text:
Terrifying Arctic methane levels
A peak methane level of 3026 ppb was recorded by the MetOp-B satellite at 469 mb on December 11, 2021 am.
This follows a peak methane level of 3644 ppb recorded by the MetOp-B satellite at 367 mb on November 21, 2021, pm.
A peak methane level of 2716 ppb was recorded by the MetOp-B satellite at 586 mb on December 11, 2021, pm, as above image shows. This image is possibly even more terrifying than the image at the top, as above image shows that at 586 mb, i.e. much closer to sea level, almost all methane shows up over sea, rather than over land, supporting the possibility of large methane eruptions from the seafloor, especially in the Arctic.
Also, the image was recorded later than the image at the top with the 3026 ppb peak, indicating that even more methane may be on the way. This appears to be confirmed by the Copernicus forecast for December 12, 2021, 03 UTC, as illustrated by the image below, which shows methane at 500 hPa (equivalent to 500 mb).
Furthermore, very high methane levels have recently been recorded at Barrow, Alaska, as illustrated by the image below, showing monthly averages.
And carbon dioxide levels have also been very high recently at Barrow, Alaska, as illustrated by the image below, showing daily averages.
What causes these terrifying methane levels?
As the combination image below shows, the sea surface temperature north of Svalbard was as high as 4.3°C (or 39.74°F, green circle in the left panel) on December 12, 2021, i.e. as much as 5°C (or 9°F, green circle in the right panel) higher than 1981-2011.
[ click on images to enlarge ]
As temperatures in the Arctic keep rising faster than elsewhere in the world, the Jet Stream gets ever more distorted. The image on the right shows a heavily distorted Jet Stream covering most of the Northern Hemisphere on December 13, 2021, with sea surface temperatures off the coast of North America as much as 10.7°C (or 19.2°F, at the green circle) higher than 1981-2011.
At times, this can lead to very strong winds that push huge amounts of heat from the North Atlantic into the Arctic Ocean.
The image on the right is a forecast for December 14, 2021, showing strong wind causing waves as high as 8.3 m (or 27.2 ft) off the coast of Norway, speeding up the flow of warm water as it dives underneath the sea ice north of Svalbard.
Huge amounts of heat can thus move into the Arctic Ocean, driven by ocean currents and temperature differences.
The danger is that warmer water will cause methane to erupt from the seafloor of the Arctic Ocean, as an earlier post warned.
[ The buffer is gone, from earlier post ]
Sea ice used to act as a buffer, by consuming energy in the process of melting, thus avoiding that this energy could raise the temperature of the water of the Arctic Ocean. As above image indicates, the buffer has now virtually disappeared.
As sea ice gets thinner, ever less sea ice can act as a buffer. This is also illustrated by the 30-day navy.mil animation (up to November 12, the last 8 days are forecasts) on the right, from an earlier post.
Furthermore, huge amounts of heat did get transferred to the atmosphere over the Arctic Ocean, while and as long as sea ice was low in extent.
The image on the right, also from that earlier post, shows the October 2021 temperature anomaly, with anomalies over the Arctic showing up of as much as 9.1°C.
As the sea ice animation also shows, lower air temperatures after September caused the sea ice to grow in extent, effectively sealing off the Arctic Ocean and reducing heat transfer from the Arctic Ocean to the atmosphere.
Heat that was previously melting the ice or that was getting transferred to the atmosphere is now instead heating up the water. Some 75% of ESAS (East Siberian Arctic Shelf) is shallower than 50 m. Being shallow, these waters can easily warm up all the way down to the sea floor, where heat can penetrate cracks and conduits, destabilizing methane hydrates and sediments that were until now sealing off methane held in chambers in the form of free gas in these sediments.
Sealed off from the atmosphere by sea ice, greater mixing of heat in the water will occur down to the seafloor of the Arctic Ocean.
[ From the post September 2015 Sea Surface Warmest On Record ]
There are some further factors that can contribute to the high methane levels over the Arctic. As the sea ice grows in extent, this results in less moisture evaporating from the water, which together with the change of seasons results in lower hydroxyl levels at the higher latitudes of the Northern Hemisphere, in turn resulting in less methane getting broken down in the atmosphere over the Arctic.
Also, as land around the Arctic Ocean freezes over, less fresh water will flow from rivers into the Arctic Ocean. As a result, the salt content of the Arctic Ocean increases, all the way down to the seafloor of the Arctic Ocean, making it easier for ice in cracks and passages in sediments at the seafloor to melt, allowing methane contained in the sediment to escape. Meanwhile, salty and warm water (i.e. warmer than water that is present in the Arctic Ocean) keeps getting carried along the track of the Gulf Stream into the Arctic Ocean.
[ The Buffer has gone, feedback #14 on the Feedbacks page ]
The threat is that some of the extra heat will reach sediments at the seafloor of the Arctic Ocean that contain huge amounts of methane in currently still frozen hydrates and in pockets of gas underneath.
Cracks and holes in these sediments that are filled with ice can, as the ice melts away, become passageways for heat to destabilize hydrates, causing an eruption of gas as the methane expands to 160 times its frozen volume. The shockwave resulting from such an eruption can then destabilize neighboring hydrates.
This process threatens to result in ever more methane getting released, as illustrated in the image on the right, from an earlier post.
NOAA's most recent global mean methane reading is 1890.9 ppb for August 2021, with a trend of 1894.8 ppb. Meanwhile, NOAA's global mean methane level will have risen further (December levels are typically more than 10 ppb higher than August levels), while NOAA's data are also for marine surface measurements, and more methane tends to accumulate at higher altitudes.
In other words, the current global mean of methane is now above 1900 ppb. Given that methane's concentration is rising at accelerating pace (see image right), the implication is that in an expanding troposphere, the volume of methane and thus its greenhouse effect will be rising even faster.
A study published November 2021 in Science Advances finds a continuous rise of the tropopause in the Northern Hemisphere over 1980–2020, resulting primarily from tropospheric warming.
As illustrated by the image below, methane on December 26 am, 2021, reached a global mean of 1939 ppb between 293 mb and 280 mb, while the highest peak level (2554 ppb) was reached higher in the atmosphere, at 218 mb.
The animation on the right, showing methane on December 31, 2021 am, may be helpful in analysis of the origin of these terrifying methane levels.
The CO₂ level at Mauna Loa was 415.87 ppm on December 9, 2021. The MetOp-B satellite recorded a mean methane level of 1958 ppb on October 25, 2021 am at 295 mb, and when using a 1-year GWP of 200, this translates into 391.6 ppm CO₂e. Together, that's 391.6 + 415.87 = 807.47 ppm CO₂e.
Now add an additional 5 Gt of methane from an abrupt eruption of the seafloor, which is only 10% of the 50Gt that Natalia Shakhova et al. warned about long ago, while 50 Gt is in turn only a small fraction of all the methane contained in sediments in the Arctic. Such an eruption of seafloor methane would raise the global mean methane concentration by almost 2000 ppb which, at a 1-year GWP of 200, would translate into 400 ppm CO₂.
So, that would abruptly cause the joint CO₂e of methane and CO₂ to cross the 1200 ppm clouds tipping point, triggering a further 8°C global temperature rise, due to the clouds feedback.
A 5 Gt seafloor methane burst would double the methane in the atmosphere and could instantly raise CO₂e level to above 1200 ppm, thus triggering the cloud feedback (panel top right). Even with far less methane, levels of further pollutants could rise and feedbacks could strengthen, while sulfate cooling could end, and a 18.44°C rise (from pre-industrial) could occur by 2026 (left panel). Meanwhile, humans will likely go extinct with a 3°C rise, and a 5°C rise will likely end most life on Earth.
The situation is dire and calls for the most comprehensive and effective action, as described at the Climate Plan.
• NOAA Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) Sounding Products
https://www.ospo.noaa.gov/Products/atmosphere/soundings/iasi
• CAMS, the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service
https://atmosphere.copernicus.eu/charts/cams
• Carbon Cycle Gases, NOAA, Barrow Atmospheric Baseline Observatory, United States
https://gml.noaa.gov/dv/iadv/graph.php?code=BRW
• Nullschool.net
https://earth.nullschool.net/
• Warning of mass extinction of species, including humans, within one decade
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2017/02/warning-of-mass-extinction-of-species-including-humans-within-one-decade.html
• NASA temperature
https://data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/
• Human Extinction by 2022?
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2021/11/human-extinction-by-2022.html
• The Methane Threat
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2017/04/the-methane-threat.html
• High methane levels over the Arctic Ocean on January 14, 2014
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2014/01/high-methane-levels-over-the-arctic-ocean-on-january-14-2014.html
• NOAA mean global monthly methane
https://gml.noaa.gov/webdata/ccgg/trends/ch4/ch4_mm_gl.txt
• The Importance of Methane
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/the-importance-of-methane-in-climate.html
• SCRIPPS - The Keeling Curve
https://keelingcurve.ucsd.edu/
• Will COP26 in Glasgow deliver?
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2021/10/will-cop26-in-glasgow-deliver.html
• Continuous rise of the tropopause in the Northern Hemisphere over 1980–2020 - by Lingyun Meng et al.
https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/sciadv.abi8065
• Frequently Asked Questions
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/faq.html
• When Will We Die?
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2019/06/when-will-we-die.html
• Climate Plan
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/climateplan.html
Posted by Sam Carana at 9:08 PM
Labels: Arctic, methane, ocean, seafloor
A Climate of Betrayal
5.9 $trillion spent by governments on fossil fuel subsidies in 2020
by Andrew Glikson
As indicated by the International Monetary fund, greenhouse gas emissions are funded world-wide by government subsidies totaling $5.9 trillion in 2020, about 6.8% global GDP, expected to rise to 7.4% of GDP in 2025, or $11million a minute. In the view of some scientists fuel subsidies are 'adding fuel to the fire of the climate crisis'.
Hollow words by dignitaries at COP-out-26 may have led many to believe "leaders" are serious when they raise the alarm of "one minute to midnight", while at the same time allowing the development of new oil, gas and coal mines enhancing the accelerating trend toward an inhabitability of large parts of the planet. The consequences of the continued transfer of extractable carbon to the atmosphere and oceans were summed up by James Hansen, the renowned climate scientist:
"Burning all fossil fuels would create a very different planet than the one that humanity knows. The palaeoclimate record and ongoing climate change make it clear that the climate system would be pushed beyond tipping points, setting in motion irreversible changes, including ice sheet disintegration with a continually adjusting shoreline, extermination of a substantial fraction of species on the planet, and increasingly devastating regional climate extremes" and "this equates 400,000 Hiroshima atomic bombs per day 365 days per year". James Hansen et al. 2012 and James Hansen 2012.
According to Climate 202 (6/12/2021), the Biden administration has approved more oil and gas drilling permits on public lands per month than the Trump administration did during the first three years of the Trump presidency.
In Europe, the year 2020 was supposed to be when the European Union would launch its ambitious plan to tackle the climate crisis, so why does Europe sabotage its own climate goals by subsidizing the fossil sector by more than €137 billion per year? (Figure 1)
Figure 1. Fossil fuel subsidies (in €) per capita in Europe (from Investigate Europe)
Banks continue to finance fossil fuels while signing up to net zero pledges (Nov 2021). The nations that make up the G7 have pumped billions of dollars more into fossil fuels than they have into clean energy since the Covid-19 pandemic, despite their promises of a green recovery. As the UK prepares to host the G7 summit, new analysis reveals that the countries attending committed $189bn to support oil, coal and gas between January 2020 and March 2021. By comparison, the same countries, the UK, US, Canada, Italy, France, Germany and Japan, spent $147bn on clean energy.
In Australia, business as usual continued, where fossil fuel subsidies reached $10.3 billion in 2020-21. Fossil fuel subsidies cost Australians a staggering $10.3 billion in 2020-21. Plans are made for a huge Beetaloo gas field in the Northern Territory. The Galilee coal project is proceeding and the Adani coal project gets ready to ship coal. Coal and gas works, if approved, would result in a nearly 30% increase in emissions within Australia.
Who or what would save nature and humanity from the accelerating destruction of the livable Earth atmosphere and oceans (Figure 2)?
Figure 2. The accelerating destruction of the livable Earth atmosphere and oceans (after Wil Steffen, 2012)
Labels: Andrew Glikson, IMF, subsidies
Planetwide Ecocide - The Crime Against Life on Earth
"We are simply talking about the very life support system of this planet."
Hans Joachim Schellnhuber, Germany's former chief climate scientist (2009)
"Burning all fossil fuels would create a very different planet than the one that humanity knows. The palaeoclimate record and ongoing climate change make it clear that the climate system would be pushed beyond tipping points, setting in motion irreversible changes, including ice sheet disintegration with a continually adjusting shoreline, extermination of a substantial fraction of species on the planet, and increasingly devastating regional climate extremes" and "this equates 400,000 Hiroshima atomic bombs per day 365 days per year" . James Hansen et al. 2012 and James Hansen 2012.
Figure 1. The change in state of the planetary climate since the onset of the industrial age in the 18ᵗʰ century.
During its last 600 million years-long history planet Earth suffered at least five major mass extinctions, defining the ends of several eras of the Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Jurassic and Cretaceous, triggered by extra-terrestrial impacts, massive volcanic eruptions, methane release or ocean anoxia. Each of these events included the release of greenhouse gases, inducing changes in atmospheric composition and temperature (Figures 1, 2 and 3). Excepting the role of methanogenic bacteria in releasing methane, the anthropogenic mass extinction constitutes an exception: For the first time in its history the atmosphere, the oceans and the biosphere are disrupted by a living organism, namely the activity of a carbon-emitting biped mammal species.
Fig 2. Temperature trends for the past 65 Ma and potential geo-historical analogs for future climates (Burke et al. (2018)
In the wake of the Pliocene (2.6-5.3 Ma-ago), with temperatures in the range of (+2°C to 3°C above pre-industrial levels) and sea levels (+25 meters) higher than at present, the development of glacial-interglacial conditions saw the appearance of Homo erectus and then Homo sapiens. Between about 10,000 and 7,000 years ago, the stabilization of the climate in the Holocene saw Neolithic agricultural civilization take hold. Anthropogenic processes during this period, denoted as the Anthropocoene (Steffen et al., 2007), led to deforestation and the demise of species, ever increasing carbon pollution of the atmosphere, temperature rise (Figures 1 and 2), acidification, radioactive contamination and a growing threat to the Earth's life support systems.
Planetwide ecocide results from anthropogenic emission of greenhouse gases into the atmosphere, raising their combined forcing (CO₂ + CH₄ + N₂O, etc.) to levels over 500 ppm CO₂-equivalent, (Figure 3), almost doubling the pre-industrial CO₂ level of ~280 ppm, and corresponding to a rise of +3°C per doubling of CO₂ levels. The consequence of extraction and combustion of the buried products of ancient biospheres, threatens to return Earth to conditions which preceded the emergence of large mammals on land.
Figure 3. Pre-1978 changes in the CO₂-equivalent abundance and AGGI (Annual Greenhouse Gas Index). NOAA Global Monitoring Laboratory
The sharp glacial-interglacial oscillations of the Pleistocene (2.6 million to 10,000 years ago), with rapid mean global temperature changes of up to 5°C over a few millennia and abrupt stadials cooling events over a few years (Steffensen et al., 2008), required humans to develop an extreme adaptability, in particular mastering fire, a faculty no other species, perhaps with the exception of fire birds. Proceeding to manipulate the electromagnetic spectrum, split the atom and travel to other planets, a cultural evolution overtaking biological evolution, the power of sapiens appears to have gone out of control.
Humans have developed an absurd capacity to simultaneously create and destroy, culminating with the destruction of environments that allowed them to flourish in the first place. Possessed by a conscious fear of death and a craving for god-like immortality, there is no murderous obscenity some were not willing to perform, including the transfer of every accessible carbon molecule to the atmosphere.
Based on direct observations and the basic laws of physics, the life support systems of the biosphere are threatened by the rise of greenhouse gases and temperature by an average of more than 1.14°C since 1880, currently tracking toward 2°C. These values take little account of the masking effects of the transient mitigating effects of sulphate aerosols in the range of −0.3 to −1.8 Wm⁻², pushing mean global temperature to >1.5°C. Following the current acceleration (Figure 3), mean temperature could reach 2°C by 2030, 3°C by the 2050s and 4°C by 2100, inducing heat waves and major fires.
Figure 4. Jet Stream, summer, 1988, NASA. Increased undulation of the Arctic boundary zone, allowing penetration of cold air masses southward and warm air masses northward;
Overall warming of large ocean regions, reaching ~700 meter deep levels, reduces the ocean's ability to absorb CO₂ while much of the gas is trapped in the atmosphere. As ocean heat contents rise oxygen is depleted and methane and hydrogen sulphide poisonous for marine life are produced. Models projecting global warming as a linear trajectory, outlined by the IPCC, take limited account of amplifying feedbacks and transient stadial cooling effects from the flow of ice melt water into near-polar oceans. As the circum-Arctic jet stream undulates and weakens (Figure 4), polar-ward shifts of climate zones (Figure 5) allow penetration of warm air masses into the Arctic, manifested by heat waves and fires. Conversely, injection of cold air masses from the Arctic into mid-latitudes ensues in freezing fronts producing violent snow storms, the so-called "Beast from the East".
Figure 5. The migration of the Sahara arid climate zone northward into southern Europe. Note the drying up of Spain, Italy, Greece and Turkey and the increased in precipitation in Northern Europe.
As stated by Baronsky et al. (2013) in the paper "Approaching a state shift in Earth's biosphere": "Localized ecological systems are known to shift abruptly and irreversibly from one state to another when they are forced across critical thresholds. Here we review evidence that the global ecosystem as a whole can react in the same way and is approaching a planetary-scale critical transition as a result of human influence'' and "Climates found at present on 10–48 % of the planet are projected to disappear within a century, and climates that contemporary organisms have never experienced are likely to cover 12–39 % of Earth. The mean global temperature by 2070 (or possibly a few decades earlier) will be higher than it has been since the human species evolved''. Figure 6 outlines critical habitats and species involved in the transition.
Figure 6. Summary of major biodiversity-related environmental-change categories expressed as a percentage of human-driven change (in red) relative to baseline (blue); Corey J. A. Bradshaw; Paul R. Ehrlich; Andrew Beattie; et al. (13 January 2021). https://www.frontiersin.org/files/Articles/615419/fcosc-01-615419-HTML-r1/image_m/fcosc-01-615419-g001.jpg - "Underestimating the Challenges of Avoiding a Ghastly Future", in Frontiers in Conservation Science, volume 1, 13 January 2021. Red indicates the percentage of the category that is damaged, lost, or otherwise affected, whereas blue indicates the percentage that is intact, remaining, or otherwise unaffected.
As $trillions are invested in future wars, who or what will defend life on Earth?
A/Prof. Andrew Glikson
Earth and Paleo-climate scientist
School of Biological, Earth and Environmental Sciences
The University of New South Wales,
Kensington NSW 2052 Australia
The Asteroid Impact Connection of Planetary Evolution
https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9789400763272
The Archaean: Geological and Geochemical Windows into the Early Earth
Climate, Fire and Human Evolution: The Deep Time Dimensions of the Anthropocene
The Plutocene: Blueprints for a Post-Anthropocene Greenhouse Earth
Evolution of the Atmosphere, Fire and the Anthropocene Climate Event Horizon
From Stars to Brains: Milestones in the Planetary Evolution of Life and Intelligence
https://www.springer.com/us/book/9783030106027
Asteroids Impacts, Crustal Evolution and Related Mineral Systems with Special Reference to Australia
The Event Horizon: Homo Prometheus and the Climate Catastrophe
The Fatal Species: From Warlike Primates to Planetary Mass Extinction
Labels: Andrew Glikson, fires, greenhouse gases, heatwaves, Planetwide Ecocide, temperature
Planetary Extinction due to Arctic Atmospheric Methane Veil
by Malcolm Light
Below is Malcolm Light's Arctic methane growth diagram, updated in line with recent mean atmospheric methane concentrations and temperature data.
NOAA mean globally-averaged marine surface data show high increases in methane levels recently, which were used to generate the trends and curves to the year 2030 in above image.
[ from earlier post ]
NASA temperature data as adjusted by Sam Carana on the right show the potential for a mean temperature anomaly from pre-industrial of 3°C anomaly to occur late in 2022 (blue trend). By extension, a 4°C anomaly could occur in late 2023 and a 5°C anomaly in late 2024.
Above data was used to determine a trend line for exponentially increasing atmospheric methane increase, as well as where along the trend lines the surface atmospheric temperature anomalies would occur.
A surface atmospheric temperature anomaly of 10°C was recorded in France in the summer of 2020 (Copernicus 2020) with the overlying methane global veil giving a concentration of 2008 ppb. In this case the Global Warming is only partly caused by the methane (about 85.5%) and the rest by the concentration of other greenhouse gases.
It seems that we only have a very short time left until total Planetary Extinction due to the Arctic Atmospheric Methane Global Warming Veil. It is now clear that we do not have time to extract the methane from the subsea Arctic methane reserves, because we are so close to total extinction in 3 years.
The blue color on the map on the right indicates depth (see scale underneath).
The image below, by Malcolm Light and based on Max & Lowrie (1993), from a recent post, shows vulnerable Arctic Ocean slope and deep water methane hydrates zones below 300 m depth.
Malcolm Light indicates three areas:
Area 1. Methane hydrates on the slope;
Area 2. Methane hydrates on the abyssal plane;
Area 3. Methane hydrates associated with the spreading Gakkel Ridge hydro-thermal activity (the Gakkel Riidge runs in between the northern tip of Greenland and the Laptev Sea).
In addition, huge amounts of methane are contained in sediments at the bottom of the shallow parts of the Arctic Ocean, in particular the East Siberian Arctic Shelf (ESAS). Dr. Natalia Shakova warned in 2008 that some 50Gt of carbon in the form of methane can be released at any moment from the East Siberian Arctic Shelf alone, because of the high temperature of the invading Atlantic (Gulf Stream) waters. This threatens to cause a 10°C surface atmospheric temperature increase leading to Global Extinction.
The cataclysmic weather events occurring worldwide including giant droughts and city-destroying fires, floods and summer and winter storm systems have already devastated Canada and the United States.
From the sharp increase in catastrophic weather events, it is obvious that 'Mother Earth' has correctly identified the North American continent as the source of its gigantic pollution problems. Extreme Fossil Fuel pollution from the United States and Canada has previously heated up the Gulf Stream which flows north into the Arctic Ocean as the Svalbard current, where it is now destabilizing the shelf methane hydrates in the Laptev Sea and on the East Siberian Arctic Shelf.
The image below illustrates that huge amounts of heat are entering the Arctic Ocean, driven by ocean currents and temperature differences.
• NOAA - Trends in Atmospheric Methane
https://gml.noaa.gov/ccgg/trends_ch4/
• Arctic Ocean invaded by hot, salty water
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/arctic-ocean-invaded-by-hot-salty-water.html
• Max, M.D. & Lowrie, A. 1993. Natural gas hydrates: Arctic and Nordic Sea potential. In: Vorren, T.O., Bergsager, E., Dahl-Stamnes, A., Holter, E., Johansen, B., Lie, E. & Lund, T.B. Arctic Geology and Petroleum Potential, Proceedings of the Norwegian Petroleum Society Conference, 15-17 August 1990, Tromso, Norway. Norwegian Petroleum Society (NPF), Special Publication 2 Elsevier, Amsterdam, 27-53.
https://www.elsevier.com/books/arctic-geology-and-petroleum-potential/vorren/978-0-444-88943-0
• Extinction by 2027- by Malcolm Light
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2021/05/extinction-by-2027.html
• Anomalies of methane in the atmosphere over the East Siberian shelf: Is there any sign of methane leakage from shallow shelf hydrates? - by Shakhova, Semiletov, Salyuk and Kosmach (2008)
https://www.cosis.net/abstracts/EGU2008/01526/EGU2008-A-01526.pdf
• Will humans be extinct by 2026? - An exploration of the potential, by Sam Carana
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/p/extinction.html
• WARNING - Planetary Omnicide between 2023 and 2031 - by Malcolm Light
https://arctic-news.blogspot.com/2015/02/warning-planetary-omnicide-between-2023-and-2031.html
Labels: Arctic, ecocide, extinction, Malcolm Light, methane, ocean, omnicide
Planetary Extinction due to Arctic Atmospheric Met...


text:
200 F. 2d 876 - Technical Tape Corp v. Minnesota Mining & Mfg Co
200 F2d 876 Technical Tape Corp v. Minnesota Mining & Mfg Co
TECHNICAL TAPE CORP.
MINNESOTA MINING & MFG. CO.
No. 70.
Docket 22462.
United States Court of Appeals Second Circuit.
Argued November 13, 1952.
Decided December 18, 1952.
Joseph Hirschman, New York City, Curtis, Morris & Safford, New York City, Daniel L. Morris, New York City, of counsel, for plaintiff-appellant.
Newton A. Burgess, (of Burgess, Ryan & Hicks), New York City, Harold J. Kinney, St. Paul, Minn., M. K. Hobbs, Platteville, Wis., and H. H. Hamilton, New York City, of counsel, for defendant-appellee.
Before AUGUSTUS N. HAND, CHASE, and CLARK, Circuit Judges.
AUGUSTUS N. HAND, Circuit Judge.
This is an action brought on November 17, 1951, under the Declaratory Judgment Act, 28 U.S.C. § 2201, to have the defendant's patent declared invalid, or, if valid, then not infringed. The court below dismissed the complaint, holding that no justiciable controversy was stated upon which a claim for relief could be founded, and further indicated that dismissal was also required since one of the two grounds for jurisdiction, which were alleged disjunctively, was insufficient. We think that neither ground for dismissal was correct, and that the motion by the plaintiff for leave to file an amended complaint should have been granted.
The patent involved in this suit relates to pressure sensitive adhesive tapes having a non-fibrous, film backing and a surface layer of pressure sensitive adhesive. The defendant markets such tape under the brand name of "Scotch" tape.
From the affidavits submitted to the district court it appears that about two years prior to the institution of this action an application by the plaintiff, Technical Tape Corporation, for a license from the defendant, Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Company, was denied with a warning that if Technical Tape Corporation made the tape as it contemplated it would face a highly expensive lawsuit. On October 25, 1951 the defendant's executive vice-president called at the plaintiff's office and was handed a roll of tape. The plaintiff's affidavits contend that the defendant's officer asserted it to be an infringement and that the plaintiff would be given the "toughest fight it ever saw" on such tape. There is some dispute as to whether the plaintiff had manufactured tape prior to this interview. But a pilot run in May 1951 at its laboratory had yielded a commercially satisfactory tape, and the tape exhibited at the meeting had been imported from a Canadian affiliate. It does not seem to be disputed that the manufacture of small quantities had begun prior to the commencement of this action. The plaintiff further asserted in its affidavits that its sales had met with resistance because of its prospective customers' fear of action by the defendant, and that it had been forced to give many distributors a written promise that it would undertake the defense of any action for infringement against them. The defendant's successful prosecution of suits against other infringers of its patent was also established. The decisions, sustaining the patent, were affirmed by the United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit. Minnesota Mining & Mfg. Co. v. International Plastic Corp., 159 F.2d 554.
Following the dismissal of the complaint by Judge Clancy, the plaintiff moved for reargument and for leave to file an amendment to the complaint. Further affidavits, citing specific instances of guarantees by the plaintiff to its customers necessitated by the defendant's actions were submitted at this time. However, all of such instances occurred subsequent to the date of the filing of the original complaint. The district court denied leave to file the amendment on the ground that the plaintiff was attempting to assert a supplemental pleading, and it could not do this where the original complaint was defective, as Judge Clancy had held it to be. Bonner v. Elizabeth Arden, Inc., 2 Cir., 177 F.2d 703. In September 1952 after it had secured the dismissal of the complaint in the present action, Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co. brought suit in Chicago against Technical Tape and one of its distributors for infringement of the identical patent, and also commenced a suit in Kansas City against a company handling plaintiff's tape.
Even assuming that one of the disjunctive allegations1 of jurisdiction was insufficient while the other was not, Rule 8(e)2 of the Federal Rules, 28 U.S.C.A., contemplates such alternative allegations, and provides that no dismissal is to be granted if one of them is sufficient. See 2 Moore's Federal Practice (2d edition), 1706. Keene Lumber Co. v. Leventhal, 1 Cir., 165 F.2d 815, relied on by the district court is not to the contrary, for in that case there was no jurisdiction under either of the alternative grounds that were alleged. Further, if the pleading was defective the requested amendment2 should have been allowed in order to cure the defect. Although the affidavits submitted on the reargument in an endeavor to satisfy the requirement of a justiciable controversy referred to events subsequent to the filing of the complaint, the amendment itself did not, and hence was clearly not a supplemental pleading.
Taking the plaintiff's allegations in the complaint and affidavits as true, as we must do, we think that there is an issue of fact as to whether an actual controversy existed at the time the complaint was filed, as required by Ætna Life Ins. Co. v. Haworth, 300 U.S. 227, 240-241, 57 S.Ct. 461, 81 L.Ed. 617, before a declaratory judgment action may be brought.
Once the patentee has made some claim, directly or indirectly, so that notice is given that it asserts that there is or will be an infringement, a justiciable controversy exists, entitling the alleged infringer to seek declaratory relief. Treemond Co. v. Schering Corp., 3 Cir., 122 F.2d 702; Dewey & Almy Chemical Co. v. American Anode, Inc., 3 Cir., 137 F.2d 68, certiorari denied 320 U.S. 761, 64 S.Ct. 70, 88 L.Ed. 454. It is not clear whether the plaintiff had sufficiently embarked on its infringing action to establish an actual controversy at the time the defendant threatened suit two years prior to the commencement of this action. If this threat was not sufficient, it was followed on October 25, 1951, by a claim of infringement and the further threat of suit. It is argued by the defendant that if the plaintiff had not begun manufacture of its tapes at the time of the interview on October 25 there could be no justiciable controversy. But at that time it had already conducted a pilot run and had imported tape manufactured by its Canadian affiliate. Further, manufacture did begin before suit was brought. Under these circumstances we think that there were sufficient acts and contemplated acts of infringement to create a controversy when the threats were made. Moreover, where there is such an evident intention to market a product and preparation of the means to do so, there would seem to be no sense in requiring that the manufacture and sales should precede the notice of infringement by the patentee or even the bringing of an action for a declaratory judgment. Crowell v. Baker Oil Tools, Inc., 9 Cir., 143 F.2d 1003 certiorari denied 323 U.S. 760, 65 S.Ct. 93, 89 L.Ed. 608; Borchard, Declaratory Judgments (2d edition) 807. Any other rule would involve unnecessary expense and delay. We see no merit in the defendant's argument that it did not have sufficient time to reach a considered judgment as to whether any of its rights were or would be infringed.
We cannot regard the threat as a mere "businessman's contention" as did Judge Clancy. The actions by the defendant for infringement of its patent against third parties, the latest one instituted only ten days before the present action, would indicate a purpose to assert broad claims under its patent, and to confirm the seriousness of the threats which we have referred to as made by the defendant. Whether the mere fact that the defendant had brought such other suits against strangers to the plaintiff without the existence of direct or indirect notice of infringement is sufficient to create a controversy, as plaintiff contends, we do not decide.
For the foregoing reasons, the order of the court below dismissing the complaint is reversed and the cause remanded with instructions to allow, in the interest of clarity, the amendment of the complaint which the plaintiff proposed and otherwise to proceed in accordance with the views expressed in this opinion.
1. "Defendant has asserted publicly that the articles or products manufactured, used or sold by plaintiff, or the manufacture, use or sale of products of similar construction and composition, constitute infringements of the Letters Patent aforesaid." Paragraph 8 of the Complaint, p. 5(a) of the Appendix to Appellant's Brief.
2. — Defendant has asserted publicly that articles or products identical with those manufactured, used and sold by plaintiff, and that the manufacture, use or sale of articles or products not materially different from plaintiff's articles or products, constitute infringements of the Letters Patent aforesaid. * * *. Defendant has through its officers charged that plaintiff's pressure-sensitive adhesive cellophane tape is an infringement of the Letters Patent aforesaid, and has threatened plaintiff with suit for infringement if it sold such tape." Page 108a of Appendix to Appellant's Brief.
CLARK, Circuit Judge (concurring).
I agree with the decision, but think it should rest also on the showing that an undoubted controversy developed after this action was brought. Whatever doubt as to the existence of a controversy there may have been originally has been entirely removed — if we can look at actualities. And F.R.C.P., rule 15(d), carrying over into general practice the equity device of supplemental pleadings, is designed to give us just that power. The only suggested bar is a judicial gloss on the broad terms of the rule to the effect that only a "good" complaint may be supplemented. But to such a suggestion we gave the proper answer in the early days of the rules: "Defendants' claim that one cannot amend a nonexistent action is purely formal, in the light of the wide and flexible content given to the concept of action under the new rules." Hackner v. Guaranty Trust Co. of New York, 2 Cir., 117 F.2d 95, 98, certiorari denied 313 U.S. 559, 61 S.Ct. 835, 85 L.Ed. 1520. That was the case of an amendment to substitute a new plaintiff showing requisite grounds of federal jurisdiction in place of an original one who did not; but the principle is applicable here, indeed, a fortiori, since the issue and the parties remain unchanged. No reason appears why the formality and expense of starting a new action should be compelled in order to bring the parties before the court in essentially the same posture except for a delay of a couple of years or more.
Of course if there is a real reason in the particular case why later matter should not be considered, that reason should be adduced and decision rest upon it, not on some formal generalization read into the rules contrary to their spirit. Moreover, usually such reason will be better developed, and with greater fairness to both sides, if the pleading change is actually allowed and the controversy permitted to go forward to a hearing on the merits, rather than be disposed of summarily upon a mere request for permission to amend or supplement; but however developed, the issue on the merits should be the only controlling one. Here, since there is so obviously a real dispute over patent validity which must be tried some time, one senses that the underlying struggle is to secure a priority which might give some advantage in determining the district where the battle is to be fought. But under the existing power of the federal court to transfer cases for the convenience of trial and the witnesses, cf. our recent decisions in Helene Curtis Industries v. Sales Affiliates, 2 Cir., 199 F.2d 732, and Ronson Art Metal Works, Inc., v. Brown & Bigelow, Inc., 2 Cir., 199 F.2d 760, the priority of one suit over another in point of time is only one of several factors to be considered. Here the dates would remain inviolate for whatever they might show, whether plaintiff is now allowed to complete his case or not; the facts will always be that he did start an action on a certain date and that this became more fully perfected later. Forcing plaintiff to start over will not add to or subtract from these facts; it will only cause judicial waste.
In addition to the Hackner case in our own court, there may be cited Porter v. Block, 156 F.2d 264, 271, where the Fourth Circuit appears to have reached a like conclusion without discussion or question. This view is supported in 3 Moore's Federal Practice 858, 859, 2d Ed. 1948, and see 1951 Cum.Supp. 20. See also Commentary, Stating New Claim in Supplemental Pleading, 2 Fed.Rules Serv. 656. Opposed are certain district court cases, relying on precedents before the rules; and there is also a contrary statement by this court as one of two grounds of decision in Bonner v. Elizabeth Arden, Inc., 2 Cir., 177 F.2d 703, 705. Some grounds of distinction between this case and the present one seem available; moreover, the earlier decision did not discuss the considerations here advanced. In view of this and of the further fact that allowance of a supplemental pleading is a matter of the court's wise discretion in the particular case, I do not think we are estopped on this record from consideration of the additional material brought to the attention of the district court and included in the record before us.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package com.cleeng.api.domain;

import java.io.Serializable;

public class RentalOfferParams implements Serializable {

    public String publisherToken;
    public RentalOfferData offerData;

    public RentalOfferParams(String publisherToken, RentalOfferData offerData) {
        this.publisherToken = publisherToken;
        this.offerData = offerData;
    }

    public static RentalOfferParams create(String publisherToken, RentalOfferData offerData) {
        return new RentalOfferParams( publisherToken, offerData );
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
package job

import (
	"time"

	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
	"testing"
)

var testDbPath = ""

func TestScheduleParsing(t *testing.T) {
	cache := NewMockCache()

	fiveMinutesFromNow := time.Now().Add(5 * time.Minute)

	genericMockJob := GetMockJobWithSchedule(2, fiveMinutesFromNow, "P1DT10M10S")

	genericMockJob.Init(cache)

	assert.WithinDuration(
		t, genericMockJob.scheduleTime, fiveMinutesFromNow,
		time.Second, "The difference between parsed time and created time is to great.",
	)
}

func TestBrokenSchedule(t *testing.T) {
	cache := NewMockCache()

	mockJob := GetMockJobWithGenericSchedule()
	mockJob.Schedule = "hfhgasyuweu123"

	err := mockJob.Init(cache)

	assert.Error(t, err)
	assert.Nil(t, mockJob.jobTimer)
}

var delayParsingTests = []struct {
	expected    time.Duration
	intervalStr string
}{
	{time.Hour*24 + time.Second*10 + time.Minute*10, "P1DT10M10S"},
	{time.Second*10 + time.Minute*10, "PT10M10S"},
	{time.Hour*24 + time.Second*10, "P1DT10S"},
	{time.Hour*24*365 + time.Hour*24, "P1Y1DT"},
}

func TestDelayParsing(t *testing.T) {
	testTime := time.Now().Add(time.Minute * 1)

	for _, delayTest := range delayParsingTests {
		cache := NewMockCache()
		genericMockJob := GetMockJobWithSchedule(1, testTime, delayTest.intervalStr)
		genericMockJob.Init(cache)
		assert.Equal(t, delayTest.expected, genericMockJob.delayDuration.ToDuration(), "Parsed duration was incorrect")
	}
}

func TestBrokenDelayHandling(t *testing.T) {
	testTime := time.Now().Add(time.Minute * 1)
	brokenIntervals := []string{
		"DTT",
		"000D",
		"ASDASD",
	}

	for _, intervalTest := range brokenIntervals {
		cache := NewMockCache()

		genericMockJob := GetMockJobWithSchedule(1, testTime, intervalTest)
		err := genericMockJob.Init(cache)

		assert.Error(t, err)
		assert.Nil(t, genericMockJob.jobTimer)
	}
}

func TestJobInit(t *testing.T) {
	cache := NewMockCache()

	genericMockJob := GetMockJobWithGenericSchedule()

	err := genericMockJob.Init(cache)
	assert.Nil(t, err, "err should be nil")

	assert.NotEmpty(t, genericMockJob.Id, "Job.Id should not be empty")
	assert.NotEmpty(t, genericMockJob.jobTimer, "Job.jobTimer should not be empty")
}

func TestJobDisable(t *testing.T) {
	cache := NewMockCache()

	genericMockJob := GetMockJobWithGenericSchedule()
	genericMockJob.Init(cache)

	assert.False(t, genericMockJob.Disabled, "Job should start with disabled == false")

	genericMockJob.Disable()
	assert.True(t, genericMockJob.Disabled, "Job.Disable() should set Job.Disabled to true")
	assert.False(t, genericMockJob.jobTimer.Stop())
}

func TestJobRun(t *testing.T) {
	cache := NewMockCache()

	j := GetMockJobWithGenericSchedule()
	j.Init(cache)
	j.Run(cache)

	now := time.Now()

	assert.Equal(t, j.SuccessCount, uint(1))
	assert.WithinDuration(t, j.LastSuccess, now, 2*time.Second)
	assert.WithinDuration(t, j.LastAttemptedRun, now, 2*time.Second)
}

func TestOneOffJobs(t *testing.T) {
	cache := NewMockCache()

	j := GetMockJob()

	assert.Equal(t, j.SuccessCount, uint(0))
	assert.Equal(t, j.ErrorCount, uint(0))
	assert.Equal(t, j.LastSuccess, time.Time{})
	assert.Equal(t, j.LastError, time.Time{})
	assert.Equal(t, j.LastAttemptedRun, time.Time{})

	j.Init(cache)
	// Find a better way to test a goroutine
	time.Sleep(time.Second)
	now := time.Now()

	assert.Equal(t, j.SuccessCount, uint(1))
	assert.WithinDuration(t, j.LastSuccess, now, 2*time.Second)
	assert.WithinDuration(t, j.LastAttemptedRun, now, 2*time.Second)
	assert.Equal(t, j.scheduleTime, time.Time{})
	assert.Nil(t, j.jobTimer)
}

func TestDependentJobs(t *testing.T) {
	cache := NewMockCache()

	mockJob := GetMockJobWithGenericSchedule()
	mockJob.Name = "mock_parent_job"
	mockJob.Init(cache)

	mockChildJob := GetMockJob()
	mockChildJob.ParentJobs = []string{
		mockJob.Id,
	}
	mockChildJob.Init(cache)

	assert.Equal(t, mockJob.DependentJobs[0], mockChildJob.Id)
	assert.True(t, len(mockJob.DependentJobs) == 1)

	j, err := cache.Get(mockJob.Id)
	assert.NoError(t, err)

	assert.Equal(t, j.DependentJobs[0], mockChildJob.Id)

	j.Run(cache)
	time.Sleep(time.Second * 2)
	n := time.Now()

	assert.WithinDuration(t, mockChildJob.LastAttemptedRun, n, 4*time.Second)
	assert.WithinDuration(t, mockChildJob.LastSuccess, n, 4*time.Second)
}


technicoll® 9462 has a short pot life and a simple handling for bonding small areas of different kinds of materials. Initial strength is achieved after 25 minutes at room temperature. technicoll® 9462 has strong strength values for many kinds of substrates and high resistance to humidity and weather influences.


Transponder perk ensures board members who determine New York toll rates never pay a toll themselves.
The board members responsible for imposing tolls on New York state motorists will never have to pay a toll in their lifetime. The New York Daily News reports that Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) board members each get special E-ZPass transponders that provide toll-free driving and do not expire, even when the individuals leave their position on the board. Tolls in New York City currently range up to $10 for a one-way trip across the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge.
Former MTA Chairman Peter S. Kalikow has eight of these transponders that he can use on up to eight of his favorite cars, ensuring he will never have to pay that $10. Among the perfectly restored classics in his collection is a councours-winning 1961 Ferrari 250 GT California Spyder. Another 1961 Spyder in equally fine condition sold at auction earlier this month for $10.9 million, the most ever paid for a used car. As for new Ferraris, Kalikow was not satisfied with the ordinary $265,000 Ferrari 612 Scaglietti. He commissioned Italian coachbuilder Pininfarina create a one-of-a-kind version of the V-12 exotic with every body panel customized to suit his refined tastes.
Motoring aficionados are not the only ones to enjoy the free tolls perk. Even the advocates of mass transit on the board can call for higher tolls knowing they will never pay them. Andrew Albert of the Transit Riders Council has one permanent E-ZPass. Long Island Railroad Commuters Council Chairman James McGovern and Metro-North Commuter Council Chairman James Blair each have two. Board Vice Chairman David Mack has six, Vice Chairman Andrew Saul has four. The rest of the board members have one or two. Only board member Nancy Shevell turned down the perk.
"Our board members are not compensated and this is one very small way to acknowledge their many hours of public service," an MTA spokesman told the Daily News.


text:
The Journey.
Nobody knows why they were in the forest but they were and by good fortune, they met. A moonless night was fast approaching and she was cold, and scared of the dark. He found her quite by chance sitting under a tree.
He didn't approach her immediately, he looked from afar. He didn't know why she was in the forest she was the first real person he had seen in a long time. She was beautiful to look at, about the same height as him, pale skinned and the most amazing eyes he had ever seen, she also had an aura about her that attracted him and so, making a suitable amount of noise so he wouldn't startle her, he approached the place where she sat.
She looked at him curiously, wondering where this stranger had come from here in the middle of nowhere. She wasn't sure why she was here, but she knew there was a reason and for a second she resented the intrusion. He sat a reasonable distance from her, greeted her and suggested they make a fire. That did it for her, she relaxed and although she was capable of making a perfectly good fire herself decided to let him do it, feeling it would be a gesture to make him feel more comfortable.
They sat closer now, looking into the fire. They mixed up the food they both had and cooked up a pretty good meal and they talked. He sensed she was cold and took out some spare blankets and wrapped them around her, she snuggled closer to him and for a while, they sat there silently appreciating the other and feeling warm and safe.
"Why are you here?", she asked.
"I am lost", he replied and then was silent.
She looked at him again. He didn't look like the sort of person to be lost. He wasn't the typical rugged outdoor explorer type but he did have an air about him of being able to handle himself in most situations. He wasn't the sort of boy who wouldn't know how to find his way, of that she was sure.
"Why are you lost?".
He sighed and looked at the stars and said nothing for a while... Then, instead of replying he returned the question and asked her why she was here in the forest with him. "Are you my guide?", he asked. She shook her head, "No, I am your friend".
He hunted through his rucksack, spreading things around on the ground. She smiled as he pulled out a small whistle and played them some tunes. They cuddled up more, feeling as though they had known each other forever. "I like you being my friend", he said. She thought she spotted a tear but she said nothing. He held her tighter. They fell in love.
It was a cold but clear night and he pointed upwards. "I love the stars" he told her. He explained how he used to go out with an astronomer who couldn't look at the stars without seeing clouds of gas and knowing what they were made of. By knowing what stars were made of, he pondered she had lost sight of the beauty of the night. She couldn't see those old Gods in the skies, she would never appreciate Zeus in his guise as the snow white Bull which took Europe across the sea to Crete nor the Ram that saved Phrixus and Helle from Hera. Heracles and Perseus would be lost to her forever and maybe most sadly, she would never be able to wish on a shooting star. She looked with him, she showed him her Bull and talked to him of her beliefs he listened appreciatively. They were both people who could look at something and see beauty.
"I am lost because I have nowhere to go". He said, out of the blue. "I can't find my way, because there is no way. I walk around and around, and although the scenery changes somewhat, my situation is always the same".
She didn't know what to say. She felt like he had shared something with her that didn't require a comment. He held her more tightly and she held him back. They cried together, they learned to trust.
"I thought I knew where I was going", she confided in him. "It all seemed so simple once, but now I find myself lost in this forest just like you".
He poured some milk he'd heated into two cups and mixed in some powder. He passed her a cup of hot chocolate and had one himself. It wasn't much but it seemed to help them. It was getting late and she was still cold.
"Tuck me in?", she asked him.
"Can I join you?"
She nodded.
"For ever?", he murmured.
"Maybe".
They curled up together by the fire, holding one other tightly. For the first time in a long time, they both felt safe and comfortable. Tomorrow, they would try and find their way out of the forest together. They both slept soundly, dreaming of not being lost any more. They had a new map now and although neither could see it, they both felt they knew the way now.
They journeyed through the forest together for many days and nights. They grew closer and more comfortable as they played and talked together and explored their world. Days and nights turned into weeks and months and soon the two were as close as any two people could be,
"We are reaching the edge of the forest", she said one day. "I can go home".
The boy said nothing; he had sensed this time coming for a while and didn't know what to do. She wanted to leave the forest and return to the world outside whereas he had no other home than the forest. She knew this but still she wanted to leave.
"You will come with me to the edge?" she asked, looking worried.
"Of course", he replied, smiling.
Later, alone that evening, he cried. This was the first intimate moment he had not shared with the girl since they met and that made it all the more painful. He watched the two foxes they had got to know playing in the distance, a brown and a white one and tried to cheer himself up before returning to her with a brave face.
"What will you do?", he asked.
She told him again of her family, of her friends, of one she loved out there. She assured the boy that she didn't love the one outside like she loved him, but she had to return because she had a strong sense of obligation.
"Come with me back into the forest", he whispered.
"No, I cannot", she replied.
The next evening, they reached the forest edge. They slept that night amongst the trees, curled up in one another's arms still deeply in love. The girl knew deep down that this would be their last night like this. She pondered how her friends outside thought her to be vain and selfish and how the boy saw nothing of this in her; he simply saw her beauty and trusted her unconditionally. She knew she would hurt him but she was excited about returning home and all the fun things she could do. He was strong, she reasoned, he can live without me.
The boy watched her walk away and waved. She had said she may return soon and she hoped that he would wait. The boy set up camp in the trees and did so. Once more, the sleepless lonely nights turned into weeks and he had never felt as miserable and alone as he did now. The stars were no comfort, the books he had loved didn't help and the forest animals were mostly avoiding him. His mood scared them off; they sensed that he wanted to be alone.
He heard news of the girl occasionally from passers by and then, one day, one of them gave him a letter from her. It said that she missed him and thanked him for waiting for her. It talked of her friends who still thought her selfish and it talked of the possessiveness of her partner. He was sad for her and resolved to wait longer convinced she would return; but, one day, some weeks later he woke up and saw a letter had been placed by his bed.
"Thank you for waiting for me. I have decided to stay on the outside. I hope we can still see one another occasionally and still be friends".
Was all that she had written.
The boy packed up his things and tidied away the camp. He set out walking into the darkest part of the forest not knowing what he was doing nor where he was going, but then this was how his life had always been before.
Weeks passed by in which he remembered nothing and then one day, he woke up to feel the two foxes curled up by him. He felt happiness for the first time in ages as he ruffled the brown one's fur. He fed them scraps and read them a story about a Little Prince who came from his asteroid home to the Earth; he thought they would appreciate it since it had a fox in it. The foxes played, and he played with them. He thanked them for not deserting him when he was unhappy and bad tempered. The boy carried on his life exploring and played with the foxes and other forest animals, relieved to have found company and happiness again. He slowly healed and though he couldn't forget the girl, he hoped she would find some happiness in her world too.
One evening, months later he came upon a girl, quite by chance, sitting under a tree, afraid of the dark. She was the first person he had seen in a long time and he didn't approach her immediately and when he did, he did it noisily so as not to startle her. The foxes came with him and the girl looked surprised to see the group.
"Hello", she said, looking relieved to see somebody. "I am lost".
He smiled at her warmly, and offered her food and a cup of hot chocolate.
"I am not lost", he said, "This is my home".
They shared a meal together, mostly silently.
"Are you trying to find your way home?", he eventually asked her.
"No", she replied... "I don't know what I want".
The foxes approached the girl with caution but soon accepted snacks from her and curled up at her feet.
"Would you care to join us?", he ventured.
She smiled: "For ever?"
"Why not", he replied, hiding a tear of happiness from her.
Copyright � Michael Lawrie, 2004, 2005. All Rights Reserved.


Hello from sunny San Diego! We are in full swing here at Cisco Live US with 25,000 attendees from our Cisco community of customers and partners, showcasing how we are enabling the digital economy today and well into the future.
Chances are that if you know anything about Cisco, you know we're the networking leader and a major player in the wireless world. But did you know that beyond wireless networking, Cisco has mobility solutions for every step of the mobile journey – from wireless infrastructure to personalized end user experiences? In fact, Mobility is leading the way as we all leap into the digital era and changing the way we live, play, work, and learn.
If you are at Cisco Live this week, I hope you had a chance to get a glimpse of how Cisco Mobility solutions can transform your workstyles and lifestyles. At the Future of the Network – Innovation Talk, you may have seen how mobility transforms customer and workforce experiences, as well as provides powerful insights to organizations to make smarter and decisions. A fun demo that involved the audience – and their mobile devices – showed the power of Cisco Connected Mobile Experiences (CMX) analytics. Cisco also hosted over 100 analysts at Cisco's C-Scape reception, where we walked analysts through a mobile user's experience with a higher education lens – enabled by Cisco CMX and Mobility Services Engine (MSE), Enterprise Mobility Services Platform (EMSP), Hyperlocation, Wave 2 wireless APs and controllers, and Identity Services Engine (ISE). Whew, that's a lot of acronyms!
We're only halfway through Cisco Live, so you still have plenty of opportunity to dive into what those acronyms actually do to transform your business. Today and tomorrow, check out our Mobility demos, speaker sessions, and participate in the Network Innovation Masters Game Show. And as always, connect with us on Twitter and Facebook.


text:
Q: Weird htaccess file I am working on a client's site, and I spot this htaccess file.
# -FrontPage-

IndexIgnore .htaccess */.??* *~ *# */HEADER* */README* */_vti*

<Limit GET POST>
order deny,allow
deny from all
allow from all
</Limit>
<Limit POST PUT DELETE>
order deny,allow
deny from all
</Limit>
AuthName [cut]
AuthUserFile  /web/u354/www70620/www/_vti_pvt/service.pwd
AuthGroupFile /web/u354/www70620/www/_vti_pvt/service.grp

Can someone explain what is going on?
So, in the first limit, they are allowing all post, but in the second limit they deny it?
And what is up with the Auth stuff at the bottom? I know it deals with basic web auth, but the site doesn't require a login to view it.

A: This is the crud microsoft frontpage apache module puts in. You can safely remove it.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


New Delhi (Sputnik): India's state-run carrier Air India is up for divestment with the government allowing foreign private investors to buy a 49 percent stake in the company.
The existing policy allowing foreign airlines are to invest in the capital of Indian airlines, except for Air India, up to a limit of 49% of their paid-up capital but has now been tweaked to accommodate this impending deal.
"It has now been decided to do away with this restriction and allow foreign airlines to invest up to 49% under approval route in Air India subject to the conditions that foreign investment(s) in Air India including that of foreign Airline(s) shall not exceed 49% either directly or indirectly and substantial ownership and effective control of Air India shall continue to be vested in Indian National," the Indian government said in a statement after a cabinet meeting chaired by Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Wednesday.
Aviation industry expects the government move will lead to 4-6 serious bids for Air India. "No major Indian corporation from outside of aviation will invest in such a complex project without an experienced strategic partner. Allowing foreign airlines to participate will increase the number of interested bidders and the valuation," aviation consultancy firm CAPA, said.
Currently, Air India is incurring a net loss of $569 million annually as per the latest official data presented by India's Civil Aviation Ministry in the Parliament. It has a total debt of over $8 billion, of which about $2.8 billion are aircraft loans and $5.2 billion are working capital loans.
"Air India has been facing losses for the past many years on account of a multitude of factors like high fuel prices, high-interest burden, increasing competition especially from low-cost carriers, high debt-equity ratio, and high airport charges," Jayant Sinha, India's Minister of State for Civil Aviation said last week.


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The main portion of if I need is a table in the middle of the email but I currently only can use it when I paste data to excel. If you are following our blogs on a regular basis then probably you have gone through the blog where Rishabh have very clearly shown to us that how to remove excel password without any e our popular Excel Timeline Template for making your own project timelines. Learn Remove Password From Excel Using Excel VBA ( Coding) you can learn such more tricks.
When I started using Excel VBA with regularity, it seemed like the right VBA code would allow me to see into the ee Download. If you' re new to Visual Basic PowerPoint programming read through this tutorial / mini- site I created for a VB Programming session I taught at PPTLive. Once you embed the file, you can filter/ sort it with the cells. Pdf vba excel tutorial.
An introductory tutorial on using our WinWedge software to collect data from an instrument into Excel. This post covers everything you need to know about using Cells and Ranges in VBA. Create 30+ barcodes into Microsoft Office Excel Spreadsheet with this Barcode Generator for Excel Add- in.
I was amazed that most of them preferred to keep at it, trying to pin down the one line of code the. QR- Code, DataMatrix & PDF417 2D Font for use in Microsoft ® Excel ®. TransferSpreadSheet Method to export different objects to specific file types export Query to this tutorial, for example you' ll learn how to embed a PDF file in an Excel Worksheet. There is much more to Excel Formatting than just making spreadsheets look good.
Actionable Excel Tips ( Templates & Workbooks Included) You Can Use Right Now to Create Eye- Catching Excel Dashboards OutputTo Method and DoCmd.
The screens some of the information is a bit dated but the information' s still good. You can read it from start to finish as it is laid out in a logical order. We have to do this outside Excel.
Excel charts do have auto- scaling as a default option but sometimes the scaling values we get are not what we need. If you prefer you can use the table of. About this site; Want to learn Excel quickly?
Want to learn the basics and more? Create high quality PDF 417 barcode images in Excel spreadsheets with this add- in. C# demo to guide how to save PDF page to high quality image converting PDF to compressed jpg multipage tiff image in C# language.
It was EXACTLY what I needed to solve my dilemma. The schema defines the structure of the XML file. How to remove password from Excel using VBA as part of our continued effort to give valuable resource of learning for Excel VBA Macros tutorial students. Looking for a fully illustrated tutorial?
We' ve covered a lot of great Excel macros which can accomplish the same things VBA scripts can but without the need. In addition to making your spreadsheet look professional send this data to Microsoft Excel for further processing , the formatting of data in Excel can also change the way the data is blem scenario: I would to receive my data from a RS232 ( COM) port , smart analyzing. " It is a capital mistake to theorize before one has data" - Sir Arthur Conan Doyle.
Where can I learn more about VBA programming in PowerPoint? To send emails from Microsoft Excel only requires a few simple scripts.
Thanks so much for posting this! Basic instructions on using Outlook' s VBA editor: how to open it where to put the code how to sign your commended Courses.
For example open Notepad add the following lines. First, we will create a schema based on XML source data. Add this functionality to your spreadsheets and you can really enhance how much you can accomplish in Excel. Pdf vba excel tutorial.
Excel Formatting. Excel VBA Tutorial Create Dynamic Graphs & Excel Presentation.
Entirely integrate into Microsoft Office Excel,, 20 versions. No Barcode Font VBA, Excel Macro ActiveX control to install. This Access tutorial explains how to use DoCmd.
I knew I needed to code but I couldn' t find anything clear and understandable about the Acrobat object in VBA certain models we need to be able to change the scale of the chart axes function of the result of a simulation.
Tutorial with step- by- step instructions and 4 VBA code examples you can use to easily convert PDF files to Excel right now. The VBA Range Object. The Excel Range Object is an object in Excel VBA that represents a cell, row, column, a selection of cells or a 3 dimensional range.
The Excel Range is also a Worksheet property that returns a subset of its cells. This Excel VBA Save as PDF Tutorial is accompanied by files containing the data and macros I use in the examples below.
You can get immediate free access to these example files by subscribing to the Power Spreadsheets Newsletter. The basic VBA method you use for converting Excel files to PDF is ExportAsFixedFormat. Therefore, let' s start this blog post by taking a look at it:.
VBA stands for Visual Basic for Applications, an event- driven programming language from is now predominantly used with Microsoft Office applications such as MSExcel, MS- Word and MS- Access. This tutorial teaches the basics of VBA.
Excel Macros i About the Tutorial An Excel macro is an action or a set of actions that you can record, give a name, save and run as many times as you want and whenever you want. This section provides various VBA tips and tutorials that you can use to automate your work in Excel.
These are usually focused on getting a specific task done ( such as highlighting blank cells or inserting date and timestamps). Writing Visual Basic for Applications code is hard, but what about writing VBA code that works and to write it fast? Often I found many colleges struggling to get a few simple procedures to work.


Home Showbiz Bollywood Sushmita Sen & Rohman Shawl to get wed in 2019?
Sushmita Sen & Rohman Shawl to get wed in 2019?
Former beauty queen, Sushmita Sen has recently taken to social media to admit that she is dating 27 year old model, Rohman Shawl.
The 42-year old beauty is said to be in love with the youngster. On her Instagram platform, she called him the "love" of her life. Now a friend of the actress claims that she is planning to tie the knot next year.


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VIDEO & VIDEO PRODUCTION
Gatemaster Technology case study
Facebook User Reach
Average Watch Time
Ad Recall
StorageMart is a chain of self-storage facilities headquartered in Columbia, Missouri that operates across the USA, Canada, and the UK. Founded in 1999, StorageMart has produced steady growth and operates 200+ locations worldwide. StorageMart requested our expertise with a new foundational video campaign – to reach across the many demographics of their customers and pull a fresh, singular storyline that almost anyone could relate to. Challenge accepted!
Messaging Strategy
Editing/Post Production
With this case, we worked as the messaging & creative production arm of the campaign – as such, we always measure the quality of our work by the campaign performance data. As these campaigns rolled out, StorageMart was ecstatic with the performance metrics.
"The first campaign we launched with this ad was a branding campaign that reached 170,000 people. We paid $0.01/play thru on Facebook, with the average person watching 25 seconds of the 30-second video. Ad recall on that campaign was 24.81%. We were thrilled with the results.
What surprised us more was the video's success as a lower-funnel ad. The 30-second video even outperformed its 6-second counterpart. It sees $0.28/click and $0.51/page view on Facebook, with other ads in the same campaign and ad set averaging $0.38/click and $0.61/page view."
-Heather Huffman (StorageMart)
Goals & Challenges
With this campaign, we were challenged to create an original, yet relatable, campaign storyline that could stay relevant for years to come. At the same time, we had to take into account various demographics, distribution/placement types, as well as various countries and languages.
Alongside the website, we supported design and production of materials for trade shows and other print designs that were needed throughout the year. We created email marketing campaigns that cyclically marketed their various products and services. We also managed social media campaigns that echoed the other strategies for consistent messaging.
Various Demographics
Upsizing/Downsizing
Families/Couples
Income Levels of all types
Countries & Cultural Differences
Multiple Countries and Languages
Use Cases and Distribution Placements
YouTube Campaigns
Facebook Campaigns
Website Placement
Pre-Roll/Unskippable (Extra Short Form)
Full Length US Spot
Short-Form US Spot
French (Full Length)
Spanish (Full Length)
How'd We Do It?
To accomplish our vision with StorageMart – we assembled a full-service video production plan. Our creative team handled everything from start to finish – including pre-production, film production, and post-production/editing. Additionally, we completed: Concept Development, Scriptwriting, Visual Development & Storyboarding, Location & Talent Acquisition, Costuming & Props, On-Location Film Production, Voiceover Sourcing & Contracting (Multi-Lingual), Music Acquisition & Licensing, Post-Production, Editing, & Motion Graphics, Delivery & File Support
" Working with The Evoke Group was a pleasure from day one. They were both organized and easy-going, outlining what we could expect from day one but always rolling with it when we threw unexpected challenges their way. They perfectly captured what I was hoping for in the video they did for us at StorageMart, beautifully bringing to life the vague vision we gave them at the project's outset. The end result is a gorgeous video that's performing well in ads. It's something our brand can be proud of. They've without question become my go-to for any video needs I have."
– Heather Huffman || Storage Mart


The academic year Sunday schedule begins today.
The church opens today at 10:00 AM and closes at 2:00 PM.
The Church of Saint Mary the Virgin is located in Midtown Manhattan, New York City on West 46th Street between 6th and 7th Ave. There is also an entrance on West 47th Street between Sixth and Seventh Ave.


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There's no escaping the division, in every arena
Posted Thursday, October 13, 2022 11:00 am
Why do you have to make everything a political issue? some readers ask, and then they sign off with, "[Expletive] Biden!"
It's too late for false indignation; everything is political, from the books in our schools to the vaccines we get, from abortion and contraception to who we marry, who we are, what we eat, where we live, whether we worship and how.
MAGA and the extreme right have hyper-politicized American life. Their movement is fueled by hypocrisy — most recently, when it comes to women's rights, most particularly women's reproductive rights.
The GOP led the charge to overturn Roe v. Wade, setting up the end play by recruiting several ultra-conservative justices, named to the Supreme Court by former President Donald Trump.
Most Republicans proudly take responsibility for this new restriction on women's lives. The story takes a cynical twist, however. In the upcoming election, the GOP is backing former football player Herschel Walker for the Senate in Georgia. Walker was anointed by the former president, and touted a radical anti-abortion position. Then, in an inconvenient turn of events, a woman came forward, saying Walker had paid for her abortion and asked her to get a second one, which she refused to do, according to The New York Times. Walker disowns the proof, hospital receipts and a personal note allegedly written by him and made public by the former girlfriend.
I wouldn't spend the ink on this except for the galling hypocrisy. How does Walker, a clearly unqualified candidate who is morally challenged and intellectually naïve, still enjoy the support of most Republicans? They say one thing and they do another. They pose as righteous, but they put forward candidates like Reps. Marjorie Taylor Green, Lauren Boebert and Matt Gaetz, extremists who pander to racists and antisemites.
The GOP embraces life except when it comes to supporting the lives of single mothers or early-childhood programs or many of the other social welfare initiatives that give people a helping hand. That is the living, breathing definition of hypocrisy.
The worship of the former president is, we know, a kind of psychological contagion. The self-appointed morality police in the mostly far-right GOP are actively supporting a corrupt, misogynistic man who should have been barred from public office years ago. Like you, I heard him on tape in 2016 saying he could grab a woman's private parts because he was a celebrity. That was enough for me; the mystery is why the hypocrites are sticking around for a second act.
We are in October, Breast Cancer Awareness Month. That is a women's issue, too. Every year, some 264,000 cases of breast cancer are diagnosed in the United States. The political piece is the laws deciding who gets access to screening and the best therapies.
In 2019, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 625,346 abortions were performed in U.S., meaning that more than twice as many women who get breast cancer will seek an abortion. Both breast cancer and abortions are significant health issues in women's lives, and are best viewed through the lens of what is healthiest for the women. The deciders should be the women and their doctors, not politicians.
As president, Trump turned out to be worse than we feared, an unprepared and erratic man who undermined our peace of mind and peace in the world. He triggered a political lurch to the extreme right. At one point he threatened to defund Planned Parenthood, which, among its services, offers basic breast cancer screenings. He launched a renewed attack on women's reproductive rights.
We live now in a political environment that feels increasingly hostile to me as an American woman. Breast cancer is, almost exclusively, a woman's disease. It affects our morale, our confidence and our appearance. It brings us face to face with our own mortality.
Abortions are, exclusively, performed on women.
Breast Cancer Awareness Month is a good time to renew the fight for women's rights, and access to decent health screenings and care.
People ask why get political, but politics has already saturated the fabric of our lives. Women's rights have been politicized, not by women but by morality police who want to tell them who to be and how to be and if or when to have children. In the Herschel Walker case, the extremists are keeping two sets of rules, one for Walker and one for everyone else.
Copyright 2022 Randi Kreiss. Randi can be reached at randik3@aol.com.
We must remember — and teach — the Holocaust
The 2024 election: 1912 all over again?
A.I. is sucking the life out of us
Pence can persuade America he's the president it needs


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Mearns, Edgar Alexander (1856-1916)
Mearns, Edgar Alexander (1856-1916), ornithologist, mammalogist, and army surgeon
Edgar Alexander Mearns. Courtesy of the Library of Congress (LC-USZ62-115922).
Keir B. Sterling
Mearns, Edgar Alexander (11 September 1856–01 November 1916), ornithologist, mammalogist, and army surgeon, was born in Highland Falls, New York, the son of Alexander Mearns and Nancy Carswell. He attended Donald Highland Institute in Highland Falls. When still very young, he grew interested in local plants and animals and planned a book on the natural history of the area, which he was unable to complete at the time. Many years later, in 1898, he did publish a fifty-page account of some of his conclusions as "A Study of the Vertebrate Fauna of the Hudson Highlands, with observations on the Mollusca, Crustacea, Lepidoptera, and the Flora of the Region" in the ...
Rains, George Washington (1817-1898), soldier, scientist, engineer, and educator
Edward Hagerman
Rains, George Washington (1817–21 March 1898), soldier, scientist, engineer, and educator, was born in Craven County, North Carolina, the son of Gabriel M. Rains and Hester Ambrose. Rains graduated third in his 1842 class of the U.S. Military Academy. He was commissioned in the Corps of Engineers but transferred to the artillery. In 1844 Rains was detached to West Point as assistant professor of chemistry, geology, and mineralogy. He served with distinction in the war with Mexico and was breveted captain for gallantry at the battles of Contreras and Churubusco and major for gallantry at Chapultepec. Following postings in the South and Northeast, he resigned his commission in 1856, the same year he married Francis Josephine Ramsdell. The number of their children, if any, is unknown. He served as president of the Washington Iron Works and then the Highland Iron Works, both in Newburgh, New York. Rains joined the ranks of soldier-inventors produced by West Point, when in 1860–1861 he patented several inventions relating to steam engines and boilers....
Woodward, Joseph Janvier (1833-1884), U.S. Army medical officer
Mary C. Gillett
Woodward, Joseph Janvier (30 October 1833–17 August 1884), U.S. Army medical officer, was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, the son of Joseph Janvier Woodward and Elizabeth Graham Cox. He entered the University of Pennsylvania in 1850 and was granted an M.D. degree in 1853. He then practiced medicine in Philadelphia until 1861. During this early period of his career he also taught surgery at the University of Pennsylvania, gave private lessons in the uses of the microscope in pathology, and published the first of a number of papers on cancer....


Within SIDIA, the Labenc (Laboratory of Electrical Measurements of SIDIA) has the function of evaluating the energy efficiency of LCD / LED and Plasma TVs.
Labenc is the first in the North and Northeast to be accredited by the General Coordination of Accreditation of Inmetro (CGCRE) for this type of test.
Energy efficiency tests are important because they give consumers the assurance that the product they are purchasing is within the standards established by Inmetro, which classifies appliances according to a scale from A (more efficient) to D (less efficient) .
In addition, the manufacturer is also encouraged to launch more energy-efficient products, contributing to technological development and reducing environmental impacts.
Every company needs, during the process of planning a new product, to submit the project for energy efficiency analysis in a laboratory accredited by CGCRE. Only after testing and with laboratory approval can the manufacturer place the product for sale.
In this way Labenc plays a fundamental role for the technological development of several brands in the segment.
Labenc is part of the Brazilian Network of Testing Laboratories (RBLE) and is able to attend manufacturers of all brands and from any part of the country.


Kentucky Governor Matt Bevin (R) recently signed the Pregnant Workers Act, SB 18, to provide pregnancy-related accommodations for employees in the Bluegrass State.
The Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court recently discussed class certification in state court wage and hour cases, endorsing the same civil procedure rules in that context as is applicable to other class actions.
On April 15, 2019, a California Court of Appeal affirmed summary judgment for the employer in an action alleging class-wide violations of the hyper-technical provisions of the federal Fair Credit Reporting Act.
New Mexico's state legislature has been busy over the past few weeks acting on bills introduced earlier this year. The state has enacted at least 9 new laws affecting employers, covering many topics from health care access to criminal background checks.
This podcast addresses immigration enforcement trends affecting the construction industry – particularly I-9 audits.
A review of recent activity with regard to rulemakings and court decisions concerning the DOL, EEOC, NLRB and OFCCP.
In a work session held on April 3, 2019, the Labor & Social Welfare Commission of Mexico's House of Representatives issued the last draft of the decree to reform the Federal Labor Law. This article summarizes key provisions of the proposed reform.
En sesión sostenida el 3 de abril del presente año, la Comisión de Trabajo y Previsión Social de la Cámara de Diputados emitió la última versión del proyecto de decreto que reforma la Ley Federal del Trabajo.


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Two Australian drivers disqualified after testing positive for cannabis days after using it
Pondering Pot reports.. and in the same town that they keep crowing about the fact that Asterion are going to build the southern hemisphere's largest cannabis growing facility. The old one rule for the etc……
A Queensland court has fined two locals after police caught them driving with cannabis in their systems.
Australia (currently) has a zero-tolerance policy for driving and THC (the primary psychoactive component in cannabis). Although THC can stay in the body for weeks after a person consumes cannabis, any driver who tests positive for THC is considered to be driving under the influence of cannabis – despite their actual level of impairment.
While a zero-tolerance policy for THC and driving is hotly debated worldwide, these drug laws still have a huge impact on everyday Australian drivers. Two recent cases in Toowoomba, Queensland embody that. Both drivers faced Toowoomba Magistrates Court on Tuesday the 15th of May.
The first driver, a male support worker, was arrested after he returned a positive result for THC during a roadside drug test on Anzac Ave. The test was performed just after 6 pm on April 23rd. However, the support worker told police that he had not smoked cannabis for at least a week.
Despite this, he pleaded guilty in court to driving under the influence of cannabis. Magistrate Kay Ryan disqualified him from driving for three months and fined him $350.
Magistrate Ryan also heard the case of the second driver, a local woman. She was arrested after returning a positive result for cannabis during a roadside drug test on Mort Street. The test was performed just before 2 pm on April 24th, though she also explained that it had been two days since she used cannabis.
She later pleaded guilty to a charge of driving under the influence of cannabis and was given a one-month disqualification from driving and a $300 fine.
Although Magistrate Ryan didn't record a conviction against either driver, they were both negatively affected by Australia's zero-tolerance approach to THC. Assuming they were both truthful with police, neither driver was impaired by cannabis when they were arrested. Current research shows that the "high" from cannabis lasts 3 – 10 hours and drivers recover "almost all" driving skills 7 hours after consuming cannabis.
Although they didn't make our roads more dangerous, both drivers were given the sentence our drug laws say they deserve. Perhaps it's time to re-think them.
Source: https://www.ponderingpot.com.au/qld/two-aussie-drivers-disqualified-after-testing-positive-for-cannabis-days-after-using-it/


BOMBARDIER 3859130 ERNEST TAYLOR of the 55th Field Regiment, Royal Artillery, was killed in action on April 8th 1945 during the final advance into Germany, which led to the end of the war one month later.
Ernest was aged twenty eight. He was born in Oldham, the son of Samuel and Edith Taylor. He was working at a dye-works in Lancaster when war was declared in 1939. Ernest and Nellie married in 1939, and in 1940 he was called up into the Army. He went to France in 1944 and took part in the heavy fighting from Normandy in France into Germany itself.
At the time of his death Ernest left Nellie a widow with a small daughter aged three. Nellie, formerly from Baxenden, lived in Morecambe at that time.
Ernest was buried by his comrades in a small cemetery in Ohrte, near Osnabruck. In April 1946, however, the Army Graves Service chose a site at Rheinburg for a permanent War Cemetery where the graves could be better cared for. Rheinburg is a small town about three miles from the west bank of the River Rhine, fifteen miles north of Krefeld and eight miles south of Wesel. The War Cemetery is two miles from the town centre in a pleasant situation in agricultural land with woods to the north and west. There are 3,310 war graves, mostly R.A.F. men lost in bombing raids over Germany. Ernest is with 404 of his military comrades.


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Men's unemployment is "women's work"
What sociologist Arlie Hochschild called women's "emotion work"—"the management of feeling to create a publicly observable facial and bodily display"—is a permanent feature in society, largely resulting from industrialization. But its form changes with respect to the shifting socio-economic structures that constitute a woman's world.
In my recently published article, "Stand By Your Man: Wives' Emotion Work During Men's Unemployment; I examine the form women's emotion work takes during a male spouse's unemployment. Research on unemployment has shown us that it has adverse consequences on well-being, a sense of self, as well as marital relationships. When it comes to marriage, research has focused on the question of how men who saw their role as providers dramatically change when they ceased being the family breadwinner. These studies explain that in families with flexible gender ideologies—that is, both men and women have broader conceptions of men's role in the family beyond being the breadwinning patriarch—marital couples experience less strain and strife than couples who are unable to move beyond traditional gender norms and gender bias.
Surprisingly, much of the extant research conceives of unemployment as primarily being emotionally consequential for just the unemployed individual—I noticed that the wives' emotions were generally overlooked. Therefore, in my own research, I assessed the terrain of women's emotions, as they are affected by their male spouse's unemployment. What I learned illuminates the complexity of the emotional weight of husbands' unemployment on wives. The wives of unemployed men I interviewed explained how they managed their own emotions and suppressed their anxieties in an attempt to preserve a "normal" atmosphere in their homes, for fear that their own anxiety would further upset their unemployed husbands. For example, Maeve, whose husband Nate was unemployed for almost two years, told me, "I can't control how he's going to take me being worried. So, I don't tell him that I'm worried." Like Maeve, the women I interviewed privileged their husbands' emotional well-being over their own. Unfortunately, for Maeve as well as for most wives I interviewed, this meant these women dealt with their emotions privately; some explained to me that they coped by stress eating, or they suffered bouts of depression.
The point of this kind of emotion work—that of concealment—meant that their husbands were unaware that they, too, were trying to deal with their unemployment. After all, the entire family is impacted and bears the repercussions of the husband's unemployment. Ironically, husbands did not shield their emotions from their wives. In fact, in their interviews, the unemployed husbands explained how they relied on their wives as a kind of therapeutic, emotional and physical support system. This is in line with previous research on emotion work which has found that in most arenas of family life, female partners do far more emotion work for their male partners than vice versa.
Distinct from previous research, I discovered the myriad forms of wives' emotion work, as well as the market-motivated reasons behind this emotion work. Unlike its counterpart in the public domain known as "emotional labor," emotion work typically has been perceived as being separate from any notion of economic gain. Yet, these women's emotion work was largely aimed at getting their husbands' re-employed. They recognized that the job-search process in which their college-educated and white-collar husbands participated was an emotionally arduous process, where a confident and upbeat presentation of self was important to succeeding in job interviews. Consequently, wives focused their energies on positively shaping their husband's emotions, conscientiously playing cheerleader in an effort to boost their husbands' morale and professional self-worth. For example, Emily cheerfully told her husband Brian that "any company would be lucky to have him," even while she herself worried that his dolefulness would keep him from doing well in interviews.
While the women I interviewed often expressed their love and concern for their husbands, their own emotion work was driven by concerns about their family's financial well-being. Emily, for example, worried about having to sell their house and downsize because of her husband's continuing unemployment. During our interview, she expressed this worry as she asked me a rhetorical question, clearly emerging from her concerns about her husband's presentation of self: "How're you going to find a job when you have no confidence and are very emotional?"
This data highlights an ongoing societal trend where women's emotions and emotional well-being matters less than their husbands'. Female spouses' emotion work remains at the service of their family. Furthermore, the documented forms of this emotion work, driven by the goal of the husband's re-employment, reflect the vast influence of the job market in molding emotional dynamics in these marriages.


Very comfortable family-friendly, has 4 TVs which includes the outside TV. All TVs are connected to it in motion satellite do you watch while you're driving through DIRECTV. Also has rear and side view cameras which come in handy when backing up and changing lanes.
Rv must be returned with a full tank of gas and propane tank must be full. Rv must be clean inside and out. The back and grey water tanks must be empty as well. There will be a additional charge if any of these items are not done.


New York's most recent tour de force building, 432 Park Avenue, exemplifies the city's strong spirit, in not only its size, but its splendor. The luxury skyscraper, developed by Macklowe Properties and CIM Group and designed by Rafael Viñoly, will soon take its place as both the tallest residential structure in both he world's greatest city and in the Western Hemisphere as a whole. While the 96-story, 104-unit tower could easily rest on its credentials alone, the building also favors design as highly as function. Sleek, slender, and a stunning accent to the city's iconic skyline, 432 Park Avenue strikes a delicate balance between beauty and boldness.