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History

The club was established on 5 March 1919 and officially approved on 18 March 1919, with Octavio Augusto Milego Díaz as its first president; incidentally the presidency was decided by a coin toss. The club played its first competitive match away from home on 21 May 1919 against Valencia Gimnástico, and lost the match 1–0.

Valencia CF moved into the Mestalla stadium in 1923, having played its home matches at the Algirós ground since 7 December 1919. The first match at Mestalla pitted the home side against Castellón Castalia and ended a 0–0 draw. In another match the day after, Valencia won against the same opposition 1–0. Valencia CF won the Regional Championship in 1923, and was eligible to play in the domestic Copa del Rey cup competition for the first time in its history.

1940s: Emergence as a giant in Spanish football

The Spanish Civil War halted the progress of the Valencia team until 1941, when it won the Copa del Rey, beating RCD Espanyol in the final. In the 1941–42 season, the club won its first Spanish La Liga championship title, although winning the Copa del Rey was more reputable than the championship at that time. The club maintained its consistency to capture the league title again in the 1943–44 season, as well as the 1946–47 league edition. They would conclude their decade of success by winning the 1949 Copa del Rey, this would mean Valencia would end the decade with a record of three La Liga titles and two Copa del Reys. This would cement their name in Spanish football.

In the 1950s, the club failed to emulate the success of the 1940s, even though it grew as a club. A restructuring of Mestalla resulted in an increase in spectator capacity to 45,000, while the club had a number of Spanish and foreign stars. Players such as Spanish international Antonio Puchades and Dutch forward Faas Wilkes graced the pitch at Mestalla. In the 1952–53 season, the club finished as runners-up in the La Liga, and in the following season, the club won the Copa del Rey, then known as the Copa del Generalísimo.

1960s: European successes in the Fairs Cup

While managing indifferent league form in the early 1960s, the club had its first European success in the form of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup (the forerunner to the UEFA Cup). In the 1961–62 season, Valencia beat FC Barcelona in the final. The 1962–63 edition of the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup final pitted Valencia against Croatian club Dinamo Zagreb, which the Valencians also won. Valencia was again present in the Inter-Cities Fairs Cup final in the 1963–64 season, but was defeated 2–1 by Real Zaragoza from Spain.

1970s to early 1980s: More Domestic and European glory
Former two-time European Footballer of the Year award winner Alfredo Di Stéfano was hired as coach in 1970, and immediately inspired his new club to their fourth La Liga championship and first since 1947. This secured Valencia its first qualification for the prestigious European Cup, contested by the various European domestic champions. Valencia reached the third round of the 1971–72 competition before losing both legs to Hungarian champions Újpesti Dózsa. In 1972 The club also finished runners up both in La Liga and the domestic cup, losing to Real Madrid and Atletico Madrid, respectively. The most notable players of the 1970s era include Austrian midfielder Kurt Jara, forward Johnny Rep of the Netherlands and Argentinian forward Mario Kempes, who became the La Liga topscorer for two consecutive seasons in 1976–77 and 1977–78. Valencia would go on to win the Copa del Rey again in the 1978–79 season, and also capture the European Cup Winners' Cup the next season, after beating English club Arsenal in the final, with Kempes spearheading Valencia's success in Europe.

Mid to late 1980s: Stagnation and relegation

In 1982, the club appointed Miljan Miljanić as coach. After a disappointing season, Valencia was in 17th place and faced relegation with seven games left to play. Koldo Aguirre replaced Miljanić as coach, and Valencia barely avoided relegation that year, relying on favorable results from other teams to ensure their own survival. In the 1983–84 and 1984–85 seasons, the club was heavily in debt under the presidency of Vicente Tormo. The club finally hit rock bottom when it was relegated at the end of the 1985–86 season, and riven with internal problems such as unpaid player and staff wages, as well as poor morale. The club was relegated for the first time after 55 years in Spanish top-flight football.

Arturo Tuzón was named the new club president, and he helped steer Valencia back to La Liga. Alfredo Di Stéfano returned as coach in 1986 and Valencia won promotion again following the 1986–87 season. Di Stéfano stayed on as coach until the 1987–88 season, when the team finished in 14th position in La Liga. Bulgarian forward Luboslav Penev joined the club in 1989, as Valencia aimed to consolidate their place in La Liga. For the 1988-89 La Liga season Valencia finished third, which would signal their competitiveness going into the 1990s.

1990s: Re-emergence
In the 1989-90 La Liga season Valencia finished runner-up to Real Madrid, and thus qualifying for the UEFA Cup.

Guus Hiddink was appointed as head coach in the 1991–92 season, and the club finished fourth in the League and reached the quarter-finals of the Copa del Rey. In 1992, Valencia CF officially became a Sporting Limited Company, and retained Hiddink as their coach until 1993.

Brazilian coach Carlos Alberto Parreira, fresh from winning the 1994 FIFA World Cup with the Brazil national team, became manager at Mestalla in 1994. Parreira immediately signed Spanish goalkeeper Andoni Zubizarreta, Russian forward Oleg Salenko, and Predrag Mijatović, but failed to produce results expected of him. He was replaced by new coach José Manuel Rielo. The club's earlier successes continued to elude it, although it was not short of top coaching staff like Luis Aragonés and Jorge Valdano, as well as foreign star forwards like Brazilian Romário, Claudio López, Ariel Ortega from Argentina, and Adrian Ilie from Romania. In the 1995-96 La Liga season, Valencia finished second to Atletico Madrid but were unable to capture the title after a close fought race.

Valencia would struggle for the next two seasons but the 1998-99 La Liga season would signal the start of one of Valencia's most successful periods in their history, they won their first trophy in nineteen years by winning the 1998-99 Copa del Rey under Claudio Ranieri and also qualifying for the UEFA Champions League.

2000s: Valencia returns to the top of Spanish and European football
Valencia started the 1999–00 season by winning another title, the Spanish Super Cup, beating FC Barcelona. Valencia finished third in the league, four points behind the champions Deportivo de La Coruña and level on points with second placed Barça. But the biggest success was in the UEFA Champions League; for the first time in its history, Valencia reached the European Cup final. However, in the final played in Paris on 24 May 2000, Real Madrid beat Valencia 3–0.

It was also Claudio López's farewell, as he had agreed to sign for the Italian side Lazio, also leaving was Farinós for Internazionale and Gerard for Barcelona. The notable signings of that summer were John Carew, Rubén Baraja, Roberto Ayala, Vicente Rodríguez, and the Brazilian left back Fábio Aurélio. Also bought that season was Pablo Aimar in January. Baraja, Aimar, Vicente, and Ayala would soon become a staple of Valencia's dominance of the early 2000s in La Liga.

Valencia started the championship on the right foot and were top of the league after 10 games. After the Christmas break, however, Valencia started to pay for the top demand that such an absorbing competition like the Champions League requires. After passing the two mini-league phases, Héctor Cúper's team eliminated Arsenal in quarter-finals and Leeds United in the semi-finals, and got ready to face Bayern Munich in the big final; Valencia had reached two European Cup finals in a row. This time, the final was to be played in Milan at the San Siro on 23 May. Gaizka Mendieta gave Valencia the lead by scoring from the penalty spot right at the start of the match. Goalkeeper Santiago Cañizares then stopped a penalty from Mehmet Scholl, but Stefan Effenberg drew level after the break thanks to another penalty. After extra time, it went to penalties, where a Mauricio Pellegrino miss gave Bayern Champions League glory and dealt Valencia a second-straight exit in the finals. Valencia went on to slip to fifth place in La Liga and out of Champions League contestation for the 2001–02 season. The final game of the season meant Valencia only needed a draw at the Camp Nou against Barcelona to seal Champions League qualification. Los Che lost to Barcelona 3–2 at the Nou Camp, with a last minute goal from Rivaldo resulting in Barcelona qualifying for the Champions League while Valencia missed out.

The president, D. Pedro Cortés, resigned due to personal reasons and left the club in July, with the satisfaction of having won one Copa del Rey, one Spanish Super Cup, and having been runners-up in two successive Champions League finals. D. Jaime Ortí replaced him as president and expressed his intention on maintaining the good form that had made the club so admired on the European circuit. There were also some changes in the team and staff. Rafael Benítez, after helping CD Tenerife to promotion, replaced Héctor Cúper after the latter became the new coach at Internazionale in Italy. Among the playing squad, Gaizka Mendieta, Didier Deschamps, Luis Milla, and Zlatko Zahovič left, while Carlos Marchena, Mista, Curro Torres, Francisco Rufete, Gonzalo de los Santos, and Salva Ballesta all arrived.

From 1999 up until the end of the 2004 season, Valencia had one of their most successful periods in the club's history. With a total of two La Liga titles, one UEFA Cup, one Copa del Rey, and one UEFA Super Cup in those six years, no less than five first class titles and two Champions League finals had been achieved.

That first game against fellow title rivals Real Madrid produced a significant and important victory. This was followed by a record of 11 games won consecutively, breaking the existing one set in the 1970–71 season, the season they had last won the La Liga title under Alfredo Di Stéfano.

After a defeat in A Coruña against Deportivo on 9 December 2001, the team had to win against RCD Espanyol in the Estadi Olímpic Lluís Companys to prevent falling further behind the league leaders. Valencia were 2–0 down at half time, but a comeback in the second half saw Valencia win 3–2.

In the second part of the season, Benítez's team suffered a small setback after losing 1–0 in the Santiago Bernabéu to Real Madrid, but they recovered from this setback and achieved four victories and two draws in the following six games against UD Las Palmas, Athletic Bilbao, Deportivo Alavés, Real Zaragoza, and Barça.

In one of those crucial games that they would come up against Espanyol, Valencia were trailing 1–0 half-time and a man down too with the dismissal of Carboni, but after two goals from Rubén Baraja, Valencia achieved a 2–1 victory. Furthermore, Real Madrid's defeat in Anoeta to Real Sociedad left Valencia with a three-point lead at the top of the table.

The final game of the season was at La Rosaleda to face Málaga CF, on 5 May 2002, a date that has gone down in Valencia's history. The team shut itself away in Benalmádena, close to the scene of the game, in order to gain focus. An early goal from Roberto Ayala and another close to half-time from Fábio Aurélio assured them their fifth La Liga title, 31 years after their last title win.

The 2002–03 season was a disappointing one for Valencia, as they failed in their attempt to retain the La Liga title and ended up outside of the Champions League spots in fifth, behind Celta de Vigo. They were also knocked out in the quarter-finals of the Champions League by Internazionale on away goals. The 2003–04 season saw Valencia trailing the longtime leaders Real Madrid. In February, after 26 games played, Real Madrid were eight points clear. However, their form declined in the late season and they lost their last five games of the campaign, allowing Valencia to overtake them and win the title. The club added the UEFA Cup to this success. Valencia had now been La Liga champions twice in three seasons.

In the summer of 2004, coach Rafael Benítez decided to leave the club, stating he had had problems with the club president; he would soon become manager of Liverpool. He was replaced by former Valencia coach Claudio Ranieri, who had recently been sacked by Chelsea. His second reign at the club was a disappointment, however, as Valencia harboured realistic hopes of retaining their La Liga crown but, by February, found themselves in seventh place. Valencia had also been knocked out of the Champions League group phase, with Ranieri being sacked promptly in February. The 2004–05 season ended with Valencia outside of the UEFA Cup spots.

In the summer of 2005, Getafe CF coach Quique Flores was appointed as the new manager of Valencia and ended the season in third place, which in turn gained Valencia a place in the Champions League after a season away from the competition. The 2006–07 season was a season with many difficulties, a season which started with realistic hopes of challenging for La Liga was disrupted with a huge list of injuries to key players and internal arguments between Flores and new Sporting Director Amedeo Carboni. Valencia ended the season in fourth place and were knocked out of the Champions League at the quarter-finals stage by Chelsea 3–2 on aggregate, after knocking out Italian champions Inter in the second round. In the summer of 2007, the internal fight between Flores and Carboni was settled with Carboni being replaced by Ángel Ruiz as the new Sporting Director of Valencia.

On 29 October 2007, the Valencia board of directors fired Flores after a string of disappointing performances and caretaker manager Óscar Rubén Fernández took over on a temporary basis until a full-time manager was found, rumoured to be either Marcello Lippi or José Mourinho. A day later, Dutch manager Ronald Koeman announced he would be leaving PSV to sign for Valencia. But there was still no improvement; in fact, Valencia even went on to drop to the 15th position in the league, just two points above the relegation zone. Although on 16 April 2008, Valencia lifted the Copa del Rey with a 3–1 victory over Getafe at the Vicente Calderón Stadium. This was the club's seventh Copa title. Five days later, one day after a devastating 5–1 league defeat in Bilbao, Valencia fired Ronald Koeman and replaced him with Voro, who would guide Valencia as Caretaker Manager for the rest of the season. He went on to win the first game since the sacking of Koeman, beating CA Osasuna 3–0 in his first game in charge. Voro would eventually drag Valencia from the relegation battle to a safe mid-table finish of 10th place, finally ending a disastrous league campaign for Los Che.

Highly rated Unai Emery was announced as the new manager of Valencia on 22 May 2008. The start of the young manager's career looked to be promising, with the club winning four out of its first five games, a surge that saw the team rise to the top position of the La Liga table. Despite looking impressive in Europe, Los Che then hit a poor run of form in the league that saw them dip as low as seventh in the standings. Amid the slump emerged reports of a massive internal debt at the club exceeding 400 million Euros, as well as that the players had been unpaid in weeks. The team's problems were compounded when they were knocked out of the UEFA Cup by Dynamo Kyiv on away goals. After a run where Valencia took only five points from ten games in La Liga, an announcement was made that the club had secured a loan that would cover the players' expenses until the end of the year. This announcement coincided with an upturn in form, and the club won six of its next eight games to surge back into the critical fourth place Champions' League spot. However, Los Che were then defeated by 4th place rivals Atlético Madrid and Villarreal in two of the last three games of the campaign, and finished sixth in the table, which meant they failed to qualify for a second successive year for the Champions League.

2010-2014: Debt issues and stability

No solution had yet been found to address the massive debt Valencia was faced with, and rumors persisted that top talents such as David Villa, Juan Mata, and David Silva could leave the club to help balance the books. In the first season of the new decade, Valencia returned to the UEFA Champions League for the first time since the 2007–08 season, as they finished comfortably in third in the 2009–10 La Liga season. However, in the summer of 2010, due to financial reasons, David Villa and David Silva were sold to Barcelona and Manchester City, respectively, to reduce the club's massive debt. But, despite the loss of two of the club's most important players, the team was able to finish comfortably in third again 2010–11 La Liga for the second season running, although they were eliminated from the Champions League by German side Schalke 04 in the Round of 16. In the summer of 2011, then-current captain Juan Mata was sold to Chelsea to further help Valencia's precarious financial situation. It was announced by President Manuel Llorente that the club's debt had been decreased and that the work on the new stadium will restart as soon as possible, sometime in 2012.

During the 2012–13 season, Ernesto Valverde was announced as the new manager but after failing to qualify for the Champions League, he stepped down and was replaced by Miroslav Đukić. On 5 July 2013, Amadeo Salvo was named as the new president of the club. Almost a month after Salvo was named president, on 1 August 2013, Valencia sold star striker Roberto Soldado to English club Tottenham Hotspur for a reported fee of €30 million. Miroslav Đukić was sacked six months into the 2013–14 season after just 6 wins in his first 16 matches, Valencia's worst start in 15 years. He was replaced by Juan Antonio Pizzi on 26 December 2013. Under Pizzi, Valencia reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Europa League, where they lost to eventual winners Sevilla on away goals and finished 8th in La Liga despite a disastrous start to the season.

2014-present: Peter Lim's ownership

 After months of negotiations between Lim and Bankia (the main creditor of the club), an agreement was reached in August 2014. Juan Antonio Pizzi was unexpectedly sacked as head coach and replaced by Nuno Espírito Santo on 2 July 2014. Later, Salvo revealed in an interview that hiring Nuno was one of the conditions Lim had insisted on when buying the club. This raised eyebrows in the media because of Nuno's close relationship with the football agent Jorge Mendes, whose first-ever client was Nuno. Lim and Mendes are also close friends and business partners. Regardless, Nuno's first season was a successful one. Notable signings included Álvaro Negredo, André Gomes and Enzo Pérez, who had just won the LPFP Primeira Liga Player of the Year in the Portuguese Primeira Liga. Valencia finished the 2014–15 season in fourth place for Champions League qualification with 77 points, just one point ahead of Sevilla after a dramatic final week, defeating Granada 4–0.

On 2 July 2015, Amadeo Salvo resigned from his post as the executive president of Valencia, citing personal reasons. He was a popular figure among the fans. On 10 August 2015, Nicolás Otamendi was sold to Manchester City for £32 million and Aymen Abdennour was signed from Monaco for £22 million as his replacement. Valencia defeated Monaco in the Champions League playoff round with a 4–3 aggregate victory. However, Valencia had a poor start to the 2015–16 season, winning 5 out of 13 matches and failing to progress from the Champions League group stages. The fans were also increasingly concerned about the growing influence of Jorge Mendes in the club's activities. On 29 November, Nuno resigned as manager and former Manchester United defender Gary Neville was hired as his replacement on 2 December. Valencia went winless for nine matches before earning their first win under Neville in a 2–1 victory at home against Espanyol. On 30 March 2016, Neville was sacked after recording the lowest win percentage in La Liga history for a Valencia manager with minimum of five matches, winning just 3 out of 16 matches. He was replaced by Pako Ayestarán, who was brought in by Neville as the assistant coach just one month prior. Valencia finished the season in 12th position.

In the summer of 2016, André Gomes and Paco Alcácer were both sold to Barcelona and Shkodran Mustafi was sold to Arsenal, while Ezequiel Garay and former Manchester United player Nani were brought in. Pako Ayestarán was sacked on 21 September 2016 after four-straight defeats at the beginning of the 2016–17 season. Former Italy national team head coach Cesare Prandelli was hired as his replacement on 28 September. However, he resigned after just three months on 30 December, claiming the club had made him false transfer promises. Days later, on 7 January 2017, Valencia sporting director Jesús García Pitarch also resigned, saying he felt like he was being used as a shield for criticism by the club and that he could not defend something he no longer believed in. Voro was named caretaker manager for the fifth time until the end of season, with Valencia in 17th position and in danger of relegation. However, results improved under Voro and he steered Valencia clear off relegation, ultimately finishing the season in 12th place. On 27 March, Mateu Alemany was named the new director general of Valencia.

The club also announced club president Lay Hoon Chan had submitted her resignation and that she would be replaced by Anil Murthy. After rumors arose of Lim's attempts at selling the club, Murthy assured the fans and local media that Valencia was a long-term project for both him and Lim, and they would not consider selling the club. For the following season, former Villarreal coach Marcelino was named the new manager on 12 May.

After a successful first season under Marcelino, the club secured 4th position and a return to the Champions League. In his second season, they again finished 4th and also reached the semi-finals of the UEFA Europa League. On 25 May 2019, Valencia won the Copa del Rey, upsetting FC Barcelona in the final as they won their first trophy since 2008.

Both Marcelino and sporting director Mateu Alemany, who were credited as the architects of this success, were fired on 11 September 2019 after the former publicly criticized Lim. He was replaced by the ultimately unsuccessful Albert Celades, who was sacked due to poor results, while sporting director César Sanchez resigned that same season, making it six different managers and another six sporting directors by 2020.

For the 2020–21 season, manager Javi Gracia was hired. He was put in charge of a team full of prospects and reserves after the club failed to sign any player during the summer transfer window, but sold key players such as captain Dani Parejo. Local wonderkid Ferran Torres was sold to Manchester City for half his market value. Overall, Valencia sold players worth 85 million euros in order to rebalance the club's books. At the beginning of the season, the club was unable to pay the salaries to the remaining players. After six seasons under Peter Lim's ownership, Valencia CF accumulated losses of 323 million euros, while the value of his biggest investment company, Thomson Medical Group, lost 1.7 billion euros during the same six-year period. Following those years of mismanagement, the playing squad was cut significantly in terms of quality and Lim's ownership has faced strong criticism in Valencia.

In the 2021–2022 season, José Bordalás was hired after spending 5 seasons at Getafe CF. They reached the Copa del Rey final in his first season in charge, where they lost to Real Betis on penalties after a 1-1 draw.

References

External links
Valencia CF history.

Valencia CF
Valencia


Back in early March, we outlined the five most important questions about Rebuild. Council passed an amended version of the bill in the last meeting of the session on June 22nd, so let's see how things panned out.
We should highlight the most important section of the Rebuild legislation at the outset, as it applies to nearly every component of the program. Notably, that section writes Councilmanic prerogative into Rebuild in an impressively comprehensive way.
Prerogative in action. Keep this in mind as we get to the questions.
WHO WILL CHOOSE THE REBUILD SITES, AND MORE IMPORTANTLY, WHY?
This question was always more theoretical than practical. Or, said a different way, we always kind of knew where this was going to land.
When we published our initial post, Interface Studio had completed its assessment of all 400 potential sites along six measures: poverty, drug crime rates, public health, growth in household population (2000-2010), building permits pulled, and The Reinvestment Fund's Market Value Analysis. From this analysis, Interface developed a rank order of all potential sites according to the projected impact that a rehab would have on the immediate community.
Though that work provided a reasonably complete picture of the most deserving Rebuild sites, it was a stoppable force that met a truly immovable object: Councilmanic Prerogative. As anticipated, District Council members demanded complete control over site selection. And they got it (See Above).
What does this mean? It means that squeaky wheel sites are likely to get the most grease, even though the neighborhoods most adept at squeaking the loudest are, in many cases, the places that will benefit the least from substantial intervention. To that point, it will be interesting to see if voter turnout rates in the divisions around Rebuild sites are higher than the district-wide average. A cynic might suspect, for example, that the areas that turn out the most for District Council members will get the most Rebuild love.
WILL EACH DISTRICT GET THE SAME AMOUNT OF MONEY?
Question 1 determines the answer to Question 2. It's hard to imagine a scenario in which any elected official will participate in a process that gives their District short shrift. So yes, barring horse trading, they'll all end up with roughly $50 million in capital investment.
WHAT'S THE ROLE OF THE NON-PROFITS?
In March, the biggest question regarding oversight was who would be tapped to project manage each Rebuild location. Initially, the Kenney Administration wanted to give that responsibility to large, generally apolitical nonprofits--Fairmount Park Conservancy and the Free Library Foundation—that have the capacity to oversee project management and do so largely free of Council influence.
Council pushed back, however, and demanded that the project managers (or Project Users, in Rebuild's parlance) be smaller groups with deeper neighborhood ties. They got it, as the Rebuild legislation stipulates that grants can't be awarded to Project Users without PRT approval.
But Council Members went a step further to demand that they should have the authority to choose each site's contractors. That issue isn't directly addressed in the bill, but District Council members select the Project Users and control the funding of the Project Users.
WHAT'S WITH THE RFP TO DESIGN A NEW MINORITY HIRING PROCESS?
We have no idea. The eContracts site doesn't provide any information and we didn't get a response from the City.
Based on their expressed desire to oversee contractor hiring, however, our supposition is that District Council members weren't interested in a third-party actor recruiting and advocating for M/W/DBE contractors.
IS THIS GOING TO DIVERSIFY THE BUILDING TRADES?
Who the hell knows! Most District Council members used the issue of diversity/inclusion as an onramp into a conversation that was always about power and prerogative. But some of the At-Large members, recognizing that this issue was going to be their only point of entry into the Rebuild discussion, were primarily focused on this problem.
There are important levers built into the system that should, theoretically, allow the City to force the issue. Specifically, the City can halt payments when agreed-upon minority participation numbers aren't met.
The most promising news on this front is that the trades have agreed to open-up their apprenticeship programs to include more folks currently enrolled in the various pre-apprenticeship programs.
Thanks to the Project Review Team process Council managed to create, this is likely just the beginning of many years of exciting haggling and horse-trading.


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TOM WILSON: PIONEER MUSIC PRODUCER
OTHER WONDERS
Steven Stancell
THE IMPORTANCE OF LARRY SMITH
December 19, 2014	| 0 Comments
(This excerpt was originally published in Rap Whoz Who: The World Of Rap Music, Performers, Producers, Promoters by Steven Stancell in 1996 Schirmer/Simon & Schuster.)
Producer Larry Smith was responsible for some of the early hits on the Def Jam Recordings label. His collaborations with Russell Simmons, and his album productions for Run-D.M.C. (Run-D.M.C., King of Rock) and Whodini (Escape, Back in Black) helped establish those two groups and the Def Jam label. Initially a bass player, Smith is also known for his bass work on Kurtis Blow's first singles, "Christmas Rappin'" and "The Breaks."
Smith taught himself to play bass by listening to records by James Brown. He got his first paying job as a musician while still in high school, playing at a club in the Bedford-Stuyvesant neighborhood in Brooklyn, New York. He later toured with a Brooklyn blues singer, and played for the R&B group Brighter Side of Darkness. He also worked as a session musician, playing jazz, punk, rock, and even bar mitzvahs and weddings. Smith was also involved in the theater, working in Albany, New York, leading the orchestra for the play Your Arm's Too Short to Box with God, then later in Toronto, Canada, where he led the house band for the musical Indigo.
In 1979 Smith was hired to work with Kurtis Blow by his friend Robert "Rocky" Ford. Smith later formed a band with DJ/guitarist Davy D, R&B singer Alyson Williams, and drummer Trevor Gale, called Orange Krush. Around 1981 to 1982 he produced with Russell Simmons their single "Action," which had vocals by Williams. They also worked on Jimmy Spicer's "The Bubble Bunch" and "Money (Dollar Bill Y'All)." Smith and Simmons began working with Simmons's brother Run and his friend Darryl (a.k.a. D.M.C.) in Smith's attic recording studio. They worked on songs like "It's Like That" and "Sucker MCs," subtitled "Krush Groove 1" after the drum programming they used, which was patterned after Orange Krush drummer Trevor Gale's drum pattern on "Action."
Smith worked with Simmons on Run-D.M.C.'s self-titled album in 1984. During that year he produced Whodini's album Escape. In 1985 Smith worked on Run-D.M.C.'s King of Rock, and in 1986 he produced Whodini's Back in Black. On that group's 1987 album Open Sesame Smith worked on two songs, before terminating his relationship with Def Jam for a period, due to creative differences.
Smith disappeared from the music scene for a while but returned in 1994, working with Whodini again on their piece "It All Comes Down to the Money," which he co-produced with Public Enemy's Terminator X.
KATHLEEN HANNA DOCUMENTARY
May 15, 2013	| 0 Comments
Glad to see someone actually did a documentary on Kathleen Hanna. Known for her work with the group Bikini Kill, and the whole Riot Grrl movement, I was first turned on to Hanna by way of Carla DeSantis' publication ROCKRGRLback in the mid 1990s, a magazine which focused on female musicians. (A magazine that I still miss to this day.) I never thought Hanna's work was completely appreciated. Oh yeah, she's got her fans and all that, but it always seemed to me that when I wanted to find out what was going on with her, I had to kinda dig for it, ya know? Anyway, with this documentary, maybe she can get some more deserved attention, is what I'm thinking.
READ SOURCE (Laina Dawes/Bitch Media piece)
THE LEGEND OF BALDWIN MOTION
One of the most revolutionary places for a gearhead to get a car back in the day (late 1960s) was at the Motion Performance shop in Baldwin, Long Island, New York, headed by Joel Rosen. Rosen, who raced on the weekends and changed back into a businessman during the week a la Clark Kent/Superman, knew how to tune an engine, and would guarantee your car would be an 11 second car on a quarter-mile track when he got through with it. The deal was this: a person would purchase a car (Chevys we're talking about here) at the Chevy dealership called the Baldwin Auto Company or Baldwin Chevrolet, also in Baldwin, Long Island. You purchased your Camaro, Nova, Corvette or Chevelle, etc., then you brought it on over to Joel Rosen at his Motion shop, where he would do his thing on the motor. Big blocks were the specialty, and he would always dyno them at 425-hp to 500-hp and up. No car was ever brought back! To say that each of these cars were masterpieces is fundamentally an understatement.
read more on Baldwin Motion
THE 8TH WONDER OF THE WORLD
Posted on December 19, 2012 |
I met Frankie Crocker at a party many years ago, and you wanna know what we talked about? His program directing at WBLS-FM? No. His VH-1 VJ gig? No. His professional beginnings in Buffalo, New York? No. We talked about Cuban cigars! During that period I smoked Havanas every single day for over 25 years, so when I met him I was surprised to see him with one in his hand. I was already familiar with his value as an artist, so we didn't have to talk about that. That's right. An artist.
Once upon a time radio DJs were like friends. You were aware of their time slots and followed their schedules on a weekly basis. They had style, some cooler than others. Frankie Crocker had style. He carved himself into an original. He had that suave urbane look for the ladies and all that, but what really set him apart are the kinds of music he introduced to his listeners, for Frankie Crocker was into some deep stuff musically.
The veneer of Frankie Crocker was furs, silky hair, candlelight baths with female listeners, expensive rides, flamboyance all the way, including once riding into Studio 54 on a white stallion. Ahh, but the music he played. That's what made him an artist. Especially since today, most people are not creating music from scratch but programming music. And, since we honor these programmers, one of the greatest programmers of 'em all was Frankie Crocker.
This is a small portion of some of the artists he would play for his listeners: George Benson, Miles Davis, Queen, Manu Dibango, Blood Sweat and Tears, the Rolling Stones, Elton John, Prince, Madonna, Maxwell, Human League, Phyllis Hyman, Phil Collins, Bob Marley, Teddy Pendergrass, Luther Vandross, Fela, Teddy Riley, Laura Branigan, Kurtis Blow, Sylvester, Celia Cruz, and he is also recognized as the first to break Sly Stone and Donna Summer on the East Coast.
A repertoire like that says a whole lot about a man.
BOB DYLAN'S MR. TAMBOURINE MAN
October 25, 2012	| 0 Comments
Posted on October 25, 2012 |
(Fred Neil, Bruce Langhorne, Felix Pappalardi, and Jack Nitzsche) photo Fred Neil website
Bet you didn't think that when Bob Dylan wrote his iconic piece, "Mr.Tambourine Man," that a Mr. Tambourine Man actually existed. Well he does, and his name is Bruce Langhorne.
Langhorne, who was influenced by Staple Singers' patriarch Roebuck Staples and Sandy Bull (one of the first artists to use tape recorders and loops on stage), started out as a session guitarist in the folk music scene back in the early 1960s, after playing at Gerde's Folk City with other artists. Bob Dylan, Harry Belafonte, Odetta, Carolyn Hester, Richie Havens, Hugh Masekela, Tom Rush and Judy Collins are just a few of the artists Langhorne has worked with, but he became closely associated with Richard and Mimi Farina (sister of Joan Baez)) during the course of their career, appearing on their first album, Celebrations For a Grey Day circa 1964.
Langhorne, whose distinctive guitar playing style was due to the loss of two fingers on his hand, was also known for playing a large Turkish style tambourine, which Dylan said "was big as a wagon wheel." Langhorne was the inspiration for "Mr. Tambourine Man" (although Dylan didn't mention it to Langhorne at the time), and he is mentioned in the liner notes of Dylan's Biograph album.
After playing on Dylan's Bringing It All Back Home, which would be Langhorne's first folk-rock album, he went on to scoring films, first working with Peter Fonda (after his Easy Rider) on The Hired Hand in 1971, and later working with Jonathan Demme on Melvin and Howard in 1980. He did several films with both directors. Langhorne then ventured into the food business towards the early 1990s, developing Brother Bru Bru's Original African Hot Pepper (all natural) Hot Sauce, which has been endorsed by Andrew Weil, M.D.
© 2020 Steven Stancell . All Rights Reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Can A Darwinian Be A Christian
Posted 2 months ago / Experiments
This essay will focus on the impact of evolutionary science on religion, especially its impact on Christian thinking (though much of what is here would apply to the.
Feb 26, 2015 · Because Cloud Atlas 1 tells the stories of a soul reincarnated in six different lives from the nineteenth to the twenty-fourth centuries, many apologists will feel the need to mount a vigorous attack on the notion of reincarnation. Other apologists will debate the film's gender identity politics. Still others will critique its worldview, a philosophy very close to Arthur Schopenhauer's.
Gould argues that Darwin's theory is inherently anti-plan, anti-purpose, It is also tragic that professing Christians can be deluded into embracing a philosophy.
A pious Catholic, Behe sees the designer as the Christian God but concedes that there. Such features appear to defy Darwinian explanation because, claims Behe, they can't function until all the.
When he's not teaching science or extracting carpet pythons from the Marrara Christian College school bathrooms. thrives in a humid tropical climate, and we can learn a lot from them about.
preeminent theologian of the early Christian church, can be plausibly seen as a step. obviously not a Darwinian, nor did he propose the transformation of one.
Rating: 2.5 out of 5 Municipal Darwinism isn't the rule everywhere, though — just in the West. And the leaders in the West know they can't go on like this forever. the Rings trilogy — and directed.
Darwinism is a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others, stating that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compete, survive, and reproduce.Also called Darwinian theory, it originally included the broad concepts of.
the assumption that evolutionary biology and Christian faith are incompatible. Ted who are writing this, believe that the science of Darwinism can and should.
Dr. Randy Guliuzza is a captivating speaker who presents well-documented and often humorous scientific and biblical talks to audiences of all ages.
Larger cities eat smaller ones, in a system known as "municipal Darwinism". The central axis of the story is. Both want to track down the city – Tom so he can get back home, and Hester so she can.
After the suggestion in one of this site's comments stating that it required more faith to be an atheist than a theist, because the non-existence of a deity can never be proven, I thought it would be fun to see if we can logically disprove the existence of "God".
Disclaimer: Adherents.com is a source of statistical and geographical data, and takes no position on any theological matters. Adherents.com has no position on Bishop Spong, the 12 Theses, or the Episcopal Church.
The science built upon the rock of Charles Darwin's ideas is a reflection of Western modernity's commitment to truth as a.
Chapter 8 Chemistry Study Guide The objective of basic research is to gain more comprehensive knowledge or understanding of the subject under study. talk to the chapter's members. Ask your current chemistry professor and lab. Choose your answers to the questions and click 'Next' to see the next set of questions. You can skip questions if you would like and
Molecular Hydrogen Inhalation Machines Review 2000. Category Class Product Advertising GENERAL PROMOTION 3M PHARMACEUTICALS CLINICAL RESEARCH STUDIES A/M GROUP/CO AD A1C CHAMPIONS PROGRAM BY AVENTIS Aug 15, 2018 · Hydrogen Inhalation. Hydrogen inhalation uses the process of water electrolysis to produce molecular hydrogen and then mixes the hydrogen gas (H2) with oxygen (O2). Most of these devices keep the hydrogen concentration
The starting point for my discussion will be to consider how Darwin's particular theory of evolution was inspired by the tenets of a secularised standpoint and.
Here, Christian participants overwhelming agreed that evolution was not in conflict. over biological evolution began in 1859 when Charles Darwin published his. that evolution can even enhance understanding of the Judeo- Christian God.
While intelligent design gets a bad rap, such titans as Francis Crick and Richard Dawkins have espoused the same tenets. Still, many immediately and falsely link intelligent design with Christian.
Social Science Class 9 Sa2 Question Paper 2019 Taxonomy Import Drupal 7 Importing Data With Migrate and Drupal 7. This series is focused on using the Migrate module to take data that exists in various different sources and import into a Drupal 7 website. The Migrate module provides an extremely flexible and robust framework for accessing data from various sources, and importing or
Feb 3, 2015. Darwin Day, which falls on February 12th, is the unofficial feast day of atheism. argues that Christians would have been more accepting of evolution. I certainly don't think scientists can be excused for refusing to put it out.
Oct 7, 2007. Since Darwin published his Origin of Species in 1859, the brilliant idea that all. In briefest terms, it can be said that the prestige of science among. the fact that there was nothing Christian about the Watchmaker God.
Science Earth And Space Earth science research and news. Read science articles on air quality, geology, meteorology, oceanography, paleontology and science and the environment. Aqua, Latin for water, is a NASA Earth Science satellite mission named for the large amount of information that the mission is collecting about the Earth's water cycle, including evaporation from the oceans, water vapor
Evolution is change in the heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. These characteristics are the expressions of genes that are passed on from parent to offspring during reproduction.Different characteristics tend to exist within any given population as a result of mutation, genetic recombination and other sources of genetic variation.
She's a bad Christian, too. I'm not even good at that honeysuckle sweet Christianity that treats Jesus like a baby kitten who says church is silly and all you need is to love your neighbor. I don't.
An investigation into a private Darwin engineer that has been running since 2017 has. The NT Department of Infrastructure, Logistics and Planning said the issue can cause structural problems.
Atheist websites routinely claim that Hitler was a Christian. approved of Darwin's and Nietzsche's ideas. Harris simply ignores the evidence of the Nazis' sympathies for Darwin, Nietzsche, and.
Crosstown rivals the Crows had Tom Lynch withdraw on the weekend with a hamstring complaint prior to their loss to the Eagles.
What Is Double Blind Peer Review Sep 22, 2017 · Scientists from India and China far more often ask Nature's journals for double-blind peer review than those from Western countries. Publications.1 All manuscripts submitted to JETem undergo a rigorous double- blind peer review process, whereas the authors and reviewers are blinded from. Readers can also offer post-publication comments and authors can
In an age of apostasy within the visible church, our desire is to encourage genuine Christians to remain steadfast to the faithful and true witness, Jesus Christ, and the written Word of His testimony.
Bismarck got a pair of firsts from Christian Walth in the hurdles races. in the Class A boys meet were Wahpeton high.
Darwinism: Darwinism, theory of the evolutionary mechanism propounded by Charles Darwin as an explanation of organic change. It denotes Darwin's specific view that evolution is driven mainly by natural selection. Beginning in 1837, Darwin proceeded.
Dec 27, 2014 · Theistic Evolution from One Christian's Perspective. http://www.theistic-evolution.com/.Don't forget the dash! (C) Copyright 2000 by Carl Drews
An elementary school in Britain has canceled its performances of a musical on evolution after complaints from some Christian parents over some of its lyrics. About 90 students were preparing to.
Feb 11, 2009. The Vatican has admitted that Charles Darwin's theory of evolution should not have been dismissed and claimed it is compatible with the Christian view of. The conference at the Pontifical Gregorian University will discuss.
Meanwhile, even moderate and liberal Christian theologians generally avoid sustained discussion of Darwinian evolution. Many will allow that "evolution is.
While playful, this odd scenario got at a serious question about just how far the church's welcome can go. Should Christianity. In fact, AI may be the greatest threat to Christian theology since.
Mar 19, 2010. What if Darwin's theory of natural selection is inaccurate?. The scientists are baffled, until a Christian member of the team dimly recalls. It isn't news that the environment can alter the epigenome; what's news is that those.
Jan 30, 2018. DARWINISM IS A RELIGION and has always been one. Rather, he seeks to show how Darwinian theory has served as a rival to the Christian worldview. This is the idea that only science can tell us reliable or useful things.
Explore how evolution and science is viewed by the Christian church with BBC Bitesize. We'll remember what you've looked at so you can jump back in. Darwin did not intend to challenge religious beliefs with his book but many religious.
Darwin "Casey" Diaz was once one of California's most. Now describing himself as a born-again Christian, Diaz was nearly 24 when he emerged from prison with a story of how faith changed his life,
Murdered missionary John Allen Chau has already won a Darwin Award. It may be a little cruel to have. Mr Chau was no Robinson Crusoe. Christians — and Muslims, and Buddhists, and atheists, and more.
Christian Salem and Alex Neal-Bullen, who both missed with concussion, should be cleared for Saturday night's blockbuster.
Sep 27, 2014. I'm a biologist, in fact an evolutionary biologist, although no biologist, and no biology course, can help being "evolutionary." My animal behavior.
What Is Quantum Physics Wiki The lecture, titled The Friendly Quantum, will be at 5:30 p.m. Jan. 27 in 111 Small Hall. – Ed. QBism is pronounced "cubism," but it's short for Quantum Bayesianism. von Baeyer is Chancellor. Evolutionary Psychology Vs Feminism Do feminists accept evolutionary psychology, which is probably the only secular theorum that explains human nature? For instance,
John Shelby Spong, a retired bishop of the Anglican Church, has made a career of being a rogue "priest" who assaults almost everything that is sacred within the Christian religion. His outrageous ideology has been an embarrassment to many of his Anglican kinsmen. This week's Penpoints focuses upon some of Spong's theological aberrations.
But the religious left's diversity also makes it less unified than the Christian right and that can make it tricky to define. For many left-wing Christians, holding a conservative theological position.
Aug 5, 2006. But does Darwinism really square with the Scriptures?. is increasingly embracing the idea that we can accept both the teachings of the Bible and the theory of evolution. Jesus Christ and Paul believed in man's creation.
At no time in the history of the modern evolutionary movement (i.e., since the publication of Charles Darwin's book, The Origin of Species, in 1859), has the world of evolutionary thought been in such a state of utter chaos. Theories hoary with aged respect are now under assault by a new breed of.
Her book also includes fascinating and instructive images, many extracted from archives rather than museums, as if to suggest that intellectual history is not composed of words alone — it can.
Fantastic website! I 'accidently' came upon it while scouring through Conservapedia's article links. What a find! We think alike in this way: As soon as you drop everything that has been 'taught' by evolutionary idealogists and look at the evidence as it naturally appears the only conclusion you can come to is Intelligent Design, and only God could be intelligent enough to create this universe.
A primary school in Cheshire has called off its performance of a musical about Charles Darwin after Christian parents claimed that it. and we will consider putting it on in future years if we can.
Nov 30, 2008 · Hi, I came across your site while trying to find good audiobooks I can download. I am sad that you have to turn from God. I can see that you are such a brilliant man, an intelligent one, and I believe God will speak to you (or have already been speaking), I jsut.
Feb 4, 2009. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints' first public statement on. that Darwin's theory does not directly contradict church teachings. the theory of evolution and stating that creation science "can be presented solely.
The Christian right's obsessive hatred of Darwin is a wonder to behold, but it could someday be rivaled by the hatred of someone you've probably never even heard of. Darwin earned their hatred because.
ST. PAUL – Darwin Quintero has pumped confidence into Miguel Ibarra and Christian Ramirez. Words from Quintero, Minnesota United's first designated player, have additional meaning for younger.
Jan 13, 2017. I can see no reason, why a man, or other animal, may not have been. The gradual process whereby Darwin abandoned Christianity was.
U Of W Neuroscience
Quantum Dot Discovered When


Grade: kindergarten - self esteem - revised 2008 page 2 write "i am glad i am me" on the board. give each student a posterboard, gluestick, scissors and colored markers, along with their photograph.
Vi • becreative. thematerialsinthekitwillh elpyougetstarted.makeupyo ur owngamesandactivities.sin gfamiliarsongs,tellstorie s,playtraditional games,danceandsing.
Evaluate • educate • eliminate 3 gang awareness guide gang members communicate in many dif-ferent ways. speech is the most obvious; however, gang members also make use of nonverbal methods of exchanging thoughts.
Revised as of 28 january 03 lay it on the line self-regard is the ability to respect and accept oneself as you are. place an x on the chart below to indicate on each line where you rate yourself.
52 mentor activities: an activity for each week!
52 mentor activities: an activity for each week! feel free to change the activities to fit your mentee's interest, or come up new activities!
Erp responses • these graphs show erp waveforms in response to novel (red line) and familiar (yellow line) stimuli. • the infants who later recalled how to assemble a toy (left panel) had clearly discriminated between the familiar and novel items on an earlier recognition test.
introduction to the kansas k-12 physical education standards compiled by joella mehrhof, chair, standards committee background kansas' schools have a long history of providing physical education to students.


Short-nosed breeds like the French bulldog are prone to anesthesia complications.
Before your dog undergoes surgery, your veterinarian performs a pre-anesthetic evaluation. That includes taking his cardiac, respiratory and musculoskeletal state into consideration, along with the type of procedure and the approximate time length of the operation. Your vet then tailors a specific anesthesia plan for your pet. Once the surgery is finished, your dog must not only recuperate from the operation, but recover from the drugs that put him under.
If you can take your dog home from the vet on the same day as the surgery, expect your pet to be quite groggy. Let him rest in a quiet part of the house, away from your home's primary traffic areas. Keep him away from other pets and children. Depending on your dog's metabolism, the type of anesthesia used and the surgical procedure, it can take 12 to 24 hours for him to fully recover from the anesthesia. Completely normal behavior might not take place for a few more days.
Besides the sleepiness, some dogs might feel nauseous during anesthesia recovery. Your dog might throw up, although it's unlikely he has anything in his stomach since food is withheld for several hours prior to surgery. If your dog vomits or attempts to throw up, contact your veterinarian to report it.
Certain dog breeds are more prone to issues with anesthesia than others, but your vet will take this into consideration. If your dog is a brachycephalic, or short-nosed breed, he requires close monitoring during and after anesthesia. Brachycephalic breeds include the bulldog, pug, Japanese chin, boxer, shih-tzu, Lhasa apso, Boston terrier and Pekingese. Because their facial anatomy often leads to respiratory problems, your vet won't remove the endotracheal tube from a brachycephalic dog until he's fully recovered from anesthesia and appears active and alert. Otherwise, removing the tube before the dog is fully awake can result in an upper airway obstruction.
Short-nosed dogs aren't the only ones needing special attention before and after anesthesia. Some breeds genetically metabolize anesthesia medications differently, including sighthound breeds, such as the greyhound and whippet and herding breeds like the collie. Your vet will choose the appropriate anesthesia medication for your dog, but it could take longer for the dog to recover. Keep thin dogs -- like many sighthounds -- warm during recovery with extra blankets, or raise the temperature in your home. Extra warmth is also necessary for toy breeds.
PAWS Pet Hospital: What Should I Expect After Anesthesia with My Pet?


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Heliconius atthis est un insecte lépidoptère appartenant à la famille des Nymphalidae, à la sous-famille des Heliconiinae et au genre Heliconius.

Taxinomie
Heliconius atthis a été décrit par Doubleday en 1847 sous le nom d' Heliconia atthis.

Synonyme : Heliconia bourcieri Becker, 1851.

Forme
 Heliconius atthis f. gerstneriana Descimon & Mast, 1971.

Noms vernaculaires
Heliconius atthis se nomme False Zebra Longwing ou Atthis Longwing en anglais

Description
Heliconius atthis ressemble à Tithorea pavoni. C'est un grand papillon aux ailes allongées et arrondies de couleur noire ornementé de points blancs et de taches blanches, en particulier aux ailes antérieures une ligne submarginale de points et des traits blanc partant de la base et aux ailes postérieures une ligne marginale de petits points, une autre qui lui est parallèle et une grande tache allongée partant de la base.

Biologie

Plantes hôtes
Les plantes hôtes de sa chenille sont des Passifloraceae, en particulier des Granadilla et des Passiflora dont Passiflora subpeltata.

Écologie et distribution
Il est présent en Équateur.

Biotope
Heliconius atthis réside en forêt jusqu'à .

Notes et références

Annexes

Articles connexes
 Lépidoptère
 Mimétisme

Lépidoptère (nom scientifique)
Heliconiinae
Lépidoptère d'Amérique
Faune endémique d'Équateur

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


MIAGAO GOES ORGANIC. The local government of Miagao is seriously working on the implementation of organic agriculture in the municipality. As such, the Office of the Municipal Agriculturist facilitated the conduct of an Orientation and Formulation of the Municipal Local Technical Committee (MLTC) on Organic Agriculture Program at the Executive Conference Room on August 22, 2013. They have also come up with an Action Plan and identified crops and vegetation that can be produced through organic farming.
The one-day event was conducted after Mayor Macario N. Napulan signed an Executive Order 06-A dated July 22, 2013 entitled "An Order Creating the Municipal Technical Committee on Organic Agriculture Program" which aims to advocate, develop and promote organic farming in the municipality.
"The Municipal Government of Miagao is highly committed in increasing the annual produce and income of farmers using organic agriculture system while protecting our fragile environment and addressing climate change," highlighted Mayor Napulan.


Here is another gift for our DwarkaMai members. This is a small program which can run on your PCs. It will place a beautiful Photo of Sai Baba along with Ganesha and Hanuman on your desktop. You can drag it around on your Desktop. There are a couple of other options available if you right-click on the photo like Always on Top and Transparent View. This will be a wonderful experience to have it on your desktop.
It should not take more than 30 seconds to download.
This program is virus and spyware free and safe to use.
2. And Make it Always on Top.
It will be wonderful experience.
It is really good and wonderful.
Thanks for your wonderful way of wishing us all for Diwali.
Beat wishes to you and all your family members.
Its a very beautiful Diwali gift.
thank you very much for your beautiful baba pic.
i am so happy to recive.
Thanks a lot for the little cute Saibaba with Ganesh and Hanuman destopmate. A nice deepawali gift for Saidevotees which has come on this auspicious Thursday. I extend heartiest deepawali greetings to all .
VERY NICE N LOVELY DWALI GIFT RAVI JI!
Ohhhhhhhhhhhhhh So sweet ... I have placed it in my desktop..


I'm updating the pages in the next few days if anyone wants to be added or updated post in this thread.
Anyone else want to be added speak up now.
congratulations to racer5 with a - 1.54.11 to become the fastest swift around Eastern Creek GP i know it's been a long time coming and a long time for me to update the page.
Your car will need to go to a forum vote to see if they want it added.
Seeing its a Honda powered it's not fair to compare to the Suzuki powered cars.
That said back in the day no-one cared that the mazda was added but that might be because it was down the order not competing at the top.
Here's my attempt at breaking into 13's. Didn't quite make it with a 14.056, but only managed two runs for the night. Another run or two and I reckon I could have done it.
just ran out of "puff"
So close to 100mph and so close to 13s. Well done.
Sent you my Dyno print out about a month ago, let me know if you got it.
Configurations to Mistral for the highest N/A hp so far.
I did 15:56 @ 90.38mph last weekend. NA.
I thought racer went faster and needed updating but can not find his time.
Hi Dan, just wondering of you received my dyno sheet I pm'd you a week or so ago as I didnt see it updated to the motorsport page.
Don't know what you are talking about its there.


While some symptoms could wait till the next ante natal visit, other symptoms require immediate medical attention.
Any bleeding during pregnancy warrants immediate medical attention.
First trimester bleeding accompanied with severe abdominal cramps could mean; ectopic pregnancy, a condition where a fetus is implanted outside the uterus.
First or second trimester bleeding could also mean a miscarriage.
Third trimester bleeding- could be caused by a low lying placenta or placenta abruption i.e. separation of the placenta from the uterine lining.
A severe persistent headache associated with visual disturbance and abdominal pain could mean pre- eclampsia, a condition associated with increases blood pressure, and passing of proteins in urine.
Pregnant women who experience these symptoms should see their obstetricians ASAP.
There are however women who experience severe nausea and excessive vomiting, a condition termed hyper- emesis gravidarum in medical circles.
Most women will start perceiving fetal kicks at around week 20 of pregnancy.
A perceived decrease in fetal kicks needs the attention of a doctor sooner than later.
"Water" or amniotic fluid is colorless.
If your water breaks, you will feel a gush of fluid rushing down your legs.
The event is often painless and some women may ignore it, but with time, infection may set in.
Especially in the second trimester could mean gestational diabetes.


St. Paul, Minn. – What do a world-class educator, a medical doctor, a University of Minnesota chemist, an invaluable volunteer, a London-based venture philanthropist, an executive director of a children's dental service, an EPA administrator, and a senior chef instructor at a Chicago community kitchen have in common? They are all Macalester alumni who will be honored in June during reunion weekend.
Richard Johanson '63, Flint Hill, Va., Charles J. Turck Global Citizen Award which recognizes an alumnus who has advanced the cause of the internationalist spirit by providing inspirational leadership and promoting global understanding, peace and justice. The award honors former Macalester President Charles J. Turck who championed internationalism. A program in Nigeria the summer before his senior year at Macalester set the course for Richard Johanson's career. Johanson took part in a Student Project for Amity Among Nations (SPAN) project studying the social consequences of Hansen's disease, then called leprosy. Then one day a Nigerian teacher told him about problems caused by rural-urban migration, and how education was a key solution. That conversation changed Johanson's life. Soon he joined a program at Harvard, one of the first students to enter the new field of educational planning for developing countries. Johanson's first job in educational development was in Jamaica for USAID. Since then, he has worked in 70 mostly low-income countries, helping design educational investment programs. From Indonesia to Eritrea and from Uganda to Cambodia, he has strived to bring education to the world's people. He is proud of contributing to many educational investment projects, including pushing the World Bank to include support for primary education and helping plan major educational reforms in Korea and Hungary. Now in his 70s, Johanson's work continues to take him on half a dozen international trips a year; recently he traveled to Gaza, China, and the Philippines for the World Bank and UNICEF. He has also written about skills development in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia. International education's three major goals—getting all eligible children in school, keeping them there, and seeing that they learn something useful—are as compelling today as they were when Johanson set off for Jamaica 48 years ago. So he continues to work around the globe, because even as Johanson takes satisfaction in past achievements, he knows this: There's much left to be done in the world.
Minerva Perez-Lopez '92, Salinas, Calif., Catharine Lealtad Service to Society Award which is given to an alumnus or alumna of color who has used his or her education to distinguish themselves in service to community. Physicians can easily earn big incomes for their work. But Minerva Perez-Lopez wasn't motivated by money when she chose to practice medicine in the place where she grew up. Perez-Lopez, raised in California's Salinas Valley, returned to that farming area for her residency and then joined the staff of the medical center there. For more a decade now she's been working at the very hospital in which she was born, Natividad Medical Center in Salinas, Calif. The challenges are legion. She's working with a largely Latino population of immigrant seasonal farm laborers, most of whom have no insurance and limited resources. Teen pregnancy rates are high, as are rates of gang violence. And then there's the ongoing stress of families separated because of immigration issues. Despite the difficulties, Perez-Lopez has persevered, spending much of her time as a family practice doctor working in obstetrics, delivering babies. Besides her more than full-time work, Perez-Lopez regularly has teenagers shadow her at the hospital and frequently returns to her old high school as a guest speaker. In acknowledgement of the vital work she's doing to provide direct patient care in a region short of health-care professionals, Perez-Lopez was last year given a Steven M. Thompson Physician Corps Award to repay most of her medical school loans. It was just recognition for a woman who has chosen to spend her career giving back, reaching out and trying to make a difference in the community.
Christy L. Haynes '98, Minneapolis, Minn., Young Alumni Award which recognizes an alumnus who has graduated within the past 15 years and demonstrated outstanding involvement and achievement in their post-graduate education, community contributions, career advancement and their service to Macalester. Chemistry professor Christy Haynes is an oft-honored researcher whose Haynes Research Group at the University of Minnesota applies new methods in analytical chemistry to the fields of toxicology and immunology. Haynes has helped develop the field of nanotoxicology, in which she investigates the environmental and biological impacts of newly engineered nanomaterials. Little study has been done on nanomaterials, which are used in thousands of products from electronics to suntan lotion to stain-resistant clothing. Haynes began her research career in Prof. Becky Hoye's lab. She earned a PhD at Northwestern University, where she published 27 articles from her graduate work with chemist Richard Van Duyne. In 2005 Haynes began her independent research career at the University of Minnesota, where her research group now includes 16 graduate and undergraduate coworkers. In 2012, Popular Science magazine named Haynes one of its "Brilliant 10" young scientists. She also received the American Chemical Society's Nobel Laureate Signature Award, presented for the country's most outstanding PhD thesis. Only one is given each year, and the citation is signed by every living Nobel laureate in chemistry. Her other awards include the National Science Foundation's CAREER grant; a National Institute of Health's New Innovator Award; the Joseph Black Award from the Royal Society of Chemistry; and an Alfred P. Sloan Fellowship. Haynes has appeared on PBS's Dragonfly TV science education program for kids. She organizes an annual Chemistry Day for urban families in St. Paul and has presented "Energy and U" shows to more than 9,000 children per year, encouraging them to consider science careers.
Nancy Slaughter '58, Minneapolis, Minn., Alumni Service Award which recognizes an alumnus whose significant service and consistent loyalty to the college has set an outstanding example of volunteerism. Nominations for this award are made by Macalester staff. When Nancy Slaughter graduated in 1958, it wouldn't have been a stretch to predict that she'd be an active Macalester alumna—after all, The Mac Weekly archives from her time on campus frequently mention her leadership roles on behalf of commissions, clubs, and campus events. But it would've been hard to imagine the range and depth of her involvement. By the time she was honored with Macalester's Distinguished Citizen Award in 1983, she had already served as a trustee, Alumni Board president, Annual Fund chair, and interim alumni director. Since then, Slaughter has continued to be an invaluable asset to Mac in roles from 50th Reunion chair to Annual Fund letter-signer and phonathon caller to trustees emeriti chair. In addition, she has generously supported the college's campaigns, renovation projects, and scholarships. As a longtime Annual Fund donor, she has made a gift nearly every year since graduation. Slaughter learned the importance of volunteerism at an early age. "My father was involved in community activities his entire life," she says. When she transferred to Macalester as a sophomore, she saw the same spirit of activism. She studied elementary education and social science and went on to earn a master's degree in education, working first as a teacher for 20 years and then as a publicist and development consultant. In the decades since college, Slaughter's service has touched nearly every sector of the state's nonprofit network. She has volunteered on numerous boards, including the Women's Foundation of Minnesota, Minnesota Humanities Commission, Westminster Presbyterian Church, Friends of the Minneapolis Public Library, Dale Warland Singers, and Presbyterian Homes and Services. Our communities—at 1600 Grand and beyond—are stronger because of her leadership and support.
The following will receive the Distinguished Citizen Award, which recognizes alumni who have exercised leadership in civic, social, religious and professional activities.


This past weekend over 25 people turned out at the first work party. The Parks department crew had brought a blackberry cutting machine in, which had cleared the canes away, but all the roots remained firmly attached and needed to be grubbed out by hand. The Eastern side of the property was attacked first, with significant progress. All the grubbing was completed, cardboard laid to suffocate remaining roots, with compost/chips spread on top. A prize was given to the largest blackberry root (aka the "brain" of the plant), I wish I knew the gentleman's name to recognize him - that root was a cubic foot big. The Parks dept. staff took it back to their office as a prize specimen. The next work party will be Sept 9th.


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Last Updated: August 21, 2021 No Comments – 9 min. read
Nutritionally reviewed by Diana Lee, RD.
Theobromine is a xanthine alkaloid found naturally in the cacao plant, from which chocolate is made. Theobromine may be a healthier version of caffeine and may actually provide health benefits related to cognition and the cardiovascular system. Here we'll examine theobromine's sources, benefits, effects, mechanisms, and more.
Theobromine is a methylxanthine similar to caffeine that is found in the cacao plant, from which chocolate is made.
It gives chocolate its bitter taste; naturally, darker chocolate contains much more theobromine than milk chocolate.
Theobromine has evidence of promoting wakefulness, lowering blood pressure, and improving blood flow, mood, and respiratory health.
Theobromine should offer milder, longer-acting effects than caffeine, and with fewer adverse side effects.
Theobromine is highly toxic to animals.
Product Mentions:
– Raw cacao powder on Amazon
– Theobromine capsules on Amazon
What is Theobromine?
Theobromine Benefits
Theobromine's Mechanism of Action – How Does It Work?
Theobromine Structure
Theobromine Half-Life
Theobromine Dosage
Theobromine Side Effects
Theobromine in Chocolate
Theobromine in Coffee
Theobromine in Foods
Theobromine Poisoning
Theobromine in Dogs
Theobromine vs. Caffeine
Theobromine and Blood Pressure
Theobromine for Cough, Asthma, COPD, and More
Theobromine and Weight Loss
Theobromine vs. Theophylline
Theobromine and Rutaecarpine
Theobromine Review
Theobromine Supplements
Theobromine is a compound existing in the highest quantities in the cacao plant (theobroma cacao), from which chocolate is made. Theobromine is a xanthine alkaloid similar in structure and effect to caffeine. Like Dynamine®, theobromine is a purine alkoloid. Theobromine can be found in smaller amounts in the kola nut, guarana, yerba mate, and certain tea leaves1.
Theobromine itself is a white or off-white crystalline powder, and is responsible for giving dark chocolate its bitter taste. Darker chocolate with higher cacao content is more bitter because of its higher theobromine content1.
Theobromine may:
Promote wakefulness, motivation, and alertness2–4.
Lower blood pressure5–7.
Improve blood flow5–7.
Increase HDL ("good") cholesterol8.
Enhance cognition2,9.
Improve respiratory health5,10.
Strengthen tooth enamel11–15.
Improve mood2–4,9.
Reduce inflammation2,3,9.
Protect against kidney stones16.
Theobromine shares the same mechanism as caffeine – inhibiting adenosine receptors, thereby promoting wakefulness and alertness2.
Theobromine is a dimethylxanthine with two methyl groups at positions 3 and 7, and is thus also known as 3,7-dimethylxanthine17.
Theobromine has a half-life in humans of about 7 hours, with peak concentration at about 2 hours following ingestion18–20.
Theobromine's half-life in dogs is about 18 hours21.
One clinical study noted positive objective and subjective effects for participants from dosages up to 250mg, with negative subjective effects on mood from higher doses2. These results are illustrated below.
Mean and SEM maximum ratings on Drug Effects Questionnaire (DEQ) after placebo (PL) caffeine (Caff) and 250, 500, and 1000 mg theobromine (TH). Asterisks indicate means that differ significantly from placebo (p<.05). doi: 10.1007/s00213-013-3021-0
However, anecdotal evidence exists for people enjoying the effects of a 400mg theobromine supplement per se.
Side effects from theobromine are rare and dose-dependent and, similar to caffeine, include headaches and nausea2.
Theobromine is found in the highest concentrations in the cacao bean, from which chocolate is made. Higher cacao percentage chocolate (progressively darker) has higher theobromine levels, with raw cacao powder being the highest at 20mg/g. Milk chocolate contains 2mg theobromine per 1g of chocolate. Dark chocolate contains on average 9mg/g20,22. White chocolate contains only trace amounts of theobromine because it contains no cocoa solids23.
Theobromine is found in very small concentrations (0.2%) in green coffee beans, tea, and yerba mate, but is not found in "normal" black coffee22,23.
Theobromine is found in the following foods, from greatest to least concentration:
raw cacao beans, nibs, and powder
processed cocoa and dark chocolate products
chocolate pudding, cereal, cake mix, candy, ice cream, syrup, etc.
In humans, the lowest published toxic dose (TDLo, the lowest recorded dose where toxicity symptoms appeared) is 16mg/kg bodyweight. This is a little over 1g for a 150 lb. human. The median lethal dose (LD50) is 1000mg/kg bodyweight17.
First signs of theobromine poisoning include nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, progressing to cardiac arrhythmias, epileptic seizures, internal bleeding, heart attacks, and eventually death17.
Theobromine poisoning in dogs happens frequently and quickly. This is why you commonly hear that "dogs can't eat chocolate." Absorption and metabolism of theobromine is much slower in dogs than in humans, with a half-life of about 18 hours in dogs21.
Signs of theobromine poisoning in dogs include vomiting, haematemesis, polydipsia, hyperexcitability, hyperirritability, tachycardia, excessive panting, ataxia, and muscle twitching, progressing to cardiac arrhythmias, seizures, and death. These symptoms can potentially begin within a few hours of ingestion and can persist for up to 72 hours. There is no specific antidote, but treatment protocol usually consists of induced vomiting and administration of activated charcoal, oxygen, benzodiazepines for seizures, antiarrhythmics for heart arrhythmia, and intravenous fluids21,24.
Domestic animals can easily eat enough chocolate to be fatal. The lowest recorded toxic dose of theobromine in dogs is 16mg/kg bodyweight, with a median lethal dose of 300mg/kg bodyweight. For a 50 lb. dog, that's about 360mg and 6800mg respectively.
Theobromine concentrations are higher in certain types of chocolate. Higher cacao percentage chocolate (progressively darker) has higher theobromine levels, with raw cacao powder being the highest at 20mg/g. Milk chocolate contains 2mg theobromine per 1g of chocolate. Dark chocolate contains on average 9mg/g21,25. As such, dark chocolate is far more toxic to animals than milk chocolate. White chocolate contains only trace amounts of theobromine26.
Doing some math, this means that for a 50 lb. dog, just 50g of dark chocolate can be potentially fatal. Smaller dogs would obviously be susceptible to smaller amounts. Cats are even more susceptible, but are less likely to eat chocolate because cats are unable to taste sweetness27.
To be safe, keep any and all chocolate-containing foods away from your pets, including cocoa powder, cocoa cereals, chocolate ice cream, chocolate milk, chococlate chips, chocolate candy, etc.
Theobromine and caffeine are both known as methylxanthines. Theobromine is actually a byproduct of caffeine metabolism. They both exert their CNS-enhancing effects by inhibiting adenosine receptors, however theobromine does so more weakly than caffeine. As such, theobromine should exhibit less tolerance buildup and fewer adverse side effects than caffeine. Theobromine is less likely to cross the blood-brain barrier and thus has less effect on the CNS.
Theobromine also has less effect on the cardiovascular system than caffeine, and theobromine's cardiovascular effects are generally positive, whereas caffeine's are generally negative. These properties make it similar to Dynamine® and TeaCrine®. Theobromine's CNS effects are milder and longer-acting than caffeine1,2,4.
Theobromine is also vasodilatory and can lower blood pressure, as opposed to caffeine typically being vasoconstrictive and raising blood pressure5–7,28. Studies have noted that raw cacao powder (high theobromine content) reliably exerts these effects to a greater extent in cases of high blood pressure than in people with normal blood pressure6,29,30.
Theobromine and theophylline have shown promising antitussive effects for a range of respiratory diseases including acute and persistent coughing, asthma COPD, bronchitis, and more, due to their bronchodilation, airway expansion, arterial pressure decreasing, anti-inflammatory, and mucus clearing effects. Treatment with methylxanthines is a viable alternative to traditional codeine cough syrups that have undesirable side effects and taste31–38.
Researchers have also noted that theobromine and other methylxanthines seem to actually regulate and disrupt the neurological channels involved in coughing31–36. Anecdotal reports seem to corroborate this, with people claiming that consuming raw cacao powder (high theobromine content) decreases their coughing.
Diet pills are increasingly including theobromine in their formulations, likely because of extrapolation from a single study showing potential weight loss and lipid metabolism improvement in rats. Not enough evidence exists to suggest that theobromine may be useful for weight loss39,40.
Theophylline is another member of the methylxanthine family. It appears to offer similar ameliorative effects to theobromine for blood pressure and respiratory health31–33. Theophylline is actually an FDA-approved medication for asthma and other respiratory disorders41.
Theophylline's half-life of 8 hours in human adults is slightly longer than that of theobromine32,33. It can potentially be much longer in some people with thyroid dysfunction or liver problems41.
Like caffeine, theobromine is metabolized primarily in the liver by the enzymes CYP1A2 and CYP2E142. As such, rutaecarpine should limit theobromine's exposure and expedite its excretion just as it does with caffeine.
My experience with theobromine has basically mirrored what I've described above – a milder, longer-acting caffeine, not unlike theacrine, that boosts mood, motivation, alertness, and energy. I've also utilized raw cacao powder in my morning coffee for years now along with mushroom powder.
A few options for theobromine supplements exist. First, you can obviously just use raw cacao powder, in which we know theobromine is found in the highest concentrations. Raw cacao is also rich in minerals, antioxidants, and polyphenols. Add it to your morning coffee. A potential problem with this approach is we don't know the specific theobromine content of cacao powder products.
Another option is to supplement Theobromine directly with 400mg capsules from Nutricost on Amazon.
Buy Theobromine on Amazon
Smit HJ. Theobromine and the Pharmacology of Cocoa. In: Methylxanthines. Springer Berlin Heidelberg; 2010:201-234. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_7
Baggott M, Childs E, Hart A, et al. Psychopharmacology of theobromine in healthy volunteers. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2013;228(1):109-118. doi:10.1007/s00213-013-3021-0
Martínez-Pinilla E, Oñatibia-Astibia A, Franco R. The relevance of theobromine for the beneficial effects of cocoa consumption. Front Pharmacol. 2015;6:30. doi:10.3389/fphar.2015.00030
Smit H, Gaffan E, Rogers P. Methylxanthines are the psycho-pharmacologically active constituents of chocolate. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 2004;176(3-4):412-419. doi:10.1007/s00213-004-1898-3
Kerimi A, Williamson G. The cardiovascular benefits of dark chocolate. Vascul Pharmacol. 2015;71:11-15. doi:10.1016/j.vph.2015.05.011
Ried K, Fakler P, Stocks N. Effect of cocoa on blood pressure. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2017;4:CD008893. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub3
Ludovici V, Barthelmes J, Nägele M, et al. Cocoa, Blood Pressure, and Vascular Function. Front Nutr. 2017;4:36. doi:10.3389/fnut.2017.00036
Neufingerl N, Zebregs Y, Schuring E, Trautwein E. Effect of cocoa and theobromine consumption on serum HDL-cholesterol concentrations: a randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr. 2013;97(6):1201-1209. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.047373
Franco R, Oñatibia-Astibia A, Martínez-Pinilla E. Health benefits of methylxanthines in cacao and chocolate. Nutrients. 2013;5(10):4159-4173. doi:10.3390/nu5104159
Simons F, Becker A, Simons K, Gillespie C. The bronchodilator effect and pharmacokinetics of theobromine in young patients with asthma. J Allergy Clin Immunol. 1985;76(5):703-707. doi:10.1016/0091-6749(85)90674-8
Kargul B, Özcan M, Peker S, Nakamoto T, Simmons W, Falster A. Evaluation of human enamel surfaces treated with theobromine: a pilot study. Oral Health Prev Dent. 2012;10(3):275-282. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23094271
Arifa M, Ephraim R, Rajamani T. Recent Advances in Dental Hard Tissue Remineralization: A Review of Literature. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent. 2019;12(2):139-144. doi:10.5005/jp-journals-10005-1603
Amaechi B, Porteous N, Ramalingam K, et al. Remineralization of artificial enamel lesions by theobromine. Caries Res. 2013;47(5):399-405. doi:10.1159/000348589
Lippert F. The effects of fluoride, strontium, theobromine and their combinations on caries lesion rehardening and fluoridation. Arch Oral Biol. 2017;80:217-221. doi:10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.04.022
Syafira G, Permatasari R, Wardani N. Theobromine Effects on Enamel Surface Microhardness: In Vitro. J Dent Indones. Published online August 30, 2013. doi:10.14693/jdi.v19i2.138
Costa-Bauza A, Grases F, Calvó P, Rodriguez A, Prieto R. Effect of Consumption of Cocoa-Derived Products on Uric Acid Crystallization in Urine of Healthy Volunteers. Nutrients. 2018;10(10). doi:10.3390/nu10101516
PubChem Database. Theobromine. National Center for Biotechnology Information. https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/Theobromine
Mumford G, Benowitz N, Evans S, et al. Absorption rate of methylxanthines following capsules, cola and chocolate. Eur J Clin Pharmacol. 1996;51(3-4):319-325. doi:10.1007/s002280050205
Lelo A, Birkett D, Robson R, Miners J. Comparative pharmacokinetics of caffeine and its primary demethylated metabolites paraxanthine, theobromine and theophylline in man. Br J Clin Pharmacol. 1986;22(2):177-182. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.1986.tb05246.x
Drouillard D, Vesell E, Dvorchik B. Studies on theobromine disposition in normal subjects. Alterations induced by dietary abstention from or exposure to methylxanthines. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 1978;23(3):296-302. doi:10.1002/cpt1978233296
Finlay F, Guiton S. Chocolate poisoning. BMJ. 2005;331(7517):633-633. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1215566/
Lyon (FR). Coffee, Tea, Mate, Methylxanthines and Methylglyoxal. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. 1991;51. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507026/
Renner H. Sister chromatid exchanges induced by methylxanthines contained in coffee, tea and cocoa. Experientia. 1982;38(5):600. doi:10.1007/bf02327071
Gans JH, Korson R, Cater MR, Ackerly CC. Effects of short-term and long-term theobromine administration to male dogs. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Published online May 1980:481-496. doi:10.1016/0041-008x(80)90360-9
Meng C, Jalil A, Ismail A. Phenolic and theobromine contents of commercial dark, milk and white chocolates on the Malaysian market. Molecules. 2009;14(1):200-209. doi:10.3390/molecules14010200
ZOUMAS BL, KREISER WR, MARTIN ROBERTA. THEOBROMINE AND CAFFEINE CONTENT OF CHOCOLATE PRODUCTS. J Food Science. Published online March 1980:314-316. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2621.1980.tb02603.x
Li X, Li W, Wang H, et al. Pseudogenization of a Sweet-Receptor Gene Accounts for Cats' Indifference toward Sugar. PLoS Genet. Published online 2005:e3. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.0010003
Mitchell E, Slettenaar M, vd M, et al. Differential contributions of theobromine and caffeine on mood, psychomotor performance and blood pressure. Physiol Behav. 2011;104(5):816-822. doi:10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.07.027
Jumar A, Schmieder R. Cocoa Flavanol Cardiovascular Effects Beyond Blood Pressure Reduction. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich). 2016;18(4):352-358. doi:10.1111/jch.12715
Ferri C, Desideri G, Ferri L, et al. Cocoa, blood pressure, and cardiovascular health. J Agric Food Chem. 2015;63(45):9901-9909. doi:10.1021/acs.jafc.5b01064
Vaz F, Miller M. Review of the clinical efficacy of theophylline in the treatment of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Am Rev Respir Dis. 1993;147(6 Pt 2):S40-7. doi:10.1164/ajrccm/147.6_Pt_2.S40
Hendeles L, Massanari M, Weinberger M. Update on the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of theophylline. Chest. 1985;88(2 Suppl):103S-111S. doi:10.1378/chest.88.2_supplement.103s
Wettengel R. [Theophylline–past present and future]. Arzneimittelforschung. 1998;48(5A):535-539. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9676340
Akram M, Nasiruddin M, Ahmad Z, Ali K. Doxofylline and theophylline: a comparative clinical study. J Clin Diagn Res. 2012;6(10):1681-1684. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2012/4697.2643
Oñatibia-Astibia A, Martínez-Pinilla E, Franco R. The potential of methylxanthine-based therapies in pediatric respiratory tract diseases. Respiratory Medicine. Published online March 2016:1-9. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2016.01.022
Oñatibia-Astibia A, Martínez-Pinilla E, Franco R. The potential of methylxanthine-based therapies in pediatric respiratory tract diseases. Respir Med. 2016;112:1-9. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2016.01.022
Morice A, McGarvey L, Pavord I, Higgins B, Chung K, Birring S. Theobromine for the treatment of persistent cough: a randomised, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9(7):1864-1872. doi:10.21037/jtd.2017.06.18
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LucidiSPORE™ Red Reishi Spore Oil Supplement Review


The Versilia is the narrow land between the Apuan Alps and the sea, where the Tuscan beaches watching the marble quarries of the most famous in the world. The white marble, the reflections of Tuscany Mediterranean sea, sandy beaches, colors and textures of the Tuscan tradition have enabled us to create the collection Versilia.
С коллекцией обоев VERSILIA можно ознакомиться и оформить заказ посетив салон обоев и декора FIESTADESIGN.


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The Horse Dealer's Daughter
by D. H. Lawrence
What is the point of view in "The Horse Dealer's Daughter"?
Renata Kelly
Top subjects are Literature, History, and Science
D.H. Lawrence's short story "The Horse Dealer's Daughter" is told from third-person omniscient point of view. As noted in the linked eNotes guide to literary terms:
The most commonly used form of third-person is third-person omniscient. In this style of narration, the story is told by a third-person narrator who is all-knowing. They are aware of any and all events in the story as well as the inner thoughts and feelings of multiple characters.
The narrator of "The Horse Dealer's Daughter" is not one of the characters but switches easily between the thoughts and feelings of the three Pervin brothers and their sister Mabel.
These siblings each seem to inhabit their own separate worlds, only loosely bound together by their familial relationship. Joe, the eldest, is handsome and stupid. The narrator likens him directly to a horse: not particularly bright, but made for hard work, needing only a "harness"—some kind of structure around his life through which others can guide and direct him....
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linda-allen
What do water and mud symbolize in the story?
What effect does Mabel have on Ferguson as he watches her in her home, in the churchyard and at the pond; and what does this say about Lawrence's...
What kind of person is Mabel? How do her brothers treat her? How does she feel about her brothers? What dilemma does she face as the story begins?
In "The Horse Dealer's Daughter," what is Mabel's situation within her family? What is her relationship with her brothers? What are her feelings...
In the story "The Horse Dealer's Daughter" after Mabel and Ferguson realize their love, why does Lawrence explore these feelings so extensively?
Latest answer posted February 21, 2011 at 6:43:07 PM
What is the central theme of "The Horse Dealer's Daughter"?
Latest answer posted June 24, 2013 at 2:03:33 PM
What are the major themes evident in "The Horse Dealer's Daughter"?
Latest answer posted July 28, 2014 at 5:22:10 PM
What is the conflict, complication, moment of change, and resolution in the story of "The Horse Dealer's Daughter"?
Latest answer posted February 06, 2012 at 9:42:35 AM
In D.H. Lawrence's, "The Horse Dealer's Daughter," what elements in the plot demonstrate the concept of realism?
Latest answer posted May 12, 2015 at 7:33:02 AM
What does D.H. Lawrence say about love in his short story, "The Horse Dealer's Daughter?"


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2019 British Queen's Beast Falcon 1 oz Gold Coin NGC MS69
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One of the longest-ruling houses in the history of Great Britain is the Plantagenets. The dynasty started in 1154 with Henry II and ended at the Battle of Bosworth Field in 1485 when Richard III died. The family used the Falcon of the Plantagenets as a popular seal while they ruled. The 2019 British Queens Beast Falcon 1 oz Gold Coin is available today at Provident Metals with an MS69 grading from NGC.
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The reverse side of the coin showcases the White Falcon of King Edward III.
The House of Plantagenet came to power in 1154 and controlled the throne for 331 years. The Plantagenet family was dethroned during the Wars of the Roses in the mid- and late-15th century. The White Falcon symbolism began with King Edward III. Its image is featured on these coins.
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Jody Clak
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Jody Clark
Queen\'s Beast
NGC Plastic Slab
3.346x2.369x2.57
1 Troy Ounce