IPsec Made Simple | What is IPsec? | What can IPsec do?
What network security does IPsec provide? IPsec is an extension of the Internet Protocol (IP) designed to secure network communication through cryptography. It can provide all of the security that can be achieved through cryptography: confidentiality and integrity of the data, plus authentication of the endpoint hosts. The combination of integrity and authentication provides non-repudiation. IPsec also detects replay attacks. We need to look at how it provides that security, and how to set it up.
Since IPsec is a modification of the IP implementation within the TCP/IP protocol suite, that means a modification to the kernel of modern operating systems.
Don't worry. Unless you are using something truly antique, your operating system will support IPsec.
RFC 4301, "Security Architecture for IP"
RFC 4306, "Internet Key Exchange (IKEv2) Protocol"
IPsec secures network communication between pairs of hosts. IPsec can be used to establish VPN (or Virtual Private Network) connections between sites or between a remote user and the core business site. User issues such as authenticating a human as the owner of some user identity, restricting access to data by users, and so on, are outside the scope of IPsec. Those important security tasks are left to the operating systems run on the hosts.
Put another way, IPsec provides network communication security for operating systems. Those operating systems then do their own work to authenticate users and authorize their activities.
Which of the CIA goals are important? Confidentiality, integrity, and host authentication are possible. Computers are fast and the cryptographic work is easy, so the usual answer is "all of them", although subsets are possible.
Confidentiality requires a cipher and a key. If it is desired, which cipher is used (e.g., AES or Blowfish) and in which mode (e.g., AES-256-CBC-MAC, AES-256-GCM) and what is the key?
Data integrity and host authentication requires a hashed message authentication code (HMAC) based on some cryptographic hash function. If it is desired, which HMAC is used (e.g., HMAC-SHA-2-256) and what is the key?
Host 1 sends a challenge known to be unique. The number of seconds elapsed since 00:00:00 1 January 1970 makes for a useful challenge.
Host 2 encrypts the challenge using the shared secret key and returns this response.
Host 1 decrypts the response using the shared secret key. If the resulting cleartext is the challenge, host 2 knows the secret and must be the real host 2.
Generate a public/private key pair and digital certificate for each host. The digital certificate is an X.509 data structure including the public key wrapped inside a digital signature made by the trusted signing authority, or Certification Authority (CA).
Host 2 encrypts the challenge using its private key and returns this response along with the digital certificate containing the public key for Host 2.
Host 1 verifies the digital signature on the certificate using its trusted copy of the signing authority's public key. Host 1 then extracts the public key for Host 2 from the certificate and uses that to decrypt the response. If the resulting cleartext is the challenge, the responding host knew the private key for Host 2 and must be the real Host 2.
After a round of that in each direction, each host is confident in the other host's identity.
The two hosts negotiate a mutually acceptable combination of confidentiality (or not) and integrity plus authentication (or not). This is usually the complete CIA triple, but some host pairs may be configured to only use some.
The two hosts negotiate a mutually acceptable set of algorithms and keys. The algorithms will generally be the strongest cipher and hash supported by both ends. The needed shared secret keys will be agreed upon using Diffie-Hellman key negotiation.
The SA information is then passed to the IPsec module of the kernel.
Once the SA has been established, IKE is used from time to time to negotiate new session keys. You want to use a key only for a limited time and amount of data. IKE can quickly re-run Diffie-Hellman to agree on new keys. Any delay caused by periodic re-keying will tend to disappear into the background noise of routine network latency jitter.
Once the kernel has an SA for another host, it will enforce its use. Every packet sent to that host will be modified according to the SA. Every packet apparently from that host will be dropped if it cannot be handled according to the SA. That means that if one host of an IPsec pair suddenly quit using IPsec and simply sent plain IP datagrams, the other host would drop all those apparently bogus datagrams.
Authentication Header is an IPsec extension to IP to provide data integrity, source host authentication, and protection against replay attacks.
Encapsulating Security Payload is an IPsec extension to IP to provide data confidentiality, data integrity, source host authentication, and protection against replay attacks.
Authentication Header inserts an extension to the original IP header. The AH header includes the Security Parameters Index (SPI), which is effectively an index number indicating which SA is used. It also includes the integrity check value (ICV), which is a hashed message authentication code of the payload, the non-changing IP and AH header fields, and appropriate key.
ESP inserts an extension to the original IP header, and adds an authentication block to the end of the datagram. The ESP header includes the Security Parameters Index (SPI), which is effectively an index number indicating which SA is used. It also includes a sequence number, a number that should increase with each IPsec datagram sent. This allows a system to recognize and ignore duplicate received IPsec datagrams.
A "Next header" field is added to the end of the encrypted payload, along with padding to make the datagram an integer multiple of 32 bits. Then a final authentication data block contains the ICV, which is an HMAC of the payload, the non-changing IP and ESP header fields, and appropriate key.
Transport Mode encrypts only the payload. The IP header itself is left alone (beyond changing the Protocol Type field to 50 for ESP). The source and destination IP addresses are the actual endpoints. Transport Mode is used for host-to-host communications. The data contents are protected, but anyone observing network traffic can see traffic flow patterns.
Tunnel Mode is used to encrypt the entire original IP datagram, both payload and original header, and then encapsulate that inside a new IP header. You create a Virtual Private Network (VPN) between two remote sites by doing Tunnel Mode IPsec at the gateways. Let's think about sending a packet from site #1 to site #2. Sites #1 and #2 each have correspondingly numbered gateways connecting them to the Internet.
The original datagram's IP header has the IP addresses of the endpoints. That entire datagram is encrypted at the site #1 gateway, and encapsulated inside a header routing it from gateway #1 to gateway #2. When it gets there, gateway #2 decrypts its payload according to the SA specified by the SPI in the header. The result is an IP datagram which is identical to the one that disappeared into the encryption back at the other site. That cleartext datagram is routed onto the networks within site #2.
Packets moving the opposite direction are encrypted on gateway #2, encapsulated inside a GW2-to-GW1 IP header and routed to gateway #1. It is decrypted there, and the resulting cleartext datagram is routed onto the internal site #1 networks.
If GW1 and GW2 do not not have an SA established, they set one up via IKE when the first packet bound for the other site reaches one of the gateways.
If the end-point hosts shared an SA, the payload of the datagrams crossing the internal networks of the two sites would be ciphertext. There's certainly no harm in encrypting data that happens to already be ciphertext. And this would provide defense in depth and protect against hostile insiders at both sites.
Do these steps on the CA host. This syntax shows the use of tools from the OpenSSL package. Another page of mine shows the equivalent gnutls command syntax.
5: Install the appropriate key pair, digital certificate, and public key of the trusted signing authority on each host. Those will be the three files named newhostname_* plus the CA public key cacert.pem. Copy them to the IPsec host and install them in the correct location. On a Linux machine with the racoon daemon managing the SAs, those files go in the directory /etc/racoon/certs/.
# Change these host names to match yours!
There is an interesting thing called opportunistic encryption. This is an attempt to establish encrypted communication with any host before falling back to plaintext communication if needed. This means you can routinely encrypt some of your network traffic without setting up any Security Associations, just by asking your operating system to attempt opportunistic encryption and then communicating with other hosts supporting the same thing.
What does this accomplish? Not much meaningful security. But, as I said, computers are fast, and the idea is why not encrypt anyway despite the lack of real security?
Polite attempts to correct my error, surely I don't really mean what I seem to be saying.
Derision at the foolish people who would even consider such a silly thing as whispering secrets to strangers.
Utter horror when they are finally convinced that some people really do use this for things like routine web browsing, IRC, electronic mail, peer-to-peer file sharing, and more.
Yes, this would allow the opportunistic encryption subset of Internet users to communicate with each other while frustrating attempts to routinely eavesdrop on them. See the Wikipedia page for pointers to the details for doing this on Linux and routers with Openswan and other FreeS/WAN derivatives, on Windows, to protect e-mail and VoIP, and more.


LOS ANGELES — A man with a violent criminal history who was deported six times had no outstanding warrants when questioned last month about the disappearance of his aunt and so he was released, Houston police said Wednesday, when the man was charged in Los Angeles with the beating deaths of three men.
Immigration records are generally not public, so it remained a mystery how Ramon Escobar, 47, won an appeal in immigration court in 2016 and why he remained free after a subsequent arrest for assault.
The Aug. 30 encounter by Escobar with Houston police came two days after his aunt vanished and marked his last brush with the law before his arrest in California this week.
Escobar was charged Wednesday in Los Angeles County with three counts of murder, five counts of attempted murder and four counts of second-degree robbery in attacks involving homeless men.
It could not be immediately determined if he had an attorney.
U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement said Escobar was ordered removed from the country by an immigration judge in February 1988, and he was deported to El Salvador six times between 1997 and 2011. He had six felony convictions for burglary and illegal re-entry.
The Board of Immigration Appeals granted his appeal in December 2016, and ICE released him a month later.
Last November, Escobar was arrested on the misdemeanour assault charge by Harris County, Texas, authorities, according to Texas Department of Public Safety records. He was convicted in May.
ICE spokeswoman Paige Hughes declined to comment on Escobar's case beyond a statement issued late Tuesday. The Executive Office for Immigration Review, which oversees the immigration courts, did not provide information.
Andrew Arthur, a retired immigration judge, said the Board of Immigration Appeals may have allowed Escobar to stay in the country and be released under ICE supervision by granting him asylum or some other form of relief, like "withholding of removal" or protection under the United Nations Convention Against Torture.
"Even people with horrendous criminal records are able to access humanitarian relief to remain in the United States," said Arthur, a fellow at the Center for Immigration Studies, which advocates for restrictions on immigration.
John Sandweg, a former acting director of ICE, said a serious criminal record can hurt an asylum claim but doesn't disqualify someone from withholding of removal. Unlike asylum, withholding of removal does not include a path to citizenship and is therefore considered less appealing.
Escobar was questioned by Houston police on Aug. 30 in his aunt's disappearance but police spokesman Kese Smith said he was not a suspect at the time. Investigators spoke with him because he was one of the last people to see Dina Escobar, 60, before she vanished in late August.
Her disappearance and that of her husband, Rogelio Escobar, 65, were considered missing-persons cases.
"We had no probable cause to arrest or book him," Smith said Wednesday afternoon.
Immigration status is checked by Houston police only when a person is being booked into the city jail after being charged with a crime, Smith said.
Late Wednesday night, however, all that changed when Smith announced that foul play was now suspected in the disappearances.
Authorities say Escobar travelled to Los Angeles after the disappearances, of which he is now considered a person of interest.
Escobar likely targeted victims to rob them, according to Los Angeles police. He is being held without bail. He is believed to be the man captured on surveillance video ransacking the pockets and belongings of some downtown Los Angeles victims.
Detectives have seized a wooden baseball bat and bolt cutters that they believe were used to bludgeon men as they lay sleeping on the beach or on the street in Los Angeles and Santa Monica, police said. All but one of the men was homeless.
Authorities at first described him as homeless, but family and friends said the father of two, who loved to fish at the pier, worked boats in neighbouring Marina del Rey and sometimes camped out under the pier to avoid the long commute home.


I love to garden. My parents always had us out in the garden growing up. I think about how great it was to learn a useful skill like that. It's strange to think that this summer with the big garden that I won't be sharing any with my dad. I was hoping to supply him with homegrown tomatoes & more. I find weeding to be very therapeutic (along with sewing quilts– haven't done that in a few years). Thanks to my neighbor who weeded my garden while I was traveling around with mom, I now have plenty of things ready and some on their way for picking.


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Lanterns Expo: Low
HC intelligent home network Climate chaotic, low-carbon coming. From Beijing's Bird's Nest to the Dubai Seven Star Yacht Hotel, WWF launched the "Earth Hour" event attracted 1 / 7 the Earth's response. Even in the hot Internet users, the Shanghai World Expo should it turn off the lights for one hour? In fact, the lighting effects Expo has long been the concern of tourists from around the world, from the relevant departments within the World Expo news, tourist attraction in this year's Expo, one of which is known as "Red China" lighting effects, which will be the next by the Chinese to create a low-carbon age "Movies World Expo."
Expo lantern "espionage" Expo has not yet officially opened, lantern "intelligence" has spread like wildfire. Shanghai World Expo said that the current lighting effects, because the theme of each different venue presents a different character, such as the U.S. Pavilion to create a "happy light", the French Pavilion created "emotional lighting", German Pavilion to create a "light metal" so. Distinctive styling and bright colors and stadium lighting effects off by each other, so that night under the beautiful Expo. It is understood that these personality colorful lighting effects, from the School of Architecture and Urban Planning of Tongji University, three male bodies aurora lighting up to several years of careful co-operation. There are ancient lantern
Chinese folk customs, especially in the first month, playing the old lantern show is fixed, even lunch in a cold winter day in the North, but also lively ice lantern festival. Shanghai World Expo site as many venues beginning to come to light debugging, throughout the preparations for Shanghai tourists is the lantern enthusiastic. "This year's Expo will be dedicated to sell tickets the night, if prepared to visit the park if fractional, be sure to wander out of a day at the park." According to the relevant Lighting Design Expo Site person in charge said one axis and four museum is a must-see night attractions.
Lantern forget to energy conservation, energy conservation has become popular nowadays a topic of concern. It is learned that the main shaft 4 by three male Museum of Aurora's LED technology, large-scale alternative to traditional lighting tools has greatly reduced the lighting energy consumption broke through the limitations of traditional sources of lighting. Particularly worth mentioning is that the lines of the China Pavilion-style lamps, mainly by three male Aurora high color of T5 light source, and a new generation of HID metal halide electronic ballast, at night can be more express a "China red "visual effects, more artistic expression and appeal.
Carbon China's "shadow Expo"
To create a festive atmosphere of low-carbon age "China Red", this Expo will be on energy saving lighting has taken great pains to require very strict. To a four-axis Hall project as an example, the Shanghai World Expo Group has organized a "World Expo Axis Intelligent Lighting Control System" in the global tender, the three male Aurora, GE, Osram and other domestic and foreign brands of advanced energy-saving technology, integration lighting design solutions won the bid, in which three male domestic brands Aurora following the Olympic venues, the Expo will once again become the venue of the most important supplier of lighting equipment.
According to report, because the Chinese government continued to increase in energy saving lighting to guide efforts, this Expo will be fully abandoned the old bulb, mainly successful brand of energy-saving lamps and LED products on the basis of ensuring the brightness about 90% energy saving , is substantially reduced energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions. As an official of the Shanghai Municipal Government said, a period of 184 days of the Shanghai World Expo site, even if every night, "Red China", than in the past 10 days, the Expo will also energy-saving lights.
"Temporarily turn off the lights, energy saving as day." China Lighting Association, an expert pointed out that by the Tongji University, three male Aurora, GE and other U.S. agencies in Shanghai to create a "shadow Expo" is not only energy-saving classic case of lighting works also reflect the Chinese characteristics, "low-carbon thinking."
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Vice presidential candidates are also scheduled to debate themselves on December 14, 2018.
President Muhammadu Buhari, Atiku Abubakar and other candidates contesting in the 2019 presidential election have been scheduled to debate on January 19, 2019, by the Nigerian Election Debate Group and the Broadcasting Organisations of Nigeria (BON).
BON chairman, John Momoh, made the disclosure at a press conference in Abuja on Thursday, November 22, 2018.
According to him, the debates will hold at the Transcorp Hilton Hotel, Abuja and will be broadcast live by all BON member radio and television stations across the country. The debates will also be streamed live across social media platforms.
The two leading candidates for the election are President Buhari who's running with vice president, Yemi Osinbajo, on the platform of the All Progressives Congress (APC) and Atiku, a former vice president, who's running with a former Anambra State governor, Peter Obi, on the platform of the People's Democratic Party (PDP).
While next year's election, scheduled for February 16, 2019, is expected to be keenly-contested between Buhari and Atiku, they both face competition from other candidates including Donald Duke of the Social Democratic Party (SDP), Kingsley Moghalu of the Young Progressive Party (YPP), Obiageli Ezekwesili of the Allied Congress Party of Nigeria (ACPN), Fela Durotoye of the Alliance for New Nigeria (ANN), and Omoyele Sowore of the African Action Congress (AAC).
79 candidates will contest in the election, the highest number ever in Nigeria's electoral history. Not much is known about how many will be allowed to participate in the debate.
It's unclear whether President Buhari will attend the debate as the Director-General of his campaign, Rotimi Amaechi, disclosed last week that he made the decision for him to not appear for the 2015 debate because it was deemed to be unnecessary.
"I made that decision as the DG of the campaign that it was unnecessary. That it was better that he spoke to Nigerians as he went on the campaign. The debate does not offer the solution," the Minister of Transportation said.
The president took part in presidential debates in the run up to the 2007 and 2011 presidential elections which he lost, but he failed to debate ahead of the 2015 election which he won.
When questioned about if the president would show up for a debate this time around, Amaechi said the president's campaign committee would make a decision at a later date.
He said, "What will inform that decision (to attend presidential debate) will be when we have sat as a campaign committee and we'll look at the issues. What do you want to debate about?
"The campaign committee will make that decision when the time comes. We can't make that decision now."
He later added, "I didn't say the president won't come. I said that when the time comes, we'll evaluate what the issues are."
Ezekwesili, Sowore, and Moghalu have publicly called on the president to engage in a debate with them to make it clear to Nigerians who's most suitable to sit in the Presidential Villa.


The World Wide Web is an ever-growing network that offers new possibilities to make cash on the Web. One of these ways is to be a domain reseller and sell domain names to end clients, earning profit from the difference between the wholesale and the retail price of each and every domain name. 1000's of domains are registered each and every day, and there are 1 000 000's of currently active domains, so this is an increasing business niche that you can become involved in.
A domain is composed of 2 components - a Top-Level Domain (TLD) and a Second-Level Domain (SLD). If we pick domain.com, for instance, ".com" is the top-level domain name and "domain" is the SLD.
The top-level domain names can be generic or country code. The generic top-level domain names include the best known domain extensions like .com, .net, .org, .mobi, .info, whereas the country-code top-level domain names comprise two-character abbreviations that correspond to each country. Instances of country-code Top-Level Domains are .ca, .me, .fr, .es, and so on. Each TLD, whether it is a generic or a country-code top-level domain name, has a Registry - an organization that handles the registrations and sets the preconditions that each concrete TLD may involve, like the duration of the registration term or the citizenship of the registrant. A number of Registrar corporations work under the Registry. These are the corporations that actually sell the domain name to customers and administer all domain records.
Numerous Registrars have reseller programs that enable individuals to earn money from selling domains to end clients. If you subscribe to such a program, you can begin your own personal electronic business. Usually, a domain will be cheaper if it is registered via a reseller rather than if it is bought straight from the Registrar by an end customer. The reason is that resellers can reach more individuals in regions or states where the Registrar may not be popular at all. This implies more sales for the Registrar, so both sides will capitalize on that. Your revenue will be the difference between the price that the user pays and the one that the Registrar imposes for the domain registration.
When you sign up for a domain name reseller program, you will get a site hosting CP where you can settle the prices for the specific Top-Level Domains that the Registrar provides. Most firms also provide invoicing software and web page themes for your virtual storefront, and the automation of the entire procedure combined with the flourishing demand for domains render the domain name reseller business niche so alluring. You will either obtain a pre-made web site and make use of the Registrar system to resell domains, or they will offer you access to their API (Application Programming Interface) so that you can create your very own personal website and order form. Generally, you have the option to pick between the 2 alternatives, so it all revolves around how trained you are in these matters. As a domain reseller, you will do business on behalf of your personal brand name and not on behalf of the Registrar's brand.
A nice addition to your domain name reseller business would be to sell web hosting services too. Thus, you can offer a package deal to people who want to establish their website and demand both a domain and a web hosting account. Some corporations furnish such options. With 'ResellersPanel', for instance, you can order a VPS or a dedicated server, and they will also offer you a domain reseller account and cost-free invoice management software to charge your clients. You can then sell domains and shared website hosting plans to clients, and since they provide plenty of diverse domain extensions, you will be able to provide domain name and hosting services to users from all around the globe.


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uzair meaning in quran
Uzair name meaning in Urdu is Helper, Strength, Name Of A Prophet There are other meanings of Uzair in Urdu mentioned on this page. It comes from the Hebrew word for "helpful" and Ezra was the author of one of the Old Testament books. You might also be interested in: Quranic Verses about Uzair. 'Uzayr is a Jewish name but it is mentioned in the Qur'aan in the context of condemning the Jews, when Allaah says (interpretation of the meaning): "And the Jews say: 'Uzayr (Ezra) is the son of Allaah, and the Christians say: Messiah is the son of Allaah. ; A submission from United Kingdom says the name Uzair means "A figure mentioned in the Quran, Surah At-Tawba, verse 9:30, which … Although not explicitly mentioned in Quran among the prophets, Ezra is considered as one of the prophets by some Muslim scholars, based on Islamic traditions. (9:30) وَقَالَتِ الْيَهُودُ عُزَيْرٌ ابْنُ اللَّهِ. People search this name as Uzair, Uzair meaning , Uzaira meaning, Uzaira, Uzair meaning in urdu, Abu uzair, Uzair ahemad, Uzairaa meaning, Uzairr, Meaning of uzair. Both spellings are acceptable. A user from New York, U.S. says the name Uzair is of Arabic origin and means "The name means helpful.". He went out one day to his own farm, as was his custom. Uzair name meanings is Name of a Prophet. Uzair is a figure mentioned in the Quran, in the verse 9:30, this verse claims he is worshipped by Hodites as "the son of God".1 He is often identified with Ezra (Arabic: 'عزير, 'Uzair, Turkish: 'Üzeyir) a biblical priest. Uzair is the Muslim version of the Hebrew name, Ezra. Uzair (Arabic: عزير, ʿUzayr) is a figure mentioned in the Quran, in the verse 9:30, which states that he was revered by the Jews as "the son of God". The word Uzair عزير mentioned 01 times in Quran in 01 verses. Islamic Names - Uzayr - Precious - Find all the Muslims Islamic Names with meanings for Boys ☰ SearchTruth.com Prayer Times Free Downloads Free Code Makkah Madina Allah Close Quran Uzair is most often identified with the biblical Ezra. This is an official answer by QuranicNames.com Staff. The Jews say, "Ezra is the son of Allah "; and the Christians say, "The Messiah is the son of Allah." User Submitted Meanings. Chapter 1 The Return of the Soul - The Story of Prophets Uzayr Sulayman (A. S.) died, many prophets came after him, but the Jews turned away from Allah's religion. Ozair and Uzair are the same name and have the same pronunciation. What is the meaning of Uzair ? What is the meaning of Ozair? Meanings Muslim Baby Names Meaning: In Muslim Baby Names the meaning of the name Uzair is: The Biblical Ezra is the English language equivalent. The word عزير mentioned in Quran. Uzair is baby boy name mainly popular in Muslim religion and its main origin is Arabic. Ozair is another spelling of the Arabic boy name Uzair, which is the name of a character mentioned in the Quran. Story of Uzair/Ezra Ibn Kathir Ishaaq Ibn Bishr reported, on the authority of Ibn' Abbas and others, that Ezra was a saint and a wise man. This page also accommodates origin, lucky number, and religion in Urdu. Assalamu-`alaikum wa rahamatullahi wa barakatuhu: `Uzayr, who was exalted by a community of Jews, is identified as Ezra by Muslim commentators.The Qur'an says: The Jews call `Uzair a son of Allah, and the Christians call Christ the son of Allah.That is the saying from their mouth; (In this) they are intimate; what the Unbelievers of the old used to say. Answer. About noon he came to a deserted, ruined place and felt the heat. UZAIR NAME MEANING IN URDU Uzair name meaning in Urdu - Uzair is a Muslim Boy name, originating from Arabic language. That is their saying with their mouths…" [al-Tawbah 9:30]
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uzair meaning in quran 2020


Notes: Common near buildings and around dry-stone walls throughout England, Wales and southern Ireland. Widespread and common in Hampshire. Recorded on the Isle of Wight for the first time since 1893 at Freshwater in 2009. Wingspan 11-14 mm. A light coloured species with slender forewing, contrasting markings and with the first discal above the second plical stigma, extremely pale forms of B. dryadella are distinguished from B. domestica by the much darker hindwing (MBGBI Vol 4 part 2). Larva feeds on various mosses, often on walls, living within a silken gallery.


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Human rights report quashed in push for Azerbaijan-EU gas pipeline
Concerns about political prisoners were suppressed as politicians approved the Southern Gas Corridor, an Italian TV documentary reveals
Ilva steelworks in southern Italy is set to be one of the pipeline's first customers (Pic: Flickr/Mafe de Baggis)
By Lou Del Bello and Karl Mathiesen
A report looking into human rights abuse in Azerbaijan may have been rejected to smooth the way for gas trading with Europe, its author has said.
The report was voted down in the Council of Europe on 23 January 2013. On 28 June of the same year, the European Commission gave the go-ahead to a pipeline joining Azerbaijan with southern Italy, known as the Southern Gas Corridor. On 11 August, the Italian prime minister Enrico Letta visited the Azerbaijani president Ilham Aliyev in Baku.
German Social Democrat Christoph Strasser, who wrote the report when he was his country's human rights commissioner, said: "I would be surprised if there wasn't a connection between these events. By rejecting my report Azerbaijan saved its reputation and nobody had nothing to say when they started doing business [in Europe]."
Weekly briefing: Sign up for your essential climate politics update
Strasser was speaking to Italy's RAI (Radiotelevisione Italiana) programme "Report", for the Caviar Democracy episo which aired on 21 November 2016.
The report was rejected under unusual circumstances, according to some observers. Several MPs, including Azerbaijan's Naira Karapetyan, noted that a number of new faces from Russia, Turkey, Spain and Italy were present on the board for the first time – to vote down the report – and were never seen again at the Council of Europe.
Strasser reported political pressure from the Azerbaijani government, who denied him the visa to enter the country while he was researching for his report. "It was the first time that an MP tasked with writing a report was denied access [to a relevant country]" he said.
What is the Southern Gas Corridor?
BP calls it "arguably the global oil and gas industry's most significant and ambitious undertaking yet". It is a three part pipeline that, if completed, will carry gas from the Shah Deniz 2 oil field in Azerbaijan's Caspian Sea through Georgia, Turkey, Greece, Albania into southern Italy.
The pipeline is supposed to reduce the EU's dependence on Russian gas. Campaigners argue that it is likely to become a stranded asset as gas demand in Europe is predicted to remain stagnant. Many have raised concerns about deepening Europe's financial and political cooperation with the autocratic Aliyev regime.
Total cost: Estimated at US$45bn
Timeframe: Construction is underway, due to be completed by 2020
South Caucasus Pipeline (SCP) – Azerbaijan, Georgia
Trans Anatolian Pipeline (Tanap) – Turkey
Trans Adriatic Pipeline (Tap) – Greece, Albania, Italy
Source: TAP
Ownership: At least 11 different companies are involved in the corporate ownership structures of the various sections. Major players include BP, Azerbaijan's state oil company SOCAR, Turkish Petroleum, Petronas, Lukoil, Total and Snam.
Public finances: The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, European Investment Bank, Asian Development Bank and World Bank are all considering publicly-backed loans for the development in excess of $500m each.
Elkhan Suleymanov, a friend of the Azerbaijani prime minister and head of the country's delegation within the Council of Europe wrote a letter to the German parliament claiming that Strasser was a liar. "The German parliament answered firmly, also issuing an appeal to to the Azerbaijani government to allow me in the country where I could monitor the situation of political prisoners. But that didn't help," Strasser said.
An estimated 100 people are in jail for their opinions in Azerbaijan, the documentary reported. Even a like on a Facebook post criticising the government can get someone into deep trouble.
"Straight after the vote, Suleymanov stood up and shouted 'You see, this is not Mr Strasser's Council of Europe, this is Azerbaijan's Council of Europe!'" Strasser recalled.
Europe's Keystone XL: Planned gas pipeline is reckless
The Italian MP Luca Volonté, who was part of the Azerbaijani lobby group who voted against the report, is accused of corruption and money laundering in relation to the project. He is being investigated by Italian prosecutors under suspicion of taking a €2.4 million bribe from the Azerbaijani government, to support its cause at a European level.
Samuel Farmanyan, an Azerbaijani MP, said: "When I started working with the Europe People's Party I realised that within the Council of Europe there was a lobby group that was spreading like a metastasis. The group was headed by Luca Volonte' and Pedro Agramunt, a Spanish MP". Farmanyan is "Absolutely certain" that the Azerbaijani lobby paid for the support of its allies.
Strasser, who resigned as human rights commissioner earlier this year to focus on his work in the German Bundestag, said for the government of an oil rich country, paying a €2m bribe is not a big deal. "From their perspective, it's a good investment" he said.
The Trans Adriatic Pipeline is expected to enter Italy through the small town of Melendugno, in Puglia, before being connected to the national grid.
It will connect Italy and Central Europe to the southern gas corridor, which will bring Azerbaijani gas through Georgia, Turkey, Greece and Albania once it is completed – expected to be in 2020.
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The Southern Gas Corridor is meant to diversify the energy portfolio of Mediterranean countries in order to reduce the EU's dependence on Russian gas, tapping into the Caspian sea's reserves.
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text:
Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur Act, 2008
1. Short title, extent and commencement.
3. Incorporation.
4. The objects of the University.
5. Powers and functions of the University.
6. University to be Selffinanced.
7. No power of affiliation.
8. Endowment Fund.
9. General Fund.
10. Application of General Fund.
11. Officers of the University.
12. The Chancellor.
13. The Vicechancellor.
14. The ProVicechancellor.
15. The Provost.
16. The Proctor.
17. The Dean of Faculty.
18. The Registrar.
19. The Chief Finance and Accounts Officer.
20. Other officers.
21. Authorities of the University.
22. The Board of Management.
23. The Academic Council.
24. Other authorities.
25. Disqualification for membership of an authority.
26. Vacancies not to invalidate the proceedings of any authority of the University.
27. Filling up of emergent vacancies.
28. Committee.
29. The Statutes.
30. The Ordinances.
31. Regulations.
32. Admissions.
33. Fee structure.
34. Examinations.
35. Declaration of results.
36. Convocation.
37. Accreditation of the University.
38. University to follow rules, regulations, norms, etc. of the regulating bodies.
39. Annual report.
40. Annual accounts and audit.
41. Powers of the State Government to inspect the University.
42. Powers of the State Government to call for information.
43. Dissolution of the University by the Sponsoring Body.
44. Special powers of the State Government in certain circumstances.
45. Power to make rules.
46. Power to remove difficulties.
47. The Act have overriding effect.
48. Repeal and savings.
(Rajasthan Act No. 8 of 2008)
Last Updated 23rd May, 2019 [rj1197]
(Received the assent of the governor on the 29th day of March, 2008]
An Act to provide for establishment and incorporation of the Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur in the Slate of Rajasthan and matters connected therewith and incidental thereto.
Whereas, with a view to keep pace with the rapid development in all spheres of knowledge in the world and the country, it is essential to create world level modem research and study facilities in the State to provide state of the art educational facilities to the youth at their door steps so that they can make out of them human resources compatible to liberalized economic and social order of the world;
And whereas, rapid advancement in knowledge and changing requirements of human resources makes it essential that a resourceful and quick and responsive system of educational research and development be created which can work with entrepreneurial zeal under an essential regulatory setup and such a system can be created by allowing the private institutions engaged in higher education having sufficient resources and experience to establish universities and by incorporating such universities with such regulatory provisions as ensure efficient working of such institutions;
And whereas, the Ritnand Balved Education Foundation, New Delhi, a society registered under the Societies Registration Act, I860 having its registered office at AKC House, E-27, Chauhan Road, Defence Colony, New Delhi-110024, is engaged in the Held of education for last 21 years and is running a number of educational institutions under the name of 'Amity Institutions' which are imparting education in the disciplines like management, engineering, biotechnology, law, communication, insurance, information technology, computer science, nanotechnology, behavioral sciences, fine arts, etc. Recently, the said Ritnand Balved Education Foundation has also established a university in the State of Uttar Pradesh which has been incorporated by an Act of the Legislature of the State of Uttar Pradesh;
And whereas, the said Ritnand Balved Education Foundation has set up educational infrastructures, both physical and academic, as specified in Schedule I, at SP-1, Kant Kalwar, Jaipur in the State of Rajasthan and has agreed to invest the said infrastructure in a University for research and studies in the disciplines specified in Schedule II and has also deposited an amount of rupees one crore to be utilized in establishment of an endowment fund in accordance with the provisions of this Act;
And whereas, the sufficiency of the above infrastructure has been got enquired into by a committee, appointed in this behalf by the Stale Government consisting of the Vice-chancellor, Mohan Lai Sukhadia University, Udaipur, the Secretary to the Government in the Department of Medical Education, Government of Rajasthan, the Commissioner College Education, Rajasthan and the Advisor, Ail India Council of Technical Education, New Delhi;
And whereas, if the aforesaid infrastructure is utilized in incorporation as a University and the said Ritnand Balved Education Foundation is allowed to run the University, it would contribute in the academic development of the people of the State;
Now, therefore, be it enacted by the Rajasthan State Legislature in the Fifty-ninth Year of the Republic of India, as follows: -
1. Short title, extent and commencement. - (1)This Act may be called the Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur Act, 2008.
(2) It extends to the whole of the State of Rajasthan.
(3) It shall be deemed to have come into force on and from 21.10.2007.
2. Definitions. - In this Act, unless the context otherwise requires,-
(a) "AICTE" means All India Council of Technical Education established under All India Council of Technical Education Act, 1987 (Central Act No. 52 of 1987);
(b) "CSIR" me ans the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research, New Delhi-a funding agency of the Central Government;
(c) "DEC" means the Distance Education Council established under section 28 of Indira Gandhi National Open University Act, 1985 (Central Act No. 50 of 1985)
(d) "Distance education" means education imparted by combination of any two or more means of communication, viz. broadcasting, telecasting, correspondence courses, seminars, contact programmes and any other such methodology;
(e) "DST" means , the Department of Science and Technology of the Central Government;
(f) "employee" means a person appointed by the University to work in the University and includes teachers, officers and other employees of the University;
(g) "fee" means collection made by the University from the students by whatever name it may be called, which is not refundable;
(h) "Government" means the State Government of Rajasthan;
(i) "higher education" means study -of the pursuit of knowledge beyond 10+2 level;
(J) "hostel" means a place of residence for the students of the University, or its colleges, institutions or centers, maintained or recognized to be as such by the University;
(k) "ICAR" means the Indian Council of Agriculture Research, a society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (Central Act No. 21 of 1860);
(l) "MCI" means Medical Council of India constituted under section 3 of the Indian Medical Council Act 1956 (Central Act No. 102 of 1956);
(m) "NAAC" means the National Assessment and Accreditation Council, Bangalore, an autonomous institution of the UGC;
(n) "NCTE" means the National Council of Teacher Education constituted under section 3 of the National Council of Teacher Education Act, 1993 (Central Act No. 73 of 1993);
(o) "off campus centre" means a centre of the University established by it outside the main campus operated and maintained as its constituent unit, having the University's complement of facilities, faculty and staff;
(p) "PCI" means Pharmacy Council of India constituted under section 3 of the Pharmacy Act, 1948 (Central Act No. 8 of 1948);
(q) "prescribed" means prescribed by Statutes made under this Act;
(r) "regulating body" means a body established or constituted by or under any law for the time being in force laying down norms and conditions for ensuring academic standards of higher education, such as UGC, AICTE, NCTE, MCI, PCI, NAAC, ICAR, DEC, CSIR etc. and includes the State Government;.
(s) "rules" means the rules made under this Act;
(t) "schedule" means the Schedule to this Act;
(u) "Sponsoring Body" means the Ritnand Balved Education Foundation, a society registered under the Societies Registration Act, 1860 (Central Act No. 21 of 1860) having Registration No. S/16683 of 1966;
(v) "Statutes", "Ordinances" and "Regulations" mean respectively, the Statutes, Ordinances and Regulations of the University made under this Act;
(w) "student of the University" means a person enrolled in the University for taking a course of study for a degree, diploma or other academic distinction duly instituted by the University, including a research degree;
(x) "study centre" means a centre established and maintained or recognized by the University for the purpose of advising, counseling or for rendering any other assistance required by the students in the context of distance education;
(y) "teacher" means a Professor, Reader, Lecturer or any other person required to impart education or to guide research or to render guidance in any other form to the students for pursuing a course of study of the University;
(z) "UGC" means the University Grants Commission established under section 4 of the University Grants Commission Act, 1956 (Central Act No. 3 of 1956); and
(za) "University" means the Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur.
3. Incorporation. - (1) The first Chancellor and the first Vice-chancellor of the University and the first members of the Board of Management and the Academic Council and all persons who may hereafter become such officers or members, so long as they continue to hold such office or membership, are hereby constituted a body corporate by the name of Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur.
(2) The movable and immovable property specified in the Schedule I shall be vested in the University and the Sponsoring Body shall, immediately after commencement of this Act, take steps for such vesting.
(3) The University shall have perpetual succession and a common seal and shall sue and be sued by the said name.
(4) The University shall situate and have its headquarters at SP-l Kant Kalwar, Jaipur (Rajasthan).
4. The objects of the University. - The objects of the University, shall be to undertake research and studies in the disciplines specified in Schedule II and such other disciplines as the University may with the prior approval of the State Government, determine from time to time and to achieve excellence and impart and disseminate knowledge in the said disciplines.
5. Powers and functions of the University. - The University shall have the following powers and functions, namely: -
(a) to provide for instruction in the disciplines specified in Schedule II and to make provisions for research and for the advancement and dissemination of knowledge;
(b) to grant, subject to such conditions as the University may determine, diplomas or certificate, and confer degrees or other academic distinctions on the basis of examinations, evaluation or any other method of testing on persons, and to withdraw any such diplomas, certificates, degrees or other academic distinctions for good and sufficient cause;
(c) to organize and to undertake extra-mural studies and extension service;
(d) to confer honorary degrees or other distinctions in the manner prescribed;
(e) to provide instruction, including correspondence and such other courses, as it may determine;
(f) to institute Professorships, Readerships, Lecturerships and other teaching or academic posts required by the University and to make appointment thereto;
(g) to create administrative, ministerial and other posts and to make appointments thereto;
(h) to appoint persons working in any other university or organization having, specific knowledge permanently or for a specified period;
(i) to co-operate, collaborate or associate with any other university or authority or institution in such manner and for such purpose as the University may determine;
(j) to establish study centers and maintain schools, institutions and such centers, specialized laboratories or other units for research and instructions as are in the opinion of the University, necessary for the furtherance of its object;
(k) to institute and award fellowships, scholarships, studentships, medals and prizes;
(l) to establish and maintain hostels for students of the University;
(m) to make provisions for research and consultancy, and for that purpose to enter into such arrangements with other institutions or bodies as the University may deem necessary;
(n) to determine standards for admission into the University, which may include examination, evaluation or any other method of testing;
(o) to demand and receive payment of fees and other charges;
(p) to supervise the residences of the students of the University and to make arrangements for the promotion of their health and general welfare;
(q) to make special arrangements in respect of women students as the University may consider desirable;
(r) to regulate and enforce discipline among the employees and students of the University and take such disciplinary measures in this regard as may be deemed necessary by the University;
(s) to make arrangements for promoting the health and general welfare of the employees of the University;
(t) to receive donations and acquire, hold, manage and dispose of any movable or immovable property;
(u) to borrow money with the approval of the Sponsoring Body for the purposes of the University;
(v) to mortgage or hypothecate the property of the University with the approval of the Sponsoring Body;
(w) to establish examination centers;
(x) to ensure that the standard of degrees, diplomas, certificates and other academic distinctions are not lower than those laid down by ATCTE, NCTE, UGC, MCI, PCI and other similar bodies established by or under any law for the time being in force for the regulation of education;
(y) to set up of campus centre within or without the State, subject to the provisions of any other law for the time being in force; and
(z) to do all such other acts and things as may be necessary, incidental or conducive to the attainment of all or any of the objects of the University.
6. University to be Self-financed. - THe University shall be self-financed and shall not be entitled to receive any grant or other financial assistance from the State Government.
7. No power of affiliation. - The University shall have no power to affiliate or otherwise admit to its privileges any other institution.
8. Endowment Fund. - (1) There shall be established an Endowment Fund, as soon as may be after coming into force of this Act with an amount of rupees one crore which has been deposited by the Sponsoring Body with the State Government.
(2) The Endowment Fund shall be used as security deposit to ensure that the University complies with the provisions of this Act and functions as per provisions of this Act, Statutes and Ordinances. The State Government shall have the powers to forfeit in the prescribed manner, a part or whole of the Endowment Fund in case the University or the Sponsoring Body contravenes any of the provisions of this Act or Statutes, Ordinances, Regulations or rules made thereunder.
(3) Income from the Endowment Fund may be utilised for development of infrastructure of the University but shall not be utilised to meet out the recurring expenditure of the University.
(4) The amount of the Endowment Fund shall be invested and kept invested until the dissolution of the University in long term securities issued or guaranteed by the State Government or deposited and kept deposited until the dissolution of the University in the interest bearing Personal Deposit Account of the Sponsoring Body in the Government Treasury.
(5) In case of investment in long term security, the certificates of the securities shall be kept in the safe custody of the State Government and in case of deposit in the interest bearing Personal Deposit Account in Government Treasury, the deposit shall be made with the condition that the amount shall not be withdrawn without the permission of the State Government.
9. General Fund. - The University shall establish a fund, which shall be called the General Fund to which following shall be credited, namely: -
(a) fees and other charges received by the University;
(b) any contributions made by the Sponsoring Body;
(c) any income received from consultancy and other work undertaken by the University in pursuance of its objectives;
(d) trusts, bequests, donations, endowments and any other grants; and
(e) all other sums received by the University.
10. Application of General Fund. - The General Fund shall be utilized for meeting all expenses, recurring or nonrecurring in connection with the affairs of the University:
Provided that no expenditure shall be incurred by the University in excess of the limits for total recurring expenditure and total non-recurring expenditure for the year, as may be fixed by the Board of Management, without the prior approval of the Board of Management.
11. Officers of the University. - The following shall be the officers of the University, namely: -
(i) the Chancellor;
(ii) the Vice-chancellor;
(iii) the Pro-Vice-chancellor;
(iv) the Provost;
(v) the Proctor;
(vi) the Deans of Faculties;
(vii) the Registrar;
(viii) the Chief Finance and Accounts Officer; and
(ix) such other officers as may be declared by the Statutes to be the officers of the University.
12. The Chancellor. - (1) The Chancellor shall be appointed by the Sponsoring Body with the consent of the State Government for a period of five years from the date on which he enters upon his office and shall not be eligible for re-appointment:
Provided that a Chancellor shall notwithstanding the expiration of his term continue to hold office until his successor enters upon the office.
(2) Any vacancy in the office of Chancellor shall be filled within six months from the date of such vacancy.
(3) The Chancellor shall, by virtue of his office, be the head of the University.
(4) The Chancellor shall, if present, preside at the meetings of the Board of Management and at the convocation of the University for conferring degrees, diplomas or other academic distinctions.
(5) The Chancellor shall have the following powers, namely : -
(a) to call for any information or record in connection with the affairs of the University;
(b) to appoint the Vice-chancellor;
(c) to remove the Vice-chancellor in accordance with the provisions of sub-section (8) of section 13; and
(d) such other powers as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
13. The Vice-chancellor. - (1) The Vice-chancellor shall be appointed by the Chancellor from a panel of three persons recommended by the Board of Management and shall, subject to the provisions contained in sub-section (8), hold office for a term of three years:
Provided that, after expiry of the term of three years, a person shall be eligible for re-appointment for another term of three years:
Provided further that a Vice-chancellor shall notwithstanding the expiration of his term continue to hold office until his successor enters upon the office.
(2) Any vacancy in the office of Vice-chancellor shall be filled within six months from the date of such vacancy.
(3) The Vice-chancellor shall be the principal executive and academic officer of the University and shall exercise general superintendence and control over the affairs of the University and shall execute the decisions of the authorities of the University.
(4) The Vice-chancellor shall preside at the convocation of the University in the absence of the Chancellor.
(5) If in the opinion of the Vice-chancellor it is necessary, to take immediate action on any matter for which powers are conferred on any other authority by or under this Act, he may take such action as he deems necessary and shall at the earliest opportunity thereafter report his action to such officer or authority as would have in the ordinary course dealt with the matter:
Provided that if in the opinion of the concerned officer or authority such action should not have been taken by the Vice-chancellor then such case shall be referred to the Chancellor, whose decision thereon shall be final:
Provided further (hat where any such action taken by the Vice-chancellor affects any person in the service of the University, such person shall be entitled to prefer, within three months from the date on which such action is communicated to him, an appeal to the Board of Management and the Board of Management may confirm or modify or reverse the action taken by the Vice-chancellor.
(6) If, in the opinion of the Vice-chancellor, any decision of any authority of the University is outside the powers conferred by this Act or Statutes, Ordinances, Regulations or rules made thereunder or is likely to be prejudicial to the interests of the University, -he shall direct the concerned authority to revise its decision within fifteen days from the date of its decision and in case the authority refuses or fails to revise such decision, then such matter shall be referred to the Chancellor and his decision thereon shall be final.
(7) The Vice-chancellor shall exercise such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Statutes or the. Ordinances.
(8) If the Chancellor is satisfied, on an enquiry made or caused to be made on a representation made to him or otherwise, that the continuance of Vice-chancellor in his office is prejudicial to the interest of the University or the situation so warrants, he may, by an order in writing and stating the reasons therein for doing so, ask the Vice-chancellor to relinquish his office from such date as may be specified in the order:
Provided that before taking an action under this subsection, the Vice-chancellor shall be given an opportunity of being heard.
14. The Pro-Vice-chancellor. - (1) The Pro-Vice-chancellor shall be appointed by the Chancellor in consultation with the Vice-chancellor.
(2) The Pro-Vice-chancellor shall hold office for a period of three years and hall be eligible for re-appointment for a second term.
(3) The conditions of service of the Pro-Vice-chancellor shall be such as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
(4) If the Chancellor is satisfied, on an enquiry made or caused to be made on a representation made to him or otherwise, that the continuance of Pro-Vice-chancellor in his office is prejudicial to the interest of the University or the situation so warrants, he may, by an order in writing and stating the reasons therein for doing so, ask the Pro-Vice-chancellor to relinquish his office from such date as may be specified in the order:
Provided that before taking an action under this sub-section, the Pro-Vice-chancellor shall be given an opportunity of being heard.
(5) The Pro-Vice-chancellor shall assist the Vice-chancellor in such matters as are assigned to him by the Vice-chancellor from time to time and shall exercise such powers and perform such functions as may be delegated to him by the Vice-chancellor.
15. The Provost. - (1) The Provost shall be appointed by the Vice-chancellor for such period and in such manner as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
(2) The Provost shall ensure discipline in the University and shall keep the various unions of the teachers and employees advised of the various policies and practices in the University.
(3) The Provost shall exercise such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
16. The Proctor. - (1) The Proctor shall be appointed by the Vice-chancellor for such period and in such manner as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
(2) The Proctor shall be responsible for the maintenance of discipline among the students and keep the various student's unions advised of the various policies and practices in the University;
(3) The Proctor shall exercise such oilier powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
17. The Dean of Faculty. - (1) There shall be a Dean of each Faculty who shall be appointed by the Vice-chancellor for a period of three years in such manner as may be prescribed; by the Statutes.
(2) The Dean shall convene meetings of the faculty, as and when required, in consultation with the Vice-chancellor and shall preside over the same. He shall formulate the policies and development programme of the faculty and present the same to the appropriate authorities for their consideration.
(3) The Dean of Faculty shall exercise such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
18. The Registrar. - (1) The Registrar shall be appointed by the Chancellor, in such manner as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
(2) All contracts shall be signed and all documents1 and records shall be authenticated by the Registrar on behalf of the University.
(3) The Registrar shall be the Member Secretary of the Board of Management and Academic Council but he shall not have a right to vote.
(4) The Registrar shall exercise such other powers and perform such other duties as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
19. The Chief Finance and Accounts Officer. - (1) The Chief Finance and Accounts Officer shall be appointed, by the Vice-chancellor in such manner as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
(2) The Chief Finance and Accounts Officer shall exercise such powers and perform such duties as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
20. Other officers. - (1) The University may appoint such other officers as may be necessary for its functioning.
(2) The manner of appointment and powers and functions of such officers shall be such as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
21. Authorities of the University. - The following shall be the authorities of the University, namely: -
(i) the Board of Management;
(ii) the Academic Council;
(iii) the Faculties; and
(iv) such other authorities as may be declared by the Statutes to be the authorities of the University.
22. The Board of Management. - (1) The Board of Management of the University shall consist of the following, namely: -
(a) the Chancellor;
(b) the Vice-chancellor;
(c) five persons nominated by the Sponsoring Body out of whom two shall be eminent educationists;
(d) one expert of management or information technology from outside the University, nominated by the Chancellor;
(e) one expert of finance, nominated by the Chancellor;
(f) Commissioner, College Education or his nominee not below the rank of Deputy Secretary; and
(g) two teachers, nominated by the Vice-chancellor.
(2) The Board of Management shall be the principal executive body of the University. All the movable and immovable property of the University shall vest in the Board of Management, it shall have the following powers, namely: -
(a) to provide general superintendence and directions and to control the functioning of the University by using all such powers as arc provided by this Act or the Statutes, Ordinances, Regulations or rules made thereunder;
(b) to review the decisions of other authorities of the-University in case they are not in conformity with the provisions of this Act or the Statutes, Ordinances, Regulations or rules made thereunder;
(c) to approve the budget and annual report of the University;
(d) to lay down the policies to be followed by the University;
(e) to recommend to the Sponsoring Body about the voluntary liquidation of the University if a situation arises when smooth functioning of the University does not remain possible, in spite of all efforts; and
(f) such other powers as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
(3) The Board of Management shall meet at least three limes in a calendar year.
(4) The quorum for meetings of the Board of Management shall be five.
23. The Academic Council. - (1) The Academic Council shall consist of the Vice-chancellor and such other members as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
(2) The Vice-chancellor shall be the Chairperson of the Academic Council.
(3) The Academic Council shall be the principal academic body of the University and shall, subject to the provisions of this Act and the rules, Regulations, Statutes or Ordinances, made thereunder, co-ordinate and exercise general supervision over the academic policies of the University.
(4) The quorum for meetings of the Academic Council shall be such as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
24. Other authorities. - The composition, constitution, powers and Functions of other authorities of the University shall be such as may be prescribed by the Statutes.
25. Disqualification for membership of an authority. - A person shall be disqualified for being a member of any of the authorities of the University, if he -
(a) is of unsound mind and stands so declared by a competent court;
(b) is an undischarged insolvent;
(c) has been convicted of any offence involving moral turpitude;
(d) is conducting or engaging himself in private coaching classes; or
(e) has been punished for indulging in or promoting unfair practice in the conduct of any examination, in any form, anywhere.
26. Vacancies not to invalidate the proceedings of any authority of the University. - No act or proceeding of any authority of the University shall be invalid merely by reason of any vacancy or defect in the constitution thereof.
27. Filling up of emergent vacancies. - Any vacancies occurred in the membership of authorities of the University due to death, resignation or removal of a member or due to change of capacity in which he was appointed or nominated, shall be filled up as early as possible by the person or the body who had appointed or nominated such a member:
Provided that the person appointed or nominated as a member of an authority of the University on an emergent vacancy, shall remain member of such authority for only the remaining period of the member, in whose place he is appointed or nominated.
28. Committee. - The authorities or officers of the University may constitute such committees with such terms of reference as may be necessary for specific tasks to be performed by such committees. The constitution of such committees and their duties shall be such as may prescribed by the Statutes.
29. The Statutes. - (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, the Statutes of the University may provide for all or any of the following matters, namely:-
(a) the constitution, powers and functions of the authorities of the University as may be constituted from time to time;
(b) the terms and conditions of appointment of the Vice-chancellor and his powers and functions;
(c) the manner and terms and conditions of appointment of the Registrar and Chief Finance and Accounts Officer and their powers and functions;
(d) the manner in (which and the period for which the Provost and the Proctor shall be appointed and their powers and functions;
(e) the manner in which the Dean of Faculty shall be appointed and his powers and functions;
(f) the manner and terms and conditions,of appointment of other officers and teachers and their powers and functions;
(g) the terms and conditions of service of employees of the University and their functions;
(h) the procedure for arbitration in case of disputes between officers, teachers, employees and students;
(i) the conferment of honorary degrees;
(j) the provisions regarding exemption of students from payment of tuition fee and for awarding to them scholarships and fellowships;
(k) provisions regarding the policy of admissions, including regulation of reservation of scats;
(l) provisions regarding fees to be charged from students;
(m)provisions regarding number of seats in different courses;
(n) creation of new authorities of the University;
(o) accounting policy and financial procedure;
(p) creation of new departments and abolition or restructuring of existing departments;
(q) institution of medals and prizes;
(r) creation of posts and procedure for abolition of posts;
(s) revision of fees;
(t) alteration of the number of seats in different syllabi; and
(u) all other matters which under the provisions of this Act arc required to be, or may be, prescribed by the Statutes.
(2) The Statutes of the University shall be made by the Board of Management and shall be submitted to the State Government for its approval.
(3) The State Government shall consider the Statutes, submitted by the University and shall give its approval thereon within two months from the date of its receipt with such modifications, if any, as it may deem necessary.
(4) The University shall communicate its agreement to the Statutes as approved by the State Government, and if it desires not to give effect to any or all of the modifications made by the State Government under sub-section (3), it may give reasons therefor and after considering such reason, the State Government may or may not accept the suggestions made by the University.
(5) The State Government shall publish the Statutes, as finally approved by it, in the Official Gazette, and thereafter, the Statutes shall come into force from the date of such publication.
30. The Ordinances. - (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act or Statutes made thereunder, the Ordinances may provide for all or any of the following matters, namely: -
(a) the admission of students to the University and their enrolment as such;
(b) the courses of study to be laid down for the degrees, diplomas and certificates of the University;
(c) the award of the degrees, diplomas, certificates and other academic distinctions, the minimum qualifications for the same and the measures to be taken relating to the granting and obtaining of the same;
(d) the conditions for award of fellowships, scholarships, stipends, medals and prizes;
(e) the conduct of examinations, including the terms of office and manner of appointment and the duties of examining bodies, examiners and moderators;
(f) fees to be charged for the courses, examinations, degrees and diplomas of the University;
(g) the conditions of residence of the students of the University;
(h) provision regarding disciplinary action against the students;
(i) the creation, composition and functions of any other body which is considered necessary for improving the academic life of the University;
(j) the manner of co-operation and collaboration with other Universities and institutions of higher education; and
(k) all other matters which by this Act or Statutes made thereunder axe required to be provided by the Ordinances.
(2) The Ordinances of the University shall be made by the Academic Council which after being approved by the Board of Management, shall be submitted to the State Government for the approval.
(3) The State Government shall consider the Ordinances submitted under sub-section (2) within two months from the date of their receipt and shall either approve them of give suggestions for modifications therein.
(4) The Academic Council shall either modify the Ordinances incorporating suggestion of the State Government or give reasons for not incorporating any of the suggestions made by the State Government and shall return the Ordinances alongwith such reasons, if any, to the State Government and on receipt of the same, the State Government shall consider the comments of the Academic Council and shall approve tire Ordinances of the University with or without such modifications.
31. Regulations. - The authorities of the University may, subject to the prior approval of the Board of Management, make regulations, consistent with this Act and the rules, Statutes and the Ordinances made thereunder, for the conduct of their own business and that of the committees appointed by them.
32. Admissions. - (1) Admission in the University shall be made strictly on the basis of merit.
(2) Merit for admission in the University may be determined either on the basis of marks or grade obtained in the qualifying examination and achievements in co-curricular and extra-curricular activities or on the basis of marks or grade obtained in the entrance test conducted at the State level either by an association of the universities conducting similar courses or by any agency of the State:
Provided that admission in professional and technical courses shall be made only through entrance test.
(3) Reservation in admission to the University for scheduled castes, scheduled tribes and other backward classes, women and handicapped persons shall be provided as per the policy of the State Government.
33. Fee structure. - (1) The University may, from time to lime, prepare its fees structure and sent it for approval of the committee constituted for the purpose.
(2) The committee shall consider the fees structure prepared by the University, and if it is satisfied that the proposed lees is -
(a) sufficient for -
(i) generating resources for meeting the recurring expenditure, of the .University; and.
(ii) the savings required for the further development of the University; and
(b) not unreasonably excessive, it may approve the fees structure.
(3) The fees structure approved by the committee under sub-section (2) shall remain in force for three years and the University shall be entitled to charge fees in accordance with such fees structure.
(4) The University shall not charge any fees, by whatever name called, other than that for which it is entitled under sub-section (3).
34. Examinations. - At the beginning of each academic session and in any case not later than 30th of August of every calendar year, the University shall prepare and publish a schedule of examinations for each and every course conducted by it and shall strictly adhere to the schedule.
Explanation. - "Schedule of Examination" means a table giving details about the time, day and date of (he commencement of each paper which is a part of a scheme of examinations and shall also include the details about the practical examinations:
Provided that if, for any reason whatsoever, the University has been unable to follow this schedule, it shall, as soon as practicable, submit a report to the State Government incorporating the reasons for making a departure from the published schedule. The Government may, thereon, issue such directions as it may deem fit for the compliance of the schedule.
35. Declaration of results. - (1) The University shall strive to declare the results of every examination conducted by it within thirty days from the last date of the examination for that particular course and shall in any case declare (he results latest within forty-five days from such date:
Provided that if, for any reason whatsoever, the University is unable to finally declare the results of any examination within the aforesaid period of forty-five days, it shall submit a report incorporating the reasons for such delay to the State Government. The -State Government may, thereon, issue such directions as it may deem fit.
(2) No examination or the results of an examination shall be held invalid only for the reasons that the University has not followed the time schedule as stipulated in section 34 or, as the case may be, in section 35.
36. Convocation. - The convocation of the University shall be held in every academic year in the manner as may be prescribed by the Statutes for conferring degrees, diplomas or for any other purpose.
37. Accreditation of the University. - The University shall obtain accreditation from the NAAC, as per the norms of the NAAC and inform the Slaty Government and such other regulating bodies which are connected with the courses taken up by the University about The grade provided by the NAAC to the University. The University shall get renewed such accreditation from time to time as per the norms of the NAAC.
38. University to follow rules, regulations, norms, etc. of the regulating bodies. - Notwithstanding anything contained in this Act, the University shall be bound to comply with all the rules, regulations, norms, etc. of the regulating bodies and provide all such facilities and assistance to such bodies as are required by them to discharge their duties and carry out their functions.
39. Annual report. - (1) The annual report of the University shall be prepared by the Board of Management which shall include among other matters, the steps taken by the University towards the fulfilment of its objects and copy of the same shall be submitted to the Sponsoring Body.
(2) Copies of the annual report prepared under sub-section (1) shall also be presented to the State Government.
40. Annual accounts and audit. - (1) The annual accounts including balance sheet of the University shall be prepared under the directions of the Board of Management and the annual accounts shall be audited at least once in every year by the auditors appointed by the University for this purpose.
(2) A copy of the annual accounts together with the audit report shall be submitted to the Board of Management.
(3) A copy of the annual accounts arid audit report along with the observations of the Board of Management shall be submitted to the Sponsoring Body.
(4) Copies of annual accounts and balance sheet prepared under sub-section (1) shall also be presented to the State Government. The advice of the State Government, if any, arising out of the accounts and audit report of the University shall be placed before the Board of Management. The Board of Management shall issue such directions, as it may deem fit and compliance shall be reported to the State Government.
41. Powers of the State Government to inspect the University. - (1) For the purpose of ascertaining the standards of teaching, examination and research or any other matter relating to the University, the State Government may cause an inspection, to be made in such manner as may be prescribed, by such person or persons as it may deem fit.
(2) The State Government shall communicate to the University its recommendations in regard to the result of such inspection for corrective action. The University shall adopt such corrective measures and make efforts so as to ensure the compliance of the recommendations.
(3) If the University has failed to comply with the recommendations made under sub-section (2) within a reasonable time, the State Government may give such directions as it may deem fit for such compliance.
42. Powers of the State Government to call for information. - (1) The State Government may call for information from the University relating to its working, functions, achievements, standard of teaching, examination-and research or any other matters as it may consider necessary to judge the efficiency of the University in such form and within such time as may be prescribed by rules.
(2) The University shall be bound to furnish the information as required by the State Government under sub-section (1) within the prescribed lime.
43. Dissolution of the University by the Sponsoring Body. - (1) The Sponsoring Body may dissolve the University by giving a notice to the effect in the prescribed manner to the State Government and the employees and the students of University at least one year in advance:
Provided that dissolution of the University shall have effect only after the approval of the State Government and the last hatches of students of the regular courses have completed their courses and they have been awarded degrees, diplomas or awards, as the case may be.
(2) On the dissolution of the University all the assets and liabilities of the University shall vest in the Sponsoring Body.
44. Special powers of the State Government in certain circumstances. - (1) If it appears to the State Government that the University has contravened any of the provisions of this Act or the rules, Statutes or Ordinances made thereunder or has violated any of the directions issued by it under this Act or has ceased to carryout any undertakings given by it to the State Government or a situation of financial mismanagement or mal-administration has arisen in the University, it shall issue notice requiring the University to show cause within forty-five days as to why an order of its liquidation should not be made.
(2) If the State Government, on receipt of reply of the University on the notice issued under sub-section (1), is satisfied that there is a prima facie case of contravening any of the provisions of this Act or the rules. Statutes or Ordinances made thereunder or of violating directions issued by it under this Act or of ceasing to carryout the undertakings given by it or of financial mismanagement or mal-administration, it shall make an order of such enquiry as it may consider necessary.
(3) The State Government shall, for the purposes of any enquiry under sub-section (2), appoint an inquiry officer or officers to inquire into any of the allegations and to make report thereon.
(4) The inquiry officer or officers appointed under subsection (3) shall have the same powers as are vested in a civil court under the Code of Civil Procedure, 1908 (Central Act No. 5 of 1908) while trying a suit in respect of the following matters, namely:-
(a) summoning and enforcing the attendance of any person and examining him on oath;
(b) requiring the discovery and production of any such document or any other material as may be predicable in evidence; and
(c) requisitioning any public record from any court or office.
(5) The inquiry officer or officers inquiring under this Act shall be deemed to be a civil court for the purposes of section 195 and Chapter 26 of the Code of Criminal Procedure, 1973 (Central Act No. 2 of 1974).
(6) On receipt of the enquiry report from the officer or officers appointed under sub-section (3), if the Stale Government is satisfied that the University has contravened any of the provisions of this Act or the rales, Statutes or Ordinances made thereunder or has violated any of the directions issued by it under this Act or has ceased to carryout the undertakings given by it or a situation of financial mismanagement and mal-administration has arisen in the University which threatens the academic standard of die University, it shall make orders for liquidation of the University and appoint an administrator and thereupon the authorities and officers of the University shall be subject to the order and direction of the administrator.
(7) The administrator appointed under sub-section (6) shall have all the powers and be subject to all the duties of the Board of Management under this Act and shall administer the affairs of the University until the last batch of the students of the regular courses have completed their courses and they have been awarded degrees, diplomas or awards as the case may be.
(8) After having been awarded the degrees, diplomas or awards, as the case may be, to the last batches of the students of the regular courses, the administrator shall make a report to the effect to the State Government.
(9) On receipt of the report under sub-section (8), the State Government shall, by a notification in the Official Gazette, issue an order dissolving the University and from the date of publication of such notification the University shall stand dissolved and all the assets and liabilities of the University shall vest in the Sponsoring Body from such date.
45. Power to make rules. - (1) The Slate Government may be notification in the Official Gazelle, make rules lo carry out the purposes of this Act.
(2) All rules made under this Act shall be laid, as soon as may be after they are so made, before the House of the Stale Legislature, while it is in session, for a period of not less than fourteen days which may be comprised in one session or in two successive sessions and if before the expiry of the session in which they are so laid or of the session immediately following, the House of the Stale Legislature makes any modification in any such rules or resolves that any such rules should not be made, such rules shall thereafter have effect only in such modified form or be of no effect, as the case may be so however, that any such modification or annulment shall be without prejudice to the validity of anything previously done thereunder.
46. Power to remove difficulties. - (1) If any difficulty arises in giving effect to the previsions of this Act, the State Government may, by order published in the Official Gazette, make provisions, not inconsistent with the provisions of this Act, as appear to it lo be necessary or expedient for removing the difficulty:
Provided that no order under this section shall be made after the expiry of a period of two years from the date of commencement of this Act.
(2) Every order made under this section shall, as soon as may be after it is made, shall be laid before the House of the State Legislature.
47. The Act have overriding effect. - The provisions of this Act and the rules, Statutes, Ordinances made thereunder shall have effect notwithstanding anything to the contrary contained in any other law, for the time being in force, relating to the matters in respect of which the Slate Legislature has exclusive power to make laws.
48. Repeal and savings. - (1) The Amity University Rajasthan, Jaipur Ordinance, 2007 (Ordinance No. 9 of 2007) is hereby repealed.
(2) Notwithstanding such repeal, all things done, actions taken or orders made under the said Ordinance shall be deemed to have been done, taken or made under this Act.
Schedule-1
1. Land. - Ritnand Balved Education Foundation, the sponsoring body of Amity University, Rajasthan hits earmarked 50 acres of land for the establishment of Amity University, Rajasthan at SP-1, Industrial Area, Kant Kalwar, Jaipur, (Rajasthan). This land is allotted by Rajasthan State Industrial Development and Investment Corporation Limited (RIICO) for establishing Amity Educational Complex.
Specification of the 50 acres of the land for the establishment of Amity University, Rajasthan: -
:NH-8 and Jojoba Park
: RIICO Land
: RBEF remaining 102 acre land
: Hills
2. Building: -
Administrative Block
(a) Number & category of Units
[Category of Units
Vice-Chancellor's Office and Secretariat
Registrar's Office and Secretariat
Controller of Examination's Office and Secretariat
Chief Finance and Administrative Officer's
Office and Secretariat
Dean's Office and Secretariat
380 Sealer Auditorium
Student's Centre cum Cafeteria
Accounts Office
Administration & Estate Office
1]
(b) Measurement of total covered area :
l 000 Sq. Mtr.
Academic Block:
(a) Number & category of Units-Forty Four
No of Units
AMPHI Theatre type class rooms
General Class Rooms
33]
(b) Measurement of total covered area:
10.000 Sq. Mtr.
Residential Block:
(a)Teachers/officers residence:
(i) Number & category of Units:
Forty Four
3 Bed room Residence for Assistant
Bachelors Flat to house 48 bachelor
(ii) Measurement of total covered area:
7100 Sq. Mtr.
(b) Students residence:
(i) Number & category of Units :
300 Seats in Boy's Hostel
200 Seats in Girl's Hostel
Warden's Residences
Visitor Rooms
Medical Rooms,
Caretaker's Rooms
Common Room Facilities
(ii) Measurement of total covered area : 7000 Sq. Mtr
3. Faculty: -
Twenty Six
4. Academic Facilities: -
(i) library: -
Number of Books (Subjectwise and categorywise): Ten Thousand Three Hundred and Eight
General Subject
(ii) Laboratory: -
Number/Class/Category of material and equipments : Nineteen
Mechanical Engineering laboratory
Applied Chemistry Laboratory
Engineering Graphics Laboratory
Analog Electronics Laboratory
Electrical Science Laboratory
Programming & Autocad Laboratory
Circuits & Systems Laboratory
Engineering Mechanics Laboratory
Biotechnology Laboratory
3 Computer laboratories
Food & Beverages Laboratory (Hotel Management)
Kitchen Laboratory (Hotel Management)
House Keeping Laboratory (Hotel Management)
Photography Laboratory
(iii) Reading room: -
Availability of reading material (number/category/frequency) : Four
Reading Room for Management Programmes,
Reading Room for Engineering Programmes,
Reading Room for biotechnology Programmes,
Reading Roam for Hotel Management Programmes.
(iv) Other facilities: -
215 Computers with Internet Connectivity
8 LCD Projectors
Wi-Fi Connectivity in Hostels
Mess Facihty with modem cooking gadgets/equipments
380 Seater Air Conditioned Auditorium
5. Facilities for Co-curricular activities: -
(i) Indoor facilities: -
Chess - 10 Boards
Carrom- 10 Boards
Table Tennis - 5 Tables
Gymnasium - Various Equipments
(ii) Outdoor facilities: -
Football - 1 Ground
Cricket - 1 Ground
Hockey - 1 Ground
Volley Ball - 2 Courts
Basket Ball - 2 Courts
Badminton - 2 Courts
Tennis - 2 Courts
Golf Driving Range-Trekking
Horse Riding - with stable for four horses
Schedule-II
Disciplines in which University shall undertake study and research
Advertising. - Post Graduate Diploma in Advertising & Marketing.
Architecture. - Bachelor/Master in Architecture
Biotechnology. - Bachelor of Technology in Biotechnology of Technology in Bioinformatics, Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Biotechnology, Master of Technology in Biotechnology, Master of Science in Biotechnology, Master of Science in Microbial Science, Master of Business Administration in Biotechnology, Master of Science in Bioinformatics, Diplomas/Certificates in Biotechnology
Competitive Intelligence. - Master of Business Administration in Competitive Intelligence & Competitive Wisdom.
Computer Science & Information Technology. - Bachelor of Computer Applications, Bachelor of Science in Information Technology, Master of Computer Applications, Diplomas/Certificates in Computer Science & Information Technology
Design. - Bachelor of Science/ Master of Science in Interior Design.
Energy & Environment. - Research
Engineering. - Bachelor of Technology in Electronics & Communication, Bachelor of Technology in Computer Science, Bachelor of Technology in Information Technology, Bachelor of Technology in Mechanical & Automation, Bachelor of Technology in Aerospace, Master of Technology in Doctoral Programs
Event Management. - Post Graduate Diploma in Public Relations & Event Management
Fashion Design. - Bachelor of Science in Fashion Design & Technology.
Fine Arts. - Bachelor / Master of Fine Arts In Animation.
Forensic Sciences. - Bachelor of Science (Honours) in Forensic Sciences, Master of Science in Forensic Sciences
Hospitality & Hotel Management. - Bachelor of Science, Master of Business Administration in Hospitality Management, Diplomas/Certificates in Hospitality & Hotel Management.
Insurance & Actuarial Sciences. - Master of Business Administration In Insurance, Post Graduate Diploma in Insurance Management, Master of Science In Actuarial Science.
Diplomas/ Certificates in Insurance & Actuarial Science
Languages. - Bachelor of Arts (Honours), Master of Arts, Diplomas/Certificates in Languages.
Law. - Bachelor of Arts & Bachelor of Laws, Bachelor of Science & Bachelor of Laws, Bachelor of Commerce & Bachelor of Laws (5 years), Master of Laws, Doctoral Programs in Law.
Management & Business. - Bachelor of Business Administration, Master of Business Administration. Master or Business Administration (various specialization), Doctoral Programs/ Diplomas/Certificates in Management & Business.
Journalism & Mass Communication. - Bachelor of Journalism & Mass Communication, Master of Journalism & Mass Communication, Diplomas/Certificates in Journalism &c Mass Communication.
Nano-Technology. - Master of Nano-Science, Master of Technology In Nano-Teschnology, Diplomas/ Certificates in Nano-Technology.
Nursing. - Bachelor/Master of Science in Nursing.
Performing Arts. - Bachelors/ Diplomas/ Certificates in Performing Arts.
Physical Education & Sports Sciences. - Bachelor/Master of Physical Education, Pest Graduate Diploma In Sports Psychology.
Physiotherapy. - Bachelor/Master of Physiotherapy.
Telecom. - Bachelor/Master of Technology in Telecom, Diplomas in Telecom.
Travel & Tourism. - Bachelor/Master of Travel A Tourism, Diplomas/ Certificates in Travel & Tourism.
Urban & Rural Management. - Master of Business Administration in Organic Agriculture, Master of Rural Management.
Diplomas/ Certificates in Urban & Rural Management.


text:
Els tireòfors (Thyreophora) són un subordre de dinosaures ornitisquis, que es caracteritzen per ser herbívors cuirassats amb plaques protectores o pues al dors. Van aparèixer a principis del Juràssic i van extingir-se al final del Cretaci.

Taxonomia
 SUBORDRE THYREOPHORA
?Tatisaurus
Scutellosaurus
Eurypoda
?Brachypodosaurus
?Lusitanosaurus
Infraordre Stegosauria
Emausaurus
Família Huayangosauridae
Família Stegosauridae
 Gènere Miragaia.
Infraordre Ankylosauria
Família Scelidosauridae
Bienosaurus
Scelidosaurus
Minmi
Antarctopelta
Família Nodosauridae
Família Ankylosauridae

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Сколько экземпляров синглетона может быть в одной JVM? Наткнулся в этой статье на данный вопрос. Подскажите, пожалуйста, про что именно спрашивают и в какой области искать ответ. Спасибо
A: Там же написано - суть в загрузчиках классов (classloader).
JVM идентифицирует классы по имени класса и имени загрузчика. То есть, если класс Foo загрузить двумя разными загрузчиками, мы будем иметь в JVM две версии класса Foo.
Соответственно, если Foo представляет собой синглетон - у нас будет два синглетона.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
FGM AWARENESS conference
A Christmas Miracle:
an awakening in Kisii, Kenya
While many were preparing to celebrate the birth of our Savior last December, our brothers and sisters at the Sacred Center for Widows and Orphans in Kisii, Kenya were also hoping for a birth of a different kind- an awakening within their community to the dangers of Female Genital Mutilation (FGM). They hoped to create this awakening through an event that would bring together all involved in the practice, including those who do the cutting!
The proposed title of the event would be "Understanding the Unspoken" with the theme "TIGA!! FGM!" (STOP!! FGM!). A hopeful Robert Gutwa, the Executive Director of the Sacred Center for Orphans and Widows, reached out to Dignity4Girls for funding.
Dignity4Girls recognized the profound impact such an event could have, and that Christmas was a perfect time, but this was a last-minute request and all of our funds were assigned to other programs. With a heavy heart D4G had to decline funding the requested $900.00, while suggesting Robert make similar plans for a later date.
The vision of bringing together those who do the cutting with women who had been cut, birthing attendants who saw the dangerous and sometimes fatal complications from scaring, and the young girls who live in fear of being cut played over and over in the hearts and minds of the Digntiy4Girls leadership. Did we really have to say "no" to funding such an event? Yes, we did. We had no available funds.
Then, just 24 hours after sending the email declining funding, a member of a small community church reached out to Dignity4Girls to share that their church, Bethlehem Lutheran, was donating $700.00. It was a Dignity4Girls Christmas miracle- and it even came from Bethlehem (Church, that is)! And when Bethlehem church learned about the FGM program, a member personally contributed the final $200.00 needed.
Within days Robert had the funds in Kenya.
On December 18, 2018, the three-day program for 50 pre-selected participants began. Presentations were made followed by lengthy discussions. Much was learned. Why do the cutters do the cutting? They need the money. Who makes the decisions for the girls to be cut? Fathers make the final decisions in the home.
Local university staff were invited to participate in the event. Many were shocked to learn about the life-long dangers FGM, especially during childbirth. They promised to return to the university and write up what they learned in easy to understand articles- sharing their new knowledge about the dangers of what had previously been left "unspoken".
Was there a birth or awakening in Kisii, Kenya this December? We believe so. Much was learned, providing hope for change. Could new jobs be found for the cutters and fathers convinced of the dangers of FGM? Join us in praying for Robert, the staff of the Sacred Center and all who were involved, as the harmful truths of the "unspoken" are now spoken in their communities.
May hope, grace and change abound for vulnerable women and girls in Kisii, Kenya this new year!