The Alder Trail is a challenging 101-mile backpacking route between Fort William and Aviemore, taking in several Munros and a wide variety of wild country. It was first described in the November 2016 issue of Trail Magazine. Here is a brief guide to enjoying and hiking the Alder Trail.
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There are limitless opportunities for backpacking routes in the Scottish Highlands, and many of them already have names. The West Highland Way, Cape Wrath Trail, and Skye Trail are well known; others, such as the Affric-Kintail Way or the Sutherland Trail, are less so. More significantly, people have tramped all over the Highlands on foot for generations without labelling their journeys at all. In many ways the Alder Trail is that kind of walk – I've just put a label on it.
The Alder Trail passes through prime TGO Challenge country, taking advantage of ancient drove roads, mountain passes, and ascents of classic Munros along the way. It has almost certainly been done many times before, if not in the specifics then in the general spirit of the route.
When I was approached by Trail Magazine, we refined the concept to come up with a simple proposition: a wilder, more adventurous, more enjoyable alternative to the rather pedestrian East Highland Way.
This is not a waymarked trail like the West Highland Way or Pennine Way. It is a significant step up in difficulty from either of those trails, with lengthy pathless sections requiring competent navigation. It reaches elevations well in excess of 3,000 feet at several different points. Experienced stravaigers will find themselves perfectly at home on this route, but I believe it is also a good step up for the less experienced backpacker who has ambitions to take on something like the Cape Wrath Trail. I wouldn't recommend it for beginners, but it's a suitable route for the intermediate backpacker.
I recommend 7-8 days to complete the Alder Trail. In benign weather, fit hikers may well be able to comfortably do it in 5-6 days, but the sections through the Alder Forest and crossing the Cairngorms should not be underestimated.
For much of the year, winter conditions may be present on the higher reaches of the Alder Trail, requiring ice axe, crampons, winter boots, and the ability to use them. I made my journey in May 2016 and was very glad of my winter gear. May is not summer in the Highlands; it's spring at best, and still winter in the high mountains.
As a general rule, there's a good chance of finding snow on the higher reaches of the Alder Trail from November through to May. For the best chance of avoiding snow altogether, consider September or October; there are fewer midges, and weather is often more settled than during midsummer.
In Scotland, walkers are fortunate to enjoy the right to camp in wild country. If you're considering the Alder Trail you should already have experience of wild camping. You must leave no trace; some areas are experiencing real problems due to campers leaving rubbish (or even entire tents) behind, and this will affect all of us in the long run. Respect the natural environment and carry all your rubbish out with you.
When hiking the Alder Trail you will have the opportunity to stay in several bothies. These are basic, unlocked shelters maintained by the Mountain Bothies Association for the use of all mountain travellers. You'll have a roof over your head, and there's generally some kind of sleeping platform, but otherwise facilities vary from bothy to bothy – often a stove and some basic furniture, but a few have luxuries such as a composting toilet or even electricity (both extremely rare!).
Bothies are not available for commercial groups.
It is recommended that you carry camping equipment on the Alder Trail. Although the route passes by several excellent bothies, you will find it difficult to get from Dalwhinnie to Glen Feshie without camping – it's 27.5 miles, more than most people would be willing to walk in a day. And you may find bothies full, closed, or damaged. Never rely on being able to sleep in a bothy; always have the option of camping if required.
It's worth taking some time to plan logistics before setting out. Unlike on the WHW, where you'll never have to carry more than a couple of days' food at a time, the Alder Trail is quite remote and there is only one opportunity for resupply.
Dalwhinnie is the key to unlocking this trail. It's at about the halfway point, and has just enough infrastructure to support the thru-hiker. Although you'll find no shop or supermarket in Dalwhinnie, there is an excellent bunkhouse, adjacent to (and run by the same person as) the local cafe. This is a hiker-friendly establishment. I can't guarantee you'll receive the same treatment, but the owner, Ron, kindly agreed to take in a supply box for me, and generally went out of his way to make my stay as pleasant as possible.
The actual cafe serves teas, coffees, cakes and sandwiches, and you may be able to stock up on snacks for eating during the day (but it certainly isn't sufficient for a full resupply).
Unless you plan to carry food for the entire trip from Fort William, I recommend contacting the Dalwhinnie Bunkhouse to ask about the possibility of sending a supply box in advance.
Dalwhinnie also offers bus and train connections, should you be forced to abandon the trail.
As described, the route only has one foul-weather alternative, bypassing Ben Alder itself. This is quite deliberate. For much of the route, although it would be possible to detour at low level in the event of bad weather, this would usually defeat the purpose of the trail. Also, if you're experienced enough to hike it, you're experienced enough to devise your own foul-weather alternatives! This guide is best used in conjunction with your maps as you plan.
The first day on the trail is fairly easy, without any major ascents or significant obstacles. It follows Glen Nevis from its mouth at Fort William to its watershed beneath Coire Rath, and down the lesser glen of the Abhainn Rath to Stoaineag bothy.
The first few miles follow the road out of Fort William and into Glen Nevis. Walkers may prefer to drive or hitch-hike down to the car park at the road's end near Steall Falls; this cuts 7 miles / 11km from the start of the route. However, even though it's on tarmac, this first part of the walk is quite scenic and well worth doing if you have the time.
From Steall, the path becomes far rougher. The popular walk from the car park to Steall Falls is likely to be very busy.
After enjoying the view from Steall meadows, continue along the obvious path heading east along the side of the river. After just over a kilometre the path splits in two and becomes far less distinct. The better route tends to stay lower, closer to the river, but you'll come across a more distinct trail at about NN 168 691. Keep heading east. The glen continues, narrowing and climbing somewhat to the flat and boggy area surrounding Tom an Eite. Here there is an unavoidable river crossing, usually easy but may be more challenging in spate.
Continue east along the north bank of the river. You'll come to Meanach bothy first. If the rivers are high, you may wish to stop at this bothy, as you'll need to cross the Abhainn Rath to get to Staoineag. However, Staoineag is a much nicer bothy, and it can be reached on the other side of some stepping stones a couple of kilometres after Meanach. There are many wild camping opportunities in this part of the glen.
Although the first part of this walk is straightforward, and in good conditions the ascent of Carn Dearg and Sgor Gaibhre will present no problems for most walkers, this is undeniably a more serious day than the first.
Follow the path from Staoineag along the southern bank of the river before emerging at the bridge at the southern end of Loch Trieg. Keep heading east along an obvious track, through an arch under the railway and uphill slightly to the Ossian Hostel (excellent accommodation here in a beautiful setting). Continue east, striking uphill towards Peter's Rock marked on OS maps. At this point, where the track from the Ossian Hostel meets a north/south track, head due east up rough hillsides to meet the crest of Carn Dearg's NW Ridge. Follow this ridge to the summit of Carn Dearg at 941m.
In good visibility the ridge to Sgor Gaibhre is obvious, but if the clag is down then you will need to take a bearing here – beware of steep ground! Head NE, mostly descending but with a couple of minor rises in the broad ridge until you descend to the Mam Ban. From this bealach a gentle shoulder rises through heather to the summit of Sgor Gaibhre at 955m.
The descent from Sgor Gaibhre is the technical crux of today's route. Descend steep slopes NNW to the Bealach nan Sgor. Here you need to descend a steep gully due east. I have never been here in summer conditions, so I don't know the condition of the gully in the warmer months, but I suspect it's loose. Take great care! In winter conditions, a considerable buildup of steep snow is likely, and the top few metres of the gully qualify as Grade I winter climbing terrain. There may be a cornice here, so watch out! I strongly recommend an ice axe and crampons for this descent.
Fortunately the difficulties are short lived, and soon the descent eases to the boggy ground surrounding Lochan a'Bhealaich. Head slightly north of east, crossing one larger watercourse as near to the lochan as possible and several smaller burns. The ground is very rough and boggy here, and you will need to plot the best course you can through the peat hags. Aim for the south bank of the Allt Tom a'Chogaidh here, which you should follow almost down to the shores of Loch Ericht. The descent is rough and tiresome and you'll definitely get your feet wet!
When the terrain flattens off, at about NN 491 676, avoid a large boggy area to the south before joining a path heading north through the woods of An Grianan. This path, boggy in places, leads to a footbridge over the Alder Burn. The Alder Cottage, a superb bothy, lies on the other side.
This is the most difficult day on the trail, and the route's high point in every sense of the word. Ben Alder is a magnificent Munro surrounded by beautiful wild country. To climb it from Ben Alder Cottage, ascend the steep path past Prince Charlie's Cave towards the Bealach Breabag. Before reaching the bealach, turn left and leave the path, climbing on the left-hand side of a vague spur of rocky ground. Your goal is the 1,104m top of Sron Bealach Beithe; in winter conditions beware avalanche risk on these convex slopes.
From Sron Bealach Beithe, follow the rim of Garbh Choire to the 1,148m summit of Ben Alder. Descend west, at first across a gentle plateau and then down a steepening stony shoulder to the path coming from Bealach Cumhann. Follow this path NE to a bealach, then down a deep valley past the now-defunct bothy of Culra. The path continues to Ben Alder Lodge where it becomes a good track beside Loch Ericht. Follow this track to Dalwhinnie.
If conditions on Ben Alder are too severe, there's an easy foul-weather alternative all the way from Ben Alder Cottage to Dalwhinnie. An obvious path follows the shore of the loch east directly from the bothy. When you round the headland the path is initially vague, with some steep, loose ground above the water, but it soon becomes a good track. Follow it for several miles until, almost at Ben Alder Lodge, it diverts steeply left through woodland. Re-join the track and follow it to Dalwhinnie.
Another high-level route, this time climbing to the summit of the Munro Carn na Caim. Walk south along the road from Dalwhinnie, and cross the A9 just south of the Wade Bridge. There's an obvious land rover track climbing easily through moorland to a 902m spot height. From here, navigate north to the summit of Carn na Caim – easy in good visibility.
From Carn na Caim, the objective is to reach the descent to Glen Tromie at Bruthach na Craoibhe. My route consisted of nine different legs across the open plateau, skirting the rim of Coire Chais to the north before bearing east. Take particular care with your navigation in poor visibility or snow, because it's very easy to get lost if you aren't on the ball, and there are no paths. You may find a GPS useful in addition to your map and compass here.
The steep descent down the nose at Bruthach na Craoibhe follows an obvious zigzag path. Once in the glen bottom, cross the Allt Loch an Duin (straightforward in most conditions) and follow the land rover track north through the glen. There is another ford in a couple of miles, across the Allt Gharbh Ghaig.
Camping possibilities abound in this area, but be sensitive to the fact that this is a working glen; don't camp too close to Gaick Lodge. There are some good spots around the edge of Loch an t-Seilich.
This is perhaps the least interesting day on the Alder Trail. Its sole purpose is to get to Glen Feshie, and it passes through some fairly uninspiring grouse moorland, but a few navigational intricacies help to spice things up. There's plenty of heather-bashing and bog-hopping on this leg of the journey!
Continue north on the track through Glen Tromie until you reach the bridge over the Allt Bran, then turn immediately right. A path is marked on the map, but this is invisible on the ground; just continue along the north bank of the river as best you can, passing a weir until it's possible to pick up the course of a vague, sporadic track. Aim for a stand of woodland on the eastern side of a spur coming down from Carn Dearg. Leave the vague path and follow the left edge of this plantation, crossing some hideous bogs, then pick up a better track along the north edge of the plantation. The map shows a path cutting through the plantation towards another one, but in 2015 so many fallen trees blocked the path I found it easier just to keep following the land rover track as far as Lochan an t-Sluic.
From this point an obvious and easy path descends to the meadows of Glen Feshie. Unless water levels are very low, don't attempt to ford the Feshie, which is a serious watercourse. Instead, walk north on good tracks until you reach the bridge over the Feshie just south of Achleum. Wild camping possibilities abound on the east bank of the river, and there is a bothy a couple of miles to the south (Ruigh Aiteachain, although at the time of writing in November 2016 it is closed for renovation).
On this day the trail crosses one of the most special places in Scotland: the Moine Mhor or 'Great Moss', an elevated plateau deep in the heart of the Cairngorms. The terrain is relatively serious here. Although slopes are often gentle and only on the descent to Glen Geusachan is steep ground encountered, this plateau holds snow for much of the year and navigation can be very challenging. Think twice before attempting this leg of the Alder Trail in bad weather.
From the bridge over the Feshie, climb through the woodland at the base of the Allt Fhearnagan. These paths are often vague and seem to peter out, but stay close to the watercourse and you won't go far wrong. Once out of the woods, climb on the obvious path into Coire Fhearnagan until you reach the shoulder just beneath the summit of Carn Ban Mor. There may be steep snow at the headwall of Coire Fhearnagan.
Navigate to Loch nan Stuirteag, a lochan between Monadh Mor and Sgor an Lochan Uaine. Start by following a footpath SE, which passes to the north of a 957m spot height before veering east towards a burn. Cross this burn, then head due east to bealach 876m. Contour around the northern side of Tom Dubh (918m) and follow the north bank of the Allt Luineag. In winter and spring, beware of lochans and watercourses concealed beneath deep snow pack.
From Loch nan Stuirteag the views east down Glen Geusachan are dramatic. This is one of the finest situations on the Alder Trail and would make a grand location for a wild camp. If pressing on to Corrour, skirt the north shore of the loch and descend steep ground carefully, looking for the best place to cross the Geusachan Burn. It falls in steep cataracts initially but there are several places where it should be possible to cross with care. You want to be on the north bank of the river by the time the glen flattens out, as the river quickly becomes a lot more difficult to cross further down.
Follow the north bank of the Geusachan Burn and contour around the lower slopes of the Devil's Point when the river veers south to join the River Dee. Walk north along the west bank of the Dee until you reach Corrour.
Corrour is an excellent but small bothy, and is often extremely busy. You may have to camp if it's full. If you have extra time on your hands and the weather is nice, you may feel like staying here an extra day and climbing some of the nearby Munros.
The Alder Trail's finale is a classic route: the Lairig Ghru to Aviemore, passing through fantastic Cairngorms scenery. Although there's a good path the whole way, snow may obscure parts of the trail for much of the year, even well into May. I have seen icebergs floating in the Pools of Dee at the top of the pass in early June before. Otherwise there are few objective hazards on this leg of the journey.
Cross the bridge over the Dee and head north. After a couple of miles, views open up west into Garbh Choire, the place where snow lasts longer than anywhere else in the Scottish mountains. If visibility is good you'll almost certainly see snow patches or snow fields on the upper cliffs of Braeriach.
The path steepens a little as it climbs towards the Pools of Dee, staying close to the Allt na Lairig Ghru. Skirt the Pools of Dee to the left (the path is often obscured beneath snow pack here) and then drop gently down on the other side of the pass, mostly staying to the left of the watercourse. The cliffs of Lurcher's Crag soon rear up on your right. In winter or early spring you may see cascades of ice dribbling down these cliffs.
The path crosses a boggy area and enters the forest of Rothiemurchus. The route remains obvious and soon you will begin to see signposts pointing towards Aviemore. After the Cairngorm Club Footbridge, easy tracks on flat terrain lead to Coylumbridge, and from there you can follow the road the last couple of miles to Aviemore and a well-earned pint at the Old Bridge Inn!
There are numerous accommodation options in Aviemore, including the Aviemore Bunkhouse next to the Old Bridge Inn, the SYHA hostel, a campsite, and several hotels. There are rail and bus links to Inverness, and southbound trains for Perth and Edinburgh. To return to Fort William, the best route by public transport is to get a bus to Inverness, then take the number 19 bus to Fort William. More information at Citylink.
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As usual an inspirational and educational piece Alex.
Thanks! Glad you found it useful and interesting.


Elyse is Chief Executive Officer of the Neuroendocrine Tumor Research Foundation (NETRF), a position she has held since November 2017. She joined NETRF in September of 2016 as Senior Administrative Officer.
Elyse was previously a Regional Vice President for Sarah Cannon, the oncology service line for Hospital Corporation of America (HCA), leading the development of cancer programs for a seven-hospital division across Colorado and Kansas. She has served in key roles for Susan G. Komen as the Denver Affiliate Board President and a National Board member, and for the Leukemia and Lymphoma Society, as Executive Leadership Council chairperson in 2015. In 2011, Elyse was recognized by the White House as a Champion for Change in the fight against Breast Cancer.
Elyse has expertise in strategic program development, healthcare operations, and marketing. She has a bachelor's degree from Cornell University and a master's degree in Healthcare Systems from the University of Denver.


The National Security Agency (NSA) and CIA are very powerful and very secure institutions that are often linked to 'shady' political events. For years people have worked to expose their actions, leak secret information and develop theories to explain what their goals really are. Most of the time this stuff is passed off as 'conspiracy theories' but this time things are different. Edward Snowden worked for the CIA and NSA for over four years as a technical assistant. In that time he also worked for defence contractor Booz Allen Hamilton as well as a few other outside contractors. Before blowing the whistle, Snowden lived a very comfortable life that featured a large salary of about $200,000/year, a stable career, a girlfriend, a home in Hawaii, and a great family. The 29-year-old is now responsible for blowing the whistle on one of the most significant leaks in US political history which means he had to give all of it up.
Snowden is currently living in Hong Kong as he feels the city celebrates free speech and recognizes the right of political dissent. Snowden plans to stay there for as long as it takes as he feels Hong Kong is one of the few places in the world that both could and would resist the dictates of the US government. His moves will not be liked by the NSA or CIA and it is likely he will be attacked for it. His actions put him up there with other epic whistleblowers; Daniel Ellsberg and Bradley Manning. Manning's case has become very popular as he has been charged with 22 offences surrounding the main event of passing secret documents off to WikiLeaks where they exposed the corrupt actions of the US government and military.
Most of his disclosure deals with the subversion of government power, the destruction of people's privacy, internet freedoms and basic liberties. Snowden reveals that everyone can be spied on and watched regardless of whether they have done anything wrong or not. Further, the NSA has twisted the lives of innocent people to make them seem dangerous.
Most of the time we look at agencies like the NSA and CIA as agencies with our best interest at heart. They exist because there are threats in the world and their goal is to keep us safe. But is this really the case? Are there really threats? Or are threats created so that they can continue to crack down and enforce tighter security to gain more control over the mass populace? Keep in mind the CIA has admitted to being involved and having prior knowledge to 14 of the last 22 terror attacks that occurred in America since 9/11. All of this results in a more fearful public and tighter laws.
Check out Edward's statements on his motives as to why he chose to talk about what he did.


text:
Quantitative determination of lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) by LC-MS/MS
S. P. Bathena, J. Huang, Martha E. Nunn, Takanari Miyamoto, L. C. Parrish, M. S. Lang, T. P. McVaney, M. L. Toews, D. R. Cerutis, Y. Alnouti
Department of Periodontology
Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid mediator that plays multiple cellular functions by acting through G protein-coupled LPA receptors. LPAs are known to be key mediators in inflammation, and several lines of evidence suggest a role for LPAs in inflammatory periodontal diseases. A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated to quantify LPA species (LPA 18:0, LPA 16:0, LPA 18:1 and LPA 20:4) in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). LPA 17:0 was used as an internal standard and the LPA species were extracted from saliva by liquid-liquid extraction using butanol. Chromatography was performed using a Macherey-Nagel NUCLEODUR ® C8 Gravity Column (125mm×2.0mm ID) with a mixture of methanol/water: 75/25 (v/v) containing 0.5% formic acid and 5mM ammonium formate (mobile phase A) and methanol/water: 99/0.5 (v/v) containing 0.5% formic acid and 5mM ammonium formate (mobile phase B) at a flow rate of 0.5mL/min. LPAs were detected by a linear ion trap-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with a total run time of 8.5min. The limit of quantification (LOQ) in saliva was 1ng/mL for all LPA species and the method was validated over the range of 1-200ng/mL. The method was validated in GCF over the ranges of 10-500ng/mL for LPA 18:0 and LPA 16:0, and 5-500ng/mL for LPA 18:1 and LPA 20:4. This sensitive LC-MS/MS assay was successfully applied to obtain quantitative data of individual LPA levels from control subjects and patients with various periodontal diseases. All four LPA species were consistently elevated in samples obtained from periodontal diseases, which supports a role of LPAs in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.041
Gingival Crevicular Fluid
Lysophospholipids
Lysophosphatidic Acid Receptors
Inflammation Mediators
Butanols
Liquid-Liquid Extraction
Bathena, S. P., Huang, J., Nunn, M. E., Miyamoto, T., Parrish, L. C., Lang, M. S., ... Alnouti, Y. (2011). Quantitative determination of lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) by LC-MS/MS. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, 56(2), 402-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.041
Quantitative determination of lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) by LC-MS/MS. / Bathena, S. P.; Huang, J.; Nunn, Martha E.; Miyamoto, Takanari; Parrish, L. C.; Lang, M. S.; McVaney, T. P.; Toews, M. L.; Cerutis, D. R.; Alnouti, Y.
In: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, Vol. 56, No. 2, 10.09.2011, p. 402-407.
Bathena, SP, Huang, J, Nunn, ME, Miyamoto, T, Parrish, LC, Lang, MS, McVaney, TP, Toews, ML, Cerutis, DR & Alnouti, Y 2011, 'Quantitative determination of lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) by LC-MS/MS', Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis, vol. 56, no. 2, pp. 402-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.041
Bathena SP, Huang J, Nunn ME, Miyamoto T, Parrish LC, Lang MS et al. Quantitative determination of lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) by LC-MS/MS. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2011 Sep 10;56(2):402-407. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.041
Bathena, S. P. ; Huang, J. ; Nunn, Martha E. ; Miyamoto, Takanari ; Parrish, L. C. ; Lang, M. S. ; McVaney, T. P. ; Toews, M. L. ; Cerutis, D. R. ; Alnouti, Y. / Quantitative determination of lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) by LC-MS/MS. In: Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis. 2011 ; Vol. 56, No. 2. pp. 402-407.
@article{4f65f8c42dfe4633872ae3c8c1ab8c2d,
title = "Quantitative determination of lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) by LC-MS/MS",
abstract = "Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid mediator that plays multiple cellular functions by acting through G protein-coupled LPA receptors. LPAs are known to be key mediators in inflammation, and several lines of evidence suggest a role for LPAs in inflammatory periodontal diseases. A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated to quantify LPA species (LPA 18:0, LPA 16:0, LPA 18:1 and LPA 20:4) in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). LPA 17:0 was used as an internal standard and the LPA species were extracted from saliva by liquid-liquid extraction using butanol. Chromatography was performed using a Macherey-Nagel NUCLEODUR {\circledR} C8 Gravity Column (125mm×2.0mm ID) with a mixture of methanol/water: 75/25 (v/v) containing 0.5{\%} formic acid and 5mM ammonium formate (mobile phase A) and methanol/water: 99/0.5 (v/v) containing 0.5{\%} formic acid and 5mM ammonium formate (mobile phase B) at a flow rate of 0.5mL/min. LPAs were detected by a linear ion trap-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with a total run time of 8.5min. The limit of quantification (LOQ) in saliva was 1ng/mL for all LPA species and the method was validated over the range of 1-200ng/mL. The method was validated in GCF over the ranges of 10-500ng/mL for LPA 18:0 and LPA 16:0, and 5-500ng/mL for LPA 18:1 and LPA 20:4. This sensitive LC-MS/MS assay was successfully applied to obtain quantitative data of individual LPA levels from control subjects and patients with various periodontal diseases. All four LPA species were consistently elevated in samples obtained from periodontal diseases, which supports a role of LPAs in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.",
author = "Bathena, {S. P.} and J. Huang and Nunn, {Martha E.} and Takanari Miyamoto and Parrish, {L. C.} and Lang, {M. S.} and McVaney, {T. P.} and Toews, {M. L.} and Cerutis, {D. R.} and Y. Alnouti",
doi = "10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.041",
journal = "Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis",
T1 - Quantitative determination of lysophosphatidic acids (LPAs) in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) by LC-MS/MS
AU - Bathena, S. P.
AU - Huang, J.
AU - Nunn, Martha E.
AU - Miyamoto, Takanari
AU - Parrish, L. C.
AU - Lang, M. S.
AU - McVaney, T. P.
AU - Toews, M. L.
AU - Cerutis, D. R.
AU - Alnouti, Y.
N2 - Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid mediator that plays multiple cellular functions by acting through G protein-coupled LPA receptors. LPAs are known to be key mediators in inflammation, and several lines of evidence suggest a role for LPAs in inflammatory periodontal diseases. A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated to quantify LPA species (LPA 18:0, LPA 16:0, LPA 18:1 and LPA 20:4) in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). LPA 17:0 was used as an internal standard and the LPA species were extracted from saliva by liquid-liquid extraction using butanol. Chromatography was performed using a Macherey-Nagel NUCLEODUR ® C8 Gravity Column (125mm×2.0mm ID) with a mixture of methanol/water: 75/25 (v/v) containing 0.5% formic acid and 5mM ammonium formate (mobile phase A) and methanol/water: 99/0.5 (v/v) containing 0.5% formic acid and 5mM ammonium formate (mobile phase B) at a flow rate of 0.5mL/min. LPAs were detected by a linear ion trap-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with a total run time of 8.5min. The limit of quantification (LOQ) in saliva was 1ng/mL for all LPA species and the method was validated over the range of 1-200ng/mL. The method was validated in GCF over the ranges of 10-500ng/mL for LPA 18:0 and LPA 16:0, and 5-500ng/mL for LPA 18:1 and LPA 20:4. This sensitive LC-MS/MS assay was successfully applied to obtain quantitative data of individual LPA levels from control subjects and patients with various periodontal diseases. All four LPA species were consistently elevated in samples obtained from periodontal diseases, which supports a role of LPAs in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
AB - Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a phospholipid mediator that plays multiple cellular functions by acting through G protein-coupled LPA receptors. LPAs are known to be key mediators in inflammation, and several lines of evidence suggest a role for LPAs in inflammatory periodontal diseases. A simple and sensitive liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method has been developed and validated to quantify LPA species (LPA 18:0, LPA 16:0, LPA 18:1 and LPA 20:4) in human saliva and gingival crevicular fluid (GCF). LPA 17:0 was used as an internal standard and the LPA species were extracted from saliva by liquid-liquid extraction using butanol. Chromatography was performed using a Macherey-Nagel NUCLEODUR ® C8 Gravity Column (125mm×2.0mm ID) with a mixture of methanol/water: 75/25 (v/v) containing 0.5% formic acid and 5mM ammonium formate (mobile phase A) and methanol/water: 99/0.5 (v/v) containing 0.5% formic acid and 5mM ammonium formate (mobile phase B) at a flow rate of 0.5mL/min. LPAs were detected by a linear ion trap-triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with a total run time of 8.5min. The limit of quantification (LOQ) in saliva was 1ng/mL for all LPA species and the method was validated over the range of 1-200ng/mL. The method was validated in GCF over the ranges of 10-500ng/mL for LPA 18:0 and LPA 16:0, and 5-500ng/mL for LPA 18:1 and LPA 20:4. This sensitive LC-MS/MS assay was successfully applied to obtain quantitative data of individual LPA levels from control subjects and patients with various periodontal diseases. All four LPA species were consistently elevated in samples obtained from periodontal diseases, which supports a role of LPAs in the pathogenesis of periodontal diseases.
U2 - 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.041
DO - 10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.041
JO - Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
JF - Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biomedical Analysis
10.1016/j.jpba.2011.05.041

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


U.S. 90 between Rampart and Legion Sts.
101 E. North Main St.
East of Presidio La Bahia on Lopez Rd.
Bounded by Clinton Dr., Lockwood Dr., and Lawndale St.
225 Whites Memorial Park Dr.
One of the founders of the City of Galveston, Michel B. Menard arrived in Texas in 1829. The house, built in 1838 and the oldest on the island, is in the Greek revival style. The furniture and furnishings, with few exceptions, all date from the first half of the 19th century (1800-1850s). They are of the federal, empire, regency, Biedermeier, and William IV styles, as interpreted by American, English, French and German artisans. Carpets, drapes and upholstery fabrics are reproductions appropriate for the period 1830-1850. Through a partnership with Galveston Historical Foundation, the house is operated as a museum and is available for private events only.


One of the nation's premier outdoor track & field invitational meet, the star-studded event at Icahn Stadium on Randall's Island will be the sixth stop on the international Samsung Diamond League circuit.
The man everyone wants to see? None other than Jamaican sprint sensation Usain Bolt, already a legend in Jamaica and one of the most popular athletes in the world. Bolt competed in New York in 2008, and he electrified the crowd with his first world record in the 100 meters. He's since lowered that mark twice and set the world best in the 200m, both to seemingly untouchable times (9.58 for 100m and 19.19 for 200m). Usain Bolt had to pull out of the event last year due to injury.
Blanka Vlasic, Tyson Gay, Jeremy Wariner and Jessica Ennis – a quartet of superstars ranked #1 in the world last year – are the first headliners set for the Adidas Grand Prix on June 11. Nickel Ashmeade, Jamaica's new sprint sensation is also headed to the Adidas Grand Prix.
Oscar Pistorius, the four-time Paralympic gold medalist popularly known as the "Blade Runner," will make his New York City debut at the Adidas Grand Prix, where he is set to compete against three-time Olympic gold medalist Jeremy Wariner at 400 meters.
Events at the Adidas Grand Prix 2011 include Men's 100m, 800m, 1500m, 400m Hurdles, 3000m Steeplechase, High Jump, Triple Jump, Pole Vault, Javelin and Women's 200m, 800m, 1500m, 5000m, 100m Hurdles, Long Jump, Pole Vault, Shot Put, Discus Throw.
Don't miss your chance to see many world class athletes in action, right here in New York City.
Take the 4, 5, or 6 Lexington Ave. trains to 125th St., then transfer on the NW corner of 125th St. and Lexington Ave. for the X80 bus to Randall's and Ward's Island. The X80 Adidas Grand Prix bus departs Lexington/125th continuously from 3pm to 9:30pm. One way travel time is 10 minutes in both directions.
Randall's Island Park is located under the Triborough Bridge in the East River, between Manhattan, the Bronx and Queens. Bridge toll is $4.50 upon entering; there is no charge to leave the Island.


Brr, Its Cold! Come Enjoy a Poconos Winter Getaway!
With Snow on the way, and a decent base being made at Big Boulder, looks like Winter is officially here in The Poconos and now is the time to book your Poconos winter getaway with Family and Friends. Skiing, Snow Boarding and Tubing are just a few of the chilly activities that will thrill you and your group. Or if you're looking for something a little warmer, the H2Ooohhh!! Indoor Water Park at Split Rock allows for some tropical splishing and splashing. Then all can come back to one of our gorgeous Mountain homes in the Lake Harmony area to relax and get cozy while making memories. Winter dates will fill in fast so check availability and book your Poconos winter getaway online today.


The man with no fear, the publisher with some.
Marvel and Sony were once working on a Daredevil game, but after internal problems and alleged drug abuse, the game never saw the light of day.
According to the latest video by Unseen64, the game was set to be a linear brawler for PlayStation 2 and later the Xbox, but the game's scope changed considerably once Sony got involved with developer 5000ft Inc. The plan was to coincide the game's release with the Ben Affleck Daredevil film everyone pretends never existed.
With Sony wanting something more, the developers attempted to make the game more open-world. At one point, much to the dismay of Marvel, Sony decided Daredevil: The Man Without Fear needed to capitalise on the popularity of the - wait for it - Tony Hawk's series, which would see Daredevil exploring the whole of Hell's Kitchen and being able to grind along railings and rooftops.
As for the rest of the game, some ideas the team implemented included being able to detect heartbeats and enemy fear levels. If you've played any of the Arkham games, you'll have a good idea of what that may have looked like.
Despite having a clear direction, problems continued between Sony and Marvel. Sony wanted the game to be something full of new, or current, mechanics that are fun to play, while Marvel wanted something that's true to the comics. Case in point - Daredevil grinding along rooftops isn't exactly authentic.
Meanwhile at 5000ft Inc., publisher Encore didn't want to pony up the cash to use Criterion's RenderWare engine, which was already being used to develop the game. This led to clashes between the studio's gameplay and technical teams, with the end result seeing the game scaled back from open-world into, once again, a linear experience.
With the studio divided, it's alleged that the freelance workers – along with several studio staff members, supposedly – would fill their time using illegal drugs. According to the report, one worker was found drooling during an afternoon meeting. If you're interested in what could have been, IGN actually got to play Daredevil when it was around 15-to-20 percent complete.
If any of this has whet your appetite for long forgotten games, did you know both Saints Row and The Elder Scrolls Oblivion were coming to Sony's PlayStation Portable console?


text:
Home Technology Devices
PolyU's new biosensor ushers wider smart healthcare applications
Professor Hwa-yaw TAM, Chair Professor of Photonics and Head of the Department of Electrical Engineering, PolyU, and his team made a research breakthrough by developing their novel fibre optic sensors based on an advanced plastic material, opening new possibilities for medical applications.
Researchers at The Hong Kong Polytechnic University (PolyU) has developed new optical fibre biosensors made from advanced plastic material, ZEONEX, which open new possibilities for medical applications, from improving surgery precision to providing novel ways of monitoring human body recovery from within the body.
"The new plastic optical fibre sensors can detect extremely subtle changes even of a difference smaller than 1 per cent of atmospheric pressure – sensitive enough to measure pressure inside the lungs while breathing, which changes by just a few kilopascals," said Professor Hwa-yaw Tam, chair professor of photonics and head of the Department of Electrical Engineering at PolyU, who led the research team that developed the new fibre optic microsensors.
The new "Side Hole Polymer Optical Fibre Sensors" are biocompatible and could be made as small as a few micrometres. Their sensitivity to pressure is twenty times that of traditional optical fibre sensors. They are deemed to be the most advanced railway safety monitoring technologies available for medical surveillance inside the human body.
PolyU's novel plastic fiber optic microsensors are biocompatible, supple and extremely sensitive to very small pressure changes inside the human body, ideal for medical monitoring, such as via integration into this fine smart cochlear implant.
Optical fibres are not just for transmission – they are also good sensors for detecting external changes by observing the reflection of the light beams passing through them. There is also growing use of fibre optics technology in medical applications, such as in surgical instrumentation, diagnostic and imaging equipment, or sensor-based wearable medical devices.
However, to deploy fibre optic sensing technology for monitoring inside the human body, traditional optical fibres made of glass or plastic have major drawbacks – glass is too stiff and brittle, while traditional plastic fibres tend to absorb water. Furthermore, the optical fibre sensors need to be able to detect very subtle changes for the purpose of medical monitoring.
The new sensors develop by PolyU solves the problems posed by glass and traditional plastic. In addition, the new sensor is made more sensitive by adding a side hole running in parallel with the light transmission path inside the optical fibre.
New medical applications
A smart cochlear implant featuring PolyU's tiny sensors could provide critical information about location and force to surgeons in real time during the implantation procedure.
Tam believes the new sensors will enable whole new applications for medical monitoring inside the human body not available before. These include include smart cochlear implantation, bone fracture recovery monitoring, or navigation monitoring in cardiac catheterisation.
"They are humidity insensitive, supple and shatter-resistant. They are also chemically inert, biocompatible, and can be made super tiny in size. These unique features make the sensors ideal for integration with medical implants," he said.
Already, the PolyU research team is working with counterparts from Australian and Japanese universities to develop various sensors for medical monitoring applications.
For instance, a smart cochlear implant featuring the PolyU tiny sensors could provide critical information about location and force to surgeons in real time during the implantation procedure. The smart cochlear implant will commence in vitro testing at the University of Melbourne and the Royal Victorian Eye and Ear Hospital.
PolyU is also working with Monash University researchers to integrate fibre sensors in orthopaedic implants for monitoring bone fracture recovery.
PolyU is working with Monash University researchers to integrate fibre sensors in orthopaedic implants for monitoring bone fracture recovery.
The PolyU research team will continue to explore further medical monitoring applications using the new plastic fibre optic sensors, including their use for precise navigation and shape detection in cardiac catheterisation.
Professor Tam and his team are also working to expand the sensors' ability to measure other physical or chemical changes like acidity and temperature.
"We also seek to develop a sensing network that integrates our sensors with emerging technologies like the wireless Internet-of-Things. The sensing network would be able to give a comprehensive and precise picture of changes inside the human body, thus helping patients around the world via technological innovation," he said.
The "Side Hole Polymer Optical Fibre Sensors" research findings were published earlier this year in Optics Letters by US-based The Optical Society. Part of the jointly developed applications with other universities have already been granted patents.
Related: New Ping-An JVs to use AI to manufacture innovative drugs
Tags: biosensorshealthcare technologyHong Kongsmart devicessmart healthcareThe Polytechnic University of Hong Kong (PolyU)


Hurray hurray, we ran today!
We are back in the hilliest of neighborhoods! Running here is fun but hard. Today we did a shortish 4.55 km around a well-loved route. It was cool but sunny and very damp. The damp makes me feel COLD till I have been running for a few minutes.
We did 10/1 run/walk intervals today. The walk break normally does make me feel like I can kick up the running speed a bit... but today the lower calf muscle in my right leg was cramping almost from the beginning. I think it did slow me down but I tried to ignore it causes I was just so happy to be RUNNING!
When we came inside I made us the most delicious smoothies... banana, unsweetened vanilla Almond Breeze, ground flax seeds and cinnamon. Mmmmmm.
So the week is off to a great start!
Yah for running and that smoothie sure does sound good!!
Way to go, Elle! :) I hope you have a fantastic week!!
I have a question for you. As you know, I have been doing run-walk intervals by miles. How do you determine how to do them by time? Is there a time I should start with to see how it goes?
Awesome run and that smoothie sounds delicious!
Damp definitely does add to the cold. I get warmer, and then some parts of me cool back down if I run for more than 20mins.


This page lists all Change Consultations which are opened when we need to obtain feedback from the industry on potential Modifications, Change Proposals and Issues. The page also includes Change consultations which have ceased to be active as they have reached their closed date.
The Balancing Mechanism Reporting Service (BMRS) is the primary channel for providing operational data relating to Great Britain's (GB) Electricity Balancing and Settlement arrangements, as well as REMIT and European Transparency Regulation data.
This Modification proposes to move a selection of Balancing Mechanism Reporting Service (BMRS) reporting items, currently set out in BSC Section V 'Reporting', to a new Code Subsidiary Document (CSD). This will remove the need to progress a Modification for future amendments while retaining obligations to provide or report required data remain within the BSC.
BMRS changes, which meet newly established criteria designed to speed up the progression of 'De-Minimis BMRS Changes' will not be subject to the normal Change Proposal (CP) consultation and will instead be progressed straight for decision. A 15 Working Day objection window will allow market participants to challenge the application of the criteria.
P384 will ensure balancing information required by the European Electricity Balancing Guideline (EB GL) and the European Transparency Regulation (ETR) is available to Market Participants. It will also ensure the Balancing and Settlement Code Company (BSCCo) and National Electricity Transmission System Operator (NETSO) remains compliant with this European legislation.
P366 will amend how Supplier Charge SP08a is applied to Non Half Hourly non-domestic Meters that are hard-to-read (HTR). It is believed that applying Supplier Charge SP08a to HTR Metering Systems is anti-competitive and limits consumer choice.
The current definition of Standard BM Unit configurations is too restrictive and not reflective of current market practices. Parties have to follow the non-Standard BM Unit registration process even though their Plant and Apparatus would be considered as standard in all respects other than how the BM Units are registered in CVA. This leads to inefficient and delayed registration activities. ELEXON's 'Review of Metering Dispensations and non-standard BMUs' and changes in market participation over the last 24 months indicate that BSC Section K3.1 is not necessarily reflective of current market practice in terms of how Parties wish to register and configure their BM Units.
Furthermore, the BSC is not clear on what should be done when Plant and Apparatus are reconfigured in such a way that the new configuration is different enough that it does not meet the same criteria under which it was originally registered. Failure to notify these changes undermines the ability to accurately Balance and Settle the GB market.
Amend the BSC and any associated CSDs to require Parties to consider if their BM Unit configuration has changed. If such changes result in a change of BM Unit configuration then the Party responsible should be required to seek approval based on their new configuration.
Amend BSC Section K3.1 (Configuration of BM Units) so that it reflects current Industry practice as well as any expected future changes to industry.
The P363+4 combined Assessment Report was presented to the Panel on 14 MArch 2019. the Panel agreed to amalgamate P363 into P364 and allow P364 to move into the Report Phase. Following amalgamation of P363 and P364, only the P364 page will be updated. The P363 page will not be updated.
The European Union Withdrawal Act (2018) will allow the BSC to remain operative immediately following exit day. However, there will be technical inaccuracies, which may lead to confusion for anyone not familiar with the relevant Brexit legislations, and will need updating as soon as possible.
Most EU regulations will be retained in UK law in the event of the UK leaving the EU without a deal – a 'no-deal Brexit'. However, the UK government has laid Statutory Instruments (SIs) that, when in force, will mean that some parts of EU Regulations will not be retained i.e. some Articles within Regulations will effectively be 'deleted' from retained UK law (some of the 'deleted' articles are, in some cases, replaced by UK replacement legislation but, not all). This means that the BSC will need to be updated to reflect this. Additionally, references to partially retained EU Regulations will need to be updated.
It should be noted that some revoked EU Legislation may not lead to the BSC being amended as it is more efficient for these parts of the BSC to remain 'dormant' until further details emerge of the UK's future relationship with the EU post-Brexit. An example would be parts of the Code dealing with P344 'Project TERRE' which won't become 'active' until December 2019.
The requirement to raise a Modification to make additions or changes to the data reported via the Balancing Mechanism Reporting Service (BMRS), is contributing to extended timescales for implementing these updates.
P372 aims to simplify the governance arrangements and reduce the timescales for the publication of data on the Balancing Mechanism Reporting Service (BMRS).
The BSC is constructed in a way that means the burden of governance can be reduced while maintaining appropriate oversight, by taking BMRS changes out of the Modification process and putting them under formal control of the Change Proposal (CP) process.
P381 proposes to remove Section C3.9.1 of the BSC in respect of 'quarterly reports'. Currently, the quarterly reports are not viewed by market participants, as the information is made readily available in a more timely and accessible manner elsewhere on the BSC Website. Therefore, the current quarterly reports process utilises ELEXON resource that could be better used adding greater value for our customers.
Recent changes to the Replacement Reserve Implementation Framework (RRIF), specifically the Transmission System Operator (TSO) energy bid submission gate closure time for Replacement Reserves (RR), mean that National Grid as the GB Electricity System Operator (ESO) will not be able to be compliant with the Balancing and Settlement Code (BSC) obligations introduced under Modification P344 'Project TERRE implementation into GB market arrangements'.
This Modification proposes to modify the BSC Section Q 'Balancing Mechanism Activities' wording introduced by P344 to ensure National Grid ESO's continued compliance with the BSC and the RRIF.
Following ELEXON's review of Metering Dispensation the decision was made to raise two separate Modifications, P363 'Simplifying the registration of new configurations of BM Units' and P364 'Clarifying requirements for registering and maintaining BM Units', to address the issues that were found. Separate Modifications were proposed to address the two different defects at hand. It was thought that by keeping the Modifications separate we avoid the possibility of them being dependent on each other when it comes to approval and/or rejection.
Removing the need to apply for a Non-Standard BM Unit where the configuration is Standard but there is more than one Party involved.
We have issued Urgent Modification Proposal P378 ' Introduction of a CM Supplier Interim Charge' for industry consultation, with responses invited by 5pm on Tuersday 29 January 2019.
P378 seeks to use the BSC to introduce a CM Supplier Interim Charge for Suppliers. This will act as a contingency fund to protect the industry, and customers, from a price shock in the event that the CM standstill is lifted and back payments are required to be made. The Modification solution is based on the recommendations of Issue 76.
We have issued P370 'Allow the Panel to designate non-BSC Parties to raise Modifications' for Report Phase Consultation, interested parties were invited to respond by Friday 25 January 2019. P370 seeks to allow the BSC Panel, instead of Ofgem, to designate interested third parties to raise Modification Proposals and for Ofgem to become the appeals body. P370 also opens up the Issues process to non-BSC Parties.
BSC Section T 1.5.3(b)(iii) defines 'short term' in relation to Market Index Data as a time period in reference to Gate Closure. Following BSC Modification P342 implemented in November 2017, the deadline for contracts for delivery in a Settlement Period has moved from Gate Closure to the Submission Deadline. P342 did not change the Market Index Definition Statement (MIDS) to reflect this. The 2018 MIDS Review is proposing to amend references of Gate Closure to the Submission Deadline to include trades taken in the hour prior to a Settlement Period in Market Index Data which will impact Market Index Data Providers. This change to the MIDS will need BSC Panel approval in November and approval from the Authority.
We have issued P370 'Allow the Panel to designate non-BSC Parties to raise Modifications' for Assessment Procedure Consultation, which you are invited to respond to by Monday, 12 November 2018. P370 seeks to allow the BSC Panel, instead of Ofgem, to designate interested third parties to raise Modification Proposals and for Ofgem to become the appeals body. P370 also opens up the Issues process to non-BSC Parties.
P369 proposes to modify the Balancing Settlement Code (BSC) to reflect the creation of a new National Grid Electricity System Operator (NGESO) that is legally separate from National Grid Electricity Transmission Limited (NGET). Further information can be found on the P369 webpage.
This is the P369 Report Phase Consultation, whereby industry views are requested in respect of the BSC Panel's initial recommendations on the Modification.
P361 seeks to exclude Interconnector Balancing Mechanism (BM) Units from the Main Funding Share and SVA (Production) Funding Share BSC Charges, in order to better facilitate the EU Third Package.
P362 seeks to enable BSC Parties to be derogated against specific BSC obligations in order to trial pre-competitive and innovative products and services.
P368 shall amend provisions in the timing and revision of the Performance Assurance Framework (PAF) Procedure documents in order to support the objectives of the PAF Review in delivering a more efficient and effective PAF. Further information can be found on the P368 webpage.
This is the P368 Report Phase Consultation, whereby industry views are requested in respect of the BSC Panel's initial recommendations on the Modification.
P367 proposes to remove all obsolete Supplemental Balancing Reserve (SBR) and Demand Side Balancing Reservice (DSBR) requirements, definitions, and references from the BSC and subsidiary documents. Further information can be found on the P367 webpage.
This is the P367 Report Phase Consultation, whereby industry views are requested in respect of the BSC Panel's initial recommendations on the Modification.
P359 seeks to introduce a new mechanised process for Generation Capacity (GC) and Demand Capacity (DC) re-declarations following a 'GC/DC breach'. More details on the P359 page.
P344 seeks to align the Balancing and Settlement Code (BSC) with the European Balancing Project TERRE (Trans European Replacement Reserves Exchange) requirements. This is in order to allow the implementation of the TERRE balancing product at national level and hence ensure compliance with the European Electricity Balancing Guideline (EB GL).
This is the P344 Report Phase Consultation, whereby industry views are requested in respect of the BSC Panel's initial recommendations on the Modification.


Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson attempt to prevent two rival criminal masterminds, Zenith the Albino and the Chinese Lord of Strange Deaths, from getting their respective hands on a mysterious but precious item called "England's Treasure." Donald Petrie is the Secretary of the National Portrait Gallery. Zenith the Albino is one of Sexton Blake's greatest foes. Although Zenith first battled Blake in a 1913 story, this novel demonstrates that he was already active well before then. "The Lord of Strange Deaths" is one of Fu Manchu's appellations. Donald Petrie may be a relative of Dr. Petrie from the Fu Manchu novels.
For write-ups of this and many, many, many more crossovers, check out Crossovers Expanded Vols. 1 and 2, my AUTHORIZED companions to Crossovers: A Secret Chronology of the World Vols. 1 and 2 by Win Scott Eckert, coming out from Meteor House in July!


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As Norovirus Cases Spike, Some Precautions to Take
By Dan Flynn on January 7, 2013
There are places and foods to avoid or to at least to approach more carefully if you want to dodge this winter's outbreaks of norovirus. Some involve a new strain, likely causing the uptick in cases. Norovirus is nasty and highly contagious, often called "the vomiting disease" by the English for its stomach pains, nausea, diarrhea and yes, much up-chucking. Its not the flu, which is a respiratory illness, so norovirus is not stopped with a flu shot. With only ten viral particles, it can make you sick. Norovirus is called by other names including stomach flu, food poisoning and "cruise ship flu," just to name a few. Maybe the virus should have more names, because the public might not yet understand where they are in most danger. Try these: "nursing home" and "hospital" flu or perhaps "party," "restaurant" and "school" flu — all of these places are as or more associated with norovirus than are cruise ships. Topping the list of dangerous places for noro, according to the federal Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) in Atlanta, are all sorts of long-term care facilities that include nursing homes, assisted living facilities, and the like. In a CDC study, 59 percent of the cases of norovirus in 2010-11 were associated with long term-care versus 4 percent for cruise ships. About half of all foodborne illness is caused by norovirus "In fact, norovirus is the leading cause of illness from contaminated food in the United States," according to CDC. It says foods commonly involved in outbreaks of norovirus illness are:
Leafy greens (such as lettuce),
Fresh fruits, and
Shellfish (such as oysters).
"But, any food that is served raw or handled after being cooked can get contaminated," warns CDC. Food handlers are most contagious when they are actually sick or during the first three days of recovery. Food handlers are advised to wash their hands "carefully and frequently" with soap and water, wash fruits and vegetables and cook shellfish thoroughly, clean and disinfect kitchens, utensils, counters, and all surfaces, and wash table linens, napkins, and other items thoroughly. Restaurants are associated with norovirus outbreaks twice as often as cruise ships. Many, however, are not escaping norovirus this winter, as outbreaks are being experienced coast-to-coast. Among those reports from around the U.S. and Canada are these: British Columbia—The province saw 25 outbreaks of norovirus in December, the biggest spike it has experienced since 2006. Both Royal Columbian and Vancouver General Hospitals were associated with outbreaks, defined as clusters of three or more cases. Both hospitals have closed or restricted units. California—Marin County public health reported norovirus contributed to the deaths of two elderly patients that sickened 59 residents of the Redwoods, a residential care facility in Mill Valley. San Luis Obispo County reports three outbreaks of norovirus involving a new strain, believed to have originated in Australia. Nearby Santa Barbara County reports only typical seasonal outbreaks of the virus, but not involving the new strain. Georgia—Two nursing homes in southwest Georgia are associated with at least 75 cases of norovirus, according to the Southwest Public Health District. The facilities are located in Albany and Thomasville, and the ill include both residents and staff. Maine—In a new advisory, the Maine Center for Disease Control and Prevention (Maine CDC), reported at least 16 outbreaks in the last two months, most located in southern Maine and half from York County. Norovirus Genotype II caused half of the outbreaks involving 2 or more individuals. Oregon –A dozen Emergency Room nurses and four doctors are among the norovirus victims in Oregon where the Providence Portland Medical Center has recorded 75 cases in its ER since Christmas. West Virginia—Health officials say norovirus is making it way through the Ohio Valley, but they are not calling it a specific outbreak. They are asking people who experience symptoms to avoid visits to hospitals and nursing homes.
Tags: CDC, Maine CDC, norovirus, Norovirus outbreak


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Big Data: Five Ways It Can Help Increase Customer Retention
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Get an overview of Machine Learning Tools
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Rajendra
I write columns on news related to bots, specially in the categories of Artificial Intelligence, bot startup, bot funding.I am also interested in recent developments in the fields of data science, machine learning and natural language processing ...
Full Bio Recent Posts Popular Posts
I write columns on news related to bots, specially in the categories of Artificial Intelligence, bot startup, bot funding.I am also interested in recent developments in the fields of data science, machine learning and natural language processing
This asset class turned Rs 1 lakh into Rs 625 crore in 7 years; make a wild guess!
Artificial intelligence is not our friend: Hillary Clinton is worried about the future of technology
More than 1 lakh scholarship on offer by Google, Know how to apply
Humans have some learning to do in an A.I. led world
Human Pilot Beats Artificial Intelligence In NASA's Drone Race
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Anne Frank Nazis FBI Vince Pankok Germany
Who betrayed Anne Frank? Artificial intelligence could finally solve the mystery
By Rajendra |Email | Oct 5, 2017 | 23436 Views
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For nearly 75 years, some of the greatest investigative minds have tried to figure out who tipped off the Nazis about Anne Frank and the seven other Jews who were hiding behind a movable bookcase in Amsterdam.
Now, a former FBI investigator working with a production company hopes the decades-old mystery can be solved with the help of a new mind - an artificial one.
Vince Pankoke, who spent a chunk of his FBI career investigating Colombian drug cartels, has assembled a team of 20 researchers, data analysts and historians to look into what he calls "one of the biggest cold cases" of the 20th century.
The most unconventional member of his team is a piece of specialized software that can cross-reference millions of documents - police reports, lists of Nazi spies, investigative files for Frank family sympathizers - to find connections and new leads.
Proditione Media, a production company in the Netherlands, is soliciting donations to help fund Pankoke's investigation, which will become the subject of a podcast - and possibly a documentary.
The company, which asked Pankoke to lead the investigation, has also asked people with information or previously undisclosed documents to submit them on its website.
Already, the investigation has generated new interest - and new information, Pankoke said.
"The bottom line is until this day, there is nothing that's really held water or been definitive," he told The Washington Post. "The point of the investigation is fact-finding just to discover the truth. There is no statute of limitations on the truth."
Anne Frank's family spent more than two years in the secret annex at the back of her father's store. They were discovered on a summer day in 1944 and sent to concentration camps.
Before World War II was over, seven of the eight hiders were dead, including Anne, who died of typhus at age 15 at Bergen-Belsen camp in Germany.
Her father, Otto - the only person who hid behind the bookcase and survived - spent the rest of his life trying to figure out who tipped off the Nazis.
He also published his daughter's diary, which chronicled the rise of anti-Semitism in the Netherlands and has become required reading for students across the world.
He long suspected his family was turned in by Willem van Maaren, a recently hired employee who was not in on the secret behind the bookcase. Van Maaren was suspicious and would set "traps" to discover anyone in the office after hours.
In 1963, Otto Frank told a Dutch newspaper: "We suspected him all along."
Through the decades, others have been identified as potential betrayers, including a prominent Dutch Nazi by the name of Tonny Ahlers, and the wife of an employee who helped the Frank family hide.
The betrayer shouldn't have been hard to determine - the Nazis kept meticulous records - but the details surrounding the home in Amsterdam were believed destroyed in a 1946 bombing, making an easy identification impossible.
Investigations in 1947 and 1963 turned up nothing, and the identity of the Frank family's betrayer appeared lost to history.
But there are still reams of documents, including some that have been shipped to the United States and transferred to microfilm. That avalanche of information could be key to finding out how the Nazis learned about the Franks.
Anne Frank's Amsterdam was a maze of danger for the eight hiding Jews.
The annex where they lived could be seen easily from several nearby homes. A curtain accidentally left open or a loud noise at the wrong time could lead to discovery. They relied on counterfeit food-ration coupons to stay alive, operations that involved sympathetic collaborators and were heavily scrutinized by police.
Dutch officers were paid for every Jew they turned over to the Nazis, Pankoke said. They leaned heavily and sometimes violently on people suspected of helping Jews avoid the Nazis.
The hiders' collaborators had family members who could have tipped off police. Anne Frank chronicled moments when the people in the annex made mistakes that could have been seen by neighbors.
Pankoke believes all the investigative avenues haven't been explored.
He estimates it would take a human being a decade to go through all the documents and parse out possible connections. A computer designed by the big-data company Xomnia could process the same information in seconds.
"There is, of course, all possible types of administration done by the Germans of the time," Thijs Baynes, the filmmaker behind the project, told the Guardian. "And there is an even bigger circle of circumstantial evidence. What [Dutch Nazi party] members were in the neighborhood? What connections were with the Gestapo? Where were Gestapo agents living?
"To find that kind of information you have to go through millions of documents."
Pankoke is working to acquire more of those documents. He's spent the past few months squinting at microfilm in Amsterdam and at a National Archives facility outside Washington, trying to find relevant data.
He's also become an expert on previous investigations that sought Anne Frank's betrayer.
Pankoke started working for the FBI in the 1980s, spending his first four years as an agent in a small field office in Wisconsin. In 1992, he was transferred to Miami, where he helped build cases against Colombian cartels. After the Sept. 11, 2001, attacks, he was involved in FBI undercover operations, including cases that took him out of the country, he said.
He retired two years ago. But that didn't last long.
"Unfortunately, my wife is looking at me and saying, I thought we were going to be retired and taking cruises,'" the 59-year-old said, noting that his investigation could last into 2019.
Pankoke has always had a keen interest in World War II. His father and three uncles all served.
While in the FBI, he remembers driving by the Anne Frank House and marveling that no one had figured out who betrayed her family.
He said a small part of him realizes there may be no smoking gun. The key piece of data could have been destroyed. Or there may be heft to a recent report that says there was no betrayer at all, and that Anne Frank's discovery was an unfortunate coincidence.
That theory was posited in a research paper put out by the Anne Frank House itself.
Published late last year, the paper suggested that three men Otto Frank later identified as investigators weren't looking for enemies of Nazis, but were likely assigned to track down people committing ration card fraud or those dodging military service.
The museum's research is backed up by other historical documents, along with words written in Anne Frank's own hand: She talked about the arrests of men who had been caught dealing in illegal ration cards "so we have no coupons."
Such arrests were often reported to authorities, who regularly came across hiding Jews as they tried to sniff out people with phony ration cards.
In a statement this week, the Anne Frank House said it was keeping an open mind about Pankoke's research and has cooperated with his team.
"The background to and the exact details of the arrest of Anne Frank are issues that many people still find very compelling," the statement read. "We want to tell the life story of Anne Frank as completely as possible, so it is also important to take a close look at the raid that brought an end to the period in hiding."
It added: "Despite decades of research, betrayal as a point of departure has delivered nothing conclusive. We are pleased that Cold Case Diary' is also carrying out research into the arrest and following new leads, and we are interested to see the results."
[Russian cannibal couple' may have drugged, killed and eaten as many as 30 people, police say]
Pankoke told The Post his investigators have already made some discoveries.
They haven't identified Anne Frank's betrayers, but they've figured out who betrayed at least one other family that was hiding from the Nazis.
"It's because we're using artificial intelligence, because we're casting such a broad net," he said. "I know of one instance we've found - and we're looking hard at another one. We've only scratched the surface."
Eventually, he hopes to be able to show relatives of some victims the kopgeld (head price) receipt that a betrayer got for turning someone in. That, he said, would give their families something they haven't had before: closure.
Anne Frank, Pankoke said, "is a symbol of the youth and what the people who were in hiding went through. She's famous because she so eloquently documents this. But all of the other people who were in hiding, and their collaborators, they're just as important; they're just not as famous."
Source: The Washington Post
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The Science Survey
The Ethics of COVID-19 Vaccine Distribution
A Bull Market in a World of Bearish Trends
Climate Change: The Forgotten Global Disaster and What Biden Plans To Do About It
Who is: Alex Trebek
Meet the 2020 QuestBridge Finalists of Bronx Science
Is the Coronavirus Pandemic Causing Our Dreams to Become More Intense?
Why Black Individuals are at a Severely Increased Risk of Contracting COVID-19
How the Recent Surge in COVID-19 Cases Has Impacted the United States
Environmental Impacts by Presidents of the Past, Present, and Future
The Controversy of Banned Books in American High Schools
New K-Pop Girl Group Aespa Debuts with 'Black Mamba'
Hall of Fame Alumni
A Trolley, a Lever, and the 2020 Presidential Election
For the November 2020 presidential election, young voters will need to choose the lesser of two evils.
Cameron Leo, Staff Reporter|May 11, 2020
Julia Kovacevic
Katarina Kovacevic '20, a devoted long-time supporter of Bernie Sanders, will be voting for Joe Biden in the November 2020 Presidential election.
Before you lies a lever, a runaway trolley, and a split in the tracks. Left untampered with, the tracks will direct the train onward, towards a group of ten people tied to the rails. A pull of the lever, you realize, would divert the train's direction towards the second track, where only one person is bound to the rails. As the runaway train barrels towards you — steam pouring from its smokestack and wheels trudging onwards with speed and purpose — you realize that you have a choice. You, a bystander to disaster, have the power. What do you do?
With Joe Biden set as the expected Democratic nominee for the 2020 presidential election, young liberals will need their fair share of moral allegories to help them grapple with their role in the upcoming election. Across the country, Sanders has beaten Biden among voters aged 18-44 by margins of anywhere between 13 and 52 percentage points. Katarina Kovacevic '20, a devoted, long-time supporter of Bernie Sanders, said of his candidacy, "He brought out the compassion in people and challenged people not to be complacent. He defied the mainstream, yet his platform appealed to so many. His interests were in the people, not rich donors." For many young people, Sanders was more than a presidential candidate; he was the manifestation of a rising progressive movement towards equity and justice.
Already, the internet is teeming with young democrats who say they will not be voting in this year's election. For many, voting for Biden feels like a betrayal of their principles. And in a democratic society, why should we vote for someone who we do not want to see in office? I, too, wanted to see Bernie win the nomination, and understand the emotional appeal of refusing to vote this year. As someone involved in education activism, I cringed as Biden tried to wriggle his way out of explaining his historic opposition to busing. As a woman, I am deeply concerned by the allegations of sexual harassment against him. As a supporter of ramped up wealth taxes, I was angered by him reassuring rich donors that "nothing would fundamentally change" for them. And though I would not be as affected by his presidency as some of my non-white, lower income peers, I do not want Biden in office. We need vast, sweeping change, and Biden represents the status quo.
Unfortunately, in 2020, there are scarier things than the status quo. Throughout his tenure, President Donald Trump has continuously demonstrated that he is a threat not just to the left's agenda, but to the future of America's democracy. He was elected through a campaign that relied upon and invoked xenophobia, racism, and misogyny. He has been accused of sexual harassment or rape by 25 women, and bragged on video about his ability to get away with it. He has spoken equivocally on acts of white supremacy, saying after a violent rally that there were "very fine people on both sides."
He has given crucial staff positions to family members and cabinet positions to wealthy political cronies. He has called the press the "enemy of the people," labels any negative news "fake," and has attempted to punish news sources with unfavorable coverage. He has been caught obstructing justice for political gain. On at least eight occasions, he has verbally threatened or incited violence among his supporters towards his opponents. He has been impeached for abuse of power and obstruction of Congress after levying economic aid for political favors.
He has reversed progress in the fight for climate change. He once called global warming a "hoax," pulled out of the Paris Agreement at the start of his term, reversed environmental regulations, and appointed ex-coal lobbyists as head of the Environmental Protection Agency. These facts, alone, should be enough for us to do anything that we can to vote Trump out of office. These next four years may determine the vitality of our planet for the generations to come. If we do not elect a president who will listen to science and implement climate policies with urgency, the future will inevitably be very grim. Allowing Trump to resume his agenda of climate denial and inaction will result in irreversible damage to the entire planet and its inhabitants.
None of this is to say that we should feel happy about having to make the choice between the lesser of two evils. Nor is it to say that we should not mobilize on massive scales afterwards to ensure that we are never put in this position again. More than anything, the fact that we are forced to choose between two privileged white men with sexual assault allegations to their names shows that we need to upend and rethink our institutions. But this is the situation that we are in, and these are cards that we have been dealt. And while I have heard a few people talk about a revolution as the "third option" to voting for either candidate, calling for one between now and November 2020 is a lofty order; if people did not turn out to vote pre-pandemic, we cannot expect them to flood the streets while still grappling with Coronavirus.
While some Bernie supporters are adamant that they will abstain from voting, others have worked through the moral calculus of voting for Biden. "Biden is problematic in similar ways to Trump; however, at least his platform is more left-leaning, and he could potentially have more competent people in his cabinet. Biden's record and platform in no way represents the direction that I want this country to be heading in. Yet, I am voting for Biden out of fear of Trump," said Kovacevic.
When Tuesday, November 3, 2020 arrives and it comes time to check the box next to a name we despise, we will find ways to grapple with our decision: Vote for the climate. Vote against white supremacy. Vote for freedom of the press. Vote for democracy. Vote for the lives that Donald Trump's presidency threatens through continued violence, detention, and inaction. Hopefully, for the next election in November 2024, we will not have to make the choice between the status quo and the worse-than-status quo. Until then, we must urge each other to seize the power that we have, and pull the lever.
Katarina Kovacevic '20 was an avid supporter of Bernie Sanders for President, but she will now support Joe Biden in the November 2020 Presidential election, due to worries about a second term with President Trump.
"Biden is problematic in similar ways to Trump; however, at least his platform is more left-leaning, and he could potentially have more competent people in his cabinet. Biden's record and platform in no way represents the direction that I want this country to be heading in. Yet, I am voting for Biden out of fear of Trump," said Katarina Kovacevic '20.
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text:
Receptors underlying excitatory synaptic transmission in slices of the rat anteroventral cochlear nucleus.
J Neurophysiol. 1995 Mar; 73(3):964-73.JN
1. The anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) contains two principal cell types that receive input from the auditory nerve. Stellate cells receive conventional synapses on their dendrites, and bushy cells of the AVCN receive axosomatic input via large, calyceal terminals (the end bulbs of Held). We have used whole cell patch-clamp recording techniques to study excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in these two principal cells of the rat AVCN. 2. EPSCs evoked in stellate cells by stimulation of the auditory nerve were graded with stimulus strength, indicating a high degree of convergence of input to these cells. At depolarized membrane potentials, EPSCs evoked in stellate neurons had a dual-component time course. The slow component was blocked by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), and the fast component was abolished by the non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). 3. EPSCs evoked in bushy cells by auditory nerve stimulation were large (50 nS average conductance) and all-or-none at the threshold stimulus level. At -70 mV, the time course of the EPSC was very brief (average time constant of decay 700 microseconds at room temperature). Membrane depolarization revealed a slow component to the EPSC. The fast and slow components were mediated by non-NMDA and NMDA receptors, respectively. The switch-off of end bulb NMDA EPSCs by voltage jumps to the EPSC reversal potential was very rapid, suggesting that the NMDA component arises from sites on or close to the soma. 4. Miniature EPSCs, recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) at depolarized potentials, also had a dual-component time course. The fast and slow components of the miniature EPSCs were blocked by CNQX and APV, respectively. This result indicates that NMDA and non-NMDA receptors can be co-localized at the same, presumably end bulb, release sites. 5. The relative contribution of the slow, NMDA component to the end bulb EPSC declined significantly with age (postnatal days 11-22). 6. These results indicate that both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors underlie excitatory synaptic transmission in the AVCN of young rats. The end bulb synapse onto bushy cells generates a non-NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC with very fast kinetics. NMDA receptors can also mediate synaptic transmission at the end bulb synapse, but their contribution becomes less as the auditory system matures. This finding suggests that NMDA receptors may play an important role in the development of this synapse.
Isaacson JS
Discipline of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Newcastle, Callaghan, New South Wales, Australia.
Walmsley B
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dioneAge FactorsAnimalsBrain StemCochlear NucleusElectric StimulationEvoked PotentialsFemaleMaleN-MethylaspartateRatsRats, WistarReceptors, N-Methyl-D-AspartateSynaptic TransmissionTime Factors
Isaacson, J S., and B Walmsley. "Receptors Underlying Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Slices of the Rat Anteroventral Cochlear Nucleus." Journal of Neurophysiology, vol. 73, no. 3, 1995, pp. 964-73.
Isaacson JS, Walmsley B. Receptors underlying excitatory synaptic transmission in slices of the rat anteroventral cochlear nucleus. J Neurophysiol. 1995;73(3):964-73.
Isaacson, J. S., & Walmsley, B. (1995). Receptors underlying excitatory synaptic transmission in slices of the rat anteroventral cochlear nucleus. Journal of Neurophysiology, 73(3), 964-73.
Isaacson JS, Walmsley B. Receptors Underlying Excitatory Synaptic Transmission in Slices of the Rat Anteroventral Cochlear Nucleus. J Neurophysiol. 1995;73(3):964-73. PubMed PMID: 7608781.
TY - JOUR T1 - Receptors underlying excitatory synaptic transmission in slices of the rat anteroventral cochlear nucleus. AU - Isaacson,J S, AU - Walmsley,B, PY - 1995/3/1/pubmed PY - 1995/3/1/medline PY - 1995/3/1/entrez SP - 964 EP - 73 JF - Journal of neurophysiology JO - J Neurophysiol VL - 73 IS - 3 N2 - 1. The anteroventral cochlear nucleus (AVCN) contains two principal cell types that receive input from the auditory nerve. Stellate cells receive conventional synapses on their dendrites, and bushy cells of the AVCN receive axosomatic input via large, calyceal terminals (the end bulbs of Held). We have used whole cell patch-clamp recording techniques to study excitatory postsynaptic currents (EPSCs) in these two principal cells of the rat AVCN. 2. EPSCs evoked in stellate cells by stimulation of the auditory nerve were graded with stimulus strength, indicating a high degree of convergence of input to these cells. At depolarized membrane potentials, EPSCs evoked in stellate neurons had a dual-component time course. The slow component was blocked by the N-methyl-D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist DL-2-amino-5-phosphonovaleric acid (APV), and the fast component was abolished by the non-NMDA receptor antagonist 6-cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione (CNQX). 3. EPSCs evoked in bushy cells by auditory nerve stimulation were large (50 nS average conductance) and all-or-none at the threshold stimulus level. At -70 mV, the time course of the EPSC was very brief (average time constant of decay 700 microseconds at room temperature). Membrane depolarization revealed a slow component to the EPSC. The fast and slow components were mediated by non-NMDA and NMDA receptors, respectively. The switch-off of end bulb NMDA EPSCs by voltage jumps to the EPSC reversal potential was very rapid, suggesting that the NMDA component arises from sites on or close to the soma. 4. Miniature EPSCs, recorded in the presence of tetrodotoxin (TTX) at depolarized potentials, also had a dual-component time course. The fast and slow components of the miniature EPSCs were blocked by CNQX and APV, respectively. This result indicates that NMDA and non-NMDA receptors can be co-localized at the same, presumably end bulb, release sites. 5. The relative contribution of the slow, NMDA component to the end bulb EPSC declined significantly with age (postnatal days 11-22). 6. These results indicate that both NMDA and non-NMDA receptors underlie excitatory synaptic transmission in the AVCN of young rats. The end bulb synapse onto bushy cells generates a non-NMDA receptor-mediated EPSC with very fast kinetics. NMDA receptors can also mediate synaptic transmission at the end bulb synapse, but their contribution becomes less as the auditory system matures. This finding suggests that NMDA receptors may play an important role in the development of this synapse. SN - 0022-3077 UR - https://www.unboundmedicine.com/medline/citation/7608781/Receptors_underlying_excitatory_synaptic_transmission_in_slices_of_the_rat_anteroventral_cochlear_nucleus_ L2 - https://journals.physiology.org/doi/10.1152/jn.1995.73.3.964?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub=pubmed DB - PRIME DP - Unbound Medicine ER -
Grapherence [↓34]
6-Cyano-7-nitroquinoxaline-2,3-dione
Brain Stem
Cochlear Nucleus
Electric Stimulation
Evoked Potentials
N-Methylaspartate
Rats, Wistar
Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate
Synaptic Transmission
Progression of change in NMDA, non-NMDA, and metabotropic glutamate receptor function at the developing corticothalamic synapse.
N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors at parallel fiber synapses in the dorsal cochlear nucleus.
NMDA receptor-mediated components of miniature excitatory synaptic currents in developing rat neocortex.
Dual-component miniature excitatory synaptic currents in rat hippocampal CA3 pyramidal neurons.
Quantal components of unitary EPSCs at the mossy fibre synapse on CA3 pyramidal cells of rat hippocampus.
Voltage clamp analysis of excitatory synaptic transmission in the avian nucleus magnocellularis.
Vagally evoked synaptic currents in the immature rat nucleus tractus solitarii in an intact in vitro preparation.
Physiology and pharmacology of corticothalamic stimulation-evoked responses in rat somatosensory thalamic neurons in vitro.
Excitatory synaptic currents in Purkinje cells.
Latent N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors in the recurrent excitatory pathway between hippocampal CA1 pyramidal neurons: Ca(2+)-dependent activation by blocking A1 adenosine receptors.


text:
The Fault in Our Stars - John Green
"I'm on a side of a road somewhere, stuck in the middle of a very deep hole, with no way of getting out. Never mind how I got in there, it's not relevant to the story. I'll invent a back-story… I was walking to get pizza and a chasm opened up in the earth and I fell in, and now I'm at the bottom of this hole, screaming for help. And along comes you. Now, maybe you just keep walking. You know, there's a strange guy screaming from the center of the Earth. It's perhaps best to just ignore him. But let's say that you don't. Let's say that you stop. The sensible thing to do in this situation is to call down to me and say "I'm going to look for a ladder. I will be right back." But you don't do that. Instead you sit down at the edge of this abyss, and then you push yourself forward, and jump. And when you land at the bottom of the hole and dust yourself off, I'm like "What the hell are you doing?! Now there are two of us in this hole!" And you look at me and say, "Well yeah, but now I'm highly motivated to get you out." This is what I love about novels, both reading them and writing them. They jump into the abyss to be with you where you are"
-- John Green, An Evening of Awesome
After reading Looking for Alaska I took a break before diving into John Green's latest, and loudly lauded as best novel yet. I didn't even crack it open until a year after it was published, sitting on the train into the city to see John Green at Carnegie Hall. I read little on the way in, but at one AM, on the way out again, I had to stop myself from flying through it, forcing myself to really slow down and enjoy it.
John Green is an entertainer, and is intelligent in his dealing with what I see as such an often exploited topic. His personal history made this novel a little inevitable, and while I found it missed the bulls-eye by mere millimeters it was an absolutely fantastic book none-the-less. I can only hope that John will try again.
The Fault in Our Stars has everything I wanted in such a book: humor despite all, implied but restrained self-pity, the book is neither a wishful re-imagining of Ester Earl's life nor a shadow of all the great kids who have died and should have lived. There is no happy ending, and yet I was happy I had read it, and will probably read it again. I would like to applaud the novel for exploring the possibility of a Sophie's World type of cancer novel, where it ends mid-sentence because the protagonist dies mid-sentence, or deteriorates or simply moves on, but itself ends with a funeral's eulogy without showing us the funeral or the death. It's clever, but not self-consciously so.
This book is about discovering meaning and loss. John Green has explicitly said it is about loss, but Hazel's quest for the further meaning in her favorite book, a novel about a young girl, Anna, who lives with cancer, predominates the pages. Her quest for things in a world preoccupied with itself, but one that she has been removed from for many years. Her unfulfilled wish, to learn what happens to Sisyphus the hamster, from the lips of the author himself, is a heart-wrenching attempt to play god. We do not know what happens after Anna's death, because Anna is dead and she herself will never know. Augustus's cigarettes--his personal metaphor flaunted in people's faces--has a deeper meaning beyond that given, which irks even the most superficial readers. His attachment to escapist visual media, movies and games, aligns well with his quest to become someone. We have joined Hazel on her quest for the meaning behind things she has been living adjacent to since her diagnosis. And like Hazel when she shares the Eulogy at the novel's close, we won't ever really know. We aren't god, and John Green doesn't pretend he knows anything, he is merely comforting us with a glimpse into Hazel's world, and we sympathize with her, wondering how she will go on.
The book was nothing short of magical, brimming with unexplored but fully developed personalities, a larger world which was alluded to without being purple. John Green is a great craftsman, and watching him weave texting and popular culture into what I venture to call a great american novel, is wonderful. He cares for his characters, and knows you will too. They're not perfect, but neither are we. He believes a lot of what they believe, however, and if you want to fault him for something you can say that he supports the precociousness and audacity of teenagers living in today's world. If Hazel whines, we know that she is like most teenagers and if all book characters were perfect would you really enjoy reading about them? But none of this makes Hazel annoying, it makes her human, dealing with something that too many people have to face. Short of quoting the final paragraphs for you, I can't impart how impactful and true this novel is without you reading it.
To read more about the deeper meaning of things, I recommend Ray Decker III's review of this novel.
Lend it to all your friends...
Publisher: Dutton
Stars: 4 (really liked)
Labels: 4, G: Literary, G: Romance, G: Young Adult, Review