Pilatus receives orders for 84 PC-24s on the first two days of the 2014 European Business Aviation Convention & Exhibition, filling up production capacities until the end of 2019. The manufacturer does not currently accept any further orders. One of the buyers is Nestlé president Peter Brabeck.
Pilatus presents the first PC-24 prototyp to some 35,000 spectators at Buochs airport on Swiss National Day. "I'm absolutely bursting with pride. I'm proud we're able to do something like this in Switzerland", says Federal Council member Ueli Maurer.
The first PC-24 takes off for its maiden flight. Prototype P01, with registration HB-VXA, immediately demonstrates its capabilities: It takes off after just 600 meters, and climbs to an altitude of 10,000 feet in around three minutes. It is in the air for 55 minutes.
P02 with registration HB-VXB flies for 82 minutes on its maiden flight. By this time, P01 has already clocked up 143 flight hours over 87 flights. After its initial test flights in Switzerland, the second prototype is primarily intended to be used in the USA and Canada, where it will help to fulfill the entire test-flight program quota of around 2300 flight hours.
P02 successfully undertakes its first trans-Atlantic flight, landing in Broomfield, in the US state of Colorado. Both prototypes have already completed 300 flights and 500 flight hours in Switzerland, Spain, Scotland and Iceland.
Pilatus itself is still keeping a low profile. But the Luzerner Zeitung reports: "Pilatus clandestinely conducted engine tests on its third prototype of the PC-24 at Buochs airport on Monday. It is the first time the aircraft has left the production plant." According to the newspaper, the aircraft is painted blue and white, registered under HB-VSA, and is also set to be the first series aircraft.
The PC-24 is due to be certified in the 3rd quarter of 2017, with initial deliveries to customers such as US aviation company Planesense and the non-profit Royal Flying Doctor Service of Australia set to follow soon after.
Want to see what the PC-24 looks like on both the inside and outside? Then take a look here.
If you have any questions, the Premium Jet experts will be glad to assist. We look forward to hearing from you.


text:
7DAYS EuroCup Power Rankings Vol.2
29/Nov/22 10:00 29/Nov/22 10:00 November 28, 2022
Aris Barkas
With the 7DAYS EuroCup back in action, it's time for another look at the dynamics at work and the power balance at present among the 20 teams.
By Aris Barkas/ barkas@eurohoops.net
With two different groups and 13 rounds to go, it's time to rank again the 7DAYS EuroCup clubs, not only using their spots in the standings so far but also by taking a look at what they have done after the first five games of the season.
Different groups means also that sometimes you have to compare apples to oranges. That's why Eurohoops has an unofficial rule of no more than a six-spot change in the rankings, positive or negative, depending on the results.
And in total, we have three teams making the full jump forward and one making a huge step backward. As the EuroCup jumps back into action, it's time to take a look again at the contenders.
20. Dolomiti Energia Trento (0-5) –
There's not much to add here compared to the first edition of the Power Rankings. Trento hasn't had a win yet and has the worst point deficit (-68) compared to any team in the league.
19. Slask Wroclaw (0-5) -1
No win yet, so they lost one more spot, but pretty much they are in the same situation since the start of the season. However, it has to be noted that they lost their last three games by an average of 3.3 points, so they can hope for better days.
18. Veolia Towers Hamburg (2-3) -1
They started the season with a bang, beating Buducnost, but since then, they have only managed to beat Slask, so they need to do better.
17, U-BT Cluj-Napoca (2-3) -3
They are solid but simply put, there are better teams than them so far in the competition. Practically, what pushed them three spots behind is the defeat to Lietkabelis.
16. London Lions (2-3) -1
The Lions have two wins over Hamburg and Trento, so it's clear they need to do more to improve.
Tags Eurocup Power Rankings

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


There are lots of hot women out there and you could be with them instead of wasting your life with a woman who isn't worth your time. Pay attention to how your girlfriend acts and see if she displays behavior like name dropping her exes or only caring about herself. If her negative qualities outweigh the good ones then she isn't worth dating.
A woman who's serious about a relationship won't try to make her boyfriend jealous and will only talk about other men in a casual way. When she's doing it all the time then it doesn't matter if it's her ex, male co-workers or friends.
A woman that acts hot & cold around you is annoying after a while and you're going to be stressed out by her because you'll be constantly trying to figure out how she feels about you. She'll act like she's in love one minute then plays hard to get which leaves you working harder than you need to at getting her attention. If she doesn't know what she wants then leave her alone and let her figure it out for herself.
If she's always busy and can't spend time with you then you need to think about why that is. Does she have another man that you don't know about or is it because she doesn't have feelings for you and is only using you when she's bored? There's no point in dating her if she's not willing to make time for you because the relationship will never become serious.
A relationship has equality and things won't last if she is always focused on herself. If date nights are all about what she wants to do and she never thinks about what would make you happy then she isn't worth your time. She should care about your happiness and find ways to make sure that your needs are getting met too.
A real girlfriend doesn't expect to be taken care of and is always asking you to do things for her. If every time she calls you is because she needs you to help her then she's just using you and you're putting up with it. Think about whether or not she ever does anything for you and if you're acting more like her servant than her boyfriend.
Most people will overlook things if they're not important but a woman who isn't worth your time will have no problem complaining about everything you do. She'll say things like you don't give her enough attention, never take her to nice places or never listen to her. You'll never be good enough for her and you don't want to be with someone who can't love you for the way that you are.
Every relationship has its ups and downs but you should never feel drained all the time when you're with your partner. If you dread spending time with her or put off answering her texts then it's probably because deep down you know that she isn't right for you. Listen to your emotions and avoid women who don't make you feel happy because she's not going to change.


text:
package software.amazon.awssdk.codegen.naming;

import static java.util.Collections.singletonList;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThat;
import static org.assertj.core.api.Assertions.assertThatThrownBy;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.any;
import static org.mockito.ArgumentMatchers.eq;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.mock;
import static org.mockito.Mockito.when;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.function.Consumer;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.mockito.Mock;
import org.mockito.junit.MockitoJUnitRunner;
import software.amazon.awssdk.codegen.model.config.customization.CustomizationConfig;
import software.amazon.awssdk.codegen.model.config.customization.UnderscoresInNameBehavior;
import software.amazon.awssdk.codegen.model.config.customization.ShareModelConfig;
import software.amazon.awssdk.codegen.model.intermediate.IntermediateModel;
import software.amazon.awssdk.codegen.model.intermediate.MemberModel;
import software.amazon.awssdk.codegen.model.intermediate.Metadata;
import software.amazon.awssdk.codegen.model.intermediate.OperationModel;
import software.amazon.awssdk.codegen.model.intermediate.ShapeModel;
import software.amazon.awssdk.codegen.model.service.Member;
import software.amazon.awssdk.codegen.model.service.ServiceMetadata;
import software.amazon.awssdk.codegen.model.service.ServiceModel;
import software.amazon.awssdk.codegen.model.service.Shape;

@RunWith(MockitoJUnitRunner.class)
public class DefaultNamingStrategyTest {
    private CustomizationConfig customizationConfig = CustomizationConfig.create();

    private ServiceModel serviceModel = mock(ServiceModel.class);

    @Mock
    private Map<String, Shape> mockShapeMap;

    @Mock
    private Shape mockParentShape;

    @Mock
    private Shape mockShape;

    @Mock
    private Shape mockStringShape;

    @Mock
    private Member member;

    @Mock
    private ServiceMetadata serviceMetadata;

    private DefaultNamingStrategy strat = new DefaultNamingStrategy(serviceModel, customizationConfig);

    @Before
    public void setUp() {
    }

    @Test
    public void enumNamesConvertCorrectly() {
        validateConversion("Twilio-Sms", "TWILIO_SMS");
        validateConversion("t2.micro", "T2_MICRO");
        validateConversion("GreaterThanThreshold", "GREATER_THAN_THRESHOLD");
        validateConversion("INITIALIZED", "INITIALIZED");
        validateConversion("GENERIC_EVENT", "GENERIC_EVENT");
        validateConversion("WINDOWS_2012", "WINDOWS_2012");
        validateConversion("ec2:spot-fleet-request:TargetCapacity", "EC2_SPOT_FLEET_REQUEST_TARGET_CAPACITY");
        validateConversion("elasticmapreduce:instancegroup:InstanceCount", "ELASTICMAPREDUCE_INSTANCEGROUP_INSTANCE_COUNT");
        validateConversion("application/vnd.amazonaws.card.generic", "APPLICATION_VND_AMAZONAWS_CARD_GENERIC");
        validateConversion("IPV4", "IPV4");
        validateConversion("ipv4", "IPV4");
        validateConversion("IPv4", "IP_V4");
        validateConversion("ipV4", "IP_V4");
        validateConversion("IPMatch", "IP_MATCH");
        validateConversion("S3", "S3");
        validateConversion("EC2Instance", "EC2_INSTANCE");
        validateConversion("aws.config", "AWS_CONFIG");
        validateConversion("AWS::EC2::CustomerGateway", "AWS_EC2_CUSTOMER_GATEWAY");
        validateConversion("application/pdf", "APPLICATION_PDF");
        validateConversion("ADConnector", "AD_CONNECTOR");
        validateConversion("MS-CHAPv1", "MS_CHAP_V1");
        validateConversion("One-Way: Outgoing", "ONE_WAY_OUTGOING");
        validateConversion("scram_sha_1", "SCRAM_SHA_1");
        validateConversion("EC_prime256v1", "EC_PRIME256_V1");
        validateConversion("EC_PRIME256V1", "EC_PRIME256_V1");
        validateConversion("EC2v11.4", "EC2_V11_4");
        validateConversion("nodejs4.3-edge", "NODEJS4_3_EDGE");
        validateConversion("BUILD_GENERAL1_SMALL", "BUILD_GENERAL1_SMALL");
        validateConversion("SSE_S3", "SSE_S3");
        validateConversion("http1.1", "HTTP1_1");
        validateConversion("T100", "T100");
        validateConversion("s3:ObjectCreated:*", "S3_OBJECT_CREATED");
        validateConversion("s3:ObjectCreated:Put", "S3_OBJECT_CREATED_PUT");
        validateConversion("TLSv1", "TLS_V1");
        validateConversion("TLSv1.2", "TLS_V1_2");
        validateConversion("us-east-1", "US_EAST_1");
        validateConversion("io1", "IO1");
        validateConversion("testNESTEDAcronym", "TEST_NESTED_ACRONYM");
        validateConversion("IoT", "IOT");
        validateConversion("textORcsv", "TEXT_OR_CSV");
        validateConversion("__foo___", "FOO");
        validateConversion("TEST__FOO", "TEST_FOO");
        validateConversion("IFrame", "I_FRAME");
        validateConversion("TPain", "T_PAIN");
        validateConversion("S3EC2", "S3_EC2");
        validateConversion("S3Ec2", "S3_EC2");
        validateConversion("s3Ec2", "S3_EC2");
        validateConversion("s3ec2", "S3_EC2");
    }

    @Test
    public void test_GetFluentSetterMethodName_NoEnum() {
        when(serviceModel.getShapes()).thenReturn(mockShapeMap);
        when(mockShape.getEnumValues()).thenReturn(null);
        when(mockShape.getType()).thenReturn("foo");

        assertThat(strat.getFluentSetterMethodName("AwesomeMethod", mockParentShape, mockShape)).isEqualTo("awesomeMethod");
    }

    @Test
    public void test_GetFluentSetterMethodName_NoEnum_WithList() {
        when(serviceModel.getShapes()).thenReturn(mockShapeMap);
        when(mockShapeMap.get(eq("MockStringShape"))).thenReturn(mockStringShape);

        when(mockShape.getEnumValues()).thenReturn(null);
        when(mockShape.getType()).thenReturn("list");
        when(mockShape.getListMember()).thenReturn(member);

        when(mockStringShape.getEnumValues()).thenReturn(null);
        when(mockStringShape.getType()).thenReturn("string");

        when(member.getShape()).thenReturn("MockStringShape");

        assertThat(strat.getFluentSetterMethodName("AwesomeMethod", mockParentShape, mockShape)).isEqualTo("awesomeMethod");
    }

    @Test
    public void test_GetFluentSetterMethodName_WithEnumShape_NoListOrMap() {
        when(serviceModel.getShapes()).thenReturn(mockShapeMap);
        when(mockShape.getEnumValues()).thenReturn(new ArrayList<>());
        when(mockShape.getType()).thenReturn("foo");

        assertThat(strat.getFluentSetterMethodName("AwesomeMethod", mockParentShape, mockShape)).isEqualTo("awesomeMethod");
    }

    @Test
    public void test_GetFluentSetterMethodName_WithEnumShape_WithList() {
        when(serviceModel.getShapes()).thenReturn(mockShapeMap);
        when(mockShapeMap.get(eq("MockStringShape"))).thenReturn(mockStringShape);

        when(mockShape.getEnumValues()).thenReturn(null);
        when(mockShape.getType()).thenReturn("list");
        when(mockShape.getListMember()).thenReturn(member);

        when(mockStringShape.getEnumValues()).thenReturn(Arrays.asList("Enum1", "Enum2"));
        when(mockStringShape.getType()).thenReturn("string");

        when(member.getShape()).thenReturn("MockStringShape");

        assertThat(strat.getFluentSetterMethodName("AwesomeMethod", mockParentShape, mockShape)).isEqualTo("awesomeMethodWithStrings");
    }

    @Test
    public void nonSharedModel_packageName() {
        String serviceName = "foo";
        DefaultNamingStrategy strategy = new DefaultNamingStrategy(serviceModel, CustomizationConfig.create());
        assertThat(strategy.getClientPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo");
        assertThat(strategy.getPaginatorsPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.paginators");
        assertThat(strategy.getSmokeTestPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.smoketests");
        assertThat(strategy.getModelPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.model");
        assertThat(strategy.getRequestTransformPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.transform");
        assertThat(strategy.getTransformPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.transform");
    }

    @Test
    public void sharedModel_notProvidingPackageName_shouldUseServiceName() {
        CustomizationConfig config = CustomizationConfig.create();
        ShareModelConfig shareModelConfig = new ShareModelConfig();
        shareModelConfig.setShareModelWith("foo");
        config.setShareModelConfig(shareModelConfig);
        String serviceName = "bar";

        DefaultNamingStrategy customizedModel = new DefaultNamingStrategy(serviceModel, config);

        assertThat(customizedModel.getClientPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.bar");
        assertThat(customizedModel.getPaginatorsPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.bar.paginators");
        assertThat(customizedModel.getSmokeTestPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.bar.smoketests");
        assertThat(customizedModel.getRequestTransformPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.bar.transform");

        // should share the same model and non-request transform packages
        assertThat(customizedModel.getModelPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.model");
        assertThat(customizedModel.getTransformPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.transform");
    }

    @Test
    public void sharedModel_providingPackageName_shouldUseProvidedpackageName() {
        CustomizationConfig config = CustomizationConfig.create();
        ShareModelConfig shareModelConfig = new ShareModelConfig();
        shareModelConfig.setShareModelWith("foo");
        shareModelConfig.setPackageName("b");
        config.setShareModelConfig(shareModelConfig);
        String serviceName = "bar";

        DefaultNamingStrategy customizedModel = new DefaultNamingStrategy(serviceModel, config);

        assertThat(customizedModel.getClientPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.b");
        assertThat(customizedModel.getPaginatorsPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.b.paginators");
        assertThat(customizedModel.getSmokeTestPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.b.smoketests");
        assertThat(customizedModel.getRequestTransformPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.b.transform");

        // should share the same model and non-request transform packages
        assertThat(customizedModel.getModelPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.model");
        assertThat(customizedModel.getTransformPackageName(serviceName)).isEqualTo("foo.transform");
    }

    @Test
    public void modelNameShouldHavePascalCase() {
        when(serviceModel.getMetadata()).thenReturn(serviceMetadata);
        when(serviceMetadata.getServiceId()).thenReturn("UnitTestService");
        assertThat(strat.getRequestClassName("CAPSTest")).isEqualTo("CapsTestRequest");
        assertThat(strat.getExceptionName("CAPSTest")).isEqualTo("CapsTestException");
        assertThat(strat.getResponseClassName("CAPSTest")).isEqualTo("CapsTestResponse");
        assertThat(strat.getResponseClassName("CAPSByIndex")).isEqualTo("CapsByIndexResponse");

        assertThat(strat.getRequestClassName("FollowedByS3")).isEqualTo("FollowedByS3Request");
    }

    @Test
    public void getServiceName_Uses_ServiceId() {
        when(serviceModel.getMetadata()).thenReturn(serviceMetadata);
        when(serviceMetadata.getServiceId()).thenReturn("Foo");

        assertThat(strat.getServiceName()).isEqualTo("Foo");
    }

    @Test (expected = IllegalStateException.class)
    public void getServiceName_ThrowsException_WhenServiceIdIsNull() {
        when(serviceModel.getMetadata()).thenReturn(serviceMetadata);
        when(serviceMetadata.getServiceId()).thenReturn(null);

        strat.getServiceName();
    }

    @Test (expected = IllegalStateException.class)
    public void getServiceName_ThrowsException_WhenServiceIdIsEmpty() {
        when(serviceModel.getMetadata()).thenReturn(serviceMetadata);
        when(serviceMetadata.getServiceId()).thenReturn("");

        strat.getServiceName();
    }

    @Test (expected = IllegalStateException.class)
    public void getServiceName_ThrowsException_WhenServiceIdHasWhiteSpace() {
        when(serviceModel.getMetadata()).thenReturn(serviceMetadata);
        when(serviceMetadata.getServiceId()).thenReturn("  ");

        strat.getServiceName();
    }

    @Test
    public void getSdkFieldFieldName_SingleWord() {
        assertThat(strat.getSdkFieldFieldName(new MemberModel().withName("foo")))
            .isEqualTo("FOO_FIELD");
    }

    @Test
    public void getSdkFieldFieldName_CamalCaseConvertedToScreamCase() {
        assertThat(strat.getSdkFieldFieldName(new MemberModel().withName("fooBar")))
            .isEqualTo("FOO_BAR_FIELD");
    }

    @Test
    public void getSdkFieldFieldName_PascalCaseConvertedToScreamCase() {
        assertThat(strat.getSdkFieldFieldName(new MemberModel().withName("FooBar")))
            .isEqualTo("FOO_BAR_FIELD");
    }

    private void validateConversion(String input, String expectedOutput) {
        assertThat(strat.getEnumValueName(input)).isEqualTo(expectedOutput);
    }

    @Test
    public void validateDisallowsUnderscoresWithCustomization() {
        String invalidName = "foo_bar";
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getMetadata().setAsyncBuilderInterface(invalidName));
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getMetadata().setSyncBuilderInterface(invalidName));
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getMetadata().setAsyncInterface(invalidName));
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getMetadata().setSyncInterface(invalidName));
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getMetadata().setBaseBuilderInterface(invalidName));
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getMetadata().setBaseExceptionName(invalidName));
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getOperations().put(invalidName, opModel(o -> o.setOperationName(invalidName))));
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getWaiters().put(invalidName, null));
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getShapes().put(invalidName, shapeModel(s -> s.setShapeName(invalidName))));
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getShapes().put(invalidName, shapeWithMember(m -> m.setBeanStyleGetterMethodName(invalidName))));
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getShapes().put(invalidName, shapeWithMember(m -> m.setBeanStyleSetterMethodName(invalidName))));
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getShapes().put(invalidName, shapeWithMember(m -> m.setFluentEnumGetterMethodName(invalidName))));
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getShapes().put(invalidName, shapeWithMember(m -> m.setFluentEnumSetterMethodName(invalidName))));
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getShapes().put(invalidName, shapeWithMember(m -> m.setFluentGetterMethodName(invalidName))));
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getShapes().put(invalidName, shapeWithMember(m -> m.setFluentSetterMethodName(invalidName))));
        verifyFailure(i -> i.getShapes().put(invalidName, shapeWithMember(m -> m.setEnumType(invalidName))));
    }

    @Test
    public void validateAllowsUnderscoresWithCustomization() {
        CustomizationConfig customization =
            CustomizationConfig.create()
                               .withUnderscoresInShapeNameBehavior(UnderscoresInNameBehavior.ALLOW);
        NamingStrategy strategy = new DefaultNamingStrategy(serviceModel, customization);

        Metadata metadata = new Metadata();
        metadata.setAsyncBuilderInterface("foo_bar");

        IntermediateModel model = new IntermediateModel();
        model.setMetadata(metadata);

        strategy.validateCustomerVisibleNaming(model);
    }

    private void verifyFailure(Consumer<IntermediateModel> modelModifier) {
        IntermediateModel model = new IntermediateModel();
        model.setMetadata(new Metadata());
        modelModifier.accept(model);
        assertThatThrownBy(() -> strat.validateCustomerVisibleNaming(model)).isInstanceOf(RuntimeException.class);
    }

    private OperationModel opModel(Consumer<OperationModel> operationModifier) {
        OperationModel model = new OperationModel();
        operationModifier.accept(model);
        return model;
    }

    private ShapeModel shapeModel(Consumer<ShapeModel> shapeModifier) {
        ShapeModel model = new ShapeModel();
        shapeModifier.accept(model);
        return model;
    }

    private ShapeModel shapeWithMember(Consumer<MemberModel> memberModifier) {
        MemberModel model = new MemberModel();
        memberModifier.accept(model);
        return shapeModel(s -> s.setMembers(singletonList(model)));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
module Gnip
  module GnipStream
    class JsonDataBuffer
      attr_accessor :split_pattern, :check_pattern

      def initialize(split_pattern, check_pattern)
        @split_pattern = split_pattern
        @check_pattern = check_pattern
        @buffer = ''
      end

      def process(chunk)
        @buffer.concat(chunk)
      end

      def complete_entries
        entries = []
        while @buffer =~ check_pattern
          new_line = @buffer[@buffer.size - 2..@buffer.size - 1] == "\r\n"
          activities = @buffer.split(split_pattern)
          entries << activities.shift
          @buffer = activities.join(split_pattern)
          @buffer += "\r\n" if !@buffer.empty? && new_line
        end
        entries.reject(&:empty?)
      end
    end
  end
end


text:
Haplochromis riponianus är en fiskart som först beskrevs av Boulenger, 1911.  Haplochromis riponianus ingår i släktet Haplochromis och familjen Cichlidae. IUCN kategoriserar arten globalt som livskraftig. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Externa länkar

Abborrartade fiskar
riponianus

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Poured from a 22 oz bomber into my Belgian Ale glass. The body of the beer is slightly hazy and honey-golden in color. A modest mostly-white sudsy head is poured, which dissipates to a wispy covering and leaves good lacing. Medium carbonation is visible.
Herbal and lemon citrus hops upfront, but with heavy underlying typical Belgian ale characteristics – clove spice, coriander, banana and other fruit notes, as well plenty of yeasty phenols.
Cali-Belgique is medium-bodied, though it doesn't quite carry the same level of effervescence expected from a typical Belgian Dubbel. Just like in the nose, the flavors begin with the hops; modest citrus notes but with a bit of pine dank sneaking in as well. Then the beer goes in to full Belgian mode (see aromas-hardly any deviation from there). It finishes moderately dry, with lingering citrus and woody esters on the palate.
Well, this is an interesting combination of styles. It seems a Dubbel-style ale with West Coast hops, though it's actually a West Coast IPA fermented with Belgian yeast strains. The Belgian yeast seems to overtake some of the intense hop profile Stone uses in their IPA, or maybe they just don't add as much for this particular brew. Either way, this one is probably just a taster for me, not one I'd pick up regularly. There isn't anything particularly flawed with it, but it's not my favorite. 7/10.
It's an odd beer that should be better.
I tried it, smelled like car tire, tasted like rancid car tire. After a few drinks, poured it down the sink.


Vinotemp, a trusted name in wine cooling, has created a great cooling unit designed for wine cabinets or wine rooms. The VINO-6500HZD WineMate 1500 cubic foot wine cooling system uses four high speed fans and environmentally friendly R134a refrigerant to provide thorough cooling. It has a cooling range of 50-65 degrees F.
The VINO-6500HZD is long lasting and reliable because it is manufactured to only the highest of quality standards. It has a removable grill for easy cleaning and an oversized bottom feeding evaporator that maintains humidity. The unit comes charged ready to use right out of the box.
Vinotemp's VINO-6500HZD WineMate 1500 cubic foot wine cooling system does not require professional installation. It has rear, top and side exhaust optoins so that you can place it anywhere. This wine cooling system is very reliable and will always keep your wine investment at its proper temperature.
Product Dimensions: L: 17.38" x W: 29.00" x H: 22.50"


text:
Sports news from the fans' perspective!
Get the scoop on what's going on in the sports world in less than 5 minutes weekly
We started theSlide purely for the purpose of providing sports news to fans for free in a short and succinct format. As an avid sports fan I enjoy reading sports news from the fans perspective but that means scouring through social media, YouTube and other channels which prompted to start The Slide. The goal is to curate sports news and deliver to your inbox in a format (with occasional long format original content) that can be consumed in less than 5 minutes.
What Our Readers Says
So grateful I've found this company. It's great to get sports information and highlights in a way that is empowering and doesn't make me feel inadequate for not knowing.
I am a sports fan and it's so hard to find a female voice, or a sense of feminine agency in the sports world (unless you dig deep). Really excited to be apart of this community and conversation!
ByTheSlideMar 9, 2022
Soccer in Italy – Serie A and the economic business
Fútbol Club Barcelona, more than a club
Chelsea FC: The hammer has dropped
ByTheSlideMar 13, 2022


text:
'Baby' banned from release in Pakistan, cast and crew baffled by decision
Jan 24, 2015 NR
The team of Akshay Kumar starrer "Baby" is in a state of shock over the film's ban in Pakistan. While producer Bhushan Kumar is still wondering why, actor Anupam Kher emphasised the need to move beyond borders and look into a universal problem - terrorism.
"The film is about anti-terrorism. Sometimes it is important to go beyond territories and understand who is the enemy -- is it a country or a bunch of people?" Anupam told IANS over phone from Mumbai.
Confirming the ban, Bhushan said: "Yes, we got a confirmation from my distributor that it has been banned in Pakistan. I don't know why this happened. If you watch the film, you will know we are not talking about a country, we are only talking about terrorism."
According to the Dawn, a representative of the film's distributor, Everready Pictures, shared the news about the film being banned "because it portrays a negative image of Muslims and the negative characters in the film also have Muslim names".
Bhushan supported Anupam's stance on the film being against the evil and not any country or religion.
"I don't know why was it banned there, and we fail to understand that. We are confused because the film is about anti-terrorism. It is totally against terrorism, not against any country. We are trying to figure out what needs to be done," Bhushan told IANS.
Directed by Neeraj Pandey, the movie revolves around an undercover unit, formed to keep an eye on the movements of terrorist groups and to nix their plans to disrupt peace and harmony.
The film also stars Rana Daggubati, Danny Denzongpa and Taapsee Pannu and has been released in India, Friday.
The film also features Pakistani actor Mikaal Zulfiqar and Rasheed Naz.
Anupam, who plays one of the key roles in the film, says the ban is a "pity" and feels the film should have reached the people.
"I feel that it is a pity that the film has been banned even after the fact that it has Pakistani actors in that. In fact, Rasheed has done a similar role in 'Khuda Kay Liye'."
"Today there is no particular country that is to be blamed for terrorism. It is all over the world. I feel it should have been shown as it is about a situation, which needs to be addressed. The ban is an official stance, which is necessarily not looking into problem of people," Anupam added.
Anupam also brought up the case of terror attack on a school in a Peshawar school, which claimed 148 lives, including 132 schoolchildren.
"Pakistan is one country that has suffered equally, badly or more due to terrorism like Peshawar attack on the innocent school children. So, a country which is suffering from barbaric act of terrorism should have gone beyond," Anupam said.
After the ban, Anupam seeks reconsideration of the decision. He said, "Maybe if they send it to a revising committee I am hopeful that something will be done as people want to see the movie and they will watch the movie anyhow after one week."
Bhushan said, "we are figuring out what next step needs to be taken". Click the Movie button below for more info:
'Jawaani Jaaneman' in cinemas on Jan. 31
Shweta Tripathi's 'Cargo' in global film fest
Priya Prakash to play cyber victim in 'Love Hackers'
Priya Mani to act opposite Ajay Devgn in 'Maidaan'
Kangana Ranaut launches own production house
'Guns of Banaras' release announced
Shashank Khaitan announces 'Mr. Lele' with Varun Dhawan
Ranveer shares new character poster of '83'
Tabu features in 'Jawaani Jaaneman' third poster


My weekend started out very relaxing. Friday was a long and difficult day at work, so by the time I got home, all I could think of was getting into bed and watching Netflix. These days, at almost 27 years old, there is nothing that sounds more exciting than my bed (note: wine was not involved. I'm being good).
I was determined to find my way from my house to the river. I've run alongside the Humber River once before – it was during my 10k race. Water is one of those things that really calms me down. Ever since the race, I wanted to find how to get to that area. It is so pretty and you can hear the waves splashing on the side. Finally, Saturday, I put on Google maps and directed myself down that way. I ran four miles without realizing it. When you run with a purpose, other than "you must exercise", it actually makes it go by so quickly.
I made myself some eggs and toast, and decided to spoil myself by setting it up nice and pretty. Even though I don't have much here, it's still great to spoil myself with a a little luxury. Ever tried drinking orange juice out of a wine glass? It kind of makes you feel perfectly snobby!
After my luxurious breakfast and a couple sets of laundry done, I headed out to meet up with my friend at the gym. I did a bit of running, step machine and rowing. To update you – since I've started this whole 'fitness' journey of mine in August, I've lost 5 kg (11.02 lbs). It's been challenging but I'm so excited because I can finally see results on my body! It has made me more confident, and I can't wait to continue my progress.
Sunday evening, I met up with my first housemate in Hull. We met in old town to grab a pint. We stopped in The Three John Scotts for some food and then we went to The Lion & Key. The Lion & Key is such an awesome English pub. It has all the quirks and the old bits that make a pub properly British – from the candles in bottles to the coaster on the ceiling. After sitting in the warmth for a bit, it was time to go home and get ready for Monday.


text:
Skip to: Main Navigation | Main Content
This site is being redeveloped. For all the latest ABC Health content click here.
ABC Health & Wellbeing
Main Navigation:
A-Z Library
Health Myths
Quizzes & Tools
Search Health & Wellbeing
or try the A-Z Library
Health Consumer
Rural & Regional Health
More fact files in the A-Z Library
Share | Print
by Peter Lavelle and ABC Health & Wellbeing team
Age-related macular degeneration is the most common cause of blindness in Australia, but there are ways to reduce our risk of developing the condition.
[Image source: iStockphoto]
Dealing with the diagnosis
Age-related macular degeneration is the leading cause of blindness in Australia, affecting one person in three over the age of 80. One in seven aged over 50 have some evidence of the disease.
The condition steals our central vision, literally leaving a black hole in its place. This makes everyday activities like reading and driving very difficult.
Fortunately, there are things we can all do to reduce our risk of age-related macular degeneration or AMD and the future is looking brighter for treatment.
Cross-section of the eye. The retina lines the inner surface of the back of the eyeball. The macula is the small region on the retina below the optic nerve. Pic: US National Eye Insitute.
As the name suggests, macular degeneration is caused by degeneration of an area of the retina known as the macula. The retina is the light-sensitive lining of the inner eyeball. Light travels through the pupil and lens at the front of the eyeball and strikes the retina, which converts it into nerve impulses. These impulses are then sent to the brain to be assembled into images.
If you think of the eye as a camera, the retina is the equivalent of the film that you load into the back of the camera. The macula is a tiny, circular, area at the back of each retina. It's about five millimetres in diameter and it's the most important part of the retina because it has a higher concentration of light receptors than any other region and it contains specialist colour-detecting receptors.
To take advantage of this high resolution (and colour-sensing power), the macula is strategically positioned at the back of the eyeball to receive the light from the centre of our field of vision (where we are looking most intently). Hence someone with damage to this area has central vision loss; they are unable to see the object they are focusing most intently on, but they retain peripheral vision (that is, they can see everything else). And they lose the perception of colour.
Exactly what causes AMD isn't known, but it's thought that an interaction between genetic factors and the environment is responsible.
There are two forms of the condition. Most cases start as the most common type - so-called 'dry' macular degeneration - in which the macula is thought to age and become thin, with yellow deposits of hyaline material called drusen forming in the macula.
About 10 to 15% of people with dry AMD go onto develop the other form - 'wet' AMD - in which new blood vessels grow beneath the retina. These blood vessels can leak fluid or can haemorrhage (bleed) into the macula and surrounding areas and the macula can become scarred.
When this happens, the loss of vision is often rapid quite severe. Wet AMD is sometimes called 'exudative' AMD (exudates are areas of leaked fluid) or 'neovascular' AMD (neovascular means new blood vessel growth). It's much less common than dry MD, but usually causes more serious loss of vision.
A: A healthy retina. The macula is the dark red area centre right. Image: Getty images.
B: The retina of a person with the 'wet' form of macular degeneration. Abnormal blood vessels have formed in the retina and haemorrhaged blood across the macula.Image: Macular Degeneration Foundation Australia.
C: The retina of a person with advanced 'dry' macular degeneration. The white spots are called drusen and are commonly seen in the dry form of the condition. Image: Macular Degeneration Foundation Australia.
A known major risk factor for AMD is smoking – it triples your risk, and smokers get AMD an average of 10 years earlier than non-smokers. Other factors that raise your odds of developing the condition include increasing age and a diet low in certain key components.
Genetic factors are also thought to play a role. AMD tends to run in families (though it's not always inherited). If you have a family member with AMD, you're more likely to develop the condition yourself than someone without affected family members.
To help prevent or slow down AMD, you should quit smoking, do regular exercise and pay attention to your diet. Eat plenty of fresh fruit and leafy green or yellow vegetables (such as kale, spinach, silverbeet, broccoli, peas, beans, corn, green or yellow capsicums), limit fats and oils and eat fish two to three times a week. A handful of nuts per week is also recommended.
Taking high dose zinc (80 mg of elemental zinc) and antioxidants including vitamins C and E, can slow the rate of progress of intermediate or advanced-stage disease by up to 25 per cent. Such supplements should be taken in consultation with your eye care professional. A supplement containing lutein with or without fish oil may also be of benefit.
The early stages of AMD have no obvious symptoms, although an optometrist or ophthalmologist can detect the earliest signs by looking at your retina using special equipment.
This highlights the importance of having regular eye checks. If you wait until symptoms become apparent before getting checked, permanent damage may have already occurred.
The first obvious symptom of AMD is usually an awareness of failing vision or possibly noticing that straight lines appear wavy or distorted. A person has trouble doing everyday tasks like sewing, reading or watching TV. They may need more lighting to do these activities than they used to. Eventually, they may have trouble seeing faces, or cars on the road. Instead, there's an empty area in the centre of their vision. Falls and accidents become more common.
They may lose independence and require home help or residential nursing care earlier than they would otherwise.
The loss of vision is usually a slow process. It may start in one eye, in which case the other 'good' eye can compensate initially. But as the condition progresses, both eyes are usually affected. Often the loss of vision isn't noticeable until it's quite advanced.
At some point the person generally consults their optometrist, who will look at the retina using an ophthalmoscope (a hand-held tool) and do a basic eye test with eye charts and detect that central vision has been lost. The optometrist will then usually refer the person to an ophthalmologist, who will do more tests using a slit lamp ophthalmoscope (a more sophisticated opthalmoscope) and, if the doctor suspects wet AMD, an angiogram.
This is a test in which a dye (fluorescein or sometimes a substance called indocyanine green) is injected in the bloodstream. When the die reaches the blood vessels in the eye, photos are taken of the retina, and any damaged and leaky vessels can be easily seen.
A newer test for diagnosing and monitoring wet AMD is optical coherence tomography (OCT). This non-invasive imaging technique uses light to produce cross-sectional images of the layers of tissue within the retina. By comparing the make-up of these layers against those of a healthy retina, doctors can detect even the earliest stage of wet AMD.
It has become a standard additional diagnostic test, however it is not covered by Medicare and is likely to cost $50 to $80
One quick way of detecting AMD and to pick up any sudden changes in vision is to test your sight with the Amsler grid. This is not a perfect test however and must not replaced regular eye exams.
Everyone aged over 50 should have their eyes checked every two years. If you have a family history, your doctor may recommend more frequent checks.
There is no proven treatment for the dry form of the condition, but various experimental compounds are under investigation and there are some promising techniques in clinical trials, such as retinal regeneration - in which new reinal cells are grown from stem cells.
People with the wet form – who have aberrant blood vessel growth – may benefit from a number of available treatments, however. In every case, it is important that treatment is started early.
Established treatments for wet MD include:
Anti-angiogenic drugs – these are drugs that prevent neovascularisation - the growth of new blood vessels across the macula in wet AMD. They are usually injected directly into the eye. One of the newer drugs in this class, Lucentis, which is given as a monthly injection, has been shown to slow or stop the progress of wet AMD and in some cases restore some vision. It has been available on the PBS since 2007 for patients who have neovascularisation under the central area of the macula.
In addition some specialists are using a treatment called Avastin, that is similiar to Lucentis but is a cheaper drug. However it is not licensed for AMD so must be used off-label, and it attracts no subsidy from the government for this condition. Research into the long-term safety and efficacy of Avastin for AMD is ongoing.
Laser photodynamic therapy (PDT) – in this therapy, a light-sensitive drug (Visudyne) is injected into a vein of the arm. The drug travels into the vessels in the retina, and light from a non-thermal laser is then directed on to the retina. The chemical reaction between the laser and the drug causes the blood vessel to close off. It has the advantage that the treatment does not cause direct damage to the surrounding retina. Usually repeat treatments are needed. It doesn't restore sight, but prevents further loss.
It may take up to six months before the vision stabilises. It is sometimes used as an additional treatment in people who are not responding adequately to injections.
Laser photocoagulation – is a technique in which a laser beam is aimed at the abnormal blood vessels and seals them, preventing them from bleeding or leaking fluid. However, as it causes a permanent blind spot, it is becoming less commonly used and is not suitable if the disease is too advanced or if the blood vessels are growing in front of the macula.
In the future, other procedures might be possible that could treat wet and dry forms of AMD. These include retinal transplantation and artificial retinal implants.
People with AMD may become depressed and experience feelings of grief, especially if their loss of sight is severe. It often happens at the very time that a person is retired and had plans to pursue leisure activities that are now no longer possible. It can require great courage to carry on despite the disability.
But patients do not go totally blind. They still have peripheral vision and with the help of vision aids - a magnifying glass, telescope and possibly a desktop magnifier for example – they can continue with many of their favourite activities and can lead rewarding and reasonably independent lives.
Further information on Macular AMD, diet and lifestyle changes, treatments and on low vision aids and technology is available from the Macular Degeneration Foundation on 1800 111 709.
Reviewed by Rob Cummins, research and policy manager, Macular Degeneration Foundation Australia.
Retina Australia
Macular Degeneration Foundation Australia
The Centre for Eye Research Australia (CERA)
Vision Australia
email a friend email ABC Health & Wellbeing
More Eyes on Health & Wellbeing
Fact Files:
Eye myths: what does (and doesn't) affect your vision
Not just eye candy: which sunglasses protect your eyes?
Can you damage your eyes if you rub them?
Tips for staying healthy at work
Do kids need to wear sunglasses?
Health IQ: Eyes
Elsewhere on ABC
Prosthetic eye-making to see digital revolution with Australia's first printed iris
7.30 Report
Stem cell cure for cataracts in sight
Concern over new treatment for common cause of blindness
About Us | Contact | Sitemap | Subscribe - Health & Wellbeing
Your information is being handled in accordance with the ABC Privacy Collection Statement .
ABC Careers
ABC Contacts


Alvaro Bautista (Aruba.it Racing – Ducati) now has enough WorldSBK trophies to build his own static football team, his 11th win of the season coming after an early struggle with Jonathan Rea (Kawasaki Racing Team).
Bautista ran clear at the end to win by 4.688 seconds, but not from Rea – from Michael van der Mark (Pata Yamaha WorldSBK Team).
VDM passed Rea late on and then held off a final lap charge from the four-time champion, and another attempted pass over the line. The margin of second to third was only 0.018 seconds.
It was by the standards of some races this year, a thriller.
From eighth on the grid Rea was up to second and then leading in just two laps. Chaz Davies (Aruba.it Racing – Ducati) then went up to second and Bautista took the lead at the same time after a handful of laps. Rea went back to second on lap seven, just as Davies started to drop back.
VDM and his team-mate Alex Lowes contested the final podium slot for a time, as Davies dropped into the force field generated by Leon Haslam (Kawasaki Racing Team) and Markus Reiterberger (BMW Motorrad WorldSBK Team).
Lowes would finish fourth, Davies fifth, and Reiterberger sixth.
Tom Sykes (BMW Motorrad WorldSBK Team) was riding on his own and finally took seventh, from a dramatically slowing Haslam in an eventual eighth. A repeat of race one's Jordi Torres (Team Pedercini Racing Kawasaki) v Toprak Razgatlioglu (Turkish Puccetti Racing) battle saw Toprak ninth and Torres tenth this time. Top Honda rider was Leon Camier (Moriwaki-Althea Honda Racing Team) in 12th, one place behind GRT Yamaha rider Sandro Cortese.
After for rounds Bautista has 236 points, Rea 183, Lowes 126 and VDM 115.


Stephen T, Noob Laura and myself hit up all 3 nights of Phish at Bethel Woods. We had hoped to set up on lot, but unfortunately couldn't pull it off this time. So we did the next best thing, and sat down at the hotel on Sunday to discuss our thoughts up through the first 2 nights. We are happy to report that the whole experience was an overall success. Not much drama was seen, locals were welcoming, and the weather was on our side. Without a doubt, we hope to see Phish return here, and that it stays a 3 night run stop.
Thanks for listening, we will see you at Holmdel.


In an illustration of how widely OSHA will be looking at industries that use highly hazardous chemicals, OSHA's Omaha Area Director recently announced that a Local Emphasis Program will include health inspections at funeral homes, chemical and product manufacturing plants, printing facilities, and outpatient care centers. See, for instance, Appendix A.
Appendix A, Directive CPL 02-14-009.
Bonita Winingham, the Area Director for OSHA in Omaha, Nebraska said that "this local emphasis program will allow OSHA to use its resources efficiently by focusing on industries that are known to use these types of highly hazardous chemicals." "Through this program, OSHA will improve education for company management and strengthen worker protections."
The Expanded Health Standard Inspection Local Emphasis Program (LEP), Directive CPL 02-14-009, was set to expire in September, but the Region's announcement has indicated the Program's renewal.
According to the Directive, the increased health risk of some chemicals, e.g. benzene, formaldehyde, and methylene chloride, led OSHA to created and enforce chemical-specific regulations for general industry known as "expanded health" standards (29 CFR sections 1910.1001 to 1910.1052). These regulations include exposure limits and monitoring requirements, and in some cases medical surveillance components.
The LEP, according to OSHA, was meant to increase the probability of inspecting establishments in industries that use highly-hazardous chemicals, within the jurisdiction of the Omaha Area Office, that have not received a comprehensive OSHA health inspection, and are not covered by other specific targeting programs.
These industries, both in the targeted area, and nationally, may wish to check their company safety policies, procedures, and training to ensure compliance with OSHA standards and to minimize any potential liability that may come with an OSHA inspection under this LEP and OSHA general industry standards.


text:
Founders Brewing Co.
Singer Ryan Adams Shows His Love For Founders at Brooklyn Show
While playing a show in Brooklyn, New York, singer Ryan Adams was spotted sipping out of a Founder's Brewing Co. pint glass.
Two Grand Rapids Brewpubs On USA Today's 10 Best List
What's better than cracking open a frosty craft beer from a Grand Rapids brewery? Cracking open that same beer in the brewpub where it's crafted! USA Today asked for 20 nominations for the best brewpub in the country, and two Grand Rapids based pubs made the list...
Connie and Fish Intern
Founders Starts Countdown to KBS Week!
The whole week should be a national holiday!
David McCart
Founders Wants to Put a Flag on Their Building
Founders Brewing Company is requesting to put an American flag on top of its building to attract customers but it exceeds the city's zoning laws.
GR #1 Beer Scene In USA
All Hail Grand Rapids! For we are the best at beer! Grand Rapids tops yet another list of cities in the beer department. USA Today ranks GR as the #1 beer scene in the country. And why shouldn't it be? We've been Beer City USA, we had one of our bars get named the 2nd best beer bar in the country, we have amazing breweries and we have more and more of them popping up all over the city... Read
Steven Bohner
15 Things All Grand Rapidians Should Do
There's no doubt about it, Grand Rapids is an awesome city. We've got lots of attractions and fun things always going on, we're a family friendly city and appeal to the younger crowd as well. Grand Rapids has A LOT to offer so no wonder why we make so many "best of" lists...
Founder's Brewing Expands
The new location, located at 900 Hynes Ave. SW near downtown Grand Rapids, is intended to fulfill the brewery's growing warehousing and distribution needs. It will also be home to Founder's second Grand Rapids brewery. Unfortunately, there will be no taproom at the new location.
Founders Makes Championship Round for Best Brewery in America
In a bracket-style tournament similar to that of the NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament, Founders Brewing Co. has made it to the national championship for Best Brewery in America, as decided by voters on Thrillist.


Learning teaches us what is known, play makes it possible for new things to be learned.
Welcome to St. Thomas Early Learning Center!
It is our privilege to play a role at the onset of a child's educational journey. Our students are given the tools they need to embark on great adventures – prepared and ready. Come and share the adventure of St. Thomas.
At St.Thomas Early Learning Center, we believe play is the work of childhood. We structure our day, classrooms, and outdoor spaces to provide for exploration and discovery.
Need more information about our classes, our enrollment process, or other helpful family information?
Please take a photo tour of our students at work and play.
Learn more about the Where Children Grow Gala, St. Nick Fun Run, International Dinner, Spring Festival, and Night of the Arts.


text:
Blog > Startups
Fusar Closes Round on SeedInvest
Fusar, a leading innovator of smart motorcycle helmets, has raised a $1.1 million seed financing round with the help of SeedInvest.
Fusar was founded following CEO Ryan Shearman's near-fatal accident when his motorcycle was rear-ended by another vehicle. This incident inspired him to utilize the power of mobile technology to provide advanced collision avoidance and other safety features to his fellow motorcycle riders, and the vision for a new type of smart helmet was born. In March of 2014, the company was accepted into the 2014 Techlaunch accelerator program, where Fusar's executive team fine-tuned their product and business model and attracted investors.
Fusar's helmet has subsequently evolved to include additional navigation and communication features that, when paired with the company's mobile companion app, help riders better navigate the road, avoid collisions, and receive more immediate help when accidents do occur. The patent-pending system also features integrated front and rear video cameras and a range of sensors that eliminate the need for bulky, external devices like action cameras and communication devices that are often dangerously mounted to the outside of traditional motorcycle helmets.
SeedInvest investors invested alongside the Jumpstart NJ Angel Network, Socialatom Ventures, the Chi Fan Group, and Casabona Ventures.
"These funds will help us complete our product engineering and get ready to go into production," says Shearman. "The Jumpstart Angels led our $200k angel round last year and we're excited to have them lead this round. We've also brought in a great group of new investors, many of whom we met through SeedInvest. We had to go through a pretty intensive due diligence process before we could go live, but it opened the door to a vast network of high quality angels and seed funds. We raised almost 40% of our round on the SeedInvest platform."
"At SeedInvest, we are committed to providing our investors with highly-vetted startup investment opportunities," says SeedInvest Investment Director Aaron Kellner. "At the end of the day, it was Fusar's compelling technology and passionate team which resonated with the SeedInvest investors and drove Fusar to have a successful raise."
This post was written by SeedInvest on September 6, 2016
Tags:FundraisingFusar


Policy and Charging Rules Function (PCRF) - supports service data flow detection, policy enforcement and flow-based charging. It offers a comprehensive solution that allows a new generation service provider to offer multiple use cases that allows them to better control their services and align their revenue with their resources.
6. How does policy control and charging works in LTE?
To reach higher data rates in UMTS (Universal Mobile Terrestrial System) a new access technology WCDMA (Wideband Code Division Multiple Access) was developed. The access network in UMTS emulates a circuit switched connection for real time services and a packet switched connection for datacom services (black in figure 1). In UMTS the IP address is allocated to the UE when a datacomservice is established and released when the service is released. Incoming datacom services are therefore still relying upon the circuit switched core for paging.
In UMTS (3G), this dual-domain concept is kept on the core network side. Some network elements have evolved but the concept remains very similar. When designing the evolution of the 3G system, the 3GPP community decided to use IP (Internet Protocol) as the key protocol to transport all services. It was therefore agreed that the EPC would not have a circuit-switched domain anymore and that the EPC should be an evolution of the packet-switched architecture used in GPRS/UMTS.
When designing the evolution of the 3G system, the 3GPP community decided to use IP (Internet Protocol) as the key protocol to transport all services. It was therefore agreed that the EPC would not have a circuit-switched domain anymore and that the EPC should be an evolution of the packetswitched architecture used in GPRS/UMTS.
2G GPRS Mobile Technology was the first step to provide data services over the mobile networks.
3G Technology provides a higher data rates support with better integrity.
LTE has the biggest challenge to overcome over the later technologies.
LTE is compatible with the current 2G/3G Network as it is counted as the next step of 3G HSPA Network.
LTE have been developed by the same standard group of 2G/3G (3gpp).
Release 13, IOT and M2M integration and Customization of RAN plus major enhancement for LTE feature (SRVCC, power reduction).
Release 14, Introduction of 5G Networks "Next Generation".
Following table compares various important Network Elements & Signaling protocols used in 2G/3G and LTE.
Security procedures – this relates to end-user authentication as well as initiation and negotiation of ciphering and integrity protection algorithms.
Terminal-to-network session handling – this relates to all the signaling procedures used to set up Packet Data context and negotiate associated parameters like the Quality of Service.
Idle terminal location management – this relates to the tracking area update process used in order for the network to be able to join terminals in case of incoming sessions.
User identification and addressing – this corresponds to the IMSI (International Mobile Subscriber Identity) and MSISDN (Mobile Subscriber ISDN Number) or mobile telephone number.
User profile information – this includes service subscription states and user-subscribed Quality of Service information (such as maximum allowed bit rate or allowed traffic class).
Radio path ciphering and integrity protection, to ensure data and signaling transmitted between the network and the terminal is neither eavesdropped nor altered.
Similarly, to the Serving GW, the PDN gateway is the termination point of the packet data interface towards the Packet Data Network. As an anchor point for sessions towards the external Packet Data Networks, the PDN GW also supports Policy Enforcement features (which apply operator-defined rules for resource allocation and usage) as well as packet filtering (like deep packet inspection for virus signature detection) and evolved charging support (like per URL charging).
Allowing or rejecting the media request.
Using new or existing PDP context for an incoming media request.
Checking the allocation of new resources against the maximum authorized.
The convergence of broadband access, virtually unlimited content and smart mobile devices has permanently altered the telecommunications market. Demand for mobile Internet services is rapidly increasing day by day as customers want to receive their content, media and applications on any device at any time. For the last few years, the telecom industry is radically transforming the revenue streams, business models and value chains.
To remain relevant in this rapidly changing environment, telecom operators must address critical challenges to create new business models and reinvent themselves.
Therefore, Service Provider must have some statistics that determine how and under what conditions subscribers and applications use network resources for formulation of the policies. The Policy Server manages policy rules between applications and policy enforcement points like access devices. It can easily add and re-configure policies to dynamically manage and control Quality of Service (QoS), charging, quota, optimization and admission control. A wide variety of interfaces make it easy to integrate the PCRF with any type of mobile or fixed broadband network.
Since operators will be migrating from 2G to 3G to 4G networks in years to come, existing networks must operate concurrently with newer networks. As subscribers travel between mobile networks, and also the fixed network, operators must be able to maintain session visibility. As a result, policy solutions must be able to dynamically control sessions per subscriber.
PCRF can provide a network agnostic solution (wire line and wireless) and can also enable multi-dimensional approach which helps in creating a lucrative and innovative platform for operators. PCRF can also be integrated with different platforms like billing, rating, charging, and subscriber database or can also be deployed as a standalone entity.
to its working in real time.
The PCRF is the part of the network architecture that aggregates information to and from the network, operational support system and other sources (such as portals) in real time, supporting the creation of rules and then automatically making policy decisions for each subscriber active on the network. Such a network might offer multiple services, quality of services (QoS) levels, and charging rules.
The ability to manage network and subscriber policy in real time.
The ability to efficiently and dynamically route and prioritize network traffic.
Unified view of subscriber context based on a combination of device, network, location and billing data.
Key inputs to revenue assurance and bandwidth management.
PCRF plays a key role in VoLTE as a mediator of network resources for the IP Multimedia Systems network for establishing the calls and allocating the requested bandwidth to the call bearer with configured attributes. This enables an operator to offer differentiated voice services to their user(s) by charging a premium. Operators also have an opportunity to use PCRF for prioritizing the calls to emergency numbers in the next-gen networks.
Dedicated policy equipment standardized in 3GPP that enables the policy function for bandwidth and charging on multimedia networks.
PCRF is a fairly new term, introduced in September 2007 when standards for the 3GPP Policy Charging Control (PCC) architecture were published. The PCRF function is part of the larger PCC architecture, which also includes the Proxy Call Session Control Function (P-CSCF) and the Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF). Combined, the elements of the PCC provide access, resource, and quality-of-service (QoS) control.
PCRF is often referred to as policy server or -- formerly -- a Policy Decision Function (PDF).
PCRF is an important element in Service Provider Information Technology (SPIT). The PCRF interfaces with the main packet gateway and takes charging enforcement decisions on its behalf. The centralized device can act as a policy decision point (PDP) for the wireless operator and gets as granular as individual subscribers.
For example, service providers can use PCRF to charge subscribers based on their volume of usage of high-bandwidth applications, charge extra for QoS guarantees, limit app usage while a user is roaming, or lower the bandwidth of wireless subscribers using heavy-bandwidth apps during peak usage times.
Policy and Charging rules are driven by the PCRF (Policy Charging and Rules Function), PCEF (Policy Control Enforcement Function) and the Charging Functions in the IMS and EPC core networks. These elements provide carriers with the ability to differentiate services while maximizing revenue.
Every carrier service has unique bandwidth requirements. Policy control within the PCRF and PCEF ensures that appropriate amounts of bandwidth are dynamically allocated to each service in real time, thus making the most efficient use of network resources. Prior to launching a new service like VoLTE, carriers need to test and validate their policy rules within the PCRF and PCEF to ensure the services are delivered with integrity and to ensure that there is sufficient capacity to provide the requested services. Charging rules are very similar and also must be validated. A service provider may implement a multitude of charging rules for each service; and these rules may differ based on a variety of conditions, for example: Customer Service Level Agreement, time of day, or network conditions.
In many developed telecom markets, voice revenue has gained a peak and has declining trends. Messaging is expected to increase globally significantly in coming years. New IP message services like iMessage and WhatsApp are beginning to attract consumers' attention, particularly those with smart phones. As the IP messaging phenomena takes off, SMS messaging revenues will also decline.
Data access is still a growth engine for operators and is helping in compensating the decline in voice and messaging revenues. In major markets, data demand is doubling each year, but margin pressure is intense. At present, expenditure incurred in building network capacity to handle the increasing load is more than the revenue earned by data access.
In view of above, operators need to plan new revenue streams. For implementation of this operators need a PCRF type entity in their telecom network.
Existing telecom networks are not built with the DNA (Dynamic Network Administration) to foster innovation and respond quickly to dynamic markets to meet the demands of the subscribers. To reinvent themselves, operators need to redesign their legacy infrastructure into a highly evolved, completely software-defined network (SDN) – the thinking network. The thinking network is analogous to the human body.
The memory is the subscriber database. The language is the Diameter protocol, the central nervous system is the new product category of Diameter Signaling Controller (DSC), and the brain is policy.
An important component in LTE network is the policy and charging control (PCC) function that brings together and enhances capabilities from earlier 3GPP releases to deliver dynamic control of policy and charging on a per subscriber and per IP flow basis.
LTE Evolved Packet Core (EPC) EPC includes a PCC architecture that provides support for fine-grained QoS and enables application servers to dynamically control the QoS and charging requirements of the services they deliver. It also provides improved support for roaming. Dynamic control over QoS and charging will help operators monetize their LTE investment by providing customers with a variety of QoS and charging options when choosing a service.
PCRF (policy and charging rules function) provides policy control and flow based charging control decisions.
PCEF (policy and charging enforcement function) implemented in the serving gateway, this enforces gating and QoS for individual IP flows on the behalf of the PCRF. It also provides usage measurement to support charging.
OCS (online charging system) provides credit management and grants credit to the PCEF based on time, traffic volume or chargeable events.
OFCS (off-line charging system) receives events from the PCEF and generates charging data records (CDRs) for the billing system.
PCRF was introduced in September 2007 when standards for the 3GPP Policy Charging Control (PCC) architecture were published. The PCRF function is part of the larger PCC architecture, which also includes the Proxy Call Session Control Function (P-CSCF) and the Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF). Combined, the elements of the PCC provide access, resource, and quality-of-service (QoS) control.
PCRF is an important part of IMS architectures, although it is not exclusive to the 3GPP-based network in which it was certified. It works across wireless networks and can be deployed on carrier grade/ATCA (Advanced Telecommunications Computing Architecture)/COTS (Commercial off the shelf) hardware.
The PCRF interfaces with the main packet gateway and takes charging enforcement decisions. The centralized device can act as a policy decision point (PDP) for the wireless operator and goes down to the individual subscribers.
Service providers can use PCRF to facilitate for charging of subscribers based on their volume of usage of high-bandwidth applications and charging based on QoS guarantees, limit app usage while a user is roaming, or lower the bandwidth of wireless subscribers using heavy-bandwidth apps during peak usage times.
PCRF Server is carrier grade platform used to implement the convergent policy management, real-time policy decision solutions across core network domain and content application domain for the network service providers.
PCRF Server includes a 3GPP-compliant implementation of Policy and Charging Rules Function to provision, manage and execute the Quality of Service policies, Bandwidth control policies, Subscriber-aware policies, and Application gating policies in the 2G/3G and LTE networks.
The PCRF SERVER is the main server engine that processes the policy requests from the core network elements or B/OSS (Business/Operations Support System) systems at real-time. The main components of the PCRF Server are the Diameter-based 3GPP Gx, Rx, Sy, Gxx, Sp and Sd Connectors, Policy and Charging Rules Server, Policy Decision Platform, Subscriber Profile Cache and Subscription Management Service.
The Policy Server has a rules engine and acts as the standards based Policy Charging and Rules Function (PCRF) in the network. The rules engine operates on triggers, processes conditions, and then performs appropriate action(s) based on the conditions. The rules engine can be invoked based on any interface trigger. The rules engine can be triggered by a message from either the GGSN or DPI via either the Gx interface, the SPR via the Sp or SOAP/XML interface, as well as the application function via the Rx interface. The rules engine can also be triggered by internal timers which can be used to support a variety of time of day based applications/use cases. Policies can be developed quickly using Policy Rules wizard.
SPR is the repository to store all business assets, technical assets and configuration items used by the PCRF Server, Central Management Server. This is a mandatory component to run PCRF Server.
Policy's SPR should act as the policy solution database to store subscriber profile, quota, and state information of the Policy Server to use in its policy execution. The SPR should be deployed in networks to store subscriber profile information and inter-session state information (e.g. usage and quota tracking). The SPR should be deployed in a variety of configurations according to the customer needs and requirements e.g. in a standalone redundant HW configuration or together with the other PCRF components within the same platform.
Central Management Subsystem is the centralized server node to monitor and manage the PCRF Server and Repository Server. It's the core component for PCRF Server to provide the OA&M functions. The Management Platform provides a consolidated view of system alarms and logs and has SOAP/ XML API to interface to external systems.
(a) SPR Proxy subsystem - It is a component that exposes the Web Services API within PCRF Server for management of the internal Subscriber Profile Repository (that is, subscriptions and subscribers).
(b) Load Balancer – It is the key component in the distributed deployment environment for PCRF Server. It provides the Diameter application level load balancing capability.
Following are the architecture of telecom network with PCRF.
(i) Gx Interface – PCRF Server supports the Gx interface as defined in 3GPP Release 7, 8, 9 and 10. It is used for provisioning service data flow based on charging rules. It is located between the PCRF and the Policy and Charging Enforcement Function (PCEF). In most cases, PCEF is based inside PDN GW (Packet Data Network Gateway) or in short PGW, as in above diagram.
PCRF Server is very flexible and can be configured to support any specific AVPs in the network element and accommodate customer specific scenarios.
(ii) Gy Interface – PCRF Server supports the Gy interface and acts as DCCA proxy between PCEF and OCS (Online Charging System). This interface allows online credit control for service data flow based charging.
(iii) Gz Interface – This is used for offline (CDR based) charging interface between the PCEF/PDN GW and OFCS (Offline Charging system).
(iv) Rx Interface – PCRF Server supports the Rx interface as defined in 3GPP Release 10. This reference points are used to exchange application level session information & media related information between the PCRF & Application function/Application Server. This information is the part of the inputs used by the PCRF for the Policy and Charging Control Decisions.
(v) Sy Interface – PCRF Server supports the Sy interface as defined in 3GPP Release 11. It is used between PCRF and OCS for sending limits reports.
(vi) Sp Interface – PCRF Server supports the Sp interface between the PCRF and the SPR. This interface allows the PCRF to request subscription information related to transport level policies from the SPR based on a subscriber ID, a PDN identifier and possible further IP CAN session attributes, as specified in 3GPP TS 23.203 v9.x. This interface allows the SPR to notify the PCRF when the subscription information has been changed if the PCRF has requested such notifications. The SPR shall stop sending the updated subscription information when a cancellation notification request has been received from the PCRF.
(vii) Ud Interface – PCRF Server supports the Ud interface between the PCRF and the UDR. This interface allows the PCRF to create, read, modify and delete user data stored in the UDR using the access interface. It is based in LDAP. This interface supports subscriptions/notifications functionality to allow the PCRF being notified about specific events that may occur on specified user data in the UDR. The events can be changes on the existing user data, addition of user data, and so on. PCRF Server supports the Ud interface based on LDAP protocol, as defined in 3GPP TS 23.335 v9.x and TS 29.335 v9.x.
(viii) RADIUS Interface – PCRF Server provides a RADIUS based AAA interface which is connected with external AAA server. It receives the AAA-Start and AAA-Stop radius message forwarded from AAA server when IP-CAN session is established or terminated. It works with AAA management (component that provides the mapping between the IP Address and the MSISDN) to manage the mapping between IP address and MSISDN.
(ix) RADIUS CoA Interface – Radius Change of authorization (CoA) features provides a mechanism to change the attributes of an authentication, authorization and accounting (AAA) session after it is authenticated. When a policy changes for a user or user group in AAA, administrators can send the Radius CoA packets from the AAA server to reinitialize authentication and apply the new policy. PCRF Server also provides the connector and the processing flow used to provision policy rules to a non-3GPP enforcement point via RADIUS / RADIUS CoA interface.
(x) Gxx Interface – This reference point resides between the PCRF and the BBERF (Bearer Binding and Event Reporting Function). The Gxx reference point enables a PCRF to have dynamic control over the BBERF behavior. The PCRF PCC rule decisions may be based on information obtained from the BBERF via the Gxx interface. BBERF generally resides in the SGW.
(1) User equipment (Mobile Station) wishes to establish a data application (data access/internet), so it requests to BTS/Node B.
(2) Node B forward its request to BSC/RNC.
(3) After all queries and procedure related to authentication, IMEI check & subscriber static information(HLR), BSC/RNC forward subscriber request to SGSN. Some of the queries are performed by SGSN.
(4) SGSN requests to GGSN for PDP context/data access.
(5) GGSN signals/query to PCRF (Policy & Charging Rule Function) about UE/MS data session establishment over Gx interface.
(6) PCRF queries the Subscriber Profile Repository(SPR) for dynamic information of subscriber over Sp interface.
(7) SPR sends all information about the subscriber policy/quota/rules to PCRF over Sp interface.
(8) PCRF installs policies for subscriber on GGSN (by PCEF) (per access point name[APN] and per bearer quota grants).
(10) PCRF installs policies for application control on DPI and DPI begins tracking usage.
(11) Now data session is established and the subscriber starts consuming the data.
(12) Over Gy interface GGSN/PCEF talks to OCS (Online Charging System) for charging/credit.
(13) GGSN receives the information from OCS about balance/quota.
(14) GGSN signals policy server(PCRF) that device has exceeded data/quota grant or credit is low.
(15) Over Sy interface OCS also sends the credit limit report to PCRF.
(16) Policy server may grant additional grant, after consulting with subscriber by sending SMS notification over SMPP.
This flow shows the provisioning of PCC Rules and/or authorized QoS triggered by an event in the PCRF.
(1) The PCRF receives an internal or external trigger to re-evaluate PCC Rules and policy decision for an IP-CAN Session. Possible external trigger events are described in clause 4.3.1.2.
(2) The PCRF selects the PCC Rule(s) to be installed, modified or removed for the IP-CAN Session. The PCRF may also update the policy decision by defining an authorized QoS and enable or disable the service flow(s) of PCC Rules. If the PCEF controls the binding of IP-CAN bearers, PCRF may add or change QoS information per QCI applicable to that IP-CAN session.
(3) The PCRF stores the updated PCC Rules.
(4) Step 4 is only applicable if the Bearer Control Mode (BCM) selected is UE-only and the PCRF receives an external trigger from the AF.
- If as a result of policy decisions in step 2, new PCC rules need to be installed and the PCRF requires additional filter information from the UE to execute the bearer binding.
If an IP-CAN bearer initiation, modification or termination procedure initiated by the terminal is received for the affected PCC rules while the timer is running, all subsequent steps in the present figure shall not be executed and the steps in figure 9.2.1 or figure 9.2.2 (on provisioning based on PULL procedure at UE-initiated IP-CAN bearer establishment, modification or termination) shall be executed instead.
If the timer expires and the PCRF still requires additional filter information coming from the UE in order to decide on bearer binding for new PCC rules to be installed, all subsequent steps in the present figure shall not be executed, and further reactions of the PCRF are left unspecified. As a possible option, the PCRF could abort the AF session.
Otherwise, the PCRF shall proceed with the subsequent steps (provisioning based on PUSH procedure) in the present figure after timer expiry.
(5) The PCRF sends a Diameter RAR to request that the GW installs, modifies or removes PCC Rules and updates the policy decision. For types of IP-CAN, where the PCRF controls IP-CAN Bearers, e.g. GPRS, the PCRF identifies the IP-CAN Bearer for each of the PCC Rules and the authorized QoS. The PCRF may provision PCC Rules and authorized QoS for several IP-CAN Bearers within the same RAR.
(6) The GW installs, modifies or removes the identified PCC Rules. The GW also enforces the authorized QoS and enables or disables service flow according to the flow status of the corresponding PCC Rules. If QoS information is received per QCI, PCEF shall set/update the upper limit for the MBR that the PCEF assigns to the non-GBR bearer for that QCI.
(7) The GW sends RAA to acknowledge the RAR. The PCEF informs the PCRF about the outcome of the PCC rule operation. If network initiated procedures apply for the PCC rule and the corresponding IP-CAN bearer cannot be established or modified to satisfy the bearer binding, then the PCEF rejects the activation of a PCC rule.
(8) For GPRS, the GGSN initiates the procedure to Create/Update or Terminate PDP Context Request message to the SGSN. If in the case of updating the PDP Context the authorized QoS for the bearer has changed, the GGSN will modify the UMTS QoS parameters accordingly.
(9) The GW sends the notifications needed to the PCRF. The notification is made by using a CCR messages with the needed AVPs. For an IP-CAN Bearer termination in UE-Only Bearer Control Mode, the GGSN sends a Diameter CCR with the Bearer-Identifier and Bearer-Operation AVPs to indicate "Termination".
(10) The PCRF stores the information coming in the notification.
(11) The PCRF acknowledge the CCR with a CCA command.
(1) The AF receives an internal or external trigger to set-up of a new AF session and provide Service Information.
(2) The AF identifies the Service Information needed (e.g. IP address of the IP flow(s), port numbers to be used, information on media types, etc.).
(3) The AF provides the Service Information to the PCRF by sending a Diameter AAR for a new Rx Diameter session.
(4) The PCRF stores the received Service Information.
(5) If the PCRF requires subscription-related information and does not have it, the PCRF sends a request to the SPR in order to receive the information.
(6) The SPR replies with the subscription related information containing the information about the allowed service(s), QoS information and PCC Rules information.
For steps 5 and 6: The details associated with the Sp reference point are not specified in this Release. The SPR"s relation to existing subscriber databases is not specified in this Release.
(7) The PCRF identifies the affected established IP-CAN Session(s) using the information previously received from the GW and the Service Information received from the AF.
(8) The PCRF sends a Diameter AAA to the AF.
(9) The PCRF interacts with the GW according to figure 9.2.1.
In the intelligent network model, policy is the engine for innovation and differentiation. Its role evolves dramatically from its current usage, expanding both in application and scope.
Respond dynamically, often in real-time, to changing market and network dynamics.
like corporate accounts, create flexible pricing plans that match a subscriber's preferences and budget, or allow subscribers to share one quota across multiple devices.
Operators hold a number of valuable assets – QoS, security, billing relationships, subscriber profiles, context, usage, and device awareness – that can be used to create profitable commercial relationships. They can enable targeted third party advertising. Operators can offer identity as a service, enabling subscribers to use their network identity as a single-sign-on for third-party applications. Or, they can leverage the trusted relationship they've established with subscribers to provide secure, consolidated billing for OTT and cloud applications.
Operators can implement creative solutions to manage network congestion. Advanced Wi-Fi offload use cases based on preferential network access, subscriber tier or type, device, application, quota, or network conditions can be implemented to relieve congestion on licensed spectrum and improve subscribers' data experience. A device can be moved to the best available network to ensure that the subscriber application usage receives the best available QoS based on current network conditions. The impact of high bandwidth applications can be minimized by offering subscribers incentives to shift their usage to a different time of day or less congested location. With advanced policy tools, operators can reduce the effect of the excessive signaling generated by "chatty" apps that constantly query the network.
PCRF Server provides a flexible and scalable software platform for the development and management of any type of policy solutions specialized for telecom industry. PCRF Server also offers flexibility in integration with various core network equipment or B/OSS systems using industry standard (e.g. 3GPP) or non-standard interfaces/protocols. PCRF Server enables the rapid prototyping and provisioning of new policies or products for innovative and unique services/applications to the subscribers.
As operators transition to LTE, policy will play a critical network role and become a strategic component in the quest to manage and monetize LTE networks. Virtually every LTE session and subscriber will need to be managed or charged in some fashion, which will require the involvement of a policy server in each transaction. From prioritization to personalized service plans, the coupling of LTE with policy promises to help resolve key LTE operational and business challenges and support a new generation of revenue generating services. Equipped with intelligent policy management, operators can shape and manage network demand, revenue contributions from differing classes of customers, capital expenditures, and overall growth of the LTE, mobile broadband market.
thanks for the info. very much informative.
Policy & Charging Rules Function (PCRF) is a high-performance and feature-rich policy control engine for Diameter-based evolved packet core (EPC) networks. Built for agility and flexibility, PCRF enables service providers to realize true Policy 2.0 use cases with real-time speed and efficiency. In doing so, service providers gain greater control in shaping the customer experience and network resource utilization.
hi expert wht is the key parameter which connect between IMS &EPC for volte call.
6. The UPCC binds the AF session to an IP-CAN session based on the IP address contained in the AAR message and finds the corresponding PCEF. Then, the UPCC generates a QoS rule based on the information contained in the AAR message and the service policy and subscription data stored in the UPCC. The UPCC delivers the media stream information and QoS rule to the PCEF in a Re-Auth-Request (RAR) message. The QoS rule contains the key parameters QCI, ARP, GBR, and MBR. In the RAR message, the QCI is set to 1, indicating that the requested bearer is a dedicated bearer.
7. The PCEF checks whether any dedicated voice bearer satisfies the QoS rule.
− If a dedicated voice bearer satisfies the QoS rule, the PCEF installs the media stream information and the QoS rule on this bearer and sends a Re-Auth-Answer (RAA) message to the UPCC.
− If no dedicated voice bearer satisfies the QoS rule, the PCEF establishes a new dedicated voice bearer, installs the media stream information and the QoS rule on this new bearer, and sends an RAA message to the UPCC.
14. After the UPCC receives the AAR message, it enables the Bearer Gate function when updating policies and sends an RAR message to the PCEF, instructing the PCEF to modify the bearer information.
15. After the PCEF receives the RAR message, it modifies the bearer information, updates the media stream information, and sends an RAA message to the UPCC.
18. The UPCC deletes the media stream information and sends an RAR message carrying Remove QoS Rules to instruct the PCEF to delete the dedicated voice bearer.
19. The PCEF deletes the dedicated voice bearer and sends an RAA message to the UPCC.
HI expert, can you share with us the details of online charging in LTE net ?
Please have look at the below link and watch the Video.
I hope, it's could be useful for you.
What accounting systems you can use on the LTE network?


Description: Electrical Wires Cable Wiring Diagram Electrical Cable Clip Art Electrical Wires Cable Wiring Diagram Electrical Cable Clip Art Electricity Electrical Plug Wiring Electrical Plug Wiring Diagram #5271 from the above 900x900 resolutions which is part of the "DIY Needed" directory. Download this image for free in HD resolution the choice "Save full resolution" below. If you do not find the exact resolution you are looking for, then go for a native or higher resolution.
One among quite possibly the most typical electrical wiring issues is regarding how to wire a change. Although using switches at your home is kind of simple, wiring one may not be that uncomplicated for everybody. An ON-OFF switch is definitely quite simple to wire. There are actually various kinds of switches, but for this example, let's say you happen to be putting in a single-pole toggle switch, an exceedingly widespread change (plus the most basic).
There are 3 colors of wires in a usual single-pole toggle switch: black, white, and inexperienced. Splice the black wire in two and connect them around the terminal screws - 1 on prime along with the other over the bottom screw with the change. The white wire serves as a resource of uninterrupted electric power and is typically linked to your light-weight coloured terminal screw (e.g., silver). Hook up the inexperienced wire for the ground screw within your change.
These actions would typically be sufficient to create a typical swap get the job done and not using a difficulty. However, should you are certainly not self-confident which you can complete the endeavor adequately and safely you better permit the pros get it done in its place. Right after all, there is a cause why this process is one of the most frequent electrical wiring questions requested by most of the people.
For some cause, the best way to wire a ceiling fan is also amongst by far the most frequent electrical wiring inquiries. To simplify this undertaking, you can utilize just one swap to get a single ceiling fan. To wire the lover, it truly is merely a matter of connecting the black wire from the ceiling fan to the black wire on the change. When there is a light, the blue wire really should be connected into the black wire with the swap also.
You will discover reasons why these are generally by far the most typically questioned electrical wiring inquiries. A single, many think it is really simple to try and do, and two, these are typically the typical electrical duties at home. But then you should not place your security at risk inside your purpose to save cash. The stakes could even be a lot increased in case you make an effort to spend less and do an electrical wiring occupation without sufficient know-how or expertise.


The 162221st positive integer is an odd prime number that follows the number 162220 and comes before 162222. One hundred sixty-two thousand two hundred twenty-one is 6 digits long.
Q: Is 162221 a prime number?
Q: What is the negative number for 162221?
Q: What is half of 162221?
Q: What is a third of 162221?
Q: What is a quarter of 162221?
Q: What is the square root of 162221?
Q: What is 162221 times Pi?
Q: What is 162221 divided by Pi?
Q: What is the scientific notation for 162221?
Q: What are the divisors for 162221?
Q: What is the factorization of 162221?
Q: What is the sum of divisors of 162221, including itself?
Q: What is the sum of divisors of 162221, excluding itself?
The spelling of 162221 in different languages.
Q: What is the roman numeral for 162221?
Q: What is the digital capacity for 162221?
The number 162221 represented in different base number systems.
List the frequency of characters that make up the number 162221.
List of hash code values for 162221.


There are good walks around the headland to Morte Point which is National Trust land.
Dogs are only allowed on part of the beach.
The beach is just beyond the end of the B3343. north west of Barnstaple.
The nearest train station is in Barnstaple. over 12 miles away.