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Iran Report: September 27, 2004
27 September 2004, Volume 7, Number 33
DIPLOMA MILLS' ACTIVITIES REFLECT IRAN'S BIGGER PROBLEMS. President Hojatoleslam Mohammad Khatami marked the 22 September beginning of the Iranian academic year with a speech in which he said his administration has done everything within its power to improve the state of the education sector, Iranian state radio reported. Yet recent reports about the alleged activities of a foreign university's Iranian branch reflect several problems that have not been resolved. First, this reflects the hope that a university education will make it easier to get a job in a country with a double-digit unemployment rate. Second, this reflects the tremendous demand for a limited number of university places -- young Iranians surveyed recently described their greatest problem after employment as the university entrance exam, the Iranian Labor News Agency (ILNA) reported on 1 May. Third, it reflects a system in which state officials use academic credentials to receive higher salaries.
Tehran Province Justice Department spokesman Abbasali Alizadeh said on 14 September that the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology does not recognize degrees from the American University of Hawaii, the Islamic Republic of Iran News Network reported. The university, which utilizes distance learning and has its worldwide headquarters in Hawaii, has offices in Tehran (see the institution's website at http://www.auhiran.com). A few days earlier, Alizadeh said the institution's chancellor, Ardeshir Qassemlu, is banned from leaving Iran and his accounts have been frozen, "Resalat" reported on 9 September.
This is only the most recent effort to close down this institution. A former instructor, Hushang Nasserzadeh, told Radio Farda on 20 September that over the last two or three years the government issued warnings in the broadcast and print media that this institution is illegal and it even refrained in its warnings from using the word "university" (http://www.radiofarda.com/iran_article/2004/9/ba6bf4eb-256a-41cc-96a1-a2a06b16198d.html). Nasserzadeh added that the institution's chancellor, Qassemlu, reassured him that he has all the necessary licenses.
The director-general for legal affairs at the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology, Morteza Shahbazinia, said the American University of Hawaii has been in Iran for about 10 years, but claimed that it has no credibility and "there are few countries where the credentials from this university are accredited," "Kayhan" reported on 9 September. The institution issued some 8,000 degrees for tuition fees of 50 million to 120 million rials (about $6,300-$15,000), but the extent of its academic activities has been questioned, according to Iranian media reports.
Nor is this chancellor Qassemlu's first run-in with the law. Shahbazinia said Qassemlu -- whose only academic degree is reportedly one issued by his own institution and who previously worked in real estate -- was previously sentenced to one year in prison on a fraud conviction. The appeals court overturned the conviction, and Shahbazinia suggested that it is not a coincidence that many of the institution's graduates work for the Tehran Province Justice Department.
This time the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology has coordinated its activities with those of the Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education, because the institution is issuing medical degrees.
The Iranian branch of the American University of Hawaii, "Kayhan" reported on 5 September, has never tried to get a permit from the Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology. It is registered on Kish Island.
Nasserzadeh told Radio Farda that the institution issued degrees in exchange for money in order to satisfy people's egos. This is part of a phenomenon called "madrak gerayi," roughly translated as "degree-ism." A higher degree is not just a matter of prestige and ego, however, because officials with doctorates are eligible for higher salaries and positions on the basis of those credentials.
The case of the American University of Hawaii is just the most recent example of a diploma mill operating in Iran. The Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology's Shahbazinia told "Kayhan" that the Russian Voronezh State University's branch in Iran (http://www.vsu-th.com) has been sentenced to a fine and closure, and evidence is being collected against the Eastern Studies Institute, which is affiliated with France's Sorbonne University. Shahbazinia added that a complaint has been filed against the Isfahan unit of the Comprehensive University of Applied and Practical Sciences. In this last case, the Isfahan Province Justice Department has rejected the complaint, and the institution continues to conduct examinations in the name of the ministry. (Bill Samii)
NEW ACADEMIC YEAR BEGINS IN IRAN. President Hojatoleslam Mohammad Khatami launched the new academic year in Iran with a 22 September speech in which he said his administration has done all it can to correct shortcomings in the educational sector, Iranian state radio reported. Khatami then posed four presumably rhetorical questions: "What is the relationship between intellectual development, freedom, equality, and ethics in our expected Mahdavi system (A perfect system to come at the time of the advent of the 12th Shia Imam), and what is the role of human awareness and resolve in creating this system?" "How is Mahdaviyat defined in divine religions, especially Judaism, Christianity, and Zoroastrianism?" Khatami's third question: "What lessons can we learn from the Constitutional Movement, the oil-nationalization movement, and the great Islamic Revolution? What did the great people of Iran want? And what did they achieve?" His final question: "What has been the role of reform in the past 150 years in our country? What are the setbacks and achievements of reform?" If there were any answers to these puzzlers, state radio did not provide them. (Bill Samii)
JOURNALISTS' ARRESTS PROMPT PRESIDENTIAL IRE. Executive branch spokesman Abdullah Ramezanzadeh said on 20 September that President Hojatoleslam Mohammad Khatami will have two cabinet members look into the recent arrests of journalists, the Islamic Republic News Agency (IRNA) reported (see "RFE/RL Iran Report," 9 and 17 August and 20 September 2004). A letter signed by 212 photojournalists and correspondents to Khatami urged the president to take action. "Though every executive official can ignore the spirit and proceedings of [the] law, you, as the chief executive, have taken [an] oath to execute the constitution item by item and safeguard this national law," the letter read.
Vice President for Legal and Parliamentary Affairs Mohammad Ali Abtahi told reporters that the recent crackdown on journalists and the media comes at a bad time, "Sharq" newspaper reported on 20 September. "Under the conditions that we along with the region are under pressure politically and because of nuclear issues, raising such issues will confront the domestic political climate with tensions," he said. Abtahi demanded the immediate release of Said Motallebi, the father of the Netherlands-based journalist Sina Motallebi.
The authorities released Motallebi on 19 September, Reporters Without Borders (RSF) reported two days later (http://www.rsf.fr/article.php3?id_article=11384). Motallebi is forbidden from having any contact with international organizations or the press, according to RSF. (Bill Samii)
IRAN WORKING ON NATIONAL INTRANET. Majid Zaherivash, managing director of Sorush Media -- which is affiliated with the state broadcasting agency -- said in a 15 September call-in show on the Islamic Republic of Iran News Network that the Iranian government is working on a national intranet that would allow people to communicate and obtain information without accessing the Internet. The Communication and Information Technology Ministry is behind this project, which is intended to protect families, and fiber-optic cables linking the major cities are being laid. He added that the Iranian government should do more to protect Iranian websites from hackers. Zaherivash also expressed concern about computer games, which he said are produced by major powers and are intended to secure the interests of the Americans and "the Zionists."
Iranian naval forces commander Admiral Abbas Mohtaj expressed concern about the Internet during a 14 September ceremony at the Imam Khomeini Naval University in Noshahr, IRNA reported. The unnamed enemy is waging a "war of nerves" against Iran, Mohtaj said, and it is trying damage Iranians' self-confidence via "widespread propaganda on the Internet." Under these circumstances, Mohtaj advised, naval personnel must remain true to their values, trust in God, and be confident. "Training the souls of military forces should be given precedence more than training their skills," Mohtaj added.
Regardless of the perceived dangers of the Internet, the Iranian government does make use of it. According to an article in the 28 August issue of the weekly "Ertebat," there are at least 17 websites connected with the Iranian government, including websites for the president (www.president.ir), the parliament (www.majlis.ir), and the judiciary (www.judiciary.ir). Several ministries have websites as well, including the Ministry of Agricultural Jihad (www.agri-jahad.org); Ministry of Commerce (www.moc.gov.ir); Ministry of Cooperatives (www.icm.gov.ir); Ministry of Defense and Armed Forces Logistics (www.mod.ir); Ministry of Economic Affairs & Finance (www.economicaffairs.ir); Ministry of Education and Training (www.medu.ir); Ministry of Foreign Affairs (www.mfa.gov.ir); Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education (www.mohme.gov.ir); Ministry of Housing and Urban Development (www.mhud.gov.ir); Ministry of Industry (www.mim.gov.ir); Ministry of the Interior (www.moi.gov.ir); Ministry of Islamic Culture and Guidance (www.ershad.gov.ir); Ministry of Roads and Transport (www.cao.ir); and Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology (formerly the Higher Education Ministry; www.moe.ir). (Bill Samii)
IRANIANS URGED TO EAT RIGHT. Minister of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education Masud Pezeshkian said at the Iran Nutrition Congress on 6 September that a balanced diet contributes to longevity by preventing heart disease, IRNA reported. He said lifestyle and diet should be linked in a strategy to promote heart health. Pezeshkian noted that about 600,000 people die of obesity in the United States and Europe every year. (Bill Samii)
HIV/AIDS INCREASING IN IRAN. Minister of Health, Treatment, & Medical Education Masud Pezeshkian told visiting Kyrgyz Health Minister Mitalip Mamytov on 22 September that the World Health Organization (WHO) welcomed Iran's AIDS control program, IRNA reported.
Health Ministry official Mohammad Mehdi Guya said on 2 September in Ardabil that 30,000-40,000 people in Iran are infected with the virus that causes AIDS, with 7,108 patients registered at medical centers as suffering from the disease, state television reported. Guya explained that the disease is usually transmitted through the sharing of needles and syringes by drug addicts.
One year earlier, Guya estimated that 23,000 to 25,000 Iranians are HIV positive (see "RFE/RL Iran Report," 6 October 2003). (Bill Samii)
MAJORITY OF IRANIAN PHYSICIANS LIVE BELOW POVERTY LINE. Parliament deputy Hussein Husseini, who sits on the legislature's Health and Treatment Committee, said in Noshahr on 12 September that only 5 to 5.5 percent of Iran's gross national product is spent on health care, IRNA reported, with no foreign-exchange reserves being used in support of the sector. Husseini added that even the budgeted amount has not been spent properly.
Deputy Health Minister Mohammad Ismail Akbari said in a letter to the Management and Planning Organization that because of the unexpectedly low budget allocation in the last quarter of the Iranian year, many planned programs were shelved, IRNA reported on 11 September. He added that the health budget should be increased to 7.5 percent of gross domestic product. Budget shortfalls are affecting epidemiology, family planning, emergency care, and disease control, Akbari said.
Akbari said that the majority of Iranian physicians live below the poverty line, Radio Farda reported on 7 September (http://www.radiofarda.com/iran_article/2004/9/94683130-ec39-45f0-be8a-1a56e49bee57.html), citing Fars News Agency. About 1,000 doctors earn high incomes and another 5,000 have adequate incomes -- but about 30,000 of their colleagues, or 83 percent of all physicians, have incomes below the poverty line. Akbari said these doctors make between 700,000 and 800,000 rials per month (about $88-$101). Akbari added, however, that health standards in Iran are better than those in neighboring states. (Bill Samii)
ASSEMBLY OF EXPERTS WARNED ABOUT UNITED STATES. The Assembly of Experts -- 89 popularly elected clerics tasked with monitoring the supreme leader's performance -- began their semiannual meeting on 19 September and issued its final communique the next day. The final communique said Iran has the right to peacefully use nuclear energy and urged the country's officials to resist American "blackmail," state television reported. The statement went on to assert that the Middle East should be transformed into a zone free of weapons of mass destruction, the country's defensive capabilities must be strengthened, and the government must defend Iranian interests regarding the Persian Gulf islands of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs. Domestically, it called for job creation, the elimination of poverty, and an end to corruption, as well as the elimination of factionalism and political games.
Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei addressed the Assembly of Experts on 21 September, Iranian state radio and state television reported. He said the Islamic Republic has divine goals, ideals, and values, but its instruments and methods are human and could make mistakes. He said people should not confuse goals and tactics, and they should not change their goals "in the name of modernism and reform." "That is a deviationist way of thinking," Khamenei said, adding, that is the same as "reaction and regression." He also cautioned against "steadfastness" that is really "obscurantism." Khamenei said Western media have conducted a propaganda campaign calling for reform in Iran, "But what they want is not reform. They want corruption." The concerns expressed by "hegemonic power centers" about weapons of mass destruction serve as camouflage for their worries about the Islamic system, which has proven to Muslims that it is possible to establish a state along Islamic principles.
A review of 10 years of newspaper archives on the Assembly of Experts "is completely devoid of any sort of news value," columnist Hussein Safar-Harandi wrote in the 22 September "Kayhan." The news coverage consists mostly of selections of official speeches at the assembly meetings, Safar-Harandi wrote, and these are "chiefly cliched indications of everyday matters." The public should be told about the "pious life of their leader," about his austerity, and about his reluctance to spend public funds, according to the "Kayhan" columnist, so that they would become more willing to question other public officials about their needless expenditures. (Bill Samii)
LEGISLATURE'S LIMITS ON FOREIGN INVESTMENT CRITICIZED. The parliament voted on 19 September to amend two articles of the Third Five-Year Development Plan (2000-05), IRNA reported. The amendments compel the government to obtain legislative permission to conclude any contract in the aviation or telecoms fields with a foreign firm or a firm that has majority foreign ownership. Any agreement signed by the government since 21 March is subject to amendment, and any new agreement must receive legislative approval within three months of its conclusion.
Executive branch spokesman Abdullah Ramezanzadeh on 20 September criticized the legislature's decision, IRNA reported. Ramezanzadeh said this means parliament must be informed before negotiations commence, and this would undermine the government's role in foreign policy and economic activities with other countries.
Economist Said Leylaz told IRNA on 20 September that the only thing this would accomplish is to close the economy even more and to lower productivity. Leylaz stressed the economic value of privatization and foreign investment.
President Hojatoleslam Mohammad Khatami told reporters on 22 September that parliamentary approval of legislation that affects the executive branch's ability to sign contract with foreign firms would paralyze the government and impose high costs, IRNA and Reuters reported. "This will cost the country billions of dollars," he said, according to Reuters. "I find it completely against the national interests." He added, according to IRNA, that the "approval of the bill is likely to be against the constitution and identical to interfering with the responsibilities of the executive power by the legislative branch." (Bill Samii)
IRAN MARKS 'SACRED DEFENSE WEEK.' Iran kicked off "Sacred Defense Week" -- the annual commemoration of the beginning of the 1980-88 Iran-Iraq War -- on 21 September with a parade near the shrine of Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in Tehran. The parade was shown on state television and featured military equipment used by the armed forces, as well as military and security personnel.
Among the personnel marching in the parade were paratroopers and commandos, who also conducted parachuting displays. Special operations personnel from the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC), as well as IRGC military police and ground forces also participated in the parade. IRGC troops marching in the parade carried banners reading "Death to America" (http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/040921/ids_photos_wl/r2932113732.jpg). Clerics and seminarians, described by a state television announcer as members of the Basij, also marched (http://story.news.yahoo.com/news?tmpl=story&u=/040921/ids_photos_wl/r630780555.jpg).
Among the missiles on display during the parade were the Shihab-1, Shihab-2, and Shihab-3 and their launchers; the Nazeat-6 and Nazeat-10; the Tondar-69; the Zelzal; and the SAM-6. Also on display in the parade were armored personnel carriers -- including the M113 -- and Chieftain, Zulfaqar, and T72 tanks. (Bill Samii)
ASYMMETRIC WARFARE IS NEW MILITARY DOCTRINE. The Ashura-5 war games, which took place in the western provinces of Hamedan, Kurdistan, and Zanjan, began on 12 September, Radio Farda reported (http://www.radiofarda.com/iran_article/2004/9/206ce9ce-8188-402b-95b1-dfa8dca4e39a.html). Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) deputy operational commander Brigadier General Hussein Salami said the exercises would involve personnel from the IRGC and the Basij Resistance Force, Radio Farda reported.
According to a report from Iranian state radio, the exercises are focused on defense against foreign threats, testing defensive tactics and equipment, and improving military morale. Iranian state television added that Iranian forces airlifted T-72 tanks for the first time. IRGC Commander in Chief General Yahya Rahim-Safavi said on 11 September that the exercises will include surface-to-surface missiles, long-distance warfare (jang az rah-i dur), and air-defense operations, Fars News Agency reported. Rahim-Safavi added that IRGC fighter aircraft and regular army air corps (Havaniruz) forces would participate in the exercises.
IRGC spokesman General Masud Jazayeri said on 14 September that asymmetric warfare is an important component of the exercises, the Iranian Students News Agency (ISNA) reported. He said that Iran learned about asymmetric defensive tactics from its experiences during the 1980-88 Iran-Iraq War, from regional wars, and it is benefiting from innovations in tactics and logistics. The IRGC is therefore able to respond promptly to any attacks, Jazayeri said, and can repel any invader regardless of its strength or technological abilities.
The IRGC accomplished all its objectives in the exercises, Rahim-Safavi said in an 18 September interview with state television. He expressed regret that three people lost their lives -- one in a traffic accident and two when they walked into a mine field left over from the Iran-Iraq War.
IRGC commander Rahim-Safavi said this was an opportunity to utilize a new defense strategy and doctrine, which he said is based on asymmetric warfare. "The principles of this kind of warfare have been formulated in view of extra-regional threats which we assume the Islamic Republic will face." He said that in the future Iran will face threats from "extra-regional powers -- particularly the Americans and the Zionist regime are the two greatest threats to the Islamic Republic." Rahim-Safavi said the United States and Israel recognize that Iranian offensive forces have an extraterritorial reach. "They know full well that if they start an onslaught against us, we will not be confined to our land borders and that we will attack them outside the boundaries of our land borders." (Bill Samii)
LEGISLATORS SUBMIT BILL FOR NPT WITHDRAWAL. An unspecified number of parliamentarians have submitted a draft bill demanding that the Iranian government submit its notification of withdrawal from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) if the Iranian nuclear case is not concluded by the time of the International Atomic Energy Agency board of governors meeting in November, "Etemad" reported on 22 September. The legislation said that the most recent governing board resolution on Iran "intends to impose illegal conditions and unreasonable bribe-like demands from the United States and its allies." The bill, it went on to say, aims to defend Iran's "independence and national sovereignty and security."
Alaedin Borujerdi, head of the legislature's National Security and Foreign Policy Committee, said on 21 September that there is no bill calling for withdrawal from the NPT on the legislative agenda, IRNA reported. "Any suggestion to such effect is contrary to the national interest," he added.
Another member of the National Security and Foreign Policy Committee, Karaj's Rashid Jafari-Jalali, said on 20 September that, unless the Iranian case is closed at the next IAEA board of governors' meeting, "Iran will go its own way," state radio reported. He noted that this is permitted under the NPT. Jafari-Jalali went on to warn the Iranian people that, no matter what the country did to meet the IAEA's conditions, "they will still try to stop this and to deny us the use of this modern and profitable technology."
Parliamentary presiding board member Alireza Zakani read out a statement on 19 September, from more than 200 of his colleagues, in which they rejected the previous day's IAEA resolution on Iran, IRNA reported. They also threatened to not ratify the Additional Protocol of the NPT if the board of governors does not mend its ways. The legislators vowed that Iran will continue working on all aspects of the nuclear fuel cycle regardless of such resolutions.
Parliamentary speaker Gholamali Haddad-Adel said on 19 September that Iran will enrich uranium if it deems it necessary, and it will discontinue enrichment if it is unnecessary, IRNA reported. He said the IAEA cannot order Iran to suspend uranium enrichment. (Bill Samii)
TEHRAN PLEDGES TO COOPERATE WITH IAEA. Vice President for Atomic Energy Gholamreza Aqazadeh-Khoi, the chief of Iran's Atomic Energy Organization, met with International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) Director-General Mohammad el-Baradei on 21 September and said Iran would do its best to cooperate with the nuclear watchdog in order to resolve outstanding issues, IRNA reported. The two met on the sidelines of the 48th General Conference of the IAEA in Vienna.
Aqazadeh also said that Iran will begin converting 37 tons of yellowcake uranium into uranium hexafluoride gas, "The Guardian" reported on 22 September. The IAEA board of governors' 18 September resolution on Iran expressed concern about the plan to convert yellowcake uranium (http://www.iaea.org/Publications/Documents/Board/2004/gov2004-79.pdf; see "RFE/RL Iran Report," 20 September 2004).
Iranian Foreign Minister Kamal Kharrazi discussed the nuclear issue when he met with his counterparts on the sidelines of the UN General Assembly meeting in New York. He reassured Germany's Joschka Fischer on 23 September that Iran intends to continue its cooperation with the IAEA, Radio Farda reported, citing IRNA. Kharrazi added that Iran wants to resolve any outstanding issues, and he reminded Fischer that Iran's suspension of uranium enrichment activities was voluntary.
France's Michel Barnier relayed an "absolutely firm" message in his meeting with Kharrazi, an anonymous French diplomat told AFP on 22 September. "He told him that he had to dispel all suspicions over Iran's nuclear program and return to the spirit of the Tehran accords." The accords were signed in October 2003, when British, French, and German foreign ministers visited Tehran (see "RFE/RL Iran Report," 27 October 2003, and for the full text, see http://www.iaea.org/worldatom/Press/Focus/IaeaIran/statement_iran21102003.shtml).
Kharrazi told Iranian state television on 23 September that he also met with British Foreign Minister Jack Straw and other Europeans. Kharrazi said he told them that Iran has the right to use nuclear technology peacefully, and he stressed that the only way to solve problems is through dialogue.
"We've made our choice: Yes to peaceful nuclear technology. No to atomic weapons," President Mohammad Khatami said on 21 September, according to "The International Herald Tribune." He then sounded an uncharacteristically tough note, saying, "We will continue along our path even if it leads to an end to international supervision." The usually soft-spoken president's comments probably were intended for the venue at which they were made -- a military parade in Tehran marking "Sacred Defense Week." (Bill Samii)
TEHRAN REJECTS NEGOTIATIONS WITH WASHINGTON. "There is no one in America to negotiate with right now," Supreme National Security Council Secretary Hassan Rohani said at a 19 September press conference in Tehran, when asked if the time has come for negotiations with the United States, Islamic Republic of Iran News Network reported. Rohani recommended waiting until after the November presidential elections. He went on to say that Tehran is not avoiding speaking with Washington and the two sides have participated in multilateral discussions, but the time for "comprehensive" negotiations has not come yet.
Rohani attributed the lack of dialogue on the nuclear subject to U.S. intransigence, saying: "I do not want to say that we completely refuse negotiations with America concerning [Iran's] nuclear dossier. But the Americans themselves, for their inappropriate stances and also the pressures they have exerted on the agency, have caused the problem.... When they resort to such intimidating or bullying methods, we may say that the Americans themselves are the ones who kill the opportunities." Rohani added that the United States could have been part of the negotiations between Iran, Germany, Britain, and France in October 2003.
President Hojatoleslam Mohammad Khatami told a gathering of disabled veterans and their families in West Azerbaijan Province on 20 September that the U.S. attitude toward Iranian nuclear efforts reflects a reliance on power and force, state television reported. "The world is a cruel place," Khatami said. "It is a world full of lies. Just see what is happening in the world today. The Iranian nation is the target of the great powers' pressure and verbal attack so that it can't progress. What is happening regarding our nuclear activities these days is a sign of perversion in the world and the rule of power and force over international relations."
Khatami added that there is pressure against Iranian nuclear activities because of the country's "crime" of seeking independence, pursuing progress, and wanting to "strengthen its model of religious democracy." If the United States is so worried about human rights and nuclear proliferation, Khatami asked, why is Israel not under similar pressure? (Bill Samii)
ISRAEL WARNS UN OF IRANIAN TERRORISM. "Iran has replaced Saddam Hussein as the world's No. 1 exporter of terror, hate, and instability," Israeli Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Silvan Shalom told the UN General Assembly on 23 September, according to the Israeli government press office website (www.gpo.gov.il). "Terror, Islamic fundamentalism, and Iranian nuclear ambition" were at one time seen as Israeli concerns, but now the international community is united in its opposition to weapons of mass destruction and terror. "The international community now realizes that Iran -- with missiles that can reach London, Paris, Berlin, and southern Russia -- does not only pose a threat to the security of Israel, but to the security and stability of the whole world," Shalom said. He went on to encourage the General Assembly to deal with Iranian and Syrian involvement with terrorism and Syria's occupation of Lebanon. (Bill Samii)
OBSERVERS PARSE IRANIAN ROLE IN IRAQI INSURGENCY. Iraqi Defense Minister Hazim Sha'lan al-Khuza'i said that Iranian interference in Iraqi affairs, which can be "documented by figures," has fallen since Deputy Prime Minister Barham Salih visited Tehran, "Al-Hayat" reported on 22 September (for more on Salih's visit, see "RFE/RL Iran Report," 31 August 2004). The reduction in interference, he said, includes fewer border violations. Some of those who enter Iraq from Iran are religious pilgrims, while "others are trying to join in acts of sabotage or smuggling." The Iraqi defense minister added that support for radical cleric Muqtada al-Sadr has fallen since he lost his backing from the Qom-based Ayatollah Kazem al-Haeri (see "RFE/RL Iran Report," 13 September 2004).
Thousands of people responded to al-Sadr's call for his supporters to occupy the Imam Ali shrine, the Iraqi defense minister said in reference to the alleged Iranian role in the August crisis in Al-Najaf in the 21 September "Al-Sharq al-Awsat" (see "RFE/RL Iran Report," 31 August 2004), while others engaged in military activities in the governorates of Al-Basrah, Al-Kut, Al-Amarah, Al-Nasiriyah, and Al-Diwaniyah. "Many of the attackers came from outside the borders, particularly from Iran," he added. "We arrested 45 Iranians and 11 Afghans in Al-Kut and 36 Pakistanis in Al-Najaf. They appeared on Iraqi television and admitted that they came to liberate the shrine."
"Iranian interference in some Iraqi affairs does not mean that the Iranian government condones this," Iraqi Prime Minister Iyad Allawi told London's "Al-Hayat" in an interview published on 20 September. "But it is originating from some circles that back certain religious tendencies, as was the case with Muqtada al-Sadr's issue." Allawi continued, "We dealt with it not as a religious tendency...but as the violation of the sovereignty of the law, which is something that we cannot be lax about."
Personnel from British military intelligence and MI6 have determined that a cell within Iran's Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) is the main source of money and training for insurgents in southern Iraq, "The Sunday Times" reported on 19 September. The IRGC cell reportedly has flooded Al-Basrah with thousands of U.S. dollars and is providing Shi'a militiamen with weapons -- including a type of rocket-propelled grenade with a special warhead -- and tactical training.
Officials from the U.S. State and Defense departments, as well as military officials, also assert that money, arms, and even personnel are getting to radical Shi'a cleric Muqtada al-Sadr from Iran, "The Washington Post" reported on 20 September. Al-Sadr reportedly has the backing of many poor Iraqi youths but has alienated, among others, the moderate Shi'ite business class, the daily reported.
U.S. Secretary of State Colin Powell said the extent of Iranian support for the insurgency is unclear, according to "The Washington Post." Secretary of Defense Donald Rumsfeld said on 14 September there is "no doubt" that money comes from Iran and Syria and he mentioned a shoulder-launched antiaircraft missile being smuggled in from Iran. In a possible effort to recreate Hizballah's success in Lebanon, Iran is funding hospitals, clinics, and social services in parts of Iraq not reached by the central government, U.S. administration officials told "The Washington Post." (Bill Samii, Kathleen Ridolfo)
IRAQ RELEASES IRANIAN BUSINESSMEN AFTER TWO MONTHS. Mohammad-Mehdi Teimouri, Masud Zareh, Yusef Muhseni, and Qasem Salehi -- Iranian businessmen arrested by Iraqi and U.S. troops on 18 July -- were released on 22 September, IRNA reported (see "RFE/RL Iran Report," 17 August 2004). Teimouri said he and his colleagues were held in Baghdad and their Iraqi captors beat them frequently. Teimouri said the four were asked why they were in Iraq and were accused of espionage, and he cited a memorandum of understanding on cultural cooperation as proof of their innocence. (Bill Samii)


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Other offerings like WaterField's Suede Jacket sleeve for the Kindle Fire, the thinnest sleeve available offering scratch protection without the bulk for $19.


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Dragonfly, Meet Dragon: Timely Photo Juxtaposes Insect with SpaceX Rocket
By Hanneke Weitering
NASA photographer Bill Ingalls spotted a dragonfly near SpaceX's Dragon cargo craft atop a Falcon 9 rocket at NASA's Kennedy Space Center in Florida on Thursday (June 1). (Image credit: Bill Ingalls/NASA)
A little dragonfly paid a visit to the much larger Dragon spacecraft at Cape Canaveral Thursday (June 1), just hours before SpaceX's Falcon 9 rocket launch was scrubbed due to inclement weather.
For the first time, SpaceX is launching a used Dragon spacecraft, sending the same capsule into space for its second delivery to the International Space Station (ISS). The mission, titled CRS-11, is now slated to launch on Saturday (June 3) at 5:07 p.m. EDT (2107 GMT). You can watch live coverage of the launch here.
Having stumbled upon an incredibly poetic photo opportunity Thursday morning, NASA photographer Bill Ingalls snapped this shot of a male Marl Pennant dragonfly posing in front of Pad 39A at Kennedy Space Center in Florida.
The dragonfly is probably completely oblivious to the impending launch, which will soon rattle its world as sonic shock waves propagate for miles. And it definitely has no idea that it shares a name with the spacecraft that is perched on top of the 230-foot (70 meters) rocket. But with that picture-perfect pose atop a vertical twig, it certainly looks like the insect is being a little copycat.
Email Hanneke Weitering at hweitering@space.com or follow her @hannekescience. Follow us @Spacedotcom, Facebook and Google+. Original article on Space.com.
Hanneke Weitering
Hanneke Weitering is an editor at Space.com with 10 years of experience in science journalism. She has previously written for Scholastic Classroom Magazines, MedPage Today and The Joint Institute for Computational Sciences at Oak Ridge National Laboratory. After studying physics at the University of Tennessee in her hometown of Knoxville, she earned her graduate degree in Science, Health and Environmental Reporting (SHERP) from New York University. Hanneke joined the Space.com team in 2016 as a staff writer and producer, covering topics including spaceflight and astronomy. She currently lives in Seattle, home of the Space Needle, with her cat and two snakes. In her spare time, Hanneke enjoys exploring the Rocky Mountains, basking in nature and looking for dark skies to gaze at the cosmos.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Walton teens say no to another 30A to 98 connector road
By Nathan Cobb | GateHouse Media Florida
Walton County will hold a public hearing Aug. 21 at Dune Lakes Elementary School to discuss a proposed connector road to be established between U.S. Highway 98 and County Road 30A.
SANTA ROSA BEACH — Local high school students are gearing up to give Walton County commissioners a piece of their minds.
In light of a proposed connector road between U.S. Highway 98 and County Road 30A, the board will host a public hearing Aug. 21 at Dune Lakes Elementary School.
While the road would offer another gateway from U.S. 98 to the coast, it might also cut through Point Washington State Forest and Deer Lake State Park — the main issue igniting three Seacoast Collegiate High School seniors.
"We're going to go, (and) we're going to talk about this. This is not OK," 17-year-old Maxwell Post said of the upcoming meeting. "It's time for the public to say no to roads through our state parks and forests."
Post, who believes the street would be built near Dune Lakes Elementary School, added that he expected students from Niceville, South Walton and Fort Walton Beach high schools to also show up.
"This is a very important meeting," he said. "(The road is) not going to alleviate traffic, it's just going to make it exponential."
Others worried about the impact another highly traveled road might have on native species in South Walton's protected areas.
"It would be ruining different ecosystems," added 17-year-old Noelle Abliero, who said the road would spread trash and other pollutants into the state preserves.
By reducing protected areas, Abliero also believed the road would tarnish South Walton's reputation of being environmentally minded.
For others like Merileigh Camaret, the meeting is an opportunity to get involved in her community.
"This is the first time I've really wanted to attend one of these (meetings)," Camaret said. "It's very important."
The three students are prepared to address commissioners during next Wednesday's hearing if given the opportunity.
"There's already so many different roads down there that go in the same direction," Abliero said. "Adding a new one would be doing more damage than it would be doing good."


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The Kurmanji Kurdish Wikipedia () is the Kurmanji Kurdish version of Wikipedia.
It was founded in January 2004. As of  , it has  articles,  registered users and  files.

See also
 Kurdish Wikipedia
 Sorani Kurdish Wikipedia

References

External links

Kurdish (Kurmanji)
 Kurmanji Kurdish Wikipedia
 Kurmanji Kurdish Wikipedia mobile version

Kurdish-language encyclopedias
Kurdish-language websites
Wikipedias by language
Internet properties established in 2004

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home Business Accounting and Finance Reducing the Barriers to International Trade in Accounting Services by Lawrence J...
Reducing the Barriers to International Trade in Accounting Services by Lawrence J White pdf
Reducing the Barriers to International Trade in Accounting Services by Lawrence J White pdf free download
Reducing the Barriers to International Trade in Accounting Services by Lawrence J White pdf free download. The service sector accounts for more than 70 percent of the gross domestic product (GDP) of advanced industrial economies. Though trade in services is difficult to calculate and many transactions still go uncounted, current estimates place the worth of such trade as at least $2.5 trillion, or about a third of total world trade. For the United States, the world's most advanced industrial economy, the service sector looms even larger.
Services account for almost 80 percent of U.S. production and U.S. employment (while manufacturing accounts for 19 percent of U.S. GDP and 18 percent of U.S. employment). The surplus in U.S. services trade also partially offsets persistent U.S. merchandise trade deficits. In 1999, the services trade surplus was $76 billion; the merchandise deficit, $347 billion. Despite the increasing importance of services trade and investment, only in 1995 did the multilateral trading system establish rules for opening markets in these economic sectors by negotiating the General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS). This first effort at a discipline for services trade and investment created a framework of general principles and rules but left the large-scale liberalization of individual sectors to later negotiations.
Subsequently, under a mandate established as a part of the Uruguay Round negotiations, important advances toward real liberalization were achieved in two key sectors, telecommunications (1998) and financial services (1999), and services negotiations continued after the Round. In addition, members of the new World Trade Organization also committed themselves during the Uruguay Round to begin a new round of services trade negotiations in the year 2000.
Against this backdrop the American Enterprise Institute launched a new research project focusing on this next round of negotiations. Services 2000, as the new negotiations are called, are building on the unfinished agenda of the Uruguay Round and will, it is hoped, break new ground in areas such as market access liberalization, additional architectural reforms in the GATS structure, and horizontal (cross-sectoral) rulemaking regarding safeguards, government procurement, and subsidies. The American Enterprise Institute project was mounted in conjunction with a group of other research institutions— the Kennedy School of Government at Harvard University and the Brookings Institution—and with the U.S. Coalition of Services Industries. AEI undertook a series of individual sectoral analyses.
We commissioned papers on eight sectors:
financial services (banks and securities), accounting, insurance, entertainment and culture, air freight and air cargo, airline passenger service, electronic commerce, and energy. Each study aimed to identify major barriers to trade liberalization in the sector under scrutiny and to present and assess liberalization policy options for trade negotiators and interested private-sector participants. AEI would like to acknowledge the following donors for their generous support of the trade in services project, which provided some of the funding that allowed these studies to go forward: American Express Company, American International Group Inc., Enron Corporation, FedEx Corporation, Mastercard International Inc., the Motion Picture Association of America, and the Mark Twain
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View Series: The Testing Planet 2020
Why is it important to keep mobile tests inside the native development framework?
by Jas Manigundan
Mobile app testing has a number of similarities to testing on the web, but there are some aspects that are totally different. In this article we will be exploring my personal experience with mobile app testing. I am Jas, an Android developer turned mobile app tester. With the help of concrete examples, we will discuss why it is worthwhile writing mobile app tests within the native framework. Every test tool or framework has its place. We will not be talking about the pros and cons of a specific framework. Instead we will talk specifically about my experience with native mobile frameworks of two of the most popular mobile OS - Espresso for Android, and XCUI Tests for iOS and why you should give it a try. We will also explore some good examples to get you started with your own mobile app testing journey.
What do I mean when I say native mobile app frameworks?
Android and iOS apps can be written in a variety of ways. The most popular way is to write apps using the tools and frameworks provided by Google and Apple respectively. For Android, we have Android Studio, the official IDE to write android apps using Java or Kotlin. For iOS, we have xcode, the official IDE provided by Apple to write iOS apps using objective C or Swift.
But there are other ways to write Android and iOS apps. Recently, React Native and Flutter have gained a lot of momentum to write cross platform apps. Previously, Cordova, Ionic, Phonegap, Xamarin have also been used to develop cross platform apps including for Android and iOS.
When it comes to testing mobile apps, there are a variety of frameworks or tools to do so. The testing frameworks that come along with the native development frameworks are Espresso and XC(UI) tests for Android and iOS respectively. But again, these are not the only ways to write tests. Appium is also a very popular framework to write cross platform tests. Lately, there has also been a lot of GUI based services that make use of the previously mentioned frameworks to record tests.
In the following sections, we will be discussing how these native frameworks have helped me to achieve some of the things that I needed as part of my testing, with real time examples.
Setting up the state of the app using Launch Arguments
First things first. Setting up a test is by far the most important step, especially with mobile apps, to achieve efficiency in the way you run tests. Let's start with an example.
Real time scenario: Onboarding screen.
Most of the apps have an onboarding experience, which will pop up during the first run. But subsequent runs will not have the onboarding screen. So when you have run two tests after each other, you will need to consider how you handle the onboarding screen.
Some of the ways I've seen testers handle this is..
This is one of the main reasons for flaky tests, because the state of the app at this point is still unknown. A good test in my opinion, should know what the state of the app is exactly and should assert based on that. But the best way to tackle this is to set the state of the app by passing state based values/flags to the app through launch arguments, in this case, showOnboarding. Your test will now have a setup section where you pass in this flag. When you are running tests on the onboarding screen, you set this to true.
Another way to handle this scenario is to have a launch argument to define the screen you want to test, so the app would handle the landing page of your test.
Mocking network requests
Real time scenario: Skipping network calls during tests for efficiency and consistency.
Let's say you want to write a test to check the carousel content that hosts the latest deals. Every time you hit the API, there is no guarantee that you will receive the same items. This is when in app mocking becomes really helpful.
For example, in Android, we could potentially use MockWebServer from Okhttp to mock the network layer. The best part is that you don't need to touch the app code here. You should be able to manipulate network requests from your tests itself.
Your code will look like
This way you have the ability to inject a test response and set up the app the way you want. It ensures consistency so that you can assert on controls with 100% certainty that data isn't going to change. This is by far my favourite use case.
Visual Testing
Real time scenario: Testing localisation for 15 languages
One of my recent projects went global. We had to localize the app for 15 regions and testing it was one of the most challenging things that we had to do. The biggest challenge being able to test the releases across 15 regions (or languages), across different device configurations. Instead of spending hours of manual effort on some of the trivial tasks, we developed a visual testing framework that required one time baseline creation. The following test runs had screenshots of the screens tested against the baseline of that particular language.
This was very much possible because of the support that we had from the native testing frameworks. Taking a screenshot is just as simple as calling the activity.
Un-isolated test runs
I have seen testing being considered as an isolated operation that is performed after development. I am not a fan of the sentiment personally. Having native tests helps break that.
Real time scenario: Developer wants to run the tests and contribute to it
When tests become isolated, it becomes hard for people other than testers to be in touch with them. But when your tests are sitting along with the app code, it automatically intrigues the developers. This is something I have noticed across different companies and different teams.
Running tests is now just a click away. This also helps maintainability in the longer run.
It also allows testers to add new tests since the tests are sitting in a framework they are very comfortable with. They also tend to see the value the tests bring. It is no more something that is too alien for them.
Real time scenario : An accessibility ID for a button has changed.
This is a very common scenario that breaks tests. When tests are siloed, changes in the app don't navigate to the tests. But with native test frameworks, when a button is refactored by the developer, it is automatically refactored in the UI test instance as well. If some of the components are modified, the test code won't compile, which the developer can notice right away instead of waiting for feedback from the tester after the development of that component is complete.
Running tests as part of Continuous Integration
Unlike running tests against a WebUI, running tests on the mobile via Continuous Integration (CI) requires added configuration. Setting up the simulator, the right scheme or build variant etc. have to be set up properly.
Real time scenario : Running UI tests via CI
When you have a CI pipeline that builds the app, adding native tests is just another step in the pipeline, given the code is already in the same repository and the same native development framework. The configuration like variant, schema are already set up with the app build process. So running tests just becomes a single command.
With Android, building the app is done through running the following command:
And running the UI tests is done through running the following command:
Some additional benefits…
Tester - Developer collaboration
This is something I have noticed in every app I worked in. All of a sudden, the developers are more interested in how the tests work and want to actively contribute to the testing process. A larger portion of this is due to the fact that the developers now understand what tests are being used and how to run them in the first place. In some projects, I have also noticed that the unit tests and UI tests go hand in hand with most of the code and test data being reused across the aisle. This also helps reduce duplications of testing and test data across both levels.
Better understanding of the code itself
Another advantage of working with native frameworks is that it forces you to understand the app code itself. Right from adding an accessibility ID to writing code to enable launch arguments, performing minor tasks like this in the app code, allows you to understand the app code. And over time, the curiosity also adds in and testers usually tend to dig deep into code to find better ways to enable testing. The testing approach also changes from black box approach to gray box testing. This also very much increases the testability of the app, given you have a tester looking at the code at a very different perspective.
One of the best parts of writing tests in the native framework is the toolset that comes along with it. We get access to the same level of tooling that developers have. Starting from Layout Inspector to having breakpoints in app code to see what the tests are actually doing, it is a totally different world out there.
Overcoming some of the challenges
Cross platform testing?
A common question that I keep getting is why do you write every test twice, one for android and one for iOS? As much as I don't agree with the sentiment, I agree with the context switching for testers. The way I navigated this issue is by having a layer of abstraction.
My tests in both android and iOS look like this..
The first layer of the test also remains the same across android and iOS. For example, let's take a look at the "when_login()" function.
The only section which has the native level coding is the Page Object itself.
For example the tapSubmit() function will like this..
Now that you are really intrigued, I would like to recommend some resources to get you started.
For Android, I've found the best way for me to get started is to look at the official samples here https://github.com/android/testing-samples
The most common place where testers usually struggle is to test list views (known as recycler views in android). This is a great place to move past it once and for all. https://github.com/android/testing-samples/tree/master/ui/espresso/RecyclerViewSample
For iOS, there are two tutorials that I really recommend https://www.raywenderlich.com/960290-ios-unit-testing-and-ui-testing-tutorial and https://www.hackingwithswift.com/articles/83/how-to-test-your-user-interface-using-xcode.
Might also be interested in
Beginner's Guide To Mobile Testing - Daniel Knott
Testing Ask Me Anything - Mobile Testing - Daniel Knott
Mobile App Testing Mnemonic - Daniel Knott
I'm Jas, a developer turned tester. I have spent most of my life doing some sort of programming. I started by drawing rectangles and circles using LOGO and now I work on building mobile apps for a living. I can speak 5 human languages and 5 programming languages 😉.
Even though writing code to build applications is so much fun, my now best friend showed me a few years ago that helping write good quality apps is much more fun. So I jumped into testing from being a developer and have never looked back since. It has been a very rewarding transition for me.
I am very passionate about native mobile testing frameworks, especially Espresso (Android) and XCUI testing (iOS). Most of my day-to-day work involves testing mobile apps using native testing frameworks, but at the same time, making it as easy as it can be for developers and fellow testers to contribute to it.
When I have some spare time, I spend it trying to automate some of the boring tasks. Which brings me to my favourite quote.
Automate everything
Automate within reason.
- A very wise friend of mine.
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Join us for our next Talking Landcare event!
Talking Landcare "Councils & Sustainability – what's happening in your community?" will feature speakers from the three Illawarra local councils, Wollongong, Shellharbour and Kiama, who will share about projects, events and initiatives being supported and delivered by local Councils to improve our environment and work towards a more sustainable future.
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Peer-Reviewed Scientific Publication Demonstrates Central Role of Neurotoxic Soluble Amyloid Oligomers in Driving Alzheimer's Pathogenesis
June 26, 2021 June 27, 2021 editor	ALZ-801, Alzheimer's Disease, Alzheon, clinical trial, Framingham Business, Framingham Company
In full transparency, the following was submitted to SOURCE media via its business wire service.
FRAMINGHAM – Alzheon, Inc., a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing a broad portfolio of product candidates and diagnostic assays for patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurodegenerative disorders, announced the publication of a peer-reviewed research paper,
"Neurotoxic Soluble Amyloid Oligomers Drive Alzheimer's Pathogenesis and Represent a Clinically Validated Target for Slowing Disease Progression," in the Special Issue Alzheimer's Disease: Role and Structure of Soluble Oligomers of the International Journal of Molecular Sciences, available through open access at: https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22126355.
"We have entered a new era of drug development for Alzheimer's disease with the recent approval of aducanumab, the first treatment that targets toxic forms of amyloid. The degree of amyloid oligomer selectivity appears to be the key factor that, together with pharmacokinetic properties, determines the magnitude of the benefit and risk profile for each anti-amyloid agent," said Martin Tolar, MD, PhD, Alzheon Founder, President and Chief Executive Officer, and the lead author of the publication. "The research team at Alzheon has built upon this work to demonstrate that our lead oral drug candidate, ALZ-801, works by inhibiting the oligomerization of beta amyloid protein that drives the downstream pathology and cognitive decline in Alzheimer's disease. Accelerated approval of anti-amyloid antibody aducanumab based on biomarker data validates our development approach in running a Phase 2 biomarker trial concurrently with a Phase 3 trial of our oral drug ALZ-801, which began dosing patients earlier this month. This positions ALZ-801 to potentially become the first oral disease-modifying agent for patients and healthy people at high risk for Alzheimer's disease."
The publication provides an up-to-date summary of longitudinal clinical data elucidating the chronology of amyloid and tau biomarkers in AD, and review of non-clinical studies and clinical trials supporting the upstream pathogenic role of amyloid oligomers in AD. In summary, the authors:
Present analyses showing that only agents that target soluble amyloid oligomers show clinical efficacy in AD patients, while agents that predominantly target amyloid monomers or plaque failed to demonstrate clinical effects.
Analyze data on clearance of amyloid plaques in amyloid antibody trials showing that even complete plaque removal does not correlate with clinical efficacy.
Explain why in positive trials, clinical efficacy is greater in carriers of the ε4 allele of apolipoprotein E gene (APOE4), who are known to have a higher burden of amyloid oligomers in the brain.
Review data from recent positive trials, where inhibition of amyloid neurotoxicity leads to a reduction in tau pathology, showing that amyloid toxicity drives increased tau phosphorylation and tau deposition in neurofibrillary tangles.
The review highlights the superior selectivity of ALZ-801 for amyloid oligomers and the pioneering precision medicine approach of the APOLLOE4 Phase 3 trial evaluating ALZ-801 tablet in APOE4/4 homozygous AD patients.
"This publication is very timely since the FDA's recent accelerated approval of aducanumab is based on its effects on toxic amyloid, underscoring the importance of amyloid as an upstream trigger of Alzheimer's pathogenesis, and establishing the central role of biomarkers in Alzheimer's drug approvals," said senior author Susan Abushakra, MD, Chief Medical Officer at Alzheon. "Our analysis shows that the biomarker that best correlates with clinical benefit is reduction of phosphorylated tau in cerebral spinal fluid, and tau hyperphosphorylation is driven by soluble toxic amyloid oligomers rather than plaque. We believe that plaque reduction is an indirect association since its correlation with clinical efficacy seems to be mediated by drug effects on phosphorylated tau biomarker."
The FDA's accelerated approval of Biogen's anti-amyloid therapy aducanumab (Aduhelm) validates ALZ-801's mechanism of action and confirms a regulatory path for a clinical study that provides strong biomarker data to support clinical outcomes. Anti-amyloid antibody treatments present logistical challenges since they are administered by intravenous infusions and require serial magnetic resonance imaging scans to monitor for brain edema and hemorrhage, while ALZ-801 is an oral drug with a robust safety profile among AD patients.
"In our paper, we demonstrate that while effects on soluble toxic amyloid oligomers correlate with clinical benefit, clearance of insoluble amyloid plaque from vessel walls by antibodies comes with the side effects of vasogenic edema and brain bleeds due to small vessel injury at the clinically efficacious dose," said John Hey, PhD, Chief Scientific Officer of Alzheon, and co-author of the paper. "ALZ-801 is an oral drug that does not interact with amyloid plaque and, therefore, is not associated with the risk of vasogenic edema, making the ALZ-801 treatment much more accessible to patients, with the potential to have a significant impact around the world. In its first indication for Alzheimer's patients with two copies of the APOE4 gene, ALZ-801 may be able to serve 1.35 million patients, which can scale up to 15 million patients in additional indications."
ALZ-801 is an oral agent in Phase 3 development as a potentially disease modifying treatment for AD.
An Efficacy and Safety Study of ALZ-801 in APOE4/4 Early Alzheimer's Disease Subjects (NCT04770220): This ongoing study is designed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, biomarker and imaging effects of 265 mg twice daily oral dose of ALZ-801 in Early AD subjects with the APOE4/4 genotype, who constitute approximately 15% of Alzheimer's patients. This is a double-blind, randomized trial comparing one dose of oral ALZ-801 to placebo treatment over 78 weeks. The APOLLOE4 trial is supported by a $47 million grant from the National Institute on Aging.
Biomarker Effects of ALZ-801 in APOE4 Carriers With Early Alzheimer's Disease (NCT04693520): This ongoing study is designed to evaluate the effects of 265 mg twice daily oral dose of ALZ-801 on biomarkers of Alzheimer's pathology in subjects with Early AD, who have either the APOE4/4 or APOE3/4 genotypes, who constitute 65-70% of Alzheimer's patients. The study also includes evaluation of clinical efficacy, safety, and tolerability of ALZ-801 over 104 weeks of treatment and will evaluate the extended pharmacokinetic profile of ALZ-801 over 8 hours in 24 subjects after 65 weeks of treatment.
Alzheon, Inc. is a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company developing a broad portfolio of product candidates and diagnostic assays for patients suffering from Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders. We are committed to developing innovative medicines by directly addressing the underlying pathology of devastating neurodegenerative disorders. Our lead Alzheimer's clinical candidate, ALZ-801, is an oral agent in Phase 3 development as a potentially disease modifying treatment for AD. ALZ-801is an oral small molecule prodrug of tramiprosate that fully blocks formation of neurotoxic soluble amyloid oligomers in the brain. ALZ-801 is an easy-to-take tablet that builds on the safety and efficacy profile of its active compound tramiprosate, which has been evaluated in clinical trials involving over 2,000 Alzheimer's patients. The company is based in Framingham.
← More Than 30 Employees Retire From Framingham Public Schools With 500+ Total Years of Service
Mayor Nominates Levy to Framingham Zoning Board of Appeals →
Hologic Obtains European CE Mark for Use of Saliva Samples with COVID-19 Test
July 14, 2021 July 14, 2021 editor
Framingham Mayor Nominates 2 To EDIC
June 6, 2021 July 3, 2021 editor
Positive Case of COVID at Christa McAuliffe Charter School in Framingham


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Home / News / SATAMA SOKOURA - SANDEGUE road project in Ivory Coast
SATAMA SOKOURA - SANDEGUE road project in Ivory Coast
Côte d'Ivoire has chosen to make agriculture a major component of the economy since gaining independence, and the government has placed development of the road network at the centre of its priorities. Historical investment in the road network has focused on North-South routes to serve neighbouring countries that do not have a maritime border (Burkina Faso and Mali).
The Bouaké - Bassawa - Sandégué - Tanda road is one of the remaining, unpaved links of the international road that links Liberia to Ghana through the towns of Man, Séguéla, Mankono, Bouaké and Tanda in the central regions of Côte d'Ivoire. The project considered in this document is the section of this road which will be upgraded and asphalted over 133 km and will link Satama-Sokoura and Sandégué (The 'Project').
On 07 December 2019 the Government of Ivory Coast, represented by the Minister of the Ministry of Public Works and Road Maintenance (Ministère de l'Equipement et de L'Entretien Routier (MEER) signed a Memorandum of Understanding with RAZEL CI (RAZEL-BEC) to upgrade and asphalt a 133 km section of the road, which is the Satama Sokoura - Sandégué road (the 'Project'). The Project comprises the finance, design and construction of the Project.
RAZEL-BEC UK Ltd, alongside joint venture partners JC&P Ivory Coast Ltd, will be the contracted Construction Contractor for the Project.
The financing for the Project is expected to be arranged by Standard Chartered Bank (SCB) with guarantees provided by UKEF (collectively referred to as 'the Lenders'). To achieve financing, the Project must demonstrate it has been structured to comply with Côte d'Ivoire laws and regulations, Côte d'Ivoire commitments under international law; and Lender's international guidelines and standards.
For such a project, international lenders require the submission of an Environmental and Social Impact Assessment to be conducted in accordance with international standards in force. The Non-Technical Summary of this Study is made available with the attached link.
You will find the following files:
Razel-Bec UK Ltd - Statement
Non-Technical Summary for upgrading and asphalting of the Satama Sokoura - Sandégué Road, Côte d'Ivoire
Jean-Philippe Cattin
jp.cattin@razel-bec.fayat.com
About Razel-Bec
Builder and forerunner, Razel-Bec has largely participated in the construction of transport infrastructure, railways and roads, energy production, hydroelectric facilities, power plants and other infrastructure related to the supply and treatment of the water. Techniques have evolved, but the company's mission remains the same: to improve transport by earthworks, tunnels and engineering structures. Added to this is its expertise in industrial civil engineering, which allows it to access markets for wastewater treatment plants or construction / deconstruction in the nuclear sector.
Razel-Bec is made up of 6,500 employees, men and women, who make up and lead our operational and support units, and thanks to which the creation of a strong Public Works pole has been envisaged and made possible.
About James Cubitt & Partners Ltd
JC&P Ivory Coast Ltd is 100% owned by James Cubitt & Partners Ltd. Established in 1947, James Cubitt & Partners Ltd is an international multidisciplinary consultancy practice having extensive experience in the design and supervision of a wide variety of building projects and the master planning of major building complexes for health, education, tourism, commerce, retail, industry and housing.
James Cubitt & Partners Ltd has designed a full range of buildings and complexes from junior schools to universities, from individual shops to markets, from the interior of an office to headquarters office buildings, from minor clinics to teaching hospitals, from small workshops to major manufacturing complexes, from individual houses to large estates, hostels, hotels and towns.
With its head office in London, and branch offices in the Middle East, West and East Africa and Australia, James Cubitt offers a full range of professional building consultancy services, including project management and contracting services to support turnkey projects.
James Cubitt & Partners Ltd have extensive experience of starting up offices in many countries around the world, to support large projects they have been awarded.
Côte d'Ivoire has chosen to make agriculture a major component of the economy since gaining independence, and the government has placed development of...
A team that wins!
The team led by RAZEL-BEC won a call for projects by the Société du Grand Paris to invent the Grand Paris Express public spaces.
RAZEL-BEC has installed a new bridge between Avre and Saint-Cloud
During the night of 14 to 15 May the workers of the RAZEL-BEC IDF West branch installed the 24 metre long structure.
In June, all together, increased awareness!
RAZEL-BEC is launching a new fire safety campaign
Line 14 North: The Yolène tunnel boring machine has broken through the last concrete wall
On 3 May 2018 the Yolène tunnel boring machine finished digging the 3.6 km of tunnel between the Saint-Lazare and future Clichy - Saint-Ouen stations.
RAZEL-BEC is reinforcing the Bouaké-Ferkéssedougou section of the north road in Ivory Coast
On 21 March 2018 RAZEL-BEC signed a contract to reinforce a 95 km section of the north road in Ivory Coast.
1,578 books collected for libraries and schools in Africa and the Caribbean
The third book collection broke the previous record!
Grand Paris Express: Line 14 South
RAZEL-BEC, which is the representative of a consortium, has been awarded the contract for a work section to extend Line 14 South.
First contract for the RAZEL-BEC International Directorate in Kenya
RAZEL-BEC, in a consortium with Sogea-Satom, has been selected to restore the Mombasa Airport in Kenya.
Solibra, an Ivoiro-Japanese friendship interchange
An interchange, a genuine architectural achievement, where over 130,000 vehicles drive each day.
Kariba Dam (Zambia), yet another contract for RAZEL-BEC
RAZEL-BEC is setting up in Zambia as part of work to stabilise the Kariba dam.


A group of volunteers dedicated to maintaining the appearance and infrastructure of our subdivision. They make sure that the entrances are pristine, the clubhouse grounds are immaculate, and the common areas are taken care of. More specifically, on an ongoing basis the Landscape Committee makes sure that the grass is cut, trimmed, and fertilized; trees and shrubs are shaped, pruned, and trimmed; sidewalks are plowed and salted; flowers are planted and watered; mulch is laid; ponds are treated; fountains are installed in the spring and removed in the fall; mailboxes and street signs are repaired when damaged; and they make sure that sprinklers work and the lights stay on. Periodically, the Landscape Committee undertakes major projects like cutting down trees infested with the emerald ash borer; repairing sidewalks along Runyon, Dequindre, and Parkdale and in the common areas; and dredging ponds and installing fountains.


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How can i download free music on iphone 5
How can i download free music on iphone 5. How to Get Free Music for iPhone and iTunes 2019-03-18
How can i download free music on iphone 5 Rating: 8,1/10 433 reviews
Get Free Music Downloads for iPhone XS/XS Max/XR/X/8/Plus/7/6S
If you wish to , iTunes, or another device, then try. SoundCloud SoundCloud is one of the popular music sites that lets you stream unlimited music and download songs for free. Google Play Music normally streams your music files to you over the internet, but you can store any of your songs on your iPhone to listen to without an internet connection. That is why many of us are searching for a free music download app for iPhone, iPod, iPad or Android. If you were using iTunes to play your music, Google Play Music will transfer your playlists and song ratings. You can start using Loop cloud music storage, which means that you do not really have to think about how to download music to iPhone because all your songs will be stored in your unlimited library.
Free Music Download App: Best 31 Free Music Downloader for iPhone, iPod, iPad and Android
Tap the song then press the Download button and the song will immediately be added to your list. Therefore, it is not so popular among all. In the new pop-up window, you can see a couple of hottest songs, artists and top lists displayed. For tips on which you should download, check out this article on the. But if for some reason you are looking for other options, we have prepared a list with possibilities, especially for you! In this article, you will get the top free music apps for iPhone without wifi. Among all other app to listen to music without wifi or data, this is the music player without what this list would be incomplete.
Top 10 Best Free Music Apps for iPhone Without WiFi (2019 Updated)
Option 2: iTunes Alternatives Don't want to use any of the big services? You can choose to manage the download tasks individually or in bulk, depending on your needs. The program utilizes add-ons and has a bunch of customizable skins and features. Record Music that You Can't Download Some songs you like to save to iPhone may not be downloaded at all, like songs in radio stations. Cons: Brings only basic functions that might be less than expected from advanced users. When you are home, you can easily listen to your favorite song online.
How to Put Music on Your iPhone Without Using iTunes « iOS & iPhone :: Gadget Hacks
Compared to Android, it can be a little tedious to perform iPod music download. Below we pick up the best music downloader apps for you. Once you make a selection, it will launch a browser window. So, when you are looking for free offline music app for iphone, you can also keep a place for Trebel into your mind. Not all songs on SoundCloud are free, but many artist do upload free songs to SoundCloud. If you want to listen to offline music, use it to download music to iPhone and offline listen to music in iPhone Music app. If you want to get more detailed information about transfer music between device, click.
If you want to use iTunes to manage your videos, images, and backups, install iTunes like normal. Find the song you like and click on the price. Needless to say I just packed up that iPhone and I'm shipping it back today. This collection of nearly half a million songs contains exclusively indie artists looking to connect to fans for free and to advertisers, filmmakers, and others for a fee. At present this site caters to nearly 4 million artists, labels, and users and provides a great user experience to music lovers through its impressive catalog. These audio files are specifically created to help you cope with any problems you might have, and they are indeed very useful to say the least.
6 Ways to Get Free Music on an iPhone
Download and free-try imElfin iTransfer: In case you feel sorry for the messy iTunes music library, why not try to clean up your iTunes library effortlessly? A drop in the bucket, but still free. But most of the app is using Wi-Fi to listen to the music? Tap the + button while a song is playing to add it to this list. Total: File Browser and Downloader Total is an all-in-one browser and file manager that you would love to use. You can download the original YouTube Red content and can watch them offline. Wondering how to get free music on your iPhone? Why not transfer some of it to your iPhone? Refer to this post if you want to. Create your own playlist from millions of tracks, albums and many more.
How to download music to your iPhone? We know!
Pros: Brings the Spotify service on mobile, has an enormous database. Once there, listen to the songs and press the Download button near them in order to download the desired songs. However, the website offers online songs in a handful of categories such as Electronica, Dub, Techno, Ambient, etc. In addition, it also provides you with the means to set music as ringtone or share the songs. You can control every bit of your song. The iPhones 5 is thinner than the 4S as well as having a longer screen.
Cons: Supports only a small number of websites. Streaming the official major-label releases from record companies on services like Apple Music or Spotify is great, but it's far from the only place where new music debuts. As iTunes will deleting existing files when syncing, we recommend you to use iPhone media transfer tool, like. To help you out, I have created this following list of best free music download sites. You'll probably be surprised, but there's actually more than one way to put music on your iPhone without using iTunes! When find the one you need, click the download button to download the song.


Credits for this full length television programme.
That's the big question. It's interesting: no one has that problem with music, with art school, but when words get into it, people say 'woah can you teach it?'. I guess my answer would be that people learn to do it, and there are ways that various kinds of teaching can speed up the learning process.


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JUSTICE LEAGUE RELEASE THE "SNYDER CUT" Campaign Starts Ahead Of San Diego Comic-Con 2019
Posted on 17th July 2019 17th July 2019 by Dan Yates
Warner Bros. 2017 Justice League movie was…less than stellar.
Warner Bros. bosses decided to scrap the near completed movie by then DC franchise lead: Zack Snyder. Instead the decision makers over at the studio wanted to adopt a lighter hearted tone similar to that of the MCU. However, this erupt decision was to cost Warner Bros. big time! as they felt it was necessary to play "catch up" with Disney and their highly successful comic-book universe.
What resulted was a hastily reshot movie, which served as an intro for not one, not two, but three protagonists! And a villain with absolutely no substance, questionable CGI and a movie with little or no impact…oh and a false top lip…
Warner Bros. decision to alter Justice League extremely late in the process would affect the DC Extended Universe nearly beyond repair! Thankfully the success of both 2018's Aquaman and 2019's SHAZAM! would help repair some of the damage but unfortunately, it would lead to a reboot of both Batman and the currently unknown status of Superman.
So far Warner Bros. has another two movies lined up which also take place in the DCEU: Birds of Prey and the Fatabulous Emancipation of one Harley Quinn (yes the title is indeed that long) is scheduled for release early next year – followed by the much anticipated return of Wonder Woman, in Wonder Woman: 1984.
As far as we're aware, Birds of Prey will be set in a Batman-less Gotham City where Black Canary, Huntress and yes, Harley Quinn will look to defend Gotham in his so far, unexplained absence. This lends to a theory of Matt Reeves The Batman could be set in the 90's as a younger Bruce Wayne struggles to find his feet early in his crime fighting career. This would then build up to the return of the much older, experienced Batman in the DCEU when the world needs the Caped Crusader to return.
Wonder Woman 1984 is not being treated (according to director Patty Jenkins) as a sequel to it's highly successful predecessor – instead being sold as another chapter of her life. Chris Pine's character: Steve Trevor is also returning though his currently unexplained resurrection has fans wondering if Pine is actually potraying another DC character in the guise of Diana's long lost love. Warner Bros. is not attending this years San Diego Comic-Con so we will have to wait a little longer before we see any real footage.
The Joker solo movie, which is due for release this October, will most likely be an Elseworlds story inspired by Alan Moore's critically acclaimed graphic novel (The Killing Joke) about the Joker's sad origin story. For those of you that don't know, Elseworlds tales are usually multiverse, standalone stories which don't affect the prime DC universe. This furthers Warner Bros. new approach on DC films – as they look to make good, standalone stories about the DC characters rather than trying to build a multilayered cinematic universe. Though this may confuse fans regarding Jared Letto's…mixed performance as the Clown Prince of Crime in 2016′ Suicide Squad – it just goes to show that the studio is really trying to win back fans at the box office by hiring actors such as Joaquin Phoenix, Zazie Beetz and Robert De Niro, in what could be a bizarre take on the much loved Batman villain.
Though there are many positives about Warner Bros. upcoming DC slate, many fan's still feel somewhat angry about Justice League, a movie, which for the first time, was bringing together a live action take on one of the most celebrated comic titles in history. The film promised much with it's array of trailers but with the studio's hasty changes, much of what was teased never came to be. As dark as Batman v Superman was, the story arc which Zack Snyder had developed was to introduce Darkseid and the eagerly anticipated return of Green Lantern and the rest of the Lantern Corps over a three part trilogy! and fans, after seeing the final theatrical cut of JL, demanded that the original cut of Snyder's film be released.
No doubt the Justice League trilogy would have been dark, but it would of followed a pre-written and very detailed story arc.
The campaign has been seen, by most, as a vain effort as the cut (apparently) doesn't exist i.e. it was never complete before Josh Whedon took the helm during Warner Bros. reshoots after Zack Snyder's extremely upsetting exit from the film.
Now, with San Diego Comic-Con only two days away, advertisement boards have been spotted in the city campaigning that Warner Bros. release the original Snyder cut #ReleaseTheSnyderCut in the hope it gets enough attention to finally happen.
It won't be the first time something similar has happened. 2016's Ghostbusters reboot was a critical and commercial flop. Three years after it's release, Jason Reitman is taking the reins of a 'more faithful' sequel to the franchise which will feature the original cast and by the sounds of it, it will follow the premise of a new generation taking over the mantle of the Ghostbusters. Completely ignoring the failed reboot.
Richard Donner's cut of Superman 2 was nearly completely reshot with another director (Richard Lester) after Donner left the project. It wasn't until 2006 where, with a mix of Donner's original footage and scenes from Lester's theatrical cut that a true vision of Richard Donner's story came to be.
However, it may be that Warner Bros. may just want to forget about the movie all together? Early reports from Wonder Woman: 1984 suggest that Diana is a fully recognised hero and isn't hiding from the public eye, as was strongly suggested in Justice League. It could be that Warner Bros. intend to forget the story ever happened and wish to rewrite DCUE history from the perspective of Wonder Woman: 1984 – a franchise guaranteed to attract audiences.
It's also worth noting that Joker is also set in the 1980's – so there could be something there too? After all we know a younger Bruce Wayne is set to make an appearance in Joker. If the sequel to this movie is then The Batman set in the 90's…could Warner Bros. be rewriting the DC universe?
But perhaps we're clutching at straws a little too much here…
IF the Snyder cut is eventually released, it will most likely not be for some time as Warner Bros. continue to rebuild there, so far, new successful run of DC movies.
© 2020 Issue #1 Studios
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office ref: 14857
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Office Space in Lan Gao Road, Putuo District, 200333
Our ref: # 14857
A distinguished business centre set within a twin tower building of cutting-edge design, combining the stylish exterior façade with a bespoke furnished interior, to create very exclusive Grade A office suites. Located on Langao Road in the Putuo District, the centre is situated in a rapidly expanding commercial area, now a very sought after address and home to large national and international corporations. The building is close to five star hotels, including direct access to the Renaissance Hotel, popular dining establishments and shopping centres, housing many luxury brands.
Facilities at this serviced office include; access to conference suites and meeting rooms; virtual office services; high speed internet access; bespoke furnishings; 24 hour access and car parking.
The centre boasts excellent transportation links and has direct access to the Lan Gao Road Metro Station, with services to the Jing'an Temple business district. The building is just 25 minutes from the Shanghai Hongqiao International Airport.
Jason Soffer
Lan Gao Road, Putuo District, 200333


Expect a mix of sun and clouds in the days to come. Especailly on Thursday sunny periods increase. Rain is not expected this day. From 24 degrees on Thursday the daily high will go down to 18 degrees on Friday.


Hi Bob, good to hear from you.
> others that you know about?
project, then give a summary at the end.
SAX model is especially nice.
and cc you and the list.  That is for another message though.
recently on the GenealogyXML list also.
support of organizations and individuals something may come of it.
has interest in genealogy but is not exactly a professional genealogist.
is my hope at least.
work on genealogical data with XML thanks to GedML, GenXML, and GeniML.
"Everybody is talking about the weather but nobody does anything about it."
Prepared by Robin Cover for The XML Cover Pages archive. See: "Genealogical Data and XML."