text:
\section{Introduction}
The discovery of the Quantum Hall Effect \cite{klitzing} triggered theoretical \cite{LFG84,AL85,ALC85} and experimental \cite{kuchar86,galchen87} studies dedicated to investigation of an electric field frequency influence on quantization of the  Hall conductivity of $2D$ electron gas in perpendicular magnetic field.
 The main question here was to discover what is happening with the static Hall conductivity plateau when increasing the external electric field frequency. In early experiments \cite{kuchar86,galchen87} the survival of plateau up to several ten GHz frequencies was found. This result was corroborated in a recent experiment  \cite{dziom18}. Besides, the existence of plateau even at high THz frequencies was reported \cite{ikebe10,stier15,failla16} recently. Trying to explain the above mentioned experimental features we consider in detail this problem theoretically by using a simple model of $2D$ electron gas with a single $\delta$-shaped impurity potential in a perpendicular magnetic field \cite{bem78, prange81, LFG84}.
 Note that in most experiments the strength of magnetic field varies in the 1T $-$ 6T range. The corresponding magnetic length $r_H=\sqrt{c\hbar/eH}$
is in the range 26nm $-$ 10nm and is essentially larger than a radius of impurity potential, the latter as a consequence can be considered as infinitesimally small. Therefore the model with $\delta$-shaped impurity potential seems to be more adequate as compared to other theoretical models \cite{AL85,ALC85,mor09,mor10} which potentially are more relevant for magnetic field of larger strength. Below we show  that within this theoretical model the plateau-like behaviour can be understood both in low microwave and in large terahertz frequency ranges.
\section{Model Description}
Let us consider 2D electron in a perpendicular magnetic field  with $\delta$-shaped impurity potential \cite{bem78,prange81}. The Hamiltonian of the system has the form
\begin{equation}
\hat{H}=\hat{H_0}+2\pi\lambda\delta(\vec r),\quad \hat{H_0}=-\frac{1}{2}\frac{\partial^2}{\partial y^2}+\frac{1}{2}(p_x+y)^2
\label{ham}
\end{equation}
For convenience here we use the following units $\hbar=m=e=c=H=1$ and the vector potential reads $\vec A\equiv (-y,0,0)$ \cite{prange81}. Note that in the above mentioned paper only the static case $\omega=0$ was considered. In these units magnetic length and cyclotron frequency $r_H\equiv 1$, $\omega_c\equiv 1$.
The spectrum of Hamiltonian consists of two types of states: delocalized states which are not split off from a Landau level, and localized at the impurities states which are split off from Landau level, see also \cite{bem78,prange81,LFG84}.
The number of localized states equals to the number of impurities ($N_{imp}$) provided that their number is significantly lower than a Landau level degeneracy  $N_{imp}\ll N_0\equiv S/2\pi$, where $S$ is the area of the system. We will consider the case of a single impurity and then qualitatively generalize the results to the case of many impurities.

The wave function of delocalized state has the form \cite{bem78,prange81}
\begin{equation}
\psi_{\alpha n}(\vec r)=\sum_{p}c_{pn}^\alpha\psi_{p n}(\vec r),\quad E_{\alpha}=n,\quad \sum_{p}c_{pn}^\alpha\psi_{p n}(0)=0,\quad \alpha=1,...N_0-1
\label{unsplit}
\end{equation}
where $\psi_{np}$ are the eigenstates of $H_0$, \cite{landau}
\begin{equation}\label{landau}
\psi_{np}(\vec r)=\frac{\exp(ipx)H_n(y+p)e^{-(y+p)^2/2}}{\pi^{1/4}\sqrt{L2^n n!}}
  \end{equation}
Here $H_n$ are Hermite polynomials and $L$ is the system size in $x$ direction.
The last sum in Eq.(\ref{unsplit}) reflects condition imposed on delocalized state wave function that it turns to zero at the origin and therefore does not feel the impurity potential and stays delocalized.
An explicit expression for expansion coefficients $c_{pn}^\alpha$ will not be required. Instead, further below we will show that these coefficients obey certain sum rules, which allow to get simple analytical expressions for the conductivity.

The wave function and energy of a localized state  are determined as \cite{prange81}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{loc1}
  \psi_R(\vec r)=\sum_{np}c_{np}^R\psi_{np}(\vec r),\quad c_{np}^R=A_R\frac{\psi_{np}^*(0)}{E_R-n}\\\nonumber  A_R^{-2}=\frac{1}{2\pi}\sum_{n=0}^{\infty}\frac{1}{(E_R-n)^2}=\frac{1}{2\pi}\psi_1(-E_R),\quad \lambda\sum_{n=0}^{N_0-1}\frac{1}{E_R-n}=1
  \end{eqnarray}
where $\psi_1(z)$ is the trigamma function \cite{Abst}.
The formally divergent sum in dispersion equation Eq.(\ref{loc1}) is truncated by the number of states in a system of finite size \cite{prange81}. Its solution shows that from each degenerate level one state is split off, the direction follows the sign of $\lambda$. The total number of new states is $N_0$. The energy of the split off state can be written as $E_R = n + \varepsilon_n$. Using the properties of trigamma function one can show that
\begin{equation}\label{Asquared}
  A_R^{-2} = \frac{1}{2\pi}\left[\frac{1}{\varepsilon_n^2}+\frac{\pi^2}{6}C_n + O(\varepsilon_n)\right]
\end{equation}
where $C_n$ is slowly varying coefficient $1\le C_n \le 2$, and $C_0=1, C_\infty=2$.

Substituting in the first expression of Eq.(\ref{loc1}) the coefficients  $c_{np}^R$ by their values (the second expression in Eq.(\ref{loc1})) and taking the sum over $p$ by integration $\sum_{p}\rightarrow \frac{L}{2\pi}\int dp$, one obtains
\begin{equation}\label{moment}
  \psi_R(\vec r)=\frac{A_R}{\sqrt{2\pi}}\sum_{n}\frac{\psi_{nm=0}(\vec r)}{E_R-n},\quad \psi_{nm=0}(\vec r)=\sqrt{2\pi}\sum_{p}\psi_{np}(0)\psi_{np}(\vec r)
\end{equation}
where $\psi_{nm}$ are eigenstates of Hamiltonian $H_0$ in the angular momentum representation \cite{landau}
\begin{eqnarray}\label{momrep}
  &\psi_{nm}(\vec r)=&\left[\frac{n_r!}{2\pi(n_r+|m|)!}\right]^{1/2}\exp(-i m\Phi-\frac{x^2+y^2+2ixy}{4})(\frac{x^2+y^2}{2})^{|m|/2}L_{n_r}^{|m|}(\frac{x^2+y^2}{2}) \nonumber\\
  & n_r=&n+\frac{m-|m|}{2},\quad m\geq -n
\end{eqnarray}
Here $L_{n}^{|m|}$ are associated Laguerre polynomials. The last expression in Eq.(\ref{moment}) reflects the fact that both sets of functions $\psi_{nm}$ and $\psi_{np}$ are eigenstates of the same Hamiltonian $H_0$ and each function of one system can be represented as superposition of eigenfunctions of the other. Note also that eigenfunctions $\psi_{nm}$ (Eq.(\ref{momrep})) differ from those in Ref.\cite{landau} by a phase factor $\exp(-ixy/2)$, which takes into account the difference between symmetric gauge and used here Landau gauge.

As it follows from Eq.(\ref{moment}) only the states with
$m= 0$ split off from Landau level and contribute to the $\psi_R(\vec r)$. These wave functions according to Eq.(\ref{momrep}) are localized around the point $r= 0$.
 All states with $m\neq 0$ remain unsplit and are eigenstates of the Hamiltonian $H$ as well. Therefore the states $|\alpha n\rangle$ are linear combinations of $|n m\neq 0\rangle$
\begin{equation}\label{alpham}
  \psi_{\alpha n}(\vec r)=\sum_{m\neq 0}c_{mn}^{\alpha}\psi_{n m\neq 0}(\vec r), \quad \sum_{\alpha}c_{mn}^{*\alpha}c_{m^{\prime}n}^{\alpha}=\delta_{m m^{\prime}}
\end{equation}
\section{Sum rules}
In this paragraph we will use the completeness  and orthonormality relations to derive sum rules which will be instrumental for the calculation of conductivity further below. The states $|\alpha n>$ and $|n m=0>$ are the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian $H_0$ and form a complete set
\begin{equation}
\sum_{\alpha n}\psi_{\alpha n}^*(\vec r)\psi_{\alpha n}(\vec r^{\prime})+\psi_{nm=0}^*(\vec r)\psi_{nm=0}(\vec r^{\prime})=\delta(\vec r-\vec r^{\prime})
\label{compho}
\end{equation}
Inserting expansions Eqs.(\ref{unsplit}) and (\ref{moment}) into Eq.(\ref{compho}), we obtain
\begin{equation}\label{sumrul1}
  \sum_{\alpha}c_{pn}^{*\alpha}c_{p^{\prime}n}^{\alpha}+2\pi \psi_{np}^*(0)\psi_{np^{\prime}}(0)=\delta_{pp^{\prime}}
\end{equation}
Another relation is found from the orthonormality of the states $|\alpha n>$
\begin{equation}\label{orthonorm}
  \sum_{p}c_{pn}^{*\alpha}c_{pn}^{\alpha^{\prime}}=\delta_{\alpha \alpha^{\prime}}
\end{equation}
The  $\psi_{\alpha n}$ and $\psi_R$ are the eigenstates of the Hamiltonian Eq.(\ref{ham}) and also obey the completeness condition
\begin{equation}\label{comph}
  \sum_{\alpha n}\psi_{\alpha n}^*(\vec r)\psi_{\alpha n}(\vec r^{\prime})+\sum_{R}\psi_{R}^*(\vec r)\psi_{R}(\vec r^{\prime})=\delta(\vec r-\vec r^{\prime})
\end{equation}
Substituting Eqs.(\ref{moment},\ref{alpham}) into Eq.(\ref{comph}) and using the completeness of $\psi_{nm}$ states, one obtains
\begin{equation}\label{condr}
  \frac{1}{2\pi}\sum_{R}\frac{A_R^2}{(E_R-n)(E_R-n^{\prime})}=\delta_{nn^{\prime}}
\end{equation}
\section{Conductivity tensor}
The conductivity tensor of $2D$ electron gas is determined through the Kubo formula
\begin{equation}\label{Kubo}
\sigma_{\mu\nu}(\omega)=\frac{i}{S}\sum_{tt^{\prime}}\frac{f_t-f_{t^{\prime}}}{\varepsilon_{t^{\prime}}-\varepsilon_t}
\frac{v_{tt^{\prime}}^{\mu}v_{t^{\prime}t}^{\nu}}{\varepsilon_t-\varepsilon_{t^{\prime}}-\omega+i\delta}
\end{equation}
where $\hat{v}$ is the velocity operator, $t$ are the quantum numbers determining single electron state, $f_t\equiv f(\varepsilon_t)$ is its distribution function and $S$ is the area of the system. In a magnetic field the velocity operators have the form
\begin{equation}\label{velop}
  \hat{v}^x=\hat{p}_x+y,\quad \hat{v}^x=\dot{y}
\end{equation}
It is helpful to use the relation
\begin{equation}\label{help}
  v^y_{tt^{\prime}}=i^{-1}<t|y|t^{\prime}>(\varepsilon_t-\varepsilon_{t^{\prime}}).
\end{equation}
In our case $t \in \{n\alpha, R\}$. Using Eq.(\ref{help}) for the Hall conductivity one has from Eq.(\ref{Kubo})
\begin{eqnarray}
\label{hallyx}
  \sigma_{yx}(\omega) &=& \frac{1}{S}\sum_{nn^{\prime}\alpha\alpha^{\prime}}\frac{(f_{n^{\prime}}-f_n)<n\alpha|\hat{p}_x+y|n^{\prime}\alpha^{\prime}>
  <n^{\prime}\alpha^{\prime}|y|n\alpha>}{n-n^{\prime}-\omega+i\delta} \nonumber \\
   &&+\frac{1}{S}\sum_{n\alpha R}\frac{(f_{R}-f_n)<n\alpha|\hat{p}_x+y|R>
  <R|y|n\alpha>}{n-E_R-\omega+i\delta}+\nonumber
  \\&&+(n\Longleftrightarrow R)
\end{eqnarray}
When deriving Eq.(\ref{hallyx}) we took into account that $<R|y|R^{\prime}>=0$, which follows from the form of localized state wave function, see Eqs.(\ref{moment},\ref{momrep}). Let us now calculate the matrix elements existing in Eq.(\ref{hallyx}). Using Eqs.(\ref{unsplit},\ref{landau}) one has
\begin{equation}\label{matelemuns}
 \sum_{\alpha\alpha^{\prime}} <n\alpha|\hat{p_x}+y|n^{\prime}\alpha^{\prime}><n^{\prime}\alpha^{\prime}|y|n\alpha>=
  (\delta_{n^{\prime}n-1}\frac{n}{2}+\delta_{n^{\prime}n+1}\frac{n+1}{2})\sum_{pp^{\prime\alpha\alpha^{\prime}}}c_{pn}^{*\alpha}
  c_{p^{\prime}n}^{\alpha}c_{pn^{\prime}}^{\alpha^{\prime}}c_{p^{\prime}n^{\prime}}^{*\alpha^{\prime}}
\end{equation}
Employing the sum rules Eq.(\ref{sumrul1}) one finds from Eq.(\ref{matelemuns})
\begin{equation}\label{matel1}
\sum_{\alpha\alpha^{\prime}} <n\alpha|\hat{p_x}+y|n^{\prime}\alpha^{\prime}><n^{\prime}\alpha^{\prime}|y|n\alpha> =(\delta_{n^{\prime}n-1}\frac{n}{2}+\delta_{n^{\prime}n+1}\frac{n+1}{2})(N_0-2)
\end{equation}
We calculate the matrix elements in the second term Eq.(\ref{hallyx}) in a similar manner
\begin{equation}\label{matel2}
 \sum_{\alpha} <n\alpha|\hat{p_x}+y|R><R|y|n\alpha>=\frac{A_R^2}{4\pi}\left[\frac{n+1}{(E_R-n-1)^2(E_R-n)}-\frac{n}{(E_R-n+1)^2(E_R-n)}\right]
\end{equation}
Substituting Eqs.(\ref{matel1},\ref{matel2}) into Eq.(\ref{hallyx}), one finds
\begin{equation}\label{DL}
\sigma_{yx}(\omega)=\sigma_{yx}^D(\omega)+\sigma_{yx}^R(\omega)
  \end{equation}
where $\sigma^{D,R}$ are the contributions of delocalized and  localized states respectively
\begin{eqnarray}
  \sigma_{yx}^D &=&\frac{N_0-2}{2S}\left[\frac{1}{1-\omega+i\delta} +\frac{1}{1+\omega-i\delta}\right]+\nonumber \\
  &&+\frac{1}{2\pi S}\sum_{Rn}f_nA_R^2\left[\frac{n+1}{(E_R-n-1)^2}-\frac{n}{(E_R-n+1)^2}\right]\times\nonumber\\ &&\times \frac{1}{(E_R-n+\omega-i\delta)(E_R-n-\omega+i\delta)} \nonumber\\
\sigma_{yx}^R&=& -\frac{1}{2\pi S}\sum_{Rn}f_RA_R^2\left[\frac{n+1}{(E_R-n-1)^2}-\frac{n}{(E_R-n+1)^2}\right]\times\nonumber\\
   &&\times\frac{1}{(E_R-n+\omega-i\delta)(E_R-n-\omega+i\delta)} \label{hallfinal}
\end{eqnarray}
Note that $\sigma^D$ also includes transitions between delocalized and localized states as well as $\sigma^R$ includes transitions into delocalized states. The Hall conductivity can be split now into real and imaginary parts
 \subsection{Real part of the Hall conductivity}
For the real part of the Hall conductivity one can get the following expressions
\begin{eqnarray}
  Re\sigma_{yx}^D(\omega) &=&\frac{N_0-2}{S(1-\omega^2)}\sum_{n}f_n+\frac{1}{2\pi S}\sum_{Rn}f_nA_R^2\left[\frac{n+1}{(E_R-n-1)^2}- \frac{n}{(E_R-n+1)^2}\right]\times \nonumber\\ &&\times \frac{1}{(E_R-n)^2-\omega^2}\nonumber\\
  Re\sigma_{yx}^R(\omega) &=& -\frac{1}{2\pi S}\sum_{Rn}f_RA_R^2\left[\frac{n+1}{(E_R-n-1)^2}- \frac{n}{(E_R-n+1)^2}\right]\frac{1}{(E_R-n)^2-\omega^2}
  \label{realpart}
\end{eqnarray}
 It follows from Eq.(\ref{realpart})
  that there are two main frequency ranges: 1) a low frequency range $\omega \ll |\varepsilon_n|\equiv|E_R-n|$ , 2) a high frequency range $\omega\gg |\varepsilon_n|$. Remember that $\varepsilon_n$ is the energy of a split off state that describes the broadening of Landau level, and note that we do not consider very high frequencies $\omega\gg \omega_c$ where conductivity is trivially determined by Drude formula.

Let us first consider the low frequency range. Expanding the expressions in Eq.(\ref{realpart}) on $\omega$ and using sum rules Eq.(\ref{condr}) one can find
  \begin{eqnarray}\label{realpartfin}

    Re\sigma_{yx}^D(\omega)&=& \frac{1}{2\pi(1-\omega^2)}\sum_{n}f_n+\frac{\omega^2}{2\pi N_0}\sum_{n}f_n+\frac{\omega^2}{2\pi N_0}\sum_{nR}f_n\frac{A_R^2}{2\pi}\left[\frac{1}{(E_R-n)^4}+\frac{4n+2}{(E_R-n)^3}\right] \nonumber \\
     Re\sigma_{yx}^R(\omega)&=&-\frac{\omega^2}{2\pi N_0}\sum_{R}f_R-\frac{\omega^2}{2\pi N_0}\sum_{nR}f_R\frac{A_R^2}{2\pi}\left[\frac{1}{(E_R-n)^4}+\frac{4n+2}{(E_R-n)^3}\right]
  \end{eqnarray}
When obtaining Eq.(\ref{realpartfin}), using sum rules, we partially take the sums over $R$ in $ Re\sigma_{yx}^D$ and over $n$ in  $Re\sigma_{yx}^R$.
 As can be seen from Eq.(\ref{realpartfin}) in the static case $\omega=0$, $    Re\sigma^R(\omega=0)\equiv 0$ and the filling of only delocalized states is enough for quantization of the Hall conductivity \cite{klitzing}
 \begin{equation}\label{quant}
   Re\sigma_{yx}(0)=\frac{n^*}{2\pi}
 \end{equation}
 where $n^*=\sum_{n}f_n$ is the number of completely filled Landau levels. Although the localized states do not contribute to the static Hall conductivity, the virtual transitions from delocalized to localized states do and are very important to ensure the quantized value of conductivity \cite{klitzing}. In the dynamic case $\omega\neq 0$, provided that Landau levels are completely filled, one has from Eq.(\ref{realpartfin})
 \begin{equation}\label{compfill}
   Re\sigma_{yx}(\omega)=Re\sigma_{yx}^D(\omega)+Re\sigma_{yx}^R(\omega)=\frac{n^*}{2\pi(1-\omega^2)}
 \end{equation}
 Therefore in the dynamic case the ideal value of the Hall conductivity (for impurity-free system) is attained only after complete filling of a Landau level including the localized states. Now let us investigate how the Hall conductivity is changing when filling the localized states takes place. For this goal we will simplify Eq.(\ref{realpartfin}) by keeping only the resonance terms in sums over $nR$
 \begin{eqnarray}\label{res}

    Re\sigma_{yx}^D(\omega)&=& \frac{1}{2\pi(1-\omega^2)}\sum_{n}f_n+\frac{\omega^2}{\pi N_0}\sum_{n}f_n+\frac{\omega^2}{2\pi N_0}\sum_{n}f_n\frac{A_{Rn}^2}{2\pi}\left[\frac{1}{\varepsilon_n^4}+\frac{4n+2}{\varepsilon_n^3}\right] \nonumber \\
     Re\sigma_{yx}^R(\omega)&=&-\frac{\omega^2}{\pi N_0}\sum_{n}f_{Rn}-\frac{\omega^2}{2\pi N_0}\sum_{n}f_{Rn}\frac{A_{Rn}^2}{2\pi}\left[\frac{1}{\varepsilon_n^4}+\frac{4n+2}{\varepsilon_n^3}\right]
 \end{eqnarray}
Previously we have shown (see Eq.(\ref{Asquared})) that $A_{Rn}^2\approx 2\pi\varepsilon_n^2$.
 It follows from Eq.(\ref{res}) that when $\varepsilon_n>0 $ $(\lambda>0)$, the $Re\sigma_{yx}^R(\omega)<0$.
Therefore the filling of $\varepsilon_n>0 $ localized state results in a decrease of Hall conductivity.
Note that due to these ($\varepsilon_n>0 $) states the contribution of $Re\sigma_{yx}^D(\omega)$ to the Hall conductivity is larger than in a pure system.
When $\varepsilon_n<0$ $(\lambda<0)$, the $Re\sigma_{yx}^R(\omega)>0$ if $|\varepsilon_n|>1/(4n+2)$, otherwise the contribution is again negative. Therefore with the filling of $\varepsilon_n<0 $ localized state the Hall conductivity can either increase or decrease depending on the fulfillment of the above mentioned condition.

Now let us consider the high frequency range $\omega\gg |\varepsilon_n|$. Ignoring $\varepsilon_n$ in the denominator  one finds from Eq.(\ref{realpart})
 \begin{equation}\label{high}
   Re\sigma_{yx}^R(\omega)\approx \frac{1}{2\pi N_0}\sum_{n}f_{Rn}\frac{\varepsilon_n^2}{\omega^2}
 \end{equation}
 It follows from Eq.(\ref{high}) that the localized state contribution in the high frequency range is positive independently of the sign of $\varepsilon_n$. Therefore the Hall conductivity will increase, although the increase will be tiny because $\omega\gg \varepsilon_n.$
 \subsection{Imaginary part of the Hall conductivity}
 From Eq.(\ref{hallfinal}) one can find for imaginary part of conductivity the following relationships
 \begin{eqnarray} \label{im}

   Im\sigma_{yx}^D(\omega) &=&\frac{N_0-2}{4N_0}\left[\delta(1+\omega)-\delta(1-\omega)\right]-\frac{1}{8\pi N_0\omega}\sum_{Rn}f_nI_{Rn}\times\nonumber\\
&&\times\left[\delta(E_R-n-\omega)+\delta(E_R-n+\omega)\right] \nonumber\\
   Im\sigma_{yx}^R(\omega)  &=&\frac{1}{8\pi N_0\omega}\sum_{Rn}f_RI_{Rn}\left[\delta(E_R-n-\omega)+\delta(E_R-n+\omega)\right]
 \end{eqnarray}
 where
 \begin{equation}\label{irn}
   I_{Rn}=A_R^2\left[\frac{n+1}{(E_R-n-1)^2}-\frac{n}{(E_R-n+1)^2}\right]
 \end{equation}
 As can be seen from Eq.(\ref{im}) the localized states lead to nonzero imaginary part at frequencies essentially smaller than cyclotron frequency $1$.
Note that the localized states, split off upward ($\varepsilon_n>0 $) and split off downward ($\varepsilon_n<0 $), provide different contribution to the  imaginary part of the Hall conductivity.
To prove this let us consider the contribution of localized states into the imaginary part of the Hall conductivity in the resonance approximation
 \begin{equation}\label{imres}
   Im\sigma_{yx}^R(\omega)=\frac{1}{8\pi N_0\omega}\sum_{n}f_{Rn}I_{Rn}(\varepsilon_n)\left[\delta(\varepsilon_n-\omega)+\delta(\varepsilon_n+\omega)\right]
 \end{equation}
 The $\varepsilon_n>0$ states (split off upward) make a contribution into the first $\delta$ function and the $\varepsilon_n<0$ states (split off downward) make a contribution into the second $\delta$ function.
The signs of these contributions depend on the sign of $I_{Rn}(\pm\omega)$. Using Eq.(\ref{irn}) it is easy to find out that $I_{Rn}(\omega)>0$ and $I_{Rn}(-\omega)<0$ provided that $n\neq 0$ and $\omega<1$. This means that when filling the localized states the imaginary part of the Hall conductivity will oscillate depending on whether the localized state is split off upward or downward. Similar behavior was observed in a recent experiment \cite{dziom18}.

\section{Comparison with experiment and discussion}
 To get a better comparison with experiments let us now qualitatively generalize the results of a single impurity case to the case of many impurities $1\ll N_{imp}\ll N_0$.
Above we considered low ($\omega\ll \varepsilon_n$) and high ($\omega\gg \varepsilon_n$) frequency ranges. When comparing with experiment, one should keep in mind that when $\omega \lesssim \Delta_n$, where $\Delta_n$ is the broadening of a Landau level, both cases can realize simultaneously, with $\omega\ll \varepsilon_n$ for some part of the impurities and $\omega\gg \varepsilon_n$ for the other. Exact response will be dependent on distribution of impurities (defining the shape of the Landau level broadening). The other point that has to be kept in mind is that changing of Landau level filling in most of real life experiments is achieved through changing the strength of the magnetic field. This means that localized states splitting will be magnetic field dependent and can change from weak splitting at a low number of filled Landau levels to strong splitting at a high one.

In the low frequency range $\omega\ll \Delta_n$, where $\Delta_n$ is the broadening of a Landau level ($\Delta_n\equiv \varepsilon_n$ in case of single impurity   with $\delta$-shaped potential), the real part of dynamical Hall conductivity decreases when electrons fill split off upward localized states from $n$th Landau level.
When a Landau level is completely filled, the $Re\sigma_{yx}(\omega)$ is equal to its value in an ideal impurity-free system.
This is a generalization of the quantum Hall effect to dynamic case. Close to a complete filling of Landau level the correction to the quantized value is of the order of $\omega^2/\omega_c^2$  as it follows from Eq.(\ref{compfill}).
Therefore for the low frequencies $\omega\ll \Delta\ll \omega_c$ the filling of these localized states will not change the Hall conductivity and a plateau-like behaviour will be retained, see Fig.1.
For the experimental values $\omega\sim70GHz$,\quad  $\omega_c\sim 2THz$,\quad $\omega^2/\omega_c^2\sim 10^{-3}$ \cite{kuchar86,galchen87,dziom18}.

\begin{figure}
 \begin{center}
\includegraphics[width=8.0cm]{plateau3.pdf}

\caption{Qualitative dependence of real part of dynamical Hall conductivity $Re\sigma_{H}(\omega)$ on Landau level filling factor $\nu$ in the localized states region for three frequency ranges: $\omega \ll \Delta$ -- red line, $\omega = 0$ -- black line, $\omega \gg \Delta$ -- blue line.}
\label{fig.1}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

 When electrons fill the localized $\varepsilon_n<0$ states, which are split off downward from $n+1$-th Landau level, the $Re\sigma_{yx}^R(\omega)$ will decrease or increase depending on the fulfillment of the condition $|\varepsilon_n|>\omega_c/(4n+2)$.
When this condition is  fulfilled, one will have an increase of the Hall conductivity with filling these states.  A similar behavior was found for slowly varying in space impurity potential \cite{AL85, ALC85}.

For the imaginary part of dynamical Hall conductivity $Im\sigma_{xy}(\omega)$ in the localized state region between two Landau levels the oscillations are predicted due to the different contribution from localized states, split off upward or downward.
These oscillations were observed in the experiment \cite{dziom18}. As was explained above the Landau level broadening determines the threshold frequency that divides low frequency and high frequency ranges. If one accepts that Landau level broadening in GaAs/AlGaAs heterojunction is caused by short-range ionized impurities (see for example, \cite{broad}), then the Landau level broadening is estimated as
 \begin{equation}\label{broad}
   \Delta^2=\frac{2\hbar^2 \omega_c}{\pi \tau}
 \end{equation}

Taking some typical numbers $B=5T$, $m=0.07m_e$, $\omega_c=2THz$ $\tau=4ps$, from Eq.(\ref{broad}) one finds that the  corresponding threshold frequency is of the order of $\sim 200GHz$. Therefore one can expect plateau-like behavior for frequencies below this threshold frequency.
 We think that the  plateau-like behavior observed in the range of $30-70GHz$ \cite{kuchar86,galchen87,dziom18}  is the manifestation of the above mentioned circumstances.

 In the high frequency range $\omega\gg \Delta$  contribution of localized states close to complete filling of Landau level has an order of $\Delta^2/\omega^2\ll 1$ as it follows from Eq.(\ref{high}) and  is negligible. Therefore the filling of these states will not change the Hall conductivity and plateau-like behavior will be retained, see Fig.1. The plateau-like behaviour in the terahertz region observed in \cite{ikebe10,stier15,failla16} can be understood from the above mentioned point of view.
The ratio $\Delta^2/\omega^2$ in the above mentioned terahertz experiments $\omega\sim\omega_c$ could be less than $10^{-3}$ \cite{stier15}.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Airlines increase calls for restriction-free trans-Atlantic travel
written by Hannah Dowling | May 12, 2021
photo – British Airways
Airlines from across both sides of the Atlantic have joined together to call for a meeting between the governments of the UK and US in order to set a date for the re-opening of bilateral, restriction-free trans-Atlantic travel.
The chief executives of major airlines across the US and UK have joined forces to pen an open letter to Pete Buttigieg, US Secretary of Transportation, and Grant Shapps, the UK Transport Secretary to discuss the imminent return of quarantine-free trans-Atlantic travel – a notoriously profitable sector for airlines on both sides of the pond.
The letter was signed by chief executives representing American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, United Airlines, British Airways, Virgin Atlantic, JetBlue Airways, and US trade union Airlines for America.
In the letter, the aviation CEOs requested a summit between the UK and US, for the purpose of defining "a path to safely and expeditiously reopen trans-Atlantic travel in a manner that aligns with public health objectives".
"We are confident that the aviation industry possesses the right tools, based on data and science, to enable a safe and meaningful restart to trans-Atlantic travel," the letter reads.
However, the airline chiefs stated that "the airline industry needs adequate lead time to establish a plan for restarting air services, including scheduling aircraft and crews for these routes as well as for marketing and selling tickets".
"Safely reopening borders between the US and UK is essential for the continued economic recovery of both nations," the letter added.
"The return of trans-Atlantic air travel would not only have a significant, positive impact on our respective economies but will also reunite those who have been separated from their loved ones for over a year."
Additionally, the letter encouraged the use of digital health certification applications that have been widely tested by various airlines over the previous few months, in order to streamline safe travel between the countries.
The group collectively suggested such a summit to take place prior to the G7 summit, which is scheduled to take place between 11 and 13 June in Cornwall, UK.
It follows a very similar letter, written earlier in the week to US President Joe Biden and UK Prime Minister Boris Johnson, in which a coalition of US and European travel businesses called for the full reopening of the trans-Atlantic air travel market "as soon as safely possible".
The letter, signed by the US Chamber of Commerce, Airlines for America, Global Business Travel Association, Air Line Pilots Association, Virgin Atlantic, Association of UK Airlines, and Aerospace Industries Association, among others, argued that an already scheduled meeting between the two world leaders in June would be an "ideal opportunity for a joint announcement of the full reopening of the US-UK air travel market for both US and UK citizens".
As it stands, travellers from the US are required to quarantine for 10 days upon arrival in the UK, and complete two COVID-19 tests.
Meanwhile, the US on Monday lowered its travel advisory for the UK to 'Level Three: Reconsider Travelling", from "Level Four: Do Not Travel".
Last month, World of Aviation reported that the CEOs of British Airways, Virgin Atlantic and Heathrow Airport similarly joined forces to plead for the UK government to introduce a trans-Atlantic travel corridor.
The aviation industry leaders wrote to Prime Minister Johnson, arguing that the successful rollout of vaccination programs across both nations should result in travel between the UK and US being a priority once non-essential movement of people is allowed.
Before the COVID pandemic, the transatlantic travel market was worth US$9 billion per year to airlines.
Around 22 million people would travel between the US and UK per year, accounting for nearly 10 per cent of all global air travel.
Hannah Dowling
previous post FAA cracks down on unruly passengers as crew abuse incidents skyrocket
next post Boeing delivers 4 MAX jets in April before again suspending deliveries

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


The story of Ahmed Al-Kateb has far-reaching consequences for individual liberty in Australia. This is the story of a man who wanted to go home to Palestine, but who the High Court decided could be held indefinitely despite committing no crime.
Constitutional law expert Patrick Emerton describes this "shocking case" as one which "shows us how even very clever judges sitting on the High Court can sometimes make terrible mistakes".


text:
Followers of Powerful Iraqi Cleric Breach Green Zone in Baghdad
Israeli Raid Kills Several Palestinians on the West Bank
People Shelter in Kyiv Subway as Russia Launches Missile Attacks
Muqtada al-Sadr's announcement that he would leave politics sent hundreds of his followers into the streets of Baghdad, where they breached concrete barriers guarding the so-called Green Zone.
Israeli forces killed at least nine Palestinians during a raid on the West Bank, according to the Palestinian health ministry.
Russia launched several rounds of missiles throughout Ukraine a day after Germany and the United States pledged to send tanks...
Pope Says Homosexuality Is Not a Crime, 'God Loves Us As We Are'
Pope Francis called on the church to welcome L.G.B.T.Q. people and to work toward ending laws that criminalize homosexuality.
Biden Says the United States Will Send M1 Abrams Tanks to Ukraine
President Biden announced that his administration would arm Ukraine with 31 of the United States' most advanced tank.
One Key Element Of Affidavit Shows FBI Has A Source Very Close To Trump


Baresel, B., Bucher, H., Brosse, M., Cordey, F., Guodun, K., Schaltegger, U. 2017. Precise age for the Permian–Triassic boundary in South China from high-precision U-Pb geochronology and Bayesian age–depth modeling, Solid Earth, vol. 8, n°2, p. 361-378.
Mortensen, J.K., Lucas, K., Monger, J.W.H., Cordey, F., 2017: Synthesis of U-Pb and Fossil Age, Lithogeochemical and Pb-Isotopic Studies of the Paleozoic Basement of the Quesnel Terrane in South-Central British Columbia and Northern Washington State; in Geoscience BC, Report 2017-1, p. 165–188.
Ovtcharova, M., Goudemand, N., Hammer, Ø., Guodun, K., Cordey, F., Galfetti, T., Schaltegger, U. & Bucher, H. 2015. Developing a strategy for accurate definition of a geological boundary through radio-isotopic and biochronological dating: the Early-Middle Triassic boundary (South China). Earth-Science Reviews, vo. 146, p. 65-76.
Cobbett R., Crowley J., Cordey F., Henderson C.M. & Blodgett R.B., 2015. New U-Pb geochronology and fossil age control, Earn group near Anvil Lake, Central Yukon. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs. Vol. 47, No. 4, p. 44.
Monger J., Blakey R., Ebert D., Harrison C., Colpron M., Cordey F., Dehler S., Evenchick C., Fensome R., MacRae A., Nelson, J., Nowlan G., Olsen P., Poulton T., Price R., Sweet A., Therrien F., Wielens H., Williams G., Yorath C., Zelenitsky D., Zonneveld J.-P., 2014. Chapter 9. "Pangaea breaks up and mountains rise: Canada 251 to 65.5 million years ago", in "Four Billion Years and Counting: Canada's Geological Heritage", Canadian Federation of Earth Sciences.
Monger J., Blakey R., Ebert D., Harrison C., Colpron M., Cordey F., Dehler S., Evenchick C., Fensome R., MacRae A., Nelson, J., Nowlan G., Olsen P., Poulton T., Price R., Sweet A., Therrien F., Wielens H., Williams G., Yorath C., Zelenitsky D., Zonneveld J.-P., 2014. Chapitre 9. "La fragmentation de la Pangée et le soulèvement des montagnes: le Canada il y a 251 à 65.5 millions d'années", in "Quatre millions d'années d'histoire: l'héritage géologique du Canada", Canadian Federation of Earth Sciences.
Lardeaux J.-M., Munch P., Corsini M., Cornée J.-J., Verati C., Lebrun J.-F., Quillévéré F., Melinte-Dobrinescu M., Léticée J.-L., Fietzke J., Mazabraud Y., Cordey F., Randrianasolo A., 2013. La Desirade island (Guadeloupe, French West Indies): a key target for deciphering the role of reactivated tectonic structures in Lesser Antilles arc building. Bulletin de la Société géologique de France, vol. 184, p. 21-34.
Ferri, F., McMechan, M., Fraser, T., Fiess, K., Pyle, L., Cordey, F., 2013. Summary of field activities in western Liard Basin, British Columbia; in Geoscience Reports 2013, BC Ministry of Energy, Mines and Natural Gas.
Gagnon, J.-F., Barresi, T., Waldron, J.W.F., Nelson, J.L., Poulton, T.P., Cordey, F., 2012. Stratigraphy of the Upper Hazelton Group and the Jurassic evolution of the Stikine terrane, British Columbia. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 49, p. 1027-1052.
Cordey, F., Tricart, P., Guillot, S., Schwartz, S., 2012. Dating the Tethyan ocean in the Western Alps with radiolarite pebbles from synorogenic Oligocene molasse basins (southeast France). Swiss Journal of Geosciences, vol. 105, n° 1, pp. 39-48. DOI: 10.1007/s00015-012-0090-8.
Gagnon, J.-F., Barresi, T., Waldron, J.W.F., Nelson, J.L., Poulton, T.P., Cordey, F., 2012. The Upper Hazelton Group and its significance for the Jurassic evolution of the Stikine terrane, British Columbia. Cordilleran tectonics workshop, Geological Association of Canada (GAC-MAC), abstracts.
Meresse F., Savva D., Pubellier M., Steuer S., Franke D., Cordey F., Muller C., Sapin F., Mouly B., Auxiètre J.-L., 2012. Late tectonic uplift of an inverted oceanic basin in South East Asia: the case of Palawan Island (western Philippines), Geophysical Research Abstracts, EGU, vol. 14, EGU2012-11644.
Mihalynuk, M.G., Zagorevski, A., Cordey F., 2012. Geology of the Hoodoo Mountain area (NTS 104B/14W), Geological Fieldwork 2011, BC Geological Survey Branch, Paper 2012-1, p. 45-67.
Baud, A., Richoz, S., Beauchamp, B., Cordey, F., Grasby, S., Henderson, C., Krystyn, L., Nicora, A., 2012. The Buday'ah Formation, sultanate of Oman: a middle Permian to Early Triassic record of the NeoTethys and the late Induan microsphere bloom. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, vol. 34, p. 130-143.
Sallouhi, H., Boughdiri M., & Cordey F., 2011. Tithonian Chitinoidellids of the South-Tethyan Margin of the Maghreb: New data from northern Tunisia. C. R. Palevol, vol. 10, p. 641-653.
Schwartz, J.J., Snoke, A.W., Cordey, F., Johnson, K., Frost, C.D., Barnes, C.G., LaMaskin, T.A., & Wooden, J.L., 2011. Late Jurassic magmatism, metamorphism and deformation in the Blue Mountains Province, Northeast Oregon, Geological Society of America Bulletin, v. 123, no. 9/10, p. 2083–2111.
Lardeaux J.-M., Corsini M., Cornée J.-J., Münch P., et al. (J.C. Braga, F. Cordey, J.-F. Lebrun, J.L. Léticée, B. Marcaillou, M. Melinte-Dobrinescu, P. Moissette, F. Quillévéré, A. Randrianasolo, C. Verati, E. Voitus), 2011. La Désirade Field Trip, Jurassic basement and Pliocene-Early Pleistocene carbonate platform, Field-guide of 19th Caribbean Geological Conference, Le Gosier, Guadeloupe, March 25 and 26 th 2011, 26 p.
Mortensen, J.K., Lucas, K., Monger, J.W.H., & Cordey, F., 2011. Geological Investigations of the Basement of Quesnellia in southern British Columbia: Progress Report, Geoscience BC, Report 2010, p. 133-142.
Gagnon, J.-F., Barresi, T., Waldron, J.W.F., Nelson, J.L., Poulton, T.P., Cordey, F. & Heaman, L.M. 2010. Revised stratigraphic framework of the Lower to Middle Jurassic Hazelton Group, northwestern British Columbia, Geological Association of Canada annual meeting (GAC-MAC), abstracts with programs.
Goodfellow, W.D., Geldsetzer, H., Gregoire, C., Orchard, M.J., & Cordey F., 2010. Geochemistry and origin of geographically extensive Ni(Mo, Zn, U)-PGE sulphide deposits hosted in Devonian black shales, Yukon; TGI abstract.
Richoz, S., Krystyn, L., Weidlich, O., Baud, A., Beauchamp, B., Bernecker, M., Cordey, F., Grasby, S., Henderson, C.M., Marcoux, J., Nicora, A., & Twitchett, R., 2010, The Permian- Triassic transition in the Oman Mountains, in Baud , A. & Bernecker, M., eds., IGCP 572, 2nd Field workshop, Field Guide Book 2: Muscat, GUtech, p. 1-109.
Gagnon, J.F., Evenchick, C.A., Waldron, J.W.F., Cordey, F. & Poulton T.P., 2009, Early to Late Jurassic subsidence history of the Hazelton Trough-Bowser Basin in the area of Todagin Mountain, north-central British Columbia, Canada, Bulletin of Canadian Petroleum Geology, v. 57; no. 4; p. 430-448; DOI: 10.2113/gscpgbull.57.4.430.
Ruks, T., Mortensen, J. K., & Cordey F., 2009, Stratigraphic and paleotectonic studies of the middle Paleozoic Sicker group and contained volcanogenic massive sulphide occurrences, Vancouver Island, British Columbia, GSA Annual meeting, Cordilleran section, GSA Abstracts with Programs.
Cordey, F., & Cornée, J.-J., 2009, New radiolarian assemblages from La Désirade Island basement complex (Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles Arc) and Caribbean tectonic implications, Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, vol. 180, n° 5, p. 399-409.
Ruks, T., Mortensen, JK, & Cordey F., 2009, Preliminary results of geological mapping, U-Pb zircon dating, and micropaleontological and Pb isotopic studies of VMS-hosting stratigraphy of the Middle and Late Paleozoic Sicker and Lower Buttle Lake Groups on Vancouver Island, Geoscience BC, Report 2009-1.
Boughdiri, M., Sallouhi, H., Haddad, S., Cordey, F. & Soussi, M., 2009: Integrated biostratigraphy and regional correlations of Upper Jurassic–lowermost Cretaceous series in northern Tunisia. Geologiska Föreningen, Stockholm, vol. 131, pp. 1–11.
Cordey, F., & Carter, ES., 2007, Atalantria, new name for Atalanta Cordey & Carter 1996 (Nassellaria, Radiolaria), Micropaleontology, vol. 53, no. 5, p. 430.
Boughdiri M., Cordey F., Sallouhi H., Maâlaoui, K., Masrouhi A., & Soussi M., 2007, Jurassic radiolarian-bearing series of Tunisia: biostratigraphy and significance to western Tethys correlations, Swiss Journal of Geosciences, vol. 100/3, p. 431-441.
Cordey, F., and Bailly, A., 2007, Alpine ocean seafloor spreading and onset of pelagic sedimentation: new radiolarian data from the Chenaillet-Montgenèvre ophiolite (French-Italian Alps), Geodinamica Acta, vol. 20/3, p. 131-138.
Galfetti, T. , Bucher, H., Ovtcharova, M., Schaltegger, U., Brayard, A., Brühwiler, T., Goudemand, N., Weissert, H., Hochuli, P.A., Cordey, F., and Guodun, K., 2007, Timing of the Early Triassic carbon cycle perturbations inferred from new U-Pb ages and ammonoid biochronozones, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, v. 258, p. 593-604.
Cordey, F., 2007, Circum-Pacific setting of radiolarian chert terranes, GSA Annual meeting, Cordilleran section, Bellingham 2007, GSA Abstracts with Programs, vol. 39, n° 4, p. 19.
Ben Fadhel, M., Cordey, F., Ben Youssef, M. and Layeb, M., 2007, Upper Albian radiolarian biostratigraphy from Jebel Srassif section (Nebeur - northern Tunisia); Second International Conference on the Geology of the Tethys, March 2007, Cairo University, Giza, program and abstracts.
Gagnon, J.F., Loogman, W., Waldron, J.W.F., Cordey, F. and Evenchick, C.A., 2007, Stratigraphic record of initiation of sedimentation in the Bowser Basin, northwest British Columbia, BC Geological Survey Paper, 2007-I, p. 275-283.
Cordey, F., 2006, Le Big Bang de l'Evolution, Sciences et Avenir, dossier hors série n° 146 « L'univers est-il sans histoire ?», p. 73.
Boughdiri, M., Sallouhi, H., Cordey, F., Maalaoui K., and Soussi, M. 2006. Late Jurassic-Berriasian formations of northern Tunisia: updated biostratigraphy, regional correlations and western Tethys geodynamic context; 7th International Congress on the Jurassic system, Krakow, program and abstracts.
Boughdiri, M., Sallouhi, H., Maalaoui K., Soussi, M., Cordey, F., 2006. Calpionellid zonation of the Jurassic-Cretaceous transition in North-Atlasic Tunisia. Updated stratigraphy of the "Tunisian trough" and Upper Jurassic regional correlations, Comptes Rendus Géosciences, vol. 338, p. 1250-1259.
G.T. Nixon, J.L. Hammack, V.M. Koyanagi, G.J. Payie, J.W. Haggart, M.J. Orchard, T. Tozer, D.A. Archibald, R.M. Friedman, J. Palfy and Cordey, F., 2006. Geology of the Quatsino - Port McNeill Area, Northern Vancouver Island (NTS 092L/11, 12E); Scale 1:50 000; BC Geological Survey, Geoscience map 2006-2.
G.T. Nixon, J.L. Hammack, V.M. Koyanagi, G.J. Payie, L.D. Snyder, A. Panteleyev, N.W.D. Massey, D.A. Archibald, J.W. Haggart, M.J. Orchard, R.M. Friedman, T. Tozer, H.W. Tipper, T.P. Poulton, J. Palfy, Cordey F. and D.J. Barron, 2006; Geology of the Holberg - Winter Harbour Area, Northern Vancouver Island (NTS 092L/12W, 102I/8, 9); Scale 1:50 000; BC Geological Survey, Geoscience map 2006-3.
G.T. Nixon, J.L. Hammack, J.V. Hamilton, H. Jennings, M.J. Orchard, J.W. Haggart, H.W. Tipper, R.M. Friedman, D.A. Archibald, Cordey F. and K.A. Johnston, 2006; Geology of the Mahatta Creek Area, Northern Vancouver Island (NTS 092L/5); Scale 1:50 000; BC Geological Survey, Geoscience map 2006-4.
Larghi, C., Cordey, F., Corradini, C., Gaetani, M., Nicora, A., 2005: Palaeozoic (Silurian and Devonian) radiolarians and conodonts from chert olistoliths of the Volissos Turbidites, Chios island, Greece; Eclogae geologicae Helvetiae, vol. 98, p. 123-131.
Cordey, F., Boughdiri, M., and Sallouhi, H., 2005: First direct age determination from the Jurassic radiolarian-bearing siliceous series (Jédidi Formation) of northwestern Tunisia, Comptes-Rendus Géoscience, vol. 337, n°8, p. 777-785.
Ferry, S., Tremblay, S., Guiraud, M. et Cordey, F., 2005. Les molasses rouges paléogènes du bassin subalpin français. Corrélations avec le bassin helvetique. ASF Association Sédimentologie France, Octobre 2005 (abstract).
Mihalynuk, M.G., Erdmer, P., Ghent, E.D., Cordey, F., Archibald, D.A., Friedman, R.M., Johannson, G.G., 2004: Coherent French Range blueschist: Subduction to exhumation in < 2.5 m.y.?; Geological Society of America Bulletin, vol. 116, n°7, p. 910-922.
Mihalynuk, M.G, Ferreira, L. Robertson, S., Devine, F.A.M. and Cordey, F., 2004: Geology and New Mineralization in the Joss'alun Belt, Atlin Area, in Geological Fieldwork 2003, B.C. Ministry of Energy and Mines, Paper 2004-1, p. 61-84.
Cordey, F., and Mihalynuk, M., 2003: Mapping old oceans: new results from the northern Cache Creek terrane, Canadian Cordillera, International Conference on Radiolaria n° 10, Lausanne, program and abstracts, p. 44.
Maury, R., Béchennec, F., Cotten, J., Caroff, M., Cordey, F., and Marcoux, J. , 2003: Middle Permian plume-related magmatism of the Hawasina nappes and the Arabian platform: incidences on the evolution of the Neotethyan margin in Oman. Tectonics, vol. 22, n°6.
Cordey, F., 2003: Approches en paléontologie quantitative : cours de biochronologie, Université de Bizerte, Tunisie, 20 p.
Mihalynuk, M.G., Johnston, S.T., English, J.M., Cordey, F., Villeneuve, M.E., Rui, L., and Orchard, M.J, 2003: Atlin TGI, Part II: Regional Geology and Mineralization of the Nakina Area; BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, Paper 2003-1 p. p. 9-38.
Lowe, C., Mihalynuk, M. G., Anderson, R.G., Canil, D., Cordey, F., English, J. M., Harder, M., Johnson, S.T., Orchard, M., Russell, K., Sano, H., and Villeneuve, M.E., 2003: Overview of the Atlin Integrated Geoscience Project, northwestern British Columbia, Geological Survey of Canada, n. 2003-A11, 10 p.
Mihalynuk, M.G., Villeneuve, M.E., and Cordey, F., 2003: Atlin TGI, Part III: Geological setting and style of Mineralization at the Joss'alun Occurrence, Atlin Area; BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, Paper 2003-1 p. 39-50.
Mihalynuk, M., Anderson, B., Lowe, C., Villeneuve, M., Johnston, S., English, J. and Cordey, F, 2003: Atlin TGI update and new massive sulphide discovery in Cache Creek rocks, Vancouver Cordilleran and Exploration roundup, January 2003, abstract.
Béchennec, F., Gorican, S., Cordey, F., Robin, C., Guillocheau, F., and Marcoux, J.: The continental slope along the southern Tethyan Arabian margin in Triassic-Late Cretaceous times: Al Aridh Group, revised stratigraphy and significance of a Mesozoic Hawasina unit in the Central Oman Mountains, Geodynamica acta, submitted.
Mihalynuk, M.G., Johnston, S.T., Lowe, C., Cordey, F., English, J.M., Devine, F.A., Larson, K. and Merran, Y., 2002: Atlin TGI Part II: Preliminary results from the Atlin Geoscience Initiative, Nakina area, Northwest British Columbia; in Geological Fieldwork 2001; BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, Paper 2002-1, p. 5-18.
Cordey, F., Bucher, H., Marcoux, J., Baud, A., Girard, C., and Lecuyer, C., 2001: The end-Permian crisis in oceanic environments: new data and implications from Neotethyan and Panthalassic deep-basin successions; séance Paléobiodiversité, Crise, Paléoenvironnements de la Société Geologique de France, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, volume des résumés, p. 23.
Cecca, F., Savary, B., Bartolini, A., Remane, J., and Cordey. F., 2001: The middle Jurassic-Early Cretaceous Ammonitico rosso succession at Monte Inici (Trapanese domain): sedimentology, biostratigraphy and isotope stratigraphy; Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, vol. 172, n. 5, p. 647-660.
Orchard, M.J., Cordey, F., Rui, L., Bamber, W., Struik, L.C. and Sano, H., 2001: Paleontological constraints on the paleogeography of the Carboniferous to Jurassic Cache Creek Terrane in central British Columbia; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences, vol. 38, no. 4, p. 551-578.
Struik, L.C., Schiarizza, P., Orchard, M.J., Cordey, F., Sano, H., MacIntyre, D.G., Lapierre, H., and Tardy, M., 2001: Imbricate architecture of the upper Paleozoic to Jurassic oceanic Cache Creek Terrane, central British Columbia, Canadian Journal of Earth Science, vol. 38, no. 4, p. 495-514.
Baud, A., Béchennec, F., Cordey, F., and Marcoux, J., 2001: Permo-Triassic Deposits: from Shallow Water to Base of Slope, International conference on the geology of Oman, Muscat, January 2001, post-conference excursion No. B01, 40 p.
Baud, A., Cordey, F., Krystyn, L., Marcoux, J. and Richoz S, 2001: The Permian-Triassic boundary in Oman, a review; International conference on the geology of Oman, Muscat, January 2001, Abstract volume, p. 21.
Béchennec, F., Gorican, S., Robin, C., Cordey, F., and Marcoux, J., 2001: Al Aridh Group: revised stratigraphy and significance of a Mesozoic Hawasina unit in the Oman mountains; International conference on the geology of Oman, Muscat, January 2001, Abstract volume, p. 22.
Cordey, F., Baud, A., Béchennec, F., Gorican, S., Krystyn, L., Marcoux, J., Robin, C., and Richoz, S., 2001: Permian-Triassic deep water sediments of the Wadi Wasit revisited; International conference on the geology of Oman, Muscat, January 2001, Abstract volume, p. 29.
Richoz, S., Baud, A., Cordey, F. and Marcoux, J., 2001: Lower Triassic carbon isotope stratigraphy of the Sumeini slope deposits (Maqam C, NW Oman); International conference on the geology of Oman, Muscat, January 2001, Abstract volume, p. 75.
Racki, G., and Cordey, F., 2000: Radiolarian paleoecology and radiolarites: is the present the key to the past?; Earth-Science Reviews, vol. 52, p. 83-120.
Mihalynuk, M.G., Mountjoy, K.J., Smith, M.T., Currie, L.D., Gabites, J.E., Tipper, H.W., Or chard, M.J., Poulton, T.P. and Cordey, F. 1999: Geology and mineral resources of the Tagish Lake area (NTS 104M/ 8, 9, 10E, 15 and 104N/12W), north western British Columbia; BC Ministry of Energy and Mines, Bulletin 105, 217 pages.
Cordey, F., Marcoux, J., Bucher, H., Girard, C., Lécuyer, C., Crasquin-Soleau, S., Baud, A., and Orchard, M.J., 1999; Record of Permo-Triassic crisis in oceanic environments: new targets in Oman, Nevada, and British Columbia; European Union of Geosciences, Journal of Conference Abstracts, vol. 4, p. 275.
Struik, L.C., Cordey, F., Lapierre, H., Orchard, M.J., Sano, H., Ash, C., Macintyre, D.G., and Schiarizza, P., 1999: Architecture of the imbricate upper Paleozoic to Jurassic oceanic Cache Creek terrane, Central British Columbia; Geological Society of America, Cordilleran section annual meeting (June 2-4), Berkeley, California, Program and abstracts.
Cordey, F., and Struik, L.C., 1999: New radiolarian data from the Cache Creek terrane in central B.C.; 1999 Vancouver Cordilleran Geology and Exploration Roundup (poster).
Cordey, F., 1998: Radiolaires des complexes d'accrétion cordillérains; Geological Survey of Canada Bulletin, no. 509, 210 p., 28 pl.
Mihalynuk, M.G., and Cordey, F., 1997: Potential for Kutcho Creek volcanogenic massive sulfide mineralization in the Northern Cache Creek terrane: a progress report; B.C. Ministry of Energy, Mines and Petroleum Resources, Geological Fieldwork 1996, p. 157-170.
Cordey, F. and Struik, L.C., 1996b: Radiolarian biostratigraphy and implications: Cache Creek Group of Fort Fraser and Prince George map areas, central British Columbia; in Current Research 1996-E; Geological Survey of Canada, p. 7-18.
Cordey, F., Orchard, M.J., and Irwin, S.E.B., 1996: Paleozoic Conodont/Radiolarian calibration in the Canadian Cordillera; in Current Research 1996-E; Geological Survey of Canada, p. 49-54.
Matsuoka, A., Aita, Y., Munasri, Wakita, K., Shen, G., Ujiii, H., Sashida, K., Vishnevskaia, V., Bragin, N., and Cordey, F., 1996: Radiolarians from circum-Pacific regions; The Island arc, vol. 5, p. 203-213.
Cordey, F., and Carter, E.S., 1996: New Nassellaria (Radiolaria) from the Lower Jurassic of the Canadian Cordillera; Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences , vol. 33, p. 444-451.
Cordey, F., 1996: Biogenesis of accreted Cordilleran Radiolarites: Ordovician-Cretaceous proto-Pacific planktic environments; in J.E. Repetski, Sixth North American Paleontological Convention, Paleontological Society Special Publication no. 8, Washington D.C., p. 85.
Ash, C., Friedman, R., Cordey, F., and Tipper, H., 1996: Stikine terrane stratigraphy along the northwestern margin of the Bowser basin; GAC/MAC annual meeting, Winnipeg '96, Program and abstracts.
Cordey, F., and Struik, L.C., 1996a: Radiolarian biostratigraphy, Fort Fraser and Prince George map areas, central British Columbia: scope and preliminary results; Geological Survey of Canada Paper 96-1A.
Struik, L.C., Floriet, C., and Cordey, F., 1996: Geology near Fort-St-James, central British Columbia; Geological Survey of Canada Paper 96-1A.
Cordey, F., 1995: Chert-bearing Terranes (British Columbia, Canada): Radiolarian Biostratigraphy, Depositional Setting, Paleogeographic and Tectonic Evolution; GAC/MAC annual meeting, Victoria '95, Program and abstracts, p. A20.
Greig, C.J., Cordey, F., and Orchard, M.J., 1995: Tectonic Significance of Early Permian to Late Triassic Radiolarian Cherts, Kinskuch Lake-Cambria Icefield area, SE of Stewart, NW BC; GAC/MAC annual meeting, Victoria '95, Program and abstracts, p. A38.
Read, P.B., Cordey, F., and Orchard, M.J., 1995: Stratigraphy and Relationships of the Cache Creek and Cadwallader Terranes, South-Central BC; GAC/MAC annual meeting, Victoria '95, Program and abstracts, p. A88.
Cordey, F., 1994: Carboniferous to Late Jurassic Radiolarian chert in Western Canada: new discoveries, biostratigraphy, faunal comparisons with East Asia: similar record of long-lived paleo-Pacific deposition ?; in Organizing Commitee of Interrad VII, Osaka City University, Abstracts, p. 31.
Cordey, F., and Schiarizza, P., 1993: Long-lived panthalassic remnant: the Bridge River accretionary complex, Canadian Cordillera; Geology, vol. 21, p. 263-266.
Cordey, F., 1993: Radiolarian and plate tectonics: potential and implications; Geological Association of Canada Annual Meeting, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Program and Abstracts.
Cordey, F., 1993: Off the western shore of Pangea: Carboniferous to Jurassic radiolarian chert in one single Cordilleran terrane = Panthalassa ?; in Carboniferous to Jurassic Pangea, Annual Convention of the Canadian Society of Petroleum Geologists with Global Sedimentary Geology Program, Program and Abstracts, p. 62.
Cordey, F., 1992: Radiolarians and Terrane Analysis in the Canadian Cordillera: the "clastic approach": in Aitchison, J., and Murchey, B. (eds), The significance and application of Radiolaria to Terrane Analysis; Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, Amsterdam, p. 155-159.
Cordey, F., 1992: Radiolarian ages from chert pebbles of the Tantalus Formation, Carmacks area, Yukon Territory; Geological Survey of Canada Paper 92-1E, p. 53-59.
Cordey, F., and Read, P.B., 1992: Permian and Triassic radiolarian ages from the Cache Creek Complex, Dog Creek and Alkali Lake, southwestern British Columbia; Geological Survey of Canada Paper 92-1E, p. 41-51.
Cordey, F., Greig, C.J., and Orchard, M.J., 1992: Permian, Triassic, and Middle Jurassic microfaunal associations, Stikine terrane, Owegee and Kinskuch areas, northwestern British Columbia; Geological Survey of Canada Paper 92-1E, p. 107-116.
Cordey, F., and Carter, E.S., 1991: Radiolarians: the "quartz watches" of the Canadian Cordillera; Energie, Mines and Resources Canada; Cordilleran Geology and Exploration Roundup, Vancouver, Program and Abstracts.
Fourcade, E., Dercourt, J., Gunay, Y., Azema, J., Kozlu, H., Bellier, J.P., Cordey, F., Cros, P., De Wever, P., Enay, R., Hernandez, J., Lauer, J.P., and Vrielynck, B., 1991: Stratigraphie et paléogéographie de la marge septentrionale de la plate-forme arabe au Mésozoïque (Turquie du Sud-Est); Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France, Paris, v. 162, n. 1, p. 27-42.
Cordey, F., Gordey, S.P., and Orchard, M.J., 1991: New biostratigraphic data for the northern Cache Creek Terrane, Teslin map area, southern Yukon; Geological Survey of Canada Paper 91-1E, p. 67-76.
Orchard, M.J., and Danner, W.R., with contribution by Beyers, J.M., and Cordey, F., 1991: Paleontology of the Cache Creek Terrane; in Smith, P.L. (ed.): a field guide to the Paleontology of southwestern Canada, First Canadian Paleontology Conference, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, p. 169-187.
Cordey, F.,1991: Dating otherwise undatable rocks: radiolarians, the "quartz watches" of the Canadian Cordillera; Geos, v. 20, n. 3, p. 35-40.
Cordey, F., and Krauss, P.T., 1991: Radiolarian-bearing lithologies of collage orogens: why, where, and how to find them; example of the Canadian Cordillera; Sixth Meeting of the International Association of Radiolarian paleontologists (Interrad VI), Firenze, p. 27 [abstracts].
Kito, N., De Wever, P., Danelian, T., and Cordey, F., 1990: Middle to Late Jurassic Radiolarians from Sicily (Italy); Marine Micropaleontology, Amsterdam, vol. 15, p. 329-349.
Cordey, F., 1990: Radiolarian age determinations from the Canadian Cordillera; Geological Survey of Canada Paper 90-1E, p. 121-126.
Cordey, F., and Krauss, P., 1990: A field technique for identifying and dating radiolaria applied to British Columbia and Yukon; Geological Survey of Canada Paper 90-1E, p. 127-129.
De Wever, P., Granlund, A., and Cordey, F., 1989: Icule: an Interactive Coordination Utilisation Technique for Landmark Extraction, its use in paleontology. Toward an integrated system for the paleontologist; Revue de Micropaléontologie, Paris, v. 32, p. 215-225.
Cordey, F., 1988: Etude des radiolaires permiens, triasiques et jurassiques des complexes ophiolitiques de Cache Creek, Bridge River et Hozameen (Colombie-Britannique, Canada): implications paléogeographiques et structurales; Mémoire des Sciences de la Terre, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 398 p. [PhD thesis / Doctorat de l'Université].
Cordey, F., and De Wever, P., 1988a: Radiolarians from the southern Canadian Cordillera; in: Schmidt-Effing R. and Braun A. (eds.), First International Conference on Radiolaria (Eurorad V); Geologica et Micropaleontologica, Marburg, p. 12.
Cordey, F., and De Wever, P., 1988b: Cordillère canadienne: datation du terrain exotique Cache Creek; 12 RAST (Réunion Annuelle des Sciences de la Terre), Lille (France) [abstracts].
Cordey, F., De Wever, P., Dumitrica, P., Danelian, T., Kito, N., and Vrielynck, B., 1988: Description of some new Middle Triassic radiolarians from the Camp Cove Formation, Southern British Columbia, Canada; Revue de Micropaléontologie, Paris, v. 31, p. 30-37.
Cordey, F., Mortimer, N., De Wever, P., and Monger, J.W.H., 1987a: Significance of Jurassic radiolarians from the Cache Creek terrane, British Columbia; Geology, p. 1151-1154.
Cordey, F., De Wever, P., Mortimer, N., and Monger, J.W.H., 1987b: Découverte de Radiolaires jurassiques dans la Série de Cache Creek (Colombie Britannique, Canada): Mise en évidence d'un vaste domaine de terrains océaniques permo-jurassiques dans les Cordillères ouest-américaines; Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, vol. 305, p. 601-604.
De Wever, P., Danelian, T., Durand-Delga, M., Cordey, F., and Kito, N., 1987: Datations des radiolarites post-ophiolitiques de Corse Alpine à l'aide des radiolaires; Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris, vol. 305, p. 893-900.
De Wever, P., and Cordey, F., 1986: Les Radiolarites s.s. de la Série du Pinde-Olonos (Gr`ce Continentale); 11e RAST (Reunion Annuelle des Sciences de la Terre), Clermont-Ferrand (France) [abstracts].
Cordey, F., 1986: Datations par les Radiolaires des complexes de Cache Creek et Bridge River, et de galets issus de conglomerats crétacés, Colombie Britannique, Canada; 11 RAST (Reunion Annuelle des Sciences de la Terre), Clermont-Ferrand (France) [abstracts].
De Wever, P., and Cordey, F., 1986: Datation par les Radiolaires de la Formation des Radiolarites s.s. de la Série du Pinde-Olonos (Grece): Bajocien(?)-Tithonique; Marine Micropaleontology, Amsterdam, vol. 11, p. 113-127.
Cordey, F., 1986: Radiolarian ages from the Cache Creek and Bridge River complexes and from chert pebbles in Cretaceous conglomerates, British Columbia; Geological Survey of Canada Paper 86-1A, p. 595-602.
De Wever, P., and Cordey, F., 1984: Direct datations of the Pindos Zone radiolarites; EURORAD IV, Leningrad (USSR) [abstracts].
Cordey, F., 1983: Radiolaires du Jurassique moyen de la Serie du Pinde-Olonos en Grèce Continentale et des Montagnes Centrales Hongroises: taxonomie, stratigraphie; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, 48 p. [unpub. MSc. thesis/DEA non publié].


text:
By manusharmaig on 29 Aug 2020
Black Panther actor Chadwick Boseman is no more
Chadwick Boseman, who played the iconic role of Black Panther in Marvel Cinematic Universe, died on Friday because of cancer. He was diagnosed with colon cancer four years ago, his family stated. He was just 43 when he left the world.
Chadwick was born in South Carolina, United States and was graduated from Howard University in year 2000. Boseman got his first television role in 2003, in an episode of Third Watch. That same year, he portrayed Reggie Montgomery in the daytime soap opera All My Children, but stated that he was fired after voicing concerns to producers about racist stereotypes in the script.
In year 2008, he moved to Los Angeles to pursue acting as a career. In the same year, he played recurring role in the television series Lincoln Heights. He had his first starring role in 2013 film 42. After that, he did many films and played many different characters in them. But the fame he got the most was because of the character of Black Panther/T'Challa, which was first seen in 2016 movie Captain America: Civil War. He headlined Black Panther in 2018 which was focused on his character and his home country Wakanda. He was then visible in the movies Avengers: Infinity War and Avengers: Endgame portraying the same character, which were released in 2018 and 2019 respectively. Both films were the highest grossing of the year they were released, with Endgame going on to become the highest-grossing film of all time. The sequel of the film Black Panther was also announced to be released next year.
Because of his epic role in these movies, Boseman has a huge fan following from all over the world. Many of his fans are from India who are feeling sorrow for the dismissal of one of their favourite characters and are giving condolences to his family and friends for the same.
ECI bids farewell to Sh Ashok Lavasa


Government policies and investment have transformed China into one of the world's leading adopters and manufacturers of Renewable Energy technology.
Ambitious renewable energy targets and strategic government investment have helped China become a world leader in renewable energy manufacturing and power generation. In 2010, China surpassed the U.S. to become the world's largest wind power producer with 44.7 GW of installed capacity. China renewable energy manufacturers produce more solar photovoltaic panels and wind turbines than any other country. By 2020, installed capacity of wind, solar and biomass power is targeted to more than quadruple, from less than 50 GW in 2010 to more than 200 GW in 2020. Given China's installation track record, combined with reassessments of nuclear energy in the wake of the disaster in Japan, these targets are probably conservative.
China plans to boost solar capacity 20-fold by 2020, from 800 MW in 2010 to more than 20 GW, including more development in western China, with technologies beyond the crystalline silicon (c-Si PV) solutions China has favored so far.
Already the world leader in solar panel manufacturing, China is poised to enter a new phase: developing domestic solar power generation capacity. In early concession rounds, western regions have been favored for large-scale projects using primarily domestically produced crystalline silicon PV panels. As technology and power generation costs decline, it is likely that China will install a mix of solar technologies to achieve its 2015 and 2020 solar power generation targets. China is reconsidering its energy targets in the wake of Japan's nuclear crisis, which may increase solar power targets further to 10 GW by 2015 and 30 GW by 2020.
As a new government priority, China's offshore wind market is poised for takeoff; however, since offshore wind is more than twice as expensive to develop than China's still abundant onshore resources, the market represents a paradox for investors.
China's offshore wind market only began in 2009 with the construction of its first offshore wind farm near Shanghai, but government targets call for swift growth to 30 GW by 2020. Offshore wind capital costs in China are expected to be at least double onshore costs, yet the first concession round held in 2010 for four projects totaling 1 GW resulted in low bid prices—insufficient, it appears, for profitable ownership. These projects may be subsequently awarded higher tariffs by the government to ensure profitable operation, just as with early onshore wind farms. Given policy and technical uncertainties, the current market does not suit risk-averse developers. For foreign equipment and service providers, the market may be favorable, but due to pricing constraints there may be limited opportunities for foreign turbine manufacturers.
China is a leading player in DRE with significant capacity in small hydropower, household biogas digesters and rooftop solar water heating. However, without grid improvements, more cost-effective energy storage and subsidies, promising DRE technologies will not reach their full potential.
although private financing models have been used successfully in wealthier urban areas for distributed rooftop solar.


text:
Kunjathur es una ciudad censal situada en el distrito de Kasaragod en el estado de Kerala (India). Su población es de 13633 habitantes (2011). Se encuentra a 30 km de Kasaragod y a 18 km de Mangalore.

Demografía
Según el censo de 2011 la población de Kudlu era de 13633 habitantes, de los cuales 6729 eran hombres y 6904 eran mujeres. Kunjathur tiene una tasa media de alfabetización del 90,21%, inferior a la media estatal del 94%: la alfabetización masculina es del 94,88%, y la alfabetización femenina del 85,69%.

Referencias

Localidades de Kerala

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Strategy is the most important element of any digital activity. Our strategy team turn big ideas into bottom-line results, a target audience into an engaged customer base and a passing interest into positive, clear-cut action.
We help organisations develop long-term plans and digital roadmaps to maximise results and exploit the ever-changing digital landscape.
Our team bring a focused, technical and data-driven approach to strategic planning – analysing consumer insights, audience research, segmentation & intention with sector-specific trends and vertical research.
We fuse creativity with practicality, helping businesses anticipate, exploit and adapt to existing and emerging platforms – from web and mobile to social, tablets, Glassware and more. Ultimately, we work with our clients to define the vision, plan the implementation, establish the schedule and ensure everything is in place from the very beginning.


Hot Yoga is a highly structured, set sequence class that lays the foundation for a heated yoga practice. The practice room is heated above body temperature and holds a consistent and relatively high humidity to warm the body. In a heated environment muscles are more supple, which facilitates movement, and capillaries dilate, which promotes circulation and detoxification. Sweat rate, which is also higher in a hot class, is often associated with detoxification and elimination. While there is some truth to that, sweating is actually a cooling response produced by the body to regulate temperature. Hot Yoga is an accessible class for students with a baseline fitness level.
Warrior poses, chair, single leg balances, twists and backbends.
While many associate hot yoga with Bikram Yoga the two are not the same. Bikram is a specific style of yoga that became popularized in the early 1970's. Classes are 90 minutes long and consist of a 26 posture sequence. The practice room is heated to 105 degrees with 40% humidity, and the teaching style is more aggressive and rigid than most yoga classes. In contrast, hot yoga is not a style of yoga. Postures and sequencing vary by studio, as do the temperature, humidity and class length.
At Yoga Six, all Hot Yoga classes follow the same core sequence but the experience is always unique. Teaching style, instructional cues, and musical selections vary from teacher to teacher - and we always give students the option to take on an advanced pose, or take a rest, when needed. One interesting thing about set sequence classes is that they allow you to notice the differences in your body from day to day. Removing poses as the variable helps you tune in, and highlights your progress!


text:
Asian cities becoming among the most expensive for expat accommodation
April 17, 2014 China
Four of the top 10 cities with the most expensive rental accommodations for foreign expats are in Asia, an increasingly popular expat location, according to a new report. Asia is becoming increasingly popular with expats from Europe and the United States with many major firms setting up offices in Hong Kong, China, Japan and India, […]
Singapore and Paris knock Tokyo off top of list of most expensive cities
March 11, 2014 European Union
Singapore has been named as the world's most expensive city, knocking Tokyo off the top spot, according to the Economist Intelligence Unit's Worldwide Cost of Living Survey. The report compares the cost of living between 131 cities worldwide comparing a basket of goods ranging from household items, alcohol and clothing to petrol and utilities. Expats […]
New international health firm launches expat service in Singapore
February 28, 2014 General
A new international private health company has launched in Singapore with a range of plans for expats, locals and companies. Now Health International, which has its headquarters in Hong Kong and also has offices in Shanghai, the UK and the United Arab Emirates, has partnered with Tenet Sompo Insurance to launch international healthcare plans in […]
UAE and Hong Kong most popular expat locations for professionals
January 3, 2014 China
The United Arab Emirates and Hong Kong are the most popular expat destinations for relocating global professionals to stay on longer than they originally intended, according to a new report. The study, carried out by global specialist recruiter Hydrogen, has detailed Hong Kong as the celebrated gateway to China which is attracting a large number […]
Asian countries emerge as having the best quality of life for expats
October 31, 2013 China
Asian countries have the best quality of life for expats with a leading global survey showing that Thailand is first and four other countries in the region place in the top ten. Switzerland, China and Qatar rank in the top three for expat earning potential and Germany is the top destination for expat parents, the […]
Asian countries top global list of best places to do business
Singapore is the best country in the world for doing business followed by Hong Kong and China, according to the annual business report from the World Bank. The report shows that a majority of countries that top the global list are in Asia. The following countries in the top 10 are New Zealand, the United […]
Expats in UAE spend most on luxuries
September 26, 2013 Dubai
The saving, spending and investment behaviour of Western expats in increasingly popular locations have been revealed for the first time by a new survey. A poll of hundreds of expats in Singapore, Hong Kong and the United Arab Emirates, three destinations that are becoming increasingly sought after for overseas jobs, shows those in the UAE […]
Hong Kong is world's most expensive city for home and business rental costs
September 18, 2013 Australia
Hong Kong is the world's most expensive city to rent a home or business, followed by New York and then London, according to a global index compiled by international real estate advisor Savills. Singapore offers businesses locating in the city the best value accommodation in relation to the size of its economy according to the […]
Expats not saving enough money survey suggests
July 30, 2013 Singapore
Many British people in Singapore are choosing to live the expat dream lifestyle while abroad rather than save money for their return home, according to a new survey. However, the results could easily apply to any country that enjoys a low tax environment, good weather and has a large expat community, according to the study […]
New joint visa application centre opening in Singapore
March 21, 2013 Singapore
Australian and New Zealand citizens making visa applications in Singapore will receive better access to immigration services through a new, first of a kind visa centre being set up next week. Each country's immigration departments today announced details of the first Five Country Conference (FCC) shared visa application centre (VAC) that will open in a […]
Singapore set to become a magnet for expat workers
February 12, 2013 Singapore
Singapore needs to attract more foreign workers to maintain its economic growth in the face of an ageing population, low birth rate and shrinking workforce, officials have claimed. Its government is preparing infrastructure plans that would see the city state reach a population of 6.9 million people by 2030. Singapore's population has already increased by […]
Increase in property taxes in Singapore to hit expat market
January 16, 2013 Singapore
Expats in Singapore face having to pay more for property with new taxes being introduced as part of a government policy to cool the housing market. Foreigners and corporates who buy residential property in Singapore will now be subject to an additional buyer's stamp duty (ABSD) of 15% of the purchase price, up from the […]
Singapore emerges as the least emotional nation in the world
November 23, 2012 General
Singaporeans are the least emotional people in the world while Philipinos are the most emotional, according to research from global poll organisation Gallup. In Singapore just 36% or people questioned said that they felt either negative or positive emotions on a daily basis, the lowest in the world.
Abu Dhabi Curtains & Blinds
Welcome to Abu Dhabi Curtains & Blinds Curtains in Abu Dhabi (https://www.curtainsinabudhabi.ae/) offers Customized Made to Measure curtains,...
Working visa - sponsorship
Good evening! (POSTING IN BEHALF OF MY FRIEND) My friend is studying early childhood, and he has a family friend who is already PR here in...
Hi All, Im new to this and weighing up the pros and cons of moving to France. I am interested in knowing the pros and cons of solar PV. I have...
Shall we talk about....?
The weather:) I know it is always good in Spain at this time of the year but we have had exceptional weather for about 4 weeks now, could do with...


Irvine, CA (May 25, 2008)…Hunting and fishing requires a lot of gear and there's no better way to haul it or access it than with the AMP Research BedStep™ and Bed X-Tender™.
The Bed X-Tender has long been a favorite of sportsmen who appreciate the added carrying capacity that is available with extra tailgate space. Designed to be lightweight for easy handling, yet strong enough to secure an ATV, the Bed X-Tender is available in either a durable silver or black powder coat finish. Easy to use mounting brackets lock this versatile tailgate enclosure in place or allow it to be completely removed when loading most any sized hunting or fishing gear. Flipped forward with the tailgate up creates a smaller contained area to keep smaller gear from sliding around the pickup bed. Made of high-strength aluminum, it is even strong enough to double as a bench or stool in camp or in the field.
While the Bed X-Tender keeps everything organized and secured for the trip, the BedStep bumper step, the newest truck accessory by AMP Research, allows you to easily access all your gear quickly from your pickup bed, with the tailgate up or down. This bolt-on, no-drill step assist has a durable Stealth Black powder-coat finish. Handling up to 300 lbs of weight, the BedStep utilizes a spring-loaded cam to deploy from the rear bumper. One nudge of the foot extends it down when needed, then another kicks it up to store securely under the rear bumper without interference to a towing hitch.
Simple no drill, bolt-on installation takes less than 10 minutes using basic tools.
Bestop is a National Distributor of the AMP Research Power Step, BedStep™ and Bed X-Tender™. To find a dealer in your area, please call 1-800-845-3567 or visit www.bestop.com. For more information about this, or other innovative AMP Research products, call toll-free at 1-888-983-2209, or visit www.amp-research.com.


text:
Q: Galilei algebra has a simple subalgebra? The Galilei algebra has the following generators $$J_i = \epsilon_{ijk}x^j \frac{\partial}{\partial x^i}, \qquad P_i = \frac{\partial}{\partial x^i} \qquad K_i = t\frac{\partial}{\partial x^i} \qquad H = \frac{\partial}{\partial t}$$ The commutators are given by
$\begin{alignat}{2}
&[J_i, J_j] = \epsilon_{ijk}J_k \qquad \qquad  &&[J_i,P_j] = -\epsilon_{ijk}P_k\\
&[J_i, K_j] = -\epsilon_{ijk}K_k \qquad \qquad  &&[J_i,H] = 0\\
&[P_i, H] = 0 \qquad \qquad  &&[P_i,P_j] = 0\\
&[K_i, H] = -P_i \qquad \qquad  &&[K_i,K_j] = 0\\
&[P_i, K_j] = 0
\end{alignat}$
I'm convinced that there is no simple subalgebra of this algebra, but my course notes say otherwise. I know that there is a solvable subalgebra (namely generated by $\{K_i, P_i, H\}$), but I don't seem to see the simple algebra.
Thanks!

A: Let me give a further reference with more details, so that the question is not only answered in the comments. There is an article
On the Classification of Subalgebras of the Galilei
Algebras by Leonid Barannyk, published $2013$ in the Journal of Nonlinear Mathematical Physics. It gives much more details on the subalgebras.
Furthermore there is a post at physics stackexchange called
What is the Lie algebra of the Galilean group and what is the structure of it? It has an answer and several comments. In particular it is pointed out that the rotations form a simple Lie subalgebra (the orthogonal Lie algebra).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


In a bid to help you dine well, Precious Meshi Nkeih has started her very own cooking channel in which she shows you how to have unforgettable dining experiences.Precious, who is a blogger and recipe developer believes that Cameroonian cuisine is unarguably one of the best in the world. Her culinary passion, led her to start sharing diverse recipes in 2014 on her online kitchen.
Now, you won't only read her kitchen diaries but you will also watch her whip up the most delicious meals.
Awwwwww my darling Precious. Beautiful recipe. Aswear am doing this weekend.
Par ailleurs sa vidéo est excellente et son menue de cuisine donne de l'envie de faire cette cuisine chez soi dans le weekend. J'ai souvent cherche des sites internet et pages de blog ou il est présenté des menues Camerounais et aujourd'hui l'information me retrouve surplace. Je suis très content.
Video is way to long. please try to cut it and make it straight to the point. Good recipe any way.


text:
Way of the Samurai – Second Opinion
By Gene Park on August 6, 2002 in Reviews
To illustrate his experience with Way Of The Samurai, Chi compared the game to John Woo films, specifically Hard-Boiled. The film is used to indicate his feelings that there are underlying themes of loyalty, morality and honor. I also thought of an influential filmmaker and film while playing this game. Spike Lee's Do The Right Thing was always on my mind. However, the reason goes deeper than the Afro Samurai Don and an angry rant about stereotypes. More subtle and impalpable are the issues at which this game hints—of perspective, of the misunderstandings and growing fermentation when perspectives clash, and finally, the eruption of violence that was more or less unavoidable.
Do The Right Thing's setting is a small neighborhood like Way Of The Samurai's Rokkotsu Pass. There is growing suspicion and agitation in both communities. In the film, it is between racial groups. In the game, it is between two families with different political agendas. There are other correlations to be made between the two works, but the main difference lies in the role of the audience. As the audience to Lee's uncompromising story, we are able to see the different perspectives of the conflict, and we understand how the growing agitation within the community was the catalyst for the violence at the end of the film. Films can do this because they are telling us a story, and Lee asks us to empathize with the characters. Way Of The Samurai is inherently different because it is a videogame, and the audience is an active participant in the story being told. However, the manner in which this game story is told elevates this game to what Chi describes as a "higher pedestal worthy of discussion and comparison."
Let us consider an early scene among of many possible scenarios in the game. You had just saved a cute girl from a kidnapping, and you accept her invitation for lunch. Shiretoko, swordsman and advisor for the Kurou family, struts into the restaurant during your lunch. His cronies trash the place, but not before threatening the inhabitants to leave. More than likely, you will come across this scenario your first time through the game, and you will see Shiretoko and the Kurou family as a people without scruples, especially after you hear the explanation from the girl that they've been bullied to leave for little reason. But what if you were to choose a different scenario the next time around? What if you joined the Kurou family instead? Witnessing the actions of their leader, and seeing Shiretoko again when he's not all business, will reveal that the Kurou are not, in fact, contemptuous of honor and morals. The same goes for the Akadama Clan.
The game's narrative structure is often compared to the "choose your adventure" books of yesteryear. Read the story until some decisions are presented. Make your decision, then turn to the page indicated and continue until the story ends somehow. However, because we are talking about a game, the nature of games as youthful things consequentially bring about ease in seeing the narrative as similar and simplistic. The game isn't that simple though. This game features six different endings, including an ideal one. To reach that ideal goal, you have to use what you've learned through trial-and-error. As you play, you realize through various events that it doesn't occur to these people what is being done to them, how a huge invisible force is playing their hands. Only you, as the player, have the ability to see all sides of the conflict, and using your new eyes, you can bring about the ideal situation for everyone, which inevitably erupts into violence against the previously masked evil of the Meiji government.
On the technical side of things, Chi had already discussed all the aspects of the gameplay itself, and there is not much say but agree that the fighting system is effective for the most part. But the spinning camera makes it difficult to perform moves when your sense of direction is disoriented. I also agree that the punishment of losing a sword, one that you may have worked hours on, is unnecessarily frustrating. In addition, the translation is lazy and shoddy, occasionally ignoring logic, coherence and even the sex of the main character.
Way Of The Samurai does not touch on things as complex as race. Ironically, the conflict and issues in the game are much more black and white than in Do The Right Thing, a penetrating piece of work about racism, a huge invisible force playing our hands, like some masked evil. But videogames now have the faculties for artistic expression about things like race, war, class struggles and the human element. Way Of The Samurai has shown me that potential with its perspective-based storytelling. Life isn't as simple as a game, where we can deftly play one side against the other until everyone responsible for our troubles is dead. But we can still be challenged to ask ourselves some difficult questions. What if I was to be in another's shoes? How would they see themselves? Can something be done?
Chi was also on the money to see the game's themes of loyalty and honor. "The ills of mankind are largely the consequence of disloyalty rather than wrong-headed loyalty," said American theologian Josiah Royce. Living in a postmodern world, Royce is criticized for the single-mindedness of that philosophy. Disloyalty arises because our will is free, and that not everything are inevitable consequences of preceding sufficient causes. In the context of the game, we can distinguish between competing loyalties and we have the ability to act on that distinction if we want to. That is what it truly means to have a "choice." Granting us that sense of freedom of choice, Way Of The Samurai lashes out against the determinism that restricts videogames, a medium usually understood to be determined by rules. And, hopefully by consequence, more games in the future will recognize that our will is free, and the rules aren't always black and white. Rating: 9.5 out of 10
Gene Park
Latest posts by Gene Park (see all)
Grand Theft Auto V Review - October 3, 2013
Castlevania: Lords of Shadow Review - December 2, 2010
Kane & Lynch 2: Dog Days Review - September 7, 2010
Tags: Acquire Bam! Entertainment Best Work Fighting Game Reviews Mature (17+) Open World PS2 Way of the Samurai
Written by Gene Park


text:
Q: TFS Get SQL changes from last build I am currently working on a build definition for a TFS Implementation. I have almost everything working except i cannot get this last part to work.
Below is the CodeActivity class that I am currently implementing.
In the workflow diagram i am utilising the default associatedChangesets variable as the InArgument.
The following code works and creates the folder Database but the AssociatedChangesets does not seem to contain any items.
public sealed class CreateDatabaseDrop : CodeActivity
    {

        public InArgument<Workspace> Workspace { get; set; }
        public InArgument<string> DropLocation { get; set; }
        public InArgument<IList<Changeset>> AssociatedChangesets { get; set; }
        // If your activity returns a value, derive from CodeActivity<TResult>
        // and return the value from the Execute method.

        Workspace workspace;
        string dropLocation;
        IList<Changeset> associatedChangesets;
        protected override void Execute(CodeActivityContext context)
        {
            List<string> filesChanged = new List<string>();
            workspace = context.GetValue(this.Workspace);
            dropLocation = context.GetValue(this.DropLocation);
            associatedChangesets = context.GetValue(this.AssociatedChangesets);

            if (!Directory.Exists(dropLocation + @"\database\"))
                Directory.CreateDirectory(dropLocation + @"\database\");

            foreach (var c in associatedChangesets.OrderBy(x => x.CreationDate))
            {
                foreach (var change in c.Changes)
                {
                    context.WriteBuildMessage(change.Item.ServerItem);
                }
                foreach (var change in c.Changes.Where(x => x.Item.ItemType == ItemType.File && x.Item.ServerItem.Split('/').Last().ToLower().Contains(".sql")))
                {
                    string fileName = change.Item.ServerItem.Split('/').Last();
                    context.WriteBuildMessage(string.Format("SQL File Found: {0}", change.Item.ServerItem));
                    WorkingFolder wf = workspace.GetWorkingFolderForServerItem(change.Item.ServerItem);
                    string copyFrom = Path.Combine(wf.LocalItem, fileName),
                    copyTo = dropLocation + @"\database\" + fileName;
                    context.WriteBuildMessage(string.Format("Copying {0} to {1}", fileName, copyTo));
                    File.Copy(copyFrom, copyTo, true);
                }
            }
        }

Would anyone be able to help me figure out how to get All SQL changes since the last build was done.

A: I eventually found how to do this. I will put most of the code below for future reference and people who run into the same problems.
    public sealed class CreateDatabaseDrop : CodeActivity
    {
        [RequiredArgument]
        public InArgument<Workspace> Workspace { get; set; }
        [RequiredArgument]
        public InArgument<IBuildDefinition> BuildDefinition { get; set; }
        [RequiredArgument]
        public InArgument<string> ProjectName { get; set; }
        Workspace workspace;

        protected override void Execute(CodeActivityContext context)
        {
            workspace = context.GetValue(this.Workspace);
            IBuildDefinition buildDef = context.GetValue(this.BuildDefinition);
            DateTime? comparison = null;
            var details = buildDef.QueryBuilds().Where(x => x.Status == BuildStatus.Succeeded).OrderBy(x => x.StartTime);
            if (details.Count() > 0)
            {
                comparison = details.Last().StartTime;
            }
            if (!comparison.HasValue)
            {
                return;
            }
            IEnumerable history = workspace.VersionControlServer.QueryHistory("$/" + context.GetValue(ProjectName),
                VersionSpec.Latest,
                0,
                RecursionType.Full,
                null,
                new DateVersionSpec(comparison.Value),
                VersionSpec.Latest,
                Int32.MaxValue,
                true,
                false);

            foreach (Changeset c in history.OfType<Changeset>().OrderBy(x => x.CreationDate))
            {
                foreach (var change in c.Changes.Where(x => x.Item.ItemType == ItemType.File
                    && x.Item.ServerItem.Split('/').Last().ToLower().Contains(".sql")
                    && (x.ChangeType != (ChangeType.Delete | ChangeType.SourceRename | ChangeType.Rename))))
                {
                    string fileName = change.Item.ServerItem.Split('/').Last();
                    WorkingFolder wf = workspace.TryGetWorkingFolderForServerItem(change.Item.ServerItem);
                    if (wf != null && !string.IsNullOrEmpty(wf.LocalItem))
                    {
                        context.WriteBuildMessage(string.Format("SQL File found: {0}", fileName));

                    }
                }
            }
    }


List of Things after GST Rate Cut - IAS - Daily Current Affairs, IAS Syllabus Exam Strategy, IAS Preparation.
The GST Council in its 28th meeting on Saturday reduced rates on a number of goods. From refrigerator to sanitary napkins, over 100 items became cheaper. After this reduction, only 38 items left in 28 percent tax bracket.


text:
import React from 'react';

export var OutputString = React.createClass({
    propTypes: {
        result: React.PropTypes.array
    },

    render: function() {
        var lines = [];

        if (this.props.result != null) {
            this.props.result.forEach(function(row) {
                lines.push(
{row}
);
            });
        }
        return (

                {lines}

        );
    }
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Fedde Schurer (Drachten, Países Bajos, 25 de julio de 1898-Heerenveen, Países Bajos, 19 de marzo de 1968), fue un poeta, periodista, escritor y político neerlandés, conocido especialmente por la su producción artiística en frisón.

Después de trabajar como carpintero, estudió como autodidacta para ser profesor de escuela primaria.

En 1935-1936 fue también diputado de la Asamblea de Holanda Septentrional por la Unión Democrática Cristiana y en 1956-1963 diputado a la Asamblea nacional por el Partido del Trabajo.

Obras

Poesía

 1925 – Fersen; reimpreso 1934
 1931 – Heinrich Heine. Oersettings út syn dichtwirk; reimpreso en 1999
 1931 – Utflecht; reimpresso 1936
 1936 – Op alle winen (Todos los vientos)
 1940 – Fen twa wâllen (2 muros)
 1947 – It boek fan de Psalmen (Libro de los Salmos)
 1949 – Vox humana
 1955 – Fingerprinten (Huellas dactilares)
 1955 – Frysk Psalm en Gesangboek
 1966 – Efter it nijs (Atrás las notícias)
 1966 – Opheind en trochjown (Escuchado y pasado)
 1966 – De gitaer by it boek (2 capítulos) (La guitarra en el libro); reimpresso 1969, segundo reimpresión 1971
 1974 – Samle fersen (Kolekto de poemoj); reimpreso en 1975

Teatro
 1945 – Simson
 1954 – Bonifatius

Prosa

 1963 – Beam en bast (La corteza del árbol)
 1963 – Brood op het water - Selección de editoriales en De Friese Koerier
 1969 – De besleine spegel (El espejo nublado, romance incompleto autobiográfico); reimpreso 1998 en neerlandés y fisón; segunda rempresión 2010 en frisón.

Referencias

Bibliografía

  Johanneke Liemburg; Fedde Schurer (1898-1968): Biografie van een Friese Koerier; Leeuwarden; Friese Pers/Noordboek; 2010; ISBN 978-9 03 30 08 689
  Fedde Schurer; De Besleine Spegel (autobiografía); Ámsterdam; Moussault's Uitgeverij N.V.; 1969

Enlaces externos

Poetas de los Países Bajos del siglo XX
Escritores en neerlandés
Escritores en frisón
Escritores de los Países Bajos del siglo XX
Políticos de los Países Bajos del siglo XX
Fallecidos en Heerenveen