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Homepage > Study by Topic > Baptism > Born Again, Baptism in the Early Fathers by Phil Porvaznik
Born Again: Baptism in the Early Fathers
Jesus told Nicodemus, "You must be born again" (John 3:7). What did our Lord mean?
Modern Fundamentalist and Evangelical Christians, while agreeing with Catholic Christians that a spiritual regeneration by the Holy Spirit (or the "new birth") is necessary for salvation (e.g. John 3:3-8; 2 Cor 5:17; Titus 3:5), generally disagree that the Sacrament (or what some call "ordinance") of Baptism is the means by which the Holy Spirit regenerates and saves the person, and all sins committed prior to Baptism are forgiven and washed away by the power of Christ (John 3:5; Acts 2:38; 22:16; Rom 6:1ff; 1 Cor 6:11; Gal 3:27; Eph 5:26f; Col 2:11ff; 1 Peter 3:21; etc). There are exceptions of course (such as Evangelical Lutherans, Anglicans, Methodists, and Church of Christ groups who hold some form of "baptismal regeneration" -- and certain of these practice infant Baptism, as do most Reformed or Calvinist Christians).
Many of these modern Fundamentalists and Evangelicals suggest that accepting or "receiving Christ" as one's "personal Lord and Savior" by faith alone is what our Lord meant in John chapter 3. The Sacrament of Baptism is seen as merely a "symbolic" gesture with no inherent spiritual efficacy.
Catholics, while not denying the importance of the "personal relationship" with Jesus Christ (you cannot get much more personal than receiving Christ in the Holy Eucharist) and clearly emphasizing a holy life after Baptism, understand the Gospel text on "born again" as a reference to the Sacrament of Baptism. Catholics note our Lord's words that one must be "born of WATER AND THE SPIRIT" as clearly equated by Jesus himself with the phrase "born again" (compare verses John 3:3,5,7). The surrounding context of the first four chapters of John's Gospel also show that by "water and the Spirit" that water BAPTISM is what our Lord meant (cf. John 1:29ff; 3:22ff; 4:1ff), which Sacrament was instituted by Christ himself at the Great Commission where he commanded Baptism in the name of the Blessed Trinity (Matthew 28:19; Mark 16:16). This is shortly followed by St. Peter the Apostle's command to be baptized in order to receive the forgiveness of sins and the gift of the Holy Spirit (Acts 2:38). Catholics accept the plain and literal meaning of the biblical texts.
The Catholic understanding of Baptism is also the unanimous teaching of the earliest Christians who immediately followed the apostles. Every Christian, all the Church Fathers, bishops, and saints who lived after the apostles (and some while the apostles were still alive) interpreted our Lord's words in John chapter 3 that to be "born again" and "born of water and the Spirit" refers to the Sacrament of Baptism. There are no exceptions. And Protestant scholars frankly admit this fact (note the relevent sections on Baptism in Reformed/Presbyterian scholar Philip Schaff's History of the Christian Church, Anglican scholar J.N.D. Kelly's Early Christian Doctrines, and Lutheran scholar Jaroslav Pelikan's The Christian Tradition).
Philip Schaff (Presbyterian/Reformed) --
"This ordinance [Baptism] was regarded in the ancient church as the sacrament of the new birth or regeneration, and as the solemn rite of initiation into the Christian Church, admitting to all her benefits and committing to all her obligations....Its effect consists in the forgiveness of sins and the communication of the Holy Spirit.
"Justin [Martyr] calls baptism 'the water-bath for the forgiveness of sins and regeneration,' and 'the bath of conversion and the knowledge of God.' "It is often called also illumination, spiritual circumcision, anointing, sealing, gift of grace, symbol of redemption, death of sins, etc. Tertullian describes its effect thus: 'When the soul comes to faith, and becomes transformed through regeneration by water and power from above, it discovers, after the veil of the old corruption is taken away, its whole light. It is received into the fellowship of the Holy Spirit; and the soul, which unites itself to the Holy Spirit, is followed by the body.' ...."From John 3:5 and Mark 16:16, Tertullian and other fathers argued the necessity of baptism to salvation....The effect of baptism...was thought to extend only to sins committed before receiving it. Hence the frequent postponement of the sacrament [Procrastinatio baptismi], which Tertullian very earnestly recommends...." (History of the Christian Church, volume 2, page 253ff)
"The views of the ante-Nicene fathers concerning baptism and baptismal regeneration were in this period more copiously embellished in rhetorical style by Basil the Great and the two Gregories, who wrote special treatises on this sacrament, and were more clearly and logically developed by Augustine. The patristic and Roman Catholic view on regeneration, however, differs considerably from the one which now prevails among most Protestant denominations, especially those of the more Puritanic type, in that it signifies not so such a subjective change of heart, which is more properly called conversion, but a change in the objective condition and relation of the sinner, namely, his translation from the kingdom of Satan into the kingdom of Christ....Some modern divines make a distinction between baptismal regeneration and moral regeneration, in order to reconcile the doctrine of the fathers with the fact that the evidences of a new life are wholly wanting in so many who are baptized. But we cannot enter here into a discussion of the difficulties of this doctrine, and must confine ourselves to a historical statement." [patristic quotes follow] "In the doctrine of baptism also we have a much better right to speak of a -consensus patrum-, than in the doctrine of the Holy Supper." (History of the Christian Church, volume 3, page 481ff, 492)
Paul Enns (Dispensational/Baptist, Th.D. Dallas Theological Seminary) --
"Justin Martyr suggests Isaiah 1:16-20 refers to Christian baptism, apparently suggesting that this rite produces the new birth (1 Apol 61).....Very early in the Christian church, prominence was given to the rite of baptism so that many, in effect, taught baptismal regeneration. Justin Martyr taught that, to obtain the remission of sins, the name of the Father should be invoked over the one being baptized (1 Apol 61)...Although this concept was not as emphatic among the apostolic Fathers, it became increasingly so in the following centuries. Augustine, for instance, taught that original sin and sins committed before baptism were washed away through baptism. For that reason he advocated baptism for infants." (The Moody Handbook of Theology [1989], page 415, 427)
J.N.D. Kelly (Anglican patristic scholar) --
"From the beginning baptism was the universally accepted rite of admission to the Church; only 'those who have been baptized in the Lord's name' may partake of the eucharist [Didache 9:5]....As regards its significance, it was always held to convey the remission of sins....the theory that it mediated the Holy Spirit was fairly general....The Spirit is God Himself dwelling in the believer, and the resulting life is a re-creation...."
"Speculation about baptism in the third century revolves around its function, universally admitted hitherto, as the medium of the bestowal of the Spirit. Infant baptism was now common, and this fact, together with the rapid expansion of the Church's numbers, caused the administration of the sacrament to be increasingly delegated by bishops to presbyters....We observe a tendency to limit the effect of baptism itself to the remission of sins and regeneration, and to link the gift of the Spirit with these other rites [Chrismation, Confirmation, and the laying on of hands -- detailed analysis from the ante-Nicene Fathers on Baptism follows].....
"From these general considerations we turn to the particular sacraments. Cyril of Jerusalem provides a full, if not always coherent, account of the conception of baptism which commended itself to a fourth-century theologian in Palestine. The name he applies to the rite is 'baptism' or 'bath' [Greek provided along with references]. It is 'the bath of regeneration' in which we are washed both with water and with the Holy Spirit. Its effects can be summarized under three main heads. First, the baptized person receives the remission of sins, i.e. all sins committed prior to baptism. He passes from sin to righteousness, from filth to cleanliness; his restoration is total....Secondly, baptism conveys the positive blessing of sanctification, which Cyril describes as the illumination and deification of the believer's soul, the indwelling of the Holy Spirit, the putting on of the new man, spiritual rebirth and salvation, adoption as God's son by grace, union with Christ in His resurrection as in His suffering and death, the right to a heavenly inheritance....Thirdly, and closely connected with this, baptism impresses a seal [Greek provided] on the believer's soul. Just as the water cleanses the body, the Holy Spirit seals [Greek] the soul. This sealing takes place at the very moment of baptism....and as a result of it the baptized person enjoys the presence of the Holy Spirit....These ideas are fairly representative of Greek and Latin teaching about baptism in the fourth and fifth centuries." [detailed analysis from the post-Nicene Fathers on Baptism follows] (Early Christian Doctrines, page 193ff, 207ff, 428ff)
Jaroslav Pelikan (Lutheran patristic scholar) --
"Although references to the doctrine of baptism are scattered throughout the Christian literature of the second and third centuries, only one extant treatise from the period is devoted exclusively to the subject, that of Tertullian. And the most succinct statement by Tertullian on the doctrine of baptism actually came, not in his treatise on baptism, but in his polemic against Marcion....Tertullian argued that none of the four basic gifts of baptism could be granted if that dualism [of Marcion] were maintained. The four gifts were: the remission of sins, deliverance from death, regeneration, and bestowal of the Holy Spirit...It is noteworthy that Tertullian, regardless of how much a Montanist he may have been at this point, was summarizing what the doctrine of the church was at his time -- as well as probably before his time and certainly since his time. Tertullian's enumeration of the gifts of baptism would be difficult to duplicate in so summary a form from other Christian writers, but those who did speak of baptism also spoke of one or more of these gifts. Baptism brought the remission of sins; the doctrine of baptism was in fact the occasion for many of the references to forgiveness of sins in the literature of these centuries [references to Cyprian, Hippolytus, Irenaeus, Clement of Alexandria, Justin Martyr, Hermas]."
"With deliverance from death came a new life and regeneration. The phrase 'washing of regeneration' in Titus 3:5 was synonymous with 'the baptism of regeneration.' [references to Methodius of Olympus, Tertullian, Cyprian, and Origen]."
"Tertullian's summary of these four gifts makes it clear 'that by the end of the second century, if not fifty years earlier, the doctrine of baptism (even without the aid of controversy to give it precision) was so fully developed that subsequent ages down to our own have found nothing significant to add to it' [citing Evans]." (The Christian Tradition: A History of the Development of Doctrine, volume 1: The Emergence of the Catholic Tradition 100-600, pages 163ff)
William Webster, a former Catholic turned Evangelical, in his 1995 book The Church of Rome at the Bar of History, freely admits the unanimous position of the Church Fathers as to what is called "baptismal regeneration" :
"The doctrine of baptism is one of the few teachings within Roman Catholicism for which it can be said that there is a universal consent of the Fathers....From the early days of the Church, baptism was universally perceived as the means of receiving four basic gifts: the remission of sins, deliverance from death, regeneration, and the bestowal of the Holy Spirit." (Webster, page 95-96)
Let us take a look at the writings of the earliest Christians on the Sacrament of Baptism, baptismal regeneration, and infant baptism. All the major Church Fathers are covered through the fifth century.
THE EPISTLE OF BARNABAS (c. A.D. 70)
Now let us see if the Lord has been at any pains to give us a foreshadowing of the waters of Baptism and of the cross. Regarding the former, we have the evidence of Scripture that Israel would refuse to accept the washing which confers the remission of sins and would set up a substitution of their own instead [Jer 22:13; Isa 16:1-2; 33:16-18; Psalm 1:3-6]. Observe there how he describes both the water and the cross in the same figure. His meaning is, "Blessed are those who go down into the water with their hopes set on the cross." Here he is saying that after we have stepped down into the water, burdened with sin and defilement, we come up out of it bearing fruit, with reverence in our hearts and the hope of Jesus in our souls. (11:1-10)
THE SHEPHERD OF HERMAS (c. A.D. 140)
"I have heard, sir," said I, "from some teachers, that there is no other repentance except that which took place when we went down into the water and obtained the remission of our former sins." He said to me, "You have heard rightly, for so it is." (The Shepherd 4:3:1-2)
They had need [the Shepherd said] to come up through the water, so that they might be made alive; for they could not otherwise enter into the kingdom of God, except by putting away the mortality of their former life. These also, then, who had fallen asleep, received the seal of the Son of God, and entered into the kingdom of God. For, [he said,] before a man bears the name of the Son of God, he is dead. But when he receives the seal, he puts mortality aside and again receives life. The seal, therefore, is the water. They go down into the water dead [in sin], and come out of it alive. (ibid 9:16:2-4)
ST. JUSTIN MARTYR (inter A.D. 148-155)
Whoever is convinced and believes that what they are taught and told by us is the truth, and professes to be able to live accordingly, is instructed to pray and to beseech God in fasting for the remission of their former sins, while we pray and fast with them. Then they are led by us to a place where there is water; and there they are reborn in the same kind of rebirth in which we ourselves were reborn: In the name of God, the Lord and Father of all, and of our Savior Jesus Christ, and of the Holy Spirit, they receive the washing with water. For Christ said, "Unless you be reborn, you shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven." ...The reason for doing this, we have learned from the Apostles. (The First Apology 61)
ST. THEOPHILUS OF ANTIOCH (c. A.D. 181)
Moreover, those things which were created from the waters were blessed by God, so that this might also be a sign that men would at a future time receive repentance and remission of sins through water and the bath of regeneration -- all who proceed to the truth and are born again and receive a blessing from God. (To Autolycus 2:16)
ST. IRENAEUS (c. A.D. 190)
"And [Naaman] dipped himself...seven times in the Jordan" [2 Kings 5:14]. It was not for nothing that Naaman of old, when suffering from leprosy, was purified upon his being baptized, but [this served] as an indication to us. For as we are lepers in sin, we are made clean, by means of the sacred water and the invocation of the Lord, from our old transgressions, being spiritually regenerated as new-born babes, even as the Lord has declared: "Except a man be born again through water and the Spirit, he shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven." (Fragment 34)
TERTULLIAN (inter A.D. 200-206)
A treatise on our sacrament of water, by which the sins of our earlier blindness are washed away and we are released for eternal life will not be superfluous.....taking away death by the washing away of sins. The guilt being removed, the penalty, of course, is also removed.....Baptism is itself a corporal act by which we are plunged in water, while its effect is spiritual, in that we are freed from sins. (On Baptism 1:1; 5:6; 7:2)
...no one can attain salvation without Baptism, especially in view of the declaration of the Lord, who says: "Unless a man shall be born of water, he shall not have life." (On Baptism 12:1)
ST. CLEMENT OF ALEXANDRIA (ante A.D. 202)
When we are baptized, we are enlightened. Being enlightened, we are adopted as sons. Adopted as sons, we are made perfect. Made perfect, we become immortal...."and sons all of the Most High" [Psalm 82:6]. This work is variously called grace, illumination, perfection, and washing. It is a washing by which we are cleansed of sins; a gift of grace by which the punishments due our sins are remitted; an illumination by which we behold that holy light of salvation -- that is, by which we see God clearly; and we call that perfection which leaves nothing lacking. Indeed, if a man know God, what more does he need? Certainly it were out of place to call that which is not complete a true gift of God's grace. Because God is perfect, the gifts He bestows are perfect. (The Instructor of Children 1:6:26:1)
RECOGNITIONS OF CLEMENT (c. A.D. 221)
But you will perhaps say, "What does the baptism of water contribute toward the worship of God?" In the first place, because that which has pleased God is fulfilled. In the second place, because when you are regenerated and born again of water and of God, the frailty of your former birth, which you have through men, is cut off, and so ...you shall be able to attain salvation; but otherwise it is impossible. For thus has the true Prophet [Jesus] testified to us with an oath: "Verily, I say to you, that unless a man is born again of water....he shall not enter into the kingdom of heaven." (Recognitions 6:9)
ORIGEN (post A.D. 244)
Formerly there was Baptism, in an obscure way....now, however, in full view, there is regeneration in water and in the Holy Spirit. Formerly, in an obscure way, there was manna for food; now, however, in full view, there is the true food, the flesh of the Word of God as He Himself says: "My flesh is truly food, and My blood is truly drink" [John 6:55]. (Homilies on Numbers 7:2)
The Church received from the Apostles the tradition of giving Baptism even to infants. For the Apostles, to whom were committed the secrets of divine mysteries, knew that there is in everyone the innate stains of sin, which must be washed away through water and the Spirit. (Commentaries on Romans 5:9)
ST. CYPRIAN OF CARTHAGE (c. 200 - 258 A.D.)
But afterwards, when the stain of my past life had been washed away by means of the water of re-birth, a light from above poured itself upon my chastened and now pure heart; afterwards through the Spirit which is breathed from heaven, a second birth made of me a new man... Thus it had to be acknowledged that what was of the earth and was born of the flesh and had lived submissive to sins, had now begun to be of God, inasmuch as the Holy Spirit was animating it. (To Donatus 4)
[When] they receive also the Baptism of the Church...then finally can they be fully sanctified and be the sons of God...since it is written, "Except a man be born again of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God." (Letters 71[72]:1)
[It] behooves those to be baptized...so that they are prepared, in the lawful and true and only Baptism of the holy Church, by divine regeneration, for the kingdom of God...because it is written, "Except a man be born of water and of the Spirit, he cannot enter into the kingdom of God." (Letters 72[73]:21)
SEVENTH COUNCIL OF CARTHAGE (c. A.D. 256)
And in the gospel our Lord Jesus Christ spoke with his divine voice, saying, "Except a man be born again of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God." ...Unless therefore they receive saving Baptism in the Catholic Church, which is one, they cannot be saved, but will be condemned with the carnal in the judgment of the Lord Christ.
APHRAATES THE PERSION SAGE (inter A.D. 336-345)
For from Baptism we receive the Spirit of Christ. At that same moment in which the priests invoke the Spirit, heaven opens, and He descends and rests upon the waters; and those who are baptized are clothed in Him. For the Spirit is absent from all those who are born of the flesh, until they come to the water of re-birth; and then they receive the Holy Spirit....in the second birth, that through Baptism, they receive the Holy Spirit. (Treatises 6:14)
ST. CYRIL OF JERUSALEM (c. A.D. 350)
If any man does not receive Baptism, he does not have salvation. The only exception is the martyrs, who, even without water, will receive the kingdom....for the Savior calls martyrdom a Baptism (cf. Mark 10:38) ...Bearing your sins, you go down into the water; but the calling down of grace seals your soul and does not permit that you afterwards be swallowed up by the fearsome dragon. You go down dead in your sins, and come up made alive in righteousness. (Catechetical Lectures 3:10,12)
Since man is of a twofold nature, composed of body and soul, the purification also is twofold: the corporeal for the corporeal and the incorporeal for the incorporeal. The water cleanses the body, and the Spirit seals the soul....When you go down into the water, then, regard not simply the water, but look for salvation through the power of the Holy Spirit. For without both you cannot attain to perfection. It is not I who says this, but the Lord Jesus Christ, who has the power in this matter.
And He says, "Unless a man be born again" -- and He adds the words "of water and of the Spirit" -- "he cannot enter into the kingdom of God." He that is baptized with water, but is not found worthy of the Spirit, does not receive the grace in perfection. Nor, if a man be virtuous in his deeds, but does not receive the seal by means of the water, shall he enter the kingdom of heaven.
A bold saying, but not mine; for it is Jesus who has declared it.
(Catechetical Lectures 3:4)
ST. BASIL THE GREAT (c. A.D. 330 - 379)
For prisoners, Baptism is ransom, forgiveness of debts, death of sin, regeneration of the soul, a resplendent garment, an unbreakable seal, a chariot to heaven, a protector royal, a gift of adoption. (Sermons on Moral and Practical Subjects: On Baptism 13:5)
This then is what it means to be "born again of water and Spirit" : just as our dying is effected in the water [Rom 6:3-4; Col 2:11-13], our living is wrought through the Spirit. In three immersions and in an equal number of invocations the great mystery of Baptism is completed in such a way that the type of death may be shown figuratively, and that by the handing on of divine knowledge the souls of the baptized may be illuminated. If, therefore, there is any grace in the water, it is not from the nature of water but from the Spirit's presence there. (On the Holy Spirit 15:35)
ST. AMBROSE OF MILAN (c. A.D. 333 - 397)
The Lord was baptized, not to be cleansed Himself but to cleanse the waters, so that those waters, cleansed by the flesh of Christ which knew no sin, might have the power of Baptism. Whoever comes, therefore, to the washing of Christ lays aside his sins. (Commentary on the Gospel of Luke 2:83)
The Church was redeemed at the price of Christ's blood. Jew or Greek, it makes no difference; but if he has believed, he must circumcise himself from his sins [in Baptism -- Col 2:11-13] so that he can be saved...for no one ascends into the kingdom of heaven except through the sacrament of Baptism...."Unless a man be born again of water and the Holy Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God." (On Abraham 2:11:79,84)
You have read, therefore, that the three witnesses in Baptism are one: water, blood and the Spirit [1 John 5:8]: and if you withdraw any one of these, the sacrament of Baptism is not valid. For what is the water without the cross of Christ? A common element with no sacramental effect. Nor on the other hand is there any mystery of regeneration without water: for "unless a man be born again of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of God." (On the Mysteries 4:20)
ST. GREGORY OF NAZIANZ (c. A.D. 330 - 389)
Baptism is God's most beautiful and magnificent gift....We call it gift, grace, anointing, enlightenment, garment of immortality, bath of rebirth, seal, and most precious gift. It is called gift because it is conferred on those who bring nothing of their own; grace since it is given even to the guilty; Baptism because sin is buried in the water; anointing for it is priestly and royal as are those who are anointed; enlightenment because it radiates light; clothing since it veils our shame; bath because it washes; and seal as it is our guard and the sign of God's Lordship. (Orations on Holy Baptism 40:3-4; PG 36, 361C cited in CCC [1216])
Do you have an infant child? Allow sin no opportunity; rather, let the infant be sanctified [i.e. baptized] from childhood. From his most tender age let him be consecrated by the Spirit. Do you fear the seal because of the weakness of nature? O what a pusillanimous mother, and of how little faith! ....Give your child the Trinity, that great and noble Protector. (Orations on Holy Baptism 40:17)
ST. JOHN CHRYSOSTOM (c. A.D. 344 - 407)
Behold, they thoroughly enjoy the peacefulness of freedom who shortly before were held captive. They are citizens of the Church who were wandering in error. They have their lot in righteousness who were in the confusion of sin. For not only are they free, but holy also; not only holy, but righteous too; not only righteous, but sons also; not only sons, but heirs as well; not only heirs, but brothers even of Christ; not only brothers of Christ, but also co-heirs; not only co-heirs, but His very members; not only His members, but a temple too; not a temple only, but likewise the instruments of the Spirit.
You see how many are the benefits of Baptism, and some think its heavenly grace consists only in the remission of sins; but we have enumerated ten honors. For this reason we baptize even infants, though they are not defiled by sin [or though they do not have personal sins] so that there may be given to them holiness, righteousness, adoption, inheritance, brotherhood with Christ, and that they may be His members.(Baptismal Catecheses quoted by Augustine in Contra Iulianum 1:6:21)
APOSTOLIC CONSTITUTIONS (c. A.D. 400)
Be ye likewise contented with one Baptism alone, that which is into the death of the Lord [Rom 6:3-4; Col 2:11-13]...he that out of contempt will not be baptized shall be condemned as an unbeliever and shall be reproached as ungrateful and foolish. For the Lord says, "Except a man be baptized of water and of the Spirit, he shall by no means enter into the kingdom of heaven." And again, "He that believeth and is baptized shall be saved, but he that believeth not shall be damned." (6:3:15)
ST. JEROME (c. A.D. 415)
This much you must know, that Baptism forgives past sins, but it does not safeguard future justice, which is preserved by labor and industry and diligence, and depends always and above all on the mercy of God. (Dialogue Against the Pelagians 3:1)
ST. AUGUSTINE OF HIPPO (c. A.D. 354 - 430)
By this grace baptized infants too are ingrafted into [Christ's] body, infants who certainly are not yet able to imitate anyone. Christ, in whom all are made alive....gives also the most hidden grace of His Spirit to believers, grace which He secretly infuses even into infants....It is an excellent thing that the Punic [North African] Christians call Baptism itself nothing else but "salvation" and the sacrament of Christ's Body nothing else but "life."
Whence does this derive, except from an ancient and, as I suppose, apostolic tradition, by which the Churches of Christ hold inherently that without Baptism and participation at the table of the Lord it is impossible for any man to attain either to the kingdom of God or to salvation and life eternal? This is the witness of Scripture too.
If anyone wonders why children born of the baptized should themselves be baptized, let him attend briefly to this....The Sacrament of Baptism is most assuredly the Sacrament of regeneration.
(Forgiveness and the Just Deserts of Sin, and the Baptism of Infants 1:9:10; 1:24:34; 2:27:43 c. A.D. 412)
It is this one Spirit who makes it possible for an infant to be regenerated....when that infant is brought to Baptism; and it is through this one Spirit that the infant so presented is reborn. For it is not written, "Unless a man be born again by the will of his parents" or "by the faith of those presenting him or ministering to him," but: "Unless a man be born again of water and the Holy Spirit." The water, therefore, manifesting exteriorly the sacrament of grace, and the Spirit effecting interiorly the benefit of grace, both regenerate in one Christ that man who was generated in one Adam." (Letters 98:2 c. A.D. 408)
Those who, though they have not received the washing of regeneration, die for the confession of Christ -- it avails them just as much for the forgiveness of their sins as if they had been washed in the sacred font of Baptism. For He that said, "If anyone is not reborn of water and the Spirit, he will not enter the kingdom of heaven," made an exception for them in that other statement in which He says no less generally, "Whoever confesses Me before men, I too will confess him before My Father, who is in heaven" [Matt 10:32]. (City of God 13:7 c. A.D. 420)
ST. FULGENCE OF RUSPE (c. A.D. 524)
From that time at which our Savior said: "If anyone is not reborn of water and the Spirit, he cannot enter the kingdom of heaven," no one can say, without the sacrament of Baptism, except those who, in the Catholic Church, without Baptism pour out their blood for Christ, receive the kingdom of heaven and eternal life. Anyone who receives the sacrament of Baptism, whether in the Catholic Church or in a heretical or schismatic one, receives the whole sacrament...
[But one outside the Church] must, therefore, return to the Church, not so that he might receive again the sacrament of Baptism, which no one dare repeat in any baptized person, but so that he may receive eternal life in Catholic society, for the obtaining of which no one is suited who...remains estranged from the Catholic Church. (The Rule of Faith 43)
These articles originally appeared in the August 1992 and October 1994 issues of THIS ROCK magazine (under the column "The Fathers Know Best") with commentary by Church historians edited and added by Phil Porvaznik.


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RAC Digital Arts College Student Reviews featuring Leyshan Grant
Posted on 30 June 2016 27 April 2021 Less than 0 min read
RAC Digital Arts College Student Reviews featuring Leyshan Grant of Turks & Caicos.
Why did you choose to study Sound & Music Recording? I found it interesting. Not just sound but the process of how it's made, produced, distributed etc. I saw it as an opportunity to further my own sound reinforcement company.
What was the best part of your experience while studying at RAC? I found the whole experience to be great.
What is your goal? My goal is to grow my company. To push it further than it is now, make it not just a local business but also an international business, making my country known, not just by its history and beaches but also the talent that it holds.
Why did you choose RAC? I read through some of the former student's experiences and comments on the website and wanted to experience it on my own. I felt I had a better chance of achieving my goal if I studied at Recording Arts Canada.
Why did you choose to study in Toronto/Canada? I had never visited Canada. I saw it as an opportunity to broaden my horizon. I was intrigued with the idea of living and studying in Toronto.
Did you apply to Citizenship and Immigration Canada on your own or did you use an immigration consultant/lawyer? I applied on my own.
What was the biggest challenge when preparing to study in a foreign country? Getting set up. Finding a temporary home that was close to the school, also convenient and affordable. The school staff really helped me.
Where you allowed to work while studying at RAC? Yes, I could have worked while studying, however, I did not.
What recommendations do you have for an international student wanting to study audio in a foreign country? If it's really what you want to do, go for it.
How did RAC help you? RAC gave me a much better understanding of the process and signal flow of music recording.
Did you feel welcome in Toronto and what do you think of the city? I enjoyed being in Toronto. It was welcoming and comfortable, like a second home.
Would you consider providing direct feedback to someone from Turks & Caicos considering RAC? Yes, I would highly recommend it. It was a great experience.
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Next story :Patrick Ouellet takes the long road back to his musical roots
RAC Grad Luke Leveille's credits include Drake, Wiley, and other outstanding artists.
RAC grad Luke Leveille has worked with artists Drake, Wiley, Ghostface Killah, P. Reign, The Weeknd, Gentlemen Husbands, Majid Jordan, and producers Noah "40" Shebib, Boy1da, Carlos Illangelo, Damon Sharpe, Pro Logic and Gavin Brown, to name a few. Luke discusses the path that led him to working with some world renowned artists and producers. […]
Written by @recordingarts 26 October 2017 27 April 2021
Recording Arts Canada Toronto Review: Koal Harrison
What was your experience like at RAC? "RAC was a really incredible experience. It was great. I feel like one of the biggest benefits of going to Recording Arts Canada was meeting talented people and staff, as they were all really knowledgeable and opened my mind to different facets of music and sound that I […]
Written by @recordingarts 7 April 2016 27 April 2021
T. Chandy's "Ego Trip" is One to Remember
RAC alum T. Chandy is perfecting the recipe for success, armed with an airtight flow and undeniable work ethic. His latest album EGO TRIP balances the bravado with astute observations on the human psyche. Describe your music in three words: Story, Feeling, Identity Best way to get inspired: Go for a walk Favourite software: DAW […]
Written by @recordingarts 5 November 2021 5 November 2021
Featured: Romar Parris
From Barbados to the RAC Toronto campus, Romar Parris has been tearing up the music scene as a producer and DJ. Inspired by the greats of reggae and pop, Parris channels his love of Bob Marley and Michael Jackson into his latest project with former classmate Ridah Kadabra. Follow Romar on Music By ThirtyTwo / Green Shanti Productions […]
Featured: Roxanne Potvin
RAC favourite Roxanne Potvin is back with a brand-new single, "Jump In". With a host of Juno and Maple Blues Award nominations already under her belt, the talented singer/songwriter's sunny new track is just a taste of the new music she has planned for 2021. Follow Roxanne on Instagram / Facebook / Website / YouTube […]
Written by @recordingarts 18 March 2021 19 April 2021
Featured: Kinkade Davis
Kinkade is back with a string of fresh singles that continue to pay homage to the look and feel of 90s hip hop. He rounds out the year with new tracks, "Never Would Have" and the on-brand nostalgia trip, "Timing". Follow Kinkade on Spotify / Apple Music / Soundcloud / Amazon Music / Instagram / Facebook RAC grad Kinkade Davis has […]
Written by @recordingarts 11 December 2020 1 June 2021
RAC Digital Arts College Student Review featuring Rennie Williams of Antiqua
Why are you studying Sound & Music Recording? I want an education so I can record and produce music. I'm a musician first and music is a part of who I am. Knowing how sound & music works is important for my career. Why did you choose RAC? My friend Max, who's also at […]
Written by @recordingarts 12 June 2016 27 April 2021
Recording Arts Canada Student Review: Paul Fitz of the Netherlands
Why are you studying Sound & Music Recording? I want to know how music works in terms of sound. I've been composing but without a technical background and I needed a deeper understanding of sound as it relates to music. What is your goal? I'm an auditory person and my goal is to completely understand […]
Written by @recordingarts 14 April 2016 27 April 2021
Evolution of Fidget House
History Fidget house is an early electro house genre that started in the late 90s but, within a decade, had evolved into complextro. Influences Fidget house incorporates the synth stabs of rave, the clipped vocals from house and the glitched-out beats found in some UK garage tracks. The genre was also influenced more generally by the […]
Written by @recordingarts 29 January 2020 20 April 2021
Introductory Sound Design Q&A
Sound design creates and transforms the universe of a project. Building an auditory experience from scratch requires years of sound sourcing, ear training and trial and error. The key to becoming an exceptional sound designer is training, experimenting and getting your hands on the materials. To help you get started on your sound design journey, […]
Written by @recordingarts 21 July 2021 21 July 2021
Evolution of Crunk
History In the late 90s, Memphis producers DJ Paul and Juicy J were making mix tapes with bare-bones drum machine beats and anthemic vocals overtop music with slasher-movie vibes. This new style had a slowed-down Miami bass groove with aggressive vocals, and although it didn't have a name yet, it was laying the foundations for […]
Written by @recordingarts 19 February 2020 19 April 2021
Optimizing Your Room for Pro Vocals
 There can be a lot of variables that shift around from session to session when it comes to pro vocal recordings. The microphone, preamp, position, and voice selection will all switch up depending on the aesthetic of the song. However, one thing stays incredibly consistent in all of these ever-changing decisions: How well the […]
Entry-Level Microphones for your Home Studio
 One of the most cherished pieces of gear that a recording artist can own is the sensory piece of hardware that connects reality to the electrical and digital realm; the microphone. Like most audio hardware and instruments, each make and model has its own flavour, so that leaves a recording artist with tough decisions […]
Written by @recordingarts 5 February 2019 27 April 2021
What's your unique selling point?
It's what will determine how an audience or market sees you, and whether or not they will see the value in what you have to offer.This article is borrowed from a lesson in the Music Industry course taught during the third semester at Recording Arts Canada. Scenario 1: Selling beats Trent is a hypothetical beat-maker trying to […]
Written by @recordingarts 20 April 2021 2 June 2021
Evolution of G-Funk
History While New York hip hop was busy producing gangsta rap and hardcore hip hop, Los Angeles was developing a mellow sound that was more in line with the laid-back West Coast lifestyle. G-funk took the silky smooth bass lines and funky drums of artists like James Brown and Parliament-Funkadelic, added wavering synths from R&B, […]
Problem Areas When Equalizing Vocals
Mixing the lead vocal track is often considered the most difficult part of a production. It's usually the absolute focus and forefront of the song and it can set the tone for the quality of the recording. A great vocal track can make an otherwise mediocre album pop and come to life. Conversely, a poorly-produced […]
Understanding Proximity Effect
One of the most important skills to learn as a tracking engineer is the fine art of microphone placement. Getting a great sound takes a lot more work than just dropping a mic in a room and pointing it at what you want to record. It's a skill you want to develop by using your […]
How to create emotion in music: Rage
How to create emotion in music: Rage Rage is defined by the Cambridge Dictionary as extreme or violent anger. Rage can be very difficult for music creators to capture in their work, as there's a lot more to it than screaming or just making everything louder (although that's definitely part of it). To provide some […]
Introductory Production Q&A
The production of a song is one of the most integral, if not THE most integral, part of creating music. Building a track's sonic universe requires years of experience, experimentation and continuous ear training. It can be challenging to master without professional guidance, and overwhelming to know where and how to begin. To help you […]
Break into the video game industry as a composer
In the past two decades, video game composers and sound designers have become major players in the entertainment industry. Music has always been an integral part of the gaming experience, but it hasn't alwaysbeen a viable or common career path for music creators. These days, composers are creating sweeping scores for elaborate worlds and have become a fundamental […]
Written by @recordingarts 19 December 2019 29 July 2021
Recording Arts Canada is a sound and music production college with campuses in downtown Montreal and Toronto. We're registered by Ontario's Ministry of Colleges and Universities and by Quebec's Ministry of Education and Higher Education. Canadian students qualify to apply for financial aid, and international students at RAC Montreal qualify to apply for post-graduate work permits.
Recording Arts Canada is a sound and music production college with campuses in downtown Montreal and Toronto. We're registered by Ontario's Ministry of Colleges and Universities and by Quebec's Ministry of Education and Higher Education. Canadian students qualify to apply for financial aid, and international students qualify to apply for post-study work permits.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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SKILLET UNLEASH NEW LYRIC VIDEO, "FEEL INVINCIBLE"
Over their nine studio album career, Skillet have had their fair share of successful arena anthems. The band is keeping that tradition strong with their latest single "Feel Invincible." The tune is the first to be released in anticipation of the band's tenth studio album Unleashed available August 5th. The band has also released a second single, "Stars" which can be heard here.
ASKING ALEXANDRIA UNVEILS "HERE I AM" MUSIC VIDEO
Still hot from their latest release The Black, Asking Alexandria has just released a new video for "Here I Am." In the video below, guitarist Ben Bruce comments, " In a world tainted by hate and negativity, stand out, shine bright and be proud of who you are."
The Black is available via Amazon and iTunes and tickets to their summer tour can be purchased on the band's official page, here.


Die deutsche Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Wettkampf mit Submission Only Format, Kiel, Schleswig-Holstein am September Juni Juli, laden Nintendo und Nintendo Connect zum ersten von vier Online- Qualifikationsturnieren der Splatoon 2 German Championship ein. Auf der Reeperbahn geht's heiß her – natürlich auch bei der German Championship im 3×3. Insgesamt 48 Teams kämpfen auf dem Spielbudenplatz in vier. In dem Falle das keine Submission erzielt wurde, entscheidet der Kampfrichter zu Gunsten des Kämpfers der mehr Versuche einer Submission hatte. England Darren Webster 84,5. Splatoon 2 Anmeldespiele Championship: England Dave Chisnall spinson. Durch die Nutzung dieser Website erklären Sie sich mit den Nutzungsbedingungen und der Datenschutzrichtlinie einverstanden. KG dissolved by Nazis in February In each case their opposition was Schalke There will be a custom made German Poker Championship trophy and side event trophies. Throughout the course of World Hummels vertrag II, clubs in German-occupied territories were made part of German competition in the Gauligen and took part in the regional qualifying rounds of the national championship, but without the same success as Żużel na żywo w internecie za darmo sides. Defeated Eddy Steinblock to win the vacant title. At what stage can I Buy In? Several regional leagues continued to declare champions or cup winners. The festival runs from the 9th August to the 14th August and will include: In casino royal 1967 stream cases the regional associations of the DFB align with state borders in Germany. Retrieved from " https: Online casino mit gratis geld ohne einzahlung When does it run? The match was called due to darkness after minutes of play. If you buy in Online, fussball games will receive your lafer magazin online. Ultimately, the championship trophy was not officially presented that year. The earliest attempt at organizing some form of national championship came in when city champions Viktoria 89 Berlin invited FC Hanau 93 to play a challenge match.
What are re-entry rules? How do I choose which Day 1 to play my chip stack? You will be contacted by our partypoker LIVE team within 24 hours of making Day 1 to allow you to choose which Day 1 you would like to use your stack for.
Can a player play multiple Phase 1s? You will take your highest stack through to Day 1 of your choice and you can use your other stack as a re-entry in another Day 1.
Should you make Day 2 more than once, you will take your highest stack through. Can a player play multiple Day 1s? What will happen to unused Phase 1 stacks?
If a player has made it through to Day 1 or has made no effort to play any Day 1, their stacks will be unused entries with no cash value and cannot be refunded.
Are there online Satellites? Online satellites for the German Poker Championship will begin on the 2 nd July. Phase 1s will begin on the 9 th July.
How can I buy into German Poker Championship? You will need to bring photo ID. How is the prize pool paid out? If you buy in Online, you will receive your payout online.
All non-cash payouts will be made by Thursday 17 th August Will there be cash games or side events? The full event schedule can be viewed here.
August 3 - Button Ante Description Where the player on the button posts an ante equal to the BB instead of current structure which has all players posting.
Benefits We all know collecting antes slows the game down, especially when having to remind players to post or making change, also sometimes one gets missed and time is wasted working out who it was.
FAQ When does it run? What is the Buy In? Players can buy-in to Phase 1s either before the start or during the late registration period. The most successful club is FC Bayern Munich with 28 titles to its credit, most of those coming in Bundesliga competition.
In the aftermath of World War I, several lesser national football competitions emerged as outgrowths of the tumultuous German political situation. Through the s and s, each of these leagues staged their own national championships or fielded national sides.
Two trophies have been used for the official German and, during the era of the divided Germany, West German champions. The trophy disappeared during the final stages of the war and would not resurface until after the German reunification.
Retrieved 14 August Archived from the original on 27 February Retrieved 10 January Vom Kronprinzen bis zur Bundesliga. Retrieved 28 December Retrieved 2 October Retrieved 4 January Retrieved 5 January Retrieved 29 December Reichsliga Introduction in scandal scandal scandal Promotion.
Retrieved from " https: Football competitions in Germany National association football champions German football championship.
Home News Juni. England Ross Smith 78, England Andrew Gilding 91, In anderen Sprachen English Links bearbeiten. Anmeldung für Open Class zu Beginn des Turniers. Spielmodus war in den ersten Runden ein best of 11 legs , im Halbfinale best of 13 legs und im Finale best of 15 legs. England Adrian Lewis 90, England Steve Beaton 79, England James Wilson 95, Spiele deine Lieblingsspiele auf Nintendo Switch wann, wo und mit wem du willst. England Darren Johnson 92, Unsere Mission ist es, eine Wettkampfserie im Submission Only Format zu entwickeln und implementieren. Besuche uns auf Twitch! Niederlande Jan Dekker 83, September in der Stadt Kiel Schleswig-Holstein durchgeführt. Die genauen Modalitäten und Teilnahmebedingungen finden sich bei Nintendo Connect. Wales Mark Webster 85, Spanien Cristo Reyes 82, Möchten Sie den Inhalt auf Englisch sehen? Was ist Nintendo Connect? Die Adresse der Veranstaltung ist:. Die Registrierung für Open Class endet um Ab dem Viertelfinale werden wir alle Matches als Livestream auf Twitch und YouTube präsentieren, damit auch Freunde und Familie der teilnehmenden Teams die Chance haben, live mitzufiebern. In anderen Sprachen English Links bearbeiten. Diese Seite wurde zuletzt am 2.
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. List of East German football champions. The match was called due to darkness after minutes of play. The replay ended 1—1 when the referee called off the game while in extra time due to Nuremberg having just seven players remaining in the game.
Retrieved from " https: Football competitions in Germany National association football champions German football championship. Views Read Edit View history.
Should you make Day 2 more than once, you will take your highest stack through. Can a player play multiple Day 1s?
What will happen to unused Phase 1 stacks? If a player has made it through to Day 1 or has made no effort to play any Day 1, their stacks will be unused entries with no cash value and cannot be refunded.
FAQ When does it run? What is the Buy In? Players can buy-in to Phase 1s either before the start or during the late registration period.
Players can buy-in to Day 1s either before the start or during the late registration period. Is there a trophy?
Die Kosten für An- und Abreise sowie für die Übernachtung — auch für eventuell nötige Begleitpersonen — übernimmt Nintendo. Das wird direkt vor Ort auf der Matte iniesta gehalt. Steuerung, Kämpfer und lions wiesbaden Lessinghalle am Lessingplatz, Kiel, Germany Es gibt auch die Möglichkeit kostenlos fussball transfers werder der 1. bindesliga Lokation zu schlafen, die m vom Veranstaltungsort entfernt ist.: Durch die Nutzung dieser Website erklären Sie sich mit den Nutzungsbedingungen und der Dragon maid einverstanden. Navigation Hauptseite Themenportale Zufälliger Artikel. Jedes leg wurde im double-out -Modus gespielt. Nintendo und Nintendo Connect laden ab German Darts Championship Spiele deine Lieblingsspiele auf Nintendo Switch juegos de casino maquinas tragamonedas gratis, wo und mit juego de casino slots gratis du willst. Wenn du die Website weiter nutzt, gehen wir von deinem Einverständnis aus. Deutschland Max Hopp 93, England Adrian Lewis 90, European Darts Tour England James Wilson 86,4.


Yesterday we had our Bug Fixing Day #36. For the 5.x development cycle we've decided to intensify our bug fixing and invert the bugs created vs bugs fixed ratio so that we're always in the green, by having weekly BFDs.
We managed to close 28 bugs (13 real fixes) and we've succeeded in our goal of closing more bugs than bugs were created during the past 1400 days! We're even ahead by 10 bugs!
That was a very good BFD, well done everyone!


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Korea's growth potential plummeting
By Korea Herald
Published : Jul 17, 2017 - 16:31 Updated : Jul 17, 2017 - 18:01
Bank of Korea's upward revision last week of its 2017 growth forecast for the Korean economy was overshadowed by its gloomier estimate of the growth potential of Asia's fourth-largest economy.
The central bank revised up its growth outlook for this year to 2.8 percent from the 2.6 percent estimate in April. It cited a rise in exports and facility investment, which is expected to be coupled with a gradual improvement in private consumption in the second half of the year.
In a move that probably drew more attention from analysts, the BOK lowered its projection of the country's potential growth rate below 3 percent for the first time.
It estimated the potential growth rate to be 2.8-2.9 percent for the period from 2016 to 2020. In its previous estimate in January last year, the central bank put the rate at 3.0-3.2 percent for 2015-2018.
The country's current growth potential is far short of the average global potential growth rate estimated at 3.5 percent.
The potential growth rate is the maximum growth an economy could achieve by putting in all elements of production without prompting additional inflation. It is considered a key indicator of a country's economic fundamentals.
According to a BOK report released last week, Korea's potential growth rate was estimated to have continuously declined from 4.8-5.2 percent for 2001-2005 to 3.7-3.9 percent for 2006-2010 and 3.0-3.4 percent for 2011-2015.
The central bank attributed the country's weakening growth potential partly to a lack of progress in boosting service industries and a reduction in productivity due to a high regulatory level.
"There are concerns that the potential growth rate may fall at a faster pace than estimated with the rapid aging of the country's population," said Jeon Seung-cheol, a deputy governor of the BOK.
Korea's potential growth rate is projected to fall to 2.4 percent by 2030 and 1 percent by 2050, according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development.
The continuous fall in growth potential would make it harder for the country to increase its gross national income per capita above the $30,000 level, deemed by policymakers and the public as a threshold for entering a club of wealthy, advanced nations. The goal has remained elusive for Korea since its GNI per capita surpassed $20,000 for the first time a decade ago.
"The country needs to focus on bolstering its growth potential rather than sticking to annual growth targets," said Kim Seong-tae, a researcher at the Korea Development Institute, a state-run think tank.
Economists emphasize the need to enhance productivity by accelerating deregulation and implementing structural reforms, including the overhaul of the labor market.
In this vein, concerns are raised over moves by President Moon Jae-in's administration to put more restrictions on corporate activity, create a massive number of public-sector jobs and cozy up to labor circles.
Such moves would undermine the competitiveness and efficiency of the Korean economy, weakening its growth potential, critics say.
On the campaign trail, Moon pledged to push for sweeping deregulation to enable the country to adapt to a new wave of industrial renovations.
Since taking office in May, however, he has barely referred to how he will push for regulatory reforms.
He has been focusing on gaining parliamentary approval for a supplementary budget designed mainly to create more jobs in the public sector and shore up the livelihoods of low-income households.
In a Cabinet meeting last month, he expressed regret at objections from opposition parties to the extra spending plan, which he said would help boost the country's economic growth rate up to 3 percent this year.
While agreeing on the need to implement a supplementary budget especially to ease the rising youth unemployment, economists say its effect would be limited in bolstering the economy.
They note Moon needs to persuade ruling party lawmakers to withdraw their long-held resistance to bills aimed at promoting service industries and setting up industrial zones free of regulations, which were introduced by the previous government under President Park Geun-hye.
Some economists say the idea of income-led growth advocated by Moon and his aides may have some relevance, given large profitable companies have hoarded cash and remained shy of increasing investment and wages, while many households struggle with stagnant incomes.
The approach seeks to expand household income by creating more jobs and strengthening the social safety net, which would lead to boosting domestic consumption and thus invigorating the economy.
The rapidly aging population coupled with a low birthrate poses the most serious challenge the country should tackle to prevent it from being stuck in a low-growth rut.
Korea is set to see its working age population begin to decrease this year.
Over the past decade, it poured more than 100 trillion won ($88.5 billion) into measures designed to raise the fertility rate, which refers to the number of children a woman is expected to have in her lifetime, only to see the figure stand at 1.18 last year, the lowest among OECD member states.
Experts say government policymakers and lawmakers need to review measures put into practice to cope with demographic changes.
Increasing women's labor force participation and accepting more immigrants will also be needed to enhance the country's long-term growth potential, they note.
By Kim Kyung-ho (khkim@heraldcorp.com)


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Q: Android, Actionbar tabs converted to drop-down menu I use actionBar tab navigation (using ActionBarSherlock), and according to The Android documentation

Note: In some cases, the Android system will show your action bar tabs as a drop-down list in order to ensure the best fit in the action bar.

When this happens, the icons of the drop-down items are chosen automatically to be the unselected icons of the tabs.
i.e. <item android:state_selected="false" android:drawable="@drawable/dimmed_pic"/>
So, How can I show different icons when my tabs are shown as a drop-down list??

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Alexiu Pocol (n. 1871, Lozna, Sălaj  – d. 1935, Budapesta , Ungaria) a fost delegat la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918.

Date biografice
Înainte de 1918 a fost învățător, dar a dobândit prin căsătorie o importantă avere. A fost membru al P.N.R. și a colaborat activ cu liderii naționali, Gheorghe Pop de Băsești și Vasile Lucaciu. Ca membru al "Astrei", a sprijinit material organizarea adunărilor generale anuale ale acesteia. În anii 1919-1922 a fost ales de două ori senator pe listele P.N.R., iar în anii următori a ocupat în mai multe rânduri funcția de primar al orașului Baia Mare.

Note

Bibliografie
Ioan I. Șerban (coord.), Dicționarul personalităților Unirii. Trimișii românilor transilvăneni la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia, Muzeul Național al Unirii, Alba Iulia, 2003

Lectură suplimentară
 Daniela Comșa, Eugenia Glodariu, Maria M. Jude, Clujenii și Marea Unire, Muzeul Național Transilvania, Cluj-Napoca, 1998
 Florea Marin, Medicii și Marea Unire, Editura Tipomur, Târgu Mureș, 1993
 Silviu Borș, Alexiu Tatu, Bogdan Andriescu, (coord.), Participanți din localități sibiene la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, Editura Armanis, Sibiu, 2015

Legături externe
  Membrii de drept ai Marii Adunării Naționale de la Alba-Iulia din 1 decembrie 1918, lista publicată în "Gazeta Oficială", Sibiu, nr. 1, 1/14 decembrie 1918
  1 decembrie 1918, Marea Unire de la Alba Iulia. Mărturii, documente și semnificații

Vezi și
 Lista delegaților la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia

Nașteri în 1871
Decese în 1935
Delegați la Marea Adunare Națională de la Alba Iulia
Politicieni ai Marii Uniri
Maramureșeni
Învățători români
Primari din România

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Okulístika ali oftalmologíja je veja medicine, ki deluje na področju zdravljenja očesnih bolezni.

Zdravnik-specialist, ki deluje na tem področju, se imenuje okulist ali oftalmolog .

Glej tudi

 optometrija

Medicinske specialnosti


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Carcass, Despicable review (Nuclear Blast 2020)
October 31, 2020 October 31, 2020 Wayne EdwardsCarcass, Death Metal, Despicable, Liverpool, Melodic Death Metal, Nuclear Blast Records
Carcass first appeared more than thirty years ago, becoming a Death Metal mainstay immediately, and they are not done yet.
Carcass created its place in music history by pioneering extreme metal on their earliest albums in the late 1980s. A few years later, they were on the forefront of a new movement in metal, melodic death metal. In both of these cases, the band provided a vision that was expanded on by multitudes of other acts and that persist today. They took a break for a long stretch after Swansong in 1996, not releasing another full-length album until Surgical Steel (2013).
Despicable is an EP released in advance of next year's full-length album, and it holds songs that will not be on that longer album. The band is Jeff Walker, Bill Steer, Daniel Wilding, and Tom Draper, and the music continues on the path the band has solidly established in its second incarnation.
There are four songs on the new EP, beginning with "The Living Dead at the Manchester Morgue," which has delightful thrashiness to it, culminating in a swirling storm of enraged hornets performed on guitar toward the end. "The Long and Winding Bier Road" has a slower and heavier taste, telling a story in clever hooks. The gas is punched again on "Under the Scalpel Blade," adding in a sordid Penny Dreadful storyline to warm your veins. "Slaughtered in Soho" is the sign-off, with an airy riff and a tender growl – and a wailing lead break. If these four fine songs are any sign of what the 2021 album will be like, we are definitely in for a wild ride. Recommended.
Out now from Nuclear Blast, you can get Despicable in all sorts of formats from Bandcamp or through the store portal link below.
Carcass Bandcamp, https://carcass.bandcamp.com/album/despicable
Carcass Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/OfficialCarcass
Carcass YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/user/Carcass
Nuclear Blast Records Store Portal, https://media.nuclearblast.de/shoplanding/2020/Carcass/despicable.html
Nuclear Power Trio, A Clear And Present Rager review (Metal Blade Records 2020)
October 31, 2020 Wayne EdwardsA Clear And Present Rager, Heavy Jazz, Heavy Metal, Instrumental Metal, Metal Blade Records, Nuclear Power Trio
Just in time for the US presidential election, Nuclear Power Trio is here to bring world peace through instrumental metal music.
Just take a second to look at the cover image. Are you taking that seriously? I hope not. Obviously, this is a goof. Do you want to be even more confused? Check out the videos on YouTube. There they are, Vlad and Donny and Kimmy hamming it up for the camera and shredding. Wow. What in the world is this exactly? I am not sure, but the thing is, the music is excellent.
Who are the musicians? I don't know, but if you do watch the videos, you can narrow it down quite a bit. I am not going to weigh in on identities because that is too much fun as a drinking game for next Tuesday. Let the speculation begin.
A Clear And Present Rager is a five song EP of heavy jazz/metal instrumental music and it is tight. The title track is the opener and it has a very Satriani vibe to it. All three principal instruments are mixed in to have a clear and noticeable presence: thick bass lines, fuzzy riffs and ripping leads, and punchy and rollicking drums. It pops. "Grab 'Em By The Pyongyang" is next and it starts with an acoustic intro, but the electric riff is hot on its heels. "The Fusion Collusion" offers a clippy percussive intro, while "Ukraine In The Membrane" has a more pensive opening statement that turns into a frantic search for meaning. "Mutually Assured Seduction" is the last call, and it is here where we piece together the wreckage of the evening and see what can be salvaged – hence the melancholy tone.
Even as this release is silly and is clearly trying to lighten up our lives during these dreadfully dreary days we all face, the music is crisp, challenging, and solid as a rock. It really is great instrumental rock.
Go get yours now, and play it loud on election night. Recommended.
Buy It From Metal Blade, https://www.metalblade.com/nuclearpowertrio/
Band wesbite, http://www.nuclearpowertriomerch.com
Band YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/c/NuclearPowerTrio
Band Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/nuclearpowertrio
Serpents of Secrecy, Ave Vindicta review (Moving The Earth Records 2020)
October 29, 2020 October 28, 2020 Wayne EdwardsAve Vindicta, Baltimore, Doom Metal, Grunge, Heavy Metal, Serpetns of Secrecy
The Baltimore Doom Metal scene gets another big dose of darkness from the debut album of Serpents of Secrecy.
The band had started this album in 2017, but the work was put aside after the shocking death of bassist Rev. Jim Forrester. Some of the music had already been recorded, and Serpents of Secrecy came together to finish all the work up and make sure it was not lost to history. The band for the album is Rev. Jim Forrester (bass), Todd Ingram (guitar), Chuck Dukehart III (drums), Mark Lorenzo (vocals), and Steve Fisher (guitar).
The underlying sound and vibe is classic metal in many ways and there are some songs that might have been played on the radio back when there was radio. There is a pervasive grungy feel, including the vocals which have a 1990s Seattle flavor to them in their cleaner incarnations. There is a plaintive emotion hovering around the music even when it crosses into a light literalness – that is one of the elements that makes this feel like a Doom album in the face of more straight-forward Metal.
"Ave Vindicta" opens the set and establishes that Doom tone I was talking about with throbbing feedback and slow, heavy riffs. "Heel Turn" is a more mainstream Metal song, and "The Cheat" is almost a ballad up front, with a melancholy lead guitar in the middle and a heavy finish. Bass lines are prominent on many of the songs, and well-placed sharp guitar remembrances glide in and out like ghosts. There are up-tempo crushers in here too, like "Warbird's Song" and "Broke The Key" (one of my favorites on the album). It all comes to a close with a raucous sermon, "In The Lock." This is an excellent album filled with variety and imbued with a style not often present in new music these days. Recommended.
Ave Vindicta is available on Halloween. Bandcamp is a good place to pick it up, and check out the band's Big Cartel store for other merch. Links below.
Band Bandcamp, https://serpentsofsecrecy.bandcamp.com/releases
Band Big Cartel Store, https://serpentsofsecrecy.bigcartel.com/
Band website, http://www.serpentsofsecrecy.net
Band Facebook, http://www.facebook.com/Serpents-of-Secrecy
Zakk Sabbath, Vertigo review (Magnetic Eye Records 2020)
October 28, 2020 October 27, 2020 Wayne EdwardsBlack Label Society, Black Sabbath, Blasko, Heavy Metal, Joey Castillo, Magnetic Eye Records, Zakk Sabbath, Zakk Wylde
Zakk Sabbath gives us a welcome reminder of the pivotal album Black Sabbath, and an exploration of its timelessness.
The band is Zakk Wylde, Blasko, and Joey Castillo. I first saw Zakk Sabbath a couple years ago at the Rock on the Range festival in Columbus and I was completely blown away. I'd seen Zakk Wylde with Black Label Society, of course, and with Ozzy Osbourne, but I didn't know what to expect from what looked like a tribute band from the billing. What I saw and heard was jaw dropping. An absolutely amazing performance. I tried to find some recordings, but at the time there wasn't much. Now there is some video, and Zack Sabbath has "live bootlegs" up on their Bandcamp page (for free, by the way – there is actually a lot there so go check that out at the link below). No studio recordings, though. So when I heard Vertigo was coming out, I was on board immediately.
Every metal fan knows about that first Black Sabbath album, and most have heard it more than once. Some of us have listened to it so many times we know it by heart. So while listening to Zakk Sabbath commemorate the album, we are going to hear anything that is different from the original. And of course it is different. This is not meant to be a note by note recreation. It is celebration of the music and the seminal nature of the compositions on the album. There are extensions and bending and warbling variations throughout. The tempo matches the original very closely. Wylde's vocals are extremely well suited for this music, and the musicianship is absolutely impeccable. At the same time, this is not a tribute album like, say, the Nativity In Black releases, so the new recordings do not reimagine the music. The songs included are the ones on the original US release, meaning that "Evil Woman" is not here and instead "Wicked World" is (on the standard CD).
If you are still wondering what this is all about, then grab a couple of those free live downloads from Bandcamp or check out a few videos of Zakk Sabbath on YouTube. It is clear that the band has great admiration and respect for this music. For me, Black Sabbath was one of the first bands I started listening to when I was a teenager and their music had a massive impact on me. It still does – not a week of my life has ever gone by without me listening to Black Sabbath. As a result, I won't tolerate any fucking around with their music. With all that said, I really like Vertigo. Go get it now. Highest recommendation.
You can pick Vertigo up now from Magnetic Eye Records either at their website or through another retailer but there are no downloads. Physical versions only.
Live photo from the band's Facebook site by @bilakos_thrash.
Zakk Sabbath Bandcamp, https://zakksabbath.bandcamp.com/
Zakk Sabbath Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/officialzakksabbath/
Label website, https://en.merhq.spkr.media/
Label Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/MagneticEyeRecords
Violent Life Violent Death, The Color of Bone review (Innerstrength Records 2020)
October 27, 2020 Wayne EdwardsHardcore Metal, Heavy Metal, Innerstrength Records, Punk, The Color of Bone, Violent Life Violent Death, VLVD
The new VLVD release roars with a creepy dankness and shakes the mystic tree of hoary lore with the reckless violence of a terminal necromancer.
Violent Life Violent Death have released four EPs (counting the new one) since 2016. Centered in Charlotte, North Carolina, the band is David Holquin (drums), Joe Benham (guitar), Scott Cowan (vocals), Joey Park (guitar), and Justin Campbell (bass). They play hardcore metal that lies on the metal side (to my ear) with deep set hooks and a penetrating progressiveness.
The new one has five songs, all in the three minute range. "Grave Walk" gets things going with a chunky clank and battering percussion. It's companion piece, "Dead With Me," is more explicitly dramatic, even theatrical. It has a breaking-down-the-fourth-wall fierceness as Cowan's voice seems to reach out to the listener individually – "I wish you were dead with me."
"Roseblade' is the epitome of punch. The darkness you feel listening to it is a claustrophobic cloak that is a circular orchestra surrounding your head. The echoey second-line voices and the marching chop of the guitars in the second half is mesmerizing. "Linger" is discordant at the front, tipping you, dizzy, into the final piece, "The Color of Bone." Here you are lead into a knowable space and shown a fundamental truth. Sometimes it is worth hearing what we already know stated aloud. And here it is.
You can get The Color Of Bone this Friday, October 30th from Innerstrength Records through Bandcamp and all the usual other places. You can hear "Roseblade" now, and Spotify has a couple of the band's other EPs available, so listen up in anticipation. It is an great set. Recommended.
Band photo by Justin Driscoll.
VLVD Bandcamp, https://violentlifeviolentdeath.bandcamp.com
VLVD shop, https://violentlifeviolentdeath.bigcartel.com/
VLVD Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/violentlifeviolentdeath
Label website, https://www.innerstrengthmusic.com
Label Bandcamp, https://innerstrengthrecords.bandcamp.com
Label Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/innerstrengthrecords
Somnus Throne, Somnus Throne review (Burning World Records 2020)
October 26, 2020 Wayne EdwardsBurning World Records, Doom, Doom Metal, Heavy Metal, Somnus Throne
Somnus Throne is a relatively new Doom Metal band that draws upon the blood of the earth to channel sinister forces into mournful thunder.
The members of this band are from/have been all over the US: New Orleans, Los Angeles, Portland, and San Antonio. All over west of the Mississippi River, that is. This is their debut album, and it presents a classic sound as its foundation. The building blocks of doom are all here, taken to their logical extensions and combined with such an insistent compositional approach that it becomes an intentional chant, a mantra.
After an intro bit, the album features four long songs, the first three at the ten minute mark and the last almost at fifteen. I have always thought that doom is best expressed in extended passages, so these stats bode well. "Sadomancer" gives a nice opening statement/warning – "Satan is ever ready to seduce us with sexual delights." Mmhmm. The vocals are ethereal, distant and almost detached. The guitars are like giant stone wheels rolling over the landscape and crushing it to powder. This combination is hypnotic. A third of the way through we are goosed by a sharp pain, sudden and therefore unexpected, then back to the wheel. "Shadow Heathen" has a greater mechanical activity, and it carries a more direct message while maintaining the mysteriousness established with the opener. The lead guitar exploration in the back half of the song is a sword edge seeking flesh.
Side two starts with "Receptor Antagonist," which itself starts with a burst of anger then lays out a river of guitar distortion to glide upon. The vocals on this piece have a real feeling of desperation, and the pace cranks up to set the stage for a waling lead break. The longest song is saved for last, "Aetheronaut~Permadose," and it has a beautiful, lulling intro – sort of like holding your face gently for a moment before punching it. The vocals are positively growling here, and the threat is real. The music builds a wall around you but also works from your insides out. All-encompassing and saturating. Relentless. Recommended.
Somnus Throne is out now. To buy the digital, go to the Burning World Records Bandcamp page. To buy physical versions in the US, go to the Band's Bandcamp page. Links below.
Somnus Throne Bandcamp, https://somnusthrone.bandcamp.com/
Somnus Throne Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/TrueSomnist
Label website, https://www.burningworldrecords.com
Label Bandcamp, https://burningworldrecords.bandcamp.com
Label Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/burningworldrecords
Cortez, Sell The Future review (Ripple Music 2020)
October 23, 2020 Wayne EdwardsBoston, Cortez, Heavy Metal, Heavy Psych, Ripple Music, Rock and Roll, Sell The Future, Stoner Rock
Album number three from Cortez is Sell The Future and it rides a heavy wave of riff-powered demolition.
From the Boston area, Cortez has been releasing music since their 2006 demo. They have had a couple of lineup changes over the years, as most bands do. For Sell the Future, earliest members Jay Furlo (bass) and Scott O'Dowd {Scotty Fuse} (guitar) are joined by long time players Matt Harrington (vocals) and Alasdair Swan (guitar). Alexei Rodriguez (drums) is newest, dating from 2017 (if The Metal Archives has it facts straight).
Harrington's voice is powerful and fierce when he wants it to be and yet he can attenuate it for different emotions and effects. The compositions rely on solid grooves and big riffs, with well-placed and clever lead breaks adding nuance to the work. The rippling and surprising percussion bursts that you hear from Rodriguez in unexpected places are a fundamental building block to the unique sound of the band.
"No Escape" is a banger, and the perfect choice for an up-tempo lead off song. The title track is next and sets a serious tone with a purposeful riff up front then pushes on with a heavy swagger. The tempo gets a switch in advance of the lead break, which flays the carcass of reason. "Look At You" has a driving rhythm that just won't let you turn away, and if you are not hooked on this album by the time the third song is over, I don't know what to say to you. I cannot pick a single favorite, but I will point to the way the songs dissimilarities enhance the set as a whole – listening to the furiously paced "Vanishing Point" right after "Sharpen The Spear," which has a more plaintive structure, puts you off balance in just the right way for the closer, "Beyond." This album was worth the wait. Highly recommended.
Sell the Future is out now. Bandcamp is a good place to look for the digital, and there are couple vinyl variants there, too.
Band photo by Bruce Bettis.
Ripple Bandcamp, https://ripplemusic.bandcamp.com/album/sell-the-future
Cortez website, http://www.cortezboston.com/
Cortez Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/cortezboston/
Cortez Soundcloud, https://soundcloud.com/cortezboston
Armored Saint, Punching The Sky review (Metal Blade Records 2020)
October 22, 2020 October 21, 2020 Wayne EdwardsArmored Saint, Classic Metal, Heavy Metal, Los Angeles, Metal Blade Records, Punching The Sky
For more than thirty five years, Armored Saint has been banging eardrums. They are back to do it again with Punching The Sky.
"March of the Saint" is the first song on the first album in 1984, March Of The Saint. It starts like a coronation march; a grand entrance. Then the guitars roll out and the 1980s metal vocals hit. That song has a fast tempo and a snappy lead break. What a great way to get started, and "Seducer" is on that album, too – one of my all-time favorites from Armored Saint. The band released three more albums through 1991 before taking a break for a while. They returned in 2000 with Revelation and formally reformed in 2006, releasing La Raza in 2010 and Win Hands Down in 2015. They have updated their sound over the years with new recording technology and so on but the heart of the band never strayed, and neither did their dedication to the idea of heavy metal.
The band for the new album is original members John Bush (vocals), Joey Vera (bass), Phil Sandoval (guitar), and Gonzo Sandoval (drums), who are joined once again by long-time guitarist Jeff Duncan. They lay down eleven big tracks for Punching The Sky, starting with "Standing on the Shoulders of Giants" which has the album's title in the refrain. The music is vigorous, infused with loud attitude to go along with the rumbling riffs and roaring lead guitar splits. "Bubble" is a contentious number with a more serious tone than many of the other songs, while "Lone Wolf" has a clandestine opening riff and "Fly in the Ointment" is more reflective. At every turn, Armored Saint delivers heavy music longtime fans will embrace and that will catch the attention of new listeners as well. Recommended.
Punching The Sky is out Friday, October 23rd from Metal Blade Records, where you can get merch bundles. Bandcamp is the quick way to grab the digital download.
Band website, http://armoredsaint.com
Band Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/thearmoredsaint
Bandcamp, https://armoredsaint.bandcamp.com/
Metal Blade Records, https://www.metalblade.com/us/
Saul, Rise As Equals review (Spinefarm Records 2020)
October 21, 2020 November 6, 2020 Wayne EdwardsHard Rock, Heavy Metal, Iowa, Rise As Equals, Saul, Spinefarm Records
The first full-length album from Saul is a stab at the heart of mediocrity that rises above the tide of ordinary heavy music.
This band from Iowa is Blake Bedsaul (vocals), Zach Bedsaul (guitar), William McIlravy (bass), and Myles Clayborne (drums). Their EP Aeons (2019) received a lot of attention, propelled by the success of the single "Brother." Their music has a harder edge than Pop Metal and more melodic passages than you might expect from heavy music. Punchy, sawblade guitar riffs and forceful vocals are the hallmark, interspersed with lyrical moments. The songs are typically about experiences of people as opposed to dark or fantasy concepts. Breaking Benjamin might be a starting point for reference, but Saul's music has a sharper edge and a fuller sound. There are other comparisons, too, but listen to Saul directly if you really want to know what they are like.
The album has fourteen songs all running at radio length and each one a separate success. The opener is "Trial By Fire," which was released earlier as a single. It is clearly a crowd pleasing live anthem, cracking out with a snapping riff that has a clever bend to it then proceeding on to a sing-along chorus that will resonate with fans. In fact, every song sounds like a single – meaning that they are all tight and constructed for maximum impact. There is no meandering anywhere on the album. Take "King of Misery," which starts out at a slower tempo than many of the other songs, but the rock solid guitars are there and the execution of the vocals as the centerpiece to the composition is spot-on. The title track is another stand-out piece, and for me, and "The Toll" is maybe my favorite on the album for its pulsing rhythm and penetrating message.
I saw Saul perform on a livestream with Clutch, Crowbar, and Blacktop Mojo a couple months back and their set really stood out. I have been waiting for this album to come out ever since, anticipating something big. The band absolutely delivered. Rise As Equals is even better than I expected. Highly recommended.
You can get the full album this Friday, October 23rd from Spinefarm Records. The quick buy is through Amazon Music for the download, with the physical versions widely available. The Saul Shop link below is a good path to follow if you are in a buying mood.
Saul website, https://saulofficial.com/
Saul Shop, https://saul.merchnow.com/
Saul Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/saulbandofficial/
Saul YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfVimzkq5EqQ0ZDo_FrP7Lg
Spinefarm website, https://www.spinefarmrecords.com/usa/
Spinefarm YouTube, https://www.youtube.com/user/SpinefarmRec
Entropy Created Consciousness, Antica Memoria di Dis review (Fólkvangr Records 2020)
October 20, 2020 October 19, 2020 Wayne EdwardsAntica Memoria di Dis, Black Metal, Entropy Created Consciousness, Experimental Music, Folkvangr Records, Industrial Metal
Anonymous artist(s) Entropy Created Consciousness releases a musical exhibition in two acts: Antica Memoria di Dis.
The composer describes it all this way … "The project chronicles a unique Homeric recital of Dante's journey into Hell with the guidance of ancient Roman poet Virgil, as explored in Inferno, the first part of the infamous Divine Comedy." A compelling subject, there is no question about that. When I listened to the music, I was not really trying to follow a story, however. I was instead experiencing the aural creation in a more holistic sense and I formed my impressions of it that way.
The composition is divided into two acts, Acheron and Lethe. In the former, percussion is prominent in "The Sun Is Silent," standing out even while being surrounded by sinister hissing and whispering. "Minos / Cerberbus" is more chaotic and cacophonous in its beginning, and even so is anchored around the driving drums. A fire is lit in "Malignant, Ashen," and it cools down on the outro "Below the Tower," wherein we are enchanted into a nightmare as it closes.
With Lethe, there is a more consistent feeling of savagery and jeopardy. It is tense and unrelenting. "Infamy of Crete" is a lashing by brutal forces during a long walk at night. A sign of hard times ahead, and the signal rang true as ""Phlegethon" continues the battering, raking your mind raw. Without respite, for the most part. "Malebolge" promotes the idea of a discovered artifact in its initial moments, and then quickly turns deeply dark and growling. "Judecca" has heavy doom elements and an overall feeling begins to permeate that you are being slowly buried in damp earth. The sounds of the growling commerce of demons fade as the dirt piles up. And then that is it, as you are played out on a lilting piano moment amidst gently splashing water.
The initial recordings were made in 2017, then additional lines were drawn in 2019 and 2020, with the final touches, mix, and mastering done only a few months ago. The end product is fascinating, and different from most anything else I have heard. It is industrial and experimental metal of a brand all its own. Recommended for listeners with elemental roots in their beings.
Antica Memoria di Dis will be available October 23rd as a download (Bandcamp), with a cassette version coming out from Fólkvangr Records.
Facebook, https://www.facebook.com/entropycreatedconsciousness
Bandcamp, https://entropycreatedconsciousness.bandcamp.com/releases
Fólkvangr Records, http://www.folkvangrrecords.com/


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text:
ICLARS SERIES
Legal aspects of religious freedom
Author: Office of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia for Religious Communities
Publisher: Birografika Bori d.o.o. Ljubljana
Publication Place: Ljubljana
Category: n\a
This publication contains the proceedings of the international conference ""Legal Aspects of Religious Freedom"", which was organised by the Office of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia for Religious Communities and the Commission of the Government of the Republic of Slovenia for Solving Open Issues of Religious Communities between 15 and 18 September 2008 at Brdo – Ljubljana, Republic of Slovenia. The proceedings volume reflects the structure of the conference, focused on two main topics: 1. Constitutional jurisprudence in the area of freedom of religion and beliefs and 2. Administrative and financial matters in the area of religious freedom and religious communities. The organisers intention was, primarily, to review developments in constitutional jurisprudence in the area of freedom of religion and beliefs that have come about in European Union Member States since 1999 and, secondly, to collect information on the legislation adopted in these countries since 1990, their plans and the most recent data on churches and religious communities. Special attention has been placed on the legal dimensions of the dialogue between the European Union and churches and religious communities, as well as of interreligious dialogue. Most written reports were prepared by representatives of constitutional courts and governments of European Union Member States in their final edited form.
I. PREFACE
II. OPENING LECTURE Legal Aspects of Religious Freedom, Gerhard Robbers
III. CONSTITUTIONAL JURISPRUDENCE IN THE AREA OF FREEDOM OF RELIGION AND BELIEFS 1. BELGIUM 2. BULGARIA 3. CYPRUS 4. CZECH REPUBLIC 5. FINLAND 6. FRANCE 7. GERMANY 8. HUNGARY 9. IRELAND 10. LATVIA 11. LITHUANIA 12. POLAND 13. PORTUGAL 14. ROMANIA 15. SLOVENIA 16. SLOVENIA 17. SWEDEN
IV. ADMINISTRATIVE AND FINANCIAL MATTERS IN THE AREA OF RELIGIOUS FREEDOM AND RELIGIOUS COMMUNITIES 1. AUSTRIA 2. BELGIUM 3. BULGARIA 4. CZECH REPUBLIC 5. ESTONIA 6. FINLAND 7. FRANCE 8. GERMANY 9. HUNGARY 10. ITALY 11. LATVIA 12. LITHUANIA 13. POLAND 14. PORTUGAL 15. SLOVAK REPUBLIC 16. SLOVENIA 17. SPAIN 18. SWEDEN 19. UNITED KINGDOM V. APPENDIX
The festschrift for Prof. Robbers on the Occasion of his 70th Birthday. Staat - Religion - Recht
Authors: Kerstin von der Decken and Angelika Günzel, November 2020.
Christianity And Criminal Law.
Edited by: Mark Hill QC, Norman Doe, RH Helmholz and John Witte, Jr
Law, Religion and COVID-19 Emergency
Edited by: Pierluigi Consorti
Spiritual Care in Public Institutions in Europe
Edited by: Jiri Rajmund Tretera & Zaboj Horak (eds.)
Religion and Law in Spain
Authors: J. Martinez- Torrón
Ecclesiastical Law - fourth edition
Authors: M. Hill QC
Faculty of Law - Department Cesare Beccaria
Via Festa del Perdono, 7. 20122 Milan - Italy, fax +39 02 503 12612, e-mail: iclars@iclars.org
Copyright © 2007 ICLARS, International Consortium for Law and Religion Studies. All rights reserved.
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Although it's hard to watch a loved one endure pain, most dads find the birth of their baby to be one of life's greatest moments. Of course, it's even better if you know that you've been there to help.
So what are the best ways to support your wife through what's likely to be the experience of a lifetime? Here are 10 tips from dads who have been there before to help you be the perfect birth partner.
Talk to your wife beforehand about what she does and doesn't want during her labour. You're the one who may need to take charge and let the midwife or doctor know. If she has a birth plan, make sure you bring it with you to hospital.
When the midwife asked about putting up a drip for Andrew's wife, just in case she needed it later, Andrew knew his wife wouldn't want it. "It helped that I knew what I could ask for," he said, "and what I could refuse."
The mum-to-be is the centre of attention, but you'll probably be spending the night at the hospital too, so don't forget to pack some things for yourself. Comfortable shoes are essential. "We must have walked about three miles through the hospital corridors during her contractions," says Andrew. "The next day, neither of us could work out why our feet were sore." Pack a clean T-shirt, too. Being able to change will help you feel fresher if you're up all night.
If your wife is keen on a water birth, bring your swimming shorts in case she wants you in the birth pool with her.
Also remember to bring something to eat and drink – you could be at the hospital for a while.
Labour is not the right time to be flipping through a pregnancy and birth manual, so bone up on your reading beforehand. And go to an antenatal class with an open mind. You'll get solid, basic information about what labour and birth entails, as well as a sense of how other labour partners are planning the event.
Labour strategies that work for some women may not work for your wife. A birth partner's job is to discern what works, and be prepared to drop what doesn't.
"Our antenatal teacher stressed the need to keep an open mind and make decisions as we went along," said Jay. "It proved to be very useful in what turned out to be a long labour."
Well before your baby's due date, you and your wife should take time to discuss her expectations and options. Later, you will be able to take the initiative while keeping her wishes in mind.
Giving birth is often a long, hard job. At some point during the hours of labour, you and your wife will discover something she can focus on during contractions. It could be a breathing pattern, a spot on the ceiling, or a even soft baby toy you've brought with you. Your job is to help your wife find this distraction, and then bring her back to it whenever she starts to think she won't make it.
"I ended up rubbing my wife's foot all the way through labour," says Chris. "She told me to squeeze her foot until it hurt, so she could focus on that pain instead." Other methods you may learn at antenatal classes focus on teaching women how to work with the pain by using relaxation and breathing techniques.
Though there will be lots of experienced people around to help you, you will be your wife's most important support.
Do whatever she needs, from running to the cafeteria for a packet of sweets to getting her another drink or talking things through with your doctor.
Chris tried to pay attention to his wife's emotional and physical state. "I was her primary advocate – anything she needed, I did my best to provide," he says.
There's a lot going on in the birth room. Be aware of what you are willing to do during the process, and what you want to leave to the professionals.
Mathew remembers the doctor asking if he wanted to catch his son when he came out. "I decided not to as I was worried about doing it," he says. "But I did cut the umbilical cord. That was easy."
Only you and your wife know what you both want, but she may not be in the best condition to make hard decisions. Be ready to step in with some decisive action if the situation calls for it.
"Jenny was having a contraction and in pain and the doctor suggested breaking the waters to speed things along. I stepped in and said, 'Let's just wait until we can discuss it with Jenny.' The doctor was a bit surprised, but I knew Jenny didn't want anything done without the chance to talk about it."
Unlike what you see in films and on television, most women are in labour for hours before they even go to the hospital.
Many couples find it more comfortable to spend the initial stages of labour at home. Besides, many maternity units prefer you wait until your contractions are regular and close together before booking into the hospital.
A woman's birth partner is a vital support at a crucial time in her life. Although these days it is often a father who attends, many hospitals welcome whoever the mother has chosen as partner. Many women ask their mother to help them, and some choose close friends.
For all partners, this is one of those events when just showing up is the most important thing of all. Even if you want -- or have -- to leave most of the hands-on stuff to the pros, it will matter that you're there. Some expectant dads say they're worried they won't be up to the task, but most say it's worth being there. "I wanted to be very involved, and I felt honoured to be there," says new father Chris.