line show-prep about a survey that says how many hours we must sleep in the day in order to live to a hundred. Or how many Queens in history have enjoyed Marmite. Then of course, he will list the artists due to be played, and go to a very long commercial break.
After the adverts finally shut the feck up, then the songs play one after the other devoid of any presentation of anything to make the listener feel special or the radio station appear compellingly 'unique'.
The one exception to the tedious and lonely format was the weekly show presented by the legendary Tony Blackburn. Tony served his listeners with a very personalised fun filled selection of songs and infectiously interacted with the songs and the listeners. His listeners.
With Tony, the songs are indeed played back-to-back, but with his voice darting around them to read out dedications and pass on information. Then he gets out of the way to let the song actually play.
Sadly, Tony Blackburn has now left Bauer's Greatest Hits Network.
So, now the station has nobody presenting radio shows. Just song after song after song and then somebody boringly talking three times each hour. The Greatest Hits Network has now completely died.
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bridgecountynews says:
The situation is slightly better in Liverpool on Radio City 2 only because it has to have some local shows with people such as Rick Houghton & Simon Ross from Liverpool who used to be on Radio City, then it also has the Pete Price phone-in and in the networked output a soul and a country show, but agree overall, the neighboring Key 2 & Rock FM2 just has the networked schedule, they probably drop the travel updates and local news in and that's about it. Previously of course before Bauer did the 1, 2 & 3 stations, these 2 stations were networked as part of the Magic AM network with only a local breakfast show, now they don't even have that even whilst under relaunched local names.
They should definitely allow presenters more freedom and to talk more often, I only listen to the Liverpool output on Radio City 2, no wonder why!


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Levelok Corporation Launches Video Library on YouTube
Levelok Corporation recently launched a series of YouTube videos to help their customers understand how to use and install their products.
Poulsbo, WA, May 03, 2015 –(PR.com)– Levelok Corporation recently launched a series of YouTube videos to help their customers understand how to use and install their products. The company was founded in March of 1995 with a vision to develop innovative, rugged and dependable ladder safety products. The corporation is not only celebrating its 20th year milestone, but leads the industry, revolutionizing the way people think about ladder safety.
President and CEO, Phillip Lanzafame, says, "The best way to spread the word is to go where people live and work, at the speed of light, by using the most powerful tool ever invented…the internet. Levelok is expanding. We are reaching people like never before through social media and a cutting edge website, both of which are at the top of our priority list in 2015. It's time to bring tools to people through online content, videos and interaction."
According to a study in the May 2007 issue of American Journal of Preventive Medicine, "The number of ladder-related injuries in the United States increased by more than 50 percent from 1990 to 2005."
There are many ways to prevent ladder fall injuries, but Levelok takes it a step further by providing the exact equipment necessary to ensure the safest work environment with the least amount of stress. And now, launching a series of videos on how to use and install their products.
Lanzafame says, "Ladders are the most dangerous tool on any job site, considering what a fall from even a couple of feet can do to a person." He went on to describe how safety must be a priority in all sectors, but also that ladders must be easier to use. "We are tackling many of the most difficult issues in the industry: set-up, climbing, standing, carrying and moving onto and off of ladders. Levelok's product line includes Stabilizers, Leveling Systems, Standouts, Tie downs and Ladder Carrying Equipment to conquer these common causes of injuries related to ladder use," he says.
A quick search on YouTube.com for Levelok products will now produce an array of videos showing step-by-step, descriptive information, installation and reviews related to their products.
Levelok Corporation was founded in 1995 with a vision to develop, manufacture and distribute reliable, user-friendly, ladder safety products to the utility, telecommunications and contracting industries. Today, the company distributes its products worldwide. Levelok products are manufactured using state-of-the-art manufacturing processes. For more information please visit levelok.com.
Levelok Corporation
Phil Lanzafame
www.levelok.com
Levelok Celebrates 20 Years of Ladder Safety
Verizon Communications Approves LeveLok Permanent Mount Shoulder Pad
Papa PewDiePie Launches First YouTube Video Playing Pong
Major PPC Search Engine SearchAnyway Launches Online Marketing Video Channel on YouTube
Small company using YouTube video marketing for big gains
First PC application to upload video to YouTube
Education Platform at Zero Cost for Students with Interactive Video Library in 4 Most Spoken Languages Introduced by Erudeversity
Action Film Studio Launches Funny Viral Video Production


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Anders Lennart Kjellberg (* 30. September 1857 in Uppsala; † 7. Mai 1936 ebenda) war ein schwedischer Klassischer Archäologe.

Leben
Der Sohn des Psychiaters Gustaf Kjellberg (1827–1893) studierte ab 1877 an der Universität Uppsala und promovierte 1889. 1896 wurde er außerordentlicher Professor für Klassische Archäologie in Uppsala. Er erhielt 1913 den Titel eines Professors und wurde fünf Jahre später ordentlicher Professor für klassische Archäologie.

Im Sommer 1894 führte er mit seinem Studienfreund Sam Wide eine archäologische Ausgrabung im Poseidon-Heiligtum von Kalaureia durch. Im Frühjahr 1902 führte er mit Johannes Boehlau eine archäologische Ausgrabung an der Stelle der antiken Stadt Larisa am Hermos in Kleinasien durch. 1932/34 kehrte er mit Johannes Boehlau zur Ausgrabungsstätte in Larisa zurück.

Sein Sohn war der Archäologe Ernst Kjellberg (1891–1938).

Schriften (Auswahl)
 De cyclo epico quaestiones selectae. Uppsala 1890, .
 Polygnotos och hans betydelse för den grekiska målarkonsten under femte århundradet f. Kr. Stockholm 1908, .
 Studien zu den antiken Dacheindeckungen (= Skrifter utgivna av K. Humanistiska vetenskapssamfundet i Uppsala 24, 5). Uppsala 1927, .
 Die architektonischen Terrakotten. Text und Tafeln (= Larisa am Hermos. Die Ergebnisse der Ausgrabungen 1902-1934 Bd. 2). Berlin 1940.

Anmerkungen

Klassischer Archäologe
Hochschullehrer (Universität Uppsala)
Schwede
Geboren 1857
Gestorben 1936
Mann

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


For those of you who have been around here for awhile, you know I don't discuss my political, religious or sexual beliefs here. Not that I won't answer questions about the above to those who ask, but this blog is NOT intended as a politics or religious forum for that matter. My mission when I began in 2009 still remains the same to this day 'To seek out and share the best inspiration both on and offline'. We are an empowerment and lifestyle community. Period.
Today is election day, and I am NOT, repeat NOT telling you who to vote for. Only YOU can decide which candidate will affect the best change for you. I am not telling you which party to side with, that's up to you, but I want every single person that is reading this to seriously pull on their 'American Big Boy Pants' and do what in some places is still a privilege and not a right, VOTE! Your vote is your voice butterfly, today I highly encourage you to use it.
Another reason I felt it was super important to check in with you on this issue, is that post Hurricane Sandy, many polling places in New York City as well as New Jersey have changed, I don't want anyone using that as excuse not to vote! The Board of Elections In the City of New York has released a list of PollSite Changes Post Hurricane Sandy - New Yorkers click to check if your polling place has changed, remember many schools are currently being used as shelters to house people that were displaced because of Hurricane Sandy. Your voting place may change this year because of this, so take a second to read this list to see if your polling place was indeed changed. This way you avoid confusion!
I read an article entitled: WillLatinos Rock the Vote? Sure, But When? by Giovanni Rodriguez on Forbes, that mentioned that despite the fact that every 1 in 6 Americans are of Hispanic descent, a very small percentage are actually voting, I don't know that I agree with everything the article mentions, particularly about Hispanics being purposely 'intimidated' at the polls and that is one of the factors discouraging Latinos from voting, but I do know it's important for ALL Americans of EVERY descent to get out to the polls and vote today! As a Latina who is born and raised in the US, as was my mother and grandmother, (and a Grandfather who was a decorated Vet) I take voting very seriously and as soon as I was eligible to go vote, I did. I certainly hope that all Latinos eligible to vote go out there and do so today! I for one will be at the polls as early as possible!
I am not turning off comments for this thread, but they will all be moderated before being posted, please do not respond to this post with WHO you are voting for, it will NOT be posted, who you are voting for is your decision, this article speaks to the importance of actually voting. Remember if you DON'T Vote, you don't get to complain to anybody about how this nation is progressing or not progressing! Let your vote, and not just your words actually make change today!
What are you still doing here, GO VOTE NOW BUTTERFLY!
FTC Disclosure: This is NOT a sponsored post. No monetary compensation has been received. I feel it's important that regardless of WHO you end up actually voting for, that everyone get out there today and Rock The Vote! Just Do it!
@Maria - That's for sure, today's outcome determines our next four years!
@Close to Home - Every vote definitely counts! I'll be following the news closely tonight that's for sure!
Voting is a privilege and a duty. Make your voice heard.
@Raul Ramos y Sanchez - The fact that is a privilege is so often taken for granted. The younger folks amongst us always think 'If I miss it's no big deal, I'll go next time' but in the meantime each vote determines our next four years! I thought a reminder to make our voices heard was an important one today!
Please vote it's the only way to exact change,we're lucky to live in a country where you don't put you're life on the line for the privilege!
@Big Happy Buddha - Agreed!


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SUCCESS THROUGH INTUITION AND EXPERIMENTATION IN 2016
Mathematics in our world is a vital tool for invention but Michael Faraday had no use for it, in fact he believed that the subject could actually be a hindrance to successful experimentation. He worked intuitively and experimented with new ideas until he had exhausted all possibilities.
I have little use for maths in my search for a solution to Bessler's wheel. I read with a glazed expression the discussions about varous forces and formulae and I continue with my experimentation. I leave aside simulation and animation, possibly because I am not au fait with much of it, but also for me it would be too easy to overlook something that only becomes apparent when you have the parts in your hands. Handling parts, moving them manually, altering the range of movement, moving and adjusting the positions and sizes of the weights - all of these things help to visualise the potential new configurations that would not be visible in simulations if only because all of these things have to be fed into the computer to see what happens.
That is why I ignore statements which deride our efforts here. It has always seemed to me that gravity holds the answer to Bessler's wheel, but I learned long ago that I was not supposed to regard gravity as an energy source and I always try to maintain that stance in public, but actually I still think of it as an energy source and that gives me an advantage over all those people who persist in looking for another energy source.
Bessler clearly (in my opinion) took the same view and that is why he succeeded where everyone else failed. I know that in 2016 the solution to Bessler's wheel will be published.
And here's another thing - people have questioned whether planet earth completely covered in gravity-driven wheels would have some detrimental effect on us, the earth or some other facet of our lives. To me the answer is simple; no it won't have any detectable effect.
Gravity is basically a non-contact force so any collisions resulting from its attraction are secondary, it has simply been the vehicle in which mass rides. In a car crash we don't blame the car engine for driving us at speed into a wall and causing terrible damage. The resultant damage is simply the effect of stopping suddenly. If we hadn't hit a wall, the work being done by the speeding engine would have continued onwards as before. So when a weight falls, regardless of whether we use the fall to raise another weight or rotate the wheel a little, gravity does its thing in making the weight fall and then continues on its merry way looking for something else to make fall.
Bessler's wheel was driven by the reaction of falling weights to the force of gravity. No-one can argue that the energy is not free to us even if at some nano level it is paid for throughout the universe. I'm satisfied that nothing we do on earth here using gravity as our energy source can effect anywhere in the universe by any detectable means over any period of time you care to consider.
So onwards with enthusiasm, optimism and hope!
By John Collins at December 26, 2015 100 comments:
MERRY CHRISTMAS to all of you who kindly frequent this place. I'm grateful for your attention and comments.
I wish everyone a very Merry Christmas and I hope that you all have a wonderful time.
I shall be relaxing and drinking and eating with my wife, Sandra, my two daughters, two son-in-laws and three grandchildren and their two dogs! One's a golden labrador with a permanent grin and the brightest brown eyes you ever saw, and the other is a hungarian vizsla with skin like velvet, also known as the 'velcro' dog because he sticks like velcro to his owner, who is my grandaughter, a newly minted school teacher.
My house is finally sold and not just to any old chap, only the CEO of one of the biggest car manufacturers in the UK, he bought it as an investment! It's just pocket money to him but worth a lot more to me.
Still looking for our next home so will be moving in with one daughter in January until we find it.
Bessler's wheel still in progress despite the trials and tribulations of an on-and-off house sale. Still hoping to finish it before we vacate this house and there will be more time (I hope) after the New Year.
If you are a betting man put your money on me in 2016.
Kind regards and best wishes,
By John Collins at December 22, 2015 13 comments:
Bessler's Wheel and Climate Change
A deal to attempt to limit the rise in global temperatures to less than 2C has been agreed at the climate change summit in Paris after two weeks of intense negotiations. The pact is the first to commit all countries to cut carbon emissions, and nearly 200 countries took part, and it would come into being in 2020.
On the face of it exciting and encouraging news, but of course it's full of holes and let outs. I don't need to go into these nor list the major states which were, understandably, reluctant to sign up to a condition that they feel could hamper economic growth and development.
Although I remain unconvinced that this is a man-made problem and not a natural turn of events, I accept that the pollution caused by the current fossil fuel consumption is undoubtedly a cause for concern. So the search is intensified to find an alternative source of energy and one that could be applied anywhere on or in the planet earth.
Below, smog in Beijing caused by industrial pollution.
On my way to Rome a couple of years ago, I had to change planes at Amsterdam and a plane came in from Beijing. The passengers queued to catch an onward flight and everyone of them wore the smog masks as you see above. I asked one of them why and he simply said, "we must". I told him he was OK here in Europe and didn't need to keep them on and he just smiled and shook his head.
I saw an interview with Anote Tong this week, who is the President of Kiribati, an island republic in the Central Pacific, comprising 33 coral atolls stretching along the equator. It is one of the first countries in danger of becoming uninhabitable owing to climate change. Because atolls are naturally low-lying, and have a high ratio of coastline to land area, they are especially vulnerable to sea-level rise and storm surges.
President Tong's message was that we should not be thinking of this is a problem for the future, his country is feeling the first effects of global warming now. With most of its land only a few feet above sea level, Kiribati has already seen growing damage from storms and flooding. Some of the nation's uninhabited islets have even vanished beneath the Pacific. Global warming threatens to render Kiribati unliveable well before it is completely submerged. If global warming continues at today's rates, rising ocean waters may shrink Kiribati's land area, increase storm damage, and threaten its freshwater reserves. He asks that everyone should be concerned and seek any kind of alternative energy source. Solar panels and wind turbines are all very well but they cannot hope to replace fossil fuels as an energy source, we need something more basic, more universally usable and available in the very, very near future.
I know that we still have an enormous vertical cliff to climb to convince the world at large that Bessler's wheel did work and perhaps it might ultimately hold the key to reducing industrial pollution.... and maybe not, but surely it's worth trying. The wheel must be proven to work first, then it's up to the design-engineers to find ways of upscaling the basic model. Bessler said bigger and more powerful wheels could be made and we have no evidence that he would have misled us about that, nor can I think of why he would have done that. We must take him at his word.
How utterly amazing would it be to successfully reconstruct Bessler's wheel and then find that the entire world had taken the technology and developed it and found that this 300 year old machine had solved the problems of the 21st century!
Gravity - Ultimate Source of Energy for a GravityWheel.
It's a curious thing, that energy cannot be drawn from gravity; it feels instinctively wrong. Yes, I know, gravity is not an energy source but intuitively it seems plausible. Sir Isaac Newton's view of gravity provided the same basic model that we accept today; that gravity is a force which tries to pull two objects toward each other. Anything which has mass also has a gravitational pull. The more massive an object is, the stronger its gravitational pull is. Earth's gravity is what keeps you on the ground and what causes objects to fall.
A force can push or a pull, and is capable of moving objects of mass, but does that mean it's consuming energy? Sometimes, provided there is potential energy to consume. For instance, holding a rope taut is using force. Pulling something towards you with a rope is using energy. If you're standing on the surface of the Earth, energy is not being spent to keep you from falling to the ground, even though a force is pressing upon you. It's only when the force moves an object of mass that energy is consumed. So force is independent of work because it's possible to have forces that do no work.
Note - when I say that energy is consumed I do not, of course suggest that it has gone, but merely changed to another form of energy, as we all know, energy cannot be created nor destroyed.
So force does consume energy when it makes something move. But that energy has to be there first before the force can use it. There is a law of conservation of energy but there is no law of conservation of force. The force is always with you - on earth anyway! In gravity's case without any potential energy there can be no energy expenditure, so how do we get potential energy? We do some work against gravity, and that energy is stored as potential energy. Lift a weight and you have the potential energy to drop it.
But...in the case of Bessler's wheel, in order to continually rotate, it would require a continual supply of energy from falling weights. Conventional thinking dictates that a gravity wheel will never have a continual supply of energy because any energy gained by the falling weight on the one side of the wheel is cancelled out by returning the weight to its original height on the other side of the wheel.
That is more or less where we have been for the last three hundred years - how to get the weights back up again without extra energy being required? Despite their assurances that we are all ignorant of the basic laws of physics or crazy lunatics - we continue to believe in Bessler. For me, it's a gut feeling, an instinct coupled with strong circumstantial; I know Bessler's wheel is possible. But 'knowing' is not enough, it must be proved and the only way is with a physical proof of principle wheel.
There is a source of continuous power - and on earth that source is gravity. Now I know it isn't the actual energy source but it is so close to being just that that I'm going to say it is. And I'll tell you why? It is really a matter of semantics.
Semantics - the branch of linguistics and logic concerned with meaning. It includes interpretation and common usage and accepted norms. So... the application of gravity to the weights drives the rotation of the wheel.
To put it another way, without the force of gravity the weights would just float where ever you placed them. You need the driving force of gravity to move the weights, without which you've got nothing! In my opinion therefore gravity ultimately provides the energy, even though there is no apparent depletion of energy levels. I say 'apparent', because gravity obtains its force from the universe and all the objects of mass within it, interacting with each other. We have no precise information about gravity so we must simply accept that for us it is a permanent feature of our world.
We know that gravity attracts mass. We also know that the mass has to be free to move in the direction of the force of gravity rather than against it and is not fixed in position. In other words it can fall. If it can fall it has potential energy which is changed into kinetic energy.
1) We know that Bessler's wheel used weights;
2) We know that the wheel required the repeated 'loading' of potential energy by repeated lifting and returning of the weights to their pre-fall position;
3) We know that gravity used that potential energy to make the weights fall
4) We know that Bessler's wheel worked
5) Thus the wheel was driven by gravity.
Consider this. Bessler's first two wheels began to turn spontaneously as soon as the brake was released. This suggests that the weight which was about to fall, was ready to do so, or indeed had already fallen. This would lead to the immediate commencement of rotation. The next weight would then begin its own action, falling and continuing the motion of the turning wheel. According to conventional thinking at this point or near it, any energy gained by the falling weight on the one side of the wheel is cancelled out by returning the weight to its original height on the other side of the wheel. But this only applies if you cannot engineer a reduced effect on the ascending side - something everyone of us knows and believes Bessler achieved.
Since it is so obvious to all of us that reducing the effect of the weights on the ascending side of the wheel will lead to continuing rotation, why do the experts continue to deny its possibility? We know Bessler did it, ergo it is possible, and all those teachers who believed what they were taught..... are wrong.
Now all we have to do is discover how Bessler was able to lift the weights back to their former position without requiring extra energy from outside the wheel. Simple.
Johann Bessler, the Freemasons and Religion.
Some people have suggested that Bessler was a member of the Freemasons, but I doubt it.
John Theophilus Desaguliers (12 March 1683 – 29 February 1744) was a French-born British natural philosopher, clergyman, engineer and freemason who was elected to the Royal Society in 1714 as experimental assistant to Isaac Newton. He is familiar to us as the recipient of Fischer von Erlach's letter describing Bessler's wheel, and for his public lectures decrying the possibility of a perpetual motion machine as constructed by Johann Bessler.
As a Freemason, Desaguliers was responsible for the establishment of the first Grand Lodge formed in London in 1717 and served as their third Grand Master in 1719 and was later three times Deputy Grand Master. He helped James Anderson draw up the rules in the "Constitutions of the Freemasons", published in 1723, and he was active in the establishment of a Masonic charity.
During a lecture trip to the Netherlands in 1731 Desaguliers initiated into Freemasonry Francis, Duke of Lorraine (1708 – 65) who later became Holy Roman Emperor. Desaguliers also presided when Frederick, Prince of Wales, became a Freemason in 1737, and he additionally became a chaplain to the Prince. But there is no record of him approaching Karl the Landgrave, with the intention of initiating him into the brotherhood, and anyway the dates do not support such a conjecture.
Obviously Karl the Landgrave was not involved in Free-masonry, although his grandson Prince Karl, the brother of Wilhelm I of Hessen-Kassel was a Grand Master. Both were the sons of Frederick II of Hessen-Kassel, from his wife, Mary of Hanover, Princess of Great Britain, daughter of George II King of England. His grandson, also named Karl, was the Freemason, not Karl the Landgrave; this has led to the confusion over the Landgrave's alleged membership of this organisation. This was in the 1780s, some forty years after Bessler's death.
The point is that neither Bessler nor his patron, Karl the Landgrave were concerned in any way with the Freemasons.
However Bessler did spend time with a Jesuit priest and a Jewish Rabbi in the ancient city of Prague. There he learned something about Egyptian hieroglyphics, the Book of Nature and the Language of Angels. These subjects have been difficult to identify, but John Dee and his sidekick, Edward Kelley wrote a book supposedly in the language of angels, Enochian, which appears to be a coded document, but it has proved impossible to decipher, that is if it was intended to be. Kelley met an untimely end in Prague when his promise to turn straw into gold failed and he was imprisoned and died a prisoner in late 1597/early 1598 of injuries received while attempting to escape.
What might Bessler have learned in Prague? My personal belief is that he learned something of the religious beliefs of both the Rabbi and the Jesuit priest. He also learned about encoding messages which the Rabbi and the priest used in their communications with each other. The chronogram was a common feature on building and epitaphs in Germany of that period and popular also among the Jews and Romans in both times past and during the early 18th century. Clearly this subject must have been explored during his stay in Prague because it seems as though Bessler became obsessed with the chronogram.
Bessler visited Prague in about 1700, in 1696 Prague's Jewish community was shaken by the show trial of the alleged murderers of 12-year-old Shim'on Abeles, which marked the culmination of Jesuit efforts to Christianize Prague's Jews. Bessler, writing about the Rabbi, relates how "the Jew was a good Christian! He was a great exponent of the teachings of Nicodemus, and all in all I learned more with him in a short time than most people learn in many years." This curious description of the Jew being a good Christian may relate to the comment above which describes the culmination of the Jesuit efforts to Christianize Prague's Jews at roughly the time Bessler was there.
Earlier Bessler describes how "a Jesuit came to see me - perhaps the most learned priest I'd ever met - and soon we were great friends". It is possible that the Jesuit and the Rabbi had been discussing the Christianization of the Jews in Prague and from what Bessler said, perhaps the Rabbi was open-minded about the situation. Their discussions may have influenced Bessler and later led to the publication of his ideas about uniting the Christian religions.
The above comments seem to indicate that Bessler was more than just an inventor hoping for get-rich-quick success. He was a thinker, open-minded about religion, but still a committed Christian. In his list of 141 Bible quotations in Apologia Poetica, many of the references do not come from the Protestant bible either of that time nor currently. Othes refer to books only in the Roman Catholic version and some from the Hebrew bible, which seems to support the idea that he was an interdenominational Christian.
Yet more Numbering Clues from 'Das Triumphans'.
I know that my continual demonstration of clues I have found in Bessler's work seem to be centred on the existence of hidden pentagrams and a few alphanumeric clues. The usual question is, so what? Where are the clues which will lead to constructing a replica of Bessler's wheel? My point in advertising these seemingly irrelevant pieces of coding is to show that Bessler wanted us to find them and provided dozens and dozens of them in various forms so that we would eventually get the message and realise that there must be more to find and that it would eventually lead to the discovery of more graphic information and subsequently his wheel.
Many of us are convinced that Bessler's claims were genuine, even though we don't know how he did it. Assuming he was genuine then, why would he waste his time in creating so many ingenious clues in all of his publications, extolling the virtues of his wonderful machine, and include illustrations that do nothing to tell us about the machines. Why bother? Because the coded clues are intended to provide information or at least point to where that information can be found The number 55 rears .its head with monotonous regularity and you'd have to be blind not to see where it's pointing to - his Apologia Poetica, Chapter 55. http://www.orffyreus.net/html/chapter_55.html shows everything I've discovered about chpater 55 and it is obviously full of encoded material and one day someone will work out how to decipher it. I confess it has beaten me so far although I understand that there are others working on it who are optimistic that they are making some headway.
So back to the numbering clues in the Das Tri illustrations. Johann Bessler included an illustration showing the perpetual motion machine at Schloss Weissenstein. It was connected to an archimedes pump and apparently demonstrated its power to pump water. See the illustration below.
Like the previous one this drawing is in two parts. It uses letters from the alphabet rather than numbers this time to label the different parts. The letters run from 'A' to 'T', in lower case. He has omitted the letter 'J' because as we know, it is used as an alternative to the letter, 'i' in the German 24 letter alphabet, which is present. Curiously the letter 'W' appears twice at the top of left side drawing and once at the bottom. I say curiously because the letters 'U' and 'V' have been omitted and yet they are alternatives to each other and one might have expected to find one of them present seeing as their following letter, 'W' is included.
But there is more. The itemised list that accompanies this illustration includes all the lower case letters with descriptions of the parts, but then uses the number ten in place of the apparent 'W' as seen in the drawing itself. Furthermore closer scrutiny of the hand-drawn 'W' shows that it could also be read as the number ten. But this makes no sense since the rest are labelled alphabetically.
In confirmation of this see the example from the list below. The letter 's' then 't' is followed by the number '10'.
Bessler's frequent use of alpha-numerics demands that we check out the possible use of them in this illustration. Clearly we are meant to convert all the letters to numbers.
Adding up the subsequent numbers gives a total of 355, but this seems insignificant, until you realise that Bessler has again omitted one of the number 5s. The number 5 identifies the rope in the right drawing but there is no such label attached to the rope in the left drawing. From previous analyses we know that this is a typical Bessler method of encoding information within a drawing. Adding the missing number 5 to the total brings it up to 360.
The total of numbers comes to 40 with the inclusion of the missing number 5 and as we have done before we divide 360 by 40 to give us 90. A total of 90 again points to 18 times 5. Once again we see the two main numbers associated with the pentagram.
As we saw in the previous drawing, the illustrations are in two halves. Looking at the bottom of the right drawing there seem to be an unnecessary addition of extra letters, for instance there are two completely superfluous S's and in fact the bottom of this right side drawing seems almost to have been added as an afterthought designed to boost the total to 360. See below.
Adding up the numbers in the right side drawing but excluding those extra ones underneath gives us 72, another key number in the pentagram. The numbers in the left drawing total either 190 or 195 depending whether you include the missing number 5, but there are 18 numbers in total. The total number of letters used throughout is 20 if you count the 'W' as a letter and not a number. 360 divided by 20 equals 18. Bessler achived two things in this illustration, he demonstrated the presence of the number 72 again in the right side drawing excluding the numbers underneath - and he then obtained another meaningful number by adding both sides and including the extra numbers under the right side to get 360. Of course 360 divided by 72 equals 5.
There are other clues buried in this illustration. For instance in the picture below one can see two lines drawn in red, separated by a red vertical line forming angles of 72 degrees and the other, in blue, which is 54 degrees to the same vertical line, each seem to suggest another pentagram.
Back to the workshop for me now!
By John Collins at November 23, 2015 20 comments:
More of Bessler's numbering clues in 'Das Triumphans'.
After the two illustrations discussed in my previous post I have decided to offer my findings in another of the illustrations; this time the 'Andere Figura' and the 'Secunda Figura in 'Das Triumphans'. Again I am discussing the numbering used in them. I have placed a copy of the drawing below. Again a single click on the picture will bring up an enlarged version so you can see the numbering more clearly.
The first thing to note in the pictures shown above, is that the right side of the left picture has been truncated slightly. In the book they are separated by a small gap filled with thin black and white lines, clearly designed to allow for the inner margins being partially enclosed by the book binding. These lines allow you to bring the edges of the two illustrations close together as shown above.
In the drawing above you can see that the left circle can be completed and joins at the circumference of the right circle. Notice that the circle I've drawn in, does not follow the original one as it leaves the left page. This is due to the page being pulled inwards at the central binding which has slightly deformed the printed circle. I always thought that the two pages were intended to be joined and I tested the theory with my original copy of DT, by pressing the pages flat with a piece of glass and adjusting the right page until the thin black and white dividing lines were hidden. It was then possible to draw in the complete circle to show that it did indeed abut the right circle. As a check, note that the left half of my added circle aheres closely to the original one and that it only diverges as the bend in the paper aproaches the central crease.
In the above picture you can see yet aother pentagram inside the left picture. Notice how the extension of one of the chords of the pentagram runs through the middle of the right picture. This extension to the pentagon is governed by the close proximity of the two pictures so one must assume that the extension is intentional. The main supporting pillar forms a perfect angle of 72 degrees with the extended chord, thus indicating the rotational angle of a second pentagon.
I've included the additional pentagram in the above picture, which may seem more speculative and I must admite that although it looks possible, I have found it difficult to draw in a perfect pentagram so please add a pinch of salt to this particular suggestion.
In the right side picture above, the large triangular pendulum has some curious properties which seem to be additional clues. They are 30 degrees for the bottom angle, and 78 and 72 degrees for the upper left and right angles respectively. The 72 degree angle obviously fits in with the hidden pentagon, but is there an additional clue there? Of course!
The second thing is that the right picture seems to have an excess of the number eight (four). This over-labelling looks suspiciously like the same technique I have described for the two first wheel pictures. Could this be another indication of a grand total being sought?
Yes - the numbers in the left picture add up to 28; those in the right, 62, to total 90. There are 15 numbers used and 90 divided by 15 is six. But this does not seem to be a significant number, however Bessler's favourite number 5, divides exactly 18 times into 90 – 5 and 18; the ubiquitous pentagonal numbers again. Secondly the numbers used, 1 to 10, add up to a total of 55 – the other Bessler number.
MERRY CHRISTMAS to all of you who kindly frequent ...
Gravity - Ultimate Source of Energy for a GravityW...
More of Bessler's numbering clues in 'Das Triumpha...


For writers who want to avoid all the front-of-the-book dating, and jump straight to the matrimony of a feature story assignment, it will take more than a killer lede or a glowing portfolio to get an editor to say yes. In Mediabistro's latest feature for AvantGuild members, veteran freelancers share their best advice for landing that first piece in the "well" of a magazine.
"Persistence can be just as important as having great ideas," noted Oregon-based writer Teri Cettina, whose work has appeared in Parenting. Before writing for many national magazines, she says she focused on a few pubs and pitched them "like it was my job" before breaking into the industry.
For more tips on how to package your pitch and impress editors, read How to Get Your Feature Pitch Accepted.


Go for an Aconcagua climb and reach the summit of the highest mountain in the Western Hemisphere!
In the Aconcagua Provincial Park of Mendoza, Argentina, lies the highest mountain in the world outside of the Himalayas. With exactly 6.962 meters above sea level, Mount Aconcagua is the most sought-after mountaineering goal in South America. Although its ascent involves an extremely strenuous physical and mental effort, reaching its summit is not as technical as many people think. Bear in mind, however, that altitude and rough weather conditions pose a very important challenge. An excellent fitness level, good acclimatization and the company of a certified and experienced guide are key to a safe experience. Choose between shorter-than-average programs and longer expeditions that include acclimatization and extra weather days. Wondering how much it costs to climb Aconcagua? Check out the options below.
An Aconcagua climb is a once-in-a-lifetime challenge. Are you ready? Explore-Share only promotes mountain trips led by certified guides.
Due to the extreme altitude and high elevations involved, Aconcagua requires extensive training and preparation. However, knowing the work you put in will make the summit push all the more rewarding.
Although it rises to an incredible 6,962 meters, the most popular routes are strenuous hikes rather than technical climbs, making this peak accessible to fit climbers without advanced mountaineering skills.
As the tallest mountain in South America, Aconcagua is one of the iconic Seven Summits that many mountaineers aspire to conquer. As an added bonus, the summit of Aconcagua is the tallest point of two hemispheres - the Southern and the Western.
Located in the Mendoza province near Argentina's border with Chile, Aconcagua is a towering mountain that draws climbers from all around the world. At 6,961 meters (22,837 feet), it is the tallest mountain outside of Asia, and the tallest peak in both the Southern and Western hemispheres. The Normal Route and the Polish Traverse are the most popular routes to the summit. Both are non-technical climbs that are nevertheless extremely challenging due to cold temperatures and the incredibly high altitudes involved. Most climbing trips are completed expedition style and last approximately 3 weeks.
During the peak climbing season, the weather on Aconcagua is typically dry. However, the mountain is so tall that weather can be unpredictable, with extreme cold and wind being common, especially at higher elevations. Above 5000m, the temperature usually hits -30 degrees celsius at night.
It is possible to climb Aconcagua from November - March, although conditions are usually best in December and January.
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another opportunity to learn from him again in the future. Couldn't recommend him more highly.
can assure all climbers that they will be in safe, friendly hands.
are passionate about what they do. Long story short: contact them and let the game begin!
place. I think with a single tent that was more easy for me to sleep. But In generally Ivan and Juan Pedro are good boys. It's diificult for me to rate Guide and Trip. I didn't finished. I can rate only for the half trip.
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I have completed an expedition to Cerro Aconcagua with Inka Expeditions. Everything was very well organized and extremely well executed.
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"Seigneur Ouvre Mes Levres' [Lord Open My Lips, Psalms 51:15] Mimeograp"
Cover: Image of two men reading Torah; Interior: 41 acidic pages typewritten in French and Hebrew with some illustrations.
"Seigneur Ouvre Mes Levres' [Lord Open My Lips, Psalms 51:15] Mimeographed Prayer Book in French and Hebrew" (1946). Bulmash Family Holocaust Collection. 2016.1.24.


The 36 state chairmen of the ruling All Progressives Congress (APC) have endorsed tenure extension for the Chief John Odigie-Oyegun led National Working Committee (NWC).
The state party chairmen also urged President Muhammadu Buhari to seek re-election in 2019.
A communiqué signed by Chief Henry Ajomale, the Lagos State APC chairman, passed a vote of confidence on President Buhari, the party's National Chairman, Chief Odigie-Oyegun and other leaders for what they called numerous achievements despite challenges so far experienced in the country, Daily Trust reports.
They said the decision was taken after a thorough appraisal of the APC government.
The communiqué, issued by the Forum of APC State Chairmen after their meeting in Abuja yesterday, also backed the Senator Bola Tinubu led peace and reconciliation committee and urged the panel to expedite action in reconciling members of the party.
The forum also called on all members of the party to give maximum support to the committee to achieve sustainable peace in the party.
Part of the communiqué read, "The forum hereby also resolved as follows: In view of the short period between the time available for the proposed party congresses and INEC published time-table for conduct of party primaries and general elections, the forum resolved that the tenure of the present officers of the party at all levels be extended by 2 years to avert challenges in the party.
Today's National Executive Committee (NEC) meeting is expected to endorse the proposal of the state party chairmen, after its consideration last night by the national caucus of the ruling APC which met at the Presidential Villa, Abuja.


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text:
Date of Birth: 15 December 1954
Profession: Senator
Mark Robert Warner is an American businessman and politician serving as the senior United States senator from Virginia, first elected in 2008. He is a member of the Democratic Party, vice chair of the Senate Democratic Caucus, and chair of the Senate Intelligence Committee.
Before his Senate career, Warner was the 69th governor of Virginia, holding the office from 2002 to 2006. He is the honorary chairman of the Forward Together PAC. Warner delivered the keynote address at the 2008 Democratic National Convention. Apart from politics, Warner is also known for his involvement in telecommunications-related venture capital during the 1980s; he founded the firm Columbia Capital.
In 2006, Warner was widely expected to pursue the Democratic nomination in the 2008 U.S. presidential election, but he announced in October 2006 that he would not run, citing a desire not to disrupt his family life. Warner was considered to be a potential vice presidential candidate until he took himself out of consideration after winning the Democratic nomination for the U.S. Senate.
Running against his gubernatorial predecessor, Jim Gilmore, Warner won his first election to the Senate in 2008 with 65% of the vote. He was reelected in 2014, narrowly defeating Ed Gillespie, and in 2020 defeating Republican nominee Daniel Gade by twelve percentage points.
With a net worth of $214.1 million, Warner is the second wealthiest member of Congress.
BROWN Sherrod
Senator from Ohio
MCCONNELL Mitch
United States Senate majority leader
WYDEN Ronald
Senator from Oregon
SINEMA Kyrsten
Senator from Arizona
SCHUMER Charles
Senior United States senator from New York
KELLY Mark
United States Senator from Arizona
COTTON Thomas
United States Senator from Arkansas
TOOMEY Patrick
the junior United States Senator
KRUEGER Elizabeth
Member of the New York State Senate
SANDERS Bernie
Senator from Vermont


Darrien was infected with the Techno-bug in 1995, when he first heard Laurent Garnier playing a twelve-hour set at the 'Stufenbau'. The functionality of this music and the fact that it was so different from the rest of the nineties rave-music fascinated him immediately and eventually captured his heart. He began mixing this particular style the same year. First mixes were followed by first mixtapes, which led to first bookings and things took off from there.
In the meantime Darrien has collected quite a stock of minimalisitc functional tracks and driving rhythms, expanding this particular style and making it his own. By doing more than simply placing one track after another, but a selective sampling of Minimal, Techno and Tech-House, and through his exceptionally creative dj-skills, he has made a name for himself. Next to various bookings all over Switzerland and neighbouring countries, he has even been a resident of the renowned 'Rohstofflager' in Zurich since 2006 until it had to give way for a new building project after 13 years of existence.
Currently Darrien is playing at clubs in Zürich and other well known locations all around Switzerland, known for his extraordinary mixing skills and having his latest EP released in December 2012 on Stahlplatten Records.


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Go! Team European tour 'absurd'
Thursday, 13th Jan 2011
A music writer has been left gobsmacked by the number of dates on the upcoming Go! Team European tour, labelling it "absurd" how hard the band intend to work.
Harold Schueberg suggested on Tiny Mix Tapes that the quantity of gigs the group are set to play to support the unveiling of their new album Rolling Blackouts is rather impressive.
He described their music as a "fever-inducing" mixture of Sesame Street and The Jackson 5, while lauding the impending new release for the quality of the guests set to make an appearance.
The Go! Team, who already have two albums under their belts, are set to unveil the new long-player in February and it will feature contributions from Best Coast singer Bethany Cosentino and Deerhoof vocalist Satomi Matsuzaki.
Mr Schueberg suggested the upcoming concerts by the band could add an extra "umph" to the release of the record, which will feature tracks such as Bust-Out Brigade, Yosemite Theme and Ready To Go Steady.
Article filed under: Concert News |


How does policy get decided?
At Party Conference, debates are held to decide party policy. Every party member who is attending has the right to vote in debates.
Party Conference is held twice a year, normally in March and September. Conference is where party policy is made - the only way a proposal can become policy is if it is voted for at Conference. Policies that affect the whole UK or just England are voted on by the Lib Dem Federal Conference, while our Scottish, Welsh and regional Conferences set policy that only affects their own area.
Conference is a great place to meet fellow Liberal Democrats from all the country. There are also speeches, Q&A sessions with government ministers, a full social diary called the Fringe, and many campaign training sessions for members.
If you are coming to conference for the first time, you are entitled to a discount and have access to the 'first timers' reception.
At Conference, debates are held to decide policy.
For each debate, a motion is put forward in advance. Members can then speak in favour, or against the motion, or on any amendments that have been submitted.
At the end of the debate, a vote is held. Any member can speak or vote on the motion. If a motion is passed, it then becomes Lib Dem policy.
How can I speak in a debate?
You can speak in a debate if you are a member, though if you have only registered for one day of Conference, you are not allowed to speak.
If you wish to speak you must first submit a speaker's card, available from the Speaker's Table, from the stewards in the Auditorium or at the Information Desk.
Before each debate, the chair and aide select which speakers they will call, ensuring that the speakers reflect a balanced range of views.
Submit your card well in advance. The chair and aide meet well in advance to plan the debate and select speakers, sometimes the previous day. Submitting your card early increases your chance of being called.
Fill in your card completely. Fill in the two sections on the back of the card as well as the front. These sections are needed for the chair to balance the debate and to make sure that they don't call a series of people who'll make the same point.
Make sure it's readable. Don't try to cram too many words onto the card, and don't write illegibly or in green ink. The easier you make it for the chair and aide to read your card, the more likely you will be to be called.
How long does my speech last for?
Normally around 3-5 minutes - the speaking time limits for each debate are published in the Conference Agenda.
There is a lighting system in the main hall to tell you how long you have left when you're speaking - an amber light goes on when you have one minute left, and a red light goes on when your time is up.
For normal speeches, you will be speaking on the main stage, but some debates also have shorter, one-minute speeches called 'interventions'. For these, you can speak from a microphone, normally in the middle of the hall floor.
How can I vote in a debate?
All party members who attended conference are entitled to vote in debates. You must be sat in the auditorium when a vote is called in order to cast your vote.
How are motions submitted for debate?
Motions are submitted to the Federal Conference Committee a few weeks before Conference starts. The Committee then decides which motions are going to be debated and publishes them in the Conference Agenda.
Emergency motions and amendments can be submitted up to a few days before Conference.
Can I submit a motion?
Any member can write a motion. You will need to get at least 10 party members or your local party to back your motion if you want to submit it to the Federal Conference Committee.
Regional and state parties, as well as certain party organisations, can also submit motions to Conference.
For more information on writing and submitting motions, click here.


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M. Chinnaswamy Stadium
Address: Cubbon Road, Bengaluru
Main use: Cricket
Tenants: Karnataka cricket team (cricket), Royal Challengers (cricket)
Extra stadium info – M. Chinnaswamy Stadium
The M. Chinnaswany Stadium opened as the Karnataka State Cricket Association Stadium. Attendances for cricket matches at the venue reached over 50,000. The stadium is named after Mangalam Chinnaswamy Mudaliar, who was born in 1900. He was an Indian cricket administrator and a lawyer. Mangalam Chinnaswamy Mudaliar was the president of the Board of Control for Cricket in India. He was one of the founders of the Karnataka State Cricket Association and he was the driving force behind the construction of the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium. Mangalam Chinnaswamy Mudaliar died in 1991 after a long illness.
The Cricket World Cup
The stadium hosted its first Cricket World Cup match in 1987, in which the national cricket team of India defeated New Zealand. India also won the second Cricket World Cup match at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium. It was a game against their rivals Pakistan. The match took place on 9 March 1996. The national cricket teams of Australia, Canada, England, India, Ireland and Kenya played Cricket World Cup matches at the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium in 2011. Australia, India and Ireland won at the venue during the tournament.
The Karnataka cricket team and the Royal Challengers
The Karnataka cricket team and the Royal Challengers use the M. Chinnaswamy Stadium for home games. The Royal Challengers are members of the Indian Premier League, the most popular cricket league in India. In 2008, they finished seventh place in the inaugural Indian Premier League. The Royal Challengers won four of the 14 IPL games that year.
Virat Kohli, who was born in Delhi in 1988, signed with the Royal Challengers in 2008. He played numerous matches for the Royal Challengers. Kohli became the captain of the national cricket team of India. He is often considered one of the best batsmen of his era. Virat Kohli became the first cricket player with 100 million followers on his main social media page.
© Rohith Gowtham
© Dinesh Srinivasan
© Twitter: @sa_jeeth


The University of Chicago is the birthplace of law and economics, and it continues to be the most influential source of scholarship and innovation in the field. At the University of Chicago, Nobel Laureate economists Gary Becker, Ronald Coase, George Stigler, and Milton Friedman worked together with brilliant legal minds like Richard Posner to change the foundation of legal thought in the United States, transforming entire fields of law over the past 50 years.
The Summer Institute in Law and Economics, now in its sixth year, has created a network of well over 300 scholars from around the world who are committed to improving law and policy in their own countries, and who are collaborating to bring economic analysis to the forefront of legal scholarship. The Summer Institute provides legal scholars with the tools and training to bring law and economics into their own classroom and research.
Whether you have already participated in the Summer Institute or are exploring this exciting opportunity for the first time, we invite you to Chicago to learn advanced skills in law and economics.
The program for the 2019 Summer Institute will have four subject units and several special lectures. Each unit will include five two-hour lectures, all in English. Required reading materials in English will be distributed about 30 days in advance of the Summer Institute.
These are unusually interesting times at the intersection of law, technology, and competition. The emergence of the large tech platforms, such as Google, Apple, Facebook and Amazon pose interesting practical and theoretical issues for competition and regulatory policy. In this summer course, we will look at some of the history associated with the regulation of these types of industries as well as the way different legal systems are responding to the dominant positions that these firms hold. The analysis will be situated in law, technology and economics.
This series of lectures examines consumer behavior through the lens of behavioral law & economics. It explores how fairness norms, bounded willpower, salience bias, and choice architecture affect consumer decision-making across a variety of domains. The lecture series will address behavioral law & economics in the context of consumer contracting (such as contracts for credit cards and mortgages), financial investment and retirement savings decisions, purchasing and product choices, and more.
This course will examine interactions between property rights and market transactions. We will explore the law and economics of property entitlements and consider a variety of market failures that arise in real and personal property contexts. Topics will include eminent domain, land use controls, private community governance, commons and anticommons problems, urban agglomeration, housing, and the sharing economy. Throughout, we will observe how property rights and contractual arrangements might substitute for or complement each other. We will compare emerging models of resource access with traditional models of ownership, and discuss possible future trends, opportunities, and innovations in markets for land and other resources.
This lecture series provides an economic framework to examine regulation of consumer markets. It explores the economic justifications and critiques of rules that mandate disclosure of information, rules that regulate quality or other attributes of products and services, how default rules and nudges affect consumer choice, protection of consumer privacy, and more.
In addition to lectures from University of Chicago faculty, the participants present their own scholarly work to each other and to the UChicago faculty in an academic conference setting. This experience allows the scholars to get valuable feedback and direction on their own work, and to contribute to the other participants' work.
The fee for the Summer Institute is $4,250, which includes lodging, two meals (breakfast and lunch) per day, all organized social activities, some dinners, and food during class breaks. Participants will be housed in modern University of Chicago student residence halls in Hyde Park, Chicago, conveniently located near the Law School.
A nonrefundable deposit of $500 is required upon acceptance to the Summer Institute.
Many universities reimburse fees for participation and travel to educational events and conferences. Check with your academic department to see if the Summer Institute qualifies.
Travel costs are the responsibility of each participant and the participant's academic department. The Law School does not reimburse travel or offer travel assistance.
The University of Chicago invites legal scholars from Europe, Asia, Africa, and Latin America to apply to the two-week program. Professors, assistant professors, lecturers, and postdoctoral fellows are encouraged to apply. Policymakers and judges, as well as researchers from other disciplines—including economics, finance, and political science—are also encouraged to apply.
Applicants must have sufficient command of the English language to complete the required readings and participate in rigorous classroom discussion. All courses and materials will be offered in English without translation.
Necessary documentation for the visa application process for travel to the United States will be provided upon acceptance to the institute by the Coase-Sandor Institute for Law and Economics.
Applications should be made online at http://www.law.uchicago.edu/lawecon/summerschool/apply.
We ask applicants to provide statements outlining their background in law and economics, current research interest, and reasons for interest in attending the Summer Institute. Applicants must provide a current CV in English detailing educational background, employment history, and a list of publications.
If you have questions, please contact Norma R. de Yagcier, Program Coordinator of the Coase-Sandor Institute for Law and Economics, at ndeyagci@uchicago.edu.
**DEADLINE EXTENDED** Apply to the 2019 Summer Institute below.


Our team of expert business advisers is made up of experienced accountants and tax specialists. We believe that regular meetings benefit all parties – our approachable staff are on hand to answer any questions you may have.
Ailsa started her accountancy career at the age of 16 with a Wirral based accountancy practice. Having remained there for 10 years, she moved to a local accountancy practice as an accounts and audit senior where she worked for a further 8 years.
After a five year spell of self- employment Ailsa returned to her previous employers where she spent three years as Practice Manager.
In August 2013, Ailsa was recruited as Practice Manager by Langtons and has responsibility for the financial and management reporting for the practice.
Alice joined Langtons in 2007 having previously qualified at another local accountancy firm. Alice is a dedicated member of the specialist Langtons Corporate Finance team and has strong experience of undertaking financial due diligence, financial modelling and lead advisory support work, including corporate finance transactions such as acquisitions, fundraisings and sale assignments.
Chris joined Langtons in 2015 after 10 years in a top-10 accountancy practice during which time he qualified ACCA in 2006. Chris predominantly deals with owner-managed clients providing them with bookkeeping, VAT, management accounts, year-end compliance services as well as general business advice.
As part of the Langtons System Solutions team, Chris advises clients on suitable electronic and online accounting packages, providing training and installation / setup services together with online bookkeeping and management accounts services.
Chris is also Xero accredited.
Chris joined Langtons in 2018 having spent a number of years working in practice in Warrington. Chris largely deals with SME clients, providing practical advice on all day-to-day compliance matters, as well as a focus on management accounts and year-end compliance services.
Dave started his career in the Inland Revenue before moving to the accountancy profession, initially in London, then returning to Liverpool. He joined Langtons in 2001 and is responsible for personal and non-corporate business tax.
John's IT career began with HM Customs & Excise in 1991. During the years prior to joining Langtons he has worked as an IT consultant for financial institutions, the Manchester Commonwealth Games and an IT support company. Having provided support to Langtons for a number of years, he joined the firm in 2006.
As well as responsibility for all things IT "in house" John also currently provides IT Strategy and Support for a number of Langtons' clients, within the Langtons Systems Solutions team.
Having graduated from the University of Manchester with a degree in Mathematics, Josh joined Langtons in 2015 and completed his training with the firm to become ACA qualified whilst working in the Audit and Accounts team.
Josh gained significant experience in audit and year-end accounts preparation and now works in the Corporate Finance team.
Having graduated from the University of Sunderland with a degree in Accounting and Economics, Kerry went on to qualify at a local accountancy practice as a Certified Chartered Accountant in 2007.
She joined Langtons in 2013 with a wealth of experience in audit and year-end accounts preparation and also assists many of our clients with management accounts and projections.
Kevin trained in the Inland Revenue, rising to tax officer higher grade, before moving to the accountancy profession with Deloitte. He joined Langtons in 1984 and is responsible for all personal and non-corporate business tax.
Having graduated at Liverpool John Moores University with a degree in Accounting and Finance, Liz went on to qualify at a local accountancy practice as a certified chartered accountant in 2002.
She joined Langtons in 2013 and has a wealth of experience in audit and accounts preparation.
Paul has worked within payroll for over 25 years, gaining experience in a range of industries from FMCG, transport and warehousing to retail and wholesale pharmacy.
He started his payroll career in a small family business and has worked for some household names such as Princes Foods and Phoenix Group (which included Numark and Rowlands Pharmacy).
He brings with him a wealth of experience, having dealt with payrolls ranging from just 4 staff to over 6500.
He qualified with the CIPP in 2007 and joined Langtons in April 2013 as Payroll Bureau Manager.
Phil specialises in providing tax advice to corporate entities, including minimising corporate tax liabilities and identifying tax planning opportunities. He also manages a number of clients, offering practical business advice as well as a core focus on compliance services, with a particular focus on the education sector.
Phil graduated from the University of Durham with a degree in Modern Languages and joined Langtons in 2006, qualifying as a Chartered Accountant three years later. He completed his Chartered Tax Advisor examinations in 2012 and applied for full membership in 2018.
Rob joined Langtons in February 2014 having graduated from the University of Manchester with two degrees, BSc Mathematics and BEng Electrical Engineering. During this time Rob also had experience working at Deloitte and the Co-operative Group before joining Langtons.
Rachel joined Langtons in 2018 after moving to the UK from Australia. Rachel has 6 years of accounting experience, gained both while completing her degree in Accounting & Finance and following her graduation. She predominantly deals with management accounts, VAT, bookkeeping, software advice and installation, and software training.
She is accredited with both Xero and QuickBooks Online and has extensive experience in both, having been an early adopter of cloud-based accountancy software.
Ross qualified as a Chartered Accountant in 1984 before spending three years in the audit department at Price Waterhouse. He joined Langtons in 1988 and, with over 25 years' experience in the profession, holds the position of Senior Audit Manager.
Sarah started her career at a local accountancy firm after graduating from Liverpool John Moores University in 2011 with an Accountancy and Finance degree. During her time there she worked on a variety of different clients and went on to qualify as a Chartered Accountant in 2014.
In 2016 Sarah moved to Langtons working with the Business Services department providing audit and accountancy services to clients.
More recently Sarah has been heavily involved in working with Academies and is studying to be a Chartered Tax Advisor.
Simon graduated from the University of Liverpool in 1995 and joined Langtons in the same year. He qualified as a Chartered Accountant in 1998 and was appointed a Manager in 1999. As well as managing some of the firm's largest audit assignments, Simon also assists many of our clients with the preparation of year end accounts, management accounts and projections.
Steven joined Langtons in 1999 and qualified as a Chartered Accountant in 2002. After a two year break away from Langtons in industry from 2004 to 2006, Steven re-joined the firm and now acts as a Client Relationship Manager. Steven now deals with the firm's largest audit clients, often preparing consolidated accounts for medium sized groups, though he also maintains a number of smaller clients which he assists. His areas of speciality are company and consolidated accounts.