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Astragaloside IV controls collagen reduction in photoaging skin by improving transforming growth factor-β/Smad signaling suppression and inhibiting matrix metalloproteinase-1
Ran Li
Ning Yan
Wen Qian
Hui‑Li Jiang
Chao Ji
Zhi‑Gang Bi
Affiliations: Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210024, P.R. China, Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian 350005, P.R. China, Department of Dermatology, BenQ Medical Center, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210019, P.R. China
Published online on: January 16, 2015 https://doi.org/10.3892/mmr.2015.3212
Copyright: © Chen et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of Creative Commons Attribution License [CC BY_NC 3.0].
Exposure to ultraviolet (UV) light reduces levels of type I collagen in the dermis and results in human skin damage and premature skin aging (photoaging). This leads to a wrinkled appearance through the inhibition of transforming growth factor‑β (TGF‑β)/Smad signaling. UV irradiation increases type I collagen degradation through upregulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) expression. Astragaloside IV (AST) is one of the major active components extracted from Astragalus membranaceus. However, its multiple anti‑photoaging effects remain to be elucidated. In the present study, the effects of AST against collagen reduction in UV‑induced skin aging in human skin fibroblasts were investigated. The expression of type I procollagen (COL1), MMP‑1, TGF‑βRⅡ and Smad7 were determined using reverse transcription‑polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and ELISA, respectively. UV irradiation inhibits type I collagen production by suppressing the TGF‑β/Smad signaling pathway and increasing COL1 degradation by inducing MMP‑1 expression. Transforming growth factor‑β type II protein and COL1 mRNA decreased but MMP‑1 and Smad7 levels increased in the photoaging model group, which was reversed by topical application of AST. AST prevents collagen reduction from UV irradiation in photoaging skin by improving TGF‑β/Smad signaling suppression and inhibiting MMP‑1, thus AST may be a potential agent against skin photoaging.
Ultraviolet (UV) irradiation impairs human skin and causes premature skin aging (photoaging), which results in deep wrinkles and pigment formation (1,2). Type I collagen, the most abundant structural protein in skin connective tissue, is essential for maintaining the strength and elasticity of the skin. Disorganization, fragmentation and dispersion of collagen bundles are three characteristics in human photoaging skin (1,3). Destroying the structural integrity of the collagenous extracellular matrix is well-established to be the major reason for the wrinkled appearance of photoaged skin (4). UV irradiation decreases type I collagen through two interdependent pathways: Stimulation of collagen degradation and inhibition of type I procollagen (COL1) production (3,5). Thus, UV-induced control of type I collagen production is one of the critical factors in the mechanism of photoaging.
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β) is the primary regulator of collagen synthesis in human skin (6–9). TGF-β functions by binding to specific receptor complexes, including TGF-β type I (TβRI) and TGF-β type II (TβRII) receptors on the cell surface (9). Smad7 is one of the negative factors in the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, which interacts with TβRI to prevent activation of Smad2/3, thereby inhibiting TGF-β signaling. It has been reported that UV irradiation impairs TGF-β/Smad signaling through downregulating the transcription of TβRII. This impairment is a major reason for the reduced procollagen synthesis in human skin fibroblasts (10). For this reason, the prevention of UV-induced loss of TβRII may precede the recovery of type I collagen reduction in photoaging skin.
UV irradiation leads to direct or indirect DNA damage and the formation of radical oxygen species, which causes the subsequent activation of complex signaling pathways, followed by the induction of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in skin cells. MMPs are a group of extracellular matrix (ECM) enzymes, which can degrade the protein components of the ECM (11). Upregulation of MMPs, particularly collagenase-1 (MMP-1), generated by several types of cells, including fibroblasts, keratinocytes, endothelial cells, macrophages, hepatocytes, chondrocytes and osteoblasts, is responsible for the lysis of dermal collagen in skin aging.
Astragaloside IV (AST) is a small molecular saponin with multiple activities under pathophysiological conditions, including antihypertensive, positive inotropic action, anti-inflammatory and anti-infarct properties. However, the effect of AST in photoaging skin remains to be elucidated. The present study focused on whether AST prevents collagen degradation in photoaging skin and the possible underlying mechanisms, in vivo and in vitro to determine whether AST inhibits collagen reduction in photoaging skin by improving TGF-β/Smad signaling suppression and inhibiting MMP-1.
Rabbit polyclonal immunoglobulin G (IgG) anti-TβRII (sc-220) and mouse monoclonal IgG2b anti-tubulin (sc-23950) antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz Biotechnology, Inc. (Dallas, TX, USA).
Human skin fibroblasts (HSFs), derived from newborn skin were acquired from the Chinese Academy of Medical Science (Beijing, China). The cells were then cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM; Hyclone, Logan, UT, USA), supplemented with 10% fetal calf serum (FCS; Invitrogen Life Technologies, Victoria, Australia), 100 U/ml penicillin and 100 μg/ml streptomycin (Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, MO, USA). HSFs were cultivated in 75-cm2 culture flasks in an incubator at 37°C with a humidified atmosphere containing 5% carbon dioxide. When the cells reached 80–90% confluency, they were subcultivated to 60-mm culture dishes.
UVB irradiation
A total of four F36T12 ERE-VHO UV tubes were used in the present study as the UV source. A Kodacel TA401/407 filter (Kodak, Tokyo, Japan) was mounted 4 cm in front of the tubes to block UVC (wavelengths >290 nm). The irradiation intensity was monitored using a UVR radiometer equipped with a UVA sensor (Bioblock Scientific, Tournai, Belgium). Subconfluent HSFs were cultured in DMEM containing 0.1% FCS for 24 h and subsequently incubated in DMEM with various concentrations of AST (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 μml; Sigma-Aldrich) for 24 h. HSFs were then washed twice with fresh phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; Sigma-Aldrich) and exposed to UVA irradiation (10 J/cm2) in a thin layer of PBS. Following irradiation, the cells were incubated in DMEM for the indicated time.
A total of 40 μg of protein from each sample was separated by 10–12% SDS-PAGE and transferred onto a polyvinylidene difluoride membrane (EMD Millipore, Bedford, MA, USA). Following blocking with 10% instant non-fat dry milk for 1 h, membranes were incubated with specific antibodies overnight at 4°C followed by incubation with horseradish-conjugated secondary IgG antibodies (anti-rabbit, #7074 and anti-mouse, #7076; Cell Signaling Technology, Inc., Danvers, MA, USA) for 1 h. Antibody binding was detected with the enhanced chemiluminescence detection system (Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ, USA).
Cell viability was measured using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) method as described previously (12).
Quantification of apoptosis by ELISA
The ELISA Detection kit (Roche, Palo Alto, CA, USA) was used to detect MMP-1 and Smad7 in HSFs with different treatments. Briefly, following the indicated treatments, the cytoplasmic histone/DNA fragments from cells were extracted and bound to immobilized anti-histone antibody. Subsequently, the peroxidase-conjugated anti-DNA antibody was used for the detection of immobilized histone/DNA fragments The antibodies used were from the ELISA Detection kit (Roche). Following the addition of a substrate for peroxidase, the spectrophotometric absorbance of the samples was determined using the Dynatech MR5000 plate reader at 405 nm (Dynatech Laboratories, Chantilly, VA, USA).
RNA isolation, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)
Total RNA was isolated from human skin (Chinese Academy of Medical Science) using TRIzol reagent (Invitrogen Life Technologies, Shanghai, China) and reverse transcription was conducted on 2 μg RNA using the PrimeScript RT reagent kit (TaKaRa Bio Inc. Ohtsu, Japan) and standard RT-PCR primers for human COL1: Forward: 5′-CGC CAT CAA GGT CTA CTG C-3′ and reverse: 5′-GAA TCC ATC GGT CAT GCT CT-3′ and tubulin forward, 5′-ATCAGCAATGCCTCCTGCAC-3′ and reverse, 5′-CGTCAAAGGTGGAGGAGTGG-3′. Data were normalized to tubulin expression and the untreated group was set as one. The PCR was semi-quantitative and the cycling conditions were 50°C for 2 min, 95°C for 1 min and 40 cycles of amplification at 95°C for 15 sec, 60°C for 1 min, followed by 95°C for 15 sec, 60°C for 30 sec and 95°C for 15 sec.
The values in the figures are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation. The figures in the present study were representative of >3 different experiments. Statistical analysis of the data between the control and treated groups was performed using SPSS software version 6.0 (SPSS, Inc., Chicago, IL, USA). P<0.05 was considered to indicate a statistically significant difference.
Effect of AST on cell viability in HSFs
Initially, it was assessed whether AST affects cell viability in HSFs using an MTT assay. As shown in Fig. 1, at a low concentration (20 μg/ml), AST did not affect cell viability. AST at 30 μg/ml exhibited almost a 25% increase in cell viability. When the concentration was 40 μg/ml, AST had the most significant effect (~50%) on HSFs compared with the control. Subsequently, the effect of AST on cell viability in UVA-exposed HSFs was examined. The results revealed that UVA irradiation (10 J/cm2) exhibited marked cytotoxicity. AST (40 μg/ml) enhanced cell viability in HSFs irradiated with UVA (Fig. 2).
Effect of AST on cell viability in human skin fibroblasts. Human fibroblasts were treated with or without AST for 24 h. The cytotoxicity was measured using an 3-(4,5-dimethylthylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Absorbance was read on a microplate reader at 490 nm. Results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments performed in triplicate. *P<0.05 compared with the ctrl group. AST, astragaloside IV; OD, optical density; ctrl, control.
Effect of AST on cell viability in UV-exposed human skin fibroblasts. Fibroblasts were pretreated with indicated concentrations of AST for 24 h, followed by irradiation with UVA (10 J/cm2). The cells were then further cultured for 24 h. Cytotoxicity was measured using an 3-(4,5-dimethylthylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5 diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. Absorbance was read on a microplate reader at 490 nm. Results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments performed in triplicate. **P<0.05, compared with the ctrl group. #P<0.05, compared with the UVA-irradiated only ctrl group. AST, astragaloside IV; OD, optical density; UV, ultraviolet; Ctrl, control.
Effect of AST on UVA-induced COL1 downregulation
Type I collagen is the most abundant structural protein in skin connective tissue. UV irradiation decreases type I collagen through inhibition of COL1 production. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate the effect of AST on UVA-induced COL1 downregulation. HSFs were pretreated with AST. Following UVA irradiation, secreted COL1 in the supernatants were harvested and identified using RT-PCR. As shown in Fig. 3, COL1 secretion was inhibited by UVA, while AST reversed this inhibitory effect. These results suggested that AST significantly prevented UV-induced reduction of COL1 mRNA expression.
Effect of AST on UVA-induced COL1 mRNA downregulation. Human skin fibroblasts were pretreated with the indicated concentrations of AST for 24 h, followed by irradiation with UVA (10 J/cm2) and then incubated for 24 h. Culture supernatants were harvested and COL1 mRNA expression was determined by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction. Results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments performed in triplicates. **P<0.05, compared with the ctrl; *P<0.05, compared with the UVA-irradiated only ctrlgroup. AST, astragaloside IV; UV, ultraviolet; Ctrl, control; COL1, type I procollagen.
Effect of AST on UVA-induced MMP-1 expression
It is well-established that UV irradiation damages human skin cells and causes photoaging. UVA and UVB irradiation of dermal fibroblasts induced MMP-1 expression, which is implicated in the degradation of human skin matrix proteins, including collagen and other components of the ECM. In the present study, to investigate whether AST affects the expression of MMP-1 in UVA-irradiated HSFs, cultured fibroblasts were pretreated with AST followed by UVA irradiation. MMP-1 protein levels were determined using ELISA. As expected, the results revealed that UVA irradiation significantly enhanced MMP-1 expression. The ELISA results demonstrated that pretreatment with AST markedly inhibited UVB-induced MMP-1 expression compared with the UVA-irradiated group (Fig. 4).
Effect of AST on UVA-induced MMP-1 expression. Human skin fibroblasts were pretreated with the indicated concentrations of AST for 24 h, followed by irradiation with UVA (10 J/cm2), and then incubated for 24 h. Culture supernatants were harvested and MMP-1 protein in the supernatants was determined with an ELISA immunoassay kit. Results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. *P<0.05 compared with the ctrl, **P<0.05, compared with the UVA-irradiated only ctrl group. AST, astragaloside IV; UV, ultraviolet; Ctrl, control; MMP-1, matrix metalloproteinase-1.
Inhibitory effect of AST on UVA-induced Smad7 expression
Smad7 is one of the negative factors in the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway, which interacts with TβRI to prevent activation of Smad2/3, thereby inhibiting TGF-β signaling. It was subsequently investigated whether AST affects the expression of Smad7 in UVA-irradiated HSFs. Smad7 protein levels were determined using ELISA. The results demonstrated that UVA irradiation significantly enhanced Smad7 expression and the expression of Smad7 induced by UVB irradiation was significantly attenuated by AST (Fig. 5).
Effect of AST on UVA-induced Smad7 expression. Human skin fibroblasts were pretreated with the indicated concentrations of AST for 24 h, followed by irradiation with UVA (10 J/cm2), and then incubated for 24 h. The culture supernatants were harvested and Smad7 protein in the supernatants was determined with an ELISA immunoassay kit. Results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. *P<0.05 compared with the ctrl, **P<0.05, compared with the UVA-irradiated only ctrl group. AST, astragaloside IV; UV, ultraviolet; Ctrl, control.
Effect of AST on UVA-induced TβRII downregulation
Significant progress has been made towards understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the UV-induced TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway. It is reported that UV irradiation impairs TGF-β/Smad signaling through transcriptional downregulation of TβRII (7). The effect of AST on UVA-induced TβRII downregulation was further investigated. The results revealed that attenuated TβRII expression induced by UVA irradiation was significantly inhibited by AST pretreatment (Fig. 6).
Effect of AST on UVA-induced TβR II downregulation. Human skin fibroblasts were pretreated with indicated concentrations of AST for 24 h, followed by irradiation with UVA (10 J/cm2) and then incubated for 24 h. Expression of TβRII was determined by western blotting. Results are expressed as the mean ± standard deviation of three independent experiments. **P<0.05, compared with the ctrl. *P<0.05, compared with the UVA-irradiated only ctrl group. AST, astragaloside IV; UV, ultraviolet; Ctrl, control; TβR II, transforming growth factor-β type II.
UV radiation causes premature skin aging, which is termed photoaging. It has been well-established that this complicated procedure is due to UV-induced collagen degradation through its effects on various signaling factors, including MMP-1 in the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway.
TGF-β is a major regulator of procollagen production in human skin. TGF-β acts through its cell surface receptors to activate transcription factors Smad 2/3, which regulate TGF-β target gene expression (6–9). Considering that regulation of COL1 expression occurs via a complicated mechanism, which remains to be elucidated, multiple studies have indicated that transcriptional regulation has a major role in controlling its production (13,14). Transcription of the COL1 gene is directly regulated by TGF-β via a Smad3 binding element in its promoter (15). It was reported that UV irradiation impairs the TGF-β/Smad pathway by downregulating its type-II receptor and inducing Smad7 (11,16), and this impairment reduces procollagen synthesis in UV-irradiated human skin. Therefore, the UV-induced reduction of TβRII and UV-induced increase of Smad7 may provide novel insights for the molecular mechanisms of photoaging and suppression of UV-induced downregulation of TβRII and upregulation of Smad7, which may lead to the identification of novel approaches for the prevention of photoaging. The present data indicated that AST inhibits the downregulation of TβRII and the upregulation of Smad7, followed by suppression of the reduction of COL1 synthesis in the AST group, which revealed that the pathway and signaling factors regulated by AST were involved in its functions against photoaging.
UV irradiation is known to induce expression of MMP-1, −3 and −9 in human skin in vivo, and cultured human skin cells in vitro (17). UV-induced MMP-1 expression induces the cleavage of collagen fibers. Once collagen is cleaved by MMP-1, collagen degradation is further promoted by MMP-3 and −9. MMP-1, termed fibroblast-type or interstitial collagenase, is secreted by fibroblasts, keratinocytes and macrophages. MMP-1 degrades collagens type I, II and III and is hypothesized to have a pivotal role in the process of photoaging (18). These properties render MMP-1 an attractive target for the pharmacological development of anti-photoaging agents. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of AST on UV-induced MMP-1 expression was examined. It was identified that MMP-1 expression was significantly lower in the AST group. The results suggest that AST is a potent inhibitor of UV-induced MMP-1 expression.
In conclusion, the present findings demonstrated that AST inhibits UV-induced COL1 decrease by stimulating the TGF-β/Smad signaling pathway through upregulating TβRII and downregulating Smad7 as well as suppressing MMP-1 expression. Therefore, it is hypothesized that AST may be a potentially effective agent for the prevention of photoaging.
The present study was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (grant nos. 81101188, 810701297 and 30671894) and the Technology Project Grant from the Traditional Chinese Medicine Administration of Jiangsu Province (no. LZ 11082).
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I will wager a bet that many of you know what the acronym IMBA stands for. For folks who don't, it is the International Mountain Bike Asociation. They are an advocacy and education non-profit, focused on building and maintaining sustainable mountain trails for everyone to enjoy. The group holds a variety of useful workshops and other events that you can learn more about here.
Seven years ago IMBA launched an intentional effort to add meaning to the "International" piece of their name. Since its inception in 1988, the organization has worked to "grow the quantity and quality of mountain bike trail communities across the U.S." With the 2012 IMBA World Summit in Zurich, MTB trail advocacy excitement began spreading across Europe.
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Edoardo and his colleagues lead one of the longest-running annual trail building schools in Europe, where students learn trail build theories, flagging, design, building techniques, and maintenance. The event, held in late April or early May, typically hosts 50-60 eager attendees. Ski resort employees, mountain bike club members, and folks who hope to improve their local tracks come from all around Europe to engage in the weekend-long, multilingual classes.
Having lived here for over two years now, I know a bit about mountain bike culture in Italy, and there is always something fascinating to learn. I asked Edoardo what is unique about our sport in Italy.
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Upper wall: Untitled, 2013, bent aluminum sheets, thirteen parts, each composed of two 8.75" x 17.5", each catches the light differently. Bends rotate at 15° intervals. Lower wall, Different But The Same, 2008, square carbon fiber extrusions, six parts, each 36 x variable x 12 in. The modular extension of a two dimensional pattern into the third dimension. Each piece is a loop. Platform from left: Untitled, 2010, one-Eighth size basswood models of four nine foot high structures. Four drawings, 2013, Drawing From Photography (a remembrance), graphite and acrylic fixative on paper. Photographs: David Allison.
Wall Left: Untitled, 2015, 10 ft. diameter, inkjet prints mounted on board. Photographs of bent aluminum sheets in the form of a 24 hour clock. Wall Right: Three Equal Rectangles Defining Three Equal Squares, first version, 1996, 67.25 x 176 in, 1 inch gaffer tape. The title preceded the work as a problem which might or might not have a solution: It did, and 20 years after its' solution by trial and error it was discovered that the rectangles and all meaningful dimensions in the piece were part of the same fibonacci series. Floor: Twist, 2011, paint on plywood, three parts each approximately 18 inches long.
Wall left: Three Equal Rectangles Defining Three Equal Squares, second version, 2016, 67.25 x 176 in, jute twine in three colors. Wall right: Untitled, 2016, two bent steel rods. Platforms left: Untitled, 2010. One-Eighth size basswood models for a series of nine foot high structures.
On Wall: Untitled, 2016, 1/8 in. bent steel rod, each U section 2 ft. on a side. Against wall: Untitled, 2016, three paintings each in two sections (preliminary studies), vinyl paint on canvas. On platform, Presidential Material, 2017, lead sheet covered in plastic cling wrap, three sections, each 18 x 36 In.
Same but Different (Angeli), 1995, paint on plywood, height 24". The same object rotated. Developed from the chance mating two unrelated studies.
Untitled, 2005, proposal, four lengths of timbers with painted areas of the same four lengths arranged in four groups. The paint determines the number, grouping and arrangement of the timbers. Scale large but undetermined.
Object into Symbol, 1999 – 2012, Paint on aluminum panels, 5.33 x 31 ft: each panel 1 x 2 ft. An arrangement of all the shapes between a rectangular and cruciform shape that can be made by adding or subtracting corner triangles. In 2012 show "Figures and Grounds" at The Arts Club of Chicago, guest curator Anne Rorimer. This was conceived as a purely aesthetic object but turned out to have the curious mathematical property that every significant numerical relationship in it can be expressed by the term (3 to x power + 3 to y power). This discovery will change the order or orientation of several panels.
Nine by Nine by Nine, 2012, 1 x 1 in. hard maple. A 9 ft. 1 in. cube defines its outer limit. One of a series. In 2012 show "Figures and Grounds" at The Arts Club of Chicago, guest curator Anne Rorimer.
Untitled, 1991, wood or painted metal, length approximately 8 ft. Views of opposite ends of a proposed two part piece. Sliding the sections past each other reverses the end patterns.
Adding Machine, 1990, painted metal, length approximately 8 ft. Proposal for piece with two parts that can be arranged in different ways.
Water Water (two versions), 1990, water and clear acrylic plastic, longest dimension of each part would be approximately three feet. Studies for pairs of identical divided boxes with equal amounts of water in different sections.
Sandboxes, 1991, wood and sand, approximately 8 feet long. Study for boxes prevented from tipping by their contents.
3 PART TRAPS, c. 1992, study for two groups of three objects with the following properties: 1/ All the objects are of equal volume. 2/ One object in each group is a cube. 3/ The tops and bottoms of all objects are squares. 4/ The sides of the squares are proportioned thus: a / b = b / c. 5/ Starting with the cube, the objects in one group elongate, in the other flatten. 6/ Each group fits exactly inside an imaginary cube. Height of tall object 36". Ideally material would be solid and homogeneous making all the objects the same weight. The title is palindromic.
Left: Long for You, 1989, basswood, 8 x 4 x 4 in. Right: Kiss Kiss, 1989, basswood, 4 x 4 x 4 in. Boxes containing themselves.
Untitled, 1988, graphite on wood and wall, 48 in. long.
Untitled (To L and Back), 1991, Proposal for large metal sculpture, size undetermined. Form as content.
Horizontalism, 1990, welded metal, proposal, approximately 2 x 8 ft.
Double Wedge, 1994, material and size undetermined but solid and minimum 6 feet long.
Proposed projects that would use primarily glass or acrylic plastic. They were done between 1993 and 2017.
Untitled, 1993, 7 x 14 ft. Three transparent panels, two opaque 8 inch deep wedge shaped panels.
Untitled, 1993. Arrangement of three 7 x 7 ft. transparent panels. A corner of the left panel touches the wall, right panel leans away from the wall buttressed by the middle panel which is free of the wall and in turn buttressed by the left panel. All three touch at a point.
Untitled, 2014, 84 inches high. Three clear panels, two with delineated edges.
Untitled, 2015. Corner work with two 5 x 7 ft. transparent panels each with a delineated edge.
Untitled, 2015. Two 5 x 7 ft. transparent panels meeting at a vertical edge — the floor is the reference plane for one, the sloped surface for the other.
Untitled, 2017, height 84 inches. Two clear panels each with a delineated edge and a black reflective panel.
Untitled, 2017, height 84 inches. Top: view from front. Bottom: view from right. Two free-standing clear panels, each with a delineated edge, joined to form a screen in front of a black reflective panel.
Untitled, 2017. Black and transparent panels, 2 @ 4 x 8 ft., 1 @ 5 x 8 ft.
In a 1935 thought experiment, Einstein called a prediction of quantum theory that was forbidden by relativity "spooky action at a distance".* For this series the phrase "action at a distance" was used to point out the strangeness of its objects, their linear elements acting as lines of transmission, connection and restraint.
These works form a counterpoint to Richard Serra's massive, monadic steel blocks — to my mind his most revealing and thus interesting work — forged in the bowels of industrial capitalism and deposited in art venues and public spaces around the world.
*The paradox of action at a distance was resolved in 1964. It survives but with much of its mystery intact.
Untitled, 2012, five glass triangles attached to metal tubes. Each approximately eight feet long. Proposal from series Action at a Distance. Example of one possible arrangement.
Untitled, 2012, two red glass triangles attached to metal tubes. Each approximately ten feet long. Proposal from series Action at a Distance. Example of one possible arrangement.
Pole Prop, 1990, metal bars welded to 4' x 4' metal plates. Proposals from series Action at a Distance.
Not What You Think, 1990, timber inserted into metal boxes, approximately twenty-four feet long. Proposal from series Action at a Distance.
Untitled, 1990, wood timbers, approximately thirty feet long. Proposal from series Action at a Distance.
Unititled, 1990, concrete cylinders cast around a rigid steel bar, approximately 25 to 30 ft. long. Proposal from series Action at a Distance.
Radius, 1990, wood timbers, approximately twenty five feet long. Proposal from series Action at a Distance.
Bier, 1990, wood timbers, approximately twenty five feet long. Proposal from series Action at a Distance.
Untitled, 1990, wood timbers, approximately twenty five feet long. Proposal from series Action at a Distance.
All About Color, 2008, gouache on cardboard, three panels, each 20 x 20 in. Equal areas of color change position.
Untitled, 2016. Two paintings each with two 10 x 20 in. panels, vinyl paint on canvas. Examples from larger series.
Untitled, 1988 - 2010, Study for work on wall, size variable.
Is You Is Or Is You Ain't My Baby? 2008/2015, 67 x 140 in. Inkjet print. Can be of unlimited size and scale. Six colors and four text orientations were combined randomly for each position in the grid. Text from 1944 Louis Jordan song.
Put Out the Light, 2006/2010, large scale silkscreen or inkjet print on wall. Can be of unlimited size and extension.
It Will Burst Into Flames, (study) 2013, two sections, each 18 inkjet prints @ 7.5 x 10.75 in, central images silkscreen on wall. This is the third version — first was shown at the Onetwentyeight Rivington Gallery in December 2001, the second in a show at The Arts Club of Chicago in March 2012, the third at the Schelfhaudt Gallery, University of Bridgeport 2015. The first version was developed in the immediate aftermath of 9/11 from earlier work. Text from poems of Wallace Stevens.
One Stick of Charcoal Shaved and Roughly Sorted, 2011, charcoal and oil pastel on paper, 10 x 10 in. Part of a graduated series of five from large to small shavings.
Graphite Blown by the Artist Onto Prepared Paper, 2011, graphite and oil pastel, 10 x 10 in. Part of a graduated series of six from dark to light.
Drawing Made From the Back, 2011, charcoal, oil pastel on paper, 10 x 10 in.
Ash From Charcoal Burned Over Wet Paper, 2011, charcoal stick, water, 10 x 10 in.
Random Walk, 1979, graphite and color pencil on graph paper, 6 x 6 in.
Everlasting Overlapping, (study), 1989, graphite and color pencil on paper, 11 x 14 in.
ESSE, 2008, inkjet print on paper, 22 x 30 in.
Untitled (For KM and KM), 1991, Installation ONETWENTYEIGHT Gallery. Right: painted tile joints, left: print of floor, watercolor on paper, 120" x 80". Floor print was made after show closed, briefly completing a hexagon.
Times Triptych, from The New York Times Magazine, December 6, 1992, 12 x 29 in. Front and back cover and fold-out. First in a series of fifty examples of 'irregularities' from the New York Times, 1992 to 2017.
Wittgenstein Quote Doing What It Says, from series Six Part Ephemera, 1988-1995, typescript on paper mounted on board, with frame 14.75 x 11.75 in.
Flaubert, 1992/2008, inkjet print on paper, size variable. Afterimages complete the work.
Untitled, 2010, pastel, oil pastel, charcoal on paper, 8.75 x 13.5 in.
Untitled, 2012, graphite, charcoal, oil pastel on paper, 8.75 x 13.375 in.
Drawing From Photography (a remembrance). Three drawings from a series, graphite and acrylic fixative on paper, each 20 x 28.5 in. The way they were "developed" is analogous to traditional photography; the images remained hidden until the end of a methodical process. Top: August 11, 2013–3. Middle: October 16, 2013–1 Bottom: October 16, 2013–2.
Untitled,2010, pastel, oil pastel, powdered pigment, graphite on paper, 8 x 10.25 in.
Untitled, 2010, pastel, fixative on paper, 8 x 10.25 in.
Untitled, 2010, pastel, oil pastel, powdered pigment, graphite on paper, 8 x 10.25 in.
Fixative Drawing 59, 1974, fixative, charcoal, pastel on paper, 8 x 8 in.
Fixative Drawing 33, 1974, fixative, charcoal, pastel on paper, 8 x 8 in.
Fixative Drawing M5, 1974, fixative, charcoal, graphite, pastel on paper, 8 x 8 in.
Two proposals for the World Trade Center memorial. The first originated as a response to the bombing of Bagdad that opened the 1990 gulf war. The design was completed pre-9/11 except for scale and location. The second was designed specifically for the WTC memorial and substantially completed before the first round of the competition which selected eight semi-finalists. It was finished before the winning proposal was chosen. Neither project was submitted in the completion.
Four large steel plate structures would be located on a featureless plaza except for the outlines of the towers marked in the pavement. The structures would be composed of the same three elements arranged differently: two squares at right angles to each other and a rectangle on the diagonal of a square. Each structure would be approximately 40 to 50 feet high.
Siting: The right angle between the two squares in each structure would be aligned with a corner of a centrally located imaginary square the size of the tower outlines. From this position the structures would be tipped along an edge or two corners into another position, obscuring the underlying organization of their placement.
Four interleaved L shaped screen walls with sides the width of the WTC towers (2O8 feet). The outlines of the absent towers marked in the pavement.
The site would be surrounded by an evergreen hedge.
Black metal screen walls would be one tenth the height of the towers (136 feet).
The interior of the memorial would be entered counterclockwise through ten foot wide perimeter passages.
A reflective white tower one tenth the scale of the original towers would be at the center of the interior.
The tower, like a gnomon, would trace the passage of time. Its upper surfaces would reflect the surrounding buildings and the sky, its bottom the visitors against the black walls. It would bounce sunlight into the shadows.


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Home » Blog » Round the World » I will miss you, $1 pad thai.
I will miss you, $1 pad thai.
What I ate in Thailand: Chiang Mai and Bangkok.
On my last stint in Thailand I spent time in Chiang Mai, at Huay Tung Tao Lake, and in Bangkok.
Sweet and Sour Chicken in Bangkok, Thailand.
Street-side chicken soup in Bangkok, Thailand.
Shrimp Spring Rolls in Bangkok, Thailand.
Stir fry beef in Bangkok, Thailand.
Stir fry chicken in Bangkok, Thailand.
Potato Skins in Bangkok, Thailand.
Chicken wings in Bangkok, Thailand.
Garlic bread in Bangkok, Thailand.
Spring Rolls in Bangkok, Thailand.
Stir fry chicken and mushrooms in Bangkok, Thailand.
Chicken pad see ew in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Mango shake in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Korean Barbecue in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Khao soi in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Whole fish in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Smoothie in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Stir fry in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Chicken soup in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Tofu and rice in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Fried chicken in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Beef stir fry in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Chicken wrap in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Banana in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Green curry in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Sweet potatoes and noodles in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Stir fried beef in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Thai food in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Stir fried vegetables in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Stir fried chicken in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Fried rice in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Crab doughnut in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Chicken morning glory in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Spring Rolls in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Salad in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Pad thai in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Sushi in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Vegetable stir fry in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Doritos and cream cheese in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Kraft macaroni and cheese in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Ice cream sundae in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Smoothies in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Breakfast tacos in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
7-11 toasties in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Duck and wonton soup in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Pizza in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Fried food in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Samosa in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Tarts in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Chicken and rice in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Mango sticky rice in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Fried shrimp in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Hamburger and fries in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
Sweet and sour chicken in Chiang Mai, Thailand.
I read this article and found it very interesting, thought it might be something for you. The article is called I will miss you, $1 pad thai. and is located at https://choosingfigs.com/i-will-miss-you-1-pad-thai/.
You can checkout any time you like, but you can never leave.


In the Office: What's Your Role?
No matter what job you have, you are responsible for specific tasks and perform a particular role. Your role and responsibilities can be very well defined in many cases, especially if you're in a larger company. However, if you have a job for a typical small business, your role and responsibilities can change from day-to-day. Regardless of your specified job duties, you are a part of a "team" who's success is tied to your ability to understand, accept and thrive in your role. From the moment that you start working for any company, you have a role to play. It may or may not be explicitly defined, but your role will play a key part in your success.
A company's success depends largely on their employee's understanding and agreement on their individual responsibilities, but it depends even more so on the employee's willingness to understand their role which is completely different and separate from their responsibilities. Your role may not be what is written as part of your job description or responsibility. You may have been hired to do a specific job and perform certain duties, but your role might include mentoring or leading or training or encouraging others or being the brand's champion. Your role might be acting as the conduit between two factions within the company or as the mediator between your boss and another co-worker or you could be the calm in the midst of the storm. Your personality can bring additional responsibilities as they relate to your role. This isn't technically your job or a part of a job description, but this is a role that is taken on because of the needs within the company. This role within the team plays a significant part in the success of your company whether that role is more functional or inspirational or "big" or "small."
To make a sports analogy, the thing that I like to remember is that the person who never plays in a game on a sports team still gets a ring if the team wins a championship. Each player has played a role in the team's success even if that specific person never makes a play in an actual game. They actually in some cases could in many ways be the MVP without ever getting on the court. Their ability to play their role is a pivotal element that goes unnoticed by many outsiders. When Dennis Rodman was in his heyday, there were a few players who were added to rosters of teams that wanted Rodman not because they were great contributors on the court, but because they could play a role in helping to keep him functioning both on and off the court. You may not have a role that is quite that extreme, but you can still make a significant contribution if you're able to embrace and understand your role. Once you understand your role, you will find that personal success can be directly tied to your role as much as being able to "do your job."
Many people think that if they are not promoted by a certain time or if some specific career advancement doesn't take place or at least acknowledgment does not occur then they are not appreciated or they are not really valued within their company. However, a good role player understands that there are definitely times to stand up and command respect and another time to accept their role. When the focus is simply on our own personal gain, we tend to forget how to use our role to achieve success. The measurement of success is as much based on our ability to accept our role and perform our responsibilities as it is on your attainment of specific personal goals. Being a team player includes learning how to be humble and accept your role. In some cases, as the old cliche goes, easier said than done.
Playing your role is not a limitation to your success. In fact, playing your role can allow you an opportunity to see things from a different perspective than you had envisioned. Your role can evolve over time as well. It can lead to a position of authority or simply an "inside" level of respect and confidentiality that doesn't even coincide with a position or title. Your role can command greater respect than your title.
Often we approach our jobs as if we simply go to work, do our job and work efficiently, what more can anyone ask? The difference is when you have a "role" within a company, you are more invaluable as an employee than if you simply came, did your job and went home. Having a role means that you set the tone, you participate on a level that only you can and that you somehow enhance the experience for everyone around you. This is how you create an aura of respect greater than just doing a job. Learn to thrive in your role and you will surely be remembered for far more than just doing a job.


The Neunaber Stereo WET Reverb works equally well in mono or stereo situations, but is optimized for the latter. Organic and ambient with an adjustable wet/dry mix, this pedal also accepts USB input from the Expanse software. The second version of the pedal can use an expression pedal.


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This statement, made pursuant to section 54(1) of the Modern Slavery Act 2015, sets out the approach taken by Richard Sanders Ltd to understand all potential modern slavery risks related to its business, and the actions undertaken to mitigate any such risks during the financial year ended 31 July 2019.
Richard Sanders Ltd is a family owned business operating in the sale of new and used vehicles, servicing, repairs and the supply of vehicle parts. We represent Renault, Nissan, Peugeot and Dacia franchises in Northamptonshire. We also operate a Used Car Centre dedicated to the sale of high quality used cars in Kettering.
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text:
Mayo rollout begins
The latest phase of the Government's €65m 19-town broadband rollout got under way in Mayo today.
Minister for Communications, Marine and Natural Resources, Dermot Ahern TD, launched today's €3.75m Mayo rollout, which is hoped to attract inwards investment.
The ambitious national plan kicked off earlier this year with an €11m fibre optic network circling Cork with the second stage of the rollout launching in Galway earlier this week.
It's hoped that the Mayo project will be completed by July and if all goes to plan it will be the first of the national projects to be finalised.
Towns from Donegal to Cork will be connected to the backbone broadband running through the country. Once it is finished next year it'll provide cheap always-on access to the internet.
Speaking at the launch in Mayo, Minister Ahern said: "Ballina and its hinterland are moving into the new business age. The traditional industries are making way for the new technology-based companies that see an opportunity for expansion and growth in the information age. The network will ensure plans for expansion and development can press ahead."
He added: "To give a measure of the potential of the new network just one of the 96 fibres being installed in Ballina is capable of simultaneously carrying all the voice traffic in the world. The new metropolitan area network will provide more than 60 drop points to premises in Ballina and a further 15 in the Kiltimagh area."
By Suzanne Byrne
Related: broadband, jobs, gaming, IBM, HTML, design, reports, Cork, programming
Engineers Ireland shares wish list for the country's digital future
PFH acquires Dublin cloud company TerraAlto, creates 100 jobs
Cork-based recruitment tech company Starcircle to create 100 new jobs
Pharma company prescribes 100 new jobs for its Cork manufacturing site
ActionZero opens Cork office as part of plans to create 80 new jobs
More from Technology


Natacha Ramsay-Levi's infallible chic left little room for a sense of the cosmic (dis)order that so deliciously underpinned her saga. And yet, there were inklings.
PARIS, France — Natacha Ramsay-Levi spun an enchanted yarn for her new Chloe collection: a woman on a volcanic island, grounded in primal nature, dark ocean swirling around her, the Aurora Borealis illuminating the heavens above. A good narrative entrances a modern fashion audience. In NRL's case, it also helped her shape her collection. She insisted she had the story in mind from the start.
But a designer's inspiration dwells deep inside her own mind. On the evidence of the clothes she showed, her audience on Thursday couldn't have been aware of the primal ebb and flow that drew Ramsay-Levi hither and yon. Her infallible chic also left little room for a sense of the cosmic (dis)order that so deliciously underpinned her saga.
And yet, there were inklings. Chloe was a quarter-century waystation in Karl Lagerfeld's insanely protean career. Postcards on everyone's seats reprinted some of his aperçus. "My dresses are…made to transform everyday life into a fairy tale, to create an atmosphere at every moment." You had to suspend your disbelief to imagine Ramsay-Levi's woman on her island, earthy in her shirtdresses, shearlings and Western-styled denims, gradually being taken over by something filmier, more elemental, with clumps of sequins like starlight, or sparkling water. She mentioned Emily Brontë. OK, "Wuthering Heights" is the all-time classic story of a woman unhinged by emotion. But Ramsay-Levi also namechecked Florence Arthaud, the French sailor who won the Route de Rhum, the singlehanded transatlantic race, in 1990, and died, aged 57, in a helicopter crash in 2015.
Pioneers, adventuresses, lovers…practical women, emotional women, strong women. So the clothes spoke of functionality, tempered by the romance of fluttering hems, camisole details and billowing sleeves. The accessories added a talismanic edge with horn, sharkstooth, amulets, like the Chloe girl was a clanswoman on her island. One of the most subtly striking touches in the show was the models' lips, the variation in colour from bare to stained dark suggesting a multitude of personalities. The semiotics of lipstick? Academia awaits that thesis proposal.


We hit a patch of bad weather, and since then my daughter is scared to sail, motor, or anchor... she pretty much wants to stay tied to the dock. We are at the end of our summer cruise and heading south to Victoria for the winter. We are now in Nanaimo, ready to go through Dodds Narrows, but my daughter is refusing too.... We arn't sure what to do, so we have been sitting here day after day, hoping her fear will go away. She is 11. We live on our boat.
Make sure the weather is very good and go!She will regain her confidence!
I can understand her trepidation Dodds Narrows is a bit frightful. Especailly if you have any log booms at the plant or tugs trying to pass you. When you hit the tides correct it is not too bad. I remember sailing up towards Nanaimo and dropping my chute right as I came into the narrows then turning the engine on and motoring straight thru. There was another sailboat waiting for exactly slack tide who followed in right behind us. In the old days you could have given her a couple of shots of grog and then let her pass out in the bunk but someone might call Child Protective Services these days. There is the option of going around Dodd's Narrows and coming in the Gulf Islands thru one of the other passes.
I would just explain to her that as long as the currents are correct that it is easy to go thru the Narrows and tell it is alright to be scared but not alright to let that fear take control of you. Then try and do the narrows when she is asleep.
How justified is your daughter's fear? Is it just her, or did you scare yourself good too? If just her, you should pick a really nice day with benign conditions and go sailing just out past Snake Is (stay out of the way of the ferries). If confidence is restored, then carry on with trip to Victoria. Dodd Narrows isn't actually all that scary, but gets quite busy at the slacks; that can include some fairly large traffic including the odd tug with tow. Definitely monitor 16 and the traffic channel (ch 11 iirc) - big stuff wanting a wide berth normally send a Securite call. If you go against a weak flood, you won't make as much speed over the ground but you'll find it a bit easier to control your heading; go as near to the centre as you can and gun it - try to avoid the eddies.
I wouldn't suggest going until your daughter has regained a bit of her nerve. The winds can pick up pretty quick and turn Trinconmali Ch into an unpleasant experience, where there's few places to hide.
Is it Dodds that is scaring her? Gabriola is an option, albeit a longer one and it does involve going out into Georgia Strait. A little time in Silva might help.
Well we did it! We waited for the weather to be perfect and we went through dodds. My daughter was over her fear as soon as we went through. She even ran to the front of the boat to be look out. So I guess the best way to beat fear is by just doing it!
Fear is often justified, but can be magnified when parents and other role-models treat it as a big deal. Life has its risks and if you coddle fear you reinforce that behavior in the fearful child. In this case the child was afraid from the experience of not being in control in a storm.
I'm not saying to ignore it or treat it as insignificant, it's real. I'm saying it needs to be put in perspective and on some sympathetic level parents need to give kids (or spouse) the message they need to stiffen up and "deal with it" in perspective that living isn't always about easy or safe choices, and they can influence (if not control) the outcome by decision and actions.
As for being look out -- getting fearful people to be active in the role of helping work through the challenge puts them back in control.
I always try to get the crew involved in steering, lookout, navigating, etc. It makes us a team.
So I guess the best way to beat fear is by just doing it!
It is if it turns out as it did you are correct. It's all how you look at things. I will say in a state of fear you don't tend to do or say the right thing. It's not limited by age. You can become paralyzed and do the wrong thing or more often worse - do nothing.
An 11 year old child takes cues from the people around.
Involve the youngsters in the planning and navigation so making them part of the decision process - and make it fun!


Of the many bills that will be under consideration by the Georgia legislature in 2019, one that we are particularly excited about is a piece of legislation creating "Individualized Education Accounts" (IEAs), which aim to improve our state's Special Needs Scholarship by removing eligibility barriers and making it more flexible and reflective of each student's specific needs.
Why do we think it's necessary to enhance the current law? Because IEAs will allow students like Seth—who have special needs that merit educational alternatives—to get the help they need to learn in an appropriate environment and thrive in life. And it empowers parents—who are best equipped to make decisions for their children—to choose the educational setting that best serves their interests and needs.
Like many kids his age, Seth is an active nine-year old who loves math, reading books (particularly the Harry Potter series), and music. He's also very energetic and excels at swimming and ice skating. But because he has autism spectrum disorder, Seth struggles to focus in a traditional classroom and acts out when he's not challenged or given opportunities for physical activity.
Sadly, because Seth was non-verbal from a young age, he started public school kindergarten with an Individualized Education Program (IEP) and was placed in a self-contained classroom where he was given academic work well below his abilities. Frustrated by his lack of progress, Seth's parents got a Special Needs Scholarship and moved him into private school in first grade, where he was more academically challenged. Yet even here, Seth acted out and they knew that this setting didn't work either.
So, Seth's parents decided to homeschool their son. His mother now customizes Seth's academic environment and his school day follows a rhythm of physical activity and school work. For example, Seth might jump on the trampoline for five minutes followed by a focused math or language arts session. Today, Seth performs at his grade level—far beyond his performance in other educational settings.
How will IEAs further enhance Seth's learning environment? By adding more flexibility to the current law, the unique and burdensome expenses currently incurred by Seth's parents—music, speech and occupational therapy, curricula, and communication tutoring—will be covered. And for thousands of other families like Seth's, this means that the scholarship program will benefit children of all income levels and backgrounds—not just those who can afford private or homeschool educations requiring expensive supplemental resources.
Soon, a legislative study committee will discuss needed improvements to the Georgia Special Needs Scholarship. We hope Seth's story will encourage them to advance IEA's for all Georgia families with children with special needs.


I read a discussion on here last night about biting you fingernails. So it made me think of this. Do you bite your toenails? When I was younger, I could put my foot in my mouth. Can you reach and get you foot to your mouth and bite the nails? Do you swallow them or spit them out, or do you find them a tasty snack?
Yes i know what you mean, a foot can be disgusting and one mean feat to put a foot in the mouth!
deep fry them in olive oil with spam, yum.
I could bite them if I wanted to, but that would be nasty. Do you know how many germs and other things are there gross. I was hungry till I read this discussion. LOL!
Lol. I never thought about the germs.
Chocolate covered toenails, I think you might have invented a new snack food. As for putting ones foot in their mouth, I do it regularly lol.
Thats a good point, if they were chocolate covered I would have no fingers left.
ummmm no I have never done that. It is sooo gross. I caught my ex bf eating his toenails one day and I broke up with him. It disgusted me to the point where he repulsed me. I don't like feet to begin with. Just thinking about this I feel sick to the stomach. YUKKERS!!!!
That was a bit harsh beaking up with him because of it . But then I agree some people just hate feet and find it disgusting.
No, never. I do bite my finger nails though.
Love the avatar pic. UFOs always make me bite.
Maybe I get a bit nervous around UFOs and nibble on my nails with fear of being abducted.
The technical trem for biting the side of the foot is "side skin"
that sounds like a nasty habit. thank goodness i don't have a habit of doing that. can't imagine anyone doing that. yuck!
It is a very nasty habit, but some people still do it.
there are some wierd folks around for sure. have a good one.
I can still get my foot to my mouth but I wouldn't bite my ton nails. My son did that the other night.. and I asked him what he was doing... he said cutting my tonails with my teeth, it's better that way. I just had to laugh and go on. Kids will be kids.
He's got some quirky come backs. Gotta love it.
I can put my foot in my mouth if I want to. I don't really want to though. I do not bite my toenails or fingernails. Biting toenails would be so gross because there is probably all kinds of crap under the toenails. That is just yucky. So no I could but would not bite my toenails.
Yes, you never know what might be lurking under the toenails so it is a wise choice not to bite them.
Eeeeeewwwwwww. Thats Gros, I Probably Could If I Wanted, But I Really Dont Want To.
You never know until you try lol.
I do yoga so, yes I can and no I don't. People bite their toenails? really? yuck.
Yoga thats very good for you. So you could if you wanted too. But I don't blame you for not doing it. It is very gross.
Well, I don't bite them, just as I don't bite my fingernails. But I do tear at them as well, so my toe-nails (just like my fingernails) do not need any cutting.
I too hate cutting my fingernails or toenails.
I don't. That's disgusting! LOL But I've seen a lot of shows that make fun of the character by showing him biting his toe nails. It's really, seriously disgusting. I'm squeamish when it comes to germs. Thanks for the response on my discussion!
Yes it can be a bit of fun seeing it on a show on tv.
hahah.. maybe when you are yet young or a little kid, you can bite your toe nails,, I have seen many babies playing with their toenails putting it in their mouth but I did not see any normal adult who bit their toenails. I think it is too hard to reach our mouth to our feet? Lol..
Very true, I wish I could still have the reach at my age.
I could do it when I was a kid but not anymore. As for tasty.. What was I thinking??
when i was still in my child days, it is my habit to bite my toenails eewww lol! i think it's called mannerism, and a bad one then when my mom saw me one day doing that, she slapped my feet with a stick and i said "OUCH!", and that's when i stopped doing that and after knowing that it was disgusting.
Wow slapped on the feet with a stick, that is one sure way to get you to stop.
no rofl. That is pretty nasty. I do have to confess I bite my baby's toe nails sometimes. Alot of times her toenails are so soft that I can just peel them off.
It is a nasty habit. I have never heard of anyone biting their babies toenails, but it sounds kind of cute.
No, I don't bite my nails, and I don't like when other people do that. I find it unhygienic and unethical. Nails save all the filth you go through the day, and imagine you eat it all after get home, yuck!
Thats true after a long day all the dirt they can pick up. But I never thought of biting ones nails unethical.
No neither in my childhood nor in my younger age.
Good for you no bad habits then ?


text:
'Get out and find out what agriculture is all about'
UNSUNG HEROINES: "We know that women are the backbone of our farming industries and that most family farms are parnerships farms run by men and women and we would love to see more women getting actively involved." – new NFU president Minette Batters.
MAINTAINING STANDARDS: "We have very high standards in environmental safety and indeed, food safety, in the whole of the UK with our certified schemes like the Red Tractor and we want those to be a strategic priority in trade negotiations and to ensure that the food that we eat is continually produced to the high standards that we enjoy here in the UK."
THE first ever head of the National Farmers Union has warned the industry that a bad Brexit deal could have serious ramifications for the regional countryside.
Minette Batters is former county chairman of Wiltshire and runs a mixed enterprise consisting of a 100-cow Continental cross suckler herd and a small herd of Pedigree Herefords along with sheep and arable.
She has also been involved in farm diversification projects, converting a tythe barn into a wedding and corporates event venue and horse liveries.
Prior to her appointment as the new president of the NFU, she has served as deputy president since 2014; been a national delegate for Wiltshire and co-founded the campaigning initiatives Ladies In Beef and 'the Great British Beef Week'. She was sharing her thoughts in a Q and A session with The Royal Agricultural Benevolent Institution.
For her, Mrs Batters says rearing calves was the catalyst for her to follow into the family business and seeing the changing of the seasons both in livestock and arable enterprises.
'Calf rearing gave me a love for farming'
"I was brought up on a farm. I did all our calf rearing and that's what instilled me a love of farming. It is definitely about the changing of the seasons, bringing new life into the world; crops growing and sometimes failing and seeing those fresh beginnings and what really standards is seeing calves and lambs born on the farm and that is always a brilliant time of year.
Mrs Batters wants more women to consider entering the industry and to find out more, they had to look within the industry and not just see what lies on the outside, and it would need them doing their own research.
'Don't judge industry by its book cover'
'It is really important to get across that farming is an innovative, dynamic industry and just to look a bit deeper and engage with women who are working in the industry right now. It can often be perceived as male on the outside but it is an industry that has changed a huge amount and don't judge the book by its cover, just get out and find out what it's all about.
'Women are the backbone of UK farming'
"We know that women are the backbone of our farming industries and that most family farms are partnerships farms run by men and women and we would love to see more women getting actively involved and for me personally in the NFU I would like to see more women involved in our democratic structure on our boards making the case for farming.
When questioned on the Brexit negotiations shortly before attending last year's Suffolk Show, she has told the UK team to extol the existing standards local producers adhere to, such as the Little Red Tractor, and fight to maintain the status quo as a no deal would be disastrous for the region.
'We must have free trade deal with EU'
"There are challenges and opportunities ahead for Brexit. Everything in the first instance will be shaped by the trade deals achieved so we are asking for a full free-trade deal with the European Union.
"It is absolutely essential for British agriculture and consumers alike, so we've been trading tax-free all these years – 40 per cent for our lambs; 75 per cent of our wheat and barley and 80 per cent of our dairy products all going into Europe.
'Our brand must be strategic priority in talks'
"It is a trade deal that will actually shape the landscape for years to come. We have very high standards in environmental safety and indeed, food safety, in the whole of the UK with our certified schemes like the Red Tractor and we want those to be a strategic priority in trade negotiations and to ensure that the food that we eat is continually produced to the high standards that we enjoy here in the UK.
'Bad deal would cripple industry and landscape'
"There are a lot of opportunities but the threat of a bad deal bringing potentially cheaper food grown to lower standards would have a seismic impact not just on our agricultural businesses but the landscape, as a whole."
Tagged as: Agriculture, beef, Brexit, EU, food security, landscape, Minnette Batters, NFU, RABI, Red Tractor logo, Suffolk Show, Wiltshire
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text:
Q: Mark of the Web on Xpages So I need to send an attachment to a document, but I have to validate if it is larger than 15mb , for so I am using this code in javascript to get the file :
var objFSO = new ActiveXObject("Scripting.FileSystemObject");
            var filePath = document.getElementById(fileid).value;
            var objFile = objFSO.getFile(filePath);
            var fileSize = objFile.size; //size in kb

I'm having an error when I try to create ActiveXObject because my site is not "trusted " by not having a Mark of the Web
<!doctype html>

    <title>A Mark of the Web Example.</title>

Hello, World

so I wonder if it is possible to have a mark of the web in a XPage and how I could put it the body of the XPage.
My client does not want to manually place the security option , but want to use IE , please help me haha.
If there is another way to check the file size when selecting a file using javascript would be interesting.

A: Try this code to check file size in HTML5 should work in all modern browsers
var fileSize=0
if (typeof FileReader !== "undefined") {
    var filePath = document.getElementById(fileid);
  fileSize= filePath.files[0].size;
}

Check the filesize var for the max limit of you file.
Use this code if the browser is IE10 or newer and your old code if the browser is older.

A: You can create a Java validator for old browsers, but if the Javascript API is available (modern browsers), use it.
public class Attachment implements Validator {

    private final static long BYTES_IN_1_MB     = 1048576;
    private final static long MAX_MB_ALLOWED    = 10;
    private final static String MSG_ERROR_SIZE  = "File size cannot be bigger than {0} MBs";

    public void validate(FacesContext fc, UIComponent uiComp, Object attach)
            throws ValidatorException {

        FacesMessage msg;

        UploadedFile upFile = (UploadedFile) attach;
        long max_bytes = BYTES_IN_1_MB * MAX_MB_ALLOWED;

        // SIZE:
        if (upFile.getContentLength() > max_bytes) {
            String msgError = MSG_ERROR_SIZE.replace("{0}", String.valueOf(MAX_MB_ALLOWED));
            msg = new FacesMessage(FacesMessage.SEVERITY_ERROR, msgError, msgError);
            throw new ValidatorException(msg);
        }

    }

}

These validators need to be added into the faces-config.xml
  <validator>
    <validator-id>attachmentValidator</validator-id>
    <validator-class>com.faces.validator.Attachment</validator-class>
  </validator>

Then you can add the validator into the fileUpload field:
<xp:this.validators>

    <xp:validator validatorId="attachmentValidator">
    </xp:validator>
</xp:this.validators>

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Blessed Be and welcome to Malewitch.net! My name is Phelan, I am a white witch, if you are interested in good luck spells, beauty spells, charmed spells or truth spells then fill out the form to the right to receive more information.
May your journey for white witch spells be safe and pleasant and may your lessons however hard, be learned well and with dignity. May the Mother bless you with light, love, abundance and prosperity!


Considering how imperative a health research is, the Department of Epidemiology will conduct researches in Biostatistics, Entomology of Public Health, and Epidemiology focused on the diagnosis of the population health. Within this context, it is essential to study diseases and the way they affect people, their distribution, risk factors, and mortality, trying to identify how to protect and improve health and reduce diseases.
Comprising birth, morbidity, and mortality, these studies aim to contribute to the improvement of epidemiological and statistics methods applied to Public Health investigations; moreover, they assess the quality of the data and their major official sources such as the Health Information Systems, in particular.
Studies about the genetics of vector insect populations.
Evaluation of therapeutic or prophylactic procedures emphasizing the efficiency/effectiveness and safety of vaccines.