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9. REFERENCES
Brouwn, S. (1961). This way Brouwn, 25-2-61.26-2-61. New York: Verlag Gebr. König Köln.
Caillois, R. (1961). Man, play and games. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
Gielen, P. & Van Heusden, B. (Eds.). (2015). Arts Education Beyond Art, Teaching Art in Times of Change. Amsterdam: Valiz
Hara, K. (2010). Designing Design. In K. Hara (Ed.), Exformation (pp. 370-407). Zurich: Lars Müller Publishers.
Huizinga, J. (1949). Homo Ludens. London, Boston and Henley: Routlege & Kegan Paul Ltd.
Kollarova D., & Van Lingen, A. (2016). Seventeen Playgrounds. Eindhoven: Lecturis.
Kierkgaard, S. (1992). Either / Or: A Fragment of Life. New York: Penguin Group.
Lefaivre, L., De Roode, I. & Fuchs R. (Eds.). (2002). Aldo van Eyck, the playgrounds and the city. Amsterdam: Stedelijk Museum, 2002.
McLuhan, M. & Fiore, Q. (2008). The Medium is the Massage. London: Penguin Books.
Mevis, A. & Van Deursen, L. (2005). Recollected Work. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Artimo.
Noë, A. (2016). Strange Tools: Art and Human Nature. New York, United States: Hill and Wang.
Redzepi, R. (2013). A Work in Progress—Noma Recipes, Journal. London. England: Phaidon Press Limited.
Russell, B. (2004). In praise of idleness and other essays. London: Routledge.
Solnit, R. (2000). Wanderlust: a history of walking. New York, USA: Penguin Group.
Sueda, J. (Ed.). (2015). Statement and Counter-Statement, Notes on Experimental Jetset. Amsterdam, Netherlands: Roma Publications.
Strauven, F. (1998) Aldo van Eyck, The Shape of Relativity. Amsterdam: Architecture & Natura.
Verwoert, J. (2007). Towards a Different Economy of Time. In J. Morgan, & J. Verwoert (Eds.), Roman Ondak (pp. 81-95). Köln, Germany: Walther König.
A Year at the Stedelijk: Tino Sehgal. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.stedelijk.nl/ Butakova, E. (2009, November). Universal Physical-Cultural Operation (Ping-pong). Retrieved from http://www.tate.org.uk/
Helguera, P. (2009, November 25). Bauhaus Lab: The Secret Ingredient? Retrieved from https://www.moma.org/
Henri Matisse: The Cut-Outs. (2014). Retrieved from https://www.moma.org/interactives/exhibitions/2014/matisse/
Herriman, K. (2016, September 7). An Iconic Graphic Designer on His Process. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/
John Baldessari, What This Painting Aims To Do [Audioguide]. (2010). Retrieved from http://www.whitney.org/
Karla Grosch. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.bauhaus100.de/
Lipska, M. (n.d.). Július Koller, "?". Retrieved from http://artmuseum.pl/
Makovsky, P. (2012, November). Modernists At Play. Retrieved from http://www.metropolismag.com/
Malpas, Jeff. "Hans-Georg Gadamer". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition). Edward N. Zalta (Ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/
Oxford English Dictionary. "Aesthete". Retrieved from http://www.oed.com/ Stanley Brouwn, This Way Brouwn, 1960 [Audioguide]. Retrieved from http://www.moma.org/
Van der Ploeg, H. P. (2012, March 26). Sitting Time and All-Cause Mortality Risk in 222 497 Australian Adults [Article]. Retrieved from http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/
WHO. (2011). "Physical Activity". Retrieved from http://www.who.int/ World Heritage Encyclopedia. "Rotation Method". Retrieved from http://worldebooklibrary.net/
ABC Radio National Network. (1979, June 27). The Medium Is The Message [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.sam-network.org/
Brooks, L., J. & Greenhut, R. (Producers) & Marshall, P. (Director). (1988). Big [Motion Picture]. USA: Twentieth Century Fox.
Deschamps, Thompson, E. (Producer) & Deschamps, P. (Director). (2015). Noma, my perfect storm [Motion Picture]. Denmark: Documentree Films.
Noë, A. (2015, October 09). Strange Tools: Art and Human Nature [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/ Sagmeister, S. (2009, July). The Power of Time Off [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/
ONLINE DICTIONARIES
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http://wikipedia.org/
10. COLOPHON
WRITTEN AND DESIGNED BY
info@magdaskibinska.com
www.magdaskibinska.com
Sean Rowlands
Dirk Vis
Manus Nijhoff
Rory van Wingerden
Jan van der Kleijn
graphic design bachelor thesis
Royal Academy of Art, The Hague (NL), 2016-2017
0. ABSTRACT
It is way more important to look for what you do not know, rather than searching for what you already know. In order to do that, some undefined space at the starting point is necessary. I noticed that whenever I stop looking specifically for the answer to the question that I asked myself, I would discover things that I would have never found otherwise. These random encounters with ideas and new discoveries, were in fact caused by not doing what was intended.
I had this question on my mind: how can we creatively profit from doing nothing? Is it possible to gain something from plain time-wasting? How is it possible that we find more when we do not look for it? Does it happen because when we do 'nothing' we are also less serious, because there is nothing to be concerned about? This problem is my research subject.
I was concerned if there would be enough time to look for the answers. However, there was even more time required for determining what should be the question (and upon finding the answer I also found the question). At some point of my research into the subject of play this question became the question that could be used for defining the starting point for my thesis. Can we profit from doing nothing as designers?
I analyse playfulness (as a possible contrary of seriousness) and the ways it can broaden the possibilities of creativity. How does the economy of time in the society that we live in influence us? Is everything transformed into waiting? On the given examples I show how important it is to take the time to 'stop doing'. When faced with boredom we seek out for a solution to stop that feeling immediately. Boredom is unwelcome. However, it turns out that boredom has a value of its own, that we might find more fruitful than expected.
For the most part, I could not make my thesis if I was not playing. Through play I was able to construct a certain way of relating to information.
In my thesis, the reader can make himself familiar with the instructions on how to proceed with the manner of reading. Replacing introduction with instructions may offer possibility for more engaging reading experience, because the reader is not preconditioned about what he is going to experience, but instead he can explore the content according to his own engagement with the rules. Through these means I am exploring the notion of playfulness in creating one's own rules. In the end a platform for reading is like a platform for thought, and reading is fast guessing.1
Therefore reading can be interpreted as a game to perform with oneself. Depending on the track you followed the result is different.
1 Malpas, Jeff. "Hans-Georg Gadamer". The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy (Winter 2016 Edition). Edward N. Zalta (Ed.). http://plato.stanford.edu/
8. CONCLUSION
As we become dependent on machines through our seated-at-the-desk work, we should reach out for a counter-action. Recreation time can be beneficial as a physical activity, for research and a time when one can commit to the exploration of a new field of work. Can freedom create rules?
Doing nothing as opposed to planned and rule driven work environment can serve as time dedicated for self-improvement. Play and improvisation become a laboratory for new ways of thinking. Therefore, we should unlearn our urge to occupy ourselves with tasks constantly and instead learn to waste more time.
Game is a creative act that allows for reinterpretation of reality, and expands the possibilities of what can be done. We can profit from that experience when we bring it back to the 'real world'.
Play offers an opportunity of a parallel perception where our actions have less or no consequences. Engaging in the rules of a game opens new possibilities that are not available in the 'regular' reality. Similar occurrence can be illustrated through the modus of an art happening. During the year 2015, there was a monthly announcement on the Stedelijk (Amsterdam) website stating that a performance by Tino Seghal is taking place in the gallery.1 The viewer would wander around the space looking for this event, questioning all the encountered situations. Is this the performance or just a regular happening?
It can be said, that if there was only the announcement about the art performance without the action itself happening, that this could stand on its own as an artwork. Even if it means the artist did nothing and the viewer did not look at anything in particular. Assuming that some people knew about the performance taking place but didn't find it they still participated in the game. This social engagement in questioning the rules of 'normality' applies as well to the visitors that did not know about the artwork being displayed. Time and time again the experience would be different, as well as the location so in order to witness the whole variety of possibilities a visitor had to spend time on his part to experience the happening.
When it comes to searching it is worth to remember that doing nothing will result in finding many worthwhile things.
1 A Year at the Stedelijk: Tino Sehgal. (2015). Retrieved from http://www.stedelijk.nl/
"The revealing of things is, in fact, always dependent upon other things being simultaneously concealed (in much the same way as seeing something in one way depends on not seeing it in another). Truth is thus understood as the unconcealment that allows things to appear, and that also makes possible the truth and falsity of individual statements, and yet which arises on the basis of the ongoing play between unconcealment and concealment—a play that, for the most part, remains itself hidden and is never capable of complete elucidation. (...) It is this sense of truth as the emergence of things into unconcealment that occurs on the basis of the play between concealing and unconcealing that is taken by Heidegger as the essence (or 'origin') of the work of art." 1
1 McLuhan, M. [ABC Radio National Network]. (1979, June 27). The Medium Is The Message [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.sam-network.org/
"All play presupposes the temporary acceptance, if not of an illusion (indeed this last word means nothing less than beginning a game: inlusio), then at least of a closed, conventional, and, in certain respects, imaginary universe. Play can consist not only of deploying actions or submitting to one's fate in an imaginary milieu, but of becoming an illusory character oneself, and of so behaving. One is thus confronted with a diverse series of manifestations, the common element of which is that the subject makes believe or makes others believe that he is someone other than himself. He forgets, disguises, or temporarily sheds his personality in order to feign another. I prefer to designate these phenomena by the term mimicry, (...) mimetism." 1
1 Caillois, R. (1961). Man, play and games. Champaign, Illinois: University of Illinois Press.
2. DISCOVERY IN CHANGING THE ENVIRONMENT
There exists a game in which we have to imagine the world upside down — lying on the floor and looking at the ceiling as if it was the floor. The floor becomes pristine, the thresholds have to be stepped over, the doorknobs are too high and the lights stick out from the floor. A game like this becomes a self-created tool that frees the initiator from usual preconceptions of the order of things. Such time spent doing nothing can play a significant role in progress, after all. In fact we need time to search for the new. It is increasingly difficult to not do anything in a society where time is money (and money rules the world).
Who does not need a good walk once in a while to gather their thoughts. Such recreation time can also serve a purpose of enhancing the creative work. Fieldwork might have to be done 'in a field', as a new undiscovered place. Discovery is bounded with the need for documentation. In other words, it is a process of research. Accordingly, documentation is discovery or re-discovery. Both have equal potential to be 'new'. Exploration does not necessarily have to be a leisure activity considered opposite to the constrained, miserable work time.
Every seven years, the New York based graphic design firm Sagmeister&Walsh (Stefan Sagmeister and Jessica Walsh) closes their studio completely.1 They can not be reached in any way and the information on their website informs anyone interested to visit again in twelve months. The 'year-off ' spent on exploration of the area the studio's founders duo travels to, greatly influences their approach when they eventually return to the studio. In brief, such temporary breaks from the monotonous work flow guarantees a rise in productive creativity, and most of all happiness.
1 Sagmeister, S. (2009, July). The Power of Time Off [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.ted.com/
Children are fuelled by their imagination, they stretch the boundaries of what is seemingly logical in order to create a solution. In many cases that is a solution to the problem of being bored. Undoubtedly, we keep on getting bored as adults as well, possibly with more 'dreadful' consequences. Although, it is certainly considered a waste of time to 'do nothing', somehow watching television is not so much 'doing nothing' anymore. Provided that, if we follow McLuhan and assume that Kierkegaard would also agree, we can observe the absence of meaning in a task performed to avoid boredom, it might follow that this leads to an even worse state of real existential boredom. After all, what could be better than sitting in front of television after a day full of waiting, sitting in a train, sitting on a bike, sitting in a tram and sitting at a desk.
Time has only one direction. Currently this direction is moving with increasing speed, closer to us. 'Time is money' one could say. And 'money is success', another could add. However, we might also find ourselves in a state of despair when lost facing some conceptual artwork. Ruminating in our mind for long minutes trying to find an answer about the 'why and what' of the witnessed artwork. American philosopher Alva Noë (Professor of Philosophy at the University of California, Berkeley) 1 argues that the disorganized value of boredom encourages us to step out of the way we look at something. It is a pause in our thinking-looking which lets us witness a change in our perception of this matter. This happens to adults faced with an artwork, he argues. This transition from not seeing to seeing or seeing differently might occur when we are literally bored.
1 Noë, A. (2016). Strange Tools: Art and Human Nature. New York, United States: Hill and Wang.
John Baldessari's in-figurative paintings often contain only short, surprisingly plain messages. These how-to paintings, such as What this painting aims to do (1967) contradictorily calls out for breaking the rules of composition while actually following them. Then, to complicate this paradox even further, the resulting composition is at the same time (according to the artist) not following the rules that can be found in the teaching books.1 [Fig. 10] Works of art are strange tools, after all. That is, they are tools we can't use, they are useless. They are texts with no practical content, or pictures that don't show us anything in particular. And so they require us to stop doing.2
"JOHN BALDESSARI: (...) I mean, you can follow all kind of rules, and they're probably all right, but it doesn't mean you're going to come up with anything that we can call art.
NARRATOR: Baldessari's paintings point out the absurdity of prevailing aesthetic attitudes. He follows the painting's advice to 'break all the so-called rules of composition,' which, ironically, actually means following the rules. And in another twist, by following the rules, Baldessari has also broken them — since these results certainly aren't what the teaching manuals are calling for." 3
1, 3 Audio Guide Stop For John Baldessari, What This Painting Aims To Do [Audioguide]. (2010). Retrieved from http://whitney.org/)
2 Noë, A. (2015, October 09). Strange Tools: Art and Human Nature [Video file]. Retrieved from https://www.youtube.com/
What we do not know, and the process of unlearning certain ways of looking in order to learn new ways of looking.
(in an art school)
(on an art exhibition)
(during an art performance)
Exformation.1 This is everything we do not see but have in our mind when, or before, we formulate a spoken output. Hara says, exformation is the form as well as the function of information, not for making things known but for making things unknown. The relevance of this concept lies in the eagerness of the human mind to explore and make the world known. These are means to understand how little we know.
1 Hara, K. (2010). Designing Design. In K. Hara (Ed.), Exformation (pp. 370-407). Zurich: Lars Müller Publishers.
5. PLAYTIME
Karel Martens describes his process of making risograph prints as working without a plan. It is a process based on an intuitive approach of action and reaction to what is already present on the paper (in case of the mono prints). The medium of the riso printer always results in the imperfect materiality of the design process outcome. It requires certain amount of patience (or not, depending on how one wants to treat the constrictions of the medium) for the print to dry in order to produce another layer of colour. At the time of his exhibition in the P! gallery in New York (Sept. 11 — Oct. 30, 2016) he elaborated on the motifs behind his designs in an interview for the New York Times. He explains that he does not have a 'premeditated plan' when making prints. Instead, he keeps on reacting on the properties of the medium: the paper, the origin of it and the story related to it and the following shapes that are slowly added one on top of another. Time factor plays a huge role in his work. [Fig. 27] In fact, the more time to experiment, the more interesting the results are. Martens himself stresses: "I print one color, then wait for at least a day for the drying process; on the next day or whenever, I react again to what there is now." 1
It is clear that he mastered the skill of balancing between play and seriousness. Although, he is serious about the 'print play ', based on the way he talks about his work, it seems that despite his age (he is 77 years when I am writing this text) he did not abandon his child like joy of observation and playfulness. It might be also worth pointing out, that in the given example he is describing an analogue process. [Fig. 28 –29]
1 Herriman, K. (2016, September 7). An Iconic Graphic Designer on His Process. Retrieved from http://www.nytimes.com/
6. DO YOU ALWAYS HAVE TO PLAY WITH EVERYTHING?
What if you could become an adult? Of course, you are one already. But, try to go back in time and remember how many times as a child you wished you were 'bigger'... enough to get to a movie, get on a forbidden attraction ride or above all, be taken 'seriously '. In the movie Big from 1988 directed by Penny Marshall,1 a teenager boy's dream to become an adult becomes true when he accidentally says his wish to a magical coin-machine in a theme park. His eagerness for play grants him a job at a toy company — as a toy tester. Hardly anyone can provide anything close to his child-like insight to the company, when his fellow co-workers' main concern is merely the sales results. He is both working in his free-time and having unlimited free-time when he is at work. 'Having fun', is more often than not considered the opposite of work but his unconstrained and free approach at work is contrary to the 'normal' adults' profit-oriented behaviour. However enjoyable, the elder refrain from any kind of play, as something shameful and disgraceful. As soon as he starts being successful — in terms of money and reputation, he also begins to gradually adopt the 'market-oriented' modus of thinking. In the course of time, he almost loses his genuine instinct to constantly search for fun. In conclusion, the best work is that which nearly does not seem to be work in the eyes of the worker.
Would it not be great if we could enjoy what we do and make a living out of it? How about work being the by-product of 'having fun'? This sounds very much like a commercial catch-phrase but the truth is that for what is generally understood as success, passion is required. Where else could you find motivation other than enjoyment of the task performed? For the most part, an attempt to only perform satisfying tasks, would be a remedy to many stages a design struggle. Even when faced with failure the drive to recover and fail better originates from the self-interest of gaining satisfaction from work.
1 Brooks, L., J. & Greenhut, R. (Producers) & Marshall, P. (Director). (1988). Big [Motion Picture]. USA: Twentieth Century Fox.
7. PLAYING ROLES
Let's imagine a place in between, surrounded on all sides by concrete blocks of flats, all the same, all grey, towering above the 'in between' space.
Two vertical metal poles, the height of a person, stand out of the ground around two meters away from each other. A few square meters of concrete, grey tiles provide a base for the metal object. Halfway up both vertical poles, there is a horizontal bar which connects them. Then there is a second connecting horizontal bar at the top which completes the construction.
"Let's meet at the metal object" people in the block of flats say. So it becomes a starting point for their appointment. The object is visible from most of the windows of the concrete towers, so if you make an appointment you can also play a role of a viewer and observer, checking to see if the other person is already present. And only then, when the other person appears, get themselves downstairs.
In a day free of school, some children leave their similar, concrete spaces. "Let's meet at the 'base'" they agree the day before. They gather around the metal object. The brave and most fit ones — on the top bar; the ones aspiring to be the leaders but not yet able to reach the top level — on the lower bar. At ground level sit the subjects to the higher authorities.
A rhythmical constant noise can be heard through the window. A man is hitting a carpet with a tool designed for hitting carpets to clean dust out. The metal object in between the buildings is inevitably occupied. At that time there is no base, no meeting point and no waiting place. The metal object used by the man is a carpet hanger. [Fig. 31]
The carpet hanger used to be placed 'in between'. It could have many functions despite it's simple appearance. As playgrounds were scarce, it served multiple functions, transforming itself every time into something else, like a stick turning into a sword. The carpet hanger was a multi-purposed social object. It could be used for public gatherings, acrobatic games and the creation of temporary rules. It was commonly known in the environment of prefabricated block of flats of Polish housing estates dating back to the 60's. Since then vacuum cleaners have gradually taking over the carpet hangers, which have been gradually disappearing over the last decades. [Fig. 32]
2. TAKE THE TIME TO READ
Can we learn to do nothing? Or rather, should the question be, do we have to unlearn our habit of filling in every minute of our time with an empty activity? Being occupied with doing nothing might seem easier than it is in the production-oriented culture. Nowadays, a general belief exists that doing nothing is somehow wrong. However, the doors for thinking 'outside of the box' remain closed without play, whether that may be questioning the known rules or re-defining them. Thus, a good way to practice doing nothing is to disguise it as something else, and the activity closest to doing nothing is the walking. In her book Rebecca Solnit explains how a "desk is no place to think on a large scale." 1 The story is mainly about taking the time to do nothing and how we can profit from it, so the best I can do to convey this message is to advise you to immediately stop reading, leave and take a walk. [Fig. 02]
Walking as a type of activity involves only body labour and the outcomes are merely thoughts and ideas. Just as Julius Koller refers to table tennis tournaments as conversation, Solnit points out that when we walk, the entity of our being is finally brought together in a metaphorical conversation. [Fig. 01]
Thinking is generally regarded as doing nothing, because there is no way to prove to the 'outside' that a person is 'working' when they are busy thinking. Otherwise a graphic designer's time set aside for creating ideas at the beginning of the assignment would be regarded (by the client) as the period of highest importance of the whole design process. Without enough time spent on thinking there would be no idea ever made. Sometimes, however, this takes more time than intended. The result is waiting. This type of waiting for things to happen is without a doubt not regarded as a welcome occurrence in our society.
However, as every moment of time is filled in with an activity it means that when a person is engaged with one task, he is already anticipating another at hand. It might mean, in fact that we live in a society in which everything is transformed into waiting. [Fig. 3]
How society lets the time pass for those who live in it, which determines how society is perceived as reality. As a matter of fact, we have to take the time to read and the time to walk because "as you get older, life gets organized around projects and plans and needs and goals, and the result of this congealing of activity is that time speeds up. (...) Our days are over, one might almost say, before they have begun, for we have already defined the present moment in relation to what is yet to happen, in relation to the purpose, point, or plan. ('What did you do yesterday?' 'I went to work.')" 2
1 Solnit, R. (2000). Wanderlust: a history of walking. New York, USA: Penguin Group, 4.
3. STAGNATION
Waiting, sitting in a train, sitting on a bike, sitting in a tram, sitting at a desk. The desk is a graphic designer's saviour and oppressor. It certainly does not require any numbers to prove that an average graphic designer spends a lot of time with no one else as company, except his own reflection in the computer screen. Just as this routine has consequences on the design from the craft point of view, it is equally interesting to focus on the more physical aspect of this problem. This extremely static routine has, without doubt, some impact on our creativity and satisfaction gained during the work time. The amount of web content regarding the subject, is a good illustration of how common this seated problem is. To put it short, evolution did not include long hours of straining our bodies at right angles. Extensive on-line guidance advises how to stretch, bend and do head rotations, even unnoticeably. Further analysis of this matter might actually be superfluous, since most probably, you, reading this text are doing nothing else but sitting in front of a computer.
Yet, how does this limitation influence us, not only from our mind's, but also from the body's point of view? By searching on the internet for everything regarding 'sitting in front of a computer' the outcome is a vast amount of content, that bring several recurring subjects to attention. Those regarding high risk of severe back pains, are within the least life-threatening. According to the WHO " physical inactivity (lack of physical activity) has been identified as the fourth leading risk factor for global mortality (6% of deaths globally)." 1 Although, It is generally acknowledged that we all need to perform some exercise, we can further read that physical activity should not be mistaken with exercise. Unlike exercise, activity is unplanned, random, and free of any structure.
Another immense number of results relates to optimizing your workspace to make the best out of the unfavourable circumstances of extended sitting. Increasing physical activity is a concern for the whole society. It requires multi-disciplinary and omnipresent approach, because it is not just a personal problem. Institutions like schools, are great examples of places where we should think about designing the spaces where many are working everyday.
A study published in the March 26 issue of the Archives of Internal Medicine found that in a sample of 200,000 people, there was a clear relation between the act of sitting and all-cause mortality. 2 Based on the research it was visible that sitting over eleven hours a day results in a 40 percent higher chance of dying from any cause at all.Therefore, not only is it necessary to increase activity, it should primarily be a significant reduction of the sitting time.
1 WHO. (2011). "Physical Activity". Retrieved from http://www.who.int/ 2 Van der Ploeg, H. P. (2012, March 26). Sitting Time and All-Cause Mortality Risk in 222 497 Australian Adults [Article]. Retrieved from http://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamainternalmedicine/
As much as the static work-style is characteristic for the current times, during the period of Bauhaus in Dessau, physical activity used to be incorporated into the school's curriculum. The static, mind absorbing everyday routine at the school, was believed to be effectively counter-balanced by sport. It is worth mentioning that Bauhaus students were long past their childhood years.
In the summer semester of 1928 a female teacher, Karla Grosch 1 was assigned to give gymnastics classes to the female students. [Fig. 05] There was also a male practitioner in the school's staff, responsible for the good shape of the male students. Grosch was born in Weimar in 1904. Before joining the Bauhaus, she graduated as a dancer from the famous Gret Palucca [Fig. 06] dance course in Dresden. As a young woman she also played a main role in different stage performances — as in Oskar Schlemmer's 'Glass dance' and 'Metal dance', both of which premiered in Berlin in 1929. [Fig. 07] In fact, apart from art schools, Schlemmer had spent some semesters studying graphic design at a marquetry workshop in Stuttgart from 1903 to 1905. The dances that he designed were art-unifying, interdisciplinary performances, in which the dancers were turned into 'artificial figures'.
1 Karla Grosch. (n.d.). Retrieved from https://www.bauhaus100.de/
4. TYPES OF GAMES
Games and walking are an excuse for doing nothing.
A group of children is chasing another group in a forest. The latter had the advantage of starting the race before them.
The game takes place outdoors, but other places are also possible. The only constriction is the imagination of the participants. Most preferably it is a forest or another such terrain where visibility is poor and there is plenty of materials you can use to create signs. The objective of the game is that the first group — one running away, leaves traces behind themselves in form of riddles. The game can be performed during a day or at night, with the context changing to a more frightening one. When I was younger I participated in such explorations. The time would stretch to fit all possible scenarios of the play. Sometimes, we had to hide for a long time in bushes and sit in silence so as not to be noticed by the approaching group.
This game originally known as Hare and Hounds or Chalk Chase has been played since the 16th century Elizabethan England. At the beginning of the game, a person is selected to be the 'hare'. Everyone else in the group are the 'hounds'. The 'hare' starts off ahead of everyone else leaving behind themselves a trail of signs (like paper shreds or chalk marks depending on the environment), which represents the scent of the hare. The traces can easily get destroyed or be overlooked, depending of characteristics of the environment in which the game is performed. Although, the hare is running away, he is also leaving signs for the other group to find them in a designated time. The game is usually played over long distances, so creation and exploration become the main objectives of the experience. According to the rules, If the hare makes it to the finish line before they get chased down they can choose the next hare, or choose to be the hare themselves again.
This game is hugely inventive, because the hare has to come up with ways to create signs from the objects available in the environment, but also distinguishable from it. Usually there is one or two tools — like a piece of fabric or chalk, available at the starting point to help the participant to make the signs. Imagine a forest where, in a maze of branches and leaves, one has to run around building signs made of branches and leaves.
Games can be considered creative practice for encouraging thinking and reaching out for new possibilities, as opposed to other, highly restrictive kinds of rules (social expectations, self critique etc.) that we find in everyday environment.
'?' MODUS OF PLAY
Questioning reality was the main focus of the Slovakian artist born in 1939 — Július Koller. Already as an art student he had begun to go against the grain defining his thinking as "de facto ... a sort of anti-academicism." 1 His early radical scepticism materialized as a symbol in his work later on, around 1967, when he started to place question marks in different locations: varying from places like himself to hillsides (1978). [Fig. 12]
In the mid-1960s, he published his first manifesto: "'Antihappening (System of Subjective Objectivity).' Koller declared 'normal' activities from various segments of his life as Antihappenings: his work as a painter; military service; playing sport; life with his partner; pedagogical work." 2 In fact he was not doing anything unusual, therefore he labelled it as an 'antihappening'.
How else to stress the awareness of the social reality, if not by calling your personal (ordinary) engagement in it as an art performance. Koller's idea was that one can have effect on others without the use of spectacular means. [Fig. 13] "From 1967 onward, (...) for the first time he included the motif of the question mark that later became the universal symbol of his interrogation of everyday life. As a reaction to empty exhibitionism in times of political instability, he distributed telegrams worded 'UmeNie' [No Art]." 3 The contradictory play with the fact of doing nothing was present in many forms, from (not)designing antihappenings to antipictures.
He was questioning the communist authorities, modernist tradition and art conventions with equal doses of scepticism. Such sports as ping-pong or tennis, are primarily a system in which those involved in it have to interact strictly according to the rules, ensuring fair-play. In the instance of placing a ping pong table in an art gallery (1970 in Bratislava) participants playing against each other as well as against the artist, were a metaphor for communication. Koller "drew tennis courts on postcards, retraced the lines of a tennis court with chalk, [Fig. 11] and invited the public to table tennis tournaments instead of exhibitions. For Koller, the concentrated game principles and procedures of sport refer to a democratic fair-play situation with clearly defined rules; a perfect expression of his utopian ideas in a world otherwise shaped by arbitrary political rule-making and rule-breaking." 4
The wall in the later ping pong table from 1990 can be seen as a symbol of failed communication. Communication through the game was no longer possible. [Fig. 14] The parties were therefore forced to step out of the game if they wanted to conduct a dialogue, and converse outside of the modus of play.
In the times when the form overshadows the scarce content it could be a good exercise in preventing emptiness, to practice 'antidesign' more often.
1 Butakova, E. (2009, November). Universal Physical-Cultural Operation (Ping-pong). Retrieved from http://www.tate.org.uk/
2,3,4 Lipska, M. (n.d.). Július Koller, "?". Retrieved from http://artmuseum.pl/
1. STARTING POINT
Instead of wandering outside, we might be forced to just wander in our minds instead. How does society let the time pass for us? Is everything transformed into waiting? Is a designer trapped in increasingly accelerating work dynamics? If so, should we consider a form of counter-action to the constant waiting for a new assignment, for a new answer and for a new contract routine?
It is increasingly difficult to do nothing, as we are forced to be 'on-hold' to face the modern rush. The most common answer to the question: "What did you do yesterday?" might be "I went to work". In order to avoid being trapped in such a mindset, the freedom to being able to take time off and play in an alternate (self-created) version of reality is a necessary tool.
What could be the creative value of playing games? Improvised rules created in free-time, under 'playground' conditions, serve as an exercise in expanding one's creative potential. Those self-driven constrictions offer possibilities for systematic work as a graphic designer. But, how can we explore this potential in the work environment?
How fast or slow time passes while we wait for things to happen defines the nature of the society we live in.
Is it becoming more difficult to not do anything?
2. GETTING BORED
There exists a saying that intelligent people do not get bored. I did hear that sentence often, when I was a child. Which sometimes made me feel like I should not have allowed myself to get to such a point of boredom. This saying is most often said by parents when they lack the time to amuse their children. But not doing anything can be defined otherwise, rather than just as boredom. The general tendency, when we start getting bored, is to feel the urge to get creative in order to escape the feeling of a lack of purpose.
Intelligence is not only about the possession of knowledge, but also about inventiveness. The ability to create an engaging task (or a game) for oneself, when there is nothing else to do, saves a creative mind from boredom. This can be described as taking the time for mind-wandering to eventually come up with new ideas. Similar exercise in taking time for exploring the body and mind, was part of the modernist vision for education that resulted in Bauhaus going down in history as one of the most relevant creative environments. [Fig. 04]
On the other hand, one might also say that high intelligence requires a constant supply of stimuli, in which case boredom is the least welcome experience. Because an active mind needs continual change in order to be satisfied, it is more likely to get bored relatively fast with only one task to do. The solution to such problem, according to Søren Kierkegaard, is the 'rotation method'. He elaborated on this concept in the 1843 work Either/Or: A Fragment of Life.1 Following the line of argumentation of this Danish philosopher, in order to avoid boredom, a constant shifting between tasks is necessary. In this manner, if Karel Martens makes one layer of one print every day, he would suffer perpetual misery waiting for his single print to dry each time. Instead, we can assume he has more prints on the go that he can work on in turn. In the given example, that method alone should provide the artist with a constant satisfaction from his work. For everyone else, the result of such approach would theoretically be, the provision of more or less everlasting satisfaction derived from their actions. Without a doubt, a high level of proficiency in creativity is necessary for such scattered inventiveness.
The individual seeking this kind of satisfactory life is referred to as an aesthete "a person who professes a special or superior appreciation of what is beautiful, from Greek aisthētḗs." 2
1 Kierkgaard, S. (1992). Either / Or: A Fragment of Life. New York: Penguin Group.
2 Oxford English Dictionary. "Aesthete". Retrieved from http://www.oed.com/
I — I hardly know, sir, just at present — at least I know who I was when I got up this morning, but I think I must have been changed several times since then. 1
1 McLuhan, M. & Fiore, Q. (2008). The Medium is the Massage. London: Penguin Books,154
Just as the land should be left fallow at certain times in order to remain fertile, not doing anything at all can also be profitable. Nonetheless, the aesthete should be constantly switching from one task to another, and continue to change himself constantly. This anti-boredom (or possibly anti-burnout) method can be applied as a hedonistic tool in gaining satisfaction from the 'aesthetic' way of life. However, this repetitive search for novel, ultimately leads to a state of despair. As a result, the aesthete (the creative mind) might face the impossibility of commitment to one thing — since commitment requires repetition of one activity.
Kierkegaard elaborates further on boredom as emptiness. Concluding, that boredom is not the absence of stimulation, but the absence of meaning. Furthermore, all activities no matter how often changed from one to another, will cease being captivating at some point. Eventually the boredom 'avoidant' person will say: "I don't feel like doing anything. I don't feel like riding — the motion is too powerful; I don't feel like walking — it is too tiring; I don't feel like lying down, for either I have to stay down, and I don't feel like doing that or I would have to get up again, and I don't feel like doing that, either. Summa Summarum: I don't feel like doing anything." 1 Although threatened by the imminent possibility of ending, this approach could be an attempt to experience a more meaningful life. 2
Nowadays, the problem of overstimulation along with simultaneous existential boredom is valid more than ever. As a result, we might find ourselves looking for quality boredom that could improve our life, while at the same time 'bored to death' by repetitive, limiting tasks at work.
1 Kierkgaard, S. (1992). Either / Or: A Fragment of Life. New York: Penguin Group, 4.
2 World Heritage Encyclopedia. "Rotation Method". Retrieved from http://worldebooklibrary.net/)
3. DO YOU SEE WHAT YOU WALK PAST EVERY DAY?
René Redzepi is a Danish chef of Hungarian origin, and co-owner of Noma, a two Michelin star restaurant in Copenhagen which was given the best restaurant in the world award three years in a row from 2010 to 2012, an then again in 2014. His idea was to reinvent Nordic cuisine through what can be characterized by locality, re-definition and clean taste. In his journal 1 published in 2011, he explores the thread that connects the kitchen's best ideas. He analyses what are the shifts and discoveries of creativity: how does the space influence us, is everything intuition and if real creativity happens when we play or only in the moments of despair.
At the Noma premises in Copenhagen's harbour area, there are periods of not-doing usual work — which can be devoted to anything from picking up grass in the field to burning tree bark. The 60 members of staff, not just the chefs, are encouraged at these times to look for new ingredients.2 Despite the extremely demanding work routine, all the staff members are welcome to create their own dish proposals and develop their own ideas independently. During Saturday's late evenings everyone meet to (literally) taste each other's ideas. Unlike other chefs Redzepi encourages everyone to save their ideas for themselves, for their own development as culinary creatives. Despite the almost ever lasting cold Scandinavia weather, unforgiving for an plant that happens to sprout too early, the entire concept of the restaurant is based on the idea of locality. So walks to work and biking through the woods, result in new discoveries that enrich the palette of this cutting-edge kitchen. [Fig. 08] This is an approach that celebrates time, which applies to other aspects of the kitchen like the re-discovery of existing ingredients by putting them through different methods such as fermentation. Not to mention the restaurant's leitmotif — the 'here and now in time and place'. Redzepi says that "as a cook you are creating a language, we need an alphabet to build sentences, the ingredients are our alphabet. And the more letters we have, the more beautiful the prose." 3 Time is an ingredient, enriching the creative tools and making space for discoveries. These tools allow for re-exploring the world anew.
Such rediscovery of the already known surroundings can happen when one dedicates time for it. However obvious it might sound, a lot of commitment is necessary if one wants to find something new. In the spring of 2004 a Swedish forager contacted the restaurant. It turned out that while people in this region of Scandinavia had been importing walnuts for decades, similar or even better ingredients were just ten minutes outside of Copenhagen.4 Not only tastes mimicking the so far imported ingredients were found, but also new marvels in always-present in this area trees, grasses and mosses. An old Swedish army survival book provided background information about the multitude of available edibles. This seemingly redundant book was a revelation on how little was noticed, when passing by it every day. Such shift in the way of seeing resulted in questioning everything and rethinking the approach to food.
The given example illustrates how a strong identity can be created by taking a step back (and around) instead of only moving forward. For Noma this moment of realisation of the richness of their surroundings was a keystone in creating their distinct identity. [Fig. 09] In other words, the recipe for a rediscovery is sometimes lost or forgotten knowledge that needs to be reconstructed. The next step is made by walking around and collecting the lost pieces. Eventually they can be put together in an entirely new way.
1, 3, 4 Redzepi, R. (2013). A Work in Progress – Journal. London. England: Phaidon Press Limited, 37– 41.
2 Deschamps, Thompson, E. (Producer) & Deschamps, P. (Director). (2015). Noma, my perfect storm [Motion Picture]. Denmark: Documentree Films.
4. HOW CAN I GET FROM HERE TO THERE?
You are walking around in a hurry when all of a sudden you are stopped by a random passer-by on the street. Relying on your knowledge, he asks you how to get somewhere. Upon giving an answer you question yourself — is this (for sure) the way to get there? The passer-by walks away with the description that you provided. You are then left wondering if you were right or wrong.
Such a random situation has been the object of interest of Stanley Brouwn. In This way Brouwn (1964), he stood in a non-specific place, 'a', and asked random passers-by on the street of Amsterdam to show him the way to a certain place 'b'— like the Dam Platz 1. The time necessary to walk from his position 'a' to 'b' has been compressed in the explanation given by the person he asked. The experience of space for every person is different and so the instruction and resulting drawing varied each time. These maps lack any street names, show a tendency for simplification and straightened visualisation based on a memory. [Fig. 15 –17] When compared with each other these guides provide an example of how different each person's way of looking is. "As they were drawing the people talked, and at times they talked more that they drew. On the sketches we can see what the people were explaining. But we cannot see what they have omitted, because they had trouble realizing that what might be clear to them still requires explanation." 2
1 Stanley Brouwn, This way Brouwn, 1960 [Audioguide]. Retrieved from http://www.moma.org/ 2 Brouwn, S. (1961). This way Brouwn, 25-2-61.26-2-61. New York: Verlag Gebr. König Köln.
5. TOOLS FOR IMAGINATION 1
Passing through the streets of Amsterdam, one can encounter a paved square where several sculpture-like geometrical metal objects have been placed. [Fig. 18] It is very likely, that it is one of the remaining playgrounds designed by Aldo van Eyck. [Fig. 19]
His playground design career begun when he started working for the Urban Development Department in Amsterdam in 1946, at the age of 28. However fascinating the construction sites and the streets of the post-war city were, they were also unsafe, especially with the increasing amount of cars on the streets. It was clear at that time that public play spaces were a growing necessity. A part of the social education plan was to encourage children to develop abstract thinking and become open-minded adults interested in culture.
Empty lots between buildings, spaces used as garbage dumps hidden behind dilapidated walls, were gradually adopted for public playgrounds. [Fig. 20] Thus, the architect often had to adjust his designs to the existing urban space. The elements of each playground were composed in a non-hierarchical system in which all elements were equally important. All the components could be used according to the spacial properties of each space. [Fig. 21] Although consisting of a repetitive pieces, in each location the layout was different. Van Eyck was eventually responsible of the appearance of around 700 playgrounds dispersed around Amsterdam (constructed between 1947-78).2
The playground elements that he designed were almost always immobile, so the way of moving around them always had to be imagined. [Fig. 22–23] "Van Eyck encouraged children to discover shapes, forms, proportions, and distances, and develop their imaginations on their own terms. The form was only a suggestion of what it could be. Wherever you were in the playground, you were never on the edge, but always surrounded by something. (...) going from one place to the other. There was a whole sequence of games you played with other kids on the way." 3
Van Eyck's multi-centered focus was present not only in his design, but also in his manner of thinking. He would say "'Do you see that, and that, and that?' And then he immediately questioned his view, turned the other way around and said 'But there is also that, that, and that!' " 4
The balance between the filled-in space and the space left empty was a space open for any games. No artificial borders were present as people (for example parents) would form a barrier, sitting on benches placed between the road and the playground. If that was not the case, bushes or naturally present obstacles such as walls formed the boundaries. Hence, the space remained both open and safe. As it is natural to decide to jump from one stone to another when crossing a river, in like manner no rules were necessary on a playground. The only rule of the playground might have been that you had to participate as soon as you found yourself in it.
Falling is an integral part of balance. Just as we learn how to fall, we learn how to fail. The simple play of maintaining balance on the somersaulting frame can be a long-term profiting lesson, because it is easier to fall when we play.
1 (Aldo van Eyck called his play objects tools for imagination in the magazine Goed Wonen[1957])
2 Kollarova D., & Van Lingen, A. (2016). Seventeen Playgrounds. Eindhoven: Lecturis.
3 Makovsky, P. (2012, November). Modernists At Play. Retrieved from http://www.metropolismag.com/
4 Strauven, F. (1998) Aldo van Eyck, The Shape of Relativity. Amsterdam: Architecture & Natura.
0. TABLE OF CONTENTS
The reader can choose what he wants to read.
The order of the chapters is not static. Rather, it depends on his choice. He decides which reading path he wishes to follow. Or the reader can do nothing and only follow what has been already ordered for him. He might follow the order of the paragraph numbers for example, or perhaps find his way amongst the columns of text.
Only the beginning and the end are determined.
0. INSTRUCTIONS
The platform can begin with instructions or a disclaimer that there are no instructions.
Replacing an introduction with instructions may offer the possibility for a more engaging reading experience, because the reader is not preconditioned about what he is going to experience but instead he can explore the content according to his own rules.
A platform for reading is like a platform for thought, a book can be seen as a different platform for reading from a webpage, so are they also platforms of different thoughts? Because reading is fast guessing1, reading can be interpreted as a game to perform with oneself.
The system serves for improvising a reading method where decisions have to be made fast in order to gather information. Like a system of alternative versions.
On what parameters could the order of text change? Should new things be at the beginning? Shorter paragraphs placed in groups can allow for an interesting way of reading.
All the text can be stacked on top of each other. The viewer will be able to redistribute the content in order to make the reading rules according to his own choosing.
Photograph of Richard Long in an unknown location during the execution of one of his field works. Photo from Studio International May, 1971.
Richard Long camping on a field [Photograph]. (2007, August 02). Retrieved from http://www.studiointernational.com/
Long, R. (1967). A Line made by walking, England [Photograph]. Retrieved from: http://www.richardlong.org/
Long, R. (1972). Walking a line in Peru [Photograph]. Retrieved from: http://www.richardlong.org/
Morning exercises on the roof of the Itten College in Berlin (students of Johanes Itten) in 1931, a similar body awareness routine was executed earlier in Bauhaus in Weimar, during the 20's, when Itten's philosophy as a master of the school was applied on all the levels of the curriculum. The radically-styled Itten, who sported a shaven head and crimson robes, was a follower of Mazdaznan. Concerned with the nature of thought, emotion and behavior, Mazdaznan taught that the practical aspects of personal health could be achieved through conscious breathing. The word Mazdaznan is said to derive from the Persian Mazda and Znan, and is supposed to mean 'master thought'.
T. Lux Feininger, (1930). Physical Education at the Bauhaus: floor exercises of the women on the roof of the Bauhaus, in front is the gymnastics teacher Karla Grosch.
Lux Feininger, T. (1930). Physical Education at the Bauhaus [Photograph]. Retrieved from: https://www.bauhaus100.de/
Wassily Kandinsky's four analytical drawings, which were based on photographs of Palucca, illustrate how closely the dancer's style coincided with the Bauhaus aesthetic. The drawings and photographs were published in the arts journal Das Kunstblatt in 1926.
Kandinsky, W. (1926). Dance Curves [Photograph]. Retrieved from: http://www.bagtazocollection.com/
Binnemann, R. Bauhaus Archiv Berlin. (1929). Metall Dance (Carla Grosch), Bauhaus Stage Dessau (Design: Oskar Schlemmer) [Photograph]. Retrieved from: http://grosse-plaene.de/
Rene Redzepi foraging, screen from the film Noma, my perfect storm.
Deschamps, Thompson, E. (Producer) & Deschamps, P. (Director). (2015). Noma, my perfect storm [Film Still]. Denmark: Documentree Films.
Example of a dish served in Noma in autumn consisting of among others, various kinds of moss and tree leaves.
Redzepi, R. (2013). Belle de Boskoop Apples and Caviar [Photograph]. From: Redzepi, R. (2013). A Work in Progress—Noma Recipes. London. England: Phaidon Press Limited, 162.
Baldessari, J. (1967). What This Painting Aims to Do. synthetic polymer and oil on canvas, (172.4 × 143.7 × 2.5 cm) [Photograph]. Retrieved from: http://whitney.org/
Koller, J. (1978). Universal Futurological Question Mark [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.martinjanda.at/
Koller, J. (1988). Konceptuàlna Kultùrnal Situàcia (U.F.O.) [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.martinjanda.at/
Koller, J. (1963-1971). Aus der Serie "Anti Happening" (Tennis) [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://foundation.generali.at/
Koller, J. (1990). Pingpong (Pingpong Table with Panel) [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://www.artpool.hu/
Brouwn, S. (1961). This way Brouwn [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://nowhere-nowhere.org/
Brouwn, S. (1963). This way Brouwn [Photograph]. Retrieved from https://www.wikiart.org/
Metal igloo construction designed by Aldo van Eyck. The legs were partially cut in order to dispose of the igloo. Retrieved from the bushes it was found near a school's playground in Amsterdam. After the discovery, the object was moved to several locations around the Netherlands. Wherever children encountered the object, they did not seem to be bothered by the lacking legs.
Since 2013 some of the playground elements can be found in the Rijksmuseum's garden.
Van Eyck, A. (n.d.) [Photograph] From: Kollarova D. & Van Lingen, A. (2016). Seventeen Playgrounds. Eindhoven: Lecturis
'I don't choose colours,' Van Eyck once wrote, 'the rainbow is my favourite colour.' The rainbow motif can be found more than once in this special accommodation building (orphanage and temporary settlement for parents).
Van Eyck, A. (1976-80). Hubertus - Housing for Single Parent Families, Amsterdam. Retrieved from: http://www.architectureguide.nl/
Van Eyck, A. (1954). Dijkstraat Playground in Amsterdam [Photograph]. Retrieved from: http://www.thepolisblog.org/
Van Eyck, A. (n.d.). Sandpits and playground equipment [Photograph]. Retrieved from: http://www.metropolismag.com/
Van Eyck, A. (1950-51). Saffierstraat, playground [Photograph]. Retrieved from: https://walkonwildsideanna.wordpress.com/
Aldo van Eyck's recurring geometrical, non-hierarchical constructions resemble the work of Piet Mondrian or Theo van Doesburg.
Mondriaan, P. (1925). Tableau No. IV; Lozenge Composition with Red, Gray, Blue, Yellow, and Black [Photograph]. Retrieved from: http://www.nga.gov/
Van Eyck, A. (1955-1956). Zeedijk, Amsterdam-Centrum [Photographs]. Retrieved from: https://walkonwildsideanna.wordpress.com/ (1)
"With this one, I remember feeling, 'It is not finished' — and I liked the feeling. For me, both in printing and in general, it's an important thing to stop at the right moment."
Martens, K. (2016). Reprint [Photograph]. Retrieved from: https://www.nytimes.com/
Henri Matisse is his late years was stuck to a wheelchair due to his health. During that time his main creation tool became scissors. He believed that by cuts he was sculpting. He even painted his own papers (with help of assistants, due to his limited mobility) to create his own colours.
Matisse at the Hôtel Régina, Nice [Photograph]. (c.1952). Retrieved from: https://www.moma.org/
Matisse in front of gouache-painted papers, Hôtel Régina, Nice [Photograph]. (c.1952). Retrieved from: https://www.moma.org/
Permanent Creation Tool-box by Fluxus artist Robert Filliou, (1969).
Filliou, R. (1969). Permanent Creation Tool-box [Photograph]. Retrieved from: http://www.garagecosmos.be/
Winiarski, B. (2015, March 24). ['health track' in a city of Grabowek] [Photograph]. Retrieved from http://terenzabudowany.blog.pl/
['health track' in a city of Grabowek] [Forum post]. (2011, November 12). Retrieved from http://gdynia-grabowek.mojeosiedle.pl/


On Monday, Gov. Mike Beebe (Arkansas- D) denied the clemency request of 67 year old blues musician Calvin Leavy, who is serving a 75-year sentence for drug and bribery offenses. Leavy was famous for such songs as "Cummins Prison Farm," "Free from Cummins Prison Farm," "Going to the Dogs," and "Is it Worth All That I'm Going Through?" He was convicted in 1992 as the first person charged under the state's "drug kingpin law." Last April, the Arkansas Parole Board recommended executive clemency for Leavy, who was originally sentenced to life plus 25 years in prison. In May 2000, then-Gov. Mike Huckabee commuted his sentenced to 75 years. Another notable rejection was that of the application for Danny Edward Verdict, who has done maintenance work at the governor's mansion for the last nine years. Verdict was convicted in 1992 of first-degree murder after shooting his wife. Verdict writes, in his clemency applicaton, "I loved Marcella and never meant to hurt her." He was sentenced to life in prison, but was also recommended for clemency by the Parole Board. See story reported here.


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There are a number of committees that report into Bupa's Board to ensure we comply with corporate governance principles.
These include Audit, Risk, Nomination & Governance and Remuneration Committees.
The Audit Committee has responsibility for monitoring the integrity of the Group's financial statements and the effectiveness of the systems of internal control and for monitoring the effectiveness, performance and objectivity of the internal and external auditors. The Committee comprises four Non-Executive Directors. Clare Thompson is the Committee Chairman. Paul Evans, Nicholas Lyons and Caroline Silver are the other members of the Committee.
The Audit Committee has established the Global Internal Audit function whose authority, purpose and responsibilities are set out in the Bupa Internal Audit Charter. The Audit Committee reviews and recommends the Charter to the Board for approval on an annual basis.
The Risk Committee has responsibility for the leadership and oversight of risk across the Group. This includes the understanding of current risk exposures and future risk strategy, overall risk appetite and tolerance, risk management framework including risk policies, process and controls, and the promotion of a risk awareness culture throughout the Group. The Committee comprises six Non-Executive Directors. Caroline Silver is the Committee Chairman. Paul Evans, Matias Rodriguez, Clare Thompson, Mike Hawker and Sir John Tooke are the other members of the Committee.
The Nomination & Governance Committee is responsible for the selection and proposal to the Board of suitable candidates for appointment as Executive and Non-Executive Directors and the recommendation to the Board of new Association Members. The Committee engages external search consultants to identify candidates for Board vacancies before recommending a preferred candidate to the Board for consideration. Roger Davis is the Committee Chairman. Martin Houston, Clare Thompson, Sir John Tooke and Janet Voûte are the other members of the Committee.
The Remuneration Committee is responsible for the setting and oversight of the remuneration policy for Bupa, including making recommendations to the Board on remuneration policy in respect of the Executives, certain designated individuals and the Chairman. In determining remuneration policy, the Committee considers a variety of legal and regulatory requirements and the relevant provisions of the UK Corporate Governance Code.
The Committee comprises the Chairman and four Non-Executive Directors. Martin Houston is the Committee Chairman. Roger Davis, Nicholas Lyons, Caroline Silver and Janet Voûte are the other members of the Committee.


Last Saturday, a miracle happened before my eyes. My friend, Thomas received Jesus as His Lord and Saviour.
Thomas used to be my "big brother" during our days in da gang. So you can imagine my mix feelings of unbelief (in a surreal manner) and joy when he said the sinner's prayer! Ha ha….
His salvation is indeed a testimony of God's unwavering love for each one of us especially those who are considered a lost cause by people's standard.
Thankfully God's standard is always higher than us, man's. And did I mention that I had been waiting for this day for the past 8 years?!
Wow… Am I bowled over by the love of God!
Thank God for being merciful in saving him from a world of darkness into His marvelous light!
WOW, thank God, glory, hallelujah! Jesus really is the Saviour… wow… thank God… it's such a joy, a wonder, to see how God's love is so incredibly rich in mercy and grace!!!
PTL! God is good even when we do not "see".
It is wonderful that you saw this miracle. I hope that your eyes are open to all of the miricles that surround you.


It was only several decades ago that the term 'false flag' was rarely understood, let alone spoken.
But over the course of increased civilian investigation into the happenings of our world – independent of oligarchical and governmental propaganda – historic false flags that have been 'officially admitted' and the more recent ones which are still 'officially denied' are now commonly discussed in the lexicon of public dialogue.
For those who still haven't caught up with this concept, a false flag is an event or operation that is blamed on a party who didn't actually orchestrate it.
This strategy gained its modern name based on nautical operations when an 'attacking ship would fly the colours of its enemy until close enough to open fire,' however it's as old as military warfare itself.
Moreover, with increasing complexity and competition on the planetary stage over the course of the last several centuries, false flag operations have become increasingly useful for the agenda of shadow and spotlighted power structures.
To provide examples of 'admitted' false flags, this article lists 69 of them. For a classic example of denied one, this article spectacularly debunks the official version of 911 and this article provides 24 hard facts which indicate that it is potentially a false flag event.
In this interview, Phillip J. Watt and Ole Dammegard discuss the history and currency of false flag operations, their evolution into weather modification programs, how Ole has been able to predict so-called terrorist events and the attempt to create a civil war in the US, as well as methods to bring some sanity to our sick social system.


Marla Isaac has been presenting educational shows and exhibits for over 40 years. As a naturalist she specializes in teaching the biology and conservation of reptiles and birds of prey using live non releasable animals and artifacts such as skulls and skeletons as teaching tools. We don't just show you animals we teach on the subject of herpetology and ornithology.
Our presentations follow the frameworks of school curriculum and can be tailored to your needs. Exhibits are designed museum quality and include mini demonstrations or talks on subjects such as the species being presented including their biology and conservation. We are permitted state and federal for the possession of restricted species for the purpose of education.
Our mission to help people understand nature and how it functions. From the anatomy of a species to their ecology, presentations and exhibits are not only educational but fun and entertaining too. Because we work with animals there are rules to be followed for the safety and welfare of our animals. Prices are reasonable and support our animals care and the operation of this facility.
You can not visit we offer traveling shows and exhibits only we bring Wild Things To Your Event.
Copyright © 2018 new england reptile & raptor exhibits - All Rights Reserved.


Sail Sand Point is a community boating center dedicated to bringing the joy and life-enhancing benefits of sailing and small boats to people of all ages, abilities and backgrounds. SSP is proud to offer half and full scholarships to youth and adults, so that no one is excluded from the opportunity to come to Sail Sand Point and learn, regardless of financial circumstances. You can find the Scholarship Application Form here.
After you've taken a class or two, there are more affordable ways to get back on the water! Volunteer with Sail Sand Point and receive one hour of Open Boating boat rental time for every three hours of volunteer service.


No need to leave town. You can find high-quality heart care with Cone Health.
Think you need to travel a long way to receive high-quality cardiovascular care? Think again.
Cone Health, with locations throughout central North Carolina, was recently determined by U.S. News and World Report to be one of the nation's very few high-performing hospitals for the nine most-treated adult procedures and conditions. Available through the Cone Health Heart and Vascular Center, these procedures and conditions include heart failure, heart bypass surgery, aortic valve surgery and abdominal aortic aneurysm repair.
The magazine analyzed 4,500 U.S. hospitals and found that just 63 of those warranted their superior assessment—which means that The Moses H. Cone Hospital ranks within the top 2 percent.
U.S. News created its Best Hospitals procedure and condition ratings to help patients decide where to go to get the highest-quality care for the kinds of treatments and procedures that cause millions of people to spend time at the hospital every year.
To do this, the magazine looked at patient experience surveys and a variety of outcome measures, including deaths, infections and how often patients had to be readmitted to the hospital or have an operation repeated for the same issue.
Heart attack patients who are treated at Moses Cone Hospital, for example, are far less likely to have to return for additional treatment than if they had received their care at another hospital in the country. In fact, data published in 2016 on the U.S. government's Hospital Compare website shows that Cone Health has the nation's No. 1 lowest readmission rate for heart attack patients.
Hochrein believes that the superior rating earned by Moses Cone Hospital stems from its innovative, team-based approach to treating patients.
When a patient has a heart issue, he explains, everyone works from the same care page, whether they're an emergency responder, emergency room doctor, cardiologist, surgeon, nurse, physical therapist or dietician.
Take a look at all of Cone Health's awards and achievements for high-quality care.


A traditional British winter classic that is dark in appearance, rich and heavy with fruit and spices. Despite this, the recipe is surprisingly light and is perfect after a heavy Christmas dinner.
Put the mixed dried fruit, the glacé cherries, the mixed peel, the brandy, the beer, the lemon juice and the orange juice into a bowl. Thoroughly mix them together cover them and leave them to soak at room temperature for 24 hours.
The next day, cut out two disks of greaseproof paper: one the size of the bottom of your pudding basin and one the same size as the top of the pudding basin. We used a 1 litre pudding basin.
Butter the inside of the pudding basin, place the smaller disk of greaseproof paper in the bottom of it and butter that as well.
Put all of the other ingredients for the pudding into the bowl with the dried fruit that was soaking over night. Mix them all together until they are well combined.
Make a wish while stirring the pudding.
Pour the pudding mixture into the buttered pudding basin, butter one side of the larger disk of grease proof paper and put this on the top of the pudding, butter side facing down.
Put a large piece of greaseproof paper on top of a large piece of tin foil and make a pleat in the middle.
Place this over the pudding with the pleat running across the middle of the pudding basin. Then fold down the sides of the foil and tie it securely with string.
Put the pudding on top of a strip of tin foil, the length of which is three times the height of the pudding basin. This will act as a sling to help with getting the pudding in and out of the pan.
Put a trivet into the bottom of a large pan and, using said sling, lower the pudding into the pan. Pour in enough water to come half way up the side of the pudding basin.
Put the lid on the pan, bring the water up to a simmer and steam the pudding for 5 hours. During this time, keep checking the water level in the pan to make sure it doesn't boil dry.
After the time, lift the pudding out of the pan and allow it to cool to room temperature before putting it in a cool dark place to mature for at least 1 week. Don't remove the foil lid as this acts as a seal, keeping the pudding air tight and not exposed to bacteria in the atmosphere.
When Christmas day is upon us once again... DON'T PANIC!
Again, put a trivet into the bottom of a large pan, lower the pudding into it, pour in enough water to come half way up the side of the pudding basin, bring it up to a simmer and steam the pudding for another 2 hours.
Lift the pudding basin from the pan, remove the string, the foil and the greaseproof paper disk and place a large serving plate on top of the pudding basin.
Wearing a pair of ovengloves, hold the plate onto the pudding basin and turn the pudding over so that the plate is now underneath the pudding. Then lift off the pudding basin to reveal the pudding and remove the small greaseproof disk. You must put a piece of holly on the top, otherwise Santa won't visit you again next year.
The most effective way to flambé the pudding is to heat up about 100ml of brandy in a small sauce pan until it is hot but not boiling. Then carefully take a lit match to it and pour this over the out-turned pudding, stand back and "Ooo!" with admiration.
Can it be prepared in advance? Yes, it can be finished up to 2 months in advance.
- Traditionally, when the pudding was being stirred (stage 5), a coin was put into the pudding mixture which was supposed to bring good luck to whoever found it in their slice of pudding. This practice has now largely been abandoned due to the high cost of the dental work needed to repair the chipped teeth that result from accidentally eating it.


text:
Fullscreen to release #O2LForever doc exclusively on Vimeo
The documentary following vlogging super group Our2ndLife's final tour will be available on demand beginning June 23.
By Todd Longwell
Fullscreen will release #O2LForever, its feature-length documentary about the now-disbanded vlogging super group Our2ndLife, exclusively on Vimeo On Demand on June 23.
The film is available for pre-order now for $9.99.
The six-man group (Connor Franta, Kian Lawley, Jc Caylen, Ricky Dillon, Trevor Moran and Sam Pottorff) became online stars via a series of collaborative video diaries, skits and music performances on YouTube. The film follows them on their 2014 North American tour as they encounter a Beatlemania-like reception from fans.
"This film takes a special look at fandom in the social media age and explores how online video has transformed the way creators and fans connect," said Fullscreen's chief content officer Michael Goldfine, who directed the film. "These guys developed an incredibly unique and remarkable relationship with their audience, and we were lucky to ride along on the tour bus to capture these moments."
#O2LForever was produced by Fullscreen in association with DigiTour Media, which put together the tour.
Image: screengrab from #O2LForever trailer.
#O2LForever, Connor Franta, Fullscreen, Jc Caylen, Kian Lawley, Michael Goldfine, Our2ndLife, Ricky Dillon, Sam Pottorff, Trevor Moran, Vimeo
Todd is StreamDaily's U.S. West Coast Correspondent. He has written for a wide range of publications, including The Hollywood Reporter, Variety, the Los Angeles Times, the New York Post, NylonGuys and, yes, even the Weekly World News. Earlier in his career, he served as senior editor for the pioneering alternative movie magazine Film Threat. You can reach him at toddrlongwell[at]gmail.com or on twitter @toddlongwell1
Fullscreen gets into the movie biz
Vimeo enables creators with monetization tools
Vimeo sets date to launch sci-fi spoof, Con Man

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Shane McKeever is an accomplished pianist, flutist, and organist. He has been playing piano since he was 4-years old. Under the tutelage of Mr. Pavel Vasilev, Shane won numerous awards through the American Guild of Music. It was also through the firm foundation of classical music, he went on to learn the art of jazz music. He has played alongside jazz greats such as Wendell Harrison, Marcus Belgrave, Rodney Whitaker, and many others.
Shane released two Christmas CDs in addition to two jazz CDs: " Finding My Way" released in September 2010, and "Nightwalker" released in October 2011.
He is a young professional who has accomplished a lot and has bright aspirations for the future.


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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Click here to be directed to THC and CBD products for sale at Washington State Cannabis retailers, including the .5 gram 22 Rescue Vape Cartridge.
To find a .5 gram of CO2 WAM OIL pre-filled in a vaporizer cartridge. Find them near you using Leafly.


With offices in Los Angeles, New York, London, and New Delhi, we work with brands, agencies, digital publishers, and media/ entertainment companies across the globe.
User-generated content is among the most ubiquitous and abundant creative resources in the world. For nearly a decade, Jukin Media has been teaming up with entertainment, advertising, and publishing professionals to develop shows, campaigns, and stories that utilize the world's most compelling UGC videos. With a library of more than 50,000 hand-selected video clips, and the ability to discover and clear UGC videos from the broader social web, Jukin Media is a preferred UGC partner for more than 1,000 companies across the globe.
Jukin Media is owner/ operator of five of the most watched social video properties in the world. Jukin can help your brand tap into our loyal and passionate fan communities that are eager to support our sponsors and advertisers. Jukin offers opportunities for paid media and authentic, engaging branded content designed for impactful interactions with your target audience.
Jukin Media produces original video content for advertisers, and original series for TV networks and VOD platforms in more than 200 global markets. Jukin's original long-form programming has appeared on FOX, MTV Networks, Viacom International Media Networks, Facebook Watch, Comcast Xfinity, Kevin Hart's LOL Network, and Verizon's go90, among other platforms.
"Madison avenue is now turning to Jukin for amateur content"
"How Jukin Media Built a Viral Video Empire"
"Jukin Media Goes Viral for Brands with Ethos Division Launch"
"Inside the Company That's Made Viral Videos Big Business."


Terrorism and murder charges were also pressed against five Counter Terrorism Department officials.
Terrorism and murder charges were also pressed against five CTD officials present during the encounter, police said.
"In the light of the Joint Investigation Team (JIT), five senior officers, including CTD Punjab Chief Additional Inspector General Rai Tahir, have been sacked and five officials of the CTD who took part in the encounter booked under terrorism and murder charges," Punjab Law Minister Basharat Raja told a press conference in Lahore.
CTD officials killed four people including a teenage girl, in an encounter in Sahiwal, 200 km from Lahore, suspecting them to be terrorists. The CTD team began firing on the car in which a couple along with their four children and the driver were sitting. Three children survived the firing.
The anti-terror department initially termed the victims as "terrorists of ISIS", but later declared three of them -- the couple and their 13-year-old daughter -- innocent civilians.
Mr Raja said action against more officials would be taken after completion of the investigation.
Replying to a query on whether any action has been taken against ISI officials on whose lead the operation was conducted, the minister said: "The investigation is still underway."
He also said the fourth victim, Zeeshan Javed, was a terror suspect and the government would give a detailed briefing of his alleged links with terrorists on Wednesday.


President Donald Trump's budget request was released on Feb. 12. Below is CQ News coverage and key documents by agency.
In Trump's Budget, More Cash for Cyber, But Enough for States?
© 2019 · CQ - Roll Call, Inc · All Rights Reserved.


The latest generation of toilets from Villeroy & Boch are included in the Subway 2.0 Collection. Their innovative DirectFlush technology rinses the entire bowl, using only a very small amount of water. The rimless design allows for easy cleaning and maintenance and the highest level of hygiene.
Subway 2.0 toilets can be combined with both standard toilet seats and SlimSeats, the new modern, ultra-flat toilet seats from Villeroy & Boch.
The bathroom furniture in the Subway 2.0 collection provides the perfect complement to the ceramic products. In keeping with the wash basins, round and angular furniture is available in a wide variety of colours. All bathroom furniture in this successful Villeroy & Boch collection stands out due to its excellent design and functionality. The clever internal configuration offers plenty of storage space for bathing utensils. The recessed handles on the front are available in both Sliver Matt and Glossy Chrome.
The mainstream Subway 2.0 Collection offers numerous potential combinations that are capable of satisfying the most diverse demands. Whether it be for a family bathroom, a retreat bathroom or a place of relaxation, Subway 2.0 can create an individual bathroom design. With a wide variety of forms and colours, the collection stands out due to its excellent design, combining functionality and innovation.
Use Villeroy & Boch's innovative Bathroom Planner to discover the versatility of the Subway 2.0 collection. It allows you to plan your very own dream bathroom in just a few steps and then see it in 3D.


text:
The U.S. public's support for being tough on crime has been a main determinant of changes to the incarceration rate
Enns, Peter K. (2014) The U.S. public's support for being tough on crime has been a main determinant of changes to the incarceration rate. LSE American Politics and Policy (21 May 2014). Website.
The U.S. is famous for being the country with the highest incarceration rate in the world – but what has driven the massive expansion of imprisonment in the last forty years? In new research that tracks public attitudes, Peter K. Enns finds that the public's punitiveness is closely related to changes in the incarceration rate. He suggests that this stems not only from voters enacting laws such as 'Three Strikes', but also through the influence on criminal justice policy of state and federal legislators, who rely on public support for reelection.
http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/usappblog/
© 2014 The Author


Description: Trailer Village is one mile from downtown and shopping malls. We are open year around with 57spaces for any size RV. We offer laundry facilities, a pay phone, showers, a playground, and access to cable and phone on site. Our rates are $29.00 per night or $150.00 per week.
Directions: Trailer Village is located off I-90, Exit 447. Then north 1 mile on South Billings Boulevard.


Our brothers and sisters at Apollon host our monthly Neighborhood Art Session. Come meet your neighbors, eat some free food, and participate in a free art class taught by a local artists. Each month's class is themed to Apollon's monthly show.
We only have 45 seats each session, and they fill up fast.
Sign up today if you want to join us.
Children 16 and younger must be accompanied by an adult.


text:
Inside Development
IFAD appoints Togo's former prime minister as new president
By Jennifer Ehidiamen // 15 February 2017
Gilbert Fossoun Houngbo, International Fund for Agricultural Development's new president. Photo by: IFAD
Gilbert Fossoun Houngbo, Togo's former prime minister, has been appointed as the new president of the International Fund for Agricultural Development.
Houngbo beat seven other candidates, including three women, to emerge as president and will lead the U.N. rural poverty agency in making investment decisions that address critical challenges affecting rural livelihoods and development issues in developing countries.
IFAD's role in ensuring adequate attention is given to agricultural and rural development programs is seen by many observers as key in helping achieve the Sustainable Development Goals of ending poverty and hunger in the world. Facilitating more investment in the world's rural areas is aimed at meeting a growing demand for food security, reducing migration and recurring conflicts.
"We have to keep our ambition and at the same time be realistic and pragmatic," Houngbo stated in a press statement sent to Devex. "We have to demonstrate that every dollar invested will have the highest value for money."
Houngbo — who has over 30 years of experience in international development, diplomacy and financial management — will join IFAD from the International Labour Organization, where he has served as deputy director-general since 2013. He has also worked at the United Nations Development Programme, where he served as the assistant secretary general, Africa regional director, and chief of staff. Between 2008 and 2012, he served as the prime minister of the West African country of Togo.
Get development's most important headlines in your inbox every day.
As the sixth president of IFAD, Houngbo is expected to take over from Nigeria's Kanayo Nwanze in April.
Read more international development news online, and subscribe to The Development Newswire to receive the latest from the world's leading donors and decision-makers — emailed to you free every business day.
Printing articles to share with others is a breach of our terms and conditions and copyright policy. Please use the sharing options on the left side of the article. Devex Pro subscribers may share up to 10 articles per month using the Pro share tool ( ).
Jennifer Ehidiamendisgeneration
Jennifer Ehidiamen is a Nigerian writer who is passionate about communications and journalism. She has worked as a reporter and communications consultant for different organizations in Nigeria and overseas. She has an undergraduate degree in mass communication from the Nigerian Institute of Journalism, Lagos, and M.A. in business and economics from Columbia University Graduate School of Journalism, New York. In 2014, she founded Rural Reporters (www.ruralreporters.com) with the goal of amplifying underreported news and issues affecting rural communities.
Various Positions – USAID/Zambia District Governance Strengthening Program
International City/County Management Association (ICMA)
Multiple technical experts | DFID READI | 2020
Chemonics International Inc.
National Director – WV Solomon Island & Vanuatu
Honiara, Solomon Islands
Opinion: A safety-first approach to keeping patients and practitioners safe
Writing is thinking: Why you need to be able to write well in development
Q&A: How online learning leads to lifelong digital literacy skills
What the US International Development Finance Corporation needs to do in year 1
Kenyans love maize. But aflatoxins are making it dangerous.
Who's who in #globaldev: November 2019 appointments
Global development briefing
New UK aid chief, an 'encouraging' HIV vaccine trial, and $300M for Ebola response: This week in development
Engaging the Pacific: Objectives for Australia's new international development minister
The future of US aid
To direct more funding to Christians, USAID looks to Hungary


I ran into one of the trail-builders at the trail head, and I talked to him and scratched his old dog. It was cool to talk. He rode my bike around and decided he wants to get a new bike. I got to complement the massive amount of work and thank him. Then he tipped me off about another possible area to go ride, hopefully I will do that tomorrow.
The city of Montpelier Vermont is pretty cool. It's the state capital. It has a very artistic vibe. They have a Land Conservancy, a Culinary Arts Institute, an Arts College and a big foundry that creates public fountains. (And probably a lot more neat stuff too.) Everybody walks and bikes everywhere. They have bike paths and bikes lanes. It even has a pedestrian scramble crosswalk in the downtown.
Check your brakes and read on.
Since 2008, I think I've done about 5 trips to Vermont's, Kingdom Trails.
In the early days, it was a small, sleepy village with a decent set of trails. A lot of the trails had fun design but there was a niggling sense that there were lots of small issues. As the place was growing in popularity and gaining a lot more bike traffic, any spots that had trail construction issues were highlighted. It was good, it was big, it was fun, but it had a few rough edges.
Anyhow, over the years, the place has improved dramatically and now, delivers on all its promise. It's a busy fat-tire resort which is highly polished. It's well worth the trip. They even have Iced Vermont Coffee Company coffee in the General Store!
After a lot of rides here, I finally cracked the code on this east coast destination. Hiding here is a, top-secret, Big Mountain-style ride. It's there, lurking right out in the open. But it's completely off the radar for some reason.
The Carrabassett Valley is an absolutely astonishing locale for mountain bikers.
Here's the view from about 1/2 hour away on the highway.
Corner Brook has a ton of interesting trails plus a ton of frogs.


This quarter went super fast, and I mean super super fast. With the 4 classes, work, and lab research, this quarter sure did keep me busy at any point.
Having said that, I hope you all already started writing those last couple essays and papers, finished up those articles that you're supposed to read for the finals, and flexed your brain muscle and nerve for the final preparation of this quarter. Don't get stumbled by laziness when finishing up this quarter!! You've worked hard throughout the entire quarter, and it will not worth it if you stop and give up early!!
1. Study with your friends. And I mean really study 🙂 not gossiping, watching movies in the middle of studying, or going somewhere as a break from studying, etc. Studying with your friends really helps in kicking out the laziness and boredom from studying by yourself.
2. If you're the type that loves quietness and studying by yourself, pick a place where you feel relaxed and not stressed out.
3. Eat healthy and get enough rest. Yup, it is important to get enough (not too much) rest! You don't want to get sick right before your finals.
Well Bruins,I wish you all the best and good luck in finishing up week 10 before heading into finals week!! Let's end this quarter strong just like how we started it!! 🙂 Go Bruins!!!


Cedar Canyon 2078 LS – 1 Bdr / 1 Bath / 669 sqft. – Well designed small home with big features including optional covered porch entry, beautiful kitchen with island table and work station, luxurious bath, spacious bedroom and lots of built-in storage capacity throughout home. Produced by Kit Custom Homebuilders in Caldwell, Idaho and for sale by retailers throughout the Pacific Northwest and Intermountain Region.


The U.S. Air Force just received it's 88th Predator A UAV. The air force's UAVs have racked up 65,000 flight hours so far. Half of these hours were spent in combat situations, and the Predators have been ready to go 96 percent of the time. About 30 percent of the Predator A's have been lost to accidents, pilot error, bad weather and enemy fire. Some of the Predators were lost when they were deliberately can in a dangerous position (low altitude, with range of enemy weapons), because it was considered vital to keep getting video or pictures of what ever the Predator was over. A portable, suitcase size, ground control system for Predators is being developed. This would allow other aircraft (AC-130 gunships or AWACS) to control nearby Predators. This would increase the range of the Predators. The controller of the Predator at its home base would fly it to with in range of the UAV control system equipped aircraft and hand it off. Then, when the Predator was low on fuel, it would be flown back to within range of the home base controller and control handed back so the Predator could be landed and refueled.


text:
////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////////
//
//  This file is part of Rpi.SenseHat
//
//  Copyright (c) 2015, Mattias Larsson
//
//  Permission is hereby granted, free of charge, to any person obtaining a copy of
//  this software and associated documentation files (the "Software"), to deal in
//  the Software without restriction, including without limitation the rights to use,
//  copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute, sublicense, and/or sell copies of the
//  Software, and to permit persons to whom the Software is furnished to do so,
//  subject to the following conditions:
//
//  The above copyright notice and this permission notice shall be included in all
//  copies or substantial portions of the Software.
//
//  THE SOFTWARE IS PROVIDED "AS IS", WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY KIND, EXPRESS OR IMPLIED,
//  INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY, FITNESS FOR A
//  PARTICULAR PURPOSE AND NONINFRINGEMENT. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHORS OR COPYRIGHT
//  HOLDERS BE LIABLE FOR ANY CLAIM, DAMAGES OR OTHER LIABILITY, WHETHER IN AN ACTION
//  OF CONTRACT, TORT OR OTHERWISE, ARISING FROM, OUT OF OR IN CONNECTION WITH THE
//  SOFTWARE OR THE USE OR OTHER DEALINGS IN THE SOFTWARE.

using System;

namespace Emmellsoft.IoT.Rpi.SenseHat
{
	internal sealed class SenseHatJoystick : ISenseHatJoystick
	{
		private readonly MainI2CDevice _mainI2CDevice;
		private bool _isFirstUpdate = true;

		public SenseHatJoystick(MainI2CDevice mainI2CDevice)
		{
			_mainI2CDevice = mainI2CDevice;
		}

		public bool Update()
		{
			byte state = _mainI2CDevice.ReadByte(0xf2);

			bool hasChanged = false;

			LeftKey = GetKeyState(LeftKey, (state & 0x10) > 0, ref hasChanged);
			RightKey = GetKeyState(RightKey, (state & 0x02) > 0, ref hasChanged);
			UpKey = GetKeyState(UpKey, (state & 0x04) > 0, ref hasChanged);
			DownKey = GetKeyState(DownKey, (state & 0x01) > 0, ref hasChanged);
			EnterKey = GetKeyState(EnterKey, (state & 0x08) > 0, ref hasChanged);

			if (_isFirstUpdate)
			{
				_isFirstUpdate = false;
				return true;
			}

			return hasChanged;
		}

		private static KeyState GetKeyState(KeyState lastState, bool isKeyPressed, ref bool hasChanged)
		{
			switch (lastState)
			{
				case KeyState.Released:
					if (isKeyPressed)
					{
						hasChanged = true;
					}

					return isKeyPressed ? KeyState.Pressing : KeyState.Released;

				case KeyState.Pressing:
					hasChanged = true;
					return isKeyPressed ? KeyState.Pressed : KeyState.Releasing;

				case KeyState.Pressed:
					if (!isKeyPressed)
					{
						hasChanged = true;
					}

					return isKeyPressed ? KeyState.Pressed : KeyState.Releasing;

				case KeyState.Releasing:
					hasChanged = true;
					return isKeyPressed ? KeyState.Pressing : KeyState.Released;

				default:
					throw new ArgumentOutOfRangeException(nameof(lastState), lastState, null);
			}
		}

		public KeyState LeftKey
		{ get; private set; }

		public KeyState RightKey
		{ get; private set; }

		public KeyState UpKey
		{ get; private set; }

		public KeyState DownKey
		{ get; private set; }

		public KeyState EnterKey
		{ get; private set; }
	}
}