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Bimini Road
The Bimini Road, sometimes called the Bimini Wall, is an underwater rock formation near North Bimini island in the Bahamas. The Road consists of a 0.8 km (0.50 mi)-long northeast-southwest linear feature composed of roughly rectangular to subrectangular limestone blocks. Various claims have been made for this feature being either a wall, road, pier, breakwater, or other man-made structure. However, credible evidence or arguments are lacking for such an origin.[1]
2 Physical characteristics
3 Age of the Bimini Road
4 Geological explanation
5 Claims of a human origin
5.1 Sci Fi Channel presentation
Satellite picture of North Bimini Island
On September 2, 1968, while diving in three fathoms (5.5 metres or 18 feet) of water off the northwest coast of North Bimini island, Joseph Manson Valentine, Jacques Mayol and Robert Angove encountered an extensive "pavement" of what later was found to be noticeably rounded stones of varying size and thickness.[2][3] This stone pavement was found to form a northeast-southwest linear feature, which is most commonly known as either the "Bimini Road" or "Bimini Wall". After Valentine, the Bimini Road has been visited and examined by geologists, avocational archaeologists, professional archaeologists, anthropologists, marine engineers, innumerable divers, and many other people. In addition to the Bimini Road, investigators have found two additional "pavement-like" linear features that lie parallel to and shoreward of the Bimini Wall.[4][5]
Physical characteristics[edit]
The Bimini Wall and two linear features lying shoreward of it are composed of flat-lying, tabular, and rectangular, subrectangular, polygonal, and irregular blocks. Descriptions of the Bimini Road found in various books and articles greatly exaggerate the regularity and rectangularity of the blocks composing these features.[6] The Bimini Road, the largest of three linear features, is 0.8 km (0.50 mi) long, a northeast/southwest-trending feature with a pronounced hook at its southwest end. It consists of stone blocks measuring as much as 3–4 m (10–13 ft) in horizontal dimensions, with the average size being 2–3 m (7–10 ft). The larger blocks show complementary edges, which are lacking in the smaller blocks. The two narrower and shorter, approximately 50 and 60 m (160 and 200 ft)-long linear features lying shoreward of the Bimini Road consist of smaller tabular stone blocks that are only 1–2 m (3–7 ft) in maximum horizontal breadth. Having rounded corners, the blocks composing these pavements resemble giant loaves of bread. The blocks consist of limestone composed of carbonate-cemented shell hash that is called "beachrock". Beachrock is native to the Bahamas. The highly rounded nature of the blocks forming the Bimini Road indicates that a significant thickness of their original surface has been removed by biological, physical, and chemical processes. Given the degree that these blocks have been eroded, it is highly implausible that any original surface features, including any tool marks and inscriptions, would have survived this degree of erosion.[1][5]
After a very detailed examination of the Bimini Road and the other linear features, Gifford and Ball made the following observations.[5]
1. The three features are unconnected at the southwest end; scattered blocks are present there but do not form a well-defined linear feature connecting the seaward, middle, and shoreward features.
2. No evidence exists anywhere over the three features of two courses of blocks, or even a single block set squarely atop another.
3. Not enough blocks lie in the vicinity of the three features to have formed a now-destroyed second course of rocks.
4. Bedrock closely underlies the entire area of the three features (fig. 5), eliminating the possibility of excavations or channels between them.
5. Indications are that the blocks of the inner and middle features have always rested on a layer of loose sand. No evidence was found of the blocks being cut into or founded on the underlying bedrock surface.
6. In areas of the seaward feature where blocks rest directly on the bedrock surface, no evidence was found of regular or symmetrical supports beneath any of the blocks.
7. We saw no evidence on any of the blocks of regular or repeated patterns of grooves or depressions that might be interpreted as tool marks.
8. The inner and middle features are continuous only over a distance of about 50 metres (160 feet). Though the seaward feature extends several hundred metres farther to the northeast, it too is not well founded or continuous enough to have served as some kind of thoroughfare.
—  J.A. Gifford and M.M. Ball, 1980
As noted below, these observations are disputed by other investigators. For example, some investigators state that where sand had washed away between the seams, another course of blocks can be seen along with small blocks underlying these blocks. However, detailed evidence that clearly documents the alleged presence of a continuous second layer (course) of stones beneath the stones forming the currently exposed "pavement" has not yet been published in a reputable, scientific venue with the detail that is needed for critical evaluation. Pictures posted on various Web pages of stones alleged to be artificial "wedge stones" and "prop stones" fail as convincing evidence for a second course of stones because they are typically smaller in size, do not form a continuous course, and too infrequently lie directly beneath the blocks that form the surface of the Bimini Road. This is not what would be expected of an actual underlying course of man-made masonry.
David Zink[7] states:
Most of the blocks were now clearly resting on either the underlying bedrock or on smaller stones on the sea floor.
—  David Zink
This led him to conclude:
...this fact had an important archaeological consequence: it meant that the idea (held by some Atlantologists) that the blocks now visible were only the top of a more complex structure was likely incorrect.
In addition, early studies of the Bimini Road, i.e. Gifford and Ball[5] and David Zink,[7] report taking numerous samples and cores for examination. It is also safe to presume that a certain number of the innumerable visitors to the Bimini Road have chipped off pieces of it. Scientific sampling and souvenir hunting would have left behind modern "tool marks" on the various blocks composing the Bimini Road for later investigators to find.
Age of the Bimini Road[edit]
Attempts have been made to determine the age of this feature using different techniques. These include direct radiocarbon dating of the stones composing the Bimini Road and Uranium-thorium dating of the marine limestone on which the Bimini Road lies.
In 1978, the radiocarbon laboratory operated by the Department of Geology at the University of Miami dated samples from a core collected by E. A. Shinn in 1977 from the Bimini Road. In 1979, Calvert and others[8] reported dates of 2780±70 14
C yr BP (UM-1359),[9] 3500±80 14
C yr BP (UM-1360), and 3350±90 14
C yr BP (UM-1361) from whole-rock samples; a date of 3510±70 14
C yr BP (UM-1362), from shells extracted from the beachrock core; and dates of 2770±80 14
C yr BP (UM-1364) and 2840±70 14
C yr BP (UM-1365) from carbonate cementing the beachrock core. These dates are temporally consistent in that the shells composing the beachrock core from the Bimini Road dated older than the cement holding them together as beachrock. These dates can be interpreted as indicating that the shells composing the Bimini Road are, uncorrected for temporal and environmental variations in radiocarbon, about 3,500 years old. Because of time-averaging and other taphonomic factors, a random collection of shells likely would yield a radiocarbon date that is a few hundred years earlier than when the final accumulation of shells, which were cemented to form beachrock, actually occurred.[10] The radiocarbon dates from the cement demonstrate that the beachrock composing the Bimini Road formed about 2,800 radiocarbon years ago by the cementation of pre-existing sediments that accumulated about 1,300 years earlier. Compared to the dates from the shells and the cement, it appears that the whole-rock dates reflect samples containing varying proportions of shell and cement without any significant contamination by younger radiocarbon. Both these dates and interpretation are consistent with the detailed research by Davaud and Strasser[11][12] that concluded that the layer of beachrock composing the Bimini Road formed beneath the surface of North Bimini Island and was only exposed by coastal erosion about 1,900 to 2,000 years ago.
Proponents of the Bimini Road being a manmade feature argue that these radiocarbon dates are invalid because they were obtained entirely from whole-rock samples and subject to contamination from younger carbon. The background data reported by Calvert and others[8] concerning the radiocarbon dates from the Bimini Road demonstrate that not all of these dates come entirely from whole-rock samples. That the dates from the shells and the clearly younger cement holding them together as beachrock are temporally consistent argues against any signification alteration of their radiocarbon content. In addition, other studies using radiocarbon dating to study sea level and the age of sediment and beachrock within the Bahamas have not reported any significant problems with contamination by younger radiocarbon.[13] In their detailed research, Davaud and Strasser[11][12] accepted the radiocarbon dates obtained from the beachrock composing the Bimini Road from the radiocarbon laboratory at the University of Miami as valid indicators of its age.
Gifford and Ball[5] attempted to establish a minimum age using uranium-thorium dating for the Bimini Road by dating a whole-rock sample of the marine limestone (biopelsparite)[11][14] that underlies the beachrock that composes the Bimini Road. They described this sample as being "Whole rock marine limestone under beachrock off Paradise Point, North Bimini; some recrystallisation." This sample yielded a uranium-thorium date of 14,992±258 BP (7132-19/2). Supporters[15] of the idea that the Bimini Road is a man-made structure frequently cite this date in support of it being artificial.
The uranium-thorium date published by Gifford and Ball[5] is regarded as an invalid and meaningless date for two reasons. First, the sample being partially recrystallised means that this limestone was not a closed system as required for a meaningful uranium-thorium date. As a result, this specific date is only an apparent date that completely lacks any scientific value for interpreting the age of marine limestone underlying the Bimini Road. Currently, specific species of corals and mollusks that can be demonstrated to lack any recrystallisation using petrographic and X-ray diffraction techniques are the preferred samples for dating. Any limestone sample that shows the least amount of recrystallisation is now regarded as incapable of yielding a scientifically valid date and not even worth an attempt at dating.[16][17] Finally, it is well documented that about 15,000 calendar years ago, sea level in this region was between 95 and 100 metres (312 and 328 feet) below present sea level.[18][19][20] As a result, the location from where Gifford and Ball collected the sample of limestone was between 90 and 95 metres (295 and 312 feet) (295 and 312 feet) above sea level at the time indicated by the uranium-thorium date of 14,992±258 BP (7132-19/2). Therefore, it is physically impossible for the marine limestone underlying the Bimini Road to have accumulated around 15,000 BP. Thus, this uranium-thorium date is a meaningless, invalid date lacking any scientific significance. Because this date clearly lacks any scientific meaning, geologists and archaeologists rarely mention it in their discussions of the Bimini Road. The marine limestone underlying the Bimini Road dates to the Sangamonian Stage, the last interglacial, when sea level was last high enough for the marine sediments, now lithified into limestone, to have accumulated.[21][22]
Geological explanation[edit]
The consensus among geologists and archaeologists is that the Bimini Road is a natural feature composed of beachrock that orthogonal and other joints have broken up into rectangular, subrectangular, polygonal, and irregular blocks. The geologists and anthropologists who have personally studied the Bimini Road include Eugene Shinn[1][23] of the U.S. Geological Survey; Marshall McKusick.[6][24] an Associate Professor of Anthropology at University of Iowa; W. Harrison[25] of Environmental Research Associates, Virginia Beach, Virginia; Mahlon M. Ball and J. A. Gifford[5][26] of the Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami; and Eric Davaud[11] and A. Strasser[12] of the Department of Geology and Paleontology, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. After either inspecting or studying the Bimini Road, they all concluded that it consists of naturally jointed beachrock. John A. Gifford, a professional geologist, spent a significant time studying the geology of the Bimini Islands for his University of Miami Master's thesis[27] about the geology of the Bimini Islands. Calvert and others[8] identified the samples that they dated from the Bimini Wall as being natural beachrock.
Detailed studies by E. Davaud and A. Strasser[11][12] of Holocene limestones currently exposed on North Bimini and Joulter Cays (Bahamas) reveal the sequence of events likely responsible for creating beachrock pavements like the Bimini Road. First, a complete beach sequence of shallow subtidal, intertidal, and supratidal carbonate sediments accumulated as the shoreline of North Bimini built seaward during part of the Holocene. Once the deposition of these sediments built the North Bimini's shoreline seaward, freshwater cementation of the carbonate occurred at some depth, possibly even a metre or so below sea level, beneath the island's surface. This cementation created a band consisting of a thick primary layer of semilithified sediments and thinner discontinuous lenses and layers of similar semilithified sediments beneath it. Later, when erosion of the island's shoreline occurred, the band of semilithifed sediment was exposed within the intertidal zone and the semilithified sediments were cemented into beachrock. As the sediments underlying the eroding shoreline was eroded down to Pleistocene limestone, the beachrock broke into flat-lying, tabular, and rectangular, subrectangular, polygonal, and irregular blocks as observed for modern beaches within the Bahamas by E. Davaud and A. Strasser.[11][12] Thinner layers of beachrock underlying the primary bed of beachrock were also broken up as the loose sediments enclosing them and the thicker primary bed were eroded. As the loose sediment was scoured out from under the blocks and other pieces of beachrock by so-called "scour and settling processes", they dropped downward for several meters until they rested directly on the erosion-resistant Pleistocene limestone as an erosional lag.[28][29] Eugene Shinn[1] discusses a similar, but not identical, process by which the Bimini Road could have been created.
The downward movement of large, solid objects by scour and settling processes has been documented by Jesse E. McNinch, John T. Wells, and other researchers.[28][29] They concluded that large, heavy objects could sink into the sea bottom by several meters without significant lateral movement as the result of scour and settling processes if an erosion-resistant layer of sediment was not encountered. In case of the beachrock blocks composing the Bimini Road and other pieces underlying it, the erosion-resistant layer that limited how far they were dropped downward by scour and settling processes is the Pleistocene limestone on which they now rest.
Finally, pieces of thinner layers or lenses of beachrock underlying the primary bed that was broken up and dropped downward to create the Bimini Road would be trapped beneath the blocks as they also were broken up and dropped by erosion. The trapping of these fragments of beachrock beneath the blocks composing the Bimini Road, as erosion removed loose sediments and dropped them on the surface of the Pleistocene limestone, would have created the so-called "prop" and "wedge" rocks and blocks alleged to be a "second course" of "masonry". Presuming that the blocks of beachrock forming the Bimini Road originally formed at some unknown depth below sea level and have been dropped by erosion by several metres, dating the age of the Bimini Road by its relation to past sea level would be a useless technique that would produce misleading results.
Natural pavements composed of stone blocks, which often are far more rectangular and consistent in size than the blocks composing the Bimini Road, created by orthogonal and other jointing within sedimentary rocks, including beachrock, are quite common and found throughout the world.[30] They include a popular tourist attraction, the Tessellated pavement of Eaglehawk Neck, Tasmania;[31] jointed bedrock that has been completely misidentified as a man-made "Phoenician Fortress and Furnace" in Oklahoma; a "tiled pavement" reported from Battlement Mesa in western Colorado;[32] the tessellated pavement of the Bouddi Peninsula near Sydney, Australia;[33] and Arches National Park in Utah.[34] Natural beachrock pavements that are identical to the Bimini Road have been found eroding out of the east shore of Loggerhead Key of Dry Tortugas and submerged beneath 90 metres (300 feet) of water at Pulley Ridge off the southwest coast of Florida.[1][35]
Claims of a human origin[edit]
Although it is generally considered to be a naturally occurring geological feature, as a result of the unusual arrangement and shape of the stones some believe that the formation is the remains of an ancient road, wall, or some other deliberately constructed feature.[36][37][38] For example, articles[39][40] published in Argosy (an American pulp magazine) and either authored or coauthored by Robert F. Marx, a professional diver and visitor to the Bimini Road, argued that the Bimini Road is an artificial structure. In a 1971 Argosy article,[40] Robert Marx reported that Carl H. Holm, who was President (not "head geologist" as reported by Marx) of Global Oceanic, once a manager for North American Rockwell, a ship designer; and retired naval officer,[41] stated that there was "little doubt" that the massive stone blocks were cut by people. The same article noted that he was part of an expedition sponsored by North American Rockwell that included Edgar Mitchell, the astronaut, as leader; Dimitri Rebikoff; and "a number of psychics from the Edgar Cayce Foundation."[40]
Others who consider the Bimini undersea formation to be man-made, as opposed to natural beachrock, are Joseph Manson Valentine, zoologist;[2][3][4] Charles Berlitz, linguist;[42] Greg Little, psychologist;[43] R. Cedric Leonard, anthropologist;[44] and Dimitri Rebikoff, French marine engineer.[45][46] All claim to have investigated the formations in person, and claim to have observed more than one horizontal layer of blocks, at least in places. However, multiple layers of block can result naturally from systematic fracturing of sedimentary rock where multiple layers of sedimentary rock lie on top of each, as can be observed in the case of the tessellated pavement of Tasmania exposed at Eaglehawk Neck on the Tasman Peninsula.[47]
In his controversial book 1421: The Year China Discovered America[48] and its accompanying documentary, 1421: The Year China Discovered America?[49] amateur historian Gavin Menzies claimed that when Chinese admiral Zheng He's fleet was in the process of circumnavigating the globe in 1421-3, it stopped at Bimini - see 1421 hypothesis. According to Menzies, half of the fleet, under the command of admiral Zhou Wen, was caught in a hurricane near Bimini and built the Bimini Road from beach rock and the ships' ballast as a slipway to haul damaged junks ashore for refitting and repairs of damage caused by the hurricane.
Sci Fi Channel presentation[edit]
Sci Fi's Quest for Atlantis: Startling New Secrets[50] followed several different groups researching possible locations for the legendary Atlantis, one of which focused on the Bimini Road. Greg Little led a team of researchers on a dive to recover objects at Bimini Bay. Little and his team reported the discovery of an entire second layer of square-cut rocks with similar dimensions beneath the stones of the Bimini Road.[36][37] However, they have yet to formally publish in any detail the evidence and observations that demonstrate the presence of this underlying layer and the square-cut nature of its blocks. As a result, its existence remains unproven. Little believes that his discovery suggests that the Bimini Road may actually be one part of an entire wall or water dock. He has also published an informal critique[15] of Shinn's[23] Skeptical Inquirer article. The Bimini Road was also discussed in season 1, episode 10 of the TV series In Search Of, as well as season 4, episode 22 of the History channel's TV series Ancient Aliens.
Adam's Bridge
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Cuban underwater city
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Yonaguni Monument
^ a b c d e Shinn, E. A., 2009, The mystique of beachrock. in Perspectives in Carbonate Geology: A Tribute to the Career of Robert Nathan Ginsburg, P. K. Swart, G. Eberli, and J. A. McKenzie, eds., pp. 19-28. International Association of Sedimentologists Special Publication no. 41.
^ a b Valentine, J. M., 1969, Archaeological enigmas of Florida and the Western Bahamas. Muse News (Miami Museum of Science). v. 1, pp. 26-29,41-47 (1969, June).
^ a b Valentine, J. M., 1973, Culture pattern seen. Muse News (Miami Museum of Science). v. 4, pp. 314-315, 331-334 (April 1973)
^ a b Valentine, J.M., 1976, Underwater Archeology in the Bahamas. Explorers Journal. v. 54, no. 4, pp. 176-183.
^ a b c d e f g Gifford, J.A., and M.M. Ball, 1980, Investigation of submerged beachrock deposits off Bimini. National Geographic Society Research Reports. v. 12, pp. 21–38.
^ a b McKusick, M., 1979, The Bimini underwater discoveries. Explorer Journal. v. 58, no. 1, pp. 40-43.
^ a b Zink, David, 1978, The Stones of Atlantis. Prentice Hall Trade. ISBN 0-13-846923-7
^ a b c Calvert, P.M., D.S. Introne, J.J. Stipp, 1979, University of Miami radiocarbon dates XIV. Radiocarbon. v. 21, no. 1, pp. 107-112.
^ (UM-XXXX) refers to University of Miami radiocarbon sample no. XXXX. See Calvert et al. (1979) for the details about specific sample
^ Kidwell, S.M., M.M.R. Best, and D.S. Kaufman, 2005, Taphonomic trade-offs in tropical marine death assemblages: Differential time averaging, shell loss, and probable bias in siliciclastic vs. carbonate facies. Geology. September 2005; v. 33; no. 9; p. 729-732.
^ a b c d e f Davaud, E., and A. Strasser, 1984, Progradation, cimentation, érosion: évolution sédimentaire et diagénétique récente d'un littoral carbonate (Bimini, Bahamas). (Translated title: Progradation, Cementation, Erosion; Recent Diagenetic and Sedimentary Evolution in a Carbonate Coastal Environment, Bimini, Bahamas.) Eclogae Geologicae Helvetiae. v. 77, no.3, p. 449-468.
^ a b c d e Strasser, A., and E. Davaud, 1986, Formation of Holocene limestone sequences by progradation, cementation, and erosion; two examples from the Bahamas. Journal of Sedimentary Research. v. 56, no. 3, pp. 422-428.
^ Bourrouilh-Le Jan, F.G., 2007, Very high energy sedimentation (supratidal hurricane deposits) and Mid-Holocene highstand on carbonate platforms, Andros, Bahamas: An alternative view. Sedimentary Geology. vol. 199, no. 1-2, pp. 29-49.
^ A biopelsparite is a limestone with a ratio of fossils and fossil fragments to pellets between 3:1 and 1:3 and lacking a mud matrix. If it consists largely of fossils and fossil fragments and lacks a mud matrix, a limestone is called a "biosparite".
^ a b Little, G., 2004, More Adventures With Bimini Beachrock: Remarkable Blunders in a Purported Scholarly Report Debunking the Bimini Stones. Archived 2006-04-27 at the Wayback Machine Alternative Perceptions Magazine. no. 86 (December 2004)
^ Ku, T.L., 1976, The Uranium-Series Methods of Age Determination. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences. v. 4, pp. 347-379.
^ Schwarcz, H.P., 1997, Chapter 6: Uranium series dating in R.E. Taylor and J.M. Aitken, eds., pp. 159-182. Chronometric Dating in Archaeology. Advances in Archaeological and Museum Science. v. 2. Plenum Press, New York, 395 pp. ISBN 978-0-306-45715-9
^ Balsillie, J.H., and J.F. Donoghue, 2004, High resolution sea-level history for the Gulf of Mexico since the last glacial maximum. Report of Investigation no. 103. Florida Geological Survey, Tallahassee, Florida. 65 pp.
^ Blanchon, P., and J. Shaw, 1995, Reef drowning during the last deglaciation: Evidence for catastrophic sea-level rise and ice-sheet collapse. Geology. v. 23, no. 1, pp. 4–8.
^ Fairbanks, R.G., 1989, A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea-level record: influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep ocean circulation. Nature. v. 342, no. 6250, pp. 637–642.
^ Carewa, J.L., and J.E. Mylroie, 1995, Quaternary tectonic stability of the Bahamian archipelago: evidence from fossil coral reefs and flank margin caves. Quaternary Science Reviews. v. 14, no. 2, 1995, pp. 145-153.
^ Hearty, P.J., and D.S. Kaufman, 2000, Whole-Rock Aminostratigraphy and Quaternary Sea-Level History of the Bahamas. Quaternary Research. v. 54, no. 2, pp. 163–173.
^ a b Shinn, E.A., 2004, A Geologist's Adventures with Bimini Beachrock and Atlantis True Believers Archived 2015-03-29 at the Wayback Machine Skeptical Inquirer, v. 28, no. 1, pp. 38–44.
^ McKusick, M., and E.A. Shinn, 1980, Bahamian Atlantis reconsidered. Nature. v. 287, no. 5777, pp. 11 - 12.
^ Harrison, W., 1971, Atlantis undiscovered: Bimini, Bahamas. Nature. v. 287, no. 5777, pp. 11 - 12.
^ Gifford, J.A., 1973, The Bimini 'cyclopean complex. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration. v. 2, no. 1, p. 189.
^ Gifford, J.A., 1973, A description of the geology of the Bimini Islands, Bahamas. Unpublished Master's thesis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida. 88 pp.
^ a b McNinch, J.E., J.T.Wells, T.G. Drake, 2001, The fate of artifacts in an energetic, shallow-water environment: scour and burial at the wreck site of Queen Anne's Revenge. Southeastern Geology. v. 40, no. 1, pp. 19-27.
^ a b McNinch, J.E., and J.T. Wells, 2006, Predicting the Fate of Artefacts in Energetic, Shallow Marine Environments: an Approach to Site Management. The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology. v. 35, no. 2, pp. 290–309.
^ Irna, 2006, Tout ce que la nature ne peut pas faire, II : pavements et dallages, Le site d'Irna
^ Nature Conservation Branch, 2003, Geodiversity: Tasman Peninsula Landforms explained. Parks and Wildlife Service Tasmania, Hobart, New Zealand
^ Harmon, Gray, 2005, Ancient floor a work of nature, not nurture. Archived April 22, 2009, at the Wayback Machine Grand Junction Sentinel, (August 15, 2005)
^ Killcare Wagstaffe Trust Inc., 2000, Tesselated Pavement on the Terrigal Formation.(Bouddi Peninsula) Down to Earth - Geology Exhibition, Killcare Wagstaffe Trust Inc., Sydney, New south Wales, Australia
^ Google Earth, 2008, Tout ce que la nature ne peut pas faire, II : pavements et dallages, Le site d'Irna
^ Jarrett, B.D., A.C. Hine, R.B. Halley, D.F. Naar, S.D. Locker, A.C. Neumann, D. Twichell, C. Hu, C., B.T. Donahue, W.C. Jaap, D. Palandro, and K. Ciembronowicz, 2005, Strange bedfellows – a deep-water hermatypic coral reef superimposed on a drowned barrier island; southern Pulley Ridge, SW Florida platform margin. Marine Geology. v. 214, no. 4, pp. 295–307.
^ a b Little, G., 2007a, The ARE's Search For Atlantis—2007 Summary: Part One of Three. Archived 2009-07-28 at the Wayback Machine Alternative Perceptions Magazine. no. 114 (July 2007)
^ a b Little, G., 2007b, The ARE's Search For Atlantis—2007 Summary: Part Two of Three: Discoveries at Bimini: Columns, Marble Building Ruins, and Possible Building Foundations in 100-Feet of Water. Archived 2008-01-17 at the Wayback Machine Alternative Perceptions Magazine. no. 115 (August 2007)
^ Little, G., 2007c, A.R.E.'s Search For Atlantis Project——2007 Summary——Part 3 of 3: Explorations at Andros Discover Underwater Stone Wall——Origin & Purpose of Wall is Unknown. Archived 2009-04-18 at the Wayback Machine Alternative Perceptions Magazine. no. 116 (September 2007)
^ Marx, R. F., and D. Rebikoff, 1969, Atlantis at Last? Argosy (magazine). v. 369, no. 6. (December 1969)
^ a b c Marx, R., 1971, Atlantis: the legend is becoming fact. Argosy (magazine). v. 373, no. 5, pp. 44-47. (November 1971)
^ Anonymous, 1971, Editorial advisor to Ocean Industry Carl H. Holm dies. Ocean Industry. v. 6, no. 6., p. 19 (June 1971)
^ Berlitz, Charles, 1984, Atlantis: the Eighth Continent. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
^ Little, G., 2004, ARE's Search for Atlantis. (DVD) ATA Productions.
^ Leonard, R. C., 1979, Quest for Atlantis. Manor Books, New York.
^ Rebikoff, D., 1972, Precision Underwater Photomosaic Techniques for Archaeological Mapping; Interim Experiment on the Bimini 'Cyclopean' Complex. International Journal of Nautical Archaeology and Underwater Exploration. v. 1, pp. 184-186.
^ Rebikoff, D., 1979, Underwater archeology: Photogrammetry of artifacts near Bimini. Explorers Journal. v. 57, no. 3, pp. 122-125.
^ Anonymous, 2009, Eaglehawk Neck tesselated pavements: collection of postcards., no. 2, State Library of Tasmania, Hobart, Tasmania.
^ Menzies, Gavin (2004). 1421: The Year China Discovered America. Harper Perennial. ISBN 978-0060540944.
^ David Wallace (Director) (2004). 1421: The Year China Discovered America?. Archived from the original on 2012-07-28. Retrieved 2012-07-31.
^ Scifi Channel, 2006, Quest for Atlantis aired July 2006
Photographs on altarcheologie.nl
Sketch and analysis on altarcheologie.nl
Bimini road map
Article: Archaeological Anomalies in the Bahamas, by Douglas G. Richards
Coordinates: 25°45′54″N 79°16′48″W / 25.765°N 79.28°W / 25.765; -79.28
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bimini_Road&oldid=901105519"
Geology of the Bahamas
Geography of the Bahamas
Geologic formations of the Caribbean
Pseudoarchaeology


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Q: Can I know if a location on Google Maps isn't found when using this lazy method? I'm showing a Google Map based on a street address supplied from an outside source.
My JavaScript is very simple, and I build the link like so
var googleMap = 'http://maps.google.com/maps?f=q&source=s_q&hl=en&geocode=&q=' + address + '&ie=UTF8';

This is quick and easy, and works. But some of the incoming addresses aren't exactly addresses (they include some stuff which shouldn't be there).
When Google Maps can't make heads or tails of the address, it defaults to showing a map of USA. Unfortunately, I'm in Australia.
Is there any way using this lazy method to know if Google Maps couldn't match the address, or can I show Australia by default?
... or do I need to look at the API?

A: What about using maps.google.com.au? Note that the parameters might be a bit different.

http://maps.google.com.au/maps?q=Melbourne
http://maps.google.com.au/maps?q=Something-Garbage-That-Does-Not-Exist

You could also use the Maps API, as you suggested. Something like that would be very easy to do:
<!DOCTYPE html>

   <meta http-equiv="content-type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"/>
   <title>Google Maps Geocoding Default Location</title>

Screenshot:

And another screenshot if you were to use address = 'Something Garbage That Does Not Exist':

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
AGA Historical Stock Prices
Top Option Ideas
AGA (AGA) has the following price history information. Looking back at AGA historical stock prices for the last five trading days, on July 18, 2018, AGA opened at $24.46, traded as high as $24.46 and as low as $24.46, and closed at $24.46. Trading volume was a total of 0 shares. On July 19, 2018, AGA opened at $24.46, traded as high as $24.46 and as low as $24.46, and closed at $24.46. Trading volume was a total of 0 shares. On July 20, 2018, AGA opened at $24.46, traded as high as $24.46 and as low as $24.46, and closed at $24.46. Trading volume was a total of 0 shares. On July 23, 2018, AGA opened at $24.46, traded as high as $24.46 and as low as $24.46, and closed at $24.46. Trading volume was a total of 0 shares. On July 24, 2018, AGA opened at $521.66, traded as high as $521.66 and as low as $521.66, and closed at $521.66. Trading volume was a total of 0 shares.
AGA Historical Stock Prices By Date:
Below, we examine the compound annual growth rate — CAGR for short — of an investment into AGA shares, starting with a $10,000 purchase of AGA, and working forward through the historical stock price information to today.
End price/share: $521.66
Total return: 3,807.57%
Ending investment: $390,763.53
AGA Historical Price Range
07/18/2018 $24.46 $24.46 $24.46 $24.46 0
07/24/2018 $521.66 $521.66 $521.66 $521.66 0
AGA Historical Closing Prices
07/24/2018 $521.66
Materials Historical Prices
AGA is categorized under the Materials sector; below are some other companies in the same sector:
AGFS Historical Stock Prices
AGH Historical Stock Prices
AGI Historical Stock Prices
AGP Historical Stock Prices
AGQ Historical Stock Prices
AGU Historical Stock Prices
AHGP Historical Stock Prices
AHR Historical Stock Prices
AIC Historical Stock Prices
AII Historical Stock Prices
Free AGA Email Alerts:
AGA Historical Stock Prices | www.HistoricalStockPrice.com | Copyright © 2013 - 2023, All Rights Reserved

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Homefront (2013)
In The Too Late Reviews
Stath-attack in the deep South as Jason defends his little daughter from rednecks and meth-fiends.
This review was written 2 years too late
Like Schwarzenegger and Van Damme before him, every action film in the US with Jason Statham has to give a nod to why this foreigner is kicking-ass(arse?) for Uncle Sam. "Homefront" starts with Statham's DEA agent Phil Broker sporting very long hair posing as biker in a drug gang. He duly stops badness but, exposed as a rat, he disappears. Cue a credit sequence that shows various ID cards and documents to show that he was once with Interpol (hence the English accent in Louisiana) together with photos showing him now shaven-headed and in the guise of the Statham we love.
Hiding out in the town where his dead wife grew up, his ten-year-old daughter gets into a schoolyard scrap and, trained by daddy, puts the bully down with a few swift blows. This triggers a series of petty redneck revenge incidents that quickly escalates when James Franco's meth-cooking Gator discovers the truth about Stath's past and grasses him to the biker drug gang. And there we go. No need to say more on the plot. You've got it, right?
Stath does Harrelson
It's a weird film, "Homefront", co-produced and screenplayed by Sylvester Stallone, no less, and it has more than a hint of being one of his cast-off projects. His old "Expendables" mucker Statham fills in neatly, while the rest of an impressive cast – the aforementioned Franco, and Kate Bosworth, and despite a miscast Winona Ryder, give the film some acting chops. Gary Fleder directs the action well enough but there are too many daddy-daughter sentimental scenes with horses, trees and sunshine to an acoustic soundtrack that make for a clumsy contrast to the violence.
In its favour, when it looks like it's about to become a tedious, poor man's "Straw Dogs" house siege as Statham gears up against an all out assault, it manages to shift direction that concludes with some fun Franco nuttiness. Plus it has a modest scale and bucolic setting. Against it is the fate of Statham's black pal, Teedo. Hmm, it's Hollywood and he's the black sidekick. What could possibly happen? Poor.
Worth a look for Statham fans only.
#2 years too late#The Too Late Reviews
Clerks II (2006)
The Ghost Train (1941)
Plunder Road (1957)


Engineers Without Borders Purdue will be hosting a Halloween 5k!
Come join us dressed in your best costume on Sunday, October 22nd at 8:00 AM. Snacks will be provided after the race.
The 5k will serve as a fundraisor towards our chapter's local and international community projects. Donations can also be made at https://support.ewb-usa.org/events/purdue-university-chapter/e84012 .
Must register before Friday, October 13th to be guaranteed a shirt.


text:
Last edited by Maunos
Tuesday, August 4, 2020 | History
5 edition of The National Gardening Book of Cucumbers, Melons, Squash found in the catalog.
The National Gardening Book of Cucumbers, Melons, Squash
Gael Steffens
by Gael Steffens
Published June 1996 by Natl Gardening Assn .
Cucumbers and squash both rely on honeybees for pollination, but squash (Cucurbita pepo spp.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus spp.) are two different species, so they cannot cross-pollinate in the. When to Plant Seeds. Click to Download this Resource. When you're eager to get gardening, it can be tempting to start sowing seeds as soon as the seed packets appear in garden stores. But correct timing of both indoor seed sowing and outdoor seeding and transplanting is a crucial part of growing healthy plants. Cucumbers, melons, squash.
The right location to grow cucumbers in your garden is a location with full sun. Be sure the soil is nutrient-rich and well-draining. If there's an area in your garden which gets soggy, this isn't where your cucumbers should be. When you find the location with ample sunlight and great soil conditions, this is where your cucumbers should go. For an introduction to becoming a plant-problem sleuth, read Diagnosing Plant may also find Integrated Pest Management for Vegetable Gardens helpful.. If you are unable to figure out the source of your plant's problem, reach out to your local Extension Master Gardeners for help. Many EMG units provide "help desks" or call-in hotlines and can help you determine what might be.
The reason cucumbers, squash, muskmelons and watermelons should not be grown near each other is that they are all cucurbits and may cross-pollinate to produce weird franken-gourds. This myth does have some truth in it, but it is not good gardening advice. Fortunately, however, squash and melons are generally unaffected and can be grown within the root zone of a walnut. M.A. Hansen, VPISU, : Squash vine borer The squash vine borer is a serious pest of both summer and winter squash. The insect will also attack cucumbers, pumpkins, muskmelons, and watermelons.
Ibn al-Haythams commentary on the premises of Euclids Elements (Sharaḥ Muṣādarāt kitāb Uqlīdis fī Al-ʹṣūl).
Some account of the early history and foundation of the hospital of king James
Natural Gas Conversion VI (Studies in Surface Science and Catalysis)
Lords of the equator
American Council of Learned Societies
Jos boys, and how they turned out.
Abbotts automobile law for motorists
The Wont Learners
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Working women in New Brunswick
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Relieve Stress and Anxiety (Self-Hypnosis and Subliminal Persuasion)
Apple favorite programs explained
Diccionario español/inglés - inglés/español
Lesbian and gay rights at work
Black Exodus
The National Gardening Book of Cucumbers, Melons, Squash by Gael Steffens Download PDF EPUB FB2
National Gardening Association Book of Cucumbers, Melons & Squash (growing, cooking, preserving) [National Gardening Association] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. National Gardening Association Book of Cucumbers, Melons & Squash (growing, cooking, preserving)Author: National Gardening Association.
Nga Garden Library: Cucumbers, Melons and Squash [National Gardening Association] on *FREE* shipping on qualifying offers. Nga Garden Library: Cucumbers, Melons and Author: National Gardening Association.
Find many great new & used options and get the best deals for Book of Cucumbers, Melons and Squash by National Gardening Association Staff (, Paperback) at the best online prices at eBay. Free shipping for Squash book products. National Gardening Book of Cucumbers, Melons & Squash: National Gardening Book of Eggplant, Okra and Peppers: BTTTCQ: National Gardening Book of Lettuce and Greens: National Gardening Book of Onions: National Gardening Book of.
Document Type: Book: All Authors / Contributors: National Gardening Association (U.S.) ISBN: X OCLC Number: Notes: At head of title. Melons, squash, and cucumbers grow best when both the soil and air temperature is at least 70°F; sow seed directly in the ground at least 2 weeks after the last frost.
Expect germination in 3 to 10 days, depending on the soil temperature. (The higher the temperature the faster the seed will sprout.). See all books authored by National Gardening Association, including Container Gardening for Dummies, and Gardening All-in-One for Dummies, and more on Cucumbers, Melons and Squash.
National Gardening Association $ Gardening Tips for Dummies. National Gardening Association Book of Lettuce and Greens (National. Exploring the gourd family of cucumbers, squashes and melons The old gardening tip "don't plant cucumbers next to squash or melons because they'll cross-pollinate and form bad fruit" isn Author: Marisa Thompson.
National Gardening Book of Cauliflower, Broccoli, and Cabbage: 0: National Gardening Book of Corn: 0: National Gardening Book of Cucumbers, Melons & Squash: 0: National Gardening Book of Eggplant, Okra and Peppers: 0: National Gardening Book of Lettuce and Greens: 0: National Gardening Book of Onions: 0: National Gardening Book of Peas and.
National Gardening Association has 38 books on Goodreads with ratings. National Gardening Association's most popular book is Vegetable Gardening for. There are many half-truths regarding gardening.
One of the more common ones concerns planting cucurbits next to each other. The scuttlebutt is that planting cucurbits too close together will result in oddball squash and gourds. Learn more about that in this article.
By Charlie Nardozzi, The Editors of the National Gardening Association. You need lots of room when you grow vining vegetables like cucumbers, melons, squash, and pumpkins. Don't have the growing space for vining vegetables.
No worries; you can plant the. The squash vine borer (Melittia cucurbitae) ranges from Canada to Argentina and is the most serious enemy of squashes and gourds. It causes much trouble where only a few plants are grown in gardens. It rarely attacks cucumbers and melons.
Great variations exist in the susceptibility of squash and pumpkin varieties. Butternut and Green-Striped. National Gardening Association Book of Cucumbers, Melons and Squash (National Gardening Association Series) by National Gardening Association See All from $ The GardenZeus Guide to Watering Cucumbers, Melons, and Squash (Cucurbits) September 1, Author: C.
Darren Butler Organic Gardening: Vegetables / The Mighty Garden Archive Popular garden cucurbits include cucumbers, many melons (including watermelon), summer squash (including zucchini), winter squash (including pumpkin), and some gourds. Cucumbers, Melons and Squash Diane Relf, Extension Specialist, Horticulture, Virginia Tech Alan McDaniel, Extension Specialist, Horticulture, Virginia Tech Reviewed by John Freeborn, Assistant Master Gardener Coordinator, Horticulture, Virginia Tech Varieties of cucumber are being released that are advertised as all female, or gynoecious types.
Egyptian tombs suggest pharaohs served melons at their meals, and today African food markets display many forms of cucurbits. Of course, squash and pumpkins have long been grown in this country by Native Americans, who passed them on to the Pilgrims.
Cucurbits generally include squash, pumpkins, gourds, melons and cucumbers. Keep the garden well weeded to prevent a buildup of humidity in the canopy and take special precautions to destroy weeds in the cucurbit family, such as bur cucumber and coyote gourd.
Rotate away from cucurbits (melons, squash and cucumber) for 2 – 3 years, if possible. A Garden of Cucumbers book. Read 2 reviews from the world's largest community for readers.
William Montague Buckmaster is the head of Miss Victoria Custi /5. Grow Squash, Cucumbers and Melons Vertically April 8, Guest Blogger Submission Gardening, Vegetable Gardening 0 Vine plants can take up a lot of space and if you don't have room for them that's not good.
Virginia Cooperative Extension programs and employment are open to all, regardless of age, color, disability, gender, gender identity, gender expression, national origin, political affiliation, race, religion, sexual orientation, genetic information, veteran status, or any other basis protected by law.This publication discusses the warm season crops.
Subjects covered include the site, fertilization, saving seeds, planting, more information on the seeds, transplanting, watering, weed control, insects and diseases, crop rotations, pollination, and specific information about muskmelons and other mel.
Charlie Nardozzi has worked for more than 20 years bringing expert gardening information to home gardeners through the printed page, the Internet, radio, and television. He is currently a radio show host and a guest expert on many nationally syndicated radio shows such as Martha Stewart Living Radio.
He was the host for PBS's Garden Smart and has been a gardening Brand: Wiley.
akikopavolka.com - The National Gardening Book of Cucumbers, Melons, Squash book © 2020


Complete strategy guide to trading binary options. Then I got free binary video tutorials of *" Expertoption. 60 Second Binary Options Strategy: the complete guide The Authority on Binary Options For More 60 Second Strategies BINARY OPTIONS BASICS.
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Liberal and radical dimensions of political feminism: An application of the rational-empirical method of test construction.
A review of the feminist and psychological literature provided a framework for the examination of feminism within a multidimensional context. Specifically, this framework provided support for the existence of two dimensions of feminism: Liberal Feminism and Radical Feminism. The purpose of the present study was to construct two scales to measure Liberal and Radical Feminism, using the rational-empirical method for test construction. This method of test construction is based on substantive, structural, and external validity considerations. The substantive component refers to the construction of a priori definitions of the two constructs. These scale definitions were derived from an examination of the feminist and psychological literature. One hundred items were written to reflect each scale definition. These items were then submitted to an independent editor for evaluation. Assessment of the structural and external validity criteria was based on the responses of 251 female subjects. A sample of 94 male subjects served as a validation sample. Items meeting the structural validity criteria were identified and retained for further analysis. Further analyses resulted in two final twenty-item scales to measure Liberal and Radical Feminism. The external validity of the final scales was assessed by examining a number of convergent and discriminant relationships between the final scales and selected measures of personality, a measure of feminism, and participants' behavior in the last year. The rational-empirical method of test construction resulted in two final scales with excellent psychometric properties and promising convergent and discriminant validity. Directions for future research and scale development were discussed and focused primarily on (1) establishing additional indices of reliability and validity with a new sample, (2) the importance of conducting a known groups analysis, and (3) the need for future research to move beyond a trait approach to develop an interactional model which would permit research questions regarding reciprocal causation.Dept. of Psychology. Paper copy at Leddy Library: Theses & Major Papers - Basement, West Bldg. / Call Number: Thesis1990 .F677. Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 53-01, Section: B, page: 0604. Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Windsor (Canada), 1990.
Forrest, Patricia A. T., "Liberal and radical dimensions of political feminism: An application of the rational-empirical method of test construction." (1990). Electronic Theses and Dissertations. 2600.


text:
Q: Get detailed explanation for invalid SSL certificate (.NET) My service does health pings to customer web sites and reports their health. One of common issues of web site being down is being something wrong with SSL certificate.
In ServicePointManager.ServerCertificateValidationCallback it is possible to get access to certificates, chain, etc. and to do manual checks (when SslPolicyErrors is not None).
I wonder whether there is a library/method which gives explanation what's wrong (for instance, certificate is expired or root certificate is untrusted, etc.)

A: The X509Chain class can provide a detailed explanation why some certificate is considered invalid.
  var errors = new List<string>();
  var chain = new X509Chain();
  // certificate is the one you want to check
  chain.Build(certificate);

  // traverse certificate chain
  foreach (var chainElement in chain.ChainElements)
  {
    // ChainElementStatus contains validation errors
    foreach (var status in chainElement.ChainElementStatus)
    {
      errors.Add(status.Status + " " + chainElement.Certificate + ": " + status.StatusInformation.Trim());
    }
  }

This is similar to what X509Certificate2.Verify does (if you look into the source code), albeit Verify only returns true or false.


text:
Ceremony honors athletes
Booster Club sponsors annual event for football and volleyball.
PISD "Email Express" for week of Jan. 17
Click headline to see recent news and upcoming events for Princeton ISD.
School board recognizes students for exemplary projects.
Debate program built on a legacy
Three alumni work to continue excellence in PHS program.
Princeton CATE students compete
Local dealerships host contest for auto tech students.
Princeton schools come together for community
Annual food drive scores more than 26,000 in donations.
Meat of the matter
Southard students join new barbecue club to learn cooking skills.
Godwin kicks off Bookworm Challenge
Facebook initiative encourages reading for elementary students.
Soccer coach receives national accolades
Coach Ackmann presented with award recognizing his focus on character.
Senior named national Commended Student
Kaylee Rivers recognized for high scores on national PSAT.
Princeton's second high school campus dedicated
New school honors legacy of Bob and Jean Lovelady.
PISD creates wellness coordinator position
Longtime counselor accepts new role to focus on mental, physical health.
PISD to offer free meals to all students
U.S. Department of Agriculture issues guidance to provide for hot meals.
Subscribe to RSS Feed - Latest News
Schools closed
Princeton ISD schools and offices will be closed Monday-Friday, March 7-11, for Spring Break. Normal classes and office hours will resume Monday, March 14.
Work day
Monday, Feb. 21, is professional development day for teachers to prepare for future six weeks. Students return for classes Tuesday, Feb. 22.
PISD will release early Friday, Feb. 25, for elementary UIL. Schools will observe the following release schedule: PHS and Lovelady release at 12:05 p.m., buses run at 12:30 after lunch; Clark and Southard release at 12:35 p.m.; all elementary schools release at 1:30 p.m.; and Canup releases at 1:40 p.m.
Normal business hours for the PISD administration building are 7:15 a.m.-4 p.m. Monday through Friday. For elementary campuses, office hours are 8 a.m.-4 p.m. Monday-Friday, and secondary campuses are 7 a.m.-3:30 p.m. Monday-Friday.
Board meetings are held monthly, typically on the third Monday of the month, except on months when the meeting would conflict with a school holiday. Board meetings, which are held in the board room at 321 Panther Pkwy., are open to the public. The remaining schedule for the 2021-2022 board meetings:
Meet the Panther
The spring Meet the Panther will be 7-8:30 p.m. Wednesday, Feb. 9, in the main gym at PHS. Sports to be introduced include, basketball, powerlifting, soccer, softball, baseball, Claw Crew, golf, tennis and track.
Graduation for the Class of 2022 will be 7 p.m. Wednesday, May 25, at Allen Event Center.
The Princeton Athletic Booster Club will host upcoming sports awards ceremonies at 6 p.m. in the PHS auditorium. Volleyball, football and training will be Wednesday, Jan. 19. A reception will follow each ceremony. Cost to attend is free.
Subscribe to RSS Feed - Announcements
Tweets by PrincetonISD


I have always been associated with the arts throughout my life. Whether it be writing poetry, music, dance, canvas, etc. I've been touched by it and through it, I hope -- have touched others. I took up the art of 'Photography', hoping my photographs and photo-artworks will relate, as well as bring pleasure, to all who view them. Please enjoy my galleries.
Should one of my photographs touch you deeply enough to draw you back again and again for viewing, then please -- by all means, order it to place in your home, office, school, or study for your continued pleasure. All critiques are welcome ... they help me to do better with each new capture.
Like Deborah 'Teia' Kimzey's art? Become a fan!


Molly & Praveen are Engaged!
We met up for an epic engagement shoot at Tod's Point in Old Greenwich, CT. A few weeks after Praveen proposed we went back to the exact spot and started the engagement session with a toast. Then spent a gorgeous afternoon wandering the hidden pathways and gardens throughout Tod's Point before ending the session as the sun set brilliantly over the beach.
Molly & Praveen, I am so glad you called me... it was an honor to capture your love!
Engagement session at the Connecticut Trolley Museum Beata & Jon are getting married!


text:
Q: Qt Stylesheet - Combobox List Color I'm using Qt Designer stylesheets. Here is the ui file generated by Qt Designer:
# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-

# Form implementation generated from reading ui file 'config_assign.ui'
#
# Created by: PyQt5 UI code generator 5.9.2
#
# WARNING! All changes made in this file will be lost!

from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui, QtWidgets

class Ui_ConfigAssign(object):
    def setupUi(self, ConfigAssign):
        ConfigAssign.setObjectName("ConfigAssign")
        ConfigAssign.resize(590, 416)
        ConfigAssign.setContextMenuPolicy(QtCore.Qt.DefaultContextMenu)
        ConfigAssign.setStyleSheet("background-color: rgb(25, 35, 45);")
        self.centralwidget = QtWidgets.QWidget(ConfigAssign)
        self.centralwidget.setObjectName("centralwidget")
        self.gridLayout = QtWidgets.QGridLayout(self.centralwidget)
        self.gridLayout.setObjectName("gridLayout")
        self.frame_4 = QtWidgets.QFrame(self.centralwidget)
        self.frame_4.setFrameShape(QtWidgets.QFrame.NoFrame)
        self.frame_4.setFrameShadow(QtWidgets.QFrame.Plain)
        self.frame_4.setLineWidth(0)
        self.frame_4.setObjectName("frame_4")
        self.label_2 = QtWidgets.QLabel(self.frame_4)
        self.label_2.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(30, 30, 281, 61))
        font = QtGui.QFont()
        font.setFamily("Roboto")
        font.setPointSize(28)
        font.setUnderline(False)
        self.label_2.setFont(font)
        self.label_2.setLayoutDirection(QtCore.Qt.LeftToRight)
        self.label_2.setStyleSheet("color: rgb(255, 255, 255);")
        self.label_2.setObjectName("label_2")
        self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.frame_4, 0, 0, 1, 1)
        self.frame_10 = QtWidgets.QFrame(self.centralwidget)
        self.frame_10.setStyleSheet("#frame_10 {border-radius: 7px; border-style: solid; border-width: 0.5px;\n"
"border-color: rgb(69,90,100);}")
        self.frame_10.setFrameShape(QtWidgets.QFrame.WinPanel)
        self.frame_10.setFrameShadow(QtWidgets.QFrame.Raised)
        self.frame_10.setObjectName("frame_10")
        self.label = QtWidgets.QLabel(self.frame_10)
        self.label.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(120, 30, 101, 25))
        font = QtGui.QFont()
        font.setFamily("Roboto")
        font.setPointSize(12)
        self.label.setFont(font)
        self.label.setStyleSheet("color: rgb(255, 255, 255);")
        self.label.setObjectName("label")
        self.customerlistbox = QtWidgets.QComboBox(self.frame_10)
        self.customerlistbox.setGeometry(QtCore.QRect(20, 70, 291, 31))
        font = QtGui.QFont()
        font.setFamily("Roboto")
        font.setPointSize(12)
        self.customerlistbox.setFont(font)
        self.customerlistbox.setStyleSheet("#customerlistbox {color: rgb(255, 255, 255);\n"
"border-color: rgb(69,90,100);\n"
"border-width: 0.5px;\n"
"border-style: solid;\n"
"border-radius: 3px;\n"
"padding: 1px 0px 1px 3px;}\n"
"\n"
"#customerlistbox QAbstractItemView {color: rgb(255, 255, 255);}")
        self.customerlistbox.setCurrentText("")
        self.customerlistbox.setMaxVisibleItems(20)
        self.customerlistbox.setObjectName("customerlistbox")
        self.gridLayout.addWidget(self.frame_10, 1, 0, 1, 1)
        ConfigAssign.setCentralWidget(self.centralwidget)

        self.retranslateUi(ConfigAssign)
        QtCore.QMetaObject.connectSlotsByName(ConfigAssign)

    def retranslateUi(self, ConfigAssign):
        _translate = QtCore.QCoreApplication.translate
        ConfigAssign.setWindowTitle(_translate("ConfigAssign", "Test Prog"))
        self.label_2.setText(_translate("ConfigAssign", "TEST"))
        self.label.setText(_translate("ConfigAssign", "SELECT:"))

if __name__ == "__main__":
    import sys
    app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
    ConfigAssign = QtWidgets.QMainWindow()
    ui = Ui_ConfigAssign()
    ui.setupUi(ConfigAssign)
    ConfigAssign.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

Below is a sample program which calls the above file named config_assign_ui.py:
import sys
from PyQt5 import QtCore, QtGui, QtWidgets
from PyQt5.QtWidgets import QFileDialog, QMessageBox, QApplication
from config_assign_ui import Ui_ConfigAssign

class Main(QtWidgets.QMainWindow, Ui_ConfigAssign):
    def __init__(self):
        QtWidgets.QMainWindow.__init__(self)
        self.setupUi(self)
        self.combo_list()

    def combo_list(self):
        self.customerlistbox.clear()
        list1 = ['A','B','C','D','E','F','G','H']
        self.customerlistbox.addItems(list1)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    app = QtWidgets.QApplication(sys.argv)
    app.setStyle('WindowsVista')
    window = Main()
    window.show()
    sys.exit(app.exec_())

The drop down contains a few lines of items. The text in the combobox is white as desired. However when you press the drop down, the text of the rest of the items is black, and I'd like to make them all white.

Is there something I can do in the stylesheet to accomplish this? The stylesheet code I'm putting into Designer is this:
#customerlistbox {color: rgb(255, 255, 255);
border-color: rgb(69,90,100);
border-width: 0.5px;
border-style: solid;
border-radius: 3px;
padding: 1px 0px 1px 3px;}

#customerlistbox QAbstractItemView {color: rgb(255, 255, 255);}


text:
Q: Test that at least one hazard is greater than hazard in control I have an experiment with one control and three experimental arms, A, B and C. My experiment generates survival data. I have survival times for each group, $T_{tj}$, where $t = \{ control, A, B, C\}$ and $j = 1, \dots, t_j.$
I want to know if at least one arm has a lower hazard than the control arm. Denote the hazards with $\lambda_t$ I know hazards can be functions, so I can assume the hazards are proportional (preferred) or constant over time.  The hypothesis test I'm interested in is: $H_0 \lambda_j = \lambda_k$ for all $(j,k)$ against, $H_a: \lambda_{control} < \lambda{j}$ for some $j$. The alternative can be rewritten as $H_a: max\{ \lambda_{j} - \lambda_{control} \} > 0$  or $H_a: max\{ \lambda_{j}/ \lambda_{control} \} < 1$
I am not sure how to test this. Things I've considered that don't work:

*

*Fit a model with maximum likelihood. The log hazard ratio estimates are asymptotically normal, so try to construct a test based on normal random variables. I'm not sure how to construct a test statistic in this case or calculate a p-value.

*Use a likelihood ratio test. This works if all the log hazard ratio estimates are negative (hazard ratio less than 1). You could have hazard ratios of 0.99, 0.98, and 200, in which case you'd reject the null when you have no strong evidence you have a hazard ratio less than 1.
EDIT: A user asked why I don't look at the estimates give by R's coxph. I want a single test of the maximum to avoid correcting for multiple comparisons. If I take multiple contrasts simultaneously, I have to adjust the confidence intervals and p-values. If I look at just the smallest hazard ratio, and see if it's different from 0, I inflate the Type I error rate.

A: Cox models use maximum partial likelihood, since the baseline hazard function is not known. Nevertheless, the Partial-Wald, Partial-Score, and Partial-LR test statistics can be compared to standard normal distributions for inference. This is just the usual method of significance testing for covariates, but doesn't do exactly what you're trying to do.
If you want to make the method robust, just use a multiple testing procedure, like Benjamin-Hochberg to conserve FWER, and perform the individual test for each A vs control, B vs control, likewise C and D. You can make the test more general by stratifying on treatment at the cost of lower power when the proportional hazards assumption actually holds.


This meme is so true: in order to create quality prose we need to craft, project a unique character's voice, and review our own work from the objective stance of a reader. A tall order, this prescribed trinity, yet with even more broad-strokes implications than just the confines of our current WIPs. In order to best serve a writing career, an author needs to invoke this Holy Trinity all the time.
a) The more you write, the better you get.
b) The more you write, the more your brain will (yes: literally) get used to writing and do it reflexively. (Don't believe me? Consider the last good—or bad—habit you picked up. It started by repetitive practice, didn't it? And now it's part of the fabric of your life).
c) Writing always, about everything, will teach you what you love to write about the most. So keep the lines of prose and random vignettes you generate. Review them from time to time and pluck the common denominators or themes from your own inspirations. In doing so you will discover your voice, discover your passion, and may even discover your genre (or the genre you should be writing).
As you go about your day-to-day life, acknowledge that while you would order the oatmeal and wheat toast from the breakfast menu, your hero would get _____. You drive an SUV, but what about your protag? Antag? You have your 'Top 10 Tracks' on your iPod. What does your hero listen to? Maybe he doesn't listen to music at all. You have a set of dress clothes—but what would your character consider to be 'dressing up'? In Sheila Connolly's cozy Museum Mysteries series, her main character Nell dresses up to go to dinner—then reflects that her dress clothes don't look much unlike her work clothes. Hmm. A little detail that says a lot about her perception and priorities.
Force yourself to exist within the skin of your character and consider life through his/her lens—then fold some of these incidental details into the text of your manuscript, little layers that will expand the character into a living, breathing, idiosyncratic human being whose choices and interpretation of stakes will then enlarge and deepen your plot—all because they will be so congruent and consistent with the unique personality you've crafted.
Read your own material? Absolutely. Review today's work tomorrow morning with fresh eyes and renewed objectivity. Re-read your finished manuscript six weeks after its completion so you're better equipped to edit with ice equal to the fire with which you wrote it in the first place.
Beyond that, read others' work, trying always to make a habit of reading authors who are better than you. Reflect on what your favorite writers do to pull you in again and again, knowing that what works for them can be learned by you. Pay particular attention to how other writers manage elements in stories that you find tricky. Do you struggle with transitions? Wooden dialogue? Telling vs. showing re: descriptions? Examine how others execute these components and (going back to directive #1) be The Writer again, crafting vignettes to practice these skills.
Read for pleasure but read as an analyst too. Read to see how someone navigates language with a skill set different than yours, and collect techniques as you go. Watch what works and why. Pay attention. Take notes.
Read outside your preferred genre. I'm not a huge fantasy fan, yet recently read The Library At Mount Char by Scott Hawkins and was blown away. The entire novel is phenomenally crafted, but what's most impressive is how Hawkins routinely injects wry and sometimes even absurdist humor into some of the grimmest and most gruesome fiction I've ever read. I was so taken with his skill that I read some scenes over and over, reflecting on how and why it all worked so well.
Read biographies. They make for excellent research and are often written in such informal voice you feel the author is sitting having a coffee with you (a style, incidentally, which you can employ with your fictional characters, to given their dialogue a natural cadence and rhythm).
Read the news. It will keep you informed so that your fiction is built on current interests that are compelling today's reader. The news can inspire stories, and yes I know that sounds callous—yet consider this: people love to make sense out of the nonsensical or the tragic. They want to understand the characters behind the crimes. A great example of art imitating the headlines is certainly the long-running series Law & Order. Or the excellent novel We Need To Talk About Kevin by Lionel Shriver, about a school shooter and what 'built' his monstrousness. So yes, read the news and let it inform your fiction and prompt stories—like your version of the decades-long disappearances along the Highway of Tears in British Columbia, Canada. Or your take on the mysterious and darkly absurd feet that keep washing ashore in Vancouver. Or the true identity of the toddler found in the garbage bag in New England, a little soul who no one seems to know.
Write. Read. Assume the identity of your character(s). These crucial components will lift your fiction into becoming the best it can be.
Great advice. I especially vouch for the distance one needs to take after completing a work.
Love this take on it! A simple and fun way to explain why we need to wear all three hats.
....and the link to my facebook page! Best to you with the writer's journal you are crafting!
Excellent post, Bonnie! I found your 2nd point--Be Your Character--especially insightful; my tri-lead protags **NEVER** shut up some days, but this could be because I don't see myself in their "Day of the Life Of _______" often enough. Points one and three--Be the Writer and Be the Reader--are fantastic. Especially hard in being the reader: I sometimes find myself so engrossed in what I'm reading, I forget why I'm reading in the first place and have to pull myself out of the tale/story/news-piece, etc., to remind myself this.
(@MKClarkeWrites if anyone wishes to follow on Twitter).
Thank you, Missye, I struggle with the reader part too and often find sometimes I end up reading a book twice (or very slowly) because it's like looking at it through two different lenses, isn't it? - that of the reader whisked away by a great story, and that of the analyst, tearing it apart and examining WHY it's a great story.


While the Komen Foundation has joined in creative collaboration with a variety of partners from individuals to corporations, the organization is always looking for new ways to inspire, improve care, and fulfill unmet needs for patients and survivors.
The Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation, the nation's leading catalyst in the fight against the number one killer of women ages 40 to 59, works tirelessly to eradicate breast cancer as a life-threatening disease through advancing research, education, screening and treatment. While the Komen Foundation has joined in creative collaboration with a variety of partners from individuals to blue-chip corporations, the organization is always looking for new and innovative ways to inspire, improve care, and fulfill unmet needs for current patients and survivors. Many programs are done without much fanfare, and the extension of resources is quietly provided. But sometimes, there must be a lot of noise – literally – in order to make a difference. In July 2000, the Susan G. Komen Breast Cancer Foundation teamed up with the Women's Motorcyclist Foundation (WMF), the founders of a fund-raising campaign for breast cancer called Pony Express. The ten-day program marked the union of two seemingly opposite groups united for one cause. It paved the way for increased funding across the country, town by town, and heightened awareness of breast cancer in a way no other fund-raiser has done before. Pony Express began in the minds of two women – the co-founders of the WMF – and drives home one of Komen's rallying cries: the power of the individual transforms into the force of many.
Challenges certainly equal opportunity, and Pony Express is no exception. While Pony Express fund-raisers had occurred in 1996 and 1998, they were not quite as ambitious as Pony Express Round-Up 2000. The 2000 campaign consisted of four teams starting from the four corners of the United States for a seven-day journey concluding together in Peoria, Illinois (the birthplace of the late Susan G. Komen) for a few days of celebration and closing ceremonies.
Working with a very large and fragmented event structure became the first challenge of promoting Pony Express. Coordination between Pony Express organizers, the Komen affiliate network and BMW dealerships (as the primary sponsor), was both critical and complex. In addition to the numerous players involved, there were many elements to the ten-day program, which together posed another challenge and prompted a few over-riding questions. How do we create and adapt compelling media angles for a variety of audiences as the riders traveled through the country? How do we leverage the event both locally and nationally to get the most mileage possible?
In addition, we had to keep in mind that while breast cancer has received much media attention over the years, media interest has increasingly gravitated to scientific achievements versus the vast array of fundraisers, however worthy (one apparent exception is Komen's own successful Race for the Cure series). In framing the campaign, the FH team knew that peaking interest in breast cancer through yet another fundraiser -- despite the unique elements of Pony Express and the critical role that any fundraiser plays in building awareness -- would prove to be difficult.
Existing facts warrant continuous efforts related to finding a cure for breast cancer, and continue to provide the impetus to publicize and fund innovative scientific research.
Every 12 minutes, a woman dies from breast cancer.
Contribute to the dollars raised for Pony Express, and in turn breast cancer research.
Obtain recognition for Pony Express through media angles that are typically unrelated to breast cancer.
Focus outreach on the purpose of Pony Express, to raise money for breast cancer research.
Communicate why the Komen Foundation was chosen by the WMF.
Komen allows 100% of the riders' pledged dollars to be earmarked solely to breast cancer research.
Komen is often the only source of cutting-edge breast cancer research that fills gaps in research funding – and its funding has led to landmark discoveries.
Humanize the story through breast cancer patients and survivors participating in Pony Express.
Foster new types of media channels and focus on cities that riders would pass through, understanding that smaller numbers add up.
The team revved up for a multifaceted grass-roots media campaign designed to leverage one-of-a-kind elements of the Pony Express campaign and reach the objectives presented above.
Press Kit Accessories: Key messages were woven into event-specific press materials developed to complement the existing Komen press kit including: a Pony Express Fact Sheet, pictures from Pony Express '98, survivor stories, biographies of the co-founders of the WMF and Pony Express, and a Pony Express trail map.
Community-based Outreach: The team tailored outreach to communities across the country, highlighting local involvement and events that included BMW and Komen Affiliate activities.
New Targets: There was a first-time opportunity for outreach to motorcycle publications. As well, the concluding ceremonies featuring a concert by country singer Kathy Mattea provided an opportunity to pitch a fresh angle.
Radio and Broadcast Bonus: Key messages were also outlined to aid Komen and WMF spokespeople in radio and broadcast media tours, complimented by a b-roll and VNR package.
A Radio Media Tour (RMT) featured the co-founders of the WMF and Pony Express with the chair of the Board for the Komen Foundation. The RMT hit large and small radio markets across the country beginning in June and leading up to the four kick-off events on July 1.
The Satellite Media Tour (SMT) featured the co-founders of the WMF and Pony Express, this time with the president of the Komen Foundation. Held in Hannibal, MO, Pony Express riders could be seen in the background packing and getting ready for the last leg of the journey from Hannibal to Peoria, Illinois. The SMT schedule was completely booked, with back-to-back interviews from 7:00 to 10:00 am in 15-minute intervals.
B-roll was also developed and included footage from the "Southeast" trail, beginning with the kick-off event in Daytona Beach, Florida through to Peoria, Illinois. The b-roll also included soundbites from a breast cancer survivor participating in Pony Express.
Extending the Reach: FH pitched the story to major broadcast outlets in the spirit of Breast Cancer Awareness Month and was rewarded with an exciting placement on the Rosie O'Donnell Show. A Pony Express staff member, participant rider and breast cancer survivor introduced Rosie and discussed Pony Express and Komen.
The Pony Express 2000 campaign raised funds totaling approximately $500,000. A contribution of $10,000 came from the Rosie O'Donnell show.
Many publications, particularly smaller, local outlets, were new venues for Komen coverage. In addition, many of the stories highlighted, for example, the music and motorcycle elements of the campaign, reaching new audiences through relating topics that are not typically covered together.
Media reach exceeded the prior campaign by more than 50%. Riders conducted, on average, two press conferences a day per team for a total of 50 press conferences.
Finally, the ever-important goal of raising awareness can be calculated rather simply. That is, awareness is raised when even one person is exposed to the disease – in their car listening to the radio, in their home reading a magazine or watching television. In this case, we raised awareness for breast cancer not once, but more than 10 million times!


Download the demo from one of the links given at THIS LINK.
I intend to host a temporary server when I can.
Hopefully one of our current server hosters will switch over to hosting a Lockdown demo server.
For the time being, my server will be locked. If you are one of those with the pw then you are welcome to join.
if you don't have it already, we will probably not be giving it out specially for this. We'll have an open server soon.
Server # 2 is offline while I download the file and make an attempt to create a dedicated server on that machine.... updates as it occurrs.
Thats where the market is, there were the games are going.
i havent played it yet, but i dont expect much.
First impression: Both thumbs down, I am afraid. :?
is the pw friends or trp/rct?
Not very impressed with the demo, and to think I waited almost two hours to get it...ah well, it is the video gaming industry, most games now adays are going to be geared towards the fast paced FFS, racing, vice games (GTA series), and RPGs...out of the door goes simulations/tactical shooters.
The Jury is still out here.
I'll buy the full version anyway (on order) just cos its got the word RavenShield on the packaging!
The similarities with the "touch and feel" of SWAT4 are striking. Graphics and interaction are excellent.
I'll make a decision once I've played the full version for a couple of hours or so.
"Lead me, follow me, or get out of my way"
I would rather play Ghost Recon then this game... it is an insult to the RVS community.
you need to use the SECOND results to copy.
I did use the 2nd results...it's just my computer is all stupid and won't work for me.
I have now installed the demo. But when I launch the mission, I can't see anything...only the Heads Up Display and a black screen.
(My graphics card: GeForce 4 4200 Ti).
[quote="SAS_Leon"]I have now installed the demo. But when I launch the mission, I can't see anything...only the Heads Up Display and a black screen.
Hi tried lockdown and ouch, Rainbow six turns FPS with dumb teammates. It felt like playing the Half Life 2 bit when you lead a squad. There are hardly any orders, dam this game is so scrapped!!
You mean like theres the gravity of the sun Mando If there was no gravity they'd float not snail it at walking and run like it's the 100m dash with only there shorts on.
All while packing a good 30++ lbs of gear..
Thats was my reaction to the post.
I'll try download it anyway.
Wow its crap really crap.
Can't find one thing I like about this game, it really lower the standard of realistic shooters. Its a big shame. Hope UBI will suffer hard, for this piece of "@¤#%!
Hope The Regiment and GR: Advanced Warfighter wont disapoint.
Or we will be playing SWAT4 and RVS for a lot of years to come.
Oops think the rage got over me.
They are really getting the rage now..
Leon, AIM me sometime and I'll help you.
It did work after I installed new drivers from NVidia. But...then Ravenshield got problems with rendering the intro movies, and the rotating Rainbow Six logo when loading a map. So, then I installed my old drivers again. Ravenshield is still not like it used to be though. It's hard to explain but sometimes the graphics get horizontal "lines" across the screen, f.ex when I slice the pie around a corner. Lockdown has messed up Ravenshield lol.


This Honey Coconut Chia Pudding is a truly cupful of sunshine! Perfect as quick and nutritious breakfast, afternoon snack, or healthy dessert.
Blueberry Chia Pudding for keto and low carb. Easy recipe for breakfast.
This delicious Strawberry Coconut Chia Pudding only needs 5 ingredients and 10 minutes to make.
Banana Chia Pudding with Caramelized Banana and Coconut. Banana Bread in Chia Pudding form.
6 Tbsp chia seeds 2 cups coconut milk beverage or any non-dairy milk 6 large squares dark chocolate (yield about 2 Tbsp melted + 4 Tbsp gr.
This blueberry coconut chia pudding is an easy, healthy dessert!


DynaCAD by Invivo is a digital imaging workstation coupled with computer-aided detection (CAD) tools for performing real-time image analysis and interventional procedure planning. DynaCAD provides radiologists with a comprehensive solution for significantly improved workflow and increased diagnostic confidence, the company says. DynaCAD software version 2.0 will be highlighted at RSNA, boasting new and upgraded visualization tools for rapid evaluation of MR data and planning of percutaneous procedures.


Master of fine arts (M.F.A.) candidates in the College of Visual and Performing Arts (VPA) will present the thesis exhibition "Plans Are Cancelled" at three Syracuse University exhibition spaces that are part of the Coalition of Museums and Art Centers.
The exhibition features the work of 24 M.F.A. candidates from VPA's School of Art and Department of Transmedia and is curated by Scott Campbell, a Detroit-based visual artist and curator.
The exhibition schedule is as follows. All events are free and open to the public.
Reception: Friday, April 5, 6-8 p.m.
Gallery hours: Mon.-Fri., noon-5 p.m. or by appointment.
Reception: Thursday, April 11, 5-7 p.m.
Gallery hours: Tues.-Sun., 11 a.m.-4:30 p.m.; Thurs. until 8 p.m.; closed Mon.
Reception: Thursday, April 18, 5:30-7:30 p.m.
Gallery hours: Tues.-Fri., 10 a.m.-5 p.m.; Sat., 11 a.m.-5 p.m.
Working primarily in drawing, collage, and mixed-media sculpture, Scott Campbell's studio practice examines the social and cultural constructs that inform our identity, motivate our behavior and ultimately shape our societies. Visually inspired by semiotics and African-American material culture, his work takes the form of serial projects, each created around a set of aesthetic guidelines which dictate the form, materiality and imagery in a given body of work. Campbell has exhibited widely in New York and throughout the Midwest and in 2017 was the inaugural Ford Curatorial Fellow at the Museum of Contemporary Art Detroit. In addition to his studio and curatorial practice, Campbell is also the artist liaison at Red Bull Arts Detroit, an artist residency and experimental, non-commercial exhibition space in Detroit's Eastern Market neighborhood.


text:
At HealthPartners, Mary Brainerd's leadership approaches solutions from a nuanced angle
By furstgroup | August 5 th, 2015 | Affordable Care Act, delivery, merger, payers, Triple Aim, financing, Modern Healthcare, organizations, ParkNicollet, providers, Blog, cancer, CEO, Head + Heart Together, Institute for Healthcare Improvement, leadership, Mary Brainerd, Northwest Alliance, safety, HealthPartners, quality, Top 25 Women in Healthcare | Add A Comment
While HealthPartners CEO Mary Brainerd is pleased that more people now have insurance through the Affordable Care Act, you'll have to excuse her if she's a little frustrated with how the law has had a rocky start in Minnesota, where innovations that already existed were scuttled by Obamacare.
For example, Minnesota residents who had pre-existing conditions already had insurance coverage through a special high-risk pool that included businesses as well as individuals. It had been functioning just fine for 30 years. The ACA shut the program down. Those individuals were forced to buy insurance products on the clunky exchange and now, in Year 2, are facing rate hikes of more than 50 percent because the risk pool is too small.
"That's a federal issue, and we wish it would change," Brainerd says. "But it appears no one has the political will at the federal level to ask, 'What's not working, and how can we help make it better?' The more you segment the market when people have serious health conditions, the higher the costs are both for these individuals and for these smaller funding pools that are responsible for covering their costs."
It's an intriguing patient-centric perspective on Brainerd's part, and comes from an angle that's a little different than the typical healthcare-industry party line. But perhaps that's to be expected from a respected executive with a degree in philosophy (as well as an MBA).
"I think there are actually a lot of areas in which both philosophy specifically and liberal arts in general add value, and that is that you spend time studying many different perspectives on the same topic," she says. "So when you're faced with challenges and decisions, you're less likely to think there's a formulaic right answer. Instead, you're more likely to think there are many perspectives on this issue to explore and understand before moving to quick decisions."
A 2013 merger with the ParkNicollet system was significant for HealthPartners because it doubled the organization's patient base to more than 1 million and expanded the payer-and-provider capabilities that the company had been executing for 50 years. Other healthcare organizations are now jumping into the payer-provider mix, and Brainerd has some advice for them.
"I think the challenge for organizations that are just creating those capabilities is not to think of them as two separate businesses but instead to look at them as very integrated, synergistic businesses that have the same strategy. We have the same strategic plan for our delivery system as we do for our health plan, and it's focused on people as our chief resource and asset."
Yet the enormity of merging two large organizations was a challenge.
"There are 23,000 people making decisions across our organization every minute of every day, and so what we do and how we do it has to come from that shared sense of value and a common sense of purpose," Brainerd says.
As the vehicle for that mission, HealthPartners' culture is known as "Head + Heart, Together." Internally, it has helped build cohesion. Externally, it has encouraged the organization get in front of the trend toward collaboration. For example, HealthPartners, Allina Health and a physicians' group were all thinking about building an MRI center in one region of the Twin Cities metroplex. Instead, they worked together and built one center that they all utilize.
HealthPartners and Allina also joined forces in an initiative called the Northwest Alliance, with a view to achieving Triple Aim results in quality and health improvement, especially in urgent care and mental health services.
"Neither of us alone would have been able to bring that capability to the community," she says.
The results, she says, have been so strong that HealthPartners and Allina are planning to extend the original 7-year agreement before it even expires.
Brainerd is equally committed to HealthPartners' ties with the Institute for Healthcare Improvement, making, as in the case with the Northwest Alliance, the Triple Aim its overarching view of care. The Triple Aim's focus on quality and safety is an area in which her personal experience has shaped her.
More than a decade ago, she was a patient in her own system as she dealt with breast cancer. Her care was excellent, but there were some less-than-stellar interactions with the system that made her re-evaluate what HealthPartners' patients experience.
"I think anyone I know who has worked in healthcare and then has encountered the healthcare system as a patient, either themselves or a close family member, is changed by that experience," she says. "Still, to this day, I almost viscerally recall that feeling of vulnerability that you have, and also the understanding that the physical challenges of treatments and surgeries is in many respects not even half the challenge of the emotional and psychological impact of a serious illness.
"It was a life-changing experience for me, and I hope it made me a better leader for our organization."
While Brainerd says she believes the healthcare industry had made significant progress in safety, she also wonders what other blind spots exist.
"If, 10 years ago, we didn't see those issues in patient safety, what are the things we're not seeing today that future leaders will reference and say, 'Why weren't they focused on that?,' " she says. "For example, in our aim to minimize pain, we're actually creating an environment where there are many worse health consequences as the result of the abuse, misuse and overuse of narcotics. More than 80 percent of the world's narcotics are prescribed in the United States. And then I wonder what tomorrow's example will be. I want to look for it."
Profiles in Leadership: Jeffcoat at ease under reform's pressures
By furstgroup | August 23 rd, 2011 | Boise, delivery, finance, Healthcare, reform, Saint Alphonsus, Top 25 Women, health system, hospital, Idaho, leaders, Modern Healthcare, operational effectiveness, patient safety, president, Sally Jeffcoat, wellness, Blog, CEO, clinical, leadership, operations, preventon, quality | Add A Comment
One in a series of profiles of Modern Healthcare's Top 25 Women in Healthcare (sponsored by Furst Group)
A lot of the dialogue about healthcare reform is focused on cost, but Sally Jeffcoat, president and CEO of Saint Alphonsus Health System in Boise, Idaho, says she thinks there's an equally important element that is being overshadowed.
"Health reform has really taken shape in the form of financing reform, but what we haven't done yet is the care-delivery reform that's required," she says. "This gets to the heart of operational effectiveness: how are we going to reorganize care delivery that shifts patients to lower cost environments so that we can still deliver better quality than what we have today?"
To do that, she says, some of the responsibility needs to shift to the patients.
"A focus on prevention and wellness is where we need to reform the system because, right now, there really aren't any incentives and reimbursement for that type of care," Jeffcoat says. "It's difficult to manage the transition unless we reward our providers to deliver that kind of care and we shift some of the risk for those expectations to those patients and populations that we are trying to serve.
"Healthy behaviors are really where we can address some of the problems of our healthcare system today."
All of that speaks to change, and that is something that Jeffcoat is comfortable with herself. A native Texan whose father was an Army surgeon, she worked for many years in her home state and Arizona, rising to a CEO position in the Ascension system, before taking her current role with Trinity Health.
"I've had the blessing of working in organizations that have a strong management development program, but I would not have been able to advance if I wasn't willing to take on different roles that I had to grow into, or move to different locations," she says. "Working in different environments shapes you as a leader, because you learn from the positive and negative experiences and integrate them into your leadership style."
Strategic vision tops the list when Jeffcoat lists the qualities that rising female executives need in today's environment. But vision must work in tandem with operational effectiveness, she says.
"You need to have the ability to take strategic vision and operationalize it," she says. "You need to be connecting the dots from strategy to effective implementation to be successful. I also think the ability to communicate vision – the what and the why – is important for a female executive. If you can't get people wrapped around the why, it makes it more difficult to implement your vision."
Jeffcoat is known for her dedication to quality and safety, traits that were shaped not only by her pivotal role in Ascension's "Journey to Zero" program but also by her history as a nurse.
"It's so important to never get too far away from the bedside or from direct patient care," she says. "I probably get a lot of my satisfaction from being able to interface directly with the caregivers who are on the front lines. The other thing I derive from that is the teamwork it takes to produce the kind of high reliability that we are all trying to achieve as an organization."
And a clinical background, she says, can sometimes help a female leader shine.
"It's important to have the business skills necessary to perform a CEO role. But some of the characteristics of women leaders that bring a balance, such as compassion and collaboration, are very important, particularly in an industry in which 50 percent of the workforce is made up of clinical caregivers."


I didn't do cardio. Bad, bad, bad me!
I can't vouch for the accuracy of the reps and such on the leg press machines, because honestly I forget the numbers, but that gives you a general sense of what I did.
The adductor and abductor machines are amusing pieces of equipment. When I was in Goldsboro, NC, I noticed a lot of the older women using them. I decided to try them out, and I think I understand their appeal.


Took away as little as possible on this piece. After looking at it and drawing on it for a few days, this is how we ended up. Each angle shows a slightly different picture. When light catches, the confetti/glitter/schiller really comes out.
Carved on the face, and polished on the sides, while keeping the back in it's natural shape. This will need a creative type setting, something more than standard prongs or a bezel.
Available as a loose gem or I'd be happy to make it into a piece of jewelry. Please contact with any inquiries.