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Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques
Status: Pending peer-review
Burlamaqui, Jean-Jacques (* 1694.07.13 † 1748.03.03)
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Basic Overview Data
1694.07.13, Geneva
Protestant, Calvinist
Institutional Affiliation
Academy/University of Geneva
Keyword Filters
Pufendorfianism, sovereignty, moral obligation, calvinist
Important Family Relations:
Father, Burlamaqui, Jean-Louis (1661 - 1728),
Mother, Favre de la Croix, Suzanne,
Son in law, Chapeaurouge, Jacob (14.09.1669 - 11.08.1744), member of the council of two hundred 1698, member of the small council 1713, syndic 1724, 1728, 1732
Kanonische URL:
https://naturallawdatabase.thulb.uni-jena.de/item/natlaw_205
Biographical and Intellectual Profile
Burlamaqui was born on July 13, 1694 in Geneva as son of Jean-Louis, who was a member of the legislative authority of the city, the council of two hundred, and of Suzanne Favre de la Croix. His ancestors, the Burlamacchi, had emigrated from the Italian city of Lucca after the Reformation. Jean-Jacques studied philosophy and jurisprudence at the Academy of Geneva from 1709 to 1716, when he obtained his official law exam. On April 26, 1717, he got married to Renée, the daughter of Jacob de Chapeaurouge (1669-1744), who was a member of the small council and syndic. Having already taught private lessons on natural law to sons of patrician Genevan families and to foreigners, he was awarded the title of honorary professor by the city council in 1720. The same year, he travelled to England and joined his friend, the theologian Ami Lullin (1695-1756), for a short study stay at Oxford University. In 1721 the two friends travelled back to Geneva via the Netherlands, where Burlamaqui visited Jean Barbeyrac at the University of Groningen.
In 1722, the small council decided to create two professorships in law in order to assure that natural law would henceforth be taught at the Academy. Shortly after Jean Cramer (1701-1773), Burlamaqui was appointed professor of natural and civil law on 29 March, 1723, and he mainly taught natural law on the basis of Barbeyrac's richly commented French translation of Samuel Pufendorf's De officio hominis et civis. Besides the regular students, some of the numerous young nobles from England and Germany visiting the city also attended his classes.
While he was in England, Burlamaqui had been elected to the council of two hundred, and he was appointed to the council of sixty in 1730. He thus participated in the political affairs of the city and got involved in the turmoil of 1734. Together with three other commissioners he was in charge of writing a report on behalf of the government concerning the demands of the bourgeoisie, which were rejected. During the political unrests, he left the city, since he accompanied his pupil Frederick II, Landgrave of Hessen-Kassel, to his court. The prince had come to study in Geneva in 1732. He returned after the turmoil and remained there until 1737. During these years, Burlamaqui was in charge of teaching the prince the law of nature and nations. When the two were not together, the teaching continued via correspondence. Burlamaqui taught until 1739. Because of ill health, his former substitute Pierre Lullin officially replaced him in 1740. Despite his unwillingness, Burlamaqui was elected to the small council in 1742 to which he belonged until his death on April 3, 1748.
Comment on main natural law works:
Burlamaqui was, above all, a dedicated teacher of natural law. He used Barbeyrac's French translation of Pufendorf's manual, Des devoirs de l'homme et du citoyen (1708), as textbook for his courses, and he borrowed extensively from Pufendorf's and Grotius' main works, also in Barbeyrac's translations, Le droit de la nature et des gens (1707), and Le droit de la guerre et de la paix (1724). In 1747 he brought the Principes du droit naturel to publication. He then worked on a study about civil government but was unable to finish the Principes du droit politique before he died. A friend of his, the theologian Jacob Vernet (1698-1789), completed the manuscript based on the lecture notes of Burlamaqui's courses, and published the work in 1751. At the instigation of Burlamaqui's sister and his daughter Sara (d. 1782), the government ordered the publisher Barillot to remove the names of the author and printer as well as the place of publication from the copies already printed and from any future publication. Therefore, the Principes du droit politique were considered as the second part of Burlamaqui's system, and the two parts were later reprinted as Principes or Eléments du droit naturel.
The lecture notes were later used for two new editions. The first one is Fortuné-Barthélemy de Félice's annotated edition in eight volumes of 1766-1768, entitled Principes du droit de la nature et des gens. Avec la suite du droit de la nature qui n'avoit point encore paru. As de Félice explains in the letter to J. H. S. Formey serving as introduction to the first volume, Burlamaqui's published work only presented the general principles of natural law and did not show how the latter applied to man's duties against God, against himself and against others. Having discovered lecture notes on this matter, which would however be very short, he decided to include them in the present edition with his own extended commentary. This is the content of vols. 3-5, which the editor inserted between the Principes du droit naturel (vols. 1-2) and the Principes du droit politique (vols. 6-8). Since de Félice openly admits in his letter to Formey and in the introduction to the third volume that he happened to abridge the original text or to displace a chapter in order to make a coherent whole of the compilation of Burlamaqui's published work and the text of the lecture notes, his edition, which received highly critical comments in his own time (Viani, 2012, p. 133-135), has to be used with great caution.
The other new edition was Elémens du droit naturel (1775, 1783) and Principes ou Elémens du droit politique (1784), printed in Lausanne by F. Grasset. The first of these volumes comprises a lengthy introduction, composed of a preface and two unsigned letters, the first on the study of civil law, the second on the shortest and easiest method to gain knowledge of the elements of law. The author of this introduction was Jean-Marc-Louis Favre (1733-1793), who held a doctoral degree in law of the University of Tübingen and owned a rich library in the Rolle castle. The letters are excerpts from the missives he had sent to several students of the Pays de Vaud, among them Frédéric-César de la Harpe (1754-1838), the future personal teacher of Alexander I of Russia and leading politician in the formation of the Helvetic Republic, who studied law at the University of Tübingen in the early 1770s. Favre's editions are the only ones that are exclusively based on the texts Burlamaqui had dictated to his students (Viani, 2012).
Many of Burlamaqui's published works, or parts thereof, have been translated into English, Dutch, Italian, German, and Danish, and were republished in more than sixty different editions until the second half of the nineteenth century. The first editions of the Principes du droit naturel and of the Principes du droit politique were immediately translated into English by Thomas Nugent, the former in 1748, the latter in 1752. A revised edition was published in 1763 as The Principles of Natural and Politic Law. This was the edition that reached the British and American universities and was studied there for generations.
Comment on profile's conception of natural law:
Burlamaqui has sometimes been taken for an unoriginal compilator. This is because part of his published work, and notably the Principes du droit politique, reproduced the text of his lectures, which borrow extensively from Pufendorf's and Grotius' treatises on natural law as well as from Barbeyrac's commentaries on these works without explicit reference. Yet in the Principes du droit naturel, which he elaborated for publication, he indicates clearly how he wishes to take position on issues discussed by Pufendorf, Barbeyrac and others, and he mentions Samuel Clarke and Francis Hutcheson in the context of his theory of moral obligation, which is no doubt original. A salient feature of this theory is his reliance on man's striving for perfection and happiness (félicité). It needs yet to be established whether Burlamaqui borrowed this idea from Leibniz or Christian Wolff, or whether he rather referred to Lévesque de Pouilly's Théorie des sentimens agréables, which Jacob Vernet published in a new edition in 1747. His innovative account of moral obligation allowed Burlamaqui to adopt a critical stance on Pufendorf's voluntarism Barbeyrac had defended against Leibniz' objections (Zurbuchen, 2004, Douglass, 2011, pp. 217-20). Since Burlamaqui also discusses the pursuit of happiness in his political theory, Harvey suggested that his theory may have been Jefferson's main inspiration for including the right to the pursuit of happiness in the American Declaration of Independence (Harvey 1937, pp. 119-24).
Yet another original dimension of Burlamaqui's natural law is his theory of sovereignty and of mixed government such as the English monarchy or the Genevan aristo-democracy. Independently of Montesquieu, Burlamaqui argued that sovereignty comprises different powers, or parts, which may be divided and entrusted into different hands. While he did not deny that in his native republic the sovereign power originally belonged to the people, he also argued that sovereignty could be exercised jointly by the different orders of the government, that is, by the general council, the council of two hundred, and the small council. As attested by the report he helped elaborating at the request of the Genevan government against the demands of the bourgeoisie, Burlamaqui elaborated a political theory apt at serving the interests of the ruling elite. His theory of sovereignty was thoroughly criticized by Rousseau, who argued in the Social Contract that sovereignty exclusively consists in the legislative power, and that the latter has to be exercised by the people assembled in the general council.
Although Burlamaqui's natural law theory has been read by generations of students in various European countries and in America, a thoroughgoing study of his impact on later thinkers remains a desideratum.
1709 - 1716, philosophy, jurisprudence at Academy of Geneva [Law: Bénigne Mussard]
1716, Official law exam at Academy of Geneva
Academic Travels
1720 - 1721, England (Oxford 1720 - 1721), The Netherlands (Groningen 1721 - 1721) (Burlamaqui returned from England to Geneva via the Netherlands in 1721, where he met Jean Barbeyrac who held the chair of public and private law at Groningen University since 1717)
1735 - 1735, Hessen-Cassel (Cassel April 1735 - November 1735)
1723-1739, summer and winter semesters: natural law and civil law, public and private lessons at Academy of Geneva, Faculty of Law (Burlamaqui's teaching was interrupted in 1735 and 1739. His teaching ended in 1740)
Professional Data
1720 - 1723, Honorary professor at Academy of Geneva
29.03.1723 - 1740, Professor of natural and civil law at Academy of Geneva, Faculty of Law
Titles, Memberships and Other Relevant Roles
1720 - 1748, Member, Council of Two Hundred, Geneva
1730 - 1748, Member, Council of Sixty, Geneva
1742 - 1748, Member, Small Council, Geneva
Bibliographical Data
Printed Sources
Editions in French (Switzerland, Denmark and Netherlands)
Principes du droit naturel (Geneva: Barillot et fils, 1747): Digital Version
- Edition 1748 (Geneva: Barillot et fils, 1748): Digital Version
- Edition 1756 (Geneva and Copenhagen: Cl. & Ant. Philibert, 1756), [nouvelle édition revuë & corrigée]: Digital Version
- Edition 1762 (Geneva and Copenhagen: Cl. & Ant. Philibert, 1762): Digital Version
Principes du droit politique (Geneva: Barillot et fils, 1751): Digital Version
- Edition 1751, 2 vols. (Amsterdam: Z. Chatelain), [reprint Caën: Centre de philosophie politique et juridique de l'Université de Caën, 1984]
- Vol. 1: Digital Version
- Edition 1754 (place and publisher unknown): Digital Version
- Edition 1763 (Geneva: Cl. & Ant. Philibert): Digital Version
Juris naturalis elementa (Geneva: Fratres de Tournes, 1754): Digital Version
Principes du droit naturel et politique, 3 vols. (Geneva and Copenhagen: Cl. & Ant. Philibert, 1764)
Principes du droit de la nature et des gens. Avec la suite du droit de la nature qui n'avoit point encore paru. Le tout considérablement augmenté, par M. le professeur de Félice, 8 vols. (Yverdon: F.-B. de Félice, 1766-1768).
Elémens du droit naturel. Ouvrage posthume, publié complet pour la première fois (Lausanne: François Grasset, 1775): Digital Version
- Edition 1783 (Lausanne: François Grasset): Digital Version
Principes ou élémens du droit politique. Ouvrage posthume publié complet pour le première fois (Lausanne: François Grasset, 1784): Digital Version
Editions in French (France)
Principes du droit naturel (Paris: Palais de l'Union, 1771), [title page says: 1791]: Digital Version
- Edition 1791 (Paris: Guillaume, 1791), [nouvelle édition, revue, corrigée et augmentée de la Déclaration des Droits de l'Homme]: Digital Version
- Edition 1821 (Paris: Delestre-Boulage)
- Edition 1821 (Paris: Janet et Cotelle), [reprint Caën: Centre de philosophie politique et juridique, 1989]: Digital Version
- Edition 1850 (Paris: Brajeux)
Elémens du droit naturel (Paris: Janet et Cotelle, 1820), [comprises also: Devoirs de l'homme et du citoyen traduits du latin de Pufendorf par Barbeyarc, avec les notes du traducteur et le jugement de Leibnitz]: Digital Version
Principes du droit de la nature et des gens [ed. de Félice], 5 vols. (Paris: B. Warée, 1820)
- Edition 1821 (Paris: Janet et Cotelle), [with new reflexions and historical examples by M. Cotelle]: Digital Version
Editions in English (England and Ireland)
The principles of natural law, transl. Thomas Nugent (London: J. Nourse, 1748): Digital Version
- Edition 1752 (London: J. Nourse, 1752)
- Edition 1769 (Dublin: J. Sheppard and George Cecil, 1769)
- Edition 1776 (Dublin: J. Sheppard and G. Nugent)
- Edition 1791, 2 vols. (Dublin: John Rice, 1791), [vol. 2 = The principles of politic law]
- Edition 1819 (Dublin: Graisberry and Campbell)
- Edition 1838 [with questions for examination] (Dublin: T. V. Morris)
The principles of politic law, being as sequence to the Principles of natural law, transl. Thomas Nugent (London: J. Nourse, 1752): Digital Version
The principles of natural and politic law, transl. Thomas Nugent, 2 vols. (London: J. Nourse, 1763)
- Edition 1776, 2 vols. (Dublin: J. Sheppard and G. Nugent)
- Edition 1784, 2 vols. (London: C. Nourse)
- Edition 1791 (London: C. Nourse)
The principles of natural and politic law. Translated from the Latin original (Oxford and London: W. Green, 1817): Digital Version
Editions in English (United States of America)
The principles of natural and politic law, 2 vols. (Boston: Joseph Bumstead, 1792): Digital Version
- Edition 1807 (Cambridge, MA: at the University Press, by W. Hilliard).
- Edition 1823, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: H. C. Carey & I. Lea)
- Edition 1830, 2 vols. (Philadelphia: H. C. Carey & I. Lea): Digital Version
- Edition 1859 (Columbus, Ohio: Joseph A. Reley and Company): Digital Version
- Edition 1867 (Albany, NY: W. C. Little)
Editions in Latin and Italian (Italy)
Juris naturalis elementa (Venice: Joseph Bortoli , 1757): Digital Version
- Edition 1771 (Venice: Nicolò Pezzana)
- Edition 1789 (Venice: Anton Pezzana): Digital Version
Principii del diritto naturale, transl. Conte Bapt. Crespi (Venezia: Giovanni Gatti, 1780): Digital Version
- Edition 1797, 2 vols. (Venice: Pietro & Gio. Battista Pasquali), [vol. 2 = Principii del diritto politico]: Digital Version
Principii del diritto politico opera postuma (Venezia: Giovanni Gatti, 1780)
Elementi del diritto naturale, con giunte le note del sig. Professore de Felice, transl. Giuseppe Umili (Naples: Torchi di Raffaello, 1829): Digital Version
Principi del diritto della natura et delle genti. Colla continuazione del diritto della natura aggiunta nell'ultima edizione d'Yverdon. Tutto notabilmente accresciiuto da de Felice, 3 vols. (Siena: Luigi e Benedetto Bindi & Francesco Rossi, 1781-82)
Principie del diritto naturale e politico, 2 vols. (Venice: Molinari, 1820)
- Edition 1832, transl. C. B. C., 2 vols. (Naples: Torchi di Raffaello)
Editions in Spanish
Elementos del derecho natural (Madrid: la Minerva Española,1820): Digital Version
- Edition 1825, transl. D. M. B. Garcia Suelto, 2 vols. (Paris: Masson)
- Edition 1826 (Caracas: Devisme Hermanos)
- Edition 1834, transl. D. M. B. Garcia Suelto, 2 vols. (Burdeos: Pedro Beaume): Digital Version
- Edition 1837 (Madrid: los herederos de F. M. Dávila)
- Edition 1837, transl. D. M. B. Garcia Suelto (Madrid: Don N. Llorenci): Digital Version
- Edition 1838, transl. D. M. B. Garcia Suelto, 2 vols. (Paris: Lecointe y Lasserre), [new edition]
- Edition 1838 (Granada: Libreria de Sanz): Digital Version
- Edition 1874, transl. D. M. B. Garcia Suelto (Paris: A. Bouret é hijo)
Principios del derecho natural (Madrid: Libreria de Razola, 1837): Digital Version
Editions in Dutch
Beginsels van het natuurlyk regt, transl. Marten Schagen (Haerlem: Jan Bosch, 1751): Digital Version
Beginsels van hat burgerlyk regt (Haerlem: Jan Bosch, 1752): Digital Version
Edition in Danish
Grundsaetninger til Naturens Ret, transl. A. S. Dellgast (Leipzig: publisher unknown, 1757)
Edition in German
Abhandlung von dem Willen, und der Freiheit des Menschen [extract of Principes du droit naturel, anonmous transl.], appendix in: Adolf F. Reinhard, Vergleichung des Lehrgebäudes des Herrn Pope von der Vollkommenheit der Welt, mit dem System des Herrn von Leibnitz (Leipzig: Johann Christian Langenheim, 1757), pp. 97-120: Digital Version
Contemporary Editions
The Principles of Natural and Politic Law, trans. Thomas Nugent, ed. and with an Introduction by Peter Korkman (Indianpolis: Liberty Fund, 2006): Digital Version
Principes du droit naturel, étude critique par Jean-Paul Coujou (Paris: Dalloz, 2007).
Dissertations:
Dissertatio juridica de matrimonio, (Geneva: Fabri & Barillot, 1731) [Praeses: Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, Respondent: Jean-Robert Tronchin]
Ego-Documents and Biographical Materials:
Eloge historique de Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, ((Vernet, Jacob)), Journal helvétique (Neuchâtel, Abraham Droz, avril 1748), pp. 307-331: Digital Version
Eloge historique de Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui ((1750)), Oeuvres historiques et littéraires de Léonard Baulacre (Genève: Jullien Frères, 1857), vol. 1, pp. 484-496: Digital Version
Manuscript Sources
Manuscripts:
[Rilliet, Robert], Juris Naturalis Compendium A Domino Celeberrimo Juris utriusque Professore Burlamaqui Compositum. Ex Typographia. R. Rilliet. anno 1732, (s.l., 03 / 1731-1732), Bibliothèque de Genève, BGE Ms. fr. 2841: Digital Version
[Du Gard d'Echichens, T.], Abrégé du droit de la nature et des gens du professeur Burlamaqui, vols. 1-3 (s.l., 1739-1740), Archives cantonales vaudoises, ACV P Buren (de) 16-18: Digital Version
Abrégé du Droit de la Nature et des Gens expliqué par Mr. Burlamaqui Professeur en Droit, (Genève, 1743), Bibliothèque de Genève, BGE Ms. fr. 155b: Digital Version
[Bourdillon, Jacob], Abrégé du Droit de La Nature et des Gens par Monsieur Jean Jacques Burlamaqui Professeur en Droit à Genève 1721, 2 vols. (Londini, 1746), Bibliothèque de Genève, BGE Ms. fr. 155/1-2: Digital Version
Compendium Juris naturalis Authore D.D Burlamachio in academia Genevensi Juris Professore Consultissimo, (s.l, [1747]), Bibliothèque de Genève, BGE Arch. Tronchin 362: Digital Version
[Anonymous], Cours abregé du Droit, tiré de la Coûtume de Beri, du Droit Romain, et des Usages de la Ville et Republique de Geneve. Pour servir d'explication aux Edits de la ditte Republique, conformément aux Remarques faites par feu Monsieur Burlamaqui, (s.l., s.d.), Bibliothèque de Genève, BGE Ms. Cours univ. 39: Digital Version
[Anonymous], Droit naturel de Monsieur Burlamaqui, 5 vols. (vol. 3-7 ; vol. 1-2 missing), (s.l., s.d.), Bibliothèque de Genève, BGE Ms. Cours univ. 40-44 à Cours univ 41 is missing on Lumières.Lausanne, copy exists in "archive": Digital Version
[Cramer, Jean], Jean Jacques Burlamaqui Jus Naturalis, (s.l., s.d.), Bibliothèque de Genève, BGE Ms. Cramer 172: Digital Version
[Anonymous], Extrait des Principes du droit naturel de mr. Burlamaqui (s.l., s.d.), Bibliothèque de Genève, BGE Ms. fr. 1918: Digital Version
[Anonymous], Abregé du Droit de la Nature et des Gens, fait par Monsieur le Conseiller J.J. Burlamaqui, Professeur en Droit à Genève, dès l'an 1721, vols. 2-3 (vol. 1 missing), (s.l., s.d.), Bibliothèque de Genève, BGE Ms. Jallabert 1: Digital Version
Lettre sur le mariage écrite à mylord Kilmorey (1716), J.-J. Burlamaqui, Principes du droit naturel et politique (1764), vol. 3, supplement, pp. 263-295 [first published by Jacob Vernes in Choix littéraire, t. 24 (1761), p. 543]
Natural Law Network
Direct Personal Connections:
1721, Jean Barbeyrac, Groningen
1709, Bénigne Mussard, Geneva [Burlamaqui's teacher]
xxxx, Pierre Lullin, Geneva [Disciple of Burlamaqui]
References and Acknowledgement
Profile References
Borgeaud, Charles, "La publication des 'Principes du droit politique'", in Recueil de travaux publié par la Faculté de droit de l'Université de Genève (Geneva: A. Kundig, 1938), pp. 73-82.
Broussois, Lisa, "Born to Rule: Burlamaqui and Rousseau on the Education of Princes", in Simone Zurbuchen (ed.), The Law of Nations and Natural Law 1625-1800 (Leiden, Boston: Brill, 2019), pp. 229-252, [Cited: 2021.11.15], DOI: https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004384200_011
Coujou, Jean-Paul, "Droit naturel et humanité chez Burlamaqui. Étude critique", in Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, Principes du droit naturel (Paris: Dalloz, 2007), pp. 205-481.
Del Vecchio, Giorgio, "Burlamaqui and Rousseau", in Journal of the History of Ideas 23/3 (1962), pp. 420-423.
Derathé, Robert, Jean-Jacques Rousseau et la science politique de son temps, 2nd ed. (Paris: Vrin, 1970).
Douglass, Robin, "Rousseau's Debt to Burlamaqui: The Ideal of Nature and the Nature of Things", in Journal of the History of Ideas 72/2 (2011), pp. 209-230.
Dufour, Alfred, Le mariage dans l'École romande du droit naturel au XVIIIe siècle (Geneva: Georg, 1976).
Einspanier, Kathryn L., "Burlamaqui, the Constitution, and the Imperfect War on Terror", in Georgetown Law Journal 96/3 (2008), pp. 985-1026, [Cited: 2021.11.15], URL: https://www.proquest.com/openview/4b80a8ae5169ad79da1f379373557890/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=37325
Gagnebin, Bernard, Burlamaqui et le droit naturel (Geneva: La Frégate, 1944).
Harvey, Ray Forrest, Jean Jacques Burlamaqui: A Liberal Tradition in American Constitutionalism (Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1937).
Korkman, Petter, "Introduction", in J.-J. Burlamaqui, The Principles of Natural and Politic Law [1763], ed. P. Korkman (Indianapolis, IN: Liberty Fund, 2006): https://oll.libertyfund.org/title/korkman-the-principles-of-natural-and-politic-law
Korkman, Petter, "Life, Liberty and the Pursuit of Happiness: Human Rights in Barbeyrac and Burlamaqui", in Virpi Mäkinen and Petter Korkman (eds.), Transformations in Medieval and Early-Modern Rights Discourses (Dordrecht: Springer, 2006), pp. 257-283.
Lahmer, Marc, "Rousseau et l'Angleterre dans le contexte politique genevois", in Valérie Cossy, Béla Kapossy, Richard Whatmore (eds.), Genève, lieu d'Angleterre 1725-1814 / Geneva, an English Enclave 1725-1814 (Geneva: Slatkine, 2009), pp. 63-111.
Riklin, Alois, Burlamaqui und Genf, in: Machtteilung. Geschichte der Mischverfassung (Darmstadt: WBG, 2006), pp. 257-268.
Rosenblatt, Helena, Rousseau and Geneva: From the First Discourse to the Social Contract, 1749-1762 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1997).
Rossi, Mario Manlio, Gian Giacomo Burlamacchi e la storia costituzionale del Settcento, in Delio Cantimori, Luigi Firpo (eds.), Ginevra e l'Italia: raccolta di studi (Florence: G.C. Sansoni, 1959), pp. 539-611.
Silvestrini, Gabriella, "Rousseau, Pufendorf and the Eighteenth-Century Natural Law Tradition", in History of European Ideas 36 (2010), pp. 280-301.
Silvestrini, Gabriella, Diritto naturale et volontà generale. Il contrattualisme repubblicano die Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Turin: Claudiana, 2010), chap. 3.4: pp. 152-164, chap. 5: pp. 225-267.
Valette, Jean-Paul, "Le pouvoir dans les 'Principes du droit politique' de Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui", in Revue du droit public et de la science politique en France et à l'étranger 5 (1994), pp. 1303-1327.
Viani, Rinantonio, "Les Élémens du droit naturel de Burlamaqui et le 'célèbre docteur en droit Jean-Marc-Louis Favre à Rolle'", in Revue historique vaudoise 120 (2012), pp. 127-142.
White, Morton, The Philosophy of the American Revolution (Oxford: 1978).
Zurbuchen, Simone, Naturrecht und natürliche Religion: Zur Geschichte des Toleranzbegriffs von Samuel Pufendorf bis Jean-Jacques Rousseau (Würzburg: Königshausen & Neumann, 1991).
Zurbuchen, Simone, "Das Prinzip des Naturrechts in der école romande du droit naturel", in Jahrbuch für Recht und Ethik 12 (2004), pp. 189-211.
Zurbuchen, Simone, "Das Naturrecht in der französischen Schweiz", in Johannes Rohbeck, Helmut Holzhey (eds.), Grundriss der Geschichte der Philosophie. Die Philosophie des 18. Jahrhunderts, vol. 2 (Basel: Schwabe, 2008), pp. 182-203, 210-212.
Profile Author:
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Mikkel Munthe Jensen, Last Update: 17.03.2021


text:
Francisco de Asís Cirujeda y Cirujeda (Mogente, 1853-Madrid, 1920) fue un militar, político y farmacéutico español, I marqués de Puntabrava.

Historia
Nació en Mogente en el seno de una noble familia valenciana de origen aragonés. Hizo los estudios de farmacia y unos años después ingresó en el ejército. Siendo comandante marchó a la guerra de Independencia cubana donde el batallón que dirigía dio muerte al revolucionario cubano Antonio Maceo. Por este hecho y por otros méritos se le otorgó el rango de general y el Marquesado de Puntabrava, lugar donde murió Maceo. Desempeñó otros cargos como profesor de la Academia de Infantería de Toledo, consejero de la reina María Cristina, gobernador civil de la provincia de Ilo Ilo en Filipinas y miembro del Tribunal Supremo de Guerra y Marina. Finalmente se instaló en Madrid donde residió hasta su fallecimiento en 1920.

Posee calles con su nombre en Mogente, Vallada y Madrid. Tuvo dieciséis hijos,muchos de ellos militares, entre los cuales se encuentran el general Fernando Cirugeda Gayoso (cofundador de la legión), Alfonso Cirugeda Gayoso (capitán de asalto detenido en el cuartel de la Montaña y fusilado en Rivas-Vaciamadrid), Jesús Cirugeda Gayoso (coronel y general), el coronel Luis Cirugeda Gayoso y Francisco de Asís Cirugeda Gayoso (geógrafo e ingeniero topógrafo de la confederación hidrográfica del Ebro).

Militares de España del siglo XIX
Militares de España del siglo XX
Presencia española en Filipinas
Militares de la provincia de Valencia
Políticos de España del siglo XIX
Políticos de la Comunidad Valenciana
Políticos de España del siglo XX
Nobles de la Comunidad Valenciana
Farmacéuticos de España del siglo XIX
Nacidos en Mogente
Fallecidos en Madrid

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
import sys

from android_build_system.tasks import project_creation, compile, launch, package

from android_build_system.pre_checks.env_check import (
    EnvCheck, AAPTCheck, ZIPALIGNCheck, CmdCheck)

def pre_check():
    print("Doing some pre-check now...")

    if all([
        EnvCheck().check(),
        AAPTCheck().check(),
        ZIPALIGNCheck().check()
    ] + [
        CmdCheck(cmd).check() for cmd in [
            "javac",
            "keytool",
            "jarsigner",
            "adb"]
    ]):
        print("All check passed [OK]")
    else:
        sys.exit("Not all requirements met.")

def _print_help():
    print(
            "\nusage:\n"
            "create: create a new project\n"
            "compile: run this at the root of your project and compile it\n"
            "package: run this at the root of your project and make .apk\n"
            "launch: run this at the root of your project and launch your apk in the emulator\n"
        )

def main():
    pre_check()

    if len(sys.argv) == 1:
        _print_help()
        return

    if sys.argv[1] == "create":
        project_creation.run()
    elif sys.argv[1] == "compile":
        compile.run()
    elif sys.argv[1] == "package":
        package.run()
    elif sys.argv[1] == "launch":
        launch.run()
    elif sys.argv[1] == "help":
        _print_help()
    else:
        sys.exit("We don't know what to do with {},"
                 " please type help for supported command".format(sys.argv[1]))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    main()

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


On the Home page at the bottom right of the screen is the Password icon.
In Easy PMS Mobile the user is not able to change their username. If this is required, the user is to contact the Easy PMS Mobile administrator to affect this change.
The user can change his password at any time to something they would be more familiar with. A strong password is required with at least 8 characters with a combination of upper and lowercase letters and at least one non-alphanumeric character such as !, @ , #, $, % etc.
If a user forgets their password, the Easy PMS Mobile administrator can setup and assign a new password which the user can then change on first login. It is not possible to view nor recover the original password.


Hike across the spectacular countryside of Languedoc in southern France and discover a hidden realm of craggy castle-ruins and remote medieval hamlets.
Hike the best trails of France's Pyrenees National Park, including the famed GR10 and the dramatic amphitheater called the Cirque de Gavarnie, with overnights in beautiful mountain villages.
Hike the Pyrenees from Basque Country to Catalonia, discovering ancient cultures and stone-built villages and savoring a range of distinctive local cuisines and wines.


Welcome to the History Department. We are committed to fostering a love of history that will last a lifetime. We aim to consistently deliver thought-provoking, engaging and challenging lessons, to enable all students to make outstanding progress in their historical understanding. Students are encouraged to make sense of the world they live in by rigorously examining the past and developing an awareness of the range of interpretations of key events. We have three specialist History classrooms and we are extremely well-resourced with a wide-range of textbooks, digital resources, subscriptions to historical magazines and websites, as well as an extensive Sixth Form History library within the Department. We provide a wide range of support for students with lunchtime, after-school and holiday revision sessions, as well as developing mentoring and homework help sessions run by Sixth Formers.
Beyond the classroom we offer a wide range of trips and extra-curricular activities. Years 7, 8, 9, 11 and the Sixth Form participate in trips, ranging from visiting local historical sites, museums and Parliament in London to trips abroad to the Great War battlefields and to Russia. We work with the Holocaust Educational Trust's "Lessons from Auschwitz" project to send two Sixth Formers to Auschwitz-Birkenau every year and to develop Holocaust education within the school. We provide extra-curricular opportunities within school, ranging from a Year 7 History Club to a History Society for the Upper School. We also run a Sixth Form Debating Society and facilitate a Lunchtime Lecture series for the Upper School. Students are encouraged to participate in a number of competitions, such as essay prizes run by Oxford and Cambridge colleges.


Bitcoin makes a partial recovery from a weekly loss. Bitcoin is up 4.54% on the day, down -7.73% on the week and up 20.79% on the month on a last price of $2674.00. $BTC/USD is trading between a 24hr high of $2750.00 and a 24hr low of $2444.00 on a 24hr OKCoin volume of 1024 BTC. The weekly trend is mixed.
Bitcoin lost over -7.73% on the week. In the last week we saw BTC peak at $2979.80 on OKCoin.com on June 20 2017 at nine in the evening. The price tracked sideways at around $2890 until June 24. Thereafter we saw the sell off in which 2748 BTC changed hands on June 25. The drop was across the board as all exchanges saw a significant deflation in bitcoin's price this week.
The good news is that BTC – despite its weekly loss – is still up 20.79% on the month on a last price of $2674.00.
We have continuing market uncertainty arising from industry divergence over the technical course of bitcoin software development. This has and will continue to plague bitcoin until such time as a final outcome is known. Accordingly users can expect more volatility and unpredictable price swings in the medium term with this market.
Kraken, Bitfinex, Coinbase (GDAX), OKCoin and Bitstamp lead all others in total amount of bitcoin traded in thirty days.
Coinbase Potentially Liable for Cryptsy Losses?
According to Law111.com "In the wake of the collapse of cryptocurrency exchange, Cryptsy, due to its founder's fraud, investors are now targeting Coinbase as a supposed aider and abettor of that fraud." The argument is that Coinbase should have known Cryptsy was laundering withdrawls via Coinbase. Because Coinbase potentially failed to effectively enforce anti money laundering through its operations it then becomes potentially liable for those same losses.
This is an unusual circumstance given that many Reddit and other forum users complained often and loudly about how tough and stringent Coinbase was in enforcing its AML/KYC regime. If Coinbase can be liable, almost every exchange could be since other exchanges may enforce AML to a lesser extent than Coinbase. However, it may be that the bulk of funds were channeled through Coinbase.
Okcoin is the data source for this market report – except as noted.
The data source Okcoin offers margin trading on this digital asset.
Bitcoin makes a partial recovery from a weekly loss. Bitcoin is up 4.54% on the day, down -7.73% on the week and up 20.79% on the month. The weekly trend is mixed. $BTC/USD saw weekly support at $2444.00 and weekly resistance at $2979.80. Market sentiment is neutral.
This report was printed on Wednesday June 28 2017 22:11 hours UTC. Contact KittyBitcoin to request custom reports.


Auckland Lantern Festival is back and is celebrating 20 years! Come and enjoy New Zealand's largest Chinese festival, welcoming in the Year of the Pig, from Thursday 14 to Sunday 17 February in Auckland Domain. Be entertained and dazzled by hundreds of handmade Chinese lanterns, music and dance performances, martial arts demonstrations, traditional Chinese art and craft – there's a range of activities for all ages. Plus, treat your taste buds to a delicious dish from our wide-range of Asian food stalls – there will be so much to choose from you will have to let your nose guide your way! If you're all about the lanterns and less about the crowds, be sure to head to the Domain on Thursday 14 February for the lantern appreciation night (there will be no stalls, live entertainment or food on this night). And did we mention it's free to attend?
Below are the nearest 5 venues within 500 metres of Auckland Domain.


House & Kitchen Extension Cost Hambleton Moss Side Fy6. – House & Kitchen Extension Cost. printsec=frontcover&dq=House+%26+Garden. 20%26%20Garden%2C. norfolk northamptonshire northumberland north Yorkshire.
kennysouza.blogdetik.com/2015/01/05/m-ebook – Jobsearch links for Teeside, Tyne and Wear, Northumberland.
Schwinn meridian adult 26-INCH 3-WHEEL bike.


text:
Yves Saint Laurent's villa in Morocco for sale
Wine, dine & Berber music in the Atlas Mountains of Morocco
The ideal armchair investment with personal use
Beyond Marrakech
Yet more silverware for Morocco's Le Jardin de Fleur resort
A modern Moroccan property investor
Yves Saint Laurent's Villa Mabrouka, or the House of Luck, is an oasis of exceptional quality perched on a cliff overlooking the coast of Andalusia and the Strait of Gibraltar. Imbued with Saint Laurent and Pierre Bergé's refined aesthetic and sophisticated taste, this serene walled complex is being offered by Majorelle Investissement SARL of Marrakech, with international marketing services provided by Christie's Great Estates.
"Yves Saint Laurent's Moroccan retreat—with its esteemed provenance, masterful execution, flawless condition, and originality—is distinguished as being among the rarest of real estate offerings worldwide," says Kay Coughlin, President & CEO of Christie's Great Estates.
Christie's Great Estates is a subsidiary of Christie's art auction house. Christie's, in collaboration with Pierre Bergé and Associates, announced this week that it will offer the second sale from the Collection of Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Bergé in Paris on 17th, 18th, and 19th November 2009. The sale, with almost 1200 works of art, is estimated to achieve between €3 million and €4 million. Contents from Villa Mabrouka are not included in the November sale.
Villa Mabrouka is a haven of privacy with generous space devoted to both entertaining and peaceful solitude. Graced with two airy master suites and three additional bedrooms, the home is perfectly appointed to welcome family and guests. A large professional kitchen can facilitate any social function. Ample staff accommodations complete the estate.
Jacques Grange, respected worldwide for his interior designs, perfectly executed the former owner's vision while accentuating the home's clarity and space. Villa Mabrouka's English style, with its chintz-furnished color themes, melds perfectly with the city of Tangier and its past while reflecting the avant-garde sensibilities of Yves Saint Laurent.
Landscape architect Madison Cox designed the gardens with towering palms, lemon trees from Italy, and rolling lawns to frame the unfettered views across the sea. The swimming pool, also offering sea vistas, was excavated into the mountain rocks; architect Stuart Church designed its pavilion as a temple of relaxation. Multiple verandahs and patios are perfectly positioned to take full advantage of the breathtaking sea and garden panoramas.
Villa Mabrouka was owned by Sheika Fatima bint Fahd bin Salem Al Sabah of Kuwait before Yves Saint Laurent and Pierre Bergé purchased the property in 1998. The estate is located five minutes from downtown, next to the Kasbah, in a quiet and well-protected residential enclave accessible by car.
The property is offered at Price Upon Request to qualified buyers.
For more information, visit christiesgreatestates.com

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Awards season, a.k.a. the best season, has officially kicked off! There were lots of trends on display at Sunday's Golden Globes, but these ladies below were some of my best dressed & favorites of the night. I was inspired by their beautiful gowns for home, accessories, and art.
each of those dresses is a hit for me and I love this idea of a fashion recap!
I loved Olivia Wilde's look - she is just glowing!
Love this post - and love when you take fashion and relate it to art! Such great posts.
I loved them all.... But it takes a lot to look that good when you're pregnant... So Olivia Wilde takes it!
loved olivia wilde...she looks amazing in that color and cute with her belly!
LOVE THIS! What a darling post, such great picks!
LOVE!!! I had all the same on by best dressed list except for Naomi.


Enthusiast Pakistani diaspora across Australia Saturday celebrated Pakistan Day with traditional fervor to make Pakistan a model welfare state.
The main event of Pakistan Day was flag hoisting ceremony held at the High Commission for Pakistan, Canberra where the High Commissioner Babar Amin hoisted the national flag.
While addressing the National Day ceremony, High Commissioner Babar Amin said that, under its current reforms agenda, the government has identified socio-economic justice, rule of law, transparency, and promotion of merit-based policies, employment generation and elimination of corruption as its prime targets.
He added that, the government has also introduced necessary structural reforms which are expected to boost industry, agriculture, services of education, healthcare, tourism and other sectors which would result in the rapid and extensive economic turnaround. The investors' confidence has been boosted providing a sound and reliable basis for FDI and enhanced trade and commerce.
The event was very well attended by a large number of community members from Canberra, Sydney; defense forces officers attending courses here.
Earlier, to mark the auspicious occasion of Pakistan Day, High Commissioner Babar Amin hosted a reception at the High Commission.
The reception was a very well attended event in which a large number of members of Diplomatic Corps, Australian Parliamentarians, officials from the Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, other high ranking Australian government officials, senior officers from the Australian Armed Forces, local intelligentsia, media representatives and dignitaries participated.
The High Commissioner lauded the close, cordial and mutually beneficial bilateral relations between Pakistan and Australia. The two countries he said, maintained a comprehensive partnership in the fields of socio-economic development, agriculture, health, education, defense, security and development assistance.
"The most sustaining link between Pakistan and Australia is provided by the Pakistan Diaspora here. I am happy to say that our community has been positively contributing to the development of Australia through its integrative initiatives and hard work which makes us all very proud", he said.
He reminded that it was the community from areas now in Pakistan that had in 1860s and onward helped open Australia's outback by laying telegraphic and railway lines. People to people contacts, educational links with over 13,000 Pakistani students in Australia, and our common passion for cricket bring us even closer.
The High Commissioner also highlighted the people-centric development, justice, employment generation and better opportunities for the deprived to be among the top priorities of the Government. He stated that Pakistan was poised to become a regional economic power as economists regard it to be the catalyst for the future regional economic integration and development.
The High Commissioner offered heartfelt condolences over the loss of precious lives, including 9 Pakistani citizens, in the horrific terrorist attack in Christchurch. He appreciated the people of New Zealand and Australian for reaching out to the Muslims community to bring succor in anxiety and pain caused by the attack.
The Australian Military Band played the national anthems of Pakistan and Australia, while the children sang along in chorus. Later the children attired in dresses depicting various regions of Pakistan presented tableau on folk and national songs, which, was highly commended by the guests.


From Upon Poppy Hill (コクリコ坂から) is a 2011 anime film produced by Studio Ghibli, directed by Goro Miyazaki (宮崎 吾朗), the son of Hayao Miyazaki (宮崎 駿). It's based on the manga of the same title.
The Art of From Up On Poppy Hill is in the same format as other Studio Ghibli official film art books.
It's a 256-page paperback with a texture cover. 208 pages features the art, with the script taking up the rest.
The style of the art is similar to other films. It's almost a signature style that's now easily recognisable. There are character designs, background art and scene sketches. Hayao Miyazaki's watercolour sketches are still as sketchy as ever, but there are only a few.
The character designer is Katsuya Kondo (近藤勝也). Yes, that Katsuya Kondo who created the characters for the Jade Cocoon game. I can't recognise his art in this book because they look like typical Studio Ghibli characters. His art is still beautiful. The character sketches in various poses are charming and feels alive.
Much of the scene sketches are drawn by Goro Miyazaki and Katsuya Kondo. The scenes are always very well composed and worth studying.
The background drawings are the actual backgrounds used in the film. These are beautiful drawings of the school, Japanese houses, and the old Culture Club building which is the story point of the film. There's much greenery and it always amazes me how they mix their green just right. The background art is credited to the Studio Ghibli team with no mention of who specifically drew them.
There are interviews with Hayao Miyazaki, Goro Miyazaki and Katsuya Kondo, but all in Japanese. Not sure if VIZ media is going to translate this to English, or if the anime is going to be released in English.
Recommended to fans of Studio Ghibli art.
looking at your video, I can see the style is 100% Ghibli. It doesn't seem to be too outstanding, so I'm not convinced to buy it, but now I'm definitely interested in watching the movie. The cover of the book looks really nice.


A inspirational, heart-warming book about four girls trying to find their place in the world. Siobhan Curham celebrates very different but like-minded friends in this captivating novel.
Amber craves excitement and adventure. Instead, she's being bullied at school for having two dads, and life at home isn't much better. Inspired by Oscar Wilde, Amber realizes that among the millions of people in London, there must be others who feel the same as she does; other dreamers – moonlight dreamers. After chance encounters with Maali, Sky and Rose, Amber soon recruits the three girls to the Moonlight Dreamers. It's high time they started pursuing their dreams, and how better than with the support of friends?
I was really excited when this book arrived as I always enjoy Siobhan Curham's books and I didn't even know this was on the horizon.
I loved this book for several reasons.
I loved the girl relationships within this book. Don't get me wrong they aren't perfect especially between the step sisters in the book but it is nice to see a book where the teenage girls support each other and are actually nice to each other rather than the bitchy back stabbing which often gets portrayed.
I loved the diversity in this book. The characters are all from very different backgrounds some of which I haven't seen portrayed in YA before and it was nice to see stereotypes challenged and representation of these sort of girls out there because in every case the girls are so well done.


> > >> good in O'Caml too.
> concise than the C equivalent.
I don't think any 10-line program shows off the real power of Ocaml.
of thousands, of lines apart, spotting the interaction is a lot harder.
Now, all of a sudden, immutability is a major advantage.


Parker PEGL Ltd, the parent company for Bestobell Valves, is celebrating securing three prestigious regional business awards.
The Sheffield-based firm, which earlier this year secured a Queens' Award for International Trade, won the Manufacturer of the Year, Outstanding Business Award, and Business Person of the Year Award went to Marie Cooper, Finance Director. The awards were presented at Ponds Forge International Sport Centre in Sheffield at a special ceremony attended by over 700 guests. Parker PEGL faced stiff competition, with dozens of companies entering each of the 14 categories at the awards, before judges narrowed it down to a 60-strong shortlist. The winners were announced by BBC Look North presenter Harry Gration.
PEGL was acquired in Autumn 2015 by Parker Hannifin, a global leader in motion and control technologies and became Parker President. This integration into Parker's Instrumentation Group will strengthen its resources and increase its position in the LNG, industrial gas, and mining markets.
Parker PEGL impressed the judges with how the company has invested in its manufacturing operations, which has enabled it to complete several machining tasks more cost effectively and efficiently. It has also invested in rapid prototyping equipment to bring new products to market more quickly. This has led to many innovations, including developing a high pressure valve range for the international marine market to meet new environmental legislation.
Judges awarded Parker PEGL the title of most outstanding business for the way it has invested in bringing its manufacturing operations back to Sheffield and in expanding its design and engineering teams, which has helped it to become renowned as one of the world's leading manufacturers of cryogenic valves.
The company also demonstrated how, now as part of Parker Hannifin, it plans to further invest in its manufacturing base in Sheffield.
For the Business Person of the Year award judges commended Finance Director Marie Cooper on her leadership skills and her instrumental role in ensuring the company could meet its growth aims through effective financial management. This had a huge impact on the business in terms of achieving the financial support the business needed to increase its trade in the international markets and retain the working capital requirements with the implications that large new Marine projects brought to the business.
Parker President is made up of three business units – Bestobell; which manufactures valves for the industrial, shipping and LNG (liquefied natural gas) markets internationally, Conflow produces safety equipment for the mining industry and Bretby Gammatech, which designs and produces monitoring equipment for the mining markets globally. All three businesses within the group sell the majority of their products to the international markets.
Parker, which is working with Total on the project, is working to establish standards in the manifolds market in Europe. Parker is the first company to have secured a 100% pass rate in quality tests.


text:
Tag Archives: Lepidocolaptes souleyetii
Creepers and peckers who attract our attention (but these are good guys!)
No, I'm not referring to plants, humans or an anatomical feature but rather avian woodcreepers, tree creepers and woodpeckers! During our nature outings in Costa Rica in August 2019, they were definitely crowd-pleasers and reminded me of how much these birds are appreciated elsewhere, too. So today I'll share with you some of my photos of these species in Costa Rica, The Netherlands, South Africa and the USA.
The insectivorous woodcreepers are endemic to the neotropical regions where there are some 57 different species. They tend to be brown in color and look similar, making identification a challenge at times. They hold their bodies upright, using a stiff tail (a similarity to how woodpeckers maintain a vertical position). Although they mainly look for insects in tree bark, they also will eat army ants. They have strongly clawed toes to help them cling to tree trunks.
Research has shown that the woodcreepers may use one of two techniques to capture insects. The "probers" look behind bark, mosses, lichens, leaves, etc. to find their prey. Those who engage in "sallying" launch themselves into the air to catch insects in flight after their movement up a tree has flushed them.
The plain brown woodcreeper (Dendrocincla fuliginosa) is distinguished from other woodcreepers by its lack of streaking or stripes.
The cocoa woodcreeper (Xiphorhynchus susurrans) tends to be a more solitary feeder that looks for insects in bark.
The streak-headed woodcreeper (Lepidocolaptes souleyetii) was aptly named. It tends to be a solitary probing feeder.
The wedge-billed woodcreeper (Glyphorynchus spirurus) is the smallest species of woodcreepers; it also has a shorter bill, which helps in identification. Research has shown they tend to favor ants, beetles, spiders and pseudo-scorpions for their meals.
The brown-billed scythebill (Campylorhamphus pusillus) is obviously distinguished by its very long, curved bill. It was raining and the bird was not sitting still so my photo isn't great; I really wish I'd gotten better photos of this species (a goal for the future).
In North Carolina, we have a similar type of bird – the brown creeper (Certhia americana). I cannot hear their high-pitched call and therefore must rely on noticing movement to catch sight of them.
Watching them demands some concentration as they are continually on the move as they probe the bark and lichen. They really blend in well with the bark of their trees of choice. It's a challenge to keep them in view.
They tend to nest in hardwood trees but prefer conifers for foraging. Like the neotropical woodcreepers, they have impressive claws to help them cling to the vertical tree trunks. An interesting fact: "By eating a single spider, a creeper gains enough energy to climb nearly 200 feet vertically."
The short-toed treecreeper (Certhia brachydactyla) that I saw in the Hemmeland nature reserve in The Netherlands in 2018 is a similar bird. Like the brown creeper, it flies to the base of a tree and then works its way up the trunk as it searches for insects to eat. (It looks almost identical to the Eurasian treecreeper, so I hope it is identified correctly!)
The woodpeckers I've been able to see in Central America include several species that have similar-looking cousins further north. The golden-fronted woodpecker (Melanerpes aurifrons) has a yellow nape and patch at the base of the bill in much of its range. However, there is a Velasquez's variant of this species that has a red cap and nape. I saw this one in a botanical garden in Quintana Roo, Mexico, in 2012.
If you look at the red-bellied woodpecker (Melanerpes carolinus), which we see a lot in North Carolina, they look quite similar.
The Hoffmann's woodpecker (Melanerpes hoffmannii) reminds me of the red-bellied species. The males have a red crown; the females do not. With their pale yellow napes, these birds look like a "pastel" version of the red-bellied species to me.
Red heads seem to be a popular "accoutrement" for the woodpeckers. The black-cheeked species (Melanerpes pucherani), seen in Arenal, Costa Rica, this past August has a red nape but a yellow forehead.
The acorn woodpecker (Melanerpes formicivorus) has a white forehead but also sports a red patch on the back of its head. Fewer than 9% of birds engage in cooperative breeding (where several related or unrelated adults cooperate in raising broods) – the acorn woodpeckers do this through coalitions of adults who nest together.
Another woodpecker with yellow hues that I've had the privilege to see is the golden-tailed woodpecker (Campethera abingoni), which I saw in Kruger National Park in South Africa in 2009. Like the above-mentioned woodpeckers, in this species the male also has red hues on its head.
In North Carolina, two very similar smaller woodpeckers are characterized by males who sport a small red patch on the back of the head and females who lack the red coloring. The hairy woodpecker (Leuconotopicus villosus, below left) is the larger of the two species; the downy (Picoides pubescens) looks almost identical except that it is slightly smaller, has a shorter bill and no white spots on the outside tail feathers.
The endangered red-cockaded woodpecker (Dryobates borealis) looks like a larger version of the hairy and downy birds but it lacks any red patches anywhere on the head. Their common name refers to an almost invisible red streak ("cockade") at the top of white cheek where it meets the black feathers atop the head. Unfortunately, this species (the only woodpeckers to make their nest holes in living trees) is under increased threat as the US Fish and Wildlife Service may remove some of the protective measures that have helped increase the population.
The great spotted woodpecker male (Dendrocopos major) that I saw in The Netherlands in 2018 does have a red patch on the back of its head; as in other woodpecker species, the females lack the red spot. This species also sports an obvious red belly (much more so than the red-bellied woodpecker!). An interesting feature of this woodpecker is that they undergo a complete moult after breeding that lasts up to 120 days.
The rufous-winged woodpecker (Piculus simplex, right) only put in a very brief appearance this past August, but made it obvious that they, too, have a red crown. The golden-olive woodpecker (Colaptes rubiginosus) continued the red accented plumage – the males complement their crimson crown with a red "moustachial" stripe. There are 19 sub-species with slightly different coloration.
The large lineated woodpecker (Dryocopus lineatus, left) in Costa Rica closely resembles the pileated woodpeckers (Dryocopus pileatus, right) that we have in North Carolina. The males of both species can be distinguished by the red stripe going down their faces and both types of woodpeckers are known for their drumming.
The pale-billed woodpeckers (Campephilus guatemalensis) looks a bit like the lineated and pileated species but they are even larger birds that feature an entirely red head. The adults have a light-colored beak that gives them their common name; immature birds have darker bills that lighten with age. The females can be distinguished by their black instead of red throats.
We were lucky to see a pair of these birds foraging along a large stream, accompanied by a third bird – perhaps one of their young from the previous breeding season? This species has not been studied thoroughly – for example, the incubation period and time from hatching to fledging are still both unknown.
Finally, I'll end this long blog with two more woodpeckers that we saw in Costa Rica. There were smoky brown woodpeckers (Dryobates fumigatus) in a couple places we visited but it was difficult for me to get a good photo in the overcast rainy conditions. They are rather plain birds but again the males are distinguished by a red cap. These were in a tree with black-cheeked woodpeckers.
I had a bit more luck photographing the chestnut-colored woodpecker (Celeus castaneus). This attractive bird has reddish brown plumage and a shaggy crest. Its head feathers may be lighter in color and the males have bright red cheeks.
As there are a couple more woodpecker species where I live that I also enjoy seeing, I'll feature them in the next blog (a shorter one!) Have a nice day!
Posted in Animal behavior, Biological diversity, Birds, nature, wildlife	| Tagged acorn woodpecker, adult coalitions, avian, behavior, bird, black-cheeked woodpecker, brown creeper, brown-billed scythebill, Campephilus guatemalensis, Campethera abingoni, Campylorhamphus pusillus, Celeus castaneus, Certhia americana, Certhia brachydactyla, chestnut-colored woodpecker, cocoa woodcreeper, Colaptes rubiginosus, cooperative breeding, Costa Rica, Dendrocincla fuliginosa, Dendrocopos major, downy woodpecker, Dryobates borealis, Dryobates fumigatus, Dryocopus lineatus, Dryocopus pileatus, feeding, female, foraging technique, Glyphorynchus spirurus, golden-fronted woodpecker, golden-olive woodpecker, golden-tailed woodpecker, great spotted woodpecker, hairy woodpecker, Hoffmann's woodpecker, Lepidocolaptes souleyetii, Leuconotopicus villosus, lineated woodpecker, male, Melanerpes aurifrons, Melanerpes carolinus, Melanerpes formicivorus, Melanerpes hoffmannii, Melanerpes pucherani, moustachial stripe, North Carolina, pale-billed woodpeckers, Picoides pubescens, Piculus simplex, pileated woodpecker, plain brown woodcreeper, probing, red-bellied woodpecker, red-cockaded woodpecker, rufous-winged woodpecker, sallying, scientific identification, scientific name, short-toed treecreeper, smoky brown woodpecker, South Africa, streak-headed woodcreeper, The Netherlands, treecreeper, wedge-billed woodcreeper, woodcreeper, woodpecker, Xiphorhynchus susurrans	| 8 Replies
Costa Rican rambles 4: Bosque del Tolomuco
Posted on March 29, 2018 by Maria dB
After lunch on our first day birding, we set off to visit a lodge called Bosque del Tolomuco, named after a weasel-like mammal called a tayra (tolomuco in Spanish). Located in the Talamanca mountains, the gardens featured three fruit feeders and numerous flowering plants, shrubs and trees that attract varied birds.
About 600 of the 870 species of birds recorded in Costa Rica are year-round residents and a considerable number are endemic to this West Virginia-sized country (and Panama). In addition, about 200 species of birds migrate there during the North American winter. At this stop, I saw a couple migrants as well, notably a Baltimore oriole and a rose-breasted grosbeak (Pheucticus ludovicianus).
A large bird was at one of the fruit feeders when we arrived; it was a gray-headed chachalaca (Ortalis cinereiceps). This particular feeder seemed to attract larger creatures – a little while later, a red-tailed squirrel (Sciurus granatensis) showed up.
Some smaller birds were feeding on fruit and nectar shrubs. One was the bananaquit (Coereba flaveola) with a striped head; the other was a somewhat drab bird with a fancy name, the paltry tyrannulet (Zimmerius vilissimus).
The male and female red-headed barbets (Eubucco bourcierii) were anything but drab; in fact, they were quite eye-catching. Their striped abdomens made me think of a man's striped trousers.
High overhead, making a good shot a bit difficult, were some blue-headed elegant euphonias (Euphonia elegantissima). At least I got a recognizable photo of them, unlike my attempts to photograph some sparrow species who appeared in darker shadowy areas.
Several of my birding friends are raptor fans; a couple others are very partial to warblers. On this trip, I realized that I am quite fond of tanagers. I saw a few summer tanagers in Costa Rica but was really delighted by the species native to this country. Several were enjoying fruit at feeders, including a beautiful blue-gray tanager (Thraupis episcopus). Some birds are not so brightly colored but have a muted beauty, which was how I saw this species.
The male Cherrie's tanager (Ramphocelus costaricensis) with his black plumage highlighted by a red rump is eye-catching; his female companion was also a real looker with her soft orange, olive and yellow colors.
The silver-throated tanagers (Tangara icterocephala) immediately became one of my favorites; their beautiful shades of yellow were stunning as far as I was concerned.
They were accompanied by a larger bird, a buff-throated saltator (Saltator maximus), which is related to the tanagers.
Another very attractive bird was the speckled tanager (Tangara guttata).
The flame-colored tanager (Piranga bidentata), which I had seen before, continued to delight with its bright colors. There were also several hummingbird species, which I think I have identified properly. Their rapid flights on an overcast day that was darkening as the afternoon progressed made for some challenging photography, but it was fun trying to capture them. The snowy-bellied hummingbirds (Amazilia edward) were the first ones I saw.
The bottlebrush flowers (Callistemon) appeared to be a very attractive food source for them.
A green hermit (Phaethornis guy) was dashing in and out among the hanging flowers to get some nectar.
The very cute white-crested coquette (Lophornis adorabilis), on the other hand, was flitting from bush to bush for quick meals and then finally decided to pose for a while. I couldn't resist taking multiple photos of this little beauty.
The green-crowned brilliant (Heliodoxa jacula) was a much larger hummingbird. Both females (with white and green spotted breast) and males were taking nectar from feeders and then taking little rests on nearby shrubs.
The stripe-tailed hummingbird (Eupherusa eximia) was enjoying the bottlebrush blooms, too.
The gray-tailed mountain gems (Lampornis cinereicauda), which I'd seen earlier in the day at Miriam's restaurant, were here as well and much more difficult to photograph in between flowers rather than feeders. However, I was able to get better glimpses of their colorful feathers as they turned their heads in the light.
Finally, the white-tailed emeralds (Elvira chionura) rounded out the group of hummers to admire at the Bosque del Tolomuco.
We finally left the lodge after admiring a blue and white swallow on our way to the Talari Mountain Lodge. Along the way, I saw a horse (Equus caballus) – which finally satisfied my desire to see an animal other than a bird! We then stopped along a street and later at a soccer field in San Isidro El General, where local boys were having a game – half of them wore shoes and half were barefoot (perhaps their way of identifying team membership). A tropical mockingbird (Mimus gilvus) was moving along treetops, while a great kiskadee (Pitangus sulphuratus) perched in another tree.
The bromeliads were again beautiful. Our guide directed our attention to the underbrush, however, as he had spotted an Isthmian wren (Cantorchilus elutus). We stared at the dark leaves, waiting for some movement that would indicate where the little bird was; finally, it emerged from behind some leaves for several seconds so we could get a better look.
As cattle egrets flew by overhead, we saw a lesser elaenia (Elaenia chiriquensis) and then a yellow-bellied elaenia (Elaenia flavogaster), which reminded me of the great-crested flycatcher I have seen in my own yard.
A cool seed pod and rose-breasted grosbeak caught my attention.
And then the highlight of that stop for me came by – a streak-headed woodcreeper (Lepidocolaptes souleyetii).
We arrived at the Talari Lodge for a quick stroll in the garden before our meal and then prepared for an early morning walk to the nearby river. More to come!
Posted in Biological diversity, Birds, nature, Squirrels, wildlife	| Tagged Amazilia edward, avian, bananaquit, bird, birding, blue-gray tanager, Bosque del Tolomuco, bottlebrush flower, buff-throated saltatory, Callistemon, Cantorchilus elutus, Cherrie's tanager, Coereba flaveola, Costa Rica, Elaenia chiriquensis, Elaenia flavogaster, elegant euphonia, Elvira chionura, equus caballus, Eubucco bourcierii, Eupherusa eximia, Euphonia elegantissima, feeders, feeding, flame-colored tanager, great kiskadee, green hermit hummingbird, green-crowned brilliant hummingbird, grey-headed chachalaca, Heliodoxa jacula, horse, hummingbird, Isthmian wren, Lepidocolaptes souleyetii, lesser elaenia, Lophornis adorabilis, nature, Ortalis cinereiceps, paltry tyrannulet, Phaethornis guy, Pheucticus ludovicianus, Piranga bidentata, Pitangus sulphuratus, Ramphocelus costaricensis, red-headed barbet, red-tailed squirrel, rose-breasted grosbeak, Saltator maximus, scientific identification, scientific name, Sciurus granatensis, silver-throated tanager, snowy-bellied hummingbird, speckled tanager, streak-headed woodcreeper, stripe-tailed hummingbird, tanager, Tangara guttata, Tangara icterocephala, Thraupis episcopus, white-crested coquette, white-tailed emerald hummingbird, wildlife, yellow-bellied elaenia, Zimmerius vilissimus	| 2 Replies


TS Intermediate Result 2019 can be announced shortly at the official website. Candidates are advised to stay with us to get fast update. The Telangana State Board of Intermediate Education (TSBIE) has decided to announce TSBIE Inter Result 2019 Today. As per report and source, TSBIE Inter Result 2019 is going to announce on 13th April 2019 for 1st year or 2nd year result 2019 tsbie.cgg.gov.in. As per various online websites, the result of TS Board Intermediate is going to be announce on Saturday.
But now, the board of Telangana has official announced that, the board may be announce 1st year/ 2nd year Result 2019 on 13th of April 2019. The board has not declared the accurate date of TSBIE Intermediate 1st/ 2nd year Result 2019, but we are expecting the board will be released TS Intermediate Result on 13th of April 2019.
Students are advised to stay with our website portal to get correct information of TSBIE Board. You can also comment in below regarding tsbie.cgg.gov.in board. All students of TSBIE Intermediate Standard are eagerly waiting to check their TS Board Exam Result 2019. The tsbie.cgg.gov.in inter result 2019 will be release at the official website of TS Board. The Telangana State Board 1st year Intermediate Exam was conducted from 27th February to 16th of March and 2nd Year Intermediate Exam was conducted from 28th February to 18th of March 2019.
Students need to visit to the official website of Telangana Board which is bie.telangana.gov.in.
Students need to enter their exam hall ticket number and other details with mentioned captcha.
After a valid submission, your tsbie.cgg.gov.in inter result 2019 will be available on your screen.
Download tsbie.cgg.gov.in intermediate result 2019 and take a print out of TSBIE Result 2019.


Since then, I have built complete full range stereo systems for many discerning audiophiles all around the world. I currently am taking a break from cabinet manufacturing to better serve an exciting opportunity that came up for me in the engineering world. Nevertheless, I have a number of ideas and opportunities on the back burner and being actively worked on that I highly recommend you check back on in the future.


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Home Products Model 53 Marlowe Design Balisong
Model 53 Marlowe Design Balisong
by Benchmade, Marlowe, Charles
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This Model 53 Balisong was designed by Charles Marlowe and manufactured by Benchmade. The blade is composed of tumbled D2 stainless steel. The Handle is green G10 with a bead blasted titanium backspacer and t- latch. The Tip up pocket clip is composed of stainless steel. Has some handling marks, otherwise excellent condition.
Knife Type Tip Up Carry, Tip Up Clip
Blade Material D2
Benchmade Knife Company, Inc. set-up shop in Clackamas, Oregon in 1990 (originally founded in California in 1988). By tapping into the custom knife makers' knowledge and combining it with their own manufacturing expertise, Benchmade has evolved into a company which is more readily able to offer more contemporary knife designs and innovations to the knife users. Consecutive years of aggressive growth led to the next logical step in 1996 when Benchmade moved into its own 35,000 sq. ft. facility. A contemporary styled building complete with all of the modern equipment and amenities necessary to manufacture what has become recognized as a higher standard of specialty cutlery. Today, Benchmade Knife Company, Inc. manufactures knives for a loyal and ever growing following of knife users which includes law enforcement, emergency/rescue and military personnel. The philosophy at Benchmade is simple - "Make it cool, make it solid, make it happen and definitely make it Benchmade".
Marlowe, Charles
Visit this maker's website: Marlowe Knives. Charles started making knives when he was 15. He continued making knives part time during his high school and college years, and in his last semester of college decided it was something he wanted to do full time. He completed his degree in Geography and Geology with a minor in Biology, went on to pursue his goal of making knives full time, and hasn't looked back. Charles has been making knives full time since 1999 and loves what he does for a living.
Mouse Pad / Knife Mat
By: Arizona Custom Knives


Hessen Antique is please to offer our customers a wide selection of original military surplus items from around the world much like the old "Army Navy" stores. Here you'll find great bargains on all types of military Gas Masks. .
Original Issue. New. Original Issue. Original Issue.
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Meet Taron Egerton, 'Rocketman"s Elton John
Dave Lifton Published: March 7, 2019
Michael Putland / Rich Polk, Getty Images
Taron Egerton has had a brief but acclaimed acting career in Britain, and he's primed to make a big splash this summer when he stars in Rocketman.
The biopic, described as an "epic musical fantasy about the uncensored human story of Elton John's breakthrough years," opens on May 31.
Egerton sings John classics in the movie; trailers and teasers show him playing "Rocket Man," "Your Song" and "Tiny Dancer." He's even performed "Tiny Dancer" with John at the singer's annual Oscars party this year. His renditions have impressed the rock legend.
"Elton said, 'I don't think I've ever heard anyone sing my songs better than Taron,'" producer Giles Martin said in one clip. "The great thing about Elton is he wants Taron's interpretations of his songs. ... I don't think there is anybody else in the world who could play Elton. It's Taron's role."
"The thing about playing somebody who is so beloved is, all we can do is give a heartfelt interpretation of his life and his music," Egerton added. "Elton's songs are defining moments in people's lives. And the songs should all come from a place of character."
Rocketman isn't the first time Egerton has sung an Elton John song onscreen. In the 2016 animated movie Sing, about a voice competition among animals, he voiced the role of a gorilla named Johnny who performed John's 1983 hit "I'm Still Standing."
The 29-year-old Egerton was born in Birkenhead, England, just across the River Mersey from Liverpool, but moved to his ancestral homeland of Wales when he was a boy. Trained at London's prestigious Royal Academy of Dramatic Art, which he graduated in 2012, his breakthrough came in 2014, when he landing major roles in Smoke, a TV drama about firefighters, and two movies, Testament of Youth and Kingsman: The Secret Service.
His performances received critical praise, and his portrayal of Gary "Eggsy" Unwin in Kingsman: The Secret Service received an award for Best Male Newcomer from the British film magazine Empire. Testament of Youth, set during World War I, earned him a nomination for British Newcomer at the London Film Festival.
Egerton's first leading role came in 2016, starring as the title character in Eddie the Eagle, an onscreen depiction of Michael Edwards, who became a local hero in Britain when he finished in last place in the ski-jump competition at the 1988 Winter Olympics. That film was directed by Dexter Fletcher, who also helmed Rocketman.
The actor starred in the 2017 Kingsman sequel, The Golden Circle, and, last year, he played the title role in the most recent screen adaptation of Robin Hood, as well as Dean Karny in Billionaire Boys Club, a movie that faced many hurdles after numerous allegations of sexual misconduct were leveled at star Kevin Spacey.
Everything You Need to Know About Elton John's 'Rocketman' Movie
Next: Elton John Albums Ranked
Source: Meet Taron Egerton, 'Rocketman"s Elton John
Filed Under: Elton John, Rocketman
Categories: Movies, Music News
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Expense benchmarks useful but not sufficient: ASIC
ASIC has outlined the "reasonable steps" that a credit provider can take when using a benchmark to assess a borrower's expenses.
Following two rounds of public consultation, the Australian Securities and Investments Commission (ASIC) has published an updated guidance (RG 209) on the responsible lending obligations that are contained in the National Consumer Credit Protection Act 2019.
The new guidance is designed to provide greater clarity and support to lenders and brokers in meeting their obligations, particularly in light of uncertainty that arose following the banking royal commission.
As anticipated, ASIC has maintained principles-based guidance, which the regulator has said would "support flexibility for licensees".
The revised regulatory guide contains guidance concerning the manner in which credit providers can use expense benchmarks, including the Household Expenditure Measure, to assess serviceability.
ASIC prefaced its guidance by stressing: "[Credit providers] should be aware that income and expense benchmarks do not provide any information about the individual consumer and do not confirm or verify that the information that has been obtained about the consumer is true.
However, ASIC acknowledged that benchmarks "have a role in the broader verification and assessment processes".
In its revised guidance, ASIC has stated that comparison of the information obtained about the consumer to a reasonable benchmark can be useful in the following circumstances:
if a credit provider cannot reasonably confirm some information to test whether the information is plausible because it is within the range that is expected for a person in broadly similar circumstances to the consumer;
if a consumer does not currently have expenses but will have some after the loan is entered into – to help estimate likely outgoings; and
if the consumer needs to reduce their current expenditure to afford the credit product – to test whether the type and amount of reductions proposed by the consumer are plausible.
"If [credit providers] use benchmark comparisons in this way, [they] should ensure that the benchmark you use is adequate and appropriate, and that its use is regularly monitored and reviewed," ASIC added.
The regulator went on to describe the steps that credit providers should take when using expense benchmarks to assess borrower suitability, which include:
ensuring the benchmark being used is the most up-to-date version available;
ensuring that the benchmark figure that is being used is a realistic figure, that is adjusted for different income ranges and that is not merely reflective of "low end" spending;
considering whether it is appropriate to apply a buffer amount that reflects the likelihood that many consumers would be expected to have a higher level of expenses, if the benchmark figure being referred to is more reflective of conservative spending;
ensuring that they are aware of what expenses are included in the benchmark calculation, make inquiries to ascertain whether the consumer has any kinds of expenses that are not included, and that you have separately taken reasonable steps to verify those expenses; and
periodically reviewing the expense figures being relied upon across their portfolio.
Moreover, ASIC has outlined that it is "not necessary" for lenders to use a benchmark "as a minimum level of expenditure for an individual consumer".
"We recognise that some consumers will spend less than a benchmark figure, and that it is reasonable to use a lower amount if [a credit provider] is satisfied that it is a true statement of the consumer's financial situation and [they] have taken steps to appropriately verify the consumer's expenditure," ASIC noted.
With regards to the use of the HEM benchmark in particular, ASIC has noted that not all categories of expenses are accounted for within the measure.
As a result, the regulator has stressed that, when comparing a borrower's stated expenses to HEM, lenders should "only use the estimates of spending on the kind of items that are included in the benchmark figure" and "not a wider estimate of their total expenditure".
ASIC remains entangled in a Federal Court dispute with Westpac regarding alleged breaches of the National Consumer Credit Protections Act, relating to Westpac's application of the Household Expenditure Measure in its assessment of home loan applications.
In September 2018, Westpac admitted to breaches of responsible lending obligations when issuing home loans to customers and agreed to pay a $35-million civil penalty to resolve Federal Court proceedings under the National Credit Act.
However, the Federal Court was tentative in its approach to the matter.
Justice Perram had sought a friend of the court to consider whether the Westpac case even constituted a breach of the NCCP (reportedly stating that "there is no fact before [him] that any unsuitable loans were made").
Following his review of the case, Justice Perram judged that a lender "may do what it wants in the assessment process", noting that other provisions of the NCCP impose penalties if lenders make unsuitable loans as a result of that process.
ASIC has since announced that it would appeal Justice Perram's decision to the Full Federal Court of Australia to address "uncertainty" caused by the verdict.
[Related: ASIC releases new responsible lending guidance]
Last Updated: 09 December 2019 Published: 10 December 2019


Francine held the razor blade between two fingers. Her hands shaking in anticipation. By drawing blood, the flesh-eating bugs would appear quickly. She needed to get her sister out of this apartment, alive. By sacrificing herself, Sadie would be free to leave while the bugs were occupied with her.
Just a cut, a small cut would send out an alarm through the smell of blood, to the beetles. They would come out of the woodwork by the tens of thousands. Damn Monsanto! These beetles were super beetles. Nothing stopped them anymore, having overcome chemical compounds used to try and destroy them. The chemicals had only morphed them into something stronger. Now they had the upper hand!
Francine paused a bit. "I have to do it while you still have the strength to run, Sadie." She looked into her sister's eyes. They both knew this had to happen. They'd eaten everything they had in the room and the water was running low. With electricity down for weeks now there was no way to pump water into the apartment. The beetles were eating their way up the building, floor by floor. The apartment was on the 9th floor, top of the building. Too far to jump, unless they wanted to come to their end that way instead of being eaten alive.
"We can go together, get as far away from this building as we can, and then you can do it. Give yourself a running chance! Maybe we'll find a car out there or something. Please, Frannie, give it a little more time." Francine took out the handkerchief and put the razor blade back into the cardboard sleeve and wrapped it up.
"Ok, let's get as far away as we can and then I'll do it." She agreed, resigned to her sacrifice.
Opening the apartment door, they headed for the stairwell. Stopping to listen, there was total silence. Footsteps echoed quietly as they circled around and down, floor by floor. There was no telling where the beetles were now. It had been several days since Francine checked. As they got lower, the smell in the building was overwhelming. Francine and Sadie could hear the scuttle beyond the fire doors. Francine put her index finger to her lips warning her sister to be quiet. Sadie nodded. They were escaping from the one place they knew to be safe, for the risk of the unknown. They reached ground level.
Francine pushed at the door. Slowly it opened scraping the bones of the cleanly picked corpses across the sidewalk as it opened. Francine held her breath as she carefully closed the door and quietly tip-toed away from the building holding Sadie's hand. Where would they go? What would they eat? She didn't know. Scanning for a safer place to hide, Francine started to second guess her decision to leave but felt reassured when she reached into her pocket and touched the razor blade wrapped in the handkerchief. She would save her sister no matter what it took.
Dawn DeBraal lives in rural Wisconsin with her husband, two rat terriers and a cat. She successfully raised two children (meaning they left home and now support themselves!) Early attempts at writing won $75.00 in a poetry contest from "Your Daily Poem" and a song accepted for the International Habitat for Humanity songbook. Recently retired, she has tried to turn her passion of telling a good story into writing one.


A unique opportunity to see the real Egyptian History on board one of our 5 star Nile Cruises sailing between Luxor and Aswan for 4,5 and 8 days. Pick one of our top-rated Nile River Cruises and let our experts give you a lifetime sailing experience through the beautiful Nile River of Egypt and explore the mysteries of Ancient Egypt at Valley of the Kings, Karnak Temple, Hatshepsut Temple, Luxor Temple, Philae Temple, The Colossi of Memnon, the extraordinary temple of Abu Simbel and many more.
The Magnificent Unfinished Obelisk which shows the process of shaping and carving the obelisk .
The beautiful Philae Temple complex whish sits on Aglika Island dedicated to Goddess Isis.
The Great High Dam in Aswan was built in 1960 .
Kom Ombo Temple dedicated to God Sobek in Kom Ombo.
Edfu Temple dedicated to God Horus.
The Huge Temple Complex of Karnak located in Luxor .
Luxor Temple, one of the mosyt preserved Temples in Egypt.
Temple of Hatshepsut which was built for Queen Hatshepsut which was the only female pharaoh in the history of Ancient Egypt.
Valley of the Kings, where Tutankhamun's tomb was dicovered by Howard Carter .
The two gigantic, 59-foots tall statues of Memnon.
Telephone system with international calls.
Everything went smoothly, from arriving Luxor airport, money exchange, everyday pick up and drop off. Very knowledgeable guide for all historical information and local culture! Cruise and food are very good and definitely exceeded my expectation! Most importantly, our guide always reminded us of how to handle people on the street trying to sell us stuff, it definitely made our trip much more enjoyable.
I had such a lovely vacation in Egypt with our knowledgeable guide Sayed. He was very charismatic in the way he related the ancient Egyptian history to the current life of Egypt. I would really like to thank Nile Cruise Vacation for providing such a helpful & knowledgeable Tour guide. I highly recommend Sayed, and think he is a great asset to Nile Cruise Vacation.
Thank you Nile Cruise Vacation for an amazing tour with Ahmed. We had an excellent tour over 3 days. Ahmed was excellent in showing us key monuments and explaing the history to our 3 children . We even enjoyed the Egyptian markets with him assisting us everywhere . Thank you Ahmed you were excellent. So highly recommended.
What is The Check in Time? When The Tours Starts?
Usually, the check in time is at 11:00 AM after breakfast and before Lunch. As many Flights arrive much earlier, you will get access to your cabin immediately if there is availability. If not, you will have to wait until thecheck in time. In this case, it is recommended to begin your tours directlypost leaving the Airport or Train Station, in order to get the most out of yourtime.
Normally, Nile Cruise Check out Time is at 8:00 or 9:00 AM right after Breakfast. However if your Flight or Train is later, you can employ all theCruise Facilities except the Cabin and the Restaurant. Moreover, you cankeep your luggage at the Cruise and move around the city until yourflight/train departure time.
What Does the Meals Includes in My Nile Cruise Trip?
There are two Nile Cruise Packages: Nile Cruises on Full Board Basis: The most of Nile Cruises are on Full Board Basis. This package includes all meals in an open buffet style or a set menu, served up to a fixed timetable. There are a wide variety of food in every meal, depending of the category and the quality of the cruise. All beverages are extra-charged. However, breakfast Tea, Coffee & Juice and afternoon tea during sailing days are included in the package. Nile Cruises on All Inclusive Basis: Only few Nile Cruises are on All Inclusive Basis. All-inclusive package consists all Full Board Basis and all sorts of alcoholic – nonalcoholic beverages.
The most of Nile Cruises are on Full Board Basis. This package includes all meals in an open buffet style or a set menu, served up to a fixed timetable. There are a wide variety of food in every meal, depending of the category and the quality of the cruise. All beverages are extra-charged. However, breakfast Tea, Coffee & Juice and afternoon tea during sailing days are included in the package.
Only few Nile Cruises are on All Inclusive Basis. All-inclusive package consists all Full Board Basis and all sorts of alcoholic – nonalcoholic beverages.
How much is the average Tipping in Nile Cruises and when to give it?
As the crew of a Nile Cruise consists about 50 to 70 employee, it is fair to divide tips equally between all of them. Therefore, there is a strict rule that prevent the guest to give tips to anyone during the Trip. However, you can put tips in an envelope and write the amount on the back, then deliver it to the Reception of your Nile Cruise, and this amount will be fairly divided between all the crew members.
Tipping is considered as an appreciation act for the good service, but it is not an obligation.
Throughout the tours, you can wear whatever makes you feel good. However, it is preferred to wear lightweight clothes due to the hot summer weather. As Egypt is a Muslim country, you should consider their cult, especially if you are visiting a religious landmark. For women, they will have to avoid slimy, tight clothes. Therefore, it is suggested to wear modest clothes while moving around the city.
Beach wears are allowed on Nile cruise. You can always wear your desired shorts and swimming costumes. You may take your breakfast and lunch with the same attire, however for dinner, it is recommended to dress in a smart outfit.


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Little Witch Academia TV Anime Reveals More Cast, Staff, Visual
posted on 2016-10-08 02:30 EDT by Crystalyn Hodgkins
Story also revealed for anime premiering in January
The official website for the Little Witch Academia television anime series opened on Saturday and revealed more of the anime's staff and cast. The website also revealed the show's story and a visual. The tagline on the visual on the website reads, "a new magic is now starting."
The newly revealed cast, who are reprising their roles from the previous two anime, include:
Reina Ueda as Jasminka Antonenko
Noriko Hidaka as Shiny Chariot
They join the following returning cast:
Megumi Han as Atsuko "Akko" Kagari
Fumiko Orikasa as Lotte Yanson
Michiyo Murase as Sucy Manbavaran
Yōko Hikasa as Diana Cavendish
Arisa Shida as Amanda O'Neill
Rie Murakawa as Constanze von Braunschbank Albrechtsberger
Yoh Yoshinari returns as director and original character designer at Studio Trigger . Michiru Shimada , who penned the script for the sequel film, is handling series composition. Shūhei Handa , a key animator in both the original short and sequel film, will handle main character design. Masanobu Nomura ( Panty & Stocking with Garterbelt , Kiznaiver ) is the art director, and Michiru Oshima is returning from both previous Little Witch Academia anime to compose the music. The rest of the staff includes:
Color Setting: Yukiko Kakita
Director of Photography: Daisuke Okumura , Naoki Yorozu
Main Animator: Takafumi Hori
Design Works: Yusuke Yoshigaki
Editing: Kentarou Tsubone
Sound Director: Jun Watanabe
Sound Effects: Kiyotaka Kawada
The show's story revolves around Akko, who as a child watched the witch Shiny Chariot perform a show, and from then on dreamed of becoming a witch. She enters the Luna Nova Academy, a school for witches that Shiny Chariot attended. In this new town she meets new friends and starts a new school life. At the school she has lessons on riding brooms and the wonder of magic, but Akko and her friends Lotte and Sucy keep getting wrapped up in tumultuous events.
The television anime will be a 30-minute series. The series will premiere in January and Netflix will stream the series.
The project began with a 2013 anime short that spawned the Little Witch Academia: The Enchanted Parade sequel last year. Yoshinari created and directed the first short as part of the Anime Mirai 2013 initiative. Fans supported the second short via a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign that raised US$150,000 in six hours, and eventually US$625,518 (four times its original goal) in one month. The Little Witch Academia: The Enchanted Parade sequel had its world premiere at Anime Expo in July 2015.
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Currently viewing the tag: "Buffalo"
Blockbuster edit
Blockbuster edit n.— «Wal-Mart and Blockbuster, along with other of the nations largest retailers, won't sell anything with an NC-17 (or anything that is unrated), and if they don't stock your movie you may as well not bothered to have made it. Inevitably, the film gets cut to what the industry calls a "Blockbuster edit."» —"Sex, Violence, [...]
Bradley effect
Bradley effect n.— «Virtually all of the undecided white Democrats and Independents broke for the GOP candidate. Pollsters began to call this phenomenon—white voters who tell interviewers they are undecided and then vote 10-1 against a black candidate—the "Bradley effect."» —"Does McCall Have A Chance?" Buffalo News (New York) Jan. 20, 2002. (source: Double-Tongued Dictionary)
B-Lo
B-Lo n.— «Judging by the reaction of the crowd at the recent Ballpark Brawl held at Dunn Tire Park in the city where Brown battled as linebacker for the Buffalo Bills, "B-Lo" was glad to have him back.» —"Monty Brown pounces back into Buffalo" by David Hillhouse Slam! Sports Sept. 3, 2006. (source: Double-Tongued Dictionary)
double-back
double-back v.— «The arbitrator did not rule against the current "double-back" work shift, as the city had sought.…The current system calls for officers to work an eight-hour shift, take off for eight hours and return for another work shift.» —"Police To Get 12% Raise For Past 2 Years City Gains Supervision Over Those Calling In Sick" by Juan [...]
double-back v.— «"I think the antiquated system we have had of 'doubling back' should have been replaced long ago."…The former double-back arrangement meant that every other day, an officer who finishes an eight-hour shift at 8 a.m. goes back to work at 4 p.m. for eight more hours.…Gone will be the old double-back system for the [...]
x-fill
x-fill v.— «They were being extracted—or "X-filled" in military parlance—from the mission site and were loading up a Chinook helicopter with their gear.» —"Fortunate soldier home to celebrate 19th birthday" by Maki Becker Buffalo News (New York) June 12, 2006. (source: Double-Tongued Dictionary)


Welcome to the 26th episode of the Marketing Nation Podcast, presented by Marketo and hosted by Marketo's Digital Marketing Evangelist, DJ Waldow.
Kimi Fowler, Marketing Automation Specialist at OnBase, joins the Marketing Nation to discuss her love of marketing automation, what's involved in OnBases' day-to-day marketing activities, and why testing is so important.
Kimi has a unique perspective on marketing automation because she is one of the main people responsible for it at her company. She is a Marketo Champion and a Certified Marketo Expert, so she is extremely well-versed in the capacities and capabilities of Marketo. Her experience is also unique because OnBase is a B2B software company, so she doesn't have the luxury of always using as much humor in her marketing as she might like.
Her working days involve a lot of campaign building, list management, and perhaps most importantly, testing. As she strives for the most effective campaigns, Kimi uses a combination of open rates, click throughs, and other personalized metrics to figure out which emails are driving the highest engagement. From there, her team suggests tests that she can implement to increase the engagement rate.
Some of the tests that Kimi and her team are running involve more than just colors and layouts – they are working on testing their content to make it more fun, personalized, and relatable for their audiences. Humor in marketing is not just for B2C companies; B2B companies can employ these tactics as well. It's important to remember that there is a person on the other side of your email, not a robot.
Kimi was so excited about joining the Marketing Nation Podcast that she shared her own personal #MktgNationSelfie on Twitter!
Since she's an avid Twitter user, Kimi's shoutout was for listeners to tweet to her @KimiKay and let her know whether or not you're a marketing automation expert. Even if you're not, she'd love to hear what your favorite song is so she can add it to her Spotify queue.
Learn more about how Kimi uses Marketo to make her customers and team happy by listening in to the full episode!
Kimi Fowler is a marketing automation specialist at OnBase in Westlake, Ohio. She is a passionate marketing automation user who focuses on the execution of programs, administration of the system and best practices. She's powered by yoga and copious amounts of diet coke. Outside of work you can find her spending time with her husband and son, tweeting or watching every episode of any political drama.


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What is Bean Validation JSR 349?
Bean Validation JSR 303, 349 and 380 offer a metadata model and API for Bean validation.
The default metadata source is annotations, with the ability to override and extend the meta-data through the use of XML validation descriptors.
The Validation can be applied to the view layer (e.g. HTML Form, Swing application) or persistent layer etc.
Hibernate Validator is the reference implementation.
For more info please explore Bean Validation in a standalone application example.