If you have any questions or want to enquire about dates, use our form to contact Marylynne Morris & Gillian Purcell or see their website for more information.
Let the peace enter your soul at the end of the winding road. Here are three cottages in a fabulous olive grove near the largest man-made lake in Andalucia (in which you may swim). Sisters Marylynne and Gillian, delightful, helpful, generous, bought the old farmhouse after a trot round the globe. Snug, simple and individual, each cottage has a private entrance and a courtyard; cheek by jowl, they interlink beautifully for larger groups. One is open-plan and flooded with light, another has old low ceilings and an inglenook feel; Perdiz and Liebre (our favourites) sport Moorish sofas. All are charming inside: terracotta tiles, white walls, bright fabrics, spotless bathrooms. No neighbours detract from the peace, but you can stroll through the olive groves to the local shop, or stock up at farmers' markets and fire up the barbecue. Bask on a wicker lounger by the pool and relish the views, or play pétanque on the sand court. Borrow a bike, rock climb or ride, take binoculars for the birds – you may hear the nightingale sing. There's even a wonderful restaurant close by: the cherry on the cake!
Minimum stay: 3 nights on weekdays. 3 nights at weekends. 3 nights in high season.
Christmas, New Year, 1 November - 31 December, 1 January - 15 March.
We had a wonderful stay here. The apartment was lovely and we had everything we needed. Gillian and Marylynne were excellent hosts and nothing was too much trouble. If you're looking for a peaceful and quiet location to relax then this is the place. There are lots of places to visit in the area, nice countryside and walks, hiring a car is essential. Lovely secluded location and still only an hour or so away from Cordoba, Granada and Malaga, all of which provide an authentic Andalucian experience. We highly recommend staying here.
Such a haven of peace and happiness. Gillian and Marylyne are really wonderful hosts: discreet and attentive to everyone's comfort and needs. And our rental property: simply perfect (equipment, bedding, and really pleasant décor), so you feel very happy indoors… But how could you resist the beautiful pool boarded by olive trees!!! Inside and out, peace and happiness everywhere indeed.
We stayed here after a hectic spell of sightseeing and we couldn't have picked a better place to unwind. Cortijo las Rosas is in an idyllic spot amongst olive groves with no near neighbours but village shops only a 20 minute walk away. Great to watch the swallows skimming the pool. Gillian and Marylynne are the perfect hosts, always on hand but never intrusive. The welcome pack of provisions was excellent as was the local information and routes to get to places. We stayed in Casita Liebre, beautifully furnished in a traditional style, it was spotlessly clean and very comfortable.
Las Rosas is the perfect antidote to urban stress and email addiction. I absolutely love going there! I feel as if I've got younger each time. Favourite things include: early morning swims, a glass of wine at sunset, watching the swallows dip down to the pool, beautifully clean and comfortable bedrooms, lovely and dark at night, incredible starry skies, and so quiet that you can easily oversleep! One late spring visit, it was cold at night. So we fired up the wood stove and transformed the evening in minutes - more usually it's blissfully warm.Hilly walks with grand views.Highly recommended.
The perfect getaway place.We first stayed at Las Rosas in 2010 and have been back about 5 times.Every visit has been magical, with lots of sun to go with the amazing views.There are 3 casitas which share a pool and a sun terrace, but there is plenty of room and it doesn't seem crowded.We've stayed in 2 of the 3 casitas, which are beautifully kitted out in a way that reflects the traditional style of rural Spain, but with large comfy sofas! There is an optional welcome pack which is excellent value for money.The owners, Marylynne & Gilly, live on site and are splendid hosts with lots of advice.
Not enough superlatives for this place! We stayed in Liebre with 2 young children and has the most amazing time. The weather was pretty poor, normally in a rental house that could be miserable, but not here; a cosy fire was roaring when we arrived, thick duvets, blankets and heating. The owners kit the fire for us everyday we went out, sucha thoughtful touch. The house is beautifully furnished and lit and I cannot wait to return. We explored lots in the local area, the owners had lots of recommendations to help us. Such good value too.
This is a wonderful location for a peaceful holiday, completely away from it all. My husband and I stayed here for two very relaxing weeks in April, during which time we both had significant birthdays. Gillian and Marylynne could not have been more helpful. They recommended restaurants, organised birthday meals and surprises and suggested lovely locations to visit. All the casitas are sympathetically decorated and maintained to a comfortable standard with private courtyards. From the pool and patio there are stunning views of olive groves on hillsides. It was a stunning place to stay.
The casita Liebre at Cortjio Las Rosas was delightfully furnished to the highest standard. Great care had been taken to make the accommodation as comfortable as possible. The location is beautifully quiet with wonderful views. Gillian and Marylynne were very helpful in every respect even completing a supermarket visit because of our sunday arrival! They contributed invaluable information about the locale and the outstanding places one wants visit in Andalusia, while being discrete. The Casita's courtyard was perfect for sitting in the morning sun, or under the stars at night.
We have had a wonderful holiday in a beautiful location, everything thought about to make it home from home down to minute details , very well appointed comfortable apartments . Although rural very easy to get to lots of interesting places. Gillian and Mary Lynne were very helpful on local information including routes, parking and places to eat. The pool and garden surroundings were lovely and well maintained, very peaceful and tranquil. We thoroughly enjoyed our stay,thank you.
We had fantastic stay at Las Rosas in casita Perdiz. From the moment we arrived we were made to feel so very welcome. The casita was beautiful, with great attention to detail, and with everything we could possibly need. Our children, 17 and 11, loved it all, as did we...the peace and tranquility, the lovely pool with spectacular views, the outdoor dining and the wealth of games and inflatables available! Gillian and Marylynne were incredibly helpful, and have an indepth knowledge of the everywhere there is to go for a great day out. Las Rosas is a very special place to stay, and hard to beat.
What a super place! Hidden away amongst the olive groves, a tranquil spot, lovely pool, well equipped & maintained casitas. Our hosts were charming and provide you with so much information about the local area you can really make the most of your holiday and do as much or as little (it was very hot!) as you want. Their directions invaluable! Perfect holiday for us and our daughter. We will be back and would wholeheartedly recommend this beautiful place.
The farmhouse nestled amongst the Olive groves has been lovingly restored. Gillian and Marylynne have thought of everything from the fantastic welcome pack, to their advice on places to visit and local restaurant recommendations, such as Casa Piolas which provided a memorable dining experience. Casita Liebre was spotless, comfortable and well equipped with thoughtful attention to design detail evident throughout. The casita is perfect for a peaceful relaxing holiday lounging by the pool while being within easy reach of Alhambra, Cordoba and Malaga on the coast. Thankyou for a magical holiday.
This is a wonderfully atmospheric and amazingly maintained property. Situated (in the best possible way) in the back of beyond, it makes the best possible hide away. Surrounded by olive groves and with wonderful gardens of lavender and geraniums it is the sunny Mediterranean property every northern European dreams about.
We loved everything about this place, the peace, tranquillity and the setting. The facilities were excellent, nothing missing every need catered for. The house/apartment was clean and extremely well looked as well as being the best equipped we have ever stayed in. Marylynn & Gillian were around with lots of advice and information if you needed it but kept their distance otherwise. You need a car but the drive up the hill from Iznajar is worth it not just for the views but the welcome you receive and a stay at Cortijo Las Rosas.
Spotlessly clean, beautiful location and everything you could need! We had a wonderful time here - Gillian and Mary-Lynne have thought of everything- the essentials for when you arrive, games for the kids, maps of the area etc. Our kids especially loved the very gorgeous dogs!
Sometimes, you need to be forced to relax : and this place does that perfectly. A welcome pack means you don't have to worry about racing to stock up. Instead, you can slip on the flip-flops as soon as you arrive. You will need a car for the roller-coaster ride to your home in the hills, and for trips to local markets and villages, and your charming hostesses will help you choose where to go, when to go, and how to get there. Our week here was blissful.
What a fabulous place! I spent a week here relaxing in the mountains. My Cassita was very comfortable and well equipped and nothing was too much trouble for Mary Lynn and Gillian. Great hospitality. The drive up isn't for the fainted hearted but stunning scenery and great fun once you've done it the first time. Felt like being in a James Bond film!!! I visited the stunning gardens in the Alhambra in Granada and discovered the ancient streets and open patios in Cordoba. Definitely worth another visit.
Gillian and Marylynne's Cortijo las Rosas near Iznajar is a real gem! I found this peaceful retreat quite by chance, lucky me! I really needed a rest and this place was perfect place to settle down, rest my brain and breath fresh air. I couldn't believe my eyes when I arrived at their house. Once I unpacked, saw the pool and the olive trees, smell the jasmine which climbs the wall of the casita, I knew I did not want to leave. Minutes after my arrival, I extended my stay for 2 more nights. I would give a zillion stars. The hosts are brilliant, the site is magical, the environment a delight!
Past the lake, through olive groves, down the track and....there is Cortijo las Rosas in splendid isolation. Very nicely restored as traditional 'casitas' with a fig tree and lots of herbs and lavender. We really appreciated the warm welcome of Marylynne and Gillian. Their advices, humor and ofcourse the lovely Welcome Pack. They were very generous, thoughtful and helpfull hosts. A relaxing and peaceful two weeks and a perfect location for sightseeing Granada, Cordoba and Seville.
From March through to August, pink flamingos arrive by their thousands at the nearby lakes of Fuente de Piedra...watch the new fledglings being ringed before they return to Africa in autumn!
Walk the spectacular "Camino del Rey" suspended above El Chorro Gorge (booking necessary)... Spring birdlife all about you.
Explore our local senderos (walks) especially the "mesa" where recent archaeological excavations by the University of Granada have found "possibly the best preserved chalcolithic wall elevations in Europe".
April means exploring our arroyo for wild orchids; flinging your windows open and listening to the nightingales - or hold out until May for punnets of fat, juicy cherries from our neighbours Piedad and Paco.


Russia has repeatedly shown strategic patience: when two of its planes were shot down (first by Turkey in 2015), when the US launched 59 cruise missiles above its head, and when the US bombed Syrian positions and Russian contractors in Deirezzour. The latest of many Israeli provocations risks making Russia look weaker than it is. In this way, Israel has forced Russia to make an aggressive response.
The Russian decision to deliver these advanced missiles system, capable of neutralising any enemy target with a range of 200 km, doesn't mean Syria will start operating them tomorrow and will thus be able to hit any jet violating its airspace and that of Lebanon. Russia is known for its slow delivery and will have to be in control of the trigger due to the presence of its Air Force in the air together with that of the US coalition.
Russia's quandary is the difficulty of maintaining such a balance in this complicated conflict. The US has taken a clear stand behind Israel. Russia was also trying to align itself with Israel, despite the fact that Tel Aviv – a military state with a government – is not interested in balance. Israel's most recent behaviour amounts to downgrading and mocking Russia's position as a superpower.
Israel's politico-military leadership was not embarrassed to inform Russia only one minute before its attack on the Latakia warehouse manufacturing spare parts of the Syrian M-600, the equivalent of the solid fuel precision missile Fateh-110. Moreover, Tel Aviv misinformed Russia's Hmaymeem coordination centre, claiming that the Israeli attack would come from the east. The Russian command instructed the IL-20 to move west and land at the airport to avoid being caught in a crossfire. But the Israeli F-16 jets arrived from the west and not the east, leading to the downing of the IL-20 and the death of the 15 Russian servicemen.
Russia's efforts at a balanced position have met with Israeli abuse. President Assad told his Russian homologue – during their last conversation – that Israel, under the pretext of hitting Hezbollah arms convoys, is destroying the Syrian army's infrastructure, preventing it from recovering. Prime Minister Netanyahu has been undermining Putin in punishment for the neutral stand the Russian president has been trying to adopt.
Israel's aggressive posture led it into a tactical mistake. It is now faced with a strategic crisis as its condescension pushes Putin to arm Syria further. But the most serious decision is not the long-delayed delivery of the S-300 VM but the decision to close Syrian airspace and prevent any hostile jet from violating it. In this regard, Russia may not be able to avoid direct confrontation with the US, whose forces (including the UK and France) are occupying the al-Tanf crossing between Syria and Iraq as well as the province of al-Hasaka and part of Deir-ezzour.
Sue the Jewishness out of Tel Aviv!
Following up on the law of change, surprising news this morning announced the US is withdrawing their Patriot missile systems from Jordan, Kuwait, and Bahrain. The reason? Officially, they will be redeployed since the new focus is the on the dangers from Russia and China. The real reason? Any guess is as good as mine; however, if they had any intentions to remain in the region for long time, they would be buttressing their defenses, instead of scaling down, particularly on air defenses. The announcement comes a few days after Russia announced is deploying S-300 missile systems to Syria. Coincidence? Curious minds want to know. Another reason might be embarrassment, since the Patriot system has been plagued with shortcomings from the beginning.
According to Sputnik News, the Patriot batteries have already been deactivated, and will be transported to the US in October.
Also, Sputnik News article mentions Trump's no-laughing-matter speech at the UN, asking OPEC to increase their contributions in their defense. Is this another Mafia-style "I-will-not-protect-you-unless-you-pay" scheme, similar to his "withdrawal" from Syria, which prompted the Saudi satraps to fall on his bluffing trap, offering to foot the bill if they stayed? The announcement comes from the US Central Command, a lot more credible source than anything coming from Trump.
Tons of gigabytes have been written on the US F-22/F-35/JSF/B-2 Spirit stealth capabilities v Russia S-300/S-400/EW detection and jamming powers. Depending on who you read, US fighters/bombers can penetrate at will Russian defenses, or they are an impenetrable wall. The debate goes on, as both sides continue to improve their stealth and detection potential.
What about the root cause, the more intelligent half of society hoarding all the land and wealth?
The latest version of the 300 system id perfectly capable of seeing the JSF, although reportedly not the F 22.
This puts an enourmous stress on Israel, deserved as an agressor state.
Long term, I wouldn't worry about the multiple US military bases in Syria. US interest in staying in Syria is focused on Iran, a convenient launchpad just in case "boots on the ground" are needed to spearhead an operation in any direction, preferably against Syria or Iran, but they could also work as a fifth-column for Israel in case of open conflict with Hezbollah, Syria, Iran, or the "Axis of Resistance." The official line, however, continues to be "defeating ISIS," as stated by "Mad Dog" Mattis a day or so ago, and to aid "Syrian Democratic Forces in defeating the terrorist group and training local security forces to protect areas already purged of the group." We all know their real purpose is to continue to develop proxy forces in the ME to fight their wars on the cheap.
True, "dangers may multiply at any moment," but history counts with a strong ally, the immutable law of change. Elections happen in the US every four years, military leadership changes, Congress moves from one warmongering party to another, and as Syria regains its footing and total control of its territory, the purpose of the US for staying in Syria will fade away. Syria should focus on recovering the rest of its territory, including Idlib, consolidating its gains, go back to as normal a life as possible within the circumstances, and surround the US bases into isolation. Ejecting the US from Syria will be a political and diplomatic effort, not a military offensive, even though military measures will be needed to keep them in place. The US will not be able to remain in a Syria that has obtained political, diplomatic, and historical legitimacy before the world.
The infamous S-300 will help Syria regain that legitimacy, if the Russians are true to their word this time. So far, anyone has been able to bomb Syria at whim, helpless as Syria is and has been with the obsolete, Soviet-era S-125/S-200s. Sergei Shoigu, Russian MoD, looked as serious as a heart attack when he announced the new dispositions in Syria, by orders of the "President of Russia." He wanted to leave no doubt the orders came from the top, since the Israeli downing of the IL-20 was a slap on the face of Putin, making mockery of the Russian efforts to keep a neutral, balanced approach to the multiple hostile forces that crisscross the region. Of course, the Israelis will be whining and wailing and cajoling all the way to Moscow for the next two weeks, promising to behave as per the agreement with the Russians, which they have violated time and again. We will hope the Russian-Jewish criminal wolf-pack will not succeed in sweet-talking their chutzpah into Putin ears.
The West wasn't expecting Putin's standing up to israel, now their on the back foot with an ill informed leader and Iran having an opportunity to exert itself militarily the west will bow down till after November when it will be all gloves off to impeach Trump then if that is either successful or not the West will begin a rapprochement.


⬅ SO YOU WANNA BE A CHURCH PLANTER?
I've been contemplating my life and ministry at the dawn of this new year as I do regularly every year.
After all, if the unexamined life is not worth living, then examination makes for a worthwhile life. We are constantly challenged to to "examine yourselves" throughout both the New and Old Testament because God wants our life to be worth living.
As I take stock of my own life this year, I've wrestled with whether or not my life is still useful to others. After all, the greatest commandments are to love God and others as myself. That means that I cannot live for myself any longer (2 Corinthians 5) as my natural tendency would be. To love God and others means to live for them, and lay one's life down for them. Although this flies in the face of conventional secular wisdom, where one is told to "live for yourself" or "make yourself happy" or "do what's right for you", it is the heart of a life of discipleship in conformity to the Son of Man who came not to be served, but to serve.
The very word minister means "servant", but I've often wondered if ministry by today's standards is more about serving the ministers themselves, rather than the people. Anyone familiar with my writings will know that I'm not stranger to rattling a few cages now and then.
These questions aren't new however.
Geoffrey Chaucer wrote his famous Canterbury Tales nearly 700 years ago now and raised these exact same questions.
And he rattled quite a few cages in as his Tales unfolded one after the other.
In his famous collection of tales, he contrasts two ministers in particular; the Friar and the Parson.
Friar's were monks who were to be devoted to living among the destitute and poor, alleviating their suffering, and using their station, influence, and money to serve the marginalized. Chaucer draws a bead on the Fat Friar, noting that his physical girth does nothing to instill confidence that he lives a life of sacrifice himself, while preaching to others about giving to his cause. In fact, Chaucer relates that "he knew the tavernes wel in every towne and every hostiler and tappestre bet than a lazar or a beggestere." That means that he spent more time getting acquainted with pubs and taverns than he did his mission. He also knew the rich sellers, merchants, and shoppes better than the poor in his region.
After being around the bend a bit, I've both known how to be in plenty, and how to be in want. There are times I've suffered for the gospel, working with my own hands, making sacrifices, and working factory jobs simply because it helped me reach those I was called to. At other times, I was blessed to be paid full time for the honor of ministering. Both had their advantages and drawbacks. Perhaps the world is looking on as ministers dine in fine restaurants on huge expense accounts, unlimited travels to anywhere in the world "on mission", and all the latest techno toys and gadgets, scratching their heads at the equivalent of today's "fat friar". If Chaucer saw it in his day, I think it's fair to say that the non-materialistic generation coming up is asking the same questions.
"He was a shepherd and not mercenary.
But in all teaching courteous and benign.
By good example was his business.
Chaucer allows the Parson to have the final word in the form of a sermon when it comes time to "end" his collections of Canterbury Tales. I've wondered if the world might listen to us more with their ears, if they observed us living it more with their eyes. Chaucer respects the parson, because he lives what he preaches. Yet he mocks the bishops, priests, and the friars for the opposite example.
In reflecting upon the New Year, I've wondered what the world would say about a Christianity exemplified by sacrifice from the top down. I believe that the example of the Parson, though 700 years old, is in fact, timeless.
I work with church planters on a daily basis in some shape or form, training them, listening to them, watching their sacrifices as they embody the lifestyle of the Parson. The contrast between the popular pastors, and the lowly motorcycle shop clerk, moonlighting as a planter seems as vivid today as it did in Chaucer's. Even Paul the Apostle noted the 1sty century parallels when he wrote about the "Super Apostles" who lived large, enjoyed the applause, and made Paul look like an embarrassment. Paul, who was beaten, shipwrecked, in prison, forsaken, and considered to be the "scum of the earth" by all men knew sacrifice. I've often wondered what he, or even Jesus, beaten, despised, rejected, and crucified to the cheer of the crowds might think as he examines my life and ministry. How would our false adulation from twitter retweets, and likes on Facebook add up compared hearing a "well done, good and faithful servant" from the one who called us to serve others?
Would a change in our example result in what the sacrificial lifestyle of serving that Apostle's lifestyle generated?
"Nobody dared join them, although they were esteemed highly among the people" (Acts 5:13).
Yep, that's THE contrast alright!
Great comment on the both lifestyles of each character. I think, I'm a little of both. I know which one God desires for me to be. I have to make the choice on a daily bases.


This 7×50 stick features a dark brown rough, toothy dry feel like a paper bag, some medium veins, tight seams, double cap, firm even pack and pungent peppery tobacco aroma. First light reveals a perfect draw with medium-full bodied flavors of a rich oily leather with a bit of pepper and spice joining through the finish. The first third changes rapidly down to a medium body of a slight leather on the raw quickly followed by a smooth, sweet wood and a very short clean finish dropping all the pepper and spice. Hitting the 1/2 way mark at 45 minutes, the ash held on for the first third, and the second third shows a bit of transition, dropping the leather and replacing it with a bit of citrus tang on the draw. Construction is excellent with a great amount of smoke and perfect draw. Ending at 1:15 the last third shifts to a deeper caramel and wood, lengthening the finish with the same flavors until the next draw.


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De sievert (symbool Sv) is de SI-eenheid voor de equivalente dosis ioniserende straling waaraan een mens in een bepaalde periode is blootgesteld, en is gelijk aan 1 J/kg. De sievert is afhankelijk van de biologische effecten van straling. Dit in tegenstelling tot de natuurkundige effecten van straling, waarvoor de grootheid geabsorbeerde dosis wordt gebruikt, uitgedrukt in de eenheid gray, symbool Gy. De sievert is genoemd naar de Zweedse medisch fysicus Rolf Sievert.

De dimensie van zowel de gray als de sievert is gelijk aan energie per massa-eenheid. De gray geeft alleen energie per massa aan, terwijl in de sievert het biologisch effect van de stralingssoort wordt verrekend. De oudere eenheid voor equivalente dosis was de rem (röntgen equivalent man). 1 Sv is gelijk aan 100 rem.

Equivalente dosis

De equivalente dosis voor een weefsel wordt gevonden door de geabsorbeerde dosis te vermenigvuldigen met een stralingsweegfactor, die afhangt van het soort straling. De effectieve stralingsdosis voor een individueel persoon kan dan worden bepaald door de equivalente dosis in ieder orgaan te vermenigvuldigen met een weefselweegfactor, die afhangt van het deel van het lichaam dat is blootgesteld aan de straling, en de resultaten van alle organen op te tellen.

Achtergrondstraling
De natuurlijke achtergrondstraling varieert sterk van plaats tot plaats, maar de gemiddelde equivalente dosis voor een inwoner van Nederland ten gevolge van de natuurlijke achtergrond bedraagt ongeveer 2,5 mSv/jaar (= 2,5 millisievert per jaar).

Het Belgische Federale Agentschap voor Nucleaire Controle schat de gemiddelde natuurlijke achtergrondstraling voor België in op 2,5 mSv/jaar.

Effect op de mens
Beroepshalve blootgestelde personen mogen in België maximaal 20 mSv (millisievert) per rollend jaar oplopen.

Tijdens het ongeluk in de kerncentrale van Fukushima in Japan in maart 2011 werden volgens sommige berichten technici in de centrale blootgesteld aan 400 millisievert per uur. Deze waardes liggen binnen de dosislimieten zoals beschreven in de Belgische wetgeving tijdens reddingsinterventies bij nucleaire noodsituaties. Een doorlopende blootstelling aan 400 mSv/h leidt al na een paar uur tot een afname van de witte bloedcellen. Dit leidt tot braken en hoofdpijn.

Bij de kernramp van Tsjernobyl in 1986 kwam in korte tijd een grote hoeveelheid straling vrij. De hulpverleners en technici die toen ter plaatse waren, kregen dan ook grote stralingsdosissen te verwerken. Na de kernramp is veel ervaring opgedaan over de invloed van deze bestralingen op het menselijke lichaam. De laatste studie door de VN-organisatie UNSCEAR concludeert dat 134 werknemers en noodwerkers stralingsziekte opliepen. Hiervan overleden 28 mensen ten gevolge van de opgelopen straling. De 106 overlevenden hielden aan de bestraling huidschade en cataract over. Verder werden honderdduizenden mensen ingeschakeld om de ramp te bestrijden. Bij deze mensen werd een verhoogde kans op leukemie en cataract gevonden.

Afgeleide SI-eenheid
Nucleaire chemie
Radiobiologie

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


GALEOCERDO is a Loading... luxury yacht, built by Rodriquez Yachts and delivered in 2003. Her top speed is 65.0kn and she boasts a maximum cruising range of 1500.0nm at 9.0kn with power coming from three 5600.0hp Vericor TF-50 codag engines. She can accommodate up to 6 people with 6 crew members waiting on their every need.
She was designed by Lazzarini Pickering Architetti with Intermarine developing the naval architecture, and the interior design was created by Wally.
GALEOCERDO is the 4th fastest yacht in the world.


Saturday was the day of errands. I was out of kitty litter and the cat food was getting low. Gotta buy both when they are on sale.
We're getting close to the Muscular Dystrophy Labor Day Telethon. Tie ins asking you to buy something to support MDA are starting to appear in stores. I've crossed paths with them several times already. At Dominicks, they were offering up root beer floats for a buck "donation". These kinds of things strike me as just a bit on the shady side. I'm fairly certain the store employee serving up the float would not give you one if you didn't play a dollar. But, if you are buying the float, they have to charge sales tax which diminishes the return to MDA, which, in reality, isn't as much as this feel good gesture would have you think it is. So, they call it a "donation" even though you have to pay it to get the float. It was a root beer float in an 8 ounce Solo cup.
There was a woman behind me which led to the anemic version of a float that I got. Root beer foams when it comes in contact with ice cream. If you do this right, you wait for the foam to die down a bit and then add more root beer so you get, effectively, 5-6 ounces of soda with 2-3 ounces of ice cream. But because the woman behind me started quizzing the guy about how he intended to prepare her float so as not to pass germs from dirty money, he didn't give my float the care she got. She made him take her money and change his latex gloves to scoop the ice cream and, as I was walking away, she demanded he change his gloves again to hold the 2 liter of root beer to pour it into the cup.
Nevertheless, the root beer had been chilled and the cold goodness, even only 4 ounces worth, was delightful on an August Saturday.


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Patna: Declaring that India is in 'danger' following the deadly Pathankot attack, Rashtriya Janata Dal (RJD) supremo Lalu Prasad Yadav on Friday hit out at the Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) - led government and lashed out at Prime Minister Narendra Modi saying he has 'failed' to protect the country.
"India is a state of danger and BJP and Narendra Modi have failed in protecting India. Everyone knows that our defence is one of the best in the world and yet, they managed to enter our home where our soldiers were martyred. Modi used to say that Pakistan won't be able to look us in the eye and that he has a 56 inch chest, so I want to ask him that how did they enter our home?," Lalu told the media here.
Sharpening his attack on the Centre, he added that the BJP had used 'Jungle Raj' as a weapon during the Bihar polls, but the Pathankot attack showed the true state of the country under the NDA regime.
"Why aren't the BJP and RSS debating anymore now that our soldiers have been killed? Today, they are mum. They talk about law and order, say Jungle Raj is back but I ask now that who is responsible for the condition of the country. They (Centre) are asking Pakistan to take action and Pakistan is asking for proof. I can see where all this is heading to," Lalu said.
However, contradicting the RJD chief's view, Bihar Chief Minister Nitish Kumar today lauded the Prime Minister's surprise visit to Lahore and said that the democratically elected government in Islamabad must become stronger for resolving ties between the two hostile neighbours.
"As far as the Prime Minister's visit to Pakistan is concerned, it is my personal opinion that his visit was absolutely right. At this point, it is very important for the democratically elected government there (in Pakistan) to become stronger as there are other factors also there," he told the media here.
Meanwhile, high-level official sources confirm that the conspiracy behind the terrorist attack in Pathankot was hatched in Markaj, Pakistan. Putting the ball in Pakistan's court, India yesterday said the attack has once again put renewed focus on the challenge posed by cross-border terrorism.


text:
Redbet Live Rozvadov Main Event won by Spain's David Perez Sanchez for €54,359
It was David Perez of Spain after five days of play to take the 2015 Redbet Live Rozvadov €299 Main Event at Rozvadov and also the top prize of €54,359.
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In the last table there were six players remaining and with 34 million chips Sanchez hogged the total chips of 57 million in play and that where the rivals offered him the title and the top prize money while the rest split the pool among them to get €19,561 for each player.
Sanchez appeared as though agreeing with the deal, but Lukasz Paszkiewicz of Poland opposed the proposal as he considered that it is too early to declare the winner when the action still revolved with six-hands. Ironically the Pole was the first to leave the table at the fifth position and he carried the cash prize of €13,764 in his pocket.
Continue reading "Redbet Live Rozvadov Main Event won by Spain's David Perez Sanchez for €54,359"

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text:
Двадесет девето фудбалско првенство у Мађарској је одиграно у сезони 1931/32.

Преглед
Играло је укупно дванаест клубова, ФК Ференцварош је освојио првенство, што му је била дванаеста титула, испред ФК Ујпешт и ФК Хунгарија. МТК је наступао под именом ФК Хунгарија.

Табела

УУ = Укупно утакмица; ПБ = Победе; НР = Нерешено; ИЗ = Укупно пораза; ГД = Голова дато; ГП = Голова примљено; ГР = Гол-разлика; Бо = Бодова

Признања

Извори

Спољашње везе
 IFFHS веза

1931/32.
Фудбал у 1931.
Фудбал у 1932.


Britain's American colonies broke with the mother country in 1776 and were recognized as the new nation of the United States of America following the Treaty of Paris in 1783. During the 19th and 20th centuries, 37 new states were added to the original 13 as the nation expanded across the North American continent and acquired a number of overseas possessions.
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Mostly temperate, but tropical in Hawaii and Florida, arctic in Alaska, semiarid in the great plains west of the Mississippi River, and arid in the Great Basin of the southwest; low winter temperatures in the northwest are ameliorated occasionally in January and February by warm chinook winds from the eastern slopes of the Rocky Mountains.
White 79.96%, black 12.85%, Asian 4.43%, Amerindian and Alaska native 0.97%, native Hawaiian and other Pacific islander 0.18%, two or more races 1.61% (July 2007 estimate).
American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island.
Note: from 18 July 1947 until 1 October 1994, the US administered the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands; it entered into a political relationship with all four political units: the Northern Mariana Islands is a commonwealth in political union with the US (effective 3 November 1986); the Republic of the Marshall Islands signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 21 October 1986); the Federated States of Micronesia signed a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 3 November 1986); Palau concluded a Compact of Free Association with the US (effective 1 October 1994).
Federal court system based on English common law; each state has its own unique legal system of which all but one (Louisiana, which is still influenced by the Napoleonic Code) is based on English common law; judicial review of legislative acts; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction.
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Leading industrial power in the world, highly diversified and technologically advanced; petroleum, steel, motor vehicles, aerospace, telecommunications, chemicals, electronics, food processing, consumer goods, lumber, mining.
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A molecule consisting of a number of amino acids covalently joined by peptide linkages. Small peptides containing only a few amino acids are known as oligopeptides while larger peptides are called *polypeptides. Most oligopeptides arise as breakdown products of proteins but a few have specific functions. For example, the tripeptide glutathione activates some enzymes and protects lipids from autooxidation.


text:
F.A. Cup
February 28, 2019 in Academy // Continental centre-backs, a homegrown hero and South American splendour: A whirlwind Newcastle United week
February 5, 2019 in Academy // Sean Longstaff – Black and White Beginnings
January 21, 2019 in Fans // Football and a Foodbank
May 12, 2019 in Match Review // A Year in 38 Words (or less, if you're Antonio Barreca)
January 23, 2019 in Player Profile // Antonio Barreca – Scout Report
How has Newcastle Fared in the Quantifiable Club Size Index?
Posted on July 14, 2013 by Harry Savill (Editor) in Awards, History // 2 Comments
Newcastle United have slipped from joint 3rd to joint 6th in the Quantifiable Club Size Index after a poor season in the Premier League.
After last season's heroic 5th place finish, the toon did brilliantly in the QCS Index, coming joint with Man City but Pardew's men have paid the price for a poor year and are now joint with Everton.
The QCS Index attempts to quantify the size of a football club and put an end to unresolved drunken debates between fans.
The formula is simple: P + I + S + H = QCS Index. Read on to find out who are the biggest 25 clubs in England.
"P" stands for position: Taking into account a team's finish in the last season it played.
Recent success in the league is an indication of how big a club is but to give it the ultimate precedence is wrong. It is a contributing factor to a club's current size but not the be all and end all. A club doesn't become big because of one good season in the top flight but it does have its importance.
The 1st placed team receives 25 points, and the 25th receives 1. In this case – the 1stand 2nd placed teams in The Championship receive 5 and 4 points respectively and the play-off winner receives three.
Newcastle finished 5th last year, which gave them 21 points but after a poor season they only achieve 10 this time round. Which makes a big difference come the end of the QCS Index.
League Finish
"I" stands for infrastructure: The size of a club's stadium.
This is a vital stat and has a direct link to clubs' respective histories. Infrastructure is invested in over the years and built up over time. The more successful a team the more its fans demand – so the more a club supplies.
It also gives the ranking stability. Small clubs do not become big clubs because of one good season in the Premier League. Successful teams from the past such as Leeds and Sheffield Wednesday have a foothold in the QCS Index because of the infrastructure they have built over time.
It is a strange stat, that outside the top 8 teams in the infrastructure ranking, only 4 are in the Premier League.
Over the years, the toon army have correctly invested in stadium repair and improvements – giving them 23 points in this section. Fan demand is extremely high in Newcastle and the North East in general, as their nearest rivals Sunderland, rank 4th with 22 points.
Stadium Capacity
"S" stands for support: The average attendance at a side's home matches.
There is no point in having a huge stadium if you don't get bums on seats. The more fans attend games, the more money is pumped into clubs' bank accounts. There is also a direct correlation between recent success and attendances at home matches. Some Premier League teams may appear high in the final QCS Index, but without much infrastructure and history they are in a vulnerable position if relegated as attendances will take a huge hit.
Also sides like Leeds, Forest and Wednesday are down in these rankings but because of the infrastructure they have built over time, promotion to the Premier League would really improve their QCS Index total.
The Magpies again finish 3rd in these rankings which – may surprise a few people now – actually demonstrates great business decision making over the course of the club's history as the size of their stadium meets fan demand exactly. Their rivals Sunderland, are down in 7th in these rankings, with nearly 10,000 seats empty at the Stadium of Light on average at every home game.
Average Attendances
"H" stands for history: How successful the club has been in the past.
Clubs' history always crops up in a good old fashioned pub debate and rightly so – it is an extremely important part of a team's heritage. The amount of trophies you have won = success = fan demand = infrastructure = higher club revenue. Teams who failed to invest in infrastructure at a time of success have dropped in these rankings. Whilst big clubs such as Man Utd and Arsenal have improved or developed their stadiums which have helped keep them at the top of English football.
History also pays homage to the fans, players and staff that throughout the history of Association Football have made their club what it is today.
Newcastle has a solid foothold in the history rankings coming in 8th above Man City. The toon may have not won a major trophy for nearly half a century but they are still up there with the biggest names in English football.
Key: CL = European Cup/Champions League (5 Points) | EL = UEFA Cup, Europa League, Cup Winner's Cup, Inter-City Fairs Cup (3 points) | PL = Champions of England (3 points) | FA = FA Cup (2 points) | LC = League Cup (1 point).
These four elements give a club its QCS Index points tally. See the completed table below.
Club owners' wealth, club value and club revenue were all factors worthy of consideration but are ultimately too difficult to quantify. It could be argued three aspects are also in correlation with a club's infrastructure.
The QCS Index
The black and white army have dropped in the index due to their poor league position this season. But because of clever business investments in infrastructure combined with a successful history and large fan base, the toon are one of the biggest clubs in the country. Finishing 5th in the 11/12 season rocketed them up to joint 3rd where they were competing with the biggest teams in England. They lost 11 QCS Index points this season because of their league position, which dropped them into the second group of teams with Everton, Spurs, Villa and Sunderland.
If Newcastle can compete in the top 10 of the Premier League next season, they will again be competing with the likes of Chelsea, Man City and Liverpool in the QCS Index.
Manchester United are rightly top and Arsenal comfortably finish 2nd as they are strong in every category. Liverpool come 3rd thanks to their fantastic history, which has helped build a large fan base and stadium over time. This season's surprise package is Brighton who have sneaked into 25th place. The south coast club have invested in infrastructure and its fan base has responded, resulting in an unexpected finish.
There is a big gap between the top 5 clubs and the rest. Likewise there is another large gap between 10th (Sunderland) and 11th (West Ham).
Teams like Stoke, Norwich, Swansea and Fulham are vulnerable in the QCS Index. There is a direct correlation between high attendances and Premier League football. These clubs don't score anything on infrastructure or history – meaning if relegated to The Championship, they would struggle to make the index. Whereas teams such as Leeds and Sheffield Wednesday, due to the infrastructure and history they have built over time – are mainstays in the index and have the potential if they reach the Premier League, to climb much higher.
Blackburn, Wolves and Sheffield United have all crept into the top 25 thanks to their impressive history. But in the years of their success they failed to correctly invest in infrastructure or lacked fan demand to do so – which leaves them lower than their potential. In a twist Wolves have recently injected cash into their stadium at an incorrect time – one of struggle – which has contributed to disastrous back to back relegations into League One.
Via Newcastle Stats
Author: @FrazBell9
QCS Index
About Harry Savill (Editor) (418 Articles)
I am the Editor of 'The Spectator's View'. I set up the website so that I could combine my two passions: Newcastle United and writing, and I hope for it to be a platform where fans can express their views on the club. History Graduate from Durham University. Junior Account Executive at M&C Saatchi.
2 Comments on How has Newcastle Fared in the Quantifiable Club Size Index?
Knobber // July 14, 2013 at 11:29 am // Reply
However Ashley, Pardew and Kinnear came top spot in the league for having clueless mugs in charge. Good luck for the future boys, you're gonna need it!
Expert // July 14, 2013 at 1:24 pm // Reply
This show that NUFC are the biggest underachiver in football today. Huge fanbase, but spends less on transfers than minor clubs, just because the owner has no ambitions other than to make profit on player sales. I hope fat Mike sells ASAP. We are going nowhere with him in charge
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From Writer to Narrator – 6 Year old Nathan's Story!
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Curling Alberta decision will have ripple effect on potential wild-card teams
Never has so little curling action created so many headlines ahead of the national championships.
With many teams, clubs and provincial playdowns on ice due to the pandemic, several curling associations have had to get creative in this most unusual season.
Curling Canada is no exception. The national federation added two more wild-card teams to the field at the Scotties Tournament of Hearts and Tim Hortons Brier to create 18-team competitions.
"Unique circumstances call for unique solutions," read the top of last week's release announcing the news.
The one-time switch will allow a few more highly ranked teams into the mix. Now the big question is who will get in and when can they pack their bags for the so-called bubble in Calgary.
Many associations recently cancelled their championships and declared representatives. Other provinces and territories are planning to hold playdowns over the next few weeks.
The big decision that will have a ripple-down effect on wild-card spots is expected soon. Curling Alberta cancelled its championships Jan. 8 but didn't declare representatives for nationals, pending a "decision by the organization's board of directors."
Board members were scheduled to meet over the weekend to decide. An announcement will be made no earlier than Monday, executive director Jill Richard said in an email.
Many member associations used last year's championship results to determine their representatives. Others considered recent results, rankings and standings for their picks.
Normally at the Scotties and Brier, the top two teams in the Canadian rankings not already entered in the draw square off in a play-in game to become Team Wild Card.
Curling Canada scrapped that setup for this season only and will instead give wild-card spots to the teams that would have played in the game, based on the 2019-20 final standings. The third wild-card spot - based on criteria to be determined - will get the final entry and create two even pools of nine teams each.
Here's where it gets interesting and Alberta has a unique hammer.
Brendan Bottcher is the reigning men's provincial champion. Kevin Koe was not in the playdowns last year since he had an automatic Brier berth as Team Canada. Jeremy Harty, meanwhile, has a slight lead on the second-place Koe in the provincial points race.
Bottcher is ranked fourth in Canada, Koe is sixth and Harty is 15th. If Curling Alberta goes with an under-the-radar Harty pick, it would give the province a worthy representative and allow all three teams to enter rather than just two.
Manitoba's Mike McEwen can rest easy in the No. 5 spot knowing he's in.
If Bottcher is Team Alberta, McEwen and Koe are in as wild-card entries and No. 9 Glenn Howard is a potential pick for the third spot.
If Koe wears provincial colours, Bottcher and McEwen would be wild-card entries. Howard would be a good bet for the third but the selection is not necessarily a slam dunk.
If Harty gets the Alberta nod, Bottcher and McEwen would secure wild-card spots and Koe would be a virtual lock for the final berth. Boosting Harty's case was Nova Scotia's recent decision to give Jill Brothers the Scotties spot based on this season's standings.
On the women's side, Laura Walker is the favourite to be named Team Alberta. The reigning provincial champion is ranked seventh in Canada and is second in the provincial standings.
Alberta leader Kelsey Rocque, the Canadian No. 6, only has two returning members from last season, one short of the required minimum.
The 3-of-4 rule also affects No. 10 Robyn Silvernagle of Saskatchewan, since she has two new players as well. Fifth-ranked Chelsea Carey, also of Alberta, is a free agent.
Manitoba's Tracy Fleury is the only Scotties wild-card lock at No. 2. World junior champion Mackenzie Zacharias is in the mix at No. 11 along with fellow Manitoban Beth Peterson at No. 12.
Suzanne Birt is a heavy favourite to win the two-team Prince Edward Island championship at the end of the month, but a loss would move her into a wild-card spot at No. 9.
Like the men's pick, the third spot is a real guessing game, thanks in part to the uncertain criteria.
A Curling Canada spokesman said the 3-of-4 rule will apply to the first two wild-card teams in each gender, but noted qualifying criteria for the third wild-card team won't be finalized until after all member associations have declared teams.
That would appear to give teams in a 2-of-4 situation at least a little bit of hope.
The veteran Howard, a four-time Brier champion, could very well get the men's spot. But it's also possible a youngster like No. 14 Tyler Tardi, a world junior champ from B.C., could get the selection.
The third women's spot is also a crapshoot. Several worthy teams could be in the mix from Zacharias and Peterson to No. 19 Casey Scheidegger of Alberta, a perennial contender who has played a limited schedule over the last couple seasons.
The Scotties is set for Feb. 19-28 at Markin MacPhail Centre. The Brier is scheduled for March 5-14 at the same venue on the grounds of Canada Olympic Park.
This report by The Canadian Press was first published Jan. 17, 2021.
Follow @GregoryStrongCP on Twitter.
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text:
\section{Introduction}
A possibly surprising outcome of recent developments in string/M theory
are the proposed connections between non-perturbative
objects in string theory, and supersymmetric
gauge theories in low dimensions \cite{bfss97, dvv97}.
It is therefore of interest to study directly the non-perturbative
properties of super-Yang-Mills theories in various dimensions.

Recently, a class of 1+1 dimensional super
Yang-Mills theories has been studied using
a supersymmetric form of Discrete Light-Cone Quantization
(SDLCQ) \cite{sakai95, alp98, alpII98, alp99}.
This formulation has the  advantage of preserving
supersymmetry after discretizing momenta, and admits
a very natural and straightforward algorithm for
extracting numerical bound state masses and wave functions
\cite{pb85, bpp98}.
Although a technical necessity, the omission
of zero-momentum modes in these numerical computations
raises many doubts about the consistency of such a
quantization scheme.
Little is in fact known about the precise effects of dropping the
zero-momentum mode at finite
compactification radius,
but it is generally believed that such effects disappear in the
decompactified limit \cite{alp99}.

There are instances, however, when we would like
to know the measurable effects of
a finite spatial compactification \cite{dvv97}.
In this work,
we will deal with measurable effects
that reflect the spatial compactification induced
by DLCQ. This is accomplished by explicitly
incorporating the gauge zero mode
in the DLCQ formulation of a supersymmetric gauge theory.
It turns out that this is tantamount to including a quantum mechanical
degree of freedom corresponding to
`quantized electric flux' around the compact direction.
The implications of this on the vacuum structure of the theory
is discussed.

The supersymmetric gauge theory we consider may be
obtained by dimensionally reducing ${\cal N} =1$ super-Yang-Mills
from 2+1 to 1+1 dimensions \cite{sakai95}. For simplicity,
we choose SU(2) to be the gauge group.
The DLCQ formulation of this theory
consists of an adjoint scalar field (represented as a
$2 \times 2$ Hermitian matrix field), a corresponding
adjoint fermion field, and
several zero-mode (or quantum mechanical) degrees of freedom to be
discussed
later.  To maintain supersymmetry one must impose
periodic
boundary conditions, so all three color degrees of freedom\footnote{
i.e. arising from the three generators of SU(2).} of the
fermion and boson fields will have zero modes.
In addition, periodic boundary conditions prevent us from
adopting the light-cone gauge, $A^+=0$, so we choose
instead the gauge $\partial_-A^+=0$, which allows $A^+$ to have a zero
mode.

For the gauge group SU(2), the field degrees of freedom may be labeled
as
$+$, $-$ and $3$, corresponding to the three generators of the group.
In general, the $\pm$ components of the matter fields
depend on the gauge zero mode and exhibit a spectral flow under large
gauge transformations. In addition, there is a transformation that
combines a large gauge transformation and a Weyl transformation, and is
known
to be a symmetry of the theory.
There are two
important consequences of this. The zero modes
of the $\pm$ components of the fermion and boson fields transform
into non-zero momentum modes, and
give rise to a degenerate vacuum in the theory. For this reason it is
inconsistent to omit these modes, and so we will formally
include them
in our formulation. We will not, however, discuss the
dynamical implications of including
such degrees of freedom, although some discussion on this and
related issues appeared
recently \cite{alp99}.

In this work, we concentrate on the effect of including
the quantum mechanical degree of freedom represented
by the gauge zero mode. This zero mode corresponds to
a quantized color electric flux that circulates around the compact
direction
$x^-$.  The problems associated with this zero mode have already been
studied
in two dimensional gauge theories involving
adjoint scalars, and theories with adjoint fermions
\cite{kpp94,pk96,mrp97,kall,pin97a}. The consequences
of including these modes are quite drastic. These theories are known to
possess anomalies in the 3-component of the current,
and a simple consequence is that the charges in these theories
are time dependent. This makes it difficult -- if not impossible -- to
define a consistent theory. In contrast, owing to special
supersymmetric cancellations between boson and fermion currents,
no such anomalies arise in the supersymmetric theory studied here,
and so a DLCQ formulation becomes sensible and tractable.

In general, one finds a contribution after normal ordering the
Hamiltonian that is a function only of
the gauge zero-mode. This term acts as a vacuum potential and
leads to a non-zero vacuum energy.  When the gauge theory
without matter fields is solved, however, the only degree of freedom is
the
quantum mechanical gauge zero mode, in which the vacuum potential plays
no
role. The ground state energy is thus zero.
However, this simple picture of the vacuum may be drastically
altered if we consider the addition of matter.
For the supersymmetric case studied here, we show that
there is no vacuum potential, and that the ground state has zero energy
{\em even in the presence of matter fields.}

This paper is organized as follows. In Section 2, we briefly
describe the DLCQ procedure of the 1+1 dimensional supersymmetric
Yang-Mills theory in the modified light-cone gauge.
In Section 3, the point splitting regularization designed to
preserve symmetry under large gauge transformations
is applied to the current operator. In Section 4,
we discuss the vacuum structure of the theory by deriving
the quantum mechanics of the gauge zero mode.
We conclude in Section 5 with a brief discussion.

\section{Gauge Fixing in DLCQ}
We consider the supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in
1+1 dimensions \cite{fer65} which is described by
the action
\begin{equation}
S  =  \int d^2 x \hspace{1mm}
 \mbox{tr} \left(-\frac{1}{2} F_{\mu \nu}F^{\mu \nu}
+D_\mu \phi D^\mu \phi +
i \bar{\Psi}\gamma^\mu D_{\mu}\Psi -ig\phi
\bar{\Psi}\gamma_5\Psi \right),
\end{equation}
where $D_\mu=\partial_\mu+ig[A_\mu, \cdot \hspace{1mm} ]$ and
$F_{\mu\nu}=\partial_\mu A_\nu -\partial_\nu A_\mu
+ig [A_\mu, A_\nu]$. All fields are in the adjoint
representation of the gauge group SU(2). A
convenient  representation of the gamma matrices is $\gamma^0=\sigma^2$,
$\gamma^1=i\sigma^1$ and $\gamma^5=\sigma_3$ where $\sigma^a$ are
the Pauli matrices. In this representation the Majorana spinor
is real. We choose Cartan basis,
$(\tau^+, \tau^-, \tau^3)$, defined by $[\tau^+, \tau^-]=\tau^3$ and
$[\tau^3,\tau^{\pm}] =\pm\tau^{\pm}$, with the normalization ${\rm
tr}(\tau^+\tau^-) ={\rm tr}(\tau^3\tau^3)=1/2$. In terms of this basis
the matrix valued fields may be decomposed as follows:
\begin{equation}
A^{\mu}={A^{\mu}}_+\tau^+ +{A^{\mu}}_-\tau^- +{A^{\mu}}_3\tau^3.
\end{equation}
Henceforth the {\em lower} index refers to the gauge group
component.

We now introduce the light-cone coordinates
$x^{\pm}=\frac{1}{\sqrt 2}(x^0 \pm x^1)$.
The longitudinal coordinate $x^-$ is compactified
on a finite interval $x^-\in [-L, L]$ \cite{my76, pb85}
and we impose periodic boundary conditions on all fields
to ensure unbroken supersymmetry.

The light-cone gauge $A^+=0$ can not be used in a finite
compactification radius,
but the modified condition $\partial_-A^+=0$ \cite{kpp94}
is consistent with the light-like  compactification.
We can make a
global rotation in color space so that
the zero mode is diagonalized $V(x^+)=v(x^+)\tau^3$ \cite{kpp94}.
The gauge zero mode corresponds to a (quantized) color electric flux
loop
around the compactified space.

The modified light-cone gauge is not a complete gauge
fixing. In fact, the large gauge transformation
$U(x)={\rm exp}(-\frac{i\pi n x^-}{L}\tau^3)$ generates shifts
in the zero mode
\begin{equation}
v(x^+)\rightarrow v(x^+)+\frac{n\pi}{gL},  \hspace{1cm} n\in {\bf {\rm
Z}},
\label{lgt}
\end{equation}
while preserving the gauge condition $\partial_-A^+=0$. To completely
fix
the gauge one therefore fixes $v$ to be in the finite interval
$0<v<\pi/gL$.
It is convenient to introduce
the dimensionless variable $z=gLv/\pi$ as well.
Other intervals give gauge ``copies''
\cite{gri78}  of this domain which is called the fundamental domain.
In addition, we can explicitly see
that the Wilson loop ${\rm cos}(2Lg v)$,
is invariant under (\ref{lgt}).

With this gauge choice the quantization
is straightforward.
The details of this light-cone formulation
may be found in the literature
\cite{pk96, mrp97, sakai95, alpII98, bpp98}. Here we provide  only the
results which are useful for later purposes.
The quantization proceeds in two steps.
First, we must resolve the constraints
to eliminate the redundant degrees of freedom.
There are two constraints in the theory,
\begin{eqnarray}
&&-{D_-}^2 A^- =gJ^+, \\
&&\sqrt{2} i D_- \chi=g[\phi, \psi],
\end{eqnarray}
where $\Psi\equiv (\psi, \chi)^{{\rm T}}$ and
the current operator is
\begin{equation}
J^+(x)=\frac{1}{i}[\phi(x), D_-\phi(x)]-
\frac{1}{\sqrt 2}\{\psi(x), \psi(x)\}.
\label{current}
\end{equation}
The first
equation is the Gauss-law constraint, and in components takes the form
\begin{eqnarray}
&&-{\partial_-}^2 {A^-}_3=g{J^+}_3, \label{glc3}\\
&&-(\partial_- +igv)^2 {A^-}_+ =g{J^+}_+ \label{glc+},\\
&&-(\partial_- -igv)^2 {A^-}_- =g{J^+}_-\label{glc-}.
\end{eqnarray}
We may therefore eliminate any dependence of
$A^-$ and $\chi$ in favor of the physical degrees of
freedom ($\phi$, $\psi$, $v$). However the kernel
of the operator $D_-$ has to be treated separately.
For example, the zero mode of (\ref{glc3}) which is associated with
the kernel of $\partial_-$ provides us with the condition
$\int dx^- {J^+}_3=0$ which must be imposed on the Fock space
to select the physical states in the quantum theory.

The next step is to derive the commutation relations
for the physical degrees of freedom.
As in the ordinary quantum mechanics, the zero mode
$v$ has a  conjugate momentum  $p=2L\partial_+v$ and
the commutation relation is $[v, p]=i$ \cite{kpp94}.
The off-diagonal components of the scalar field
are complex valued operators with
$\phi_+=(\phi_-)^{\dagger}$. The canonical momentum fields
conjugate to $\phi_-$ and $\phi_+$ are $\pi_+=(\partial_-+igv)\phi_+$
and $\pi_+=(\partial_- -igv)\phi_+$, respectively.
They satisfy the canonical commutation relations \cite{pk96}
\begin{equation}
[\phi_+(x), \pi_-(y)]_{x^+=y^+}=
[\phi_-(x), \pi_+(y)]_{x^+=y^+}=\frac{i}{2}
\delta(x^--y^-).
\end{equation}
On the other hand, the quantization of the
diagonal component $\phi_3$ needs care. As mentioned in
\cite{pk96}, the zero mode of $\phi_3$, the mode independent
of $x^-$, is not an independent degree of freedom but
obeys a certain constrained equation \cite{my76, pk96, kall}.
Except the zero
mode, the commutation relation is canonical
\begin{equation}
[\phi_3(x), \partial_-\phi_3(y)]_{x^+=y^+}=
\frac{i}{2}
\left[\delta(x^--y^-)-\frac{1}{2L}\right].
\end{equation}
Finally, the canonical anti-commutation relations which we
should impose on fermion fields are \cite{mrp97}
\begin{equation}
\{\psi_+(x), \psi_-(y)\}_{x^+=y^+}=
\frac{1}{\sqrt 2}
\delta(x^--y^-).
\end{equation}
We will also omit the zero mode of $\psi_3$, but simply note here that
it has a special role in ensuring supersymmetry.
This will be discussed in future work \cite{alp99a}.
The corresponding relations are then
\begin{equation}
\{\psi_3(x), \psi_3(y)\}_{x^+=y^+}=
\frac{1}{\sqrt 2}\left[\delta(x^--y^-)-\frac{1}{2L}\right].
\end{equation}

The commutation relations for the Fourier modes, and
the form of
the light-cone Hamiltonian will be given in the
following Sections.

\section{Current Operators}
The resolution of the Gauss-law constraint
is a necessary step for obtaining
the light-cone Hamiltonian.
The expression for the current operator is,
however, ill-defined unless an appropriate definition
is specified,  since
the operator products are defined at the same point.
We shall use the point-splitting regularization
which respects the symmetry of the theory under the
large gauge transformation.

The mode-expanded fields at the light-cone time $x^+=0$ are
\begin{eqnarray}
\phi_-(x)&=& (\phi_+(x))^{\dagger} =\frac{1}{\sqrt{4\pi}}
\left( \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} b_n u_n {\rm e}^{-ik_n x^-}
+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} d^{\dagger}_n v_n
{\rm e}^{ik_n x^-}\right), \nonumber \\
&& \phi_3(x)= \frac{1}{\sqrt{4\pi}}
\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\frac{1}{\sqrt n}\left(a_n {\rm e}^{-ik_n x^-}
+ a^{\dagger}_n {\rm e}^{ik_n x^-}\right), \nonumber \\
\psi_+(x)&=& (\psi_-(x))^{\dagger}=
\frac{1}{2^{\frac{1}{4}}\sqrt{2L}}
\left( \sum_{n=0}^{\infty}B_n {\rm e}^{-ik_n x^-}
+\sum_{n=1}^{\infty} D^{\dagger}_n {\rm e}^{ik_n x^-}\right),
\nonumber \\
&&\psi_3(x)= \frac{1}{2^{\frac{1}{4}}\sqrt{2L}}
\sum_{n=1}^{\infty}\left(A_n {\rm e}^{-ik_n x^-}
+ A^{\dagger}_n {\rm e}^{ik_n x^-}\right),
\end{eqnarray}
where  $k_n=n\pi/L$, $u_n=1/\sqrt{\vert n+z \vert}$ and
$v_n=1/\sqrt{\vert n-z \vert}$ \footnote{$u_n$ and $v_n$ are
well-defined in the
fundamental domain. Similarly,
$(\partial_-\pm igv)^2$ in the Gauss-law constraint
have no zero modes in this domain.}.
The (anti)commutation
relations for Fourier modes are found in \cite{pk96, mrp97}
and take the form
\begin{eqnarray}
&&[b_n, b^{\dagger}_m]={\rm sgn}(n+z)\delta_{n, m}, \quad
[d_n, d^{\dagger}_m]={\rm sgn}(n-z)\delta_{n, m}, \nonumber \\
&&\{B_n, B^{\dagger}_m\}=\{D_n, D^{\dagger}_m\}=\delta_{n, m} \quad
[a_n, a^{\dagger}_m]=\{A_n, A^{\dagger}_m\}=\delta_{n, m},
\end{eqnarray}

The large gauge transformations are
denoted by $T_n$ which act  as  $ T_n z  T_n^{-1}=z+n$.
The charged fields receive the phase rotations
\begin{eqnarray}
&& T_n \phi_{\pm} T_n^{-1}= \phi_{\pm}{\rm e}^{\mp \frac{i\pi n}{L}x^-},
\\
&& T_n \psi_{\pm} T_n^{-1}=\psi_{\pm}{\rm e}^{\mp \frac{i\pi n}{L}x^-},
\end{eqnarray}
while the color neutral fields, $\phi_3$ and $\psi_3$, are unchanged
under $T_n$. One can observe that the large gauge transformation
preserves periodic boundary conditions and
are tantamount
to a spectral
flow. This gauge symmetry is an example of the
Gribov ambiguity \cite{gri78} and can be fixed once we
restrict ourselves to one of the ``copies''.  The fundamental
domain $0<z<1$ is one of such gauge choices,
and this completes the gauge fixing.

The theory has another symmetry called
the Weyl conjugation symmetry, denoted by $R$,
\begin{equation}
R z R^{-1}=-z, \quad R \phi_{\pm} R^{-1}=\phi_{\mp},
\quad  {\rm and}  \quad R \psi_{\pm} R^{-1}= \psi_{\mp}.
\end{equation}
Although the  Weyl symmetry is no longer
the symmetry of the theory after the ``gauge fixing''
there still exists a symmetry of the gauge-fixed
theory which is a particular combination of the large
gauge transformation and the Weyl conjugation
$ S=T_1R $. In fact $S$ maps the fundamental domain onto itself.
This operator can be chosen to satisfy $S^2=1$
and is used in classifying the vacua \cite{lst95, pin97a}.

Let us now discuss the definition of singular operator products
in the current (\ref{current}). We define the current operator
by point splitting,
\begin{equation}
J^+ \equiv {\rm lim}_{\epsilon \rightarrow 0}\left( {J^+}_{\phi}(x;
\epsilon)
+{J^+}_{\psi}(x; \epsilon) \right),
\label{current2}
\end{equation}
where the divided pieces are given by
\begin{eqnarray}
&& {J^+}_{\phi}(x; \epsilon)=\frac{1}{i}
\left[{\rm e}^{-i\frac{\pi z \epsilon}{L}\tau^3}
\phi(x^- -\epsilon){\rm e}^{i\frac{\pi z \epsilon}{L}\tau^3},
D_-\phi(x^-)\right] \label{bcurrent}\\
&& {J^+}_{\psi}(x; \epsilon)=-\frac{1}{\sqrt 2}
\left\{ {\rm e}^{-i\frac{\pi z \epsilon}{L}\tau^3}
\psi(x^--\epsilon){\rm e}^{i\frac{\pi z \epsilon}{L}\tau^3},
\psi(x^-)\right\}.
\label{fcurrent}
\end{eqnarray}
An advantage of this regularization is that
the current transforms covariantly under the
large gauge transformation.  In fact, it is easy to
show that ${J^+}_3$
is invariant under the large gauge transformation
while the others transform covariantly as
${J^+}_{\pm}\rightarrow {J^+}_{\pm}
{\rm e}^{\mp i\frac{\pi n}{L}x^-}$.

It is straightforward to evaluate (\ref{bcurrent})
and (\ref{fcurrent})  and they have previously been discussed separately
\cite{pk96,mrp97}. With a slight modification they are found to be
\begin{eqnarray}
&& {\rm lim}_{\epsilon \rightarrow 0}\hspace {1mm} {J^+}_{\phi}(x;
\epsilon)
=\tilde {J^+}_{\phi}(x) -\frac{1}{2L}(-z+\frac{1}{2})\tau^3,
\label{bcurrent2} \\
&&{\rm lim}_{\epsilon \rightarrow 0} \hspace {1mm} {J^+}_{\psi}(x;
\epsilon)
=\tilde {J^+}_{\psi}(x) -\frac{1}{2L}(z+\frac{1}{2})\tau^3,
\label{fcurrent2}
\end{eqnarray}
where $\tilde {J^+}_{\phi}$ and $\tilde {J^+}_{\psi}$ are
the naive normal ordered currents. To be more precise,
we have omitted the zero modes of the color 3
sectors in which the notorious constrained
zero mode \cite{my76} appears. On the other hand,
the zero modes of the color charged sectors
are explicitly incorporated and  their
effects are found in (\ref{bcurrent2}) and
(\ref{fcurrent2}) as constant terms which
are independent of $z$. As can be seen,
$ {J^+}_{\phi}$ and $ {J^+}_{\psi}$
acquire extra $z$ dependent terms, so called gauge corrections.
Integrating these charges over $x^-$, one finds that the charges are
time
dependent. Of course this is an unacceptable situation, and
implies the need to impose
special conditions to single out `physical states' to form
a sensible theory. The
important simplification of the  supersymmetric model is that these time
dependent terms cancel, and the full current  (\ref{current2})
becomes
\begin{equation}
J^+(x)=\tilde {J^+}_{\phi}+ \tilde {J^+}_{\psi}
-\frac{1}{2L}\tau^3.
\label{nocurrent}
\end{equation}
The regularized current is thus equivalent to the naive
normal ordered current up to an irrelevant constant.
Similarly, one can show that $P^+$ picks up gauge correction when the
adjoint scalar or adjoint fermion are considered separately but in the
supersymmetric theory it is nothing more than  the expected normal
ordered
contribution of the matter fields.

In one sense these results are a consequence of the well known fact that
the
normal ordering constants in a supersymmetric theory cancel between
fermion and boson contributions. The important point here is that these
normal
ordered constants are not actually constants, but rather quantum
mechanical
degrees of freedom. It is therefore not obvious that they should
cancel. Of course, this property profoundly effects the
dynamics of the theory.
\section{Vacuum Energy}
The wave function of the vacuum state for the
supersymmetric Yang-Mills theory in 1+1 dimensions
has already been discussed in
the
equal-time formulation \cite{oda95}.
An effective potential is computed in a weak
coupling region as a function of the gauge zero mode
by using the adiabatic  approximation.
Here we analyze the vacuum structure of the same theory
in the context of the DLCQ formulation.

The presence of zero modes renders the light-cone
vacuum quite nontrivial, but the advantage of the light-cone
quantization
becomes  evident: the ground state is the Fock vacuum for a fixed
gauge zero mode and therefore our ground state may be
written in the tensor product form
\begin{equation}
\vert \Omega \rangle \equiv \Phi[z]\otimes
\vert 0 \rangle,
\label{vacuum}
\end{equation}
where we have taken the  Schroedinger representation
for the quantum mechanical degree of freedom $z$
which is defined in the fundamental domain.
In contrast, to find the ground state of the fermion
and boson for a fixed value of the gauge zero mode
turns out to be a highly nontrivial task in the equal-time
formulation \cite{oda95}.

Our next task is to derive an effective Hamiltonian
acting on $\Phi[z]$. The light-cone Hamiltonian
$H \equiv P^-$ is obtained from energy momentum tensors,
or through the canonical procedure.
In terms of the dimensionless operator
$\hat{H}\equiv \frac{4\pi^2}{g^2L}H$,
it is schematically given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\hat{H} &=&-\frac{1}{{\rm sin}^2(\pi z)}\frac{\partial}{\partial z}
{\rm sin}^2(\pi z)\frac{\partial}{\partial z}, \\
&+& \frac{4\pi^2}{g^2L}\int_{-L}^L dx^-{\rm tr} \left(
-g^2 J^+\frac{1}{D_-^2} J^+
+\frac{ig^2}{\sqrt 2}[\phi, \psi]
\frac{1}{D_-}[\phi, \psi]\right),
\end{eqnarray}
where the first term is the kinetic energy of the
gauge zero mode,
and in the second term the zero modes of $D_-$ are understood
to be removed. Note that the kinetic term of the gauge
zero mode is not the standard form $-d^2/dz^2$ but acquires a nontrivial
Jacobian which is nothing but the Haar measure of SU(2).
The Jacobian originates from the unitary transformation of the variable
from
$A^+$ to $v$, and can be derived  by explicit evaluation of a functional
determinant \cite{lnt94, lst95}. In the present context
it is found in \cite{kall}.

Projecting the light-cone
Hamiltonian onto the Fock vacuum sector we obtain
the quantum mechanical Hamiltonian
\begin{equation}
\hat{H}_0=-\frac{1}{{\rm sin}^2(\pi z)}\frac{\partial}{\partial z}
{\rm sin}^2(\pi z)\frac{\partial}{\partial z}
+V_{JJ}+V_{\phi\psi},
\end{equation}
where the reduced potentials are defined by
\begin{eqnarray}
&& V_{JJ}\equiv -\frac{4\pi^2}{L} \int_{-L}^L dx^-
\langle {\rm tr} J^+\frac{1}{D_-^2} J^+  \rangle, \\
&&V_{\phi\psi}\equiv\frac{4i\pi^2}{\sqrt 2L} \int_{-L}^L dx^-
\langle {\rm tr}
[\phi, \psi]
\frac{1}{D_-}[\phi, \psi]\rangle,
\end{eqnarray}
respectively. As stated in the previous section,
the gauge invariantly regularized current
turns out to be precisely the normal ordered current
in the absence of the zero modes.
It is now straightforward to evaluate $V_{JJ}$ and $V_{\phi\psi}$
in terms of modes. One finds that they cancel among themselves
as expected from the supersymmetry:
\begin{equation}
V_{JJ} =-V_{\phi\psi}=\frac{1}{4}\sum_{n, m=1}\left[
\frac{1}{n(m+z)}+\frac{1}{m(n-z)}+\frac{1}{(n-z)(m+z)}\right].
\end{equation}
Thus we arrive at
\begin{equation}
\hat{H}_0=-\frac{1}{ {\rm sin}^2(\pi z)}\frac{\partial}{\partial z}
{\rm sin}^2(\pi z)\frac{\partial}{\partial z}.
\label{h0}
\end{equation}
In order to solve the eigenvalue problem,
it is useful to define the new wavefuntion
\cite{lnt94, lst95, oda95}
\begin{equation}
\tilde{\Phi}[z]={\rm sin} (\pi z)\Phi[z],
\end{equation}
in analogy with the radial wavefunctions.
The appearance of the Jacobian seems
vital since it determines the behavior of the $\tilde{\Phi}[z]$
at the edges of the fundamental domain: it leads to the
boundary condition \cite{lnt94, lst95}
\begin{equation}
\tilde{\Phi}[z=0]= \tilde{\Phi}[z=1]=0.
\end{equation}
The eigenvalue problem $\hat{H}_0\Phi[z]=E\Phi[z]$ now turns out to be
\begin{equation}
\left(-\frac{d^2}{dz^2} -\pi^2 \right)
\tilde{\Phi}[z]=E  \tilde{\Phi}[z],
\label{eigen}
\end{equation}
which can be solved easily. One can find that the ground state energy
is precisely zero $E_0=0$ and the corresponding vacuum wave
function is
\begin{equation}
\tilde{\Phi}[z]=\sqrt 2{\rm sin}(\pi z).
\end{equation}
We have thus found within the present assumption
that the ground state has a vanishing vacuum energy, suggesting that
the supersymmetry is not broken spontaneously.

Note that an emergence of the ``effective potential''
$-\pi^2$ in (\ref{eigen}) is essential to  this conclusion.
In non-supersymmetric theories this constant
energy is simply disregarded since it merely shifts
all energy eigenvalues by the same amount. Then the
eigenvalue problem (\ref{eigen}) becomes formally the same as the
original
one $\hat{H}_0\Phi[z]=E\Phi[z]$ but with the standard kinetic
term $-d^2/dz^2$ supplemented by the boundary condition
$\Phi[z=0]=\Phi[z=1]=0$ (not for $\tilde{\Phi}[z]$).
In supersymmetric theories, however, such constant
energy cannot be discarded by hand since it is a part
of dynamics closely related to the vacuum structure.

\section{Discussion}
We have performed a detailed analysis
of the quantum mechanical degrees of freedom represented
by the gauge zero mode of a supersymmetric SU(2) gauge theory
in $1+1$ dimensions. This theory may be obtained by dimensionally
reducing ${\cal N}=1$ super-Yang-Mills from $2+1$ dimensions, and
consists
of one adjoint fermion and one adjoint scalar field periodically
identified in the $x^-$ light-cone coordinate.

The remaining zero mode degrees of freedom
that were not treated here are known to give rise
to vacuum effects that are crucial in understanding
the effects of topological field configurations
due to the non-trivial center of SU(2),  and the
existence of two-fold vacua
$\vert \Omega_\pm \rangle$,  along
the lines investigated in \cite{pin97a}.
Evidently, an understanding of all the zero-mode degrees of
freedom awaits future work.

We have, however, carefully taken
account of the gauge zero mode.  In this context the gauge zero mode is
a
quantum mechanical degree of freedom. In general, when one
normal orders the operators of the theory one finds contributions that
depend
only on this quantum mechanical degree of freedom.  These term are
anomalies
and profoundly effect the structure of the theory. In theories with only
fermions or only bosons, these anomalies yield time
dependent charges and a non-zero vacuum energy. In the supersymmetric
theory
presented here, these anomalies are seen to cancel and the operators
are all well behaved. In particular,
the charges are time independent and the ground state with matter
is the same state
that one finds when the theory is quantized without matter. In as much
as the
ground state energy is zero we conclude that the gauge zero mode does
not break
supersymmetry.

Finally, we remark that the properties of Matrix String Theory
\cite{dvv97} -- which is defined as 1+1 ${\cal N}=8$ super-Yang-Mills
theory on a circle -- depend crucially on the measurable effects
produced
by the space-like compactification. These effects are intimately
tied with the dynamics of non-perturbative objects in Type IIA string
theory
known as D0 branes. It would be interesting to consider the
DLCQ formulation of the same Yang-Mills theory, and to establish --
if possible -- any connection with the Matrix String proposal.
The simplicity of the light-cone Fock vacuum, owing to
special supersymmetry cancellations, might present a tractable approach
to non-perturbative string theory.

\medskip
\noindent
\begin{large}
{\bf Acknowledgments}\\
\end{large}
S.T. wishes to thank S.Tanimura for helpful discussions.
S.T. would like to thank Ohio State University for hospitality,
where this work was begun.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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As long as your facility meets the requirements in the Food Safety Fundamentals Module that applies to your industry, the facility should not stand in the way of achieving certification. For specifics, review the applicable Food Safety Fundamentals requirements by downloading the SQF Code free at the SQFI website. Look under the documents tab, and download SQF Code, Ed. 7. You will find sections for Site requirements and Construction and Control of Product Handling and Storage Areas. These sections are good points to start with to evaluate your facility against the requirements.


Cheap air tickets from airline companies in South Africa such as Kulula, Mango, One Time and SAA for flights both nationwide and internationally are available to compare online. Flying to most destinations within South Africa is reasonably inexpensive and most journeys are only one or two hours plane ride away. Often special prices and deals are available for people to buy where a limited amount of seats will be offered at low prices for a specified time and passengers wishing to get these specials need to be quick in order to book their seats as they are taken very quickly.
Travel agents selling cheap air tickets will sometimes advertise prices and destinations in the local newspaper if there are a fair amount of bookings available although more often and not these seats are snatched up by travellers simply through word of mouth. If you are someone who travels around South Africa on a frequent basis for weekend getaways or on business then it may be a good idea to visit your local travel agents on a regular basis and get friendly with them. They may even be willing to notify you when certain specials and good prices become available on flights around the country.
Discounted fares to international destinations are in high demand and getting these kind of good deals is somewhat harder to come by than the domestic flights. Airlines will often surprise with discount airfares to London, India, the USA or Europe at the drop of a hat and those who wish to purchase these kinds of deals will need to be able to schedule their trips around the dates that are given. We believe, although are not completely certain, that companies like Kulula, Mango, One Time and SAA offer more frequent deals and cheap air tickets on their domestic flights rather than the International ones.


Current faculty members in HSS have been recognized for their research and contributions to their fields of study with the following awards and honors.
Election to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, an honorary society focused on policy studies for the benefit of society, is one of the nation's highest honors.
The American Economic Association's Distinguished Fellows are elected from economists of the highest distinction in the United States and Canada.
Named in honor of the first president of the Council of Graduate Schools and first presented in 1972, this award is made annually to a scholar-teacher in the humanities.
The Cliometric Society honors outstanding scholarship in the field of economic history through its election of fellows on the basis of contributions to the field that are markedly original and have significantly advanced the frontiers of knowledge.
The Econometric Society elects fellows to serve as part of an international body focused on the advancement of economic theory in relationship with statistics and mathematics.
The Economic History Society exists to support research and teaching in economic and social history, broadly defined. The First Monograph Prize is awarded biennially for the best first monograph in economic and/or social history.
The John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation fellowships are grants awarded to individuals who have demonstrated exceptional capacity for productive scholarship or exceptional creative ability in the arts.
The John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation is a leading supporter of social science research for Los Angeles.
The MacArthur Fellowship, also known as the "genius grant," is awarded annually without restrictions by the MacArthur Foundation to individuals who show exceptional merit or promise for continued and enhanced creative work.
New Directions fellowships assist faculty members in the humanities who seek to acquire systematic training outside their own areas of special interest. The program is intended to enable strong scholars in the humanities to work on problems that interest them most, at an appropriately advanced level of sophistication.
The National Academy of Sciences, an advisory body on science, engineering, and medicine, elects new members each year in recognition of their distinguished and continuing achievements in original research.
Faculty are chosen to be fellows in the society for their "scientific excellence, originality, and leadership; high ethical standards; and scholarly and creative achievement."
Selection to the position of Fellow of the Society for Political Methodology honors individuals who have made outstanding scholarly contributions to the development of political methodology, and whose methodological work has had a major international impact on subsequent scholarship in the field, in the discipline more broadly, and where appropriate in other areas.
The Henry A. Wallace Award, presented by the Agricultural History Society, is for the best book on any aspect of agricultural history outside the United States. The Agricultural History Society was founded to promote interest, study, and research in the history of agriculture.


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