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Ethylene glycol poisoning
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Ethylene glycol poisoning is caused by the ingestion of ethylene glycol (the primary ingredient in both automotive antifreeze and hydraulic brake fluid). Ethylene glycol should not be confused with propylene glycol, a common food additive. Ethylene glycol is a toxic, colorless, odorless, almost nonvolatile liquid with a sweet taste that is occasionally consumed by children and dogs due to its sweetness. Following ingestion the symptoms of poisoning follow a three step progression starting with intoxication and vomiting, before causing metabolic acidosis, cardiovascular dysfunction, and finally acute kidney failure. The major cause of toxicity is not the ethylene glycol itself but its metabolites. The major metabolites causing toxicity are glycolic acid and oxalic acid.
Medical diagnosis of poisoning is most reliably done by measurement of ethylene glycol in the blood. However, many hospitals do not have the facilities to perform this test and need to rely on abnormalities in the body's biochemistry to diagnose poisoning. Diagnosis can also be aided by examining the urine for the presence of calcium oxalate crystals. Treatment consists of initially stabilizing the patient, followed by the use of antidotes. The antidotes used are either ethanol or fomepizole (Antizol). The antidotes work by blocking the enzyme responsible for metabolizing ethylene glycol and therefore halt the progression of poisoning. Hemodialysis is also used to help remove ethylene glycol and its metabolites from the blood. As long as medical treatment is undertaken, the prognosis is generally good with most patients making a full recovery. Poisoning is relatively common, and due to its taste, children and animals will sometimes consume large quantities of ethylene glycol. Denatonium benzoate, a bitterant, is added to many antifreeze products to discourage accidental or deliberate ingestion.
1 Signs and symptoms
2 Pathophysiology
2.1 Toxicity
4 Diagnosis
5 Treatment
5.1 Stabilization and decontamination
5.2 Antidotes
5.3 Hemodialysis
6 Prognosis
7 Epidemiology
Symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning usually follow a three-step progression, although poisoned individuals will not always develop each stage.[1]
Stage 1 (0.5 to 12 hours) consists of neurological and gastrointestinal symptoms; people may appear to be intoxicated, exhibiting symptoms such as dizziness, incoordination of muscle movements, nystagmus, headaches, slurred speech, and confusion. Irritation to the stomach may cause nausea and vomiting.[1] Over time, the body metabolizes ethylene glycol into other toxins.
Stage 2 (12 to 36 hours) is a result of accumulation of organic acids formed by the metabolism of ethylene glycol and consists of increased heart rate, high blood pressure, hyperventilation, and metabolic acidosis. Additionally low calcium concentrations in the blood, overactive muscle reflexes, muscle spasms, QT interval prolongation, and congestive heart failure may occur. If untreated, death most commonly occurs during this period.[1]
Stage 3 (24 to 72 hours) kidney failure is the result of ethylene glycol poisoning. Symptoms include acute tubular necrosis, red blood cells in the urine, excess proteins in the urine, lower back pain, decreased or absent production of urine, elevated blood concentration of potassium, and acute kidney failure.[2][3] If kidney failure occurs it is typically reversible, although weeks or months of supportive care including hemodialysis may be required before kidney function returns.[1]
File:Glycolic acid3d.png
Glycolic acid is the major metabolite of ethylene glycol responsible for toxicity
The three main systems affected by ethylene glycol poisoning are the central nervous system, metabolic processes, and the kidneys.[1] The central nervous system is affected early in the course of poisoning as the result of a direct action of ethylene glycol. Similar to ethanol, it causes intoxication, followed by drowsiness or coma.[1] Seizures may occur due to a direct effect.[2] The toxic mechanism of ethylene glycol poisoning is mainly due to the metabolites of ethylene glycol. Initially it is metabolized by alcohol dehydrogenase to glycolaldehyde, which is then oxidized to glycolic acid. The increase in metabolites may cause encephalopathy or cerebral edema.[4] The metabolic effects occur 12 to 36 hours post ingestion, causing primarily metabolic acidosis which is due mainly to accumulated glycolic acid. Additionally, as a side effect of the first two steps of metabolism, an increase in the blood concentration of lactic acid occurs contributing to lactic acidosis. The formation of acid metabolites also causes inhibition of other metabolic pathways, such as oxidative phosphorylation.[1]
The renal toxicity of ethylene glycol occurs 24 to 72 hours post ingestion and is caused by a direct cytotoxic effect of glycolic acid. The glycolic acid is then metabolized to glyoxylic acid and finally to oxalic acid. Oxalic acid binds with calcium to form calcium oxalate crystals which may deposit and cause damage to many areas of the body including the brain, heart, kidneys, and lungs.[1] The most significant effect is accumulation of calcium oxalate crystals in the kidneys which causes kidney damage leading to oliguric or anuric acute kidney failure.[1] The rate-limiting step in this cascade is the conversion of glycolic to glyoxylic acid.[5] Accumulation of glycolic acid in the body is mainly responsible for toxicity.[6]
Ethylene glycol has been shown to be toxic to humans[7] and is also toxic to domestic pets such as cats and dogs. A toxic dose requiring medical treatment varies but is considered more than 0.1 mL per kg body weight (mL/kg) of pure substance. That is roughly 16 mL of 50% ethylene glycol for an 80 kg adult and 4 mL for a 20 kg child. Poison control centers often use more than a lick or taste in a child or more than a mouthful in an adult as a dose requiring hospital assessment.[8]
The orally lethal dose in humans has been reported as approximately 1.4 mL/kg of pure ethylene glycol.[1] That is approximately 224 mL of 50% ethylene glycol for an 80 kg adult and 56 mL for a 20 kg child. Although survival with medical treatment has occurred with doses much higher than this, death has occurred with 30 mL of the concentrate in an adult.[9][10][11] In the EU classification of dangerous substances it is 'harmful' (Xn) while more toxic substances are classified as 'toxic' (T) or 'very toxic' (T+). The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency generally puts substances which are lethal at more than 30 g to adults in Toxicity Class III.
Ethylene glycol has a low vapor pressure; it does not evaporate readily at normal temperatures and therefore high concentrations in air or intoxication are unlikely to occur following inhalational exposures.[12] There may be a slight risk of poisoning where mists or fogs are generated, although this rarely leads to poisoning as ethylene glycol causes irritation and coughing when breathed in, alerting victims to its presence.[13] Ethylene glycol is not well absorbed through skin meaning poisoning following dermal exposure is also uncommon.[14]
Antifreeze products for automotive use containing propylene glycol in place of ethylene glycol are available, and are generally considered safer to use, as it possesses an unpleasant taste in contrast to the perceived "sweet" taste of toxic ethylene glycol-based coolants, and only produces lactic acid in an animal's body, as their muscles do when exercised.[15][unreliable source?]
File:Calcium oxalate crystals in urine.jpg
Urine microscopy showing calcium oxalate crystals in the urine
As many of the clinical signs and symptoms of ethylene glycol poisoning are nonspecific and occur in many poisonings the diagnosis is often difficult.[16] It is most reliably diagnosed by the measurement of the blood ethylene glycol concentration. Ethylene glycol in biological fluids can be determined easily by gas chromatography.[17] Many hospital laboratories do not have the ability to perform this blood test and in the absence of this test the diagnosis must be made based on the clinical presentation of the patient.[1] In this situation a helpful test to diagnose poisoning is the measurement of the osmolal gap. The patients' serum osmolality is measured by freezing point depression and then compared with the predicted osmolality based on the patients' measured sodium, glucose, blood urea nitrogen, and any ethanol that may have been ingested. The presence of a large osmolal gap supports a diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning. However, a normal osmolar gap does not rule out ethylene glycol exposure because of wide individual variability.[18][19]
The increased osmolal gap is caused by the ethylene glycol itself. As the metabolism of ethylene glycol progresses there will be less ethylene glycol and this will decrease the blood ethylene glycol concentration and the osmolal gap making this test less useful.[20] Additionally, the presence of other alcohols such as ethanol, isopropanol, or methanol or conditions such as alcoholic or diabetic ketoacidosis, lactic acidosis, or kidney failure may also produce an elevated osmolal gap leading to a false diagnosis.[1]
Other laboratory abnormalities may suggest poisoning, especially the presence of a metabolic acidosis, particularly if it is characterized by a large anion gap. Large anion gap acidosis is usually present during the initial stage of poisoning. However, acidosis has a large number of differential diagnosis, including poisoning from methanol, salicylates, iron, isoniazid, paracetamol, theophylline, or from conditions such as uremia or diabetic and alcoholic ketoacidosis. The diagnosis of ethylene glycol poisoning should be considered in any patient with a severe acidosis.[1] Urine microscopy can reveal needle or envelope-shaped calcium oxalate crystals in the urine which can suggest poisoning; although these crystals may not be present until the late stages of poisoning.[21] Finally, many commercial radiator antifreeze products have fluorescein added to enable radiator leaks to be detected using a Wood's lamp. Following ingestion of antifreeze products containing ethylene glycol and fluorescein, a Wood's lamp may reveal fluorescence of a patient's mouth area, clothing, vomitus, or urine which can help to diagnose poisoning.[22][23]
Stabilization and decontamination
The most important initial treatment for ethylene glycol poisoning is stabilizing the patient. As ethylene glycol is rapidly absorbed, gastric decontamination is unlikely to be of benefit unless it is performed within 60 minutes of ingestion. Traditionally, gastric lavage or nasogastric aspiration of gastric contents are the most common methods employed in ethylene glycol poisoning.[1] The usefulness of gastric lavage has, however, been questioned, and it is now no longer used routinely in poisoning situations.[24] Ipecac-induced vomiting is not recommended. As activated charcoal does not adsorb glycols, it is not recommended as it will not be effective at preventing absorption.[1] It is only used in the presence of a toxic dose of another poison or drug.[18] Patients with significant poisoning often present in a critical condition. In this situation stabilization of the patient including airway management with intubation should be performed in preference to gastrointestinal decontamination.[1] Patients presenting with metabolic acidosis or seizures require treatment with sodium bicarbonate and anticonvulsives such as a benzodiazepine respectively.[1] Sodium bicarbonate should be used cautiously as it can worsen hypocalcemia by increasing the plasma protein binding of calcium. If hypocalcemia occurs it can be treated with calcium replacement although calcium supplementation can increase the precipitation of calcium oxalate crystals leading to tissue damage.[16] Intubation and respiratory support may be required in severely intoxicated patients; patients with hypotension require treatment with intravenous fluids and possibly vasopressors.[25]
Following decontamination and the institution of supportive measures, the next priority is inhibition of further ethylene glycol metabolism using antidotes. The antidotes for ethylene glycol poisoning are ethanol and fomepizole. This antidotal treatment forms the mainstay of management of ethylene glycol poisoning. The toxicity of ethylene glycol comes from its metabolism to glycolic acid and oxalic acid. The goal of pharmacotherapy is to prevent the formation of these metabolites. Ethanol acts by competing with ethylene glycol for alcohol dehydrogenase, the first enzyme in the degradation pathway. Because ethanol has a much higher affinity for alcohol dehydrogenase, about a 100-times greater affinity, it successfully blocks the breakdown of ethylene glycol into glycoaldehyde, which prevents the further degradation. Without oxalic acid formation, the nephrotoxic effects can be avoided, but the ethylene glycol is still present in the body. It is eventually excreted in the urine, but supportive therapy for the CNS depression and metabolic acidosis will be required until the ethylene glycol concentrations fall below toxic limits. Pharmaceutical grade ethanol is usually given intravenously as a 5 or 10% solution in 5% dextrose, but it is also sometimes given orally in the form of a strong spirit such as whisky, vodka, or gin.[1]
Fomepizole is a potent inhibitor of alcohol dehydrogenase; similar to ethanol, it acts to block the formation of the toxic metabolites.[16][25][26] Fomepizole has been shown to be highly effective as an antidote for ethylene glycol poisoning.[26][27] It is the only antidote approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning.[1] Both antidotes have advantages and disadvantages. Ethanol is readily available in most hospitals, is inexpensive, and can be administered orally as well as intravenously. Its adverse effects include intoxication, hypoglycemia in children, and possible liver toxicity.[18] Patients receiving ethanol therapy also require frequent blood ethanol concentration measurements and dosage adjustments to maintain a therapeutic ethanol concentration. Patients therefore must be monitored in an intensive care unit. Alternatively, the adverse side effects of fomepizole are minimal
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and the approved dosing regimen maintains therapeutic concentrations without the need to monitor blood concentrations of the drug. The disadvantage of fomepizole is that it is expensive. Costing US$1,000 per gram, an average course used in an adult poisoning would cost approximately $3,500 to $4,000.[28][29] Despite the cost, fomepizole is gradually replacing ethanol as the antidote of choice in ethylene glycol poisoning.[26][27] Adjunct agents including thiamine and pyridoxine are often given, because they may help prevent the formation of oxalic acid.[1] The use of these agents is based on theoretical observations and there is limited evidence to support their use in treatment; they may be of particular benefit in people who could be deficient in these vitamins such as malnourished or alcoholic patients.[16]
In addition to antidotes, an important treatment for poisoning is the use of hemodialysis. Hemodialysis is used to enhance the removal of unmetabolized ethylene glycol, as well as its metabolites from the body. It has been shown to be highly effective in the removal of ethylene glycol and its metabolites from the blood.[5][30] Hemodialysis also has the added benefit of correcting other metabolic derangements or supporting deteriorating kidney function. Hemodialysis is usually indicated in patients with severe metabolic acidosis (blood pH less than 7.3), kidney failure, severe electrolyte imbalance, or if the patients condition is deteriorating despite treatment.[2][16] Often both antidotal treatment and hemodialysis are used together in the treatment of poisoning. Because hemodialysis will also remove the antidotes from the blood, doses of antidotes need to be increased to compensate.[1] If hemodialysis is not available, then peritoneal dialysis also removes ethylene glycol, although less efficiently.[31]
Generally, if the patient is treated and survives then a full recovery is expected.[32] Patients who present early to medical facilities and have prompt medical treatment typically will have a favorable outcome.[33] Alternatively, patients presenting late with signs and symptoms of coma, hyperkalemia, seizures, or severe acidosis have a poor prognosis.[8] Patients who develop severe central nervous system manifestations or stroke who survive may have long term neurologic dysfunction; in some cases they may recover, although convalescence may be prolonged.[34][35][36][37] The most significant long-term complication is related to the kidneys. Cases of permanent kidney damage, often requiring chronic dialysis or kidney transplantation, have been reported after severe poisoning.[38][39]
Ethylene glycol poisoning is a relatively common occurrence worldwide.[39][40][41][42] Human poisoning often occurs in isolated cases, but may also occur in epidemics.[43][44][45] Many cases of poisoning are the result of using ethylene glycol as a cheap substitute for alcohol or intentional ingestions in suicide attempts.[32] Less commonly it has been used as a means of homicide.[46][47] Children or animals may be exposed by accidental ingestion; children and animals often consume large amounts due to ethylene glycol having a sweet taste.[48] In the United States there were 5816 cases reported to poison centers in 2002.[8] Additionally, ethylene glycol was the most common chemical responsible for deaths reported by US poison centers in 2003.[40] In Australia there were 17 cases reported to the Victorian poison center and 30 cases reported to the New South Wales poison center in 2007.[49][50] However, these numbers may underestimate actual numbers because not all cases attributable to ethylene glycol are reported to poison control centers.[51] Most deaths from ethylene glycol are intentional suicides; deaths in children due to unintentional ingestion are extremely rare.[52]
In an effort to prevent poisoning, often a bittering agent called denatonium benzoate, known by the trade name Bitrex, is added to ethylene glycol preparations as an adversant to prevent accidental or intentional ingestion. The bittering agent is thought to stop ingestion as part of the human defense against ingestion of harmful substances is rejection of bitter tasting substances.[53] In the United States, eight states (Oregon, California, New Mexico, Virginia, Arizona, Maine, Tennessee, Washington) have made the addition of bittering agents to antifreeze compulsory.[52][54][55] Three follow up studies targeting limited populations or suicidal persons to assess the efficacy of bittering agents in preventing toxicity or death have, however, shown limited benefit of bittering ethylene glycol preparations in these two populations.[52][56][57] Specifically, Mullins finds that bittering of antifreeze does not reduce reported cases of poisoning of preschoolers in the US state of Oregon.[56] Similarly, White found that adding bittering agents did not decrease the frequency or severity of antifreeze poisonings in children under the age of 5.[57] Additionally, another study by White found that suicidal persons are not deterred by the bittered taste of antifreeze in their attempts to kill themselves.[52] These studies did not focus on poisoning of domestic pets or livestock, for example, or inadvertent exposure to bittered antifreeze among a large population (of non-preschool age children).
Ethylene glycol was once thought innocuous; in 1931 it was suggested as being suitable for use as a vehicle or solvent for injectable pharmaceutical preparations.[58] Numerous cases of poisoning have been reported since then, and it has been shown to be toxic to humans.[7]
Methylmalonic acidemia - an autosomal recessive metabolic disorder that mimics the effects of ethylene glycol poisoning.
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↑ Jacobsen D, Akesson I, Shefter E (May 1982). Urinary calcium oxalate monohydrate crystals in ethylene glycol poisoning. Scandinavian journal of clinical and laboratory investigation 42 (3): 231–4.
↑ Winter ML, Ellis MD, Snodgrass WR (June 1990). Urine fluorescence using a Wood's lamp to detect the antifreeze additive sodium fluorescein: a qualitative adjunctive test in suspected ethylene glycol ingestions. Annals of Emergency Medicine 19 (6): 663–7.
↑ Wallace KL, Suchard JR, Curry SC, Reagan C (July 2001). Diagnostic use of physicians' detection of urine fluorescence in a simulated ingestion of sodium fluorescein-containing antifreeze. Annals of Emergency Medicine 38 (1): 49–54.
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↑ Shannon M (April 1998). Toxicology reviews: fomepizole--a new antidote. Pediatric emergency care 14 (2): 170–2.
↑ Scalley RD, Ferguson DR, Piccaro JC, Smart ML, Archie TE (September 2002). Treatment of ethylene glycol poisoning. American family physician 66 (5): 807–12.
↑ Moreau CL, Kerns W, Tomaszewski CA, McMartin KE, Rose SR, Ford MD, Brent J (1998). Glycolate kinetics and hemodialysis clearance in ethylene glycol poisoning. META Study Group. Journal of toxicology. Clinical toxicology 36 (7): 659–66.
↑ Aakervik O, Svendsen J, Jacobsen D (October 2002). [Severe ethylene glycol poisoning treated with fomepizole (4-methylpyrazole)]. Tidsskrift for den Norske lægeforening : tidsskrift for praktisk medicin, ny række 122 (25): 2444–6.
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↑ Jacobsen D, McMartin KE (September 1986). Methanol and ethylene glycol poisonings. Mechanism of toxicity, clinical course, diagnosis and treatment. Medical toxicology 1 (5): 309–34.
↑ Berger JR, Ayyar DR (November 1981). Neurological complications of ethylene glycol intoxication. Report of a case. Archives of neurology 38 (11): 724–6.
↑ Lewis LD, Smith BW, Mamourian AC (June 1997). Delayed sequelae after acute overdoses or poisonings: cranial neuropathy related to ethylene glycol ingestion. Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics 61 (6): 692–9.
↑ Spillane L, Roberts JR, Meyer AE (February 1991). Multiple cranial nerve deficits after ethylene glycol poisoning. Annals of Emergency Medicine 20 (2): 208–10.
↑ Nizze H, Schwabbauer P, Brachwitz C, Lange H (July 1997). [Fatal chronic oxalosis after sublethal ethylene glycol poisoning]. Pathologe 18 (4): 328–34.
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↑ Kotwica M, Czerczak S (2007). Acute poisonings registered since 1970: trends and characteristics. Analysis of the files collected in the National Poison Information Centre, Łódź, Poland. International journal of occupational medicine and environmental health 20 (1): 38–43.
↑ Krenová M, Pelclová D, Navrátil T, Merta M (December 2005). Experiences of the Czech toxicological information centre with ethylene glycol poisoning. Biomedical papers of the Medical Faculty of the University Palacký, Olomouc, Czechoslovakia 149 (2): 473–5.
↑ (September 1987) Ethylene glycol intoxication due to contamination of water systems. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report 36 (36): 611–4.
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↑ Goldsher M, Better OS (May 1979). Antifreeze poisoning during the October 1973 War in the Middle-East: case reports. Military medicine 144 (5): 314–5.
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↑ Munro, Ian Death by anti-freeze 'perfect murder'. The Age. URL accessed on 2008-10-01.
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TMT News - 3D-printing: an asset to every sector?
But with the cost of 3D-printing becoming more and more reasonable, and the technology evolving quickly, it seems the age of real change has finally come for process. It is now capable of incredible possibilities across a variety of sectors, from housing to medical science. With print management software experts, United Carlton, we take you through the ways in which 3D-printing is opening up new prospects for various sectors.
In early July 2018, the BBC reported on the first family to live in a 3D-printed house. The house has been built, (well, printed), in France, and took a mere 54 hours to construct. The non-3D-printed elements, such as the windows and doors, took four months. Overall, the project proved to be 20% cheaper than if the team had built the house with traditional construction methods. On top of that, having learned from the process, it is now believed the same house could be printed in 33 hours.
In a world where the younger generation are struggling to get on the housing ladder, and with the population rising, could 3D-printed houses be the solution? The team behind the construction of the printed house in France believe so, with estimates that the cost of creating a 3D-printed house could reduce by 25% in five years, and 40% by ten years.
As an added benefit, 3D-printed houses are environmentally friendly too, boasting no waste created during its construction and a house with better air circulation. Also, it can be adapted to suit the world around it; in the case of the house above, the walls were curved to avoid 100-year old trees.
Eurobike 2018 saw the reveal of 3D-printed stainless steel bike frame components, as reported by Bike Radar. The scope for this within the biking industry is great — customised parts, quicker frame-building, and customer savings to name but a few. But the news could also mean more for the steel industry as a whole, or indeed, any factory.
The Wire quoted Ric Fulop, CEO of Desktop Metal, as saying "During the first 20 years of 3D-printing, the technology was too slow and expensive, so its primary use was prototyping. Today, 3D-printing is finally starting to be used for high-volume, mass production." With cheaper materials and processes, metal 3D-printing is now on the horizon. The aim is that, instead of having one machine dedicated to only one or two processes, and another machine in the factory dedicated to another production, factories could have 3D-printers in multiple locations capable of producing various components.
From bricks and mortar, to metals, and now onto human tissue. Yes, 3D-printing can now print out human body parts. With the use of bioinks, material is mixed with cells and this mixture is used to print with. In the medical field, this means that the printed matter would not be rejected by the intended host, as it would be made from the same cells.
The technology obvious has the potential to become a method of replacing limbs and organs, but in the more immediate future, the printed tissues can be used for pharmaceutical firms to test on, lowering the need for animal testing. This branches further into applications to cosmetic testing and academic research. There is also ongoing research into how printed bioinks can be used to create new cartilage for people who suffer from arthritis.
In Britain, progress has been made via 3D-printing new corneas, which could be used to return sight to those who have lost it due to damage to their cornea or infections. While most of the developed world has access to cornea banks, Design News notes that the rise of corrective sight surgery renders the cornea unusable later. 3D-printing can potentially plug this impending shortage, as well as offering cornea transplants to less developed areas of the world.
In the sports world, 3D-printing is used for a variety of equipment needs. Perhaps most notably is the use of protection masks. These masks are 3D-printed from a scan of a footballer's face and are used to protect a sportsman who has recently had a facial injury. The masks allow them to continue playing while keeping the injury protected.
A more obvious application is for mouth guards. Usually, a mouth guard needs to be heated up, usually with water, then bitten down to mould it to a person's mouth. It should fit snugly, but they aren't the most comfortable things! With 3D-printing, guards can now be made to fit scans of your teeth for a perfect fit.
3D-printing has even been used to bring dragons back! In a huge restoration project for the Great Pagoda at Kew, the project managers turned to 3D-printing to create historically accurate replicas of the 80 dragon statues that once adorned the building.
The pagoda was built in 1761, but the original dragons were removed around twenty years later for roof repairs. The dragon statues were never seen again — some say the ornate sculptures were used to pay off royal debts accrued by gambling, but the general consensus is that they simply rotted away, being made from wood.
The new dragons are made from polyamide 12 nylon material, crafted to look and feel like the original wood-carved dragons, but able to last far longer.
The future of 3D-printing certainly looks promising, capturing a wide range of sectors. Will your industry be seeing the helping hand of 3D-printing soon?


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For Three Suffragists, a Monument Well Past Due
August 7, 2020 August 7, 2020 0 Comments	Travel
Across the nation, monuments honoring racist figures are being defaced and toppled. In New York's Central Park, one statue is taking form that goals to amend not solely racial but in addition gender disparities in public artwork: A 14-foot-tall bronze monument of Susan B. Anthony, Sojourner Truth and Elizabeth Cady Stanton, three of the extra distinguished leaders within the nationwide struggle for girls's proper to vote.
Called the Women's Rights Pioneers Monument, it's to be unveiled Aug. 26 to commemorate the 100th anniversary this month of the constitutional modification that lastly assured girls that proper. The sculpture depicts the three figures gathered round a desk for what appears to be a dialogue or a technique assembly. Anthony stands within the center, holding a pamphlet that reads "Votes for Women"; Stanton, seated to her left, holds a pen, presumably taking notes; and Truth seems to be in midsentence.
"I wanted to show women working together," mentioned Meredith Bergmann, the sculptor chosen from dozens of artists to create the statue. "I kept thinking of women now, working together in some kitchen on a laptop, trying to change the world."
It would be the park's first — and solely — monument honoring actual girls, situated on Literary Walk. In its 167-year historical past, the park has been a leafy, lush residence to about two dozen statues of males, largely white, and fictional or legendary feminine characters (Alice in Wonderland, Shakespeare's Juliet, and the Angel of the Waters, the winged woman atop Bethesda Fountain) but no historical women.
New York City as a whole hasn't been very inclusive either: Of the 150 statues honoring historical figures, only five depict women, according to She Built NYC, the city's official campaign, started last year, to increase female representation in public art. And in 2011, just over seven percent of the nearly 5,200 public outdoor statues across the country represented women, according to the Smithsonian American Art Museum's Art Inventories Catalog.
"The fact that nobody, for a long time, even noticed that women were missing in Central Park — what does that say about the invisibility of women?" said Pam Elam, president of Monumental Women. "There is a responsibility to not only create a beautiful work of art but to have that art reflect the reality of the lives of all the people who see it."
In 2014, a group of volunteers created Monumental Women (initially called the Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony Statue Fund Inc.), a nonprofit with a mission of campaigning and raising funds for the suffragist statue in Central Park. Though the journey from concept to creation ended up being a long and winding one, filled with criticisms and setbacks.
Ms. Bergmann said it was "pretty humbling" to be making such a monumental work, adding that every single creative decision was carefully considered.
In the research phase, Ms. Bergmann, who in 2003 created the Boston Women's Memorial, featuring Abigail Adams, Phillis Wheatley and Lucy Stone, read a lot, she said, and spoke to Stanton's great-great-granddaughter, Coline Jenkins-Sahlin, for more insight.
She then spent months creating clay models of the monument, getting them approved and then creating various different molds for the molten metal.
For their faces, she drew from multiple sources. "I never copy a photograph," she said, "but I take all the photographs available and study them and try to come up with a face that will express more than one moment in the life of this person, with hints of their youthful face, their old face, their angry face and their happy face."
Their outfits carry Easter eggs — symbols and clues that speak to the social context or their personalities, Ms. Bergmann explained. Sunflower motifs are carved into Stanton's dress because she had used the pseudonym Sunflower when writing editorials for The Lily newspaper in Seneca Falls, N.Y., Ms. Bergmann said. Anthony has a cameo around her neck depicting Minerva — the Roman goddess of strategy and wisdom. Truth wears her signature shawl — the tassels appear to be blowing in the wind — and a striped brocade jacket with laurel wreaths woven in to symbolize victory and honor.
That they are all attired in long skirts and dresses is significant too. In the late 19th and early 20th centuries, women fighting for social reforms — including Stanton — adopted what came to be known as the "Bloomer costume," knee-length dresses worn over trousers, which offered freedom and respite from the more constricting corsets and floor-length dresses that were standard at the time.
"Stanton once said how wonderful it was to be able to climb a flight of stairs holding a baby in one arm and a candle in the other without having to hold up 10 pounds of wool skirt and petticoats," Bergmann noted.
But the outfits were such radical departures from the norm that they invited intense mockery and distracted from broader conversations about women's rights, so the suffrage fighters gave them up. Ms. Bergmann said this informed her own choice to have the statues in voluminous skirts.
Though the campaign to install the statue took more than six years (seven if you include the months of discussions that took place before the nonprofit was formed), Monumental Women selected Ms. Bergmann's design in 2018, giving the artist two years — a short time in the sculpting world, she noted — to bring the suffragists to life.
The proposal that was approved consisted of Anthony and Stanton, and a long scroll cascading from their work desk containing quotations from more than 20 other suffragists.
"The initial commission was to create statues of these two women," Ms. Bergmann explained, and the scroll, which included quotations from 11 women of color (including the educator Anna Julia Cooper and the journalist Ida B. Wells), was a way to also recognize the many other suffragists of the movement.
The original callout for the commission noted that the sculpture should "honor the memory of others, besides Stanton and Anthony, who helped advance the cause of woman suffrage over the 72 -year battle."
But when the city's Public Design Commission approved Ms. Bergmann's design last March, it wanted her to nix the scroll and just focus on Anthony and Stanton, Ms. Elam said. The design was also heavily criticized for placing only white women on the pedestal — essentially continuing the erasure of Black women's contributions to the suffrage movement.
"Everything about this," Ms. Elam said, "was not easy. It started with the parks department, then it went to the Central Park Conservancy, then the public design commission, then the Landmarks Preservation Commission and all the community boards that surround Central Park. It shouldn't have been so hard."
Last August, in the wake of the controversy, Monumental Women shifted gears and decided to include a third figure — Truth, the African-American abolitionist and suffragist. The commission approved the new design in October, giving Ms. Bergmann less than a year to create the reimagined sculpture. So far the group said they have raised a total of $1.5 million for the statue, and did not receive any money from the city.
The city's Public Design Commission declined to comment for this article.
When Monumental Women unveils the statue later this month (in a ceremony at 8 a.m. on Aug. 26 that can be streamed at monumentalwomen.org), the organization said it plans to issue a challenge to municipalities all over the country to include more women and people of color in their public spaces. Part of the nonprofit's mission is to help other communities navigate the kind of red tape and bureaucratic hurdles that they encountered. The nonprofit will also kick off an online educational campaign and has proposed providing books on women's history to all of New York City's public school libraries.
"For the people who might think 'OK, you've broken the bronze ceiling, good for you, now your work is done' — no, absolutely not, we are here to stay," Ms. Elam said.
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Home > JOURNALS > HLRC > Vol. 4 (2014) > Iss. 1
Tracking and explaining credit-hour completion
Maxwell Ndigume Kwenda, Black Hills State UniversityFollow
10.18870/hlrc.v4i1.132
This study highlights factors associated with changes in earned hours for two cohorts of incoming freshmen during their first year. The objectives of this study are twofold: (a) to derive model(s) regressing the cumulative hours earned and differential hours earned on student demographic, socioeconomic, and academic characteristics; and (b) to provide succinct conclusions that will increase students' satisfactory academic progress (SAP) based on the results. The study sample of 1,598 cases is made up of students from two cohorts of first-time, four-year degree-seeking students who started in the Fall semesters of 2010 and 2011, respectively. There were two measures of the dependent variable: Cumulative hours earned and the difference in earned hours between the Fall and Spring semesters. Multiple linear regression was used to explain the outcome variables using a student's demographic, socioeconomic, and academic characteristics. The study found that there have been changes at Cameron University related to the freshman first year experience, while there were no significant differences detected between the 2010 and 2011 cohorts. In addition, demographic variables generally did not significantly explain earned hours or changes in earned hours. The significant predictors were generally tied to a student academic standing or factors for which the institution can exercise some control.DOI: 10.18870/hlrc.v4i1.132
Kwenda, M. (2014). Tracking and explaining credit-hour completion. Higher Learning Research Communications, 4 (1).
DOI:10.18870/hlrc.v4i1.132
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Swim England Synchronised Swimming Hub
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Kate Shortman and Isabelle Thorpe ready to take on the world in Gwangju
Great Britain's synchronised swimming duet Kate Shortman and Isabelle Thorpe will be hoping to make a statement when their FINA World Championships campaign begins on Friday.
The young pair will make their second appearance at the championships, having been only 15 and 16 respectively when they competed in Budapest two years ago.
Both Shortman and Thorpe headed to Gwangju, South Korea, full of confidence thanks to a stellar season on the international stage.
After helping Britain's free combination team to a silver medal at the FINA World Series event in Paris, they went on to raise the bar with a succession of personal best performances.
At the European Junior Championships last month, Shortman and Thorpe narrowly missed out on medals in the duet free and duet technical, finishing fourth in both events.
Shortman has also enjoyed plenty of success personally, winning a bronze medal in the solo technical at the eighth leg of the World Series in Barcelona.
Having proven they can compete with the best in the world, Shortman and Thorpe have an opportunity to boost their hopes of qualifying for the 2020 Olympic Games in Tokyo.
Olympic spots are up for grabs in Gwangju, and although the competition will be intense, this is an opportunity for the duet to set a new benchmark.
"It's definitely an important step on the road to Olympic qualifying, because some of the same judges will be there," Shortman said. "Competing against the whole world, it's a chance to show where we are in terms of qualification."
Thorpe added: "Since September when we started our season, this has been the main competition for us. Even though it's at the end, we've been keeping our eyes on it.
"It's just us two and our two coaches. It's weird because all year, except for when we went to Japan, we had the whole team with us, so it's been a very different atmosphere. But we're used to it and last senior worlds was the same."
Young veterans
As some of the youngest competitors in the World Championships field in 2017, Shortman was 12th in the solo free final and together they finished 16th in the duet free, only two marks off a place in the final.
Now, steeled by more experience and success, they're ready to put Great Britain on the map.
"[Budapest] was so new for us, because that was our first senior worlds," Thorpe said.
"I feel like even though we were really prepared, this time around we're going to be even more prepared, because we know what to expect."
Shortman added: "We're not expecting anything, but we're trying to get PBs and push for higher scores. Our goal is to make finals – that would be good."
The competition gets underway in Gwangju on Friday 12 July, with Shortman swimming third out of 28 competitors in the solo technical preliminaries, before teaming up with Thorpe for the duet technical preliminaries.
They will go 11th out of the 45 entries.
FINA World Championships 2019 – sychronised swimming
Friday 12 July – solo technical prelims, duet technical prelims
Saturday 13 July – solo technical final
Sunday 14 July – duet technical final
Monday 15 July – solo free prelims
Tuesday 16 July – duet free prelims
Wednesday 17 July – solo free final
Thursday 18 July – duet free final
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Stories tagged with 'East Asia'
16 January 2020: Chinese New Year: Key milestones from the last twelve months
As we approach Lunar New Year, we look back at some of the biggest milestones in Imperial-Chinese collaboration from the last 12 months.
Turbocharger design
14 January 2020: Imperial and Mitsubishi launch turbocharger centre to develop cleaner engines
Imperial and Mitsubishi Heavy Industries (MHI) have launched a new research centre to improve turbocharger design and develop cleaner engines.
Singapore seed fund
19 December 2019: Imperial and Singapore's NTU launch technology seed fund for early-stage science
A joint seed fund for early stage research has been launched by Imperial College London and Singapore's Nanyang Technological University (NTU).
Schwarzman Scholar
04 December 2019: Chemical Engineer awarded prestigious Schwarzman scholarship to study in China
An Imperial chemical engineering graduate has been awarded a prestigious Schwarzman scholarship to study in China.
28 November 2019: £11M academy to train next generation of geophysical engineers
A new partnership between Imperial College London and Sinopec will drive cutting-edge research and training in geophysical sciences.
LKCMedicine ambitions
18 October 2019: LKCMedicine has 'brought a new perspective in education and medical research'
Professor James Best, Dean of the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, says the young school is already making a difference to healthcare in Singapore.
09 October 2019: LKCMedicine students learn new clinical skills at Imperial
Students from the Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine (LKCMedicine) have completed six weeks of clinical training at Imperial.
Singapore stars
21 August 2019: Imperial alumni: Singapore's innovative entrepreneurs
Singapore has become one of the world's most thriving startup environments, with Imperial graduates playing a central role. 1
Chinese STEM Minister
18 July 2019: Minister praises 'golden era' of UK-China science and tech partnership
China's Minister of Science and Technology Wang Zhigang visited Imperial, the UK's number one research collaborator with China, this week.
Cyber centre
12 July 2019: Imperial launches international cyber security centre
Imperial has founded an international cyber security centre with partners in the US, Japan and the UK.
Imperial at Davos
3 Imperial at Davos:
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Also suitable for the storage of vaccines.
The pharmaceutical refrigerator MED-100 is mainly installed in furnitures. The compressor is dynamic ventilated. Air supply and discharge is done via a ventilating grille at the front. This permits an effortless installation (also as an undercounter type). When the device is intended to be used as a stand-alone unit we can optionally supply a work surface.
Individual drawer division with adjustable length and cross dividers.
Data documentation can be read via USB interface with KIRSCH Datanet software.
Note: Your personal data is going to be used to process your request. It is not going to be passed to third parties.
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Do you have NDIS supported physiotherapy service in Brisbane?
Yes, we certainly have the opportunity for you.
The National Disability Insurance Scheme (NDIS) is an Australian Government initiative to help people living with a disability access the healthcare and services required. The NDIS is designed for people living with a significant and permanent disability, to determine if you're eligible for funding we would recommend visiting their website (www.NDIS.gov.au) and view the access requirements. Eligible people can receive funding from the NDIS to pay for the physiotherapy treatment they require. The NDIS is starting in Brisbane July 2018.
Physiotherapist's are health professionals skilled in the assessment, diagnosis, rehabilitation and treatment of people living with a disability. Bounce Physiotherapy can help with the selection and training of mobility and transfer assistive devices including: four wheel walkers, wheelchairs, hoists and slideboards. We can provide hands on treatment to relieve tight muscles and joints. We can provide home exercise programs to help you improve physical function. We will listen to your problems and provide a hands on solution. The best part, we can provide physiotherapy treatment in the comfort of your home, or our clinic if preferred.
Health professionals at Bounce Physiotherapy are experienced in the physiotherapy management of people with intellectual & physical disabilities, both musculoskeletal & neurological. We can help with the selection and training of mobility aides such as four wheel walkers, wheelchairs, hoists, and slide boards.
Physiotherapists at Bounce Physio understand every person is different so we listen closely and provide individually tailored solutions. Bounce Physio is open across a number of locations and we are open 7 days for your convenience.
We invoice the NDIS directly for services for approved clients. You can also pay using health insurance, CDM Referral or EFTPOS if you'd prefer.


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US Supreme Court packed with millionaires
Kate Randall
Recently released figures document the fact that the US Supreme Court, an unelected body that rules on issues affecting the lives of millions of Americans, is comprised of representatives of the wealthiest layers of society.
According to financial disclosure reports for 2001, five of the nine Supreme Court justices are millionaires, and the other four are not far behind. These reports actually underestimate the wealth of the justices, since they exclude primary residences. Were the homes of the justices included in the financial reports, it is likely that all nine would top one million dollars in net worth.
The justices, who are appointed to life-time positions by the US president, subject to confirmation by the Senate, are all richer than the vast majority of Americans. Figures on their wealth were released May 31 and reported by the Associated Press.
Ruth Bader Ginsburg is the wealthiest, worth between $7.7 million and $33.7 million, excluding her home in Washington and some other holdings. She also has retirement accounts worth at least $4 million. Ginsburg has ranked as the richest justice in past years as well.
Stephen Breyer comes in second, reporting a net worth of between $4.2 million and $15.2 million. This estimate does not include Breyer's home in the posh Georgetown neighborhood in the nation's capital, although he did list rental property in the West Indies and real estate holdings in Massachusetts and New Hampshire.
Sandra Day O'Connor is worth $2.8 million to $6.4 million. She holds a long list of telecommunications and medical stocks and, like the other justices, often recuses herself from cases that might impact her portfolio. O'Connor is reportedly the most frequently absent for such conflicts of interest.
John Paul Stevens and David Souter are also millionaires, with Stevens worth $1.3 million to $2.7 million, and Souter worth $1 million to 5.1 million.
Chief Justice William Rehnquist is worth somewhere between $510,000 and $1.2 million, not counting his home. Antonin Scalia has a reported net worth of $500,000 to $1.3 million.
Only Clarence Thomas and Anthony M. Kennedy came in well below $1 million—at least on paper. Thomas reported holdings of between $150,000 and $410,000, not counting his home in suburban northern Virginia. Kennedy reported cash holdings and life insurance worth $45,005 to $180,000. He has reportedly divested major assets over the past several years.
From the standpoint of compensation, all of the justices are in the top 5 percent of US households. The chief justice takes home $192,000 annually, and the other justices make $184,000.
Supreme Court justices, like other high-level government employees, are required to account publicly for income beyond their salaries, and disclose stock or other holdings that could potentially influence their performance on the job. But the reports on the justices' holdings are vague, listed only in general categories, such as those worth up to $15,000 or those worth between $1 million and $5 million. While the justices are required to report these holdings, they are under no obligation to divest them.
The justices are also required to list non-paid, out-of-town speaking engagements at law schools and other law-related functions. While they receive no monetary compensation, their hosts foot the bill for travel expenses, hotel accommodation, food and other perks.
The Supreme Court in recent years has consistently handed down decisions in favor of corporations and against the rights of workers and the poor. These have included—among many others—a June 1998 ruling attacking funding for legal assistance for the poor and a March 2001 ruling upholding a court order for the Allied Pilots Association to pay $45.5 million in compensatory damages to American Airlines for refusing to halt a sickout. In February of this year, the Court issued a ruling that effectively lifted limitations on the drive by giant corporations to monopolize broadcasting and cable television.
Of a piece with its rulings in favor of corporations and against workers' rights, this same high court has routinely handed down decisions attacking democratic rights. These have included rulings upholding the execution of the mentally ill and juveniles, and rulings curtailing the rights of criminal defendants—weakening Miranda rights and allowing for expanded powers of search and seizure by police agencies.
In its most infamous decision, the right-wing majority on the Court voted 5-4 in December 2000 to halt the Florida vote recount and install George W. Bush as president.


I will be the first to admit it: I look several years younger than I actually am.
It's nearly impossible for me to go out to dinner without being asked for I.D. when I order a cocktail, and I'm consistently carded at R-rated movies. I'm not sure if it's my facial features, my petite frame, or a combination of the two, but most people don't believe me when I reveal that I'm actually 30.
There are times when this isn't so bad. I've sneakily used my old college I.D. to obtain student discounts at museums even though my 10-year reunion is rapidly approaching. No one looks twice when I step into a store at the mall definitely meant for teenagers. I can blast Justin Bieber in my car without getting any weird looks. And seeing as society wires us to feel weird about growing older, there are moments when I have to admit that I'm relieved I still could pass for a young 20-something.
However — and this is a big however — there is one circumstance in which I sincerely dislike being reminded that I look young. Incidentally, it's also the place where I find it's most frequently commented on: at work.
Some might ask, if it bothers me, why don't I say something? And I do. But when I try to push back or express that I'm uncomfortable with someone's comments, I always hear the same feedback. I am simply told that I should just take it as a compliment.
Here's the thing, though: it's not a compliment. Or at least, it's really not a compliment when it happens at work. When I am at work, I want to be viewed as a professional. I want to be taken seriously, and I want to command authority. As a young woman, this is already a challenge, as the workplace environment in general doesn't always favor women.
So when a colleague shares that they thought I was fresh out of grad school, or that I look like a 14-year-old, I am hearing that they think I lack experience. I am hearing that they think I'm not qualified to hold this job position. I am hearing that I'm not on the same level as they are, and that there's no way we are equals, because I'm obviously just a kid.
Even though I'm 30. And I have a master's degree. And have been working every day since graduation, which was almost ten years ago.
And, let's be honest, it is rude. There's a double standard here that is infuriating. It's socially acceptable to tell someone that they look young. But wouldn't it be incredibly insulting and unprofessional if I were to tell that same co-worker that she looks old? I know that our society has created beauty standards that emphasize youth, but if I'm uncomfortable by someone commenting on my appearance as it relates to my age, then that should matter. I shouldn't be told that I'm being complimented, because if I am offended, then it is no longer a compliment.
So, to all of the older generations, please think twice before you comment that your co-worker just "looks so young." You have no idea how old he or she actually is. And at the end of the day, please remember that a compliment is not a compliment if it simply isn't wanted.


Fairgrounds address: 1 Chestnut St., Bath, N.Y.
Be sure to check out the volume sale on www.JerseyBid.com, beginning May 2, 2017. Bid there and all lots carrying bids on Saturday, May 6, will move to the live sale.
LOT 16 - this lot was inadvertently left out of the printed catalogs ... Please click here to see the pedigree.
Thank you to the sale committee members: Eric Hansen (co-chair), 716/225-0696; Bethany Beiersdorf (co-chair), 716/353-3095; Becky Ferry, 518/248-9294; Meghan Moody Potter, 814/574-4817; Jerald Stewart, 607/382-8442; Katie Carpenter, 585/689-3032; Corrina Aldrich, 518/744-0127; George Wilson, 607/287-8476; Charlie Luchsinger, 315/382-4354; Jen Bosley, 518/651-5689; Kip Keller, 585/721-7564; Cassie Chittenden, 518/929-4914 and Amber Darling Mondore, 518/231-0899 .


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Villa Atuel es una localidad y distrito del departamento San Rafael, provincia de Mendoza, Argentina

Parajes

Historia
Los originarios de la zona eran los indígenas pehuenches, luego de siglos por mantener su independencia de los españoles fueron araucanizándose, y enviaron una representación ante el Virrey del Río de la Plata, para que éste mandase tropas o milicias de frontera y construyan un fuerte en estas tierras. Es así como el virrey Rafael de Sobremonte ordenó al portugués Miguel Telles de Menezes y al cura Francisco Inalicán de origen mapuche para que se dirigieran hacia el sur a fin de establecer la transculturización de los aborígenes.

El 2 de abril de 1805 se reunieron en la confluencia de los ríos Diamante y Atuel, en la zona de Las Juntas —hoy conocida por Negro Quemado— con representantes indígenas, formando un grupo a modo de parlamento en el que intervinieron dos comisiones, una de Mendoza y otra de Buenos Aires, además de 23 caciques y 11 capitanejos, pactándose un tratado y transformándose en una verdadera acta de fundación de la fortificación a la que llamaron Fuerte de San Rafael del Diamante por el propio nombre del virrey de Sobremonte. Éste dio la orden de construir el fuerte a Telles de Menezes —conocedor de esas tierras— y viendo que la construcción del fuerte en La Junta no era muy apropiado por diversas razones, se resolvió construirlo en otro lugar (donde hoy está la Villa 25 de Mayo).

En el año 1817, el general José de San Martín quien fuera en ese entonces el Intendente gobernador de Cuyo, resolvió otorgarles los títulos de las tierras que los aborígenes habitaban con el fin de obtener caciques amigos, entre los que se encontraba Goico, del río Atuel. Para entenderse con Goico buscó un mediador amigo del cacique, uno llamado Ángel Báez, quien se entrevistaría con Goico en Malargüe, logrando convencerlo para llevárselo a Mendoza. En la ciudad el cacique fue recibido con grandes muestras de afecto y agasajos, hospedándose en casa de su amigo Báez. Hizo un arreglo con el gobierno que le entregó las tierras desde "Hay Sol" hasta "Soitué" y la actual Punta del Agua, comprendiendo toda la parte sur del río. Antes de retirarse el cacique, agradecido, le regaló a Báez bajo escritura, unos 50 km de tierra a lo largo del río Atuel, con 50 km de ancho (llamado el condominio del Atuel), convirtiéndose Báez en el primer dueño no originario del sur. Por asuntos políticos, Báez se trasladaría a Mendoza dejando a su familia en precarias condiciones económicas en su hacienda. La esposa de Báez que no tenía autorización de su marido, como aquel no regresaría, decidió vender los campos, falsificando una partida de defunción en Morón de su esposo Ángel Báez, dando lugar al famoso pleito del Atuel. Ésta vendió las tierras a Lima, Aniceto y Pastor.

Los herederos de Lima por el año 1885 tuvieron conocimiento de que a Mendoza había llegado Bernardino Izuel quien poseyera el título de ingeniero, contratando sus servicios a cambio de tierras, con la finalidad de conseguir que canalizara al río Atuel para que diera riego a sus haciendas.

En el año 1905 fueron terminadas las obras por lo que les fueron entregadas 5000 ha en vez de la mitad, en reconocimiento de los grandes esfuerzos que hizo. De esta forma, Bernardino Izuel puso en dicho año a disposición del gobierno de la provincia 50 ha con derecho a agua, que con otras 50 ha. más ofrecidas por los hermanos Balbino y Jacinto Arizu, conformaron el territorio de lo que sería el radio urbano de la futura villa.

En 1910, el gobierno aceptaría el ofrecimiento y en 1911 se promulgó la Ley 515 poniendo en remate público la venta de los lotes de la ya conformada Villa Atuel.

Geografía
Villa Atuel es uno de los principales distritos del departamento de San Rafael, a 60 km al sudeste de la cabecera San Rafael. Pasan por Atuel, las rutas nacionales 143 por el norte y el este y la 188 por el sur.

Límites
Villa Atuel limita con los siguientes distritos: al norte: Cañada Seca, La Llave, Real del Padre; al sur: Punta del Agua; Al Este: Jaime Prats; Al Oeste: Las Malvinas

Superficie
 821 km²

Paisaje y geología
Se destacan amplios espacios con médanos. Los bancos de arena se observan entre el distrito de Las Malvinas y la Colonia Soitué, formado por los "Médanos de Picardo". Estas acumulaciones son el resultado de la disecación de antiguos ríos existentes en la zona. Su historia es de 9500 años atrás. Corresponde su formación al período Holoceno, Era Cuaternaria. Las características del relieve son propias de un ambiente semidesértico, que constituyeron un abierto desafío para los aborígenes. Se ubica entre el bloque de San Rafael (penillanura exhumada, constituida por rocas antiguas paleozoicas intensamente deformadas y fracturadas, con abundante participación de rocas intrusivas y extrusivas). Su paisaje está definido por los cursos de agua de los ríos Atuel y Diamante. También el relieve de Villa Atuel se encuentra la Reserva Provincial La Payunia, extenso campo de lavas basálticas del cuaternario cuyas primeras actividades volcánicas se iniciaron hace unos cinco millones de años, mientras que las últimas se produjeron en tiempos prehistóricos.

Las distintas unidades geológicas de la zona soportaron a través del tiempo geológico acontecimientos diastróficos, que deformaron hundieron o rompieron tramos de esas unidades, una muestra de ello fue el terremoto de 1929.

Sismicidad
La sismicidad del área de Cuyo (centro oeste de Argentina) es frecuente y de intensidad baja, y un silencio sísmico de terremotos medios a graves cada 20 años.

Sismo de 1861aunque dicha actividad geológica catastrófica, ocurre desde épocas prehistóricas, el terremoto del  señaló un hito importante dentro de la historia de eventos sísmicos argentinos ya que fue el más fuerte registrado y documentado en el país. A partir del mismo la política de los sucesivos gobiernos mendocinos y municipales han ido extremando cuidados y restringiendo los códigos de construcción. Y con el terremoto de San Juan de 1944 del  los gobiernos tomaron estado de la enorme gravedad sísmica de la región.
Sismo del sur de Mendoza de 1929muy grave, y al no haber desarrollado ninguna medida preventiva, mató a 30 habitantes
Sismo de 1985fue otro episodio grave, de 9 s de duración, derrumbando el viejo Hospital del Carmen de Godoy Cruz.

Reserva El Negro Quemado
Ubicada dentro del ejido de Villa Atuel, se encuentra este sistema conformado por las lagunas "El Negro Quemado" y " El Arroyito" ambas interconectadas entre sí por el arroyo " Las Aguaditas" un afluente proveniente de vertientes de aguas duras con alta carga de NO3 y carbonatos, cuya temperatura media oscila entre los 24 y 27 °C, y mantiene un caudal uniforme de 20 m³/s.

Este afluente se une al río Atuel a la altura del puente ferroviario que cruza ambos cursos de agua.

La Reserva ocupa unos 25 km², caracterizada por pantanos y bosques de tamarindos y sauces, bañados con totora  y juncos, albergan en su hábitat fauna de distintas especies autóctonas y algunas introducidas por el hombre; se destacan el gato del pantano,  especie felina de pequeño tamaño y de pelaje pardo que se alimenta de aves; además pueden observarse en los meses de invierno ejemplares de gran tamaño de jabalíes europeos cruzados con pecarí , de pelado duro y erizado color negro, en menor número habitan zorros colorados, hurones, cuises o conejitos del cerco, "liebres" lagomorfas llamadas maras (actualmente en extinción), gato onza (felino de tamaño pequeño y pelaje rojo), gato montés, liebre de Castilla, pichiciego, armadillos mulitas, murciélagos y una gran población de nutrias. Entre las aves, las más abundantes son las taguas, la gaviota andina, el perro de agua, garza blanca, biguá, y colonias migratorias de gansos blancos, flamencos y cisnes de cuello negro.

Las aves de menor tamaño abundan con marcada presencia de gorriones, chingolos y pititorras; en menor número anidan cardenales rojos, calandrias, corredoras, horneros, lechuzos, chimangos, caranchos y las migratorias tijeretas, golondrinas, loros naranjeros, tordos, pájaro carpintero, benteveos, sietecolores, viuda negra, bolita de fuego.

Los pantanos son una zona ideal que favorecen la presencia de reptiles como la iguana, el matuasto, lagartija verde, y serpientes venenosas, como la víbora de la cruz o culebras inofensivas para el ser humano como la falsa coral. hay gran cantidad de insectos destacándose los jejenes cuya presencia es muy molesta a los pobladores.

Las lagunas son muy visitadas por pescadores lugareños en busca de magníficos ejemplares de carpas que llegan a pesar hasta 8 kg. También desovan en el lugar pejerrey andino, percas, dentudos, salmonada, bagres gatos y mojarritas. Actualmente (inicios del 2010) es muy escasa la trucha arco iris y los ejemplares son muy pequeños. Las profundidades mayores no superan los 10 m. Aún permanecen lugares inexplorados y especies de insectos y araneidos no clasificados.

Su ubicación geológica corresponde al bloque General Alvear, las características del relieve son propias de un ambiente semidesértico. En general, sus rasgos geomorfológicos característicos son los de la Llanura de la Travesía, o sea un relieve de planicie suavemente ondulada por la presencia de médanos, resultado de la acción eólica, depresiones o ramblones, salitrales y ciénagas. Es una región baja, formada por depósitos fluviales, eólicos y lacustres que rellenaron una cubeta hundida. Se considera actualmente un ecosistema frágil.

Hidrografía
En la porción norte del distrito se encuentra el río Atuel, y el arroyo "Las Aguaditas".

Clima
En la zona predomina el clima árido con una temperatura anual media de 16 °C, una máxima de 38 °C y una mínima de 5 °C. La amplitud es mayor entre el día y la noche que entre el verano y el invierno. El verano se presenta caluroso en la llanura y más templado en las zonas de los valles. Durante el día la temperatura suele alcanzar entre 30 y 36 °C. Como el calor es seco se hace más soportable.

Dado el clima muy continental y el releive bastante elevado sobre el nivel del mar, el invierno (especialmente en julio) es muy frío con frecuentes heladas y nevadas. Se registran temperaturas muy bajas, pero la radiación caldea el ambiente como en toda área árida. Se presentan temporales de lluvia que suelen durar entre 3 o 4 días, incluso se han registrado nevadas ocasionales.

Otra característica del clima son las tormentas de verano acompañadas de fuertes granizadas. Y que junto a las heladas tardías (de primavera) son temidos por los pobladores porque ocasionan graves daños a las plantaciones.

Villa Atuel también recibe la influencia de los vientos locales del ambiente; el Zonda: viento cálido y sofocante y vientos del Sur, vientos fríos que suelen presentarse después del Zonda haciendo descender notablemente la temperatura.

El clima de Villa Atuel es reflejo del clima de la provincia de Mendoza. El riesgo más grave de los agricultores son: granizo, heladas (buenas en ciertos momentos, en otros, desfavorables). Las granizadas se producen generalmente entre diciembre y febrero siendo mayor en enero. El conocimiento de las probabilidades de fechas de las primeras y las últimas heladas tiene una gran importancia para la economía agropecuaria. Las mismas se registran solo en coincidencia con los avances de las masas de aire frío provenientes del Pacífico Sur. El espacio con más de treinta días de heladas coincide con las altas montañas (por ejemplo las de los Andes), debido a una gran oscilación térmica diaria, a los efectos de la altura y los continuos ingresos de masas de aire muy frío.

Flora
Piquillín, ala de loro, jarilla, pichana, pencas, tres especies de algarrobo criollo (Prosopis flexuosa, Prosopis alba, Prosopis nigra), caldén, alpataco, chañar, remo, tupe, cortadera, junco, totora, zampa, clavel del aire, cuerno de cabra, painco, tomillo, papilla, malva, cardo, chepica Cynodon, cola de zorro, roseta, carrizo o cañeta, ortiga, hinojo.

Fauna
Ñandú, vizcacha, nutria, ratón de campo, comadreja, liebre, tunduque, pericote, zorro, zorrino o chiñe, piche, hurón, marmosa, comadreja, vizcacha, la avifauna es bastante variada: perdiz, martineta, chingolo, jilguero, calandria o tenca, tordo, pecho colorado, lechuza, zorzal, mirlo, tijereta, naranjero, viudita, tero, chorlo, chorlote, benteveo, cabecita negra, aguilucho, cernícalo, buitre, cuervo, jote, ocasionalmente cóndor, churrinche, urraca, cata común, loro barranquero, cardenal amarillo, cardenal de copete rojo, picaflor, tortolita o torcaza, pititorra, cachirlo, gallareta, garza, pato negro, gorrión, serpiente de cascabel, yarará, boa de las vizcacheras, murciélago, truchas, carpa, en el entorno rural actualmente son raros los pumas y guanacos, las maras, habiéndose extinguido a fines del  o a inicios de  el yaguar (conocido en la zona como tigre o nahuel).

Economía
Basada en la explotación agrícola y ganadera y en menor medida en la minería, la ganadería incluye vacunos, caprinos, ovinos; la principal actividad es la agricultura con vides y olivos; las viñas se usan para producir importantes cantidades de vino (antiguas bodegas Arizu), los olivos dan aceitunas y aceite de oliva.

Bibliografía
 Revista: ARRAIGO – Memoria y presente de los distritos Sanrafaelinos – "Dirección de Distrito Municipalidad de San Rafael".
 Recopilación histórica, realizada por maestras del distrito: Sra. de Ruiz y Sra. de Pérez.
 Atlas de Mendoza
 Diario Los Andes.
 Comunicación personales con pobladores de Atuel.
 Historia de familia de Jaime Correas

Parroquias de la Iglesia Católica

Referencias

Enlaces externos
 www.villatuelino.com
 www.elbaqueano.org

Localidades de Mendoza
Departamento San Rafael

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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After a 6 hour wait at Brisbane airport, 2.5 hour plane ride to Adelaide, then 40 minute car ride, I finally made it home Saturday night at about 8pm. The shower kept moving the next day but otherwise I was fine with being back on dry land. (Please note: cruise ships have bathrooms that are nice but very compact, and if you're going to feel the ship's sway then it'll be in there. Whatever you do, hang on and don't close your eyes when having a shower. And hope that your shower floor is non-slip, unlike mine, where I had a great time creating my own version of wateraerobics mixed with waterskiing).
I returned home only 0.5kg heavier, which I think is pretty darn good considering other people I have heard about have gained up to 7kg! Tip: just because there's so much food doesn't mean you have to eat it all, and always use the stairs.
it is a great concept to have a conference at sea, spreading it out over x number of days and having a decent holiday at the same time. My mother would have loved it and I wished she had come!
I enjoyed it (though missed my husband terribly).
there were a variety of conference topics and research levels so people could pick and choose what they wanted to attend and when they wanted to attend. Personally my eyes glazes with some of the more advanced topics, but I thoroughly enjoyed the beginners talks. Others would have found the opposite - it's a win-win situation.
the cruise program gives an alternative if you prefer not to attend a talk or seminar (or if you have only come along for the ride and aren't the one who is actually interested in history or genealogy).
it's a fantastic price for a whole conference, all meals, accommodation, petrol, activities, entertainment, and visits to different countries.
cruise ships are very efficient in their organisation as they're been doing it for a while now, so you don't have to worry about much or wait around for service. Disembarking was amazingly quick and organised!
the level of service is amazing. From those who cleaned the room to the waiters in the restaurant - you ask and you receive.
the Unlock the Past program gives you focus for your days, and so not only is the cruise fun, it's also educational.
As this was the inaugural Unlock the Past Cruise there were undoubtedly things which will be altered for any future cruises. However, I can honestly say that I believe it to be a success and hope that all those who attended enjoyed themselves, and all those who did not attend, for whatever reason, will give it some serious thought in the future.
I am still enjoying the feeling of being at sea, and coping with new family history ideas constantly!
I have wsritten my articles for my family history societies' newsletters, and my plan for going forwrd with my research.
I will get into this after the school holidays, which is busy at Taronga Western Plains Zoo for all the volunteers and my family members.
Best wishes to all, great to get to know you all.
Gloria Small and I both really enjoyed the cruise as well asl the presentations but we both came home quite tired too - it was well and truly worth it though. I like you comments on why you should go on a UTP cruise. I've read Judy Webster, Jenny Joyce & Shauna's blogs as and they're all great to give each person's view. Alan and the Unlock the Past team did a wonderful job - thank you all. I was at the meeting in Coffs Harbour on 28 March with Alan and we're so lucky that the NSW Expo will be held here in June.


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text:
Fairchild Semiconductor introduced the first commercially available integrated circuit (although at almost the same time as one from Texas Instruments), and would go on to become one of the major players in the evolution of Silicon Valley in the 1960s. In the 1970s Fairchild increasingly turned to "high end" customers, and thereby lost out in the developing microprocessor market. By the late 1980s the company was in a relatively-weak competitive position, and was purchased by National Semiconductor. In 1997 Fairchild Semiconductor was reborn as an independent company, based in South Portland, Maine. In 1999 Fairchild Semiconductor again became a publicly traded company on the New York Stock Exchange with the ticker symbol FCS. Fairchild's South Portland, Maine location is the longest continuously operating semiconductor manufacturing facility in the world.
In 1956 William Shockley opened Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory as a division of Beckman Instruments in Mountain View; his plan was to develop a new type of "4-layer diode" that would work faster and have more uses than current transisors. At first he attempted to hire some of his former colleagues from Bell Labs, but none were willing to move to the west coast, or more likely, work with Shockley any more. Instead he found the core of a new company in the best and brightest new graduates coming out of the engineering schools.
Only a year later the staff was already fed up with Shockley's increasingly bizarre management style. In one famous incident Shockley's secretary cut her finger and he became convinced it was a plot to injure him; he ordered everyone in the company to take a lie detector test to track down the culprit. It was later demonstrated she had cut herself on a broken thumbtack and Shockley calmed down, but the damage was already done: this had proven to be a decisive example to several key personnel of Shockley's increasing paranoia, and a group of engineers decided they had had enough.
Arnold Beckman, who had put up the money for Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory, decided that Shockley should be removed from the day-to-day operations and started looking for a office manager. This simply served to anger Shockley, who felt he was being sold out by the very person that he was working for. Two months later Beckman changed his mind and backed Shockley as the director once again.
The group later known widely as the Traitorous Eight decided that was all of the reason that they needed to resign, and all did so. The eight men were Julius Blank, Victor Grinich, Jean Hoerni, Eugene Kleiner, Jay Last, Gordon Moore, Robert Noyce, and Sheldon Roberts. Looking for funding on their own project, they turned to Fairchild Camera and Instrument, an Eastern U.S. company with considerable military contracts. In 1957 Fairchild Semiconductor was started with plans on making silicon transistors — at the time germanium was still a common material for semiconductor use.
Their first transistors were soon on the market, and the first batch of 100 was sold to IBM for $150 a piece. However only two years later they had managed to build a circuit with four transistors on a single wafer of silicon, thereby creating the first silicon integrated circuit (TI's Jack S. Kilby had developed an integrated circuit made of germanium on September 12, 1958, and was awarded a U.S. patent). The company grew from twelve to twelve thousand employees, and was soon making $130 million a year.
During the 1960s many of the original founders would leave Fairchild to strike out on their own. Known as the "fairchildren", they formed many of the companies that grew to prominence in the 1970s. Among the last of the original founders to leave were Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore, who left in 1968 to form Intel. At this point much of the brainpower of the company was gone.
Intel would soon introduce its microprocessor, which Fairchild only copied, poorly, after a few years as the Fairchild F8. Their original huge lead was now squandered. By the end of the 1970s they had no new products in the pipeline, and increasingly turned to niche markets with their existing product line, notably "hardened" integrated circuits for military and space applications.
For a time, the company played a leading role in the development of integrated circuits using bipolar technology. These circuits were used worldwide, for example, in the Cray supercomputers.
In 1976 the company released the first video game system to use ROM cartridges, the Channel F.
More recently, Fairchild has expanded its semiconductor Manufacturing to include a foundry service for advanced MEMS devices and products.
[Schlumberger purchased some divisions]
[Lawsuit with Data General? ]
[2005 Fairchild Chronicles released on DVD]
Robert Noyce -- Gordon Moore -- Jean Hoerni -- Jim Early -- Lester Hogan -- Eugene Kleiner -- Jerry Sanders -- Frank Wanlass --de:Fairchild Semiconductor
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Categories: Electronics companies of the United States