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Ве́рхня Сама́ра — село в Україні, у Близнюківській селищній громаді Лозівського району Харківської області. Населення становить 680 осіб. До 2020 орган місцевого самоврядування — Верхньосамарська сільська рада.

Географія
Село Верхня Самара знаходиться на лівому березі річки Самара, русло якої сильно порізане, утворює багато лиманів, затонів, є мости. Примикає до села Веселе. На протилежному березі знаходиться село Павлівка.

Назва
Назва села Верхня Самара походить від назви річки Самара, у верхній частині якої воно розташоване.

Історія
Точної дати заснування поселення немає. За одними даними, село засноване в 2-ій половині XVII ст. або на початку XVIII ст., за іншими — на початку ХІХ століття. На користь першої версії є історичні докази.

Після ліквідації Запорізької Січі в 1775 році землі Лівобережної України почали роздаватися фаворитам Катерини-ІІ: Потьомкіну, Щербатову, Башилову, Сумарокову-Ельстону.

Землі в селі Верхня Самара належали Щербатову Івану Пилиповичу. Він володів 18000 десятинами землі. Згодом його син Сергій почав продавати ці землі селянам, що призвело до швидкого зростання села. Сюди прибули переселенці з інших губерній Росії.
За губернським атласом Росії 1791 року село Верхосамарське входило до Хорошівської волості Павлоградського повіту Катеринославської губернії.

За даними 1859 року Верхньосамарське (інша назва Неплюєве) було панським селом, у якому були 48 подвір'їв й 279 мешканців.

У роки Першої світової та громадянської війн Верхня Самара входила до складу Добровільської волості Павлоградського повіту Катеринославської губернії.

Під час Визвольних змагань село кілька разів переходило із рук в руки.

У 1923 році було здійснено новий територіально-адміністративний поділ в Україні. Були утворені округи, райони, сільські ради. Верхня Самара стала відноситися до Близнюківського району Павлоградського повіту Катеринославської губернії. Цей рік є роком створення Близнюківського району.

Включно до 1932 року село Верхня Самара входило до Катеринославської губернії (нині Дніпропетровська область).

У роки Німецько-радянської війни Верхня Самара з 14 вересня 1941 року була в окупації. 15 вересня 1943 року село було звільнено солдатами 180 гвардійського полку під командуванням майора Ф. В. Чайки. Цей полк входив до складу 60-ї гвардійської дивізії під командуванням генерал-майора Д. П. Монахова, 12-ї армії Південно-Західного фронту. Під час визволення села загинуло 76 радянських воїнів, а за роки війни на фронтах загинуло 238 воїнів Верхньосамарської сільської ради.

12 червня 2020 року, відповідно до Розпорядження Кабінету Міністрів України № 725-р «Про визначення адміністративних центрів та затвердження територій територіальних громад Харківської області», увійшло до складу Близнюківської селищної громади.

17 липня 2020 року, в результаті адміністративно-територіальної реформи та ліквідації Близнюківського району, увійшло до складу Лозівського району Харківської області.

Населення
Згідно з переписом УРСР 1989 року чисельність наявного населення села становила 759 осіб, з яких 348 чоловіків та 411 жінок.

За переписом населення України 2001 року в селі мешкали 674 особи.

Мова
Розподіл населення за рідною мовою за даними перепису 2001 року:

Економіка
 В селі є кілька молочено-товарних, свино-товарна і птахо-товарна ферми.
 Парники.

Культура
 Школа.
 Клуб.
 Стадіон.

Примітки

Посилання
 Погода в селі Верхня Самара

Села Харківської області
Населені пункти Лозівського району


text:
Nicole O'Brian Fan Mail Address
Nicole O'Brian Fan Mail Address:
Nicole O'Brian
Identity Talent Agency Inc.
Nicole O'Brian Biography:
Hello, friends! Are you a follower of Nicole O'Brian? Would you like to know about her personal or professional life?
If yes, so you came to the right place. We have shared her fanmail above. This article will give you all the information you need about Nicole O'Brian.
Having won the title of Miss Texas USA in 2000, Nicole O'Brian is a well-known reality TV star and former beauty queen. Not only did she win the swimsuit competition at Miss Teen USA, but she also placed second in the overall competition for Miss USA. Many of her admirers rank her among the most successful contestants in all of the beauty pageants. O'Brian now spends her time as a pageant consultant, helping to train hopefuls for beauty contests around the Lone Star State.
O'Brian, whose birth name was Claudia Nicole O'Brian, entered the world on August 10, 1982, in Chattanooga, Tennessee. Also, she is American and of the Caucasian race. From a young age, Nicole was interested in performing. She attended San Jacinto College in pursuit of an acting career. When O'Brian was in college, she discovered her real calling in modelling and went on to participate in a number of beauty pageants.
O'Brian entered her first pageant in 1999, Miss Texas Teen USA 2000, during Thanksgiving weekend in Houston, Texas. After competing for the title, she proved victorious and is now known as Miss Texas Teen USA. O'Brian went to the Miss Teen USA pageant in Shreveport, Louisiana, in August of 2000. She went on to take first in the swimsuit competition (9.34) and third in the evening gown competition (9.33). To add insult to injury, she transferred her Texas championship to Katherine Perallo later that year. Nicole appeared on several programs as a reality TV participant, including The Amazing Race, The Early Show, and others.
IN THE END:- In this short article, you have learned about the great personality and fan mail address of Nicole O'Brian.
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text:
Wales to get £6 million boost from local community fibre broadband schemes
Wales is expected to get a multi-million pound boost from an initiative which sees local communities forming partnerships with Openreach to bring high-speed fibre broadband to rural homes and businesses.
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An independent study published today estimates that Openreach's Community Fibre Partnerships (CFP) programme will be worth £6 million to the region over the next 15 years.
The report, by Regeneris Consulting, highlights the huge business, residential and social benefits provided by the partnerships, which are calculated to be worth, on average, £800,000 to each community.
Across the UK more than 500 communities have already signed up to the CFP programme. They include Goetre Uchaf in Bangor, Castle Quarter in Cardiff and Nantgwynant near Beddgelert.
The CFP programme enables communities wanting faster speeds, but not included in any fibre broadband roll-out plans, to jointly fund an upgrade to fibre alongside Openreach, the business responsible for Britain's largest phone and broadband network.
The report 'The Impact of High-Speed Broadband for Communities' examines the economic impact of Community Fibre Partnerships on businesses and households over 15 years and the social benefits over seven and a half years.
For Welsh businesses, improvements in productivity, efficiency, flexible working, innovation and finding new markets and customers are expected to be worth more than £2.6 million; whilst households get economic and social benefits worth about £3.5 million.
The boost to the value of a residential property when fibre broadband is provided is highlighted. For the UK as a whole, it is estimated to account for £100 million of the £340 million economic boost expected to be generated by Community Fibre Partnerships nationwide.
Positive social benefits as a result of the CFP programme include better access to employment opportunities and on-line healthcare.
More information on community fibre partnerships with Openreach is available at www.communityfibre.openreach.co.uk
Simon Hooton, director at Manchester-based Regeneris Consulting, said: "Despite delivery challenges in more rural areas, high speed broadband is vital to the prospects of communities across the UK. This report shows the breadth and scale of benefits generated when you bring high speed connectivity into those communities for the first time.
"The evidence from the latest research, and from residents and businesses themselves, is that broadband opens up new opportunities which enhance people's lives and can have a positive impact on their health and the environment around them."
Ynyr Roberts, Openreach infrastructure delivery director for Wales, said: "The tremendous power of fibre broadband is made very clear in this report. It's heartening to see the many benefits that these partnerships are giving to our communities in so many different ways. This technology is making a major contribution to the future success and prosperity of people across Wales. More than 1.3 million Welsh households and businesses now have access to superfast fibre broadband – but we recognise there is more to do. We are committed to making faster broadband as widely available as possible."
The full report is available at www.communityfibre.openreach.co.uk/resources/


The Chan Centre for the Performing Arts at the University of British Columbia (UBC) welcomes back Mexican-American vocalist Lila Downs, who will share her eclectic and vibrant blend of boleros, jazz, rock, blues, and more on March 10, 2018 at 8pm in the Chan Shun Concert Hall. With proud Indigenous roots and a powerful social conscience, Downs last year released her tenth studio album, Salon Lágrimas y Deseo. This collection of works honouring iconic Latin American women won the 2017 Latin Grammy for 'Best Traditional Pop Vocal Album'. Chan Centre audiences will be among the first to hear these empowering and uplifting anthems live.
Lila Downs is the daughter of a Mixtec woman who left her village at 19 to sing in Mexico City cantinas. Her father is a Minnesota-born, Scottish-American professor who, upon seeing Downs' mother perform, instantly fell in love. As a result, Downs grew up in Minnesota and Oaxaca with stylistic influences from both sides of the border. Today, she is considered one of the most innovative exponents of Mesoamerican music.
Known for her dynamic voice that can shift from, "an airborne near-falsetto down to a forthright alto and a sultry, emotive contralto" (New York Times), Downs has appeared at some of the world's most high profile events and venues, including the 2013 Latino Inaugural Ball for President Barack Obama in Washington, and at the 2003 Academy Awards, where she performed the Oscar-nominated song "Burn It Blue" from the film Frida.
On the political stage, Downs has taken a defiant stance against the injustices faced by her own Indigenous people of Mexico. In 2016, in response to racist comments made by Donald Trump, Downs released her single "The Demagogue", which made headlines as a fervent protest song. Downs' most recent album, Salon Lágrimas y Deseo, adds support to the feminist movement, with songs ranging from heart-wrenching ballads to rock-heavy hits calling for love, healing and revolution.
Preceding Salon Lágrimas y Deseo, Downs released an impressive body of works, which have earned her a Grammy award, four Latin Grammys, and numerous nominations. Highlights of her album list include Balas y Chocolate (2015), Raíz (2014), and Pecados y Milagros (2012). Accompanied by her band La Misteriosa, Downs has amassed a devoted fan-base across North America.
There will be a pre-show talk at 7:15pm in the Chan Centre's Royal Bank Cinema. Lila Downs performs on Saturday, March 10 at 8pm. Visit chancentre.com for more details.


Can i use this extension to review / comment any where in Joomla?
Yes it allows your website visitors to review / comment on any kind of webpage whether It's a Blog, a product or any business listing.
We would like to use this extension in different languages - is the system able to handle this?
Open it and start replacing english language text with Spanish or any other language you want.
How can I set an average review result on a topic? Is it possible with vRreview?
Yes vReview Allows to show average rating.
What are field attributes displayed in profile settings? What we are supposed to do that with those?
Field attributes are used to distinguish pages for which you are creating the profile. When you choose any layout in profile settings, vReview automatically detects the field attributes and if there are more parameters in any layout which aren't defined in layout, but are required to distinguish the page, you can add these yourself. e.g. In Article layout there is a field attribute 'ID' which distinguishes the articles, it is automatically detected by vReview and you don't need to do anything in this case.
Can i add vReview to Yootheme Zoo component?
You can use vReview with any of the available components whether It's zoo, sobipro, k2, vQuiz or any other you can think of. vReview can be published on detail page of any of the component. If you want to display review form or reviews on any list page then you would need to develop a component specific plugin. Please note: you don't need any plugin, it would work with Zoo component without any plugin. The plugin is required only when you want to publish the reviews or review form on Item List layout of Zoo component.
Does VReview support rich snippets?
Yes vReview support rich snippets.
Does vReview allows guests/registered users to add a Review?
Yes, Who can add a Review can be control by using backend ACL. Add review feature can be enabled/disabled using backend as per your choice.
Does vReview support "MULTIPLE RATING ITEMS"?
Yes, vReview supports "MULTIPLE RATING ITEMS" for the review object. You can add one or multiple rating factors for each review like Features, User Interface, Design, Performance etc. Single Star Rating or Multiple Star Rating can be enabled/disabled using backend as per your choice.
Does vReview support my Existing Template layout?
Yes, vReview will automatically adopt your current Template's layout of Website.


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State Election 2020 Scorecard: Water
The LNP have a strong agricultural water agenda including committing to a 20pc reduction in SunWater irrigation water prices, reducing regional electricity prices and introducing a new set of affordable agricultural electricity tariffs. They support fixing Paradise dam supply capacity through exploring upstream options in the Burnett and have also announced they will commit $45 million to build the new Cooranga and Barlil weirs to grow employment in the Wide Bay – Burnett. Further, they would undertake a state-wide water asset audit, complete a 30-year water security plan and a New Bradfield Scheme Water Resource Assessment. They have also promised to invest $30 million into planning work to raise the Burdekin Falls Dam and advance Nullinga and Urannah dams. The LNP will also establish the Queensland Dam Company to progress infrastructure projects. They have not announced support for funding GAB sustainability work.
KAP have a policy to indefinitely freeze transitional tariffs used in irrigation to maintain agricultural competitiveness and for price reductions. They would also implement a Special Economic Zone scheme and a Rural Development bank to create incentives for new projects and special regulatory and commercial arrangements for agricultural water allocations. This extends to free 3000 ML licenses for landholders within a new NWQ Irrigation Development Scheme. They support state and federal government capital commitments to enable a higher Hells Gate Dam for water supply security and ag activity. They have also committed to $3.5 million for a feasibility study into the Coalstoun Lakes dam project in the North Burnett and support the North Johnson transfer to Tinaroo dam to supply Mareeba, Dimbulah and the Tablelands.
One Nation will establish a federal authority to investigate a hybrid Bradfield scheme for irrigation and the of water into the Murray Darling Basin. They support a rethink of Queensland Competition Authority water price increases towards ensuring affordable irrigation water supplies. They also don't support any reduction in water supply from existing water storages, such as Paradise dam, and support new dams as helping make communities more economically viable, where environmental flows can be ensured. They have also committed to introducing a publicly available water register and have a wider policy on restricting water ownership to Australians and governments, with foreign holdings to be sold off. This is not in line with AgForce policy.
Queensland Labor have provided annual water licence fee relief for droughted producers and announced $50 million for a 15pc reduction in water charges from mid-2021 for all irrigators in state-owned schemes, and up to a 50 pc reduction for fruit and vegetable growers, which will help lift regional economies. They will work with local government to ensure the availability of permanent water to all regional, rural and remote regions and explore ways to protect regional areas from water shortages, already experienced this drought. Labor have committed to actively assess further investments and have announced an expert panel review of the Bradfield scheme but also have a policy that new instream dams are only supported where the need cannot be met by alternative options. Labor has a policy of re-introduce flawed legislation to protect 'pristine' river systems in the Channel Country, Cape York, the Gulf and other parts of Queensland.
The Greens have committed to cutting electricity bills by 46% and have policies supporting established rural water efficiency programs, development of suitable land for agriculture and accelerating capping and piping in the GAB. These positive policies are unfortunately offset by negative policies such as restoring the original Wild Rivers Act 2005, introducing further state-wide water quality regulations and a new independent statutory Surface and Underground Water Commission, opposing damming of river systems and prohibiting the construction of new major public or private dams and large scale flood harvesting schemes.


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Traditional Catholic Forum
A message board for SSPX, Resistance and other Traditional
Catholics to discuss news and matters pertaining to the Catholic Faith.
Read an Interview with Matthew, the owner of CathInfo
Catholic Info
Traditional Catholic Faith
Crisis in the Church
Physics from a Catholic perspective
Author Topic: Physics from a Catholic perspective (Read 1460 times)
Reputation: +822/-174
My friend, a Catholic physics teacher, wrote the following; it's an excellent summary of modern physics from a Catholic perspective. Homeschoolers would also benefit from it because of the summary questions at the end. (I post it in this subforum because he mentions the crisis/controversy of Modernism.)
I. The Nature of Physical Science
A. Truth, Opinion, Science, and Faith
Before commencing the study of any subject matter, one ought to know its definition, scope, and methods. We must therefore examine the nature of physics, both in itself, and in relation to other branches of study. Let us attempt to understand it by first defining what we mean by "science."
Physics is one among many different sciences. Today, when we say "science," we usually mean one of the physical sciences. But that is simply a prejudice of the modern mind. "Science" is derived from the Latin "scientia," which means "knowledge." This clearly distinguishes it from technology, which is an application of this knowledge to the practical needs of life. Truth is the correspondence between our judgments and reality. Truth does not lie in our ideas, but in the affirmations and denials we make with those ideas. If our judgment about the world accurately reflects reality, then we call it a true judgment; otherwise, we call it a false judgment. Opinion can therefore in some sense be called "knowledge," inasmuch as some opinions are indeed true. So what distinguishes science from true opinion?
We are often correct in our assertions about the world, but cannot say why. We cannot give a reasoned account of our knowledge. We merely have true opinions. Science, then, to distinguish it from true opinion, is defined as "knowledge through causes." That is to say, if we know the causes (or reasons) for something, then we understand what it is and how it behaves in varying circumstance. If we remove the causes, then we necessarily remove these behaviors, and perhaps even the thing itself. In this way we have added to our true opinion a reasoned account of our knowledge. Naturally, some events cannot even in principle be the subject of human science. Any contingent event, that is, any event that may or may not occur in a fixed set of circumstances, cannot be the subject of a science. For instance, since human will is free to choose, one cannot prove or predict its acts. For if the will were determined by the circumstance in which it must choose, it would cease to be free. One consequence then of "rationalism" (the false opinion that all reality is subject to human science) is that free will is denied. God, by way of comparison, does have knowledge of these "future contingents," for it is God Who moves our wills directly. In like manner, history cannot be a human science, because its course is not governed solely by material factors, but by human beings acting freely. In general, if the causes of anything are inaccessible to our human intellects, that thing cannot be the subject of a human science.
A question that will naturally occur to students concerns the place of the Catholic Faith: Is their act of faith merely true opinion, science, or something else entirely? For the theological modernist, faith is an opinion that answers to nothing objective, but to the subjective needs of men. In other words, it is even less than true opinion. It is opinion that corresponds not to a single reality, but to the desires of many different believers, which can be and usually are contradictory. This modernist conception of faith is utterly false, but before we examine the true nature of faith, we ought to consider why the modern world has taken refuge in this empty notion. It is clear that faith cannot be the same as science, because we do not know the causes of much that is comprehended under faith. There are two reasons for this. First, many articles of the Faith concern contingent events: the fall of man, the Incarnation, the Redemption, and many others. These belong properly to the study of salvation history, and depend upon not only the free choices of creatures, but the absolute freedom of the Creator. Second, some of the articles of faith transcend our human capacities of rational demonstration. Examples here must include the doctrine of the Trinity and the miracles performed by Christ. At this point the modernist goes wrong, because he is really a rationalist. Logically speaking, if the whole universe is knowable by human science, and human science has no way of evaluating the articles of faith, these articles must not correspond to anything in reality. These false friends of religion therefore seek some substitute for objective reality. All that remains to them is their subjective consciousness, so they set up a correspondence between faith and subjective feeling instead. Faith for the modernist is not about the world "out there" (reality), but about the world "in here" (feeling). Consequently authentic religion is for the modernist not a life in conformity with the Divine Will, but one in conformity with personal longings.
If, however, we are honest about the limits of human reason, our humility will lead us to a better account of the act of faith and, through this act of faith, to a more profound understanding of God and the universe of beings created by God. The Catholic Faith, which makes dogmatic claims about reality that can and often do conflict with faulty claims of human science, is most certainly true in every respect. Such claims as conflict with the Catholic Faith are not really science at all, or even true opinion. They are falsehoods. But what allows us to profess the Faith with this absolute certainty? What character does it have beyond true opinion? An act of faith is an act of trust in the authority of a revealer. It is an entirely reasonable and rational act if we can ascertain that the revealer both has the knowledge in question and will not deceive us.
Modern scientists ask for just such an act of faith from their pupils. The student has no way of verifying the immense number of observations and inferences that have been incorporated into modern science. He must depend upon the knowledge and veracity of his instructor, who himself depended upon another. Thus, there develops a scientific tradition (handing down) of previous observation and inference. The student, for his part, has good reason to have faith in his instructor. The instructor is likely to have credentials indicating his proficiency in the subject matter. He may have accrued many years of service at a prestigious university or scientific institution. Moreover, he would be severely penalized for deviating in essentials from that tradition. Peer reviews and academic evaluations continually guarantee that the scientist conforms to the generally accepted views of the scientific community. The instructor has few credible incentives to misrepresent physical theories to the student and will suffer serious consequences if he systematically does so. It is therefore entirely reasonable for the student to submit his mind to that of his teacher, so long as the scientist remains within the boundaries of his competence.
The act of faith that the Catholic makes is similar, but more certain and absolute, depending also upon the gift of God. First he determines, either by his own reason, by his common sense, or by following the reasoning of another, that there is a God, Who has every perfection of Being, including Truth and Goodness. These truths are sometimes called the "Preambles of the Faith," because they are the reasonable foundation on which our act of faith depends. Now God has intervened in human history, initially by sending the prophets, but finally by sending His Eternally-Begotten Son, Jesus Christ, born into time of the Blessed Virgin Mary. By His public miracles and especially by His Resurrection from the dead, He has proven His Divinity. We may therefore conclude two things: First, as perfect Truth, Christ has knowledge of all things created and uncreated. Second, as perfect Goodness, He can have no desire to deceive us and wills only the good. His Doctrine is therefore true in all details and best calculated for the good of those who will receive it. We cannot pick and choose which doctrines to believe, but are obliged to assent to Revelation in its entirety because of the Authority of the Revealer. To assure that the Tradition (handing down) of the Faith is maintained until the end of time, He established a visible Church that is One, Holy, Catholic, and Apostolic.
Faith and science can never be in contradiction, for all truth has its ultimate source in God. But we must be careful to distinguish their relative certainties. It is science that cannot contradict Faith, and not vice-versa, for the Divine Revealer is more perfect in truth and goodness than any creature, and Christ has demonstrated His Divinity with unshakable proofs. We must reject, therefore, whatsoever we find in human doctrines that either contradicts or yields a conclusion contradicting Divine Revelation, bearing in mind always the Magisterium (Teaching Authority) of the Catholic Church.
B. Three Orders of Scientific Abstraction
Since science is "knowledge through causes," we naturally seek to understand what is meant by causes, for we cannot use these as instruments of understanding unless we can accurately recognize and classify them. But it is important to first distinguish clearly between the three principal sciences applied to the material world: metaphysics, mathematics, and physics. In the classical and medieval traditions, these sciences study real beings, but each studies beings under a different aspect. Metaphysics is the highest of these, for it is "the science of being as being." In saying that it is a "science of being," we simply mean that we are studying real beings. In saying that metaphysics is "the science of being as being," we indicate that the particular aspect under which we are studying beings is precisely their being. The first is materially what we are studying, the second is the formal aspect under which it is studied. In other words, we are studying beings just insofar as they are beings and no further. We are not interested in their particular nature, whether they are living or inert, but only what can be inferred about them from their existence. This definition will become clearer if we compare metaphysics to mathematics. Mathematics likewise studies real beings, but under the aspect of quantity. So mathematics can be defined as "the science of being as quantified." It is concerned with beings only insofar as they can be measured. Finally, the classical and medieval traditions understand physics as "the science of being as movable." In other words, physics considers ens mobile, which is Latin for "mobile being."
These three sciences are traditionally understood to form a hierarchy, with metaphysics at the top, followed by mathematics, and then physics. This hierarchy corresponds to differing orders of abstraction, with physics being the least abstract, mathematics more abstract, and metaphysics the most abstract. When we say that one is more abstract than another, we do not necessarily mean that one is more complicated than another, or even more difficult, but rather that as we progress upwards, we leave out certain aspects of real beings. Let us consider a concrete example. Real material beings possess individual matter that makes each thing to be this thing and no other. For example, Socrates is individuated (made an individual) by this particular matter (these hands, this snub nose). But the human intellect can only apprehend things abstractly; there can be no science of individuals. The first abstraction is to leave out the individuality (or thisness) of the matter. What is left is matter insofar as it is sensible (able to be perceived by the senses). The study of beings under this aspect is called "physics." Physics studies Socrates not insofar as he is Socrates, but insofar as he is a man. It pertains to a man to have matter, indeed, but not any particular matter.
When objects are studied mathematically, they are studied only insofar as their matter is intelligible, for the intellect leaves out of consideration their sensibility. When we imagine a mathematical triangle, we consider it extended in two dimensions, but this extension is only intelligible to the understanding, not perceptible to the five senses. Likewise, when we study Socrates mathematically, we consider him only insofar as he has a measurable body. (e.g. He is 68 inches tall. He weighs 160 pounds.) Finally, metaphysics abstracts from matter entirely, for it considers only the existence of the object and any other attributes that accrue to it from that existence alone. So we consider Socrates insofar as he has being and the unity, truth, and goodness, that necessarily accompany being.
Science: Studies: Example: Leaves Out: Supplies Principles To:
metaphysics "being as being" Socrates as being all matter mathematics, physics
mathematics "being as measurable" Socrates as body sensible matter physics
physics "being as movable" Socrates as man individual matter
Table I.A: The Hierarchy of Abstraction in the Sciences
This hierarchy of abstraction among metaphysics, mathematics, and the physical sciences, is also a hierarchy of principles. A superior (more abstract) science is able to supply principles of study to its subordinate sciences. The definition of motion in physics must be taken from metaphysics, for physics cannot define its own subject matter. Likewise, physical science depends upon mathematics for its understanding of quantity, which is absolutely crucial to the study of bodies in motion. The lower science cannot supply the higher examples with principles for study, but only concrete material for the higher science to study. So physical science provides bodies to be studied mathematically, and both physical science and mathematics provide beings to be investigated by metaphysics. The principles of study descend downward from higher science to lower, while the matter to be studied ascends from lower science to higher. Before we proceed to a study of physical science, then, it is necessary to discover in metaphysics some basic principles to guide us.
C. Motion and the Four Causes
We know from experience that there is change or motion. It is inescapably part of this world. There are also many different kinds of motions. So we would do well to define motion first.
A little thought will convince the student that the task is no easy one. It is one thing to recognize motion when we see it, but to define it requires a good deal of genius, such as that possessed by Aristotle. He recognized that to define motion, we need to say something about the terms of motion, that is, the before and after of every change. Aristotle saw clearly that change is only possible when something actual is also potentially something else. For example, a piece of bronze may actually be a bust of Julius Caesar, but it is potentially a bust of Marcus Brutus, that is, if it were melted down and recast in a different shape. Before any such change takes place, there must be these two principles in a thing: First, the matter (bronze), which can potentially be given a different form. Second, the form itself (Caesar), which determines it to be this thing and no other. The bronze can potentially become many different things; we say that this matter has a potency to become all of them, but can be actually only one of them at a time. Perhaps now we can understand what is meant when it is said that "being is divided into act and potency." These are two principles that all created beings possess, and it is in terms of them that we must define motion.
We might be tempted to say that "motion is a change from potency to act," and we would be correct, but we would have failed to define "motion." Why? Because we would then be required to define "change," which, as a little thought will make clear, is really nothing more than the "motion" we set out to define. This is an example of a logical fallacy called "petitio principii," or "begging the principle." Motion cannot be defined as a particular kind of motion! Aristotle, on the other hand, saw that in every continuous motion the object is in varying degrees of reaching its final actuality. To return to our example, as the molten bronze is poured into the cast, it gradually assumes the form of the bust of Brutus. At each moment it is actually some particular shape on its way to becoming Brutus. Aristotle saw that something like this was happening in every continuous motion. He therefore defined "motion" as "the entelechy of a being in potency insofar as it is in potency." This term, "entelechy," means something close to "act," but it also includes the idea of reaching its end. As it has come down to us through the medieval Latin tradition, motion is defined simply as "the act of a being in potency insofar as it is in potency." In our example, the motion from Caesar to Brutus would be "the shape of the bust of Caesar which is potentially Brutus, insofar as the bust is potentially Brutus." The potency of being Brutus lies in the bronze, not in the current shape of Caesar. In other words, it is not "the shape of the bust of Caesar which is potentially Brutus insofar as it is actually Caesar." This shape would be its present form, the shape of Caesar's bust. Motion is something's act precisely in its ability to be something else, that is, just insofar as it is in potency. Philosophers may legitimately debate the merits and difficulties of such a definition, but a better one has yet to be proposed.
We are half way to understanding Aristotle's four causes in material substances. We have already discussed two kinds of cause: the material cause and the formal cause. In our example, the material cause is the bronze which can potentially become many different shapes, and the formal cause is the shape of Caesar's bust. These two causes, matter and form, are called "intrinsic causes" because they lie within the material substance. Both the bronze and its present shape are included in the bust itself, but two other causes do lie outside of the bust. The latter causes are therefore called "extrinsic causes." The first of these, called the "efficient cause," is the working of a sculptor. A bust of Caesar cannot become a bust of Brutus without an external agent (one acting) to impress upon it a new form. This agent is the efficient cause. The second, or "final cause," is the end to which the sculpture must conform. In forming the bust of Brutus from the bronze in the bust of Caesar, there must be some standard toward which the bronze is directed. This is the ideal shape which the sculptor holds in his mind. The sculptor strives to bring the shape of the bronze into conformity with his idea. Without any one of these four causes we are unable to explain why things change.
There is another way to view these four causes. We have seen that the bust is in act insofar as it has a determined shape. The shape (form) in some sense acts upon the bronze (matter) to determine it to this one thing and no other. The form is active in relation to the matter; the matter is passive in relation to the form. Or, in other words, the form acts upon matter; the matter is acted upon by form. Now the efficient cause operates through form because it imparts form to matter. That is, it causes form to act upon matter. The final cause operates through matter because it directs the matter to its new form. That is, it causes the matter to be acted upon by form. The difference is subtle, but the efficient and final causes can be likened respectively to pushing and pulling. Whereas the efficient cause moves by action from a beginning, the final cause moves by attraction to an end.
Cause: Location: Example: Causal Character:
Formal intrinsic shape of bust acts upon matter
material intrinsic Bronze is acted upon by form
efficient extrinsic action of the sculptor causes form to act upon matter
Final extrinsic sculptor's idea of the bust causes matter to be acted upon by form
Table I.C: The Four Causes
D. Science and Method
Clearly, the methods of each science will differ. Physical science, because it abstracts from particular matter, but not from sensible matter, can make extensive use of the senses in its demonstrations (experiments). Mathematics, having abstracted from sensible matter, cannot use sensible objects in its demonstrations (proofs). It can only use the ideal properties of bodies in intelligible matter. This does not mean that the mathematician cannot use drawings or diagrams to help him remember. It only means that the diagram, which in fact always departs from the ideal, cannot supply the principles of his demonstration. Metaphysics, having abstracted from matter entirely, cannot use either sensible objects or ideal bodies. It must use principles of pure intellect and judgment alone.
We have said already that the superior science supplies principles to the lower sciences. Metaphysics studies beings only insofar as they have being. One principle of metaphysics is the principle of non-contradiction: a thing cannot be and not be at the same time under the same aspect. Clearly, both mathematics and physical science make ample use of this metaphysical principle. But mathematics adds new principles, for instance, the postulates of Euclidean geometry, without which it would not be possible to reason about figure. Physical science, the least abstract of the three, borrows from mathematics as well as metaphysics, for without the conclusions of mathematics, the physical sciences would be unable to measure change. But it also must seek additional principles from the senses.
The modern mind calls a science only that which can be studied experimentally, that is to say, through the experience of the senses. Mathematics, abstracting from sensible matter as it does, has consequently become today an exercise in logic having no necessary connection to reality. Indeed, the attempt has been repeatedly made to resolve all of mathematics into merely logical relationships, without any recourse to imagination and its intelligible matter. Naturally, metaphysics is rejected outright by those who do not understand the orders of abstraction proper to each science, and who therefore exclude whatever does not invoke a material cause. This scientific demand is nonsense, especially where the science of revealed theology is concerned. For the various elements of Divine Revelation can serve as principles (causes) of demonstration no less than those of geometry or physics. Moreover, such theological demonstrations are more dignified inasmuch as the principles of demonstration often transcend what can be obtained by any human science.
Leaving these higher sciences aside, the experience of the senses should be an important part of method in the physical sciences. The "scientific method" is usually presented as a clear-cut, even mechanical, order of investigation. But this order does not always hold in practice. The investigations of physical science bring the whole man, with all his prejudices and experiences, inclinations and aversions, into a new relation with the physical world. Many physical discoveries have been the result of accident, blind trial and error, or sudden brilliant insight. Examining this method will, nevertheless, help the student understand an important part of the physical scientist's work.
1. Define a problem that requires a solution.
2. Produce an hypothesis to explain the problem.
3. Predict new consequences of the hypothesis
4. Test the hypothesis experimentally.
5. Formulate a valid theory that yields new problems.
Figure I.D: The Steps of the "Scientific Method"
First, the investigator must begin with something he wishes to explain. He produces an hypothesis (educated guess) about the causes responsible. He then predicts new consequences from the hypothesis that can be tested experimentally. The testing of these leads, in turn, to a more comprehensive theory that produces new questions or problems for the scientist. Theories that have been thoroughly tested and have attained a high degree of certainty are sometimes called "scientific laws" or "laws of nature." The third step is truly the great advance which the moderns have made upon classical Greek science. For the ancient Greeks were keen observers, profound thinkers, and quite imaginative in their hypotheses. Yet, each one having explained some physical phenomenon to his own satisfaction, they ceased to progress. It is really no wonder if an hypothesis accounts for all present observations. That is precisely why it was formed! If it did not, it could be easily discarded. But how can one determine which of the remaining hypotheses is the best? The modern method demands not only that the hypothesis account for prior observations, as did the ancient method, but also that it yield new predictions, which can then be tested. The linear method of the Greeks has been replaced by a circular one that, if followed diligently and with intelligence, will constantly check the accuracy of our physical theories. This modern scientific method has, for both better and worse, radically transformed the intellectual and material culture of the modern world.
There remains to say a few things about experiments. An experiment is not simply a passive listening to nature; it is an active interrogation of nature. Nature cannot be allowed to speak at random, but must be made to answer the questions we put to it, which means that an experiment must be carefully conceived and executed. Prior to the experiment, we should already have an hypothesis about the causes that are operating behind the appearances. The experiment must be designed to verify or reject that hypothesis with certainty. This is what Francis Bacon called an experimentum crucis (critical experiment). The physical circumstance of the experiment will typically be an uncommon or contrived one in which the presence or absence of the these causes will be easily seen. It will very often require a physical apparatus to put nature into such a condition and scientific instruments to amplify and record the results of the experiment.
The classic example of the experimentum crucis is Sir Isaac Newton's experiment validating his theory of color mixture. It was well known from ancient times that some transparent materials, such as raindrops and some glasses, have the power to produce all the colors of the rainbow from an initial beam of white light. Some investigators were of the opinion that white light is modified to produce these colors. Newton, on the other hand, thought white light a composition of all of the colors, and that the prism is just separating white light into its colored components. He performed a simple experiment to decide which of the hypotheses was true. He first used a glass prism to produce the whole rainbow (the visible spectrum of light) from a single beam of white light. But then he cleverly positioned another prism to take in all of the colored beams and reunite them into a single beam. If the material of the prism were really modifying the light, the second prism would either further modify the light or have no more effect on the already modified light. On the other hand, if his own hypothesis were true, the various colors would be gathered back together to form white light again. The experiment proved him correct. He could separate white light into colored components and then mix them back together again to form white light. The competing theory of color was overturned.
E. Physics and the Physical Sciences
Were we to leave off our discussion of the physical sciences here, we would be greatly deceived about the scope of modern physics. For in early modern times a great change took place in the whole conception of the physical world.
The classical physics of Aristotle regards the world as filled with various natures. For instance, there is the nature of a stone, the nature of a tree, and the nature of a horse. The first is a mineral, the second a plant, and the third an animal. The Greek "? ?," from which we derive the word "physics," and the Latin "natura," from which we derive the word "nature," have the same basic meaning. They refer to the essence of a thing insofar as it is a principle of operation and motion. In other words, having a particular nature implies having a particular kind of operation and motion. So the inert stone has its principles of motion, the living plant another set of principles, and the sensitive animal still another set of principles. These principles of operation are understood to be embodied in the highest form of the individual substance, which is called the substantial or essential form. When the substantial form is also a principle of the operations of life, it is called a soul. So a stone has the ability to act and be acted upon through contact. In addition to these operations of lifeless matter, a plant has operations proper to its own degree of being: It can transform inert matter into living matter through growth and reproduce to form new plants. An animal adds to these operations those of the senses: touch, taste, smell, vision, and hearing, or some combination of these. So it has a more perfect operation and a more perfect being than the plant. The study of these substances reveals a hierarchy of natures in the world, with man, whose soul is both the substantial form of the body and a spiritual (non-material) substance in its own right, at the pinnacle of the material creation.
A change in thinking is evident when we consider that we no longer understand physics to be the study of natures, but the study of nature. The mechanical philosophies of the early modern period had a leveling effect. The entire universe was conceived as one vast machine with interacting material parts, all essentially inert. The difference in perfection between a living being and an inert one was reduced to a mere difference in complexity. René Descartes, the first significant proponent of this philosophy, dispensed with the souls of animals and plants, but perceiving that man possesses spiritual operations (intellect and will) that do not involve matter, he retained the human soul. The human body was an "extended substance," the human soul a "spiritual substance." Man had become a body accidentally united to an angel. There is no way in his philosophy to rejoin the soul and body into a single human being. Later thinkers, taking Descartes to his logical conclusion, dispensed entirely with a soul that had ceased to have any relation to the physical world: Man is a machine, a marvelously intricate one to be sure, but just a machine.
So plants, animals, and men might exhibit extraordinary complexity of structure and behavior, but they can ultimately be reduced to the mechanical interaction of their material parts. This mechanical philosophy of nature is therefore called "reductionist." The idea of individual substance has disappeared altogether. The operations of inert matter, now understood to be universal and, even more importantly, complete descriptions of all matter, have been stripped from substantial forms and turned into "laws of nature." Where then do these "laws" exist? In God? Scientists of the early modern period were commonly of this frame of mind, but later agnostic and atheistic thinkers could not avail themselves of this option. Form had become nothing but a particular arrangement of matter. The only remaining option was to identify these operations with matter itself. So the leveling of reality became an inversion: Matter is the basic reality; form and spirit, so-called, are but fleeting arrangements of matter. In this way were born the pernicious doctrines of Darwinism and Marxist materialism.
Since matter is understood to be the ultimate reality, and since mathematics is able to study the arrangements of matter in bodies, the application of mathematics is central to modern physics. Whatever cannot be reduced to quantity is dismissed as incapable of scientific study. There are indeed legitimate investigations corresponding to today's mathematical physics. In the middle ages, such sciences were called "scientiae mediae," or "intermediary sciences." St. Thomas Aquinas taught that these sciences have a physical subject (matter), and a mathematical aspect of study (form). Medieval examples are optics and astronomy. What is objectionable in modern physics is not that bodies should be studied mathematically, but that the philosophies and even the mathematical doctrines underlying modern physics make it exclusively mathematical. These doctrines contain a complete restructuring of the physical sciences. Modern physics considers the ultimate "laws" and material constituents of inert bodies. Other physical sciences, for their part, are considered legitimate only insofar as they are thought to be reducible to physics. In accordance with reductionist thinking, they cannot invoke principles superior to those that govern inert matter. Most striking of all, since physics now has regard only for lifeless matter, there is today neither in theory nor in practice a true science of biology! All that remains is the name.
The Catholic student must always be aware of this inversion in modern physics and cautious of its influence in his thinking. Contrary to what many Catholic apologists claim today, modern physics implies a philosophy that cannot be reconciled to the Catholic Faith, for it is false in its very principles. This is not to say that modern physics' mathematical predictions are inaccurate, for these conform well to reality. It is not experience that is faulty, but the formulation and interpretation of experience. There remains for orthodox Catholic scientists and philosophers a task of immense scope, severe intellectual discipline, and unremitting opportunity. The physical sciences, and indeed the various branches of mathematics, must be reconceived and reordered, all the while preserving the great multitude of legitimate modern discoveries and observations. No individual or small group of individuals will suffice; this project will demand the labor of legions of talented and dedicated philosophers, theorists, experimentalists, teachers, and popular expositors. Catholic Tradition affirms that "grace builds upon nature." With a sound philosophy of nature again in hand, the Church will find more fertile ground in which to plant the seeds of faith. Let us be sure that the credit for this is referred to God alone:
Ad Majorem Dei Gloriam.
Chapter I.A Review Questions:
1. What is meant by "truth"?
2. What is a "science"? How does it differ from "true opinion"?
3. What is meant by a "contingent" event? Why cannot these be the subject of a human science?
4. What does the theological modernist mean by "faith"?
5. What does the orthodox Catholic believer mean by an "act of faith"?
6. Does the scientist demand an act of faith from his student? Why?
7. Why is the Catholic's act of faith in Jesus Christ entirely reasonable?
8. How must all conflicts between scientific theory and the Catholic Faith be resolved? Why?
Chapter I.B Review Questions:
1. How are the subject matters of physics, mathematics, and metaphysics defined?
2. What do we mean when we say that one science is more "abstract" than another?
3. In what way do physics, mathematics, and metaphysics abstract from individual beings?
4. Under what aspects would physics, mathematics, and metaphysics study a diamond?
5. In what way does the hierarchy of sciences yield also a hierarchy of principles?
Chapter I.C Review Questions:
1. What are meant by "act" and "potency"?
2. How is "motion" defined?
3. How does the act of motion differ from the act of form?
4. What is the difference between an intrinsic and extrinsic cause?
5. What are the four causes? Which are intrinsic and which extrinsic?
6. How should we understand the difference between an efficient cause and final cause?
7. Give an example of a motion not found in the text and identify its four causes.
Chapter I.D Review Questions:
1. In what way does the order of abstraction of each science determine its method?
2. Give examples of principles that physics borrows from metaphysics and mathematics.
3. What are the five steps of the modern "scientific method"?
4. How do the physical investigations of the modern scientists differ from those of the ancient Greeks?
5. Why cannot the "scientific method" of the physical sciences be applied to mathematics, metaphysics, and theology?
6. What is an experimentum crucis? What distinguishes it from mere observation of nature?
Chapter I.E Review Questions:
1. How does the classical science of Aristotle view the world?
2. What did the Greeks and Latins understand by the terms "? ?" and "natura"?
3. What is a "substantial form"? What is a "soul"?
4. Describe the "mechanical philosophy" of nature.
5. Describe Descartes' philosophy of the body and soul. What is the great problem with it?
6. How did the notion of a "law of nature" come about?
7. In what way has modern science limited the idea of form?
8. How do Darwinism and Marxist materialism find their justification in modern physics?
9. Why has mathematics become so central to the modern study of the world?
10. What are "scientiae mediae"? Give some examples.
11. Why is there today no true science of biology?
12. Can modern physics in its present formulation be reconciled to the Catholic Faith? Why or why not?
St. Isidore e-book library: https://isidore.co/calibre
Reputation: +1272/-96
I once being a homeschooler, can say, WOW! That is what home schooling is all about! Everyone gets educated, learns Truth and can stand by it as Our Lady did, at her son's crucifixion. The Power is in the Precious Blood!
qeddeq
Reputation: +43/-129
there is nothing wrong with modern science. There is nothing wrong with the theory of evolution. There is nothing wrong with modern logic. If you teach your child to be ignorant you are teaching him to ignore the book of nature which God wrote. There is certainly nothing wrong with math, for it is obvious that God created mathematics, man could never create anything of such power and beauty. If you hate math, get a tutor for your kid but don't deny him the sciences just because you don't like them.
Reputation: +2987/-132
Quote from: qeddeq
There is nothing wrong with the theory of evolution.
So I guess when God told us in Genesis that he created the world in six days and then rested on the seventh and that he created man from clay and created woman from the man's rib he was telling white lies to pious fools.
In a Station of the Metro
The apparition of these faces in the crowd;
Petals on a wet, black bough.
Neil Obstat
What is your friend's name? Where does he teach physics??
Quote from: Geremia
There are today far too many well-meaning students of science misguided by the atheistic professors they have been required to study under, to the effect that they have been blinded to the message that God has given us in His creation.
Interpretation of experience is a huge topic! "There remains for orthodox Catholic scientists and philosophers a task of immense scope, severe intellectual discipline, and unremitting opportunity." Very true.
.--. .-.-.- ... .-.-.- ..-. --- .-. - .... . -.- .. -. --. -.. --- -- --..-- - .... . .--. --- .-- . .-. .- -. -.. -....- -....- .--- ..- ... - -.- .. -.. -.. .. -. --. .-.-.
Quote from: Matto
you think the earth is 6000 years old? do you deny the geologic record? Also note, that pius XII wrote an encyclical on evolution and that catholics need not deny the truth of it, since it is true.
There can be no conflict between faith and reason according to the church. if something can be demonstrated to be true by way of evidence and reasoning, then you must accept it upon pain of irrationality. This is Augustine's dictum. If it conflicts with scripture, then it means you don't understand scripture. You can verify all these statements from augustine in the catholic encyclopedia, written around 1910.
qeddq: Hm? So, who are you? You have more critics than likers. Hm? Might you be a troll. Trolls like to get the mind messed up. Some are toastmasters and who talk and talk with no reason.
You are not much fun.
Croix de Fer
Reputation: +2306/-2192
Quote from: songbird
He's, at best, an idiot heretic troll or, possibly, another Jew trying to disrupt a Catholic forum. Why these ding dongs are allowed to troll until they already crossed the line hundreds of miles ago, I don't understand.
Blessed be the Lord my God, who teacheth my hands to fight, and my fingers to war. ~ Psalms 143:1 (Douay-Rheims)
Evolutionism is the key to the philosophy of Anti-Christ.
Last Tradhican
You are debating about two hypothesis, the age of the earth and evolution, only when you die will you know for sure if you were right or duped.
Reminds me of a line from the movie Gettysburg:
"Sir, I can perfectly understand why you would believe that you are descended from a monkey, but I can assure you, that no relative of mine was a monkey"
The Vatican II church - Assisting Souls to Hell Since 1962
For there shall arise false Christs and false prophets, and shall show great signs and wonders, insomuch as to deceive (if possible) even the elect. Mat 24:24
Not just that the Bible says otherwise, but I cannot understand how original sin works and why we even need a redeemer if we are not descended from a fallen Adam and Eve, but from monkeys. Did the monkeys eat the apple? I don't get it.
Quote from: ascent
Show me one heretical statement I have made. If i am a heretic, then so is Pius XII and St. Augustine, along with Aquinas, who did not know how to interpret the genesis narrative.
It's really funny to read the ramblings of evolution promoters like S.J. Gould and R. Dawkins when they slyly admit that the expected predominance of transitional forms has not materialized as had been thought they would, and we are left with "a precious few..." But they can't manage to identify a single one of these precious few! The reason is, they are ALL hotly contested and none of them are in any way convincing, while numerous others have turned out to be outright frauds.
The only thing that is "evolving" is the theory itself!
Intelligent children want nothing to do with the silliness of evolution.
Evolution is a fairy tale for grown-ups.
The OP has a lot of great points. Today's students of science have a lot of challenge and opportunity to sift out the honest truth from the lurid fiction, since several generations of charlatans have mixed it all up. There is a lot of work to be done.
Quote from: Neil Obstat
You say there is a lot of work to be done. show us your work.
Uniformitarianism (long-earth-ages)
Once they conjured up a 'natural' explanation for the existence of a spinning/orbiting earth they then had to try to explain the topography of the earth, the physical structure of the surface of the earth as we find it today. History records it was Charles Lyell (1797-1875), Adam Sedgwick, Sir Roderick Murchison and many other like-minded men of The Geological Society of London - founded in 1807 - that 'solved' this problem. He/they proposed that slow processes acting over long periods of time formed everything, including sedimentary rock, with each of its layers representing its own age of millions of years. In his book The Rise of the Evolution Fraud, (Malcolm Bowden: The Rise of the Evolution Fraud, Creation-Life Publishers, San Diego, California, 1982) Malcolm Boden quotes an 1830 letter from Lyell to one Poulette Scrope - who was about to review the first volume of Lyell's The Principles of Geology, a thesis on uniformitarianism for rocks - saying 'I am sure you may get into Quarterly Review what will free science from Moses.' Boden goes further and presents a record of this geological and biblical revolution, one exactly similar to the heliocentric fraud wherein assumptions and theories were upheld as empirical probabilities and facts by powerful men who filled the important 'scientific' administrations in universities and teaching institutions and who in turn ensured the uniform method was placed in all textbooks since that time.
'Uniformitarianism is the assumption that the same natural laws and processes that operate in the universe now have always operated in the universe in the past and apply everywhere in the universe. It has included the gradualistic concept that "the present is the key to the past" and is functioning at the same rate. Uniformitarianism has been a key principle of geology and virtually all fields of science, but naturalism's modern geologists, while accepting that geology has occurred across deep time, no longer hold to a strict gradualism. Uniformitarianism was formulated by British naturalists in the late 18th century, starting with the work of the geologist James Hutton, which was refined by John Playfair and popularised by Charles Lyell's Principles of Geology in 1830. The term uniformitarianism was coined by William Whewell, who also coined the term catastrophism for the idea that Earth was shaped by a series of sudden, short-lived, violent events.' ---Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia.
Up until the Copernican revolution the world was aged according to the Holy Scriptures (6,000 to 10,000 years-old). Here is a more precise account.
'The year from the creation of the world, when in the beginning God created heaven and earth, five thousand one hundred and ninety nine: From the Deluge, the year two thousand nine hundred and fifty seven: from the birth of Abraham, the year two thousand and fifteen…' The above composition belongs to Roman Martyrology first published in 1583 by Pope Gregory XIII, the pope who decreed the revision of the Julian calendar. At the office of the prime, in cathedral chapters and monasteries, the announcement of the following day's feast [Christmas day] was made with unusual solemnity. The Lector, who frequently is one of the dignitaries of the choir, sung, to a magnificent chant, the above lesson from the martyrology. On that day alone, and on that single occasion, did the Church adopt the Septuagint chronology, according to which the birth of the Saviour took place five thousand years after the Creation; whereas the Vulgate version, and the Hebrew text, places only four thousand years between the two events.
New Translation: 'unknown ages from the time when God created the heavens and the earth and then formed man and woman in his own image.' --- USCCB Translation (Committee on the Liturgy, 1994.)
Noah's Flood and Jonah
We now come to the consequences of the loss of faith in geocentrism, having to accept further changes to the literal interpretations held by all but one of the Fathers,(The only Church Father known to have adopted the view that the Flood was a local event seems to have been Pseudo-Justin (identified by some with Theodoret of Cyrus, c. 393–457).) this time the universality of Noah's Flood and the theology based on it. Tradition taught that the whole earth was flooded by the Deluge and all but eight persons were drowned as a punishment for a world of sin. The Ark thus became a divine type of the Catholic Church, the only way to eternal salvation. Indeed even the design of the Ark with its only door placed in its side represented the spear-wound of Christ from which his blood save the human race and opened up the life in heaven to those who believed in him. Thus the Ark became an allegory of the dogma 'no salvation outside the Church.'
'St Augustine rejected the allegorical interpretations of the Flood account by commentators who supposed "that there could not be a flood so great that the water should rise fifteen cubits above the highest mountains."' --- City of God 15.27.
In his defence of Galileoism in his 1913 book Galileo and his Condemnation, the Jesuit Fr Hull gives us a demonstration of the propaganda used and the history of how the Earthmovers made the Bible conform to the fraud of the heliocentrists and the uniformitarians:
'Down to a generation or two ago it was the general belief of Christians that the deluge of Noah covered the whole earth, and that it is so described in the most explicit terms in the Bible. Certain new considerations, mainly drawn from geology, led specialists to the contrary conclusion that the deluge was by no means universal, but was a comparatively local phenomenon; widespread enough to cover the area occupied by mankind at that time, but not much more. This view at first found considerable opposition in theological circles; partly because the restriction of the area of the flood was not as yet demonstrated beyond question, and partly because it ran counter to the literal text of the Scripture as universally understood by its interpreters. Fortunately, the view did not attain such sudden publicity as to cause a widespread sensation, and so no crisis arose. The partial-deluge-view gradually came to look more and more feasible, and the possibility of interpreting Scripture accordingly became more and more evident. The new view gradually filtered down from learned circles to the man in the street, so that nowadays the partiality of the deluge is a matter of commonplace knowledge among all educated Christians, and is even taught to the rising generation in elementary schools.' ---- Fr Ernest R. Hull, S. J: Galileo and his Condemnation, p.71.
Witness how Fr Ernest Hull, an 'educated Christian' no doubt, places biblical interpretation of Noah's Flood into the hands of 'specialists' in geology. Today, 100 years later, Noah's flood is depicted in a Catholic Bible like so:
'Deluge. The great flood which covered the whole land or region in which Noe lived (Gen. 6:1-9:19). God sent this flood to destroy all men in this region because of their wickedness. Noe and his family alone were spared (Gen. 6:1-8). Scriptural scholars say that the flood did not necessarily cover the whole earth as we know it today; some even hold that it not necessarily destroys all the people on the earth.' ---The Holy Bible: The Catholic Press Inc. Chicago.
What then is all that about in Genesis with God telling Noah to build a huge Ark over many years, filling it up with animals and birds of all sorts and having to spend a year afloat on a 'lake' when he and his family could have gone on holiday with horse and cart and enjoyed themselves with all those others saved outside the 'region.' So much for 'no salvation outside the Ark (the Catholic Church)?' The hierarchy in Rome, having sterilised biblical exegesis and hermeneutics with their Galilean U-turn, went along with other U-turns that were making Genesis look like a compilation of fairy tales and myths.
Guy Berthault
As an anecdote to the above let us bring ourselves up to date on this subject of uniformitarianism (long-ages) based on the research by the French geologist-sedimentologist Guy Berthault. Experiments conducted by this man at the University of Colorado between 1985 and 1990 have shattered all conceived ideas that sediments were laid down one layer on top of another throughout the ages. (Geological Society of France's Journal, October 1993.) In fact he found sediments are laid down in a sideways motion, thus in fact the bottom strata in any one deposit, always considered the oldest according to Lyell, can well be younger than the top strata further back along the path of any deposit. This evidence, after confirmed and valid tests, means animal fossils in one stratum at or near the surface can well be buried longer than fossils in the lower strata, thus shattering the whole 'fossil-column' assertions of the evolutionists. In other words fossils found at the bottom of a ravine, may well be younger than a fossil found further up the cliff-face. And not only does this falsify Lyell's 'scientific' postulation that the ages of fossils can be classified according to their depth in the rock, but it shows that the radioactive dating used to confirm this false theory is itself manipulated to suit the evolutionists. Other discoveries, such as radioactive halos left behind by decaying radioactive elements in the 'Precambrian granites', and in coal, (R. V. Gentry, Creation's Tiny Mystery, Earth Sciences Association, Tennessee, 1986.) and that two hundred year old lava rock has been dated at three million years old, provide empirical evidence that falsifies the theories from the Big Bang to the great uniformitarian hoax. Berthault's work (Guy Berthault: Principles of geologic dating in question, Fusion, May-June, 2000 pp.32-39.) totally falsified Hutton's and Lyell's nineteenth century account of the earth's sediments and the fossils in them that they claimed proved all were laid down and formed successively over millions of years. Berthault's findings - coupled with observations gleaned from the well documented volcanic eruption at Mt St Helens in Washington State during the 1980s where massive deposits of sediments (millions of years of them?) were laid down in a matter of hours - offered the world more empirical evidence that showed the long-age sedimentation geology used by Darwin for his evolution, from gas to human beings, is no longer feasible. The above findings were published in the French scientific review Fusion. Peter Wilders tells us how the scientific world reacted.
'First was the classical and normally most effective tactic of silence. By not replying to the documentation sent to them, the Geological Society, in this case that of France, blocked all dialogue. The author of the experiments countered their tactics by sending a copy of the scientific journal to all the 1,200 or so active members of the society. In this way, everyone in the geological community in France was made aware of the experimental results. The society retaliated by attacking the experimenter from authority, i.e., they claimed that all the geologists for three centuries could not be wrong; therefore the experimental evidence could be safely ignored. The success of such a method depended upon the geologists being united. To a large extent they were, but a few responded independently of the society saying they were interested… Supportive geologists fearing for their credibility and, therefore livelihood, wait in the wings.' ---P. Wilders, David and Goliath, Christian Order, May 2001, p.335.
Wilders goes on to say that the final rejection of Berthault's evidence came from the Catholic hierarchy. Although out of their competence, they placed a letter in the Geological Society's half-yearly newsletter and, giving no heed at all to the empirical evidence supplied by Berthault, they accused the scientist of 'pseudo-science and creationism.' 'By attacking his personal credibility they knew that most geologists would not take his work seriously' wrote Wilders.
Finally, there is the Mount St Helens volcano eruption in Washington State in 1980. In a matter of hours and days layer after layer of sedimentation formed before the very eyes of the scientists studying the explosion. This demonstrated that the supposed thousands, if not millions of years of uniformitarian sediment building, could in fact be created in hours or days. In other words a catastrophic one year long flood accompanied by volcanic eruption, which then receded, could well have formed very quickly most of the sedimentary and igneous deposits as well as the great canyons and other land formations found on earth today. Apply this evidence to the rule of faith, where all that is necessary to confirm the opinion of the Fathers of the Genesis flood is that it has never been proven untrue and so it remains as revealed, and rest assure that so-called science never came anywhere close to empirically falsifying the literal account as recorded in Scripture. But the Catholic hierarchy had long committed themselves to 'modern science' for their Creation account, and that was shown in their attack on Berthault's findings.
'6,000 years, you must be joking?' No actually, for there is no way to determine the age of the moon (or any rock) for certain. Consider this for what its worth: When it became clear that men could be sent to the moon, scientists said that the moon is 4.6 billion years old, so, because of meteors and falling cosmic dust at today's calculated rate of bombardment, with no atmosphere to burn them/it, no rain or water to cement or scatter them/it, there could be up to 50 to 180 feet of dust in places on its surface, making it difficult to land. Two probes, Ranger and Surveyor, constructed with long legs for the deep dust, were sent to investigate. Indeed, Neil Armstrong, first man on the moon, stated to his brother that his greatest fear was the lunar dust awaiting him. As it turned out they found only an inch of powder evenly distributed on the moon's surface, 6,000 years of it if current calculations of dust falling on the moon are accurate and correct.
(THE EARTHMOVERS)
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Just a quick update to add a deadzone adjustment to the options. Go to the Options menu, click Adjust Gamepad, then move the Deadzone slider until any jitter on the gamepad inputs disappears. I've also increased the default deadzone slightly so you may not have to make any adjustments.


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Geoff Barnes has a head for business
Geoff Barnes is president and CEO of a large accounting and financial advisory network
Published: April 29, 2011 00:00 By Vasanti Sundaram for Friday magazine
"I view my dreams as being action plans that can become," says Baker Tilly International president and CEO Geoff Barnes. Image Credit: Stefan Lindeque/ANM
The philosophy of 'build it and they will come' is one Geoff Barnes does not believe in. "That's being complacent," he says. "Just because you're large doesn't mean you've got it fixed. It is when you are large and successful that you need to pay attention to client service."
For Barnes, president and CEO of Baker Tilly International, the world's eighth largest independent accountancy and business advisory network headquartered in the UK, the global financial crisis continued the opportunities to serve customers well. Out of the many mandates, one was to show companies what it would be like in the aftermath. Interestingly, the scenario that called upon his firm's consultancy skills the most was succession planning in a family-run businesses.
His recent visit to the UAE to celebrate member firm Baker Tilly MKM Group's 30th year of presence in the Middle East saw Barnes interacting with a number of business heads of family-owned conglomerates.
From his experience, Barnes says, "Family businesses should not assume that their sons and daughters have the right qualification to take the success of their parents to further success. One of the big issues is that if the kids aren't strong enough to do the work, because they do not have the professional disciplines or abilities, it is for the company and the family to recognise that and bring in professional CEOs and CFAs. It is very sad to see a successful first-generation business losing its way through the subsequent generations."
The economic slump saw the world being turned on its head, says Barnes. Not only did it deem obsolete many business plans that well-structured companies had put together, it also reminded clients of dormant eventualities that were earlier overlooked. Interrogating existing business strategies, therefore, became an imperative that auditing firms such as Baker Tilly International helped execute.
Barnes lists three good lessons that the recession is leaving in its wake.
First, no organisation is immune to economic damage and even collapse.
Secondly, not to be complacent. "We live in a world so dynamic that it becomes even more important to stay ahead of the curve and plan - for yourself, your clients and your stakeholders. It's also useful never to think you've got it cracked. You may have cracked it today, but tomorrow's another day."
Thirdly, the importance of leadership. "The recession has defined the necessity of leadership that does not panic, leadership that has looked around the curve and leadership that listens to people. It has brought a more communal atmosphere to the role. It is a fact that leadership can be a lonely business. But the crisis has made the top man more aware of the team. It has taught heads of companies there is nothing wrong in sharing a concern with a colleague and not to be worried that others might see it as a sign of weakness."
Ask Barnes if the recession also gave an opportunity for auditing firms to redeem their eroded reputation post-Enron and he quickly points out, "Let me say that I do not believe there were any systemic problems with auditing firms at that time. Let's also remind ourselves that Arthur Andersen was absolved by the courts of any responsibility regarding Enron. Yes, it's sad that the debacle caused the demise of a major and great accounting firm. The reputational impact on auditing companies arising from Enron was not good, but altogether misguided."
One change that did result post-Enron was that the global accounting profession became externally regulated. And, even if the accounting profession did a commendable job in embracing this change, Barnes believes "it's good we're not self-regulated any more, but it is also important to be regulated by people who understand what we are doing. That's a big point. Overall, we have come a long way. We are still seen as a major cornerstone of the capital society. People want chartered accountants, they want CPAs. We're valuable. And, between the Enron event in 2002 and the fall of the Lehmann Brothers in 2008, we have done a lot in the world to show that we offer a fundamental service to capital markets."
As for the Middle East's economy, Barnes says "I am excited about this region and the fund of intellectual capability here. I look at the desire for people to do better. I know there are certain problems in the region as we speak, but I believe these will be overcome and pave the way for a more optimistic and resilient future."
I come from a normal background and my parents weren't wealthy. However, I wanted to be an accountant from an early age. I had an uncle who was an accountant and seemed affluent; so I thought "that sounds like good stuff" and took to it. Fortunately, I have enjoyed my career.
When I trained with Deloitte, I was fortunate enough to work with a lot of good mentors. One or two of them took me under their wing when I was a young guy and made some very basic observations on how I should run my life in accounting terms. They influenced me a great deal on my personal side as well. My parents were a strong part of my life too. My dad's still alive, he's 92.
When I was about 34, I made the biggest choice of my life. I moved to Baker Tilly from Deloitte. My father thought I was crazy to make this move from a Big-Five firm to a relatively smaller entity. I did this because I wanted to experience other challenges outside of the audit market.
Some ten years ago, I was asked to take on the role as CEO of Baker Tilly International and move to New York. I didn't want to do that. Sensing my reluctance, I was told that should I agree, the headquarters would be moved from New York to London. True enough, that's what happened. I am extremely proud that in under ten years, we have grown our employee strength to over 26,000 and we have 150 member firms in 120 countries worldwide. Our combined revenues have grown to$3 billion, despite passing through two or three economic crises.
With all our talented people worldwide, we are capable of helping boards, audit committees and stakeholders manage rapidly changing legal requirements and develop new business strategies. The firm can help devise new corporate governance strategies and provide coordinated advice to businesses of any size. Personally, I have been fortunate to work with many great partners, colleagues and clients. It's been an achievement for everyone concerned.
If I were to pick one key lesson that I have taken away from my prolific professional journey, it is the fundamental importance of communication. From a management perspective, you've got to play it right. There have been occasions where I have done things quickly without too much deliberation; it could have been the implementation of a new set of ideas conceived on the spur of the moment for the network and you forget to communicate that with no malicious intent - this might not bode well in the long run. Situations such as these show how important it is to carry people along with you from a communication point of view.
To relax, I read a lot, particularly non-fiction and fiction relating to the history of the US civil war. My particular interest in this relates to the bravery involved, an interesting period of development of the US government structures and the anguishes that the war posed within families in conflict. With regard to general reading, I enjoy Charles Dickens and historical novels. I also enjoy golf and anything of a competitive nature.
If I were to describe myself, I would say I am a loyal guy and understand what team play is, but I've always been driven by something that I want to do better. That's why I like mountaineering. My son (35) drives me up crazy mountains although I'm getting too old for this.
I'm certainly not a Luddite, so to speak! Of course, I'm open to change! Can I type 500 words a minute on a keyboard? No. But I do my best to keep up to date. The challenge now is for people of my generation to understand new methodologies of communication such as LinkedIn, Facebook and Twitter. I try my best to understand what the social sites are about. I don't blog though.
I've always felt I had good interpersonal skills. For instance, I'm not intimidated when I have to meet new people regardless of station. This doesn't mean that I'm not nervous during big occasions. I have butterflies in my tummy when addressing a crowd of 500 people.
One of my dreams that saw a success fulfruition was a leadership programme I conceptualised. In accounting, we have to deal with a very competitive environment. And, in my quest to be different, I came up with the idea for such a programme. We then looked at various business schools, in Geneva, Stockholm, London, and chose Chicago as our partner for the programme. The leadership programme is open to anyone from our member firms across the world. Young people, who are the leaders of tomorrow, go on the 15-day structured programme that's segmented into five days in London, five in Singapore and five in Chicago. A maximum of 25 participants are taken in. Last year, we had one participant from Dubai. So far, it's been a huge success.
From a personal point of view, a lot of my dreams relate to ambitions for our network. My aspirations are for members to deliver their strategies which, in themselves, will create for us a stronger, more exciting network.
I also have the usual hopes for family members and their achievements. I view my dreams as being action plans that can become a reality.
Age has brought with it some virtues. I'm more patient, I have become a better listener. I'm much more aware of the need to inspire younger people. Rightly or wrongly, people look up to their managers. And, in my role, I try and lead by example or at least I am told that I do! I want young people around the world to come up to me and others of my generation and ask how do I do what I do or how did I get to where I am today. If you can show people that anything can be done by sheer hard work and will, I would consider that a job well done.
When did I last say 'Yes, We can?' I think I say this most of the time although it might come with certain conditions. For instance, I could say, 'Yes, we can… if we do this'. Using the term comes with a certain sense of responsibility. Although it's good to believe that anything is achievable, it's also about being sensible. While it's not entirely wrong to verge on unrealism, one must never set ridiculous goals.
I believe it's important to have dreams. And, even if most dreams are not realities, you can make some of them happen. But as an accountant, even when chasing a rainbow, I would perhaps put in a fair measure of caution!
Inside info
Geoff Barnes says if there is anything he regrets, it's not having done a stint in the army, explaining: "When I decided to become an accountant, I had an opportunity to do a two-year commission at Sandhurst, the British academy. For some reason, I opted out."
Interview by Vasanti Sundaram, a Dubai-based writer
"If I were to pick one key lesson, it is the fundamental importance of communication," Barnes says. Image Credit: Stefan Lindeque/ANM
Barnes with (from right) Hamad Mubarak Bu Amim, Director General of the Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry; Hassan Al Hashemi, Director of External Relations at the Dubai Chamber of Commerce and Industry and Ted Verkade, chairman of Baker Tilly International, EMEA Region. Image Credit: Supplied picture
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