Nicotine dependence[notes 1] is a state of dependence upon nicotine. Nicotine dependence is a chronic, relapsing disease defined as a compulsive craving to use the drug, despite harmful social consequences. Tolerance is another component of drug dependence. Nicotine dependence develops over time as a person continues to use nicotine. Nicotine dependence is a serious public health concern due to it being one of the leading causes of avoidable deaths worldwide.
There are different ways of measuring nicotine dependence. The five common dependence assessment scales are the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the Cigarette Dependence Scale, the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale, and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives. The long use of Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence is supported by the existence of significant preexisting research, and its conciseness.
First-time nicotine users develop a dependence about 32% of the time. There are approximately 976 million smokers in the world. There is an increased frequency of nicotine dependence in people with anxiety disorders. Nicotine is a parasympathomimetic stimulant that attaches to nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain. Neuroplasticity within the brain's reward system occurs as a result of long-term nicotine use, leading to nicotine dependence. There are genetic risk factors for developing dependence. For instance, genetic markers for a specific type of nicotinic receptor (the α5-α3-β4 nicotine receptors) have been linked to increased risk for dependence. Evidence-based medicine can double or triple a smoker's chances of quitting successfully.
A National Institute on Drug Abuse video entitled Anyone Can Become Addicted to Drugs.
Nicotine dependence leads to heavy smoking and causes severe withdrawal symptoms and relapse back to smoking. Nicotine dependence develops over time as a person continues to use nicotine. Teenagers do not have to be daily or long-term smokers to show withdrawal symptoms. Relapse should not frustrate the nicotine user from trying to quit again. A 2015 review found "Avoiding withdrawal symptoms is one of the causes of continued smoking or relapses during attempts at cessation, and the severity and duration of nicotine withdrawal symptoms predict relapse." Symptoms of nicotine dependence include irritability, anger, impatience, and problems in concentrating.
There are different ways of measuring nicotine dependence. The five common dependence assessment scales are the Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence, the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, the Cigarette Dependence Scale, the Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale, and the Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives.
The Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence focuses on measuring physical dependence which is defined "as a state produced by chronic drug administration, which is revealed by the occurrence of signs of physiological dysfunction when the drug is withdrawn; further, this dysfunction can be reversed by the administration of drug". The long use of Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence is supported by the existence of significant preexisting research, and its conciseness.
The Cigarette Dependence Scale was developed "to index dependence outcomes and not dependence mechanisms". The Nicotine Dependence Syndrome Scale, "a 19-item self-report measure, was developed as a multidimensional scale to assess nicotine dependence". The Wisconsin Inventory of Smoking Dependence Motives "is a 68-item measure developed to assess dependence as a motivational state".
Traditional cigarettes are the most common delivery device for nicotine. However, electronic cigarettes are becoming more popular. Nicotine can also be delivered via other tobacco products such as chewing tobacco, snus, pipe tobacco, hookah, all of which can produce nicotine dependence.
Pre-existing cognitive and mood disorders may influence the development and maintenance of nicotine dependence. Nicotine is a parasympathomimetic stimulant that binds to and activates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain, which subsequently causes the release of dopamine and other neurotransmitters, such as norepinephrine, acetylcholine, serotonin, gamma-aminobutyric acid, glutamate, endorphins, and several neuropeptides. Repeated exposure to nicotine can cause an increase in the number of nicotinic receptors, which is believed to be a result of receptor desensitization and subsequent receptor upregulation. This upregulation or increase in the number of nicotinic receptors significantly alters the functioning of the brain reward system. With constant use of nicotine, tolerance occurs at least partially as a result of the development of new nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the brain. After several months of nicotine abstinence, the number of receptors go back to normal. Nicotine also stimulates nicotinic acetylcholine receptors in the adrenal medulla, resulting in increased levels of adrenaline and beta-endorphin. Its physiological effects stem from the stimulation of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, which are located throughout the central and peripheral nervous systems. Chronic nicotinic acetylcholine receptor activation from repeated nicotine exposure can induce strong effects on the brain, including changes in the brain's physiology, that result from the stimulation of regions of the brain associated with reward, pleasure, and anxiety. These complex effects of nicotine on the brain are still not well understood.
When these receptors are not occupied by nicotine, they are believed to produce withdrawal symptoms. These symptoms can include cravings for nicotine, anger, irritability, anxiety, depression, impatience, trouble sleeping, restlessness, hunger, weight gain, and difficulty concentrating.
Neuroplasticity within the brain's reward system occurs as a result of long-term nicotine use, leading to nicotine dependence. There are genetic risk factors for developing dependence. For instance, genetic markers for a specific type of nicotinic receptor (the α5-α3-β4 nicotine receptors) have been linked to increased risk for dependence. The most well-known hereditary influence related to nicotine dependence is a mutation at rs16969968 in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor CHRNA5, resulting in an amino acid alteration from aspartic acid to asparagine. The single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs6474413 and rs10958726 in CHRNB3 are highly correlated with nicotine dependence. Many other known variants within the CHRNB3–CHRNA6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors are also correlated with nicotine dependence in certain ethnic groups. There is a relationship between CHRNA5–CHRNA3–CHRNB4 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and complete smoking cessation. Increasing evidence indicates that the genetic variant CHRNA5 predicts the response to smoking cessation medicine.
In addition to the specific neurological changes in nicotinic receptors, there are other changes that occur as dependence develops. Through various conditioning mechanisms (operant and cue/classical), smoking comes to be associated with different mood and cognitive states as well as external contexts and cues.
There are treatments for nicotine dependence, although the majority of the evidence focuses on treatments for cigarette smokers rather than people who use other forms of tobacco (e.g., chew, snus, pipes, hookah, e-cigarettes). Evidence-based medicine can double or triple a smoker's chances of quitting successfully.
There are eight major evidence-based medications for treating nicotine dependence: bupropion, cytisine (not approved for use in some countries, including the US), nicotine gum, nicotine inhaler, nicotine lozenge/mini-lozenge, nicotine nasal spray, nicotine patch, and varenicline. These medications have been shown to significantly improve long-term (i.e., 6-months post-quit day) abstinence rates, especially when used in combination with psychosocial treatment. The nicotine replacement treatments (i.e., patch, lozenge, gum) are dosed based on how dependent a smoker is—people who smoke more cigarettes or who smoke earlier in the morning use higher doses of nicotine replacement treatments. There is no consensus for remedies for tobacco use disorder among pregnant smokers who also use alcohol and stimulants.
Psychosocial interventions delivered in-person (individually or in a group) or over the phone (including mobile phone interventions) have been shown to effectively treat nicotine dependence. These interventions focus on providing support for quitting and helping with smokers with problem-solving and developing healthy responses for coping with cravings, negative moods, and other situations that typically lead to relapse. The combination of pharmacotherapy and psychosocial interventions has been shown to be especially effective.
First-time nicotine users develop a dependence about 32% of the time. There are approximately 976 million smokers in the world. Estimates are that half of smokers (and one-third of former smokers) are dependent based on DSM criteria, regardless of age, gender or country of origin, but this could be higher if different definitions of dependence were used. Recent data suggest that, in the United States, the rates of daily smoking and the number of cigarettes smoked per day are declining, suggesting a reduction in population-wide dependence among current smokers. However, there are different groups of people who are more likely to smoke than the average population, such as those with low education or low socio-economic status and those with mental illness. There is also evidence that among smokers, some subgroups may be more dependent than other groups. Men smoke at higher rates than do women and score higher on dependence indices; however, women may be less likely to be successful in quitting, suggesting that women may be more dependent by that criterion. There is an increased frequency of nicotine dependence in people with anxiety disorders. 6% of smokers who want to quit smoking each year are successful at quitting. Nicotine withdrawal is the main factor hindering smoking cessation. A 2010 World Health Organization report states, "Greater nicotine dependence has been shown to be associated with lower motivation to quit, difficulty in trying to quit, and failure to quit, as well as with smoking the first cigarette earlier in the day and smoking more cigarettes per day." E-cigarettes may result in starting nicotine dependence again. Greater nicotine dependence may result from dual use of traditional cigarettes and e-cigarettes.
Nicotine dependence results in substantial mortality, morbidity, and socio-economic impacts. Nicotine dependence is a serious public health concern due to it being one of the leading causes of avoidable deaths worldwide. The medical community is concerned that e-cigarettes may escalate global nicotine dependence, particularly among adolescence who are attracted to many of the flavored e-cigarettes. There is strong evidence that vaping induces symptoms of dependence on users. Many organizations such the World Health Organization, American Lung Association, and Australian Medical Association do not approve of vaping for quitting smoking in youth, making reference to concerns about their safety and the potential that experimenting with vaping may result in nicotine dependence and later tobacco use.
^ Nicotine dependence is also variously known as cigarette dependence, tobacco dependence, or tobacco use disorder.
Stratton, Kathleen; Kwan, Leslie Y.; Eaton, David L. (January 2018). "Public Health Consequences of E-Cigarettes" (PDF). National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. National Academies Press: 1–774. doi:10.17226/24952. PMID 29894118.
^ Stratton 2018, p. Dependence and Abuse Liability, 256.
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Piper, Megan; McCarthy, Danielle; Baker, Timothy (2006). "Assessing tobacco dependence: A guide to measure evaluation and selection". Nicotine & Tobacco Research. 8 (3): 339–351. doi:10.1080/14622200600672765. ISSN 1462-2203. PMID 16801292.
^ a b Akerman, Sarah C.; Brunette, Mary F.; Green, Alan I.; Goodman, Daisy J.; Blunt, Heather B.; Heil, Sarah H. (2015). "Treating Tobacco Use Disorder in Pregnant Women in Medication-Assisted Treatment for an Opioid Use Disorder: A Systematic Review". Journal of Substance Abuse Treatment. 52: 40–47. doi:10.1016/j.jsat.2014.12.002. ISSN 0740-5472. PMC 4382443. PMID 25592332.
^ a b Falcone, Mary; Lee, Bridgin; Lerman, Caryn; Blendy, Julie A. (2015). "Translational Research on Nicotine Dependence". 28: 121–150. doi:10.1007/7854_2015_5005. ISSN 1866-3370. PMID 26873019.
^ a b c d e U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (1988). The health consequences of smoking: Nicotine addiction: A report of the Surgeon General (PDF). U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, Public Health Service, Centers for Disease Control, Center for Health Promotion and Education, Office on Smoking and Health. DHHS Publication No. (CDC) 88-8406.
^ a b c d Rachid, Fady (2016). "Neurostimulation techniques in the treatment of nicotine dependence: A review". The American Journal on Addictions. 25 (6): 436–451. doi:10.1111/ajad.12405. ISSN 1055-0496. PMID 27442267.
^ a b MacDonald, K; Pappa, K (April 2016). "WHY NOT POT?: A Review of the Brain-based Risks of Cannabis". Innov Clin Neurosci. 13 (3–4): 13–22. PMID 27354924.
^ a b Ng, M; Freeman, MK; Fleming, TD; Robinson, M; Dwyer-Lindgren, L; Thomson, B; Wollum, A; Sanman, E; Wulf, S; Lopez, AD; Murray, CJ; Gakidou, E (8 January 2014). "Smoking prevalence and cigarette consumption in 187 countries, 1980-2012". JAMA. 311 (2): 183–92. PMID 24399557.
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^ a b Richard Beebe; Jeff Myers (19 July 2012). Professional Paramedic, Volume I: Foundations of Paramedic Care. Cengage Learning. pp. 640–. ISBN 1-133-71465-X.
^ a b c Bullen, Christopher (2014). "Electronic Cigarettes for Smoking Cessation". Current Cardiology Reports. 16 (11): 538. doi:10.1007/s11886-014-0538-8. ISSN 1523-3782. PMID 25303892.
^ a b c d Saccone, NL; Culverhouse, RC; Schwantes-An, TH; Cannon, DS; Chen, X; Cichon, S; Giegling, I; Han, S; Han, Y; Keskitalo-Vuokko, K; Kong, X; Landi, MT; Ma, JZ; Short, SE; Stephens, SH; Stevens, VL; Sun, L; Wang, Y; Wenzlaff, AS; Aggen, SH; Breslau, N; Broderick, P; Chatterjee, N; Chen, J; Heath, AC; Heliövaara, M; Hoft, NR; Hunter, DJ; Jensen, MK; Martin, NG; Montgomery, GW; Niu, T; Payne, TJ; Peltonen, L; Pergadia, ML; Rice, JP; Sherva, R; Spitz, MR; Sun, J; Wang, JC; Weiss, RB; Wheeler, W; Witt, SH; Yang, BZ; Caporaso, NE; Ehringer, MA; Eisen, T; Gapstur, SM; Gelernter, J; Houlston, R; Kaprio, J; Kendler, KS; Kraft, P; Leppert, MF; Li, MD; Madden, PA; Nöthen, MM; Pillai, S; Rietschel, M; Rujescu, D; Schwartz, A; Amos, CI; Bierut, LJ (5 August 2010). "Multiple independent loci at chromosome 15q25.1 affect smoking quantity: a meta-analysis and comparison with lung cancer and COPD". PLOS Genetics. 6 (8): e1001053. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1001053. PMC 2916847. PMID 20700436.
^ a b c d e Fiore, MC; Jaen, CR; Baker, TB; et al. (2008). Treating tobacco use and dependence: 2008 update (PDF). Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, U.S. Public Health Service.
^ "Anyone Can Become Addicted to Drugs". National Institute on Drug Abuse. July 2015.
^ "E-Cigarette Use Among Youth and Young Adults: A Report of the Surgeon General" (PDF). United States Department of Health and Human Services. Surgeon General of the United States. 2016. This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
^ Camenga, Deepa R.; Klein, Jonathan D. (2016). "Tobacco Use Disorders". Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America. 25 (3): 445–460. doi:10.1016/j.chc.2016.02.003. ISSN 1056-4993. PMC 4920978. PMID 27338966.
^ Pistillo, Francesco; Clementi, Francesco; Zoli, Michele; Gotti, Cecilia (2015). "Nicotinic, glutamatergic and dopaminergic synaptic transmission and plasticity in the mesocorticolimbic system: Focus on nicotine effects". Progress in Neurobiology. 124: 1–27. doi:10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.10.002. ISSN 0301-0082. PMID 25447802.
^ Shaik, Sabiha Shaheen (2016). "Tobacco Use Cessation and Prevention – A Review". Journal of Clinical and Diagnostic Research. doi:10.7860/JCDR/2016/19321.7803. ISSN 2249-782X. PMC 4948554. PMID 27437378.
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^ Payne, JD; Orellana-Barrios, M; Medrano-Juarez, R; Buscemi, D; Nugent, K (2016). "Electronic cigarettes in the media". Proc (Bayl Univ Med Cent). PMC 4900769. PMID 27365871.
^ Besson, Morgane; Forget, Benoît (2016). "Cognitive Dysfunction, Affective States, and Vulnerability to Nicotine Addiction: A Multifactorial Perspective". Frontiers in Psychiatry. 7. doi:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00160. ISSN 1664-0640. PMC 5030478. PMID 27708591. This article incorporates text by Morgane Besson and Benoît Forget available under the CC BY 4.0 license.
^ a b c d "Republished: Nicotine and health". BMJ. 349 (nov26 9): 2014.7.0264rep–2014.7.0264rep. 2014. doi:10.1136/bmj.2014.7.0264rep. ISSN 1756-1833. PMID 25428425.
^ Atta-ur- Rahman; Allen B. Reitz (1 January 2005). Frontiers in Medicinal Chemistry. Bentham Science Publishers. pp. 279–. ISBN 978-1-60805-205-9.
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^ a b Rowell, Temperance R; Tarran, Robert (2015). "Will Chronic E-Cigarette Use Cause Lung Disease?". American Journal of Physiology. Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology: ajplung.00272.2015. doi:10.1152/ajplung.00272.2015. ISSN 1040-0605. PMID 26408554.
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text:
'I'm Still Wearing My Hijab:' Syrian-American Rapper Fights anti-Muslim Attitudes With Dope Rhymes
Mona Haydar's hip-hop blends Arabic motifs with social commentary for Trump on Muslim women covering their hair.
Screen grab from Mona Haydar's first video - 'Hijabi'YouTube
Hijabistas, Mipsterz and designer brands - Muslim women are rocking a new look
The Muslim women who are conquering the fashion world
Photo of Muslim, Jewish kids protesting Trump's immigration policy goes viral
Syrian-American poet and artist Mona Haydar released her first video on Monday, called "Hijabi." The clip was filmed when she was eight months pregnant. Haydar, like all the other women in the video, has her head covered with a hijab, the head covering worn by religious Muslim women over their head and neck.
Haydar's rap blends Arabic musical motifs in this debut video and opens with a comment aimed at women who cover their hair:
"What that hair look like
Bet that hair look nice
Don't that make you sweat?
Don't that feel too tight?"
Haydar answers:
"You need to get yo life."
That's followed later by:
"So even if you hate it,
I still wrap my hijab."
skip - Mona Haydar's "Hjabi" video
Mona Haydar's "Hjabi" video
"Given our current administration's insistence on demonizing and maligning the bodies of women and Muslims, among others, I wanted to get this song out as soon as possible," Haydar told The Huffington Post, referring to the administration of President Donald Trump. "I hoped that a pregnant woman who is obviously Muslim [and] creating art and speaking truth would inspire people and offer some levity, joy and hope."
Haydar, 28, lives in New York now. Her parents came to the United States from Syria, and she grew up in Flint, Michigan.
>> Hijabistas, Mipsterz and designer brands - Muslim women are rocking a new look <<
Her video is part of a new trend from leading religious Muslim fashionistas all over the world who have turned their hijabs into a fashion statement — and a feminist statement. And it's part of a wider trend: The London Modest Fashion Week was held for the first time in February; Nike has developed a sports hijab for athletes; and a new website, The Modist, helps provide modest clothes and fashion services for the more traditional fashionista.
More popular labels are joining the trend too, starting with Dolce & Gabbana in 2016, and offering hijabs and abayas — loose Muslim women's robes — with modern styling. Such household names as Oscar de la Renta and DKNY have entered the market too, as have more mid-priced brands such as Uniqlo and Mango.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
package com.securionpay.request;

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import java.util.HashMap;
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Once is naive. Twice is accidental. Three times is pure stupidity.
Three men have ruled Deleilah's world, each of them leaving her desperate or destitute. This time is different. Her independence is not for sale.
After a damaging and high profile break up, Deleilah heads south, seeking to return to her status as a nobody. But a nasty little clause in her divorce settlement gives her an edge she didn't expect and the power to unravel everything.
Unwittingly setting in motion a chain of destruction, Deleilah will end up with a death on her conscience. But it's the secrets and lies which threaten to destroy her. Uncontrollable and dangerous, they just keep tumbling out, ripping open her past like a wound.
When you face death down the barrel of a gun with the knowledge you've made a mess of everything, is the last secret still worth keeping?
If you like chick lit with strong women taking back their lives, you'll love Deleilah.
Download now to lose yourself in New Zealand's stunning mountain ranges, where two degrees of separation will make secrets impossible to keep.
50% of the royalties for this novel are donated to Waikato Women's Refuge, Hamilton, New Zealand.


The Albany Village Cemetery is located in Orleans County. The county seat for Orleans County is located in Newport.
We know of 20 cemeteries that are within Less than 2 miles<2> of the Albany Village Cemetery. The cemeteries are listed in alphabetical order.
The following 27 communities are within 10 miles [16.1 km] of the Albany Village Cemetery.
Our approach is to add the name of a cemetery whenever we see it mentioned - usually in newspapers, old books or maps. Typically we have little information to start with, but we try to add detail as we continue our research. We've created the following list to keep track of the sources we found useful in our research about the Albany Village Cemetery.
Our distance measurements begin at a specific point at the Albany Village Cemetery. The point we use is located at these GPS coordinates - Latitude: 44.7367, Longitude: -72.3773 [Map]. In this case, the coordinates for the Albany Village Cemetery have been provided by the Geographic Names Information System (GNIS).


text:
In dieser Liste sind sämtliche Baudenkmäler in der schottischen Stadt Tillicoultry in Clackmannanshire zusammengefasst. Die Bauwerke sind anhand der Kriterien von Historic Scotland in die Kategorien A (nationale oder internationale Bedeutung), B (regionale oder mehr als lokale Bedeutung) und C (lokale Bedeutung) eingeordnet. Derzeit gibt es in Tillicoultry zwölf Denkmäler aus der Kategorie B und fünf aus der Kategorie C.

Denkmäler

!Tillicoultry
Tillicoultry
!Listed

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
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URC President Earl Gast meets with team members of the Kènèya Nièta project in Mali. Photo credit: URC
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Earl Gast
With 30 years of experience in government and private industry, Earl is a talented professional with proven expertise in the public and private sector leading strategic, results-driven programming.
Prior to joining URC, Earl served as Executive Vice President for Programs at Creative Associates, leading the implementation of all programs across more than 30 countries. He previously served as Senior International Advisor for the global law firm, Covington & Burling, LLP, where he advised many of the largest U.S. and international companies on their investment strategies.
Before that, Earl spent more than two decades with the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID). Confirmed by the U.S. Senate in April 2012, he was sworn in as the Assistant Administrator (AA) for the Agency's Africa Bureau overseeing a $7 billion portfolio that provided assistance to more than 40 countries, including USAID's largest health portfolio.
Maureen Shauket
Chief Operating Officer / Chief Compliance Officer
Global development leader Maureen Shauket comes to URC from the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) where she served as Senior Deputy Assistant Administrator for the Bureau for Policy, Planning and Learning (PPL). Prior to joining PPL, Maureen represented USAID as the Senior Development Advisor at the U.S. Africa Command in Germany. There she provided expertise on development, stabilization, and humanitarian assistance and helped shape the Department of Defense's plan for Africa.
As a career member of the Senior Foreign Service, Maureen achieved the rank of Career Minister. She carries the distinction of being the first woman at USAID to be designated Chief Acquisition Officer and Senior Procurement Officer. Maureen is the recipient of two Presidential Meritorious Awards, a Department of Defense Chairman's Joint Meritorious Civilian Service Award, a Superior Accomplishment Award.
Carlos Cuéllar
Carlos started his career with the Ministry of Health of Bolivia as an Epidemiologist with the National Center for Tropical Disease Control, and later as a Rural District Medical Officer. He is Co-founder and former Executive Director of PROSALUD — the single largest and fully sustainable primary health care NGO network in Bolivia — providing high-quality and affordable health care to low- and middle-income families.
Most recently, Carlos was with Abt Associates as Vice President and Senior Fellow. He provided technical and strategic leadership to current projects and new business initiatives on health systems strengthening, health service delivery, health care quality, integration of HIV programs, public-private partnerships, private provider networks, and program/NGO sustainability.
While at Abt he served in Jordan as Chief of Party for the Primary Health Care Initiatives, the Health Systems Strengthening, and the Communication, Advocacy and Policy projects. He was also Chief of Party for the Maternal & Child Centers of Excellence Project in the Dominican Republic, which was credited with reducing maternal deaths by 49.2 percent in 10 target hospitals between 2010 and 2011 and sustained thereafter. He later served as Portfolio Manager of the Clinical HIV/AIDS Services Strengthening Project in Mozambique.
Hadi Annous
Hadi began his international development career almost 20 years ago working as an administrator for the Fulbright Foreign Student Program. Since then he has overseen finance and accounting functions for both for-profit and not-for-profit USAID implementing organizations, including the pricing and oversight of over $1 billion in awards. His experience ranges from work with large-scale USAID contractors to recently graduated SBA small businesses. Hadi has led the restructuring of finance and accounting departments ensuring responsive and compliant fiscal policies. He has conducted numerous trainings on U.S. government financial rules and regulations.
As CFO at URC, Hadi oversees the Finance and Accounting Department, the Contracts and Pricing teams, and the Information Technology Department. Likewise, given his extensive experience in business growth and diversification strategies, Hadi plays a leading role in strategic planning for the company.
Hadi received a MBA from Johns Hopkins University and a BA in International Relations from Syracuse University. He speaks Arabic fluently.
Robin Goebel
With over 20 years of human resources experience, fifteen plus of those in global HR, Robin most recently worked at Dexis Consulting Group, where she served as Vice President of Human Resources. Before joining Dexis, Robin served as Human Resources Director for Chemonics International. She has extensive experience leading organizational transformations and has managed the unique staffing, legal, and operational demands of global international development organizations, including AMIDEAST and CHF International (now Global Communities).
Robin is an Adjunct Professor at the University of Maryland, Baltimore County, where she teaches classes in human resources and change management and serves as a mentor for students pursuing careers in human resources. She received her MS from Johns Hopkins University in Organizational Development and her BA from Pennsylvania State University in Speech Communications.
Yousri Hanna
Vice President, Contracts, Grants Administration, and Cost and Pricing
Yousri joined URC in 2017. He has more than 25 years of experience working in contracts and assistance with USAID, U.S. State Department, and U.S. Department of Defense-funded development programs.
Before joining URC, he served as Director of Contracts for the Middle East, North Africa and Afghanistan region in DAI's U.S. Government Business Unit. Prior to that, he was DAI's Country Director for Contracts and Procurement in Afghanistan. Before that, Yousri worked with Deloitte Consulting as a Contracts Manager supporting its program in Afghanistan. He retired from USAID as a Senior Acquisition and Assistance Specialist after serving in Iraq's and Egypt's Missions.
Yousri holds a Bachelor's Degree in Commerce and a Bachelor's Degree in Law from Cairo University.
Maria Alejandra Peláez
Vice President, Global Operations
Maria Alejandra began her career in international development as an operations specialist with Creative Associates International, climbing the ranks to become the Director for the Office of Programs and Operations. In this position she advised the Chief Operating Officer and other senior leaders on issues related to strategy and business management; worked with the board of directors on matters related to strategic planning, organizational development, and corporate restructuring; and led priority cross-divisional projects and systems initiatives focused on enabling efficiency, improving performance, and managing risk.
Originally from Colombia, Maria Alejandra has lived in Venezuela, Mexico, and the United States and is fully bilingual in Spanish and English. She holds a BA in International Affairs and Political Science from George Washington University and an MBA with concentrations in Management Consulting and Marketing from Rice University. She is Project Management Professional (PMP) certified.
Inna Sacci
Vice President, Center for Technical Excellence
An educator by training and a creator at heart, Inna has over 25 years of international health development experience in West Africa, Asia, and Eastern Europe. Inna started her career at EngenderHealth and then spent nearly 15 years in Armenia, the Philippines, Cambodia, and Ukraine as country director and chief-of-party managing complex programs for URC, Save the Children, IntraHealth, and Management Sciences for Health.
Inna has led multi-disciplinary teams of public health professionals, communications experts, health workers, pharmacists, researchers, engineers, agronomists, and grants managers. Under her tutelage, country teams in Armenia, the Philippines, and Cambodia won national awards and/or were recognized by development partners and governments for innovative, scalable, and sustainable solutions in health and nutrition.
Inna brings a commitment to excellence, technical expertise in family planning; reproductive health; maternal, newborn, and child health and nutrition; social and behavior change; supply chain; and hands-on experience implementing USAID-funded projects making tangible impacts in the lives of people worldwide.
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With over 50 years combined experience in industrial power transmission & motion control application, supply and sourcing to major OE organizations, ALLTORQ specializes in the supply of component or system solutions.
Focusing on the application and supply of Industrial clutches, brakes, wrap spring clutches and brakes, gearheads, gear systems, flexible couplings, locking bushes, linear actuators, ballscrews, solenoids and other motion control products we are able to optimize your machine performance, cost & supply chain.
Our range of wrap spring clutch brakes offer an ideal and cost effective solution for high frequency cycling and indexing applications. Simple packaged units with excellent torque density.
In line planetary and right angled gearheads. Backlash down to 1 arcminute, up to 3,200Nm output torque & up to 98% efficiency. Shaft and flange outputs possible.
With 16 different types of taper & locking bush we have a locking solution for every application and an extensive range of flexible coupling products.
Our extensive range of linear actuators provide innovative motion control solutions. With stroke lengths up to 915mm we can offer forces as high as 8,800 N in 12, 24 & 36vdc� fully customizable versions.


In 1969, the Rolling Stones took the stage at London's Hyde Park for a legendary outdoor concert.
The crowd, some of whom had camped out overnight, numbered up to 500,000. Mick Taylor made his live debut, and thousands of white butterflies were released — a tribute to original guitarist Brian Jones, who had passed away just two days prior. Today, exactly forty four years and a day later, they're commemorating that music milestone with another performance in Hyde Park. If you miss it, don't worry, they're returning for a second performance next Saturday. Just note that, this time around, the shows are capped at 65,000 seats.


text:
Q: @mention and text or no @mention and text I'm having a little issue with my php file and wondering if somebody can take a look.
If I update with an @mention and some text with the php below it will update the database and output the ajax. If it doesn't have an @mention and just text, it outputs nothing. How can I rectify the code to do both.
They are both contained with $_POST['newmsg'];
I have yet to escape my variables to prevent SQL injection.
PHP:
<?php
   error_reporting(E_ALL); ini_set('display_errors', 1);
   error_reporting(E_ERROR | E_WARNING | E_PARSE | E_NOTICE);
   session_start();
   require_once "rawfeeds_load.php";
   include_once "include/functions.youtube.php";
?>
<?
   if(isset($_SESSION['id'])){
     $user1_id=mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_SESSION['id']);
     if(isset($_POST['toid'])){
      if($_POST['toid']==""){$_POST['toid']=$_SESSION['id'];}
       if(isset($_POST['newmsg'])&& isset($_POST['toid'])&& isset($_POST['privacy'])&& isset($_POST['red'])){
          $_POST['newmsg']=str_replace('@'.$_POST['red'].'',''.$_POST['red'].'', $_POST['newmsg']);
          $date=date('y:m:d H:i:s');
            if($_POST['toid']==$_SESSION['id']){
                rawfeeds_user_core::create_streamitem("1",mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_SESSION['id']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_POST['newmsg']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_POST['privacy']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_POST['toid']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$date));
            }else{
                rawfeeds_user_core::create_streamitem("3",mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_SESSION['id']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_POST['newmsg']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_POST['privacy']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_POST['toid']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$date));
            }
        }
    }

PHP USER_CORE
 public function create_streamitem($typeid,$creatorid,$content,$ispublic,$targetuser,$date){
      global $mysqli;
        $content = $content;
  //    $content =  strip_tags($content);

        if(strlen($content)>0){
           $date=date('y:m:d H:i:s');
          $insert = "INSERT INTO streamdata(streamitem_type_id,streamitem_creator,streamitem_target,streamitem_timestamp,streamitem_content,streamitem_public) VALUES ($typeid,$creatorid,$targetuser,'$date','$content',$ispublic)";
        $add_post = mysqli_query($mysqli,$insert) or die(mysqli_error($mysqli));
        $last_id  = mysqli_insert_id($mysqli);
            if(!($creatorid==$targetuser)){
                $fromuser=rawfeeds_user_core::getuser($creatorid);
                rawfeeds_user_core::add_notification(2,$_POST['toid'],$fromuser['id'],$fromuser['fullname']." posted a status on your wall","../singlepoststreamitem.php?sid=$last_id");
                $_SESSION['id']==$content;
        }
        return;
        }else{
            return false;
        }
}

AJAX
$("form#myforms").submit(function(event) {
    event.preventDefault();
    var content = $(this).children("#toid").val();
    var newmsg= $(this).children("#newmsg").text();
    var username = $(".red").attr("href");
    var privacy = $("#privacy").val();

    $.ajax({
      type: "POST",
      url: "insert.php",
      cache: false,
      dataType: "json",
      data: { toid: content, newmsg: newmsg, privacy: privacy, red: username },
      success: function(response){

A: Move the check for $_POST['red'] out of the main check:
if(isset($_POST['newmsg'])&& isset($_POST['toid'])&& isset($_POST['privacy'])){
                                               // remove $_POST['red'] here -^

  if (isset($_POST['red'])) { // check it here, otherwise your insert will not happen if $_POST['red'] is empty.
    $_POST['newmsg']=str_replace('@'.$_POST['red'].'',''.$_POST['red'].'', $_POST['newmsg']);
  }
  $date=date('y:m:d H:i:s');
  if($_POST['toid']==$_SESSION['id']){
     rawfeeds_user_core::create_streamitem("1",mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_SESSION['id']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_POST['newmsg']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_POST['privacy']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_POST['toid']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$date));
  }else{
     rawfeeds_user_core::create_streamitem("3",mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_SESSION['id']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_POST['newmsg']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_POST['privacy']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$_POST['toid']),mysqli_real_escape_string($mysqli,$date));
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
← Arsenal vs Fulham preview and Gooner Daily celebrates its first anniversary
Thomas Vermaelen: A quick focus on the Verminator and his top 10 football attributes →
Thomas Vermaelen cleans up his mess
Arsene Wenger came up against a manager that had never managed a win against him in his Tottenham days and Arsenal's starting lineup on looked good enough to win the game, on paper at least. The boss made two changes from the squad that was very impressive in midweek against Borussia Dortmund in the Champions League. Johan Djourou deputized for Laurent Koscielny and the much talked about Andrey Arshavin replaced Gervinho.
The game against Fulham was a frustrating affair from start to finish but there were moments of quality from time to time. Fulham almost drew first blood when Bryan Ruiz made a fool out of Andre Santos before sending the ball into the danger area. Djourou provided adequate cover in the heart of the defense to execute an inch-perfect goal-saving tackle.
Alex Song teed up Robin van Persie and the Arsenal captain wasted no time before setting up Aaron Ramsey but Mark Schwarzer made a great save from the top drawer. Theo Walcott rolled back the years to make a jinking run that was reminiscent of the assist he gave Emmanuel Adebayor in March 2008 at Anfield. The winger ran a great length of the field only to pass the ball to Ramsey that fed the ball to the birds in the sky.
Andre Santos jousted forward and made a Samba-like Marseille Roulette but he lost the ball in the process. The full back charged forward to win the ball back but his final pass was disappointing because Schwarzer was there to mop up play. Moussa Dembele stung Wojciech Szczesny's hands with a left-footed shot and Per Mertesacker had the last attack of the first half when he nodded Mikel Arteta's free kick wide.
Arsenal was the brighter side at the start of the second half with Theo Walcott giving John Arne Riise a torrid time before drilling a cross that brought confusion between Phillippe Senderos and Mark Schwarzer but the Fulham backline dealt with the threat. Robin van Persie lit the Emirates alight when he received a pass from Arshavin, shimmied the center back before firing a goal-bound shot that beat Schwarzer hands down but Chris Baird was in the right place to clear the ball off the line.
Against the run of play, Fulham went ahead when Arteta lost the ball in the midfield and a cross-field ball was attacked by Riise but Thomas Vermaelen unfortunately lashed at the ball to beat Szczesny at his near post.
Ramsey was suspect for producing complacent moments while Arshavin's performance on the field for 75 minutes was likened to the horror movie Saw VI so Wenger responded by bringing on Abou Diaby to replace Ramsey while Gervinho came on for Mertesacker.
In my opinion, bringing on Diaby was a very wrong move because of his lackadaisical attitude in his play especially in pivotal moments of a game and Arsenal was made to suffer the Diabytes Syndrome later on in the match. There was a point in time when Diaby was with the ball at the edge of the area with teammates to feed the ball to at both sides but the lanky Frenchman chose to dwell on the ball only to lose it later. Abou Diaby at his frustrating best.
Djourou made a goal-bound header but Schwarzer popped up with the goods again for Fulham. Van Persie had two half chances that didn't threaten the Fulham goal. His free kick sailed effortlessly wide while his shot from Andre Santos' cross was launched into orbit.
When it seemed as if it was going to be one of those days for Arsenal, Vermaelen was seen surging forward in a buildup play and it was really soothing to see him on the end of Theo Walcott's cross to bring Arsenal back in the match.
If Arsenal had lost the match by a lone goal, my headline would have been "The Verminator becomes Arsenal's terminator" but it's heartwarming to know that he cleaned up the mess he made in the other end of the pitch.
Szczesny (6.5) was relatively untroubled but I felt that his concentration wasn't fully in check when Vermaelen conceded the own goal because the ball wasn't really fast.
Djourou (6.5) didn't offer much in attack as you would expect from a center back playing on the flanks but he was solid defensively.
Andre Santos (7.5) worked tirelessly on the left wing to play as a full back as well as the left winger for Arsenal because Arshavin was missing in action.
Vermaelen (7.0) did the double in both goal posts. 😀
Mertesacker (6.5) was steady at the back.
Song (7.5) covered a lot of distance on the pitch and did very well to help his teammates that were out of position most times.
Arteta (6.0) disappointed me a bit and compounded it by losing the ball that led to Fulham's opener.
Ramsey (6.0) lacked the spark he was renowned for and missed a few chances for Arsenal.
Arshavin (5.0) put up another putrid performance and Gervinho's 15-minute cameo was two times better than his 75-minute outing.
Walcott (8.0) was a constant thorn to Riise and showed good dribbling skills as well as the assist for Arsenal's equalizer.
Van Persie (7.5) worked really hard for his team and was unlucky not to do what he has become renowned for.
Gervinho (7.5) ran at the Fulham defense was real drive and positive intent unlike the man he replaced that was more or less a peripheral figure for one hour 15 minutes.
Diaby (6.0) held on the ball too much when he was supposed to feed a teammate. In my opinion, I would have prepared to see Tomas Rosicky. Oh Arsene!
Chamakh (6.55) had no real attacking impact on the game but showed his work rate to win some balls in midfield.
Arsenal's draw against Fulham has dented the impressive run that saw the Gunners win eight of their last nine games. It's true that players are meant to rest in some games but Arsene Wenger of all people should know that you should never change a "winning team" especially when they are all fit.
The game against Fulham was of utmost importance to Arsenal because the club is fighting hard to break into the top four. I wouldn't have had any trouble if Arshavin started in the Carling Spoon quarter final against Manchester City.
Gervinho, Walcott and van Persie had built up an amazing chemistry and van Persie has benefitted from the consistent services of these wingers. Arshavin came back to the fold and disrupted that mojo and it's really sad to know how he has become the shadow of the attacking midfielder that took the world by storm years ago.
I hope he gets his act right soon enough because he's not getting any younger.
Thomas thanks for cleaning up your mess. At least, Arsenal is still unbeaten.
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About enigma106
An Arsenal fan with a good sense of humor
View all posts by enigma106 »
Posted on November 28, 2011, in Arsenal, Football, Match Report, Premier League and tagged Arsenal, Football, Fulham, Premier League, Thomas Vermaelen. Bookmark the permalink.	1 Comment.
Pingback: Gooner Daily Awards for the Month of November « Gooner Daily


Making Time Visible was a temporary public art installation, conceived by Gretchen Schneider (an architect who teaches at Smith College, Northampton, MA) that would render the streets of old Scollay Square on City Hall Plaza in chalk. Under Schneider's supervision, local architects, architectural students and team of students from the Citizens Schools will spend the day on City Hall Plaza surveying, laying out and drawing in chalk Cornhill, Brattle, Hanover, and Washington Street, four of the 22 streets that once crisscrossed Scollay Square. You can read Gretchen's orginal proposal here. Email Gretchen here.
August 27, 2002: a panorama of City Hall Plaza with the streets of old Scollay Square drawn in chalk dust.


Our Ritual Tops are going to be the staple in your closet. Not just for festivals either! They are the perfect addition to anything from high waist bottoms to denim jeans and heels! They feature a spaghetti strap, a cup style fit and a doubled over band under your bust for maximum comfort and support. The top comes in size small, medium and large.


"Eleven hours—it was an amazing performance. The questioning was largely hostile, angry, and disrespectful toward her, the office, and the casualties of Benghazi that day. It was a total collapse of the committee system and the Congress of the United States. If this committee had been in charge of the Watergate hearing, Richard Nixon would have finished his term," says Mike Barnicle of the U.S. House Select Committee on Benghazi and their marathon questioning of former Secretary of State Hillary Clinton yesterday. Hear more about what happened only on MSNBC's Morning Joe.


text:
Prithvi Roy Chowdhury is the owner and creator of Stuffed Toys Against Mankind. Courtesy of Prithvi Roy Chowdhury
Kirkland-based STAM offers toys for grown ups
The humor gifts are raunchy-humored stuffed toys meant to be gag gifts for adults.
by Kailan Manandic
Thursday, February 15, 2018 8:30am
Stuffed toys have been a popular children's gift throughout the past century. Numerous brands have put their spin on the seemingly ageless idea, from Beanie Babies to the Build-A-Bear Workshop.
A local small business owner looks to subvert the idea that stuffed toys are only fun for kids with Stuffed Toys Against Mankind. STAM is a Kirkland-based business that manufactures and sells raunchy-humored stuffed toys meant to be gag gifts for adults.
"The toy market is a massive industry that primarily caters toward kids, obviously," STAM creator and owner Prithvi Roy Chowdhury said. "(These toys are) a humor gift essentially. You say something very nasty (to your friends), but with good intent. I really wanted to come up with that mixture of creativity and raunchy punchlines."
Chowdhury built his business from nothing after he had a simple idea on March 1, 2017.
"It was one of those sleepless nights where my mind decided to not shut up," he wrote in his business blog.
Chowdhury thought back to his days in college when he and his friends would tease each other, often in bad taste, but always in good humor between friends.
"My buddies and I would land up at our friend's place and make fun of her stuffed animals and make (them) do silly things," he said. "After all these years, I am still close friends with them…I think it's because we were all being ourselves that evening."
STAM officially launched on Jan. 18 and sold two units within the first week. Despite the rocky start in sales, Chowdhury said he's seen a very positive response on social media and expects business to pick up soon.
"Right now, I don't have the option but to make this a success," Chowdhury said. "For me going down sinking is not an option."
Chowdhury said he thinks his product should be kept away from children and will appeal the most to young adults who enjoy raunchy humor.
"I have a toddler at home and I take all care to ensure my daughter is not around my STAM products," he said.
The small business started as an idea and Chowdhury sought out manufacturers and voice actors to help make his dream a reality.
"I could go back into a regular job if I wanted to, but I would not be satisfied doing it," he said. "I put my heart and soul into this thing and I'm not going to stop until I'm satisfied that this is in a good place."
According to Chowdhury, everybody could laugh a little more and he hopes these stuffed toys help people find humor through seemingly mean-spirited jokes.
The toys are marketed for adults and unapologetically offensive. Chowdhury said he thinks the toys work best as gag gifts for a bachelor or bachelorette parties, birthday parties or baby showers.
Chowdhury has worked with several voice actors across the world to record lines for the toys' voice boxes. The toys work like many children's stuffed toys with a built-in button that activates the voice box.
Currently, there are four different STAM toys that have various voice lines that can be chosen to fit the occasion.
"Congratulations on the marriage! She will make a great first wife," is one of the least offensive quotes STAM's teddy bear character can say.
Each toy has its own personality behind the phrases they say. Chowdhury has written a back-story for each toy and plans to release more toys that all have related stories in a world he created for his products.
STAM went from an abstract idea to a tangible product in less than a year and Chowdhury said the creative process allowed him to express himself through his products and has improved his life.
"It's this constant evolution of making yourself and the product better," he said. "The amount that I've learned in the past one year alone, I promise you I have not learned so much in three or four years of my corporate life before."
Small businesses have numerous tools that continue to make it easier for anyone to start a small business at home but according to Chowdhury, it's still hard work.
"As long as you have the drive and some money to do it," he said, "I believe that a lot of other people could do it too."
Gordy Marks Real Estate accepting nominations for nonprofit donations
Millennial entrepreneurs gearing up to launch crowdfunding campaign for Ombraz Sunglasses
Networking to recession proof your career
Make a networking plan for yourself. You don't have do it all in one day.
Boeing Renton plant to halt 737 Max production
Suspension expected to begin in January
Decreased inventory for buyers in local real estate market
By Erin Flemming Special to the Reporter The month of December reliably… Continue reading
Business alliance serves women of African diaspora in King County
Nourah Yonous launched the African Women Business Alliance in 2017 to find ways to lift women up.
New recycling service hits the Kirkland market
Ridwell is a recycle service that for $10-14 a month will pick up difficult-to-recycle goods.
Investor Shark event draws in community at Kirkland Performance Center
Hundreds attended the event.
Adding credentials can recession proof your career
Look at hard skills and soft skills to see where there may be a gap.
Chiropractic instrument takes the crack out of spinal adjustment
Disc Centers of America Bellevue uses the Impulse iQ for comfort and results
Winter chill begins to settle into real estate market
While there was an uptick in new listings, pending home sales and sold properties the last two months, things are quieting down.
Armoire opens second location in Kirkland
Retail stores are adapting to modern working women and their needs.
Anko opens doors at new Kirkland location
The retail chain can also be found in Lynnwood, Bellevue, Mill Creek and Burien.
Investor Shark continues with the tradition to help fund Kirkland startups
The event will also feature a teen startup team from LWSD.


text:
package org.wso2.carbon.bpmn.core.types.datatypes.json;

import org.wso2.carbon.bpmn.core.types.datatypes.BPMNDataTypeException;

/**
 * Class representing exceptions related to Json processing
 */
public class BPMNJsonException extends BPMNDataTypeException {

    public BPMNJsonException(String message, Exception ex) {
        super(message, ex);
    }

    public BPMNJsonException(String message) {
        super(message);
    }
}


Connect the machine to a computer via a router using a LAN cable.
A router and LAN cable are not included with the machine, so please prepare them separately.
The machine supports 1000BASE-T/100BASE-TX/10BASE-T Ethernet.
To make a connection using 100BASE-TX/10BASE-T, use a category 5 twisted pair cable. It is recommended to use an enhanced category 5 twisted pair cable to make a connection using 1000BASE-T.
If devices supporting 1000BASE-T, 100BASE-TX and 10BASE-T are used together, a device (such as a switching hub) supporting all of the Ethernet types you use is necessary. For more information, contact a person in charge of service.
Connect the machine to a router using a LAN cable.
Push the connector in until it clicks into place.


Montreal, Canada (August 18, 2009)--CBC/Radio-Canada's Studio 12 has been upgraded with a 48-channel SSL C200 HD digital console plus two SSL MORSE Stage Boxes.
Montreal, Canada (August 18, 2009)--CBC/Radio-Canada's Studio 12 has been upgraded with a 48-channel SSL C200 HD digital console plus two SSL MORSE Stage Boxes.
"We needed to replace our old analogue console, so we put out an industry tender for a digital console that would meet our production mission," says Michel Leduc, manager of broadcast engineering for CBC/Radio-Canada French Radio and TV projects. "While we looked at the offerings from several companies, in the final analysis, the functionality, sound quality and price led us to choose the SSL C200 HD as the best console for this job."
Jean-Marc Gellatly, director of French Radio Operations, adds, "Choosing the right console for our 'flagship' studio was mission critical insofar as this is the studio where our 'high-profile' productions take place. We also considered the fact that our most experienced personnel will be operating the console and this is why it was important to find the right balance between state of the art digital technology and the familiarity of a more traditional control surface."
CBC/Radio-Canada's Studio 12, the facility's largest recording studio for radio, was originally conceived as a large studio room with variable acoustics where everything from a small orchestra or big jazz band to a rock group could comfortably perform for either radio or television production. Audio capture is to a Pro Tools|HD system. The two MORSE Stage Boxes yield a total of 64 mic preamps and provide consolidated direct access to the C200 to service the larger, microphone intense sessions.
Other SSL installations with CBC/Radio-Canada include two C148/64 consoles for Mobile (Premier) and Mobile (Encore) in Toronto; two C264 consoles in Studio 40 and Studio 42 in Toronto; two C140 consoles in Studio 51 and Studio 52 in Toronto; and a C232 for the HD Mobile truck in Halifax.


text:
Number Of Electric Cars Slowly On The Rise In Europe
Around 2 million (0.8 per cent) cars in the EU were classified as either electric cars or hybrid electric cars that can be driven in combination with a petrol or diesel engine in 2017.
There has been a steady increase in the number of electric and hybrid electric cars registered across the EU in recent years. In particular, the number of hybrid electric-petrol cars in 2017 (1.5 million) was almost seven times the number recorded in 2013 (0.2 million).
In 2017 there were 262 million cars registered in EU member states. Around 2 million (0.8 per cent) of these were classified as either electric cars or hybrid electric cars that can be driven in combination with a petrol or diesel engine.
However, figures still remain slim when compared to the volume of petrol or diesel-fuelled vehicles. In fact, among the EU Member States for which figures are available, there were only five countries with more than 1 per cent of their registered cars either electric or hybrid electric: Sweden (2.4 per cent), Poland (1.9 per cent), United Kingdom (1.5 per cent), France (1.4 per cent) and Belgium (1.2 per cent).
In Malta in 2017, there were a total of 291,664 cars registered in 2017, out of which just 1,356 were electric or hybrid cars, showing that clean energy has barely made any inroads in the local market.
However, in February, Prime Minister Joseph Muscat said that he wanted Malta to be one of the first European countries to introduce a cut-off date for the importation of petrol and diesel vehicles.
Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Proposes Billion-Dollar Merger With Renault
Deal would deeply change the world's car industry.
Elon Musk Hopes To Have 'Robotaxis' On The Road By 2020
Vanessa Conneely - 23 April 2019
Tesla unveils a new microchip that has 'full self-driving' capabilities.
Former Volkswagen CEO Charged With Fraud In Germany
Mr Winterkorn is already facing criminal charges in the US, but is unlikely to face trial there, as ...
Kind's Auto Sales Celebrates 90th Anniversary
It all started in 1929, when founder Edward Vincenti Kind began importing an impressive number of pr...


Hypothesis testing starts with setting up the premises, which is followed by selecting a significance level. Next, we have to choose the test statistic, i.e. t-test or f-test. While t-test is used to compare two related samples, f-test is used to test the equality of two populations.
The hypothesis is a simple proposition that can be proved or disproved through various scientific techniques and establishes the relationship between independent and some dependent variable. It is capable of being tested and verified to ascertain its validity, by an unbiased examination. Testing of a hypothesis attempts to make clear, whether or not the supposition is valid.
For a researcher, it is imperative to choose the right test for his/her hypothesis as the entire decision of validating or refusing the null hypothesis is based on it. Take a read of the given article to understand the difference between t-test and f-test.
Meaning T-test is a univariate hypothesis test, that is applied when standard deviation is not known and the sample size is small. F-test is statistical test, that determines the equality of the variances of the two normal populations.
Test statistic T-statistic follows Student t-distribution, under null hypothesis. F-statistic follows Snedecor f-distribution, under null hypothesis.
Application Comparing the means of two populations. Comparing two population variances.
A t-test is a form of the statistical hypothesis test, based on Student's t-statistic and t-distribution to find out the p-value (probability) which can be used to accept or reject the null hypothesis.
The population is infinite and normal.
Population variance is unknown and estimated from the sample.
Sample observations are random and independent.
The sample size is small.
H0 may be one sided or two sided.
F-test is described as a type of hypothesis test, that is based on Snedecor f-distribution, under the null hypothesis. The test is performed when it is not known whether the two populations have the same variance.
The population is normally distributed.
Samples have been drawn randomly.
A univariate hypothesis test that is applied when the standard deviation is not known and the sample size is small is t-test. On the other hand, a statistical test, which determines the equality of the variances of the two normal datasets, is known as f-test.
The t-test is based on T-statistic follows Student t-distribution, under the null hypothesis. Conversely, the basis of the f-test is F-statistic follows Snedecor f-distribution, under the null hypothesis.
The t-test is used to compare the means of two populations. In contrast, f-test is used to compare two population variances.
T-test and f-test are the two, of the number of different types of statistical test used for hypothesis testing and decides whether we are going to accept the null hypothesis or reject it. The hypothesis test does not take decisions itself, rather it assists the researcher in decision making.


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El condado de Benton (en inglés: Benton County, Tennessee), fundado en 1835, es uno de los 95 condados del estado estadounidense de Tennessee. En el año 2000 tenía una población de 16.537 habitantes con una densidad poblacional de 82 personas por km². La sede del condado es Camden.

Geografía
Según la Oficina del Censo, el condado tiene un área total de , de la cual  es tierra y  es agua.

Condados adyacentes

 Condado de Stewart noreste
 Condado de Houston noreste
 Condado de Humphreys este
 Condado de Perry sureste
 Condado de Decatur sur
 Condado de Carroll oeste
 Condado de Henry noroeste

Demografía
En el 2000 la renta per cápita promedia del condado era de $28,679, y el ingreso promedio para una familia era de $32,727. El ingreso per cápita para el condado era de $14,646. En 2000 los hombres tenían un ingreso per cápita de $29,177 contra $19,038 para las mujeres. Alrededor del 15.60% de la población estaba bajo el umbral de pobreza nacional.

Lugares

Ciudades y pueblos

 Big Sandy
 Camden

Comunidades no incorporadas

 Eva
 Holladay

Periódicos
The Camden Chronicle

Referencias

Enlaces externos


Branson, MO is a wonderful place all year long. It's a unique vacation destination and one that everyone should visit at least once. Branson has something for everyone, making it a great family destination too! If you're thinking of visiting Branson, here are some frequently asked questions about this Ozark town.


Vampiro - Created by fruit stand owner Oscar Hernandez to keep himself cool in Mexico. People asked what it was and asking for him to make them one so he did. Eventually it grew into a viral success and he began serving them at his stand to lines of people. They were served in plastic bags with a straw.
Add all ingredients to a cocktail shaker with ice and shake for 15 seconds. Strain over fresh ice into an old fashioned glass.
The original design was a combination of tequila and a homemade sangrita, however the use of orange juice with tomato juice and spices in this cocktail recipe bring those together in the build itself.
For hot sauce, one may choose Cholula as it is a Mexican hot sauce or something spicier.
Tequila meets tomato juice which quickly bounces into a sweet tomato orange flavor profile and ends with a spicy kick.


When someone tells me they found me on Facebook or Instagram, I am never not excited. I don't think I will ever get over how cool that is. I am amazed because I am "just another mom with a camera". In this industry, that is not always a good label. We almost have to prove ourselves more than the average photographer and that can be hard to take. Mothers have such hard job and have to live selflessly from the birth of our child(ren) to our own last breath. Where's the respect? ;) But, if you ask me, I feel that momtographers have the upper-hand. Creating a nurturing environment on the spot is easy, connecting to clients is a piece of cake, and shooting THOSE moments comes naturally.
Anyway, back to this gorgeous family. We connected first on Instagram and the rest is history. They are a family with two girls, just like mine. I have since photographed their sweet little babe, but I wanted to share their maternity session first because it really highlights their connection to each other and how much fun they have together. I just know baby girl #2 will add more to their lives than they ever thought possible.
I LOVE an outfit change! They just nailed it both times!


Traditional Dentures – R-Dent Dental Laboratory, Inc.
R-Dent has several traditional complete denture options to restore function and esthetics for your edentulous patients. All of our complete denture series include base plate with wax rim, setup, try-in, process and finish, and denture teeth.
Our Platinum Series Complete Denture includes premium Ivocap processed base plate with wax rim, premium setup, Ivocap process and finish, Kulzer Mondial Teeth, and custom gingival toning.
Our Gold Series Complete Denture includes Lucitone 199 process and finish, and Kulzer Mondial Teeth.
Our Silver Series Complete Denture includes base acrylic process and finish with Kulzer Artic Teeth.


Keeping in mind various requirement of our clients we are offering quality Manual Thermoplastic Road marking machine. This machine is manufactured utilizing the ultimate quality materials and innovative technology with all industry standards. Utilized in various marks on the highways, city road, Side Street, zebra crossing etc. The product is tested on the various parameter to ensure accurate dimension, corrosion resistant and high performance. We offer this at a very nominal rate to our clients.


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First Session - ICSID Convention
The purpose of the first session of the Tribunal is to ascertain the parties' agreements or separate views on procedural questions such as the applicable arbitration rules, language(s) to be used, place of proceedings, and the procedural calendar. The session enables the Tribunal to set a schedule and establish specific rules for each case in a procedural order.
The first session should be held within 60 days after the constitution of the Tribunal, unless the parties agree otherwise (Arbitration Rule 13(1)). When each arbitrator is appointed, ICSID ascertains their availability to ensure a timely first session. Once the Tribunal is constituted, the Secretary of the Tribunal contacts the parties with proposed date(s) and venue (or a proposal for a telephone or videoconference) for the first session.
If the parties and the Tribunal cannot meet within the 60-day period and cannot agree on an extension of this time limit, the Tribunal will proceed without the parties but will take their written submissions into account.
Organizing the First Session
A first session can be held in person, by telephone or by videoconference.
The parties may agree on any location for the first session, provided that the Tribunal approves such venue and there are suitable facilities. The Tribunal often proposes a venue for the parties' consideration. If there is no agreement, an in-person meeting will take place by default at the seat of the Centre in Washington, D.C. (Article 63 of the ICSID Convention and Arbitration Rule 13(3)).
Most in-person first sessions are held at the World Bank's facilities in Washington, D.C. or Paris, France. ICSID can also arrange hearings at other World Bank premises or at the premises of other arbitration centers (organizations with which ICSID has concluded collaboration agreements). The cost of room rentals in World Bank's facilities are covered by ICSID's administrative charges.
An increasing number of first sessions are held by telephone or videoconference to reduce costs and travel time. This decision is taken by the Tribunal and the parties considering factors such as the number of outstanding issues.
Issues to be Discussed
The first session addresses any matters of procedure that the parties and the Tribunal wish to establish at the outset of the proceeding.
The Secretary of the Tribunal circulates a draft agenda approved by the Tribunal to the parties for their comments well in advance of a first session. The draft agenda has been developed by the Centre taking into account standard procedural items, such as the procedural calendar (Arbitration Rule 20). The agenda is often accompanied by a draft procedural order to guide the parties in reaching agreements on specific issues.
The first session sometimes includes oral submissions on a party's request for bifurcation of the proceeding, request for provisional measures or a request to dispose of the matter because the claim is manifestly without legal merit.
The agreements reached and the procedural decisions taken by the Tribunal are included in a procedural order which is signed by the President of the Tribunal and circulated to the parties by the Secretary of the Tribunal promptly after the first session.
Main steps
How to file a Request for Arbitration
Screening and Registration
Number of Arbitrators and Method of Appointment


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Family businesses and family conflict
Families are not always harmonious, so it is unreasonable to expect family businesses to always be harmonious. A dispute between family members in a large family business is wonderful material for the media with its human dimension and with the wider significance of the issue at the heart of the dispute. Similarly, it is the staple of the script writer.
There are many forms of family that are in business together: spouses, siblings, in laws, cousins, extended family and combinations thereof. Each contains strengths for business growth and survival, and potential points of weakness that may cause business decline and break up. With time, the form of family in a family business will alter and thus the strengths and potential weaknesses of the family component of the business will change.
Spouses can offer loyalty, trust, solidarity, care and harmonized interests which is a strong foundation for a business team. Yet the family business realm may produce conflicting demands which cause tension. Furthermore, tension in one area may permeate the other area. This may erode the firm foundations of the spousal relationship if not properly managed.
Unlike spouses, siblings cannot divorce. Unlike spouses, adult siblings may not see each other as the focus of their own families despite the blood connection. Yet their common family heritage along with trust, respect and companionship also provide a solid foundation for a family business. Whilst spousal teams are typical first generation family businesses, sibling partnerships are typical second generation family businesses, as the parents hand the business down to them. Consequently, businesses have a degree of division of labour and administrative process that should be able to contain any sibling differences. Nevertheless, sibling rivalry and tension can spill over, especially if siblings feel forced into something or constrained by their role. As they may live separately as adults, they have less harmonized private interests than spouses. Indeed, they may have a nuclear family – extended family latent division of interest that may tax them personally.
Extended family businesses, often cousins, are typical of third generation or later family businesses. At this point family branches may be sending selected members into the business under a family protocol that defines suitable candidates. Branches sending members into the business balances family interests and retains the business as a family business. The strength of family relationships is diluted by their extended nature (at least in an Anglo-Saxon context) so it is important that corporate governance is explicitly addressed, and processes implemented to ensure family members perceive that the business is run fairly. Despite this, there is not the tension of more closely related and siblings who crucially are not self-selected (a phenomenon with step siblings too). So, with cousins there may be less background relationship tension that could be the fuel for a fire if a disagreement does arise.
Each of these sets of family relationships in business have their unique strengths and weaknesses. These sets of family relationships in a family business setting interact with ownership and management with particular styles of communication, sense of justice, principles for decision making, behaviour tendencies and ideas of membership.
Families try to be inclusive. Businesses' management communication is more formal and selective. Ownership is based on contractual rights and the rights of the individual, again resulting in more formal communication. Families are based on equality with an element of respect for elders. Business management appreciates and rewards performance with remuneration and managerial power. Ownership provides contractual equality for shareholders, but it is based on particular rules and the size of their equity holdings. Therefore, business and family links three settings (family, ownership and business management) with different norms resulting in many potential misunderstandings which will be shaped by the particular business and family setting of the family business. Where other people have a clearer division between work, family and savings/ investment, the member of a family business has more blurred lines.
The misunderstandings may fuel a sense of grievance and injustice which is the foundation for conflict. The context of communication is challenging: is someone speaking in their role as family member, business owner or as a manager? Equally the sender of the communication – whether verbal or written – has to assess how the recipient will take it: as a family member, business owner or member of business management. With participants each wearing three hats, clarification of context before discussion becomes important to avoid ambiguity and misunderstanding.
Disputes bleed from one sphere into another. A dispute in the business sphere may be seen to be reasonable to have, but the porous borders of the business with the family means from a family viewpoint that having the disagreement appears excessive or overbearing. A dispute in the family might be resolved by a measure in the business sphere which has no form of origin in the business sphere and could raise concerns and protests from uninformed, more distant family members (or professional management).
To complicate matters, a family member may hold several business roles. They may be a shareholder and a manager. They may even hold several management portfolios. Sometimes it may be unclear which platform they are speaking from. The blurring of family and business heightens informal power in the business of some actors based on their family position rather than from their formal office in the business itself. The flow of insider information – or not – can be a source of informal family member power to influence decisions. Conflicts sparked in these contexts can be difficult to put out as necessary regular interaction to run the business fuels the flames of conflict.
Conflicts may cause family members to leave the family business. Yet many such businesses are private concerns with an illiquid share market. This makes both the pricing and the timing of such withdrawals challenging. This may depress the sale value of the shareholding being sold.
The conflicts in each of the spheres are essentially relationship based or task based. Relationship ones are more personality driven. It results in more time on office politics than the business task in hand. It detracts from focusing on what is relevant to the business. The more senior the personnel who are party to this dispute, the more likely it will have wider impact on the business. A task conflict is a dispute focused on differing ideas about a task to be performed. A task conflict, if localised as just that can be beneficial to a business. It contributes to the important need for the strategy and operations of the family business to be seen from different angles so that strategy and operations evolve into more robust forms for the renewal, profitability and survival of the family business.
That said, task disputes need to be managed well to avoid their escalation and transformation into relationship disputes. Family members need to be aware that discussions should focus on the task and people should perceive such discussions in that light. Furthermore, a family business with excessive task disputes may have management and/or owners that profoundly disagree on the strategy or the state of the operations of the business. Therefore, there needs to be task disputes, but not too many of them.
In short, family businesses need a moderate level of task disputes within management and between management and owners. This is for creative tension, accountability and transparency. Beyond that, disputes are generally destructive affairs. My colleagues and I at Nexa have experience of many types and settings of disputes as business professionals and dispute resolution professionals. We are keen to focus on the practical and the pragmatic to resolve matters and de-escalate situations. If you have a tension, misunderstanding or conflict in your family business that concerns you, Nexa may be able to assist in its resolution.
For more information please contact Henry Clarke using henry.clarke@nexa.law
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ISO/TR 10688:2015 provides a summary of the formulae used for determining the optical properties of pulp, paper and board. This Technical Report is to be used in conjunction with the particular International Standards for the determination of the desired optical properties.
ISO/TR 10688:2015 provides the information necessary for those involved in development of software for computation of optical properties in accordance with current ISO standards.