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The area's early inhabitants, the Dakota and Ojibwe/Anishinaabe, enjoyed the rich, natural beauty long before it was explored by Europeans who fell in love with the land, waterways, wildlife, trees, plants and rich soil. The arrival of these adventurous settlers changed the landscape as they built their farms and communities and eventually began logging and mining operations.
The Native American culture is celebrated in William Kent Krueger's captivating novels featuring Cork O'Connor in Minnesota's north country of the Anishinaabe. There are also historical sites, movies and books commemorating the settlers' lives in this new land of opportunity.
In the "Little House on the Prairie" series by Laura Ingalls Wilder, the Ingalls family eventually settled in Minnesota. Garrison Keillor's "A Prairie Home Companion" and Howard Mohr's "How to Talk Minnesotan" became symbols of stereotypical life in this 32nd state of the union.
With parks, lakes, rivers, trails and resorts, Minnesota is a favored destination. The Mississippi River, with its bridges and dams, continues to play an important role in the economy, lifestyle and recreation of Minnesotans as it flows south.
Today, the state is a leader in healthcare, education, quality of life and standard of living. The Minneapolis/St. Paul metro is home to universities, theatres, hotels, shopping, dining, entertainment, sporting events, the international airport, and the world-famous Mall of America.
Headquartered in Minnesota are 3M, General Mills, Target, Best Buy and Cargill.
The renowned Mayo Clinic is in Rochester, Minnesota.
Festivals are a big deal in MN, with names such as HollyDazzle, AppleFest, Sweetheart Days, Hoghead Festival, Potato Bowl, Bayfront Blues, Northern Spark and Bockfest.
Let's not forget the Saint Paul Winter Carnival, Minneapolis Aquatennial, Minnesota Renaissance Festival and the MN State Fair.
The port of Duluth on the gorgeous shores of Lake Superior attracts visitors all year long.
You'll find a race to enjoy at Canterbury Park in Shakopee, Grandma's Marathon in Duluth, Elko Speedway, Brainerd Raceway and in Cuyuna for the Woodtick Races!
Professional sports teams include the Vikings, Twins, Wild, Timberwolves, Saints and Lynx.
With its impressive lakes and rivers, prairies and woods, sports and music, culture and education, Minnesota has something for everyone. Housing is available in a wide range of styles and price ranges, with choices from urban to rural living and waterfront to wooded sites. With its exquisite change of seasons, the state attracts active families and relaxed retirees.
To find real estate agents who know the area, current market, and opportunities to suit your wish list, check out HOMEiA's list of preferred agents. We've interviewed agents and checked their reviews to find the most knowledgeable and friendly guidance available.
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Experiencing the magic of Minnesota winter is undeniably a one-of-a-kind experience. Topping the list of America's largest urban centers for cold weather, Minneapolis and its surrounding cities are known for…
Eagan is a lively yet peaceful southeastern suburb of the Twin Cities. With a population of 67,509, it is the largest city in Dakota County and the eighth most populous…
Christmas is a magical time across the country—and Minnesota is no exception. The holiday is a joyous Christian celebration of the birth of Jesus, the Son of God, to Mary…
The Land of 10,000 Lakes has a loyal and growing fan base. Some are born and raised Minnesotan and choose to stay. Others leave, but make their way back when…
St. Louis Park is a great place to find a balance between the bustling energy of the city and the quiet, down-to-earth feel of a smaller town. This community of…
7 Key Factors that make Lakeville one of the Best MN Cities for Buying a House and Raising a Family With its downtown mix of old and new, overall spirit…
Those who are looking for the best places to live in Northern America often find Minnesota ranked among the top 10 states in the U.S. "Home is where the heart…
Mankato is a bustling retail and entertainment hub with the feel of a small town where everyone knows your name—in a good way. Neighborhoods feature cozy homes with well-kept yards.…
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The South Carolina Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) Program provides grants to eligible local governments (towns, cities and counties) that do not directly receive CDBG funding from the US Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD). CDBG grants can fund a wide variety of projects from revitalizing neighborhoods to improving community infrastructure, providing public facilities and creating or retaining jobs. The state program is administered by the South Carolina Department of Commerce, Division of Grants Administration.


Meprolight, M21 Reflex Sight, Bullseye Reticle, Quick Release Picatinny Mount, Matte Black.
The MEPRO 21 provides instant, all light aiming capability, without batteries. Designed through close collaboration with Israeli Special Forces, the MEPRO M21 is battle proven, simple to use accurately and totally reliable.
MEPRO 21 offers a large 30mm diameter lens which allows rapid target acquisition with both eyes open. This was the first reflex sight in the world designed for close quarter combat, and it can be ordered with optional reticles: dot, triangle, open x and bullseye.
Illumination of the aiming point is achieved by a fiber optic collector system during the day, and by a miniature self powered tritium light source at night. Transition between the two systems is instantaneous and automatic to assure good contrast between the aiming dot and the target area.
The MEPRO 21 reflex sight offers users the ability to acquire targets accurately at any range, in any situation, with both eyes open.
The MEPRO 21 is also designed to work in tandem with a magnifying scope like the MEPRO MX3 mounted behind it for ultimate accuracy.


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Q: Entering file locations in the Deployment Manager screen in Delphi XE7 for iOS This question is related to my last question regarding file locations on the iOS platform. The TPath functions work a treat - thanks for the answer (Operation not permitted when trying to create a TFileStream Object on iOS8). I now have a problem with the database, initially I bundled it with the App which worked fine for reading data, but I can not write to the database because it is in the app folder. I have read the Apple developer documentation regarding db files and it suggests putting db files in to the apps Library folder. My question is how to enter this location into the deployment manager in XE7 I have tried .\Library\DBFolder but that does not work. I read the help file in XE7 which suggested putting user files in StartUp\Documents and retrieve the path programmatically using 'TPath.Combine(TPath.GetDocumentsPath, 'filename')' again, this does not work.
Thanks in advance.
Charlie

A: Ok until I hear otherwise, this looks like it can't be done. The solution is Transfer the files in question to the read only bundle folder then on first launch, copy the files to the application's Library folder - it just slows down the first launch a little - but it works a treat.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Table of contents: you should create a table of contents that will be of good quality. You can do this by using the in built functions of your word processing software. This is the simplest way of doing and you should not do it manually.
Paragraphs: you have to create paragraphs that are pleasing to the eye. Do not make them too big or to small so that there is a nice flow to them. You'll see this approach will allow you to create the kind of project that is attractive to read.
Look at examples: to get some pointers on how to get the correct formatting you just need to take a peek at the many different example projects out there.
Hire a professional formatter: you can hire an individual to format the work for you. This will not cost as much as you think if you hire the correct professional.
Get the right help: you need to prepare yourself before formatting so that you are able to get it right. Don't begin your project until you know how you will do it from a formatting standpoint.
Ask the teacher for help: it may be the case that specific departmental rules need to be followed with regards to the formatting. Therefore, you should take a look at what your teacher has to say on the subject.
Take your time: do not rush this recess because you will get other things wrong, so take your time to get it right.
Ask your friends: if you wish to get some fast help on how to get the formatting right then you can ask your friends. Therefore, you should get in contact with the classmates that you can trust and get the info you need.
Use example project: you can download an example project and simply delete all of the information. You'll be left with a shell of a document that has the correct formatting.
It is not that hard: the Chicago formatting style is not as hard as you might think. Just be patient with it and you'll be alright.


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Home Archives 2012 October 10
Daily Archives: Oct 10, 2012
Spiral spotted around red giant star R Sculptoris by ALMA telescope
A unique spiral structure encircling dying star R Sculptoris has been captured by scientists for the first time. The spectacular picture is one of the...
Turkey intercepts Syrian plane suspected of carrying weapons
Turkish fighter jets have forced a Syrian passenger plane suspected of carrying weapons to land in Ankara. Military communications devices were confiscated, and the Airbus...
iPad Mini leaked pictures revealed
Apple's iPad Mini has apparently been revealed in full for the first time in the best set of pictures yet leaked on the internet. Sonny...
Lance Armstrong ran the most sophisticated doping program in cycling history, says USADA report
Cyclist Lance Armstrong's team ran "the most sophisticated, professionalised and successful doping programme the sport has ever seen" according to a report by the...
Eating two servings of fish a week while pregnant halves the risk of ADHD
The amount of fish a woman eats while pregnant may affect her child's chances of developing attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Eating fish twice a week was...
Lindsay Lohan and her mother get into violent fight after a night out clubbing
Police were called after Lindsay Lohan got into a "violent fight" with her mother Dina in the early hours of Wednesday morning. According to TMZ,...
Honey Boo Boo gets her own 24-hour bodyguard
June Shannon has hired a 24-hour bodyguard to protect her youngest daughter, Honey Boo Boo. The security measure is believed to be in response to...
Barack Obama Facebook page receives more than 1 million Likes daily using Sponsored Stories feature
President Barack Obama has enjoyed a surge in Facebook "likes", thanks to a co-ordinated social media campaign. His team paid for "Sponsored Stories" to appear...
Yekaterina Samutsevich of Pussy Riot freed in Russia
A Moscow court has freed Yekaterina Samutsevich, one of the convicted women from the punk band Pussy Riot, but upheld two-year jail terms for...
Sarah Brightman will travel to space
Sarah Brightman is to travel as a space tourist to the International Space Station. The classical recording artist, once married to Lord Andrew Lloyd Webber,...
RSA Distributed Credential Protection splits passwords in two to foil hacker attacks
A product that scrambles and then splits users' passwords in two before storing them on different computer servers has been unveiled by RSA. The security...
Richard Gere ordered out of Nick and Toni's restaurant by irate husband after flirting with beautiful blonde
Richard Gere's close attention to an attractive blonde at restaurant is reported to have led to a confrontation with her angry husband. Richard Gere, 63,...
China pulls out IMF and World Bank meetings in Japan
Zhou Xiaochuan, the governor of China's central bank, has pulled out of the International Monetary Fund and World Bank meetings being held in Japan. The...
2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry: Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka awarded for cell signals work
The 2012 Nobel Prize in Chemistry has gone to US researchers Robert Lefkowitz and Brian Kobilka, whose work shed light on how the billions...
Germany will allow circumcision
The German government has backed new legislation aimed at ending a legal dispute over the religious tradition of circumcision. The cabinet has announced support for...
Rhea Perlman removes wedding band after 30 years
Danny DeVito and Rhea Perlman announced their divorce just 24 hours ago, but she is wasting no time in soldiering on as an independent...
Scary Beautiful front-heeled shoes designed by Leanie van der Vyver
Lady Gaga is notorious for her love of outlandish heels so she will probably be in the front of the fashionista queue to get...
Britney Spears Fantasy Twist: two fragrances, Fantasy and Midnight Fantasy, packaged as one
Britney Spears is introducing her new fragrance Fantasy Twist, consisting in two fragrances Fantasy and Midnight Fantasy packaged as one. The singer's two faces appear...
HRT may cut risk of heart attack
Women who take hormone replacement therapy (HRT) may cut their risk of heart problems, a study suggests, but experts are still cautious about long-term...
Pussy Riot appeal opens in Moscow
The adjourned appeal hearing for three activists from the Russian punk band Pussy Riot has started in Moscow. In August, the trio were jailed for...
Toyota recalls 7.4 million cars worldwide over faulty window switches
Toyota is voluntarily recalling more than 7 million vehicles worldwide, including some Yaris, Corolla and Camry models, over faulty window switches. Toyota said these would...
Big Bird creators urge Obama campaign to withdraw new ad using the character to attack Mitt Romney
The creators of Big Bird have called on the Obama campaign to withdraw a new advertisement that uses the character in an attack on...
Ibragim Todashev implicates himself and Tamerlan Tsarnaev in Brendan Mess and other two murder case
Ibragim Todashev, friend of Boston bombing suspect Tamerlan Tsarnaev, implicated himself and Tamerlan in a 2011 triple slaying just before …Read More »
Justin Bieber brawl at South Pointe club in New York
Justin Bieber's latest partying at a New York club ended in a bloody brawl on Saturday night. Justin Bieber, 19, …Read More »
Lady Gaga's restaurant smacked with a C grade after health officials inspection
The high-end Manhattan restaurant owned by Lady Gaga and her family has been slammed by health officials for its filthy …Read More »
Lisa Colagrossi dies of brain aneurysm at 49
WABC/Channel 7's Eyewitness News reporter Lisa Colagrossi died on March 20 after suffering a brain hemorrhage following an aneurysm. Lisa …Read More »
Mount Everest plane crash kills 19 people in Nepal
A plane heading for the Everest region has crashed in Nepal's capital, killing all 19 people on board, local officials …Read More »

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Alcohol and drug prevention programs help support communities to grow in wellness and health. Prevention works!
In Vermont, tickborne illnesses are most often transmitted between early spring and late fall since ticks are most active during warm months. Be Tick Smart - take action against bites to prevent Lyme and other diseases.


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About SB American News
Arrest Records for SB County (Updated Daily)
Digital Rates
ISSUU Edition
Legal Document Upload
FBI Vetting Troops Before Inauguration
What does "Black History Month"mean to me?
Dr. Gail C. Christopher Delivers NDORH Message Encouraging Racial Healing
America Honors Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Celebrating Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Op-ed Submission: A letter to my daughter: "From the Promise to the Precipice"
Community Organizations Condemn Local Elected Officials for Mishandling COVID-19 Response
San Bernardino American News
Renewing Martin Luther King's Dream by Renewing Our Minds
sbamericannews January 21, 2020
Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Mathew Ahmann at the Civil Rights March on Washington, D.C. (National Archives)
Dr. Kelvin "Kelly" Wright and Bernice King.
By Dr. Kelvin "Kelly" Wright
"Do not conform to the pattern of this world, but be transformed by the renewing of your mind," a scripture reading from Romans 12:2.
Transformation is something the Reverend Doctor Martin Luther King, Junior was in pursuit of. He was seeking to fulfill his God given dream to help lead all people to the promise land of true brotherhood. On this national holiday we observe the birthday of Martin Luther King Jr., a drum major who followed the drumbeat of a different drum. He did not follow the world's cadence of anger, discord and violence but chose to operate in the unforced rhythm of God's grace to take a stand against racism, militarism, injustice and poverty. He sought to serve others in his quest to achieve equality in civil and economic rights for Black Americans, along with a demand for criminal justice reforms.
In 1963, I remember as a child sitting at home in Hagerstown, Maryland with my mother and grandmother in our living room watching a network news report on the March on Washington for Jobs and Justice. The report showed Dr. King delivering what would become a speech literally heard around the world and echoed throughout history, "I Have A Dream."
It was a dream that set into motion the transformation of race relations in America. Dr. King's leadership in the non-violent struggle for civil rights earned him the distinction of being called a "drum major for justice, a drum major for peace."
But to his four children, he was simply known as "daddy."
Dr. King was mindful of his children when he delivered his famous address, "I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character."
Dr. King's youngest child, Bernice King, has followed in her father's footsteps, becoming an ordained minister and continues his legacy. She believes that her dad's dream for his children to be judged by the content of their character has, in many ways, become a reality. She says, "new generations of people have benefited greatly because of the dream but we still have more work to do."
King recently talked to me about her reflections of her father. Her dad's incredible contribution to the world, she explained, is a result of his extraordinary faith in God. As I talked with her, she told me that everything her daddy did, came out of his personal commitment to Jesus Christ.
King recalls how her dad's deep faith helped him overcome the pressures from leading the non-violent struggle for Civil Rights, particularly when the burden became too heavy to bear: "I remember in the beginning when he was about to give up because he got a call that threatened to blow up his home where my mom and my sister were. He was in the kitchen and just before midnight, he told God; I'm at the end of my powers. I'm just down here trying to do right. Why do I have to deal with all of these evil and wicked people? Why are people so mean-spirited? Why can't people understand goodness and the good works we're trying to do? Why is there so much hate?"
King continued that her dad had grown weary and felt he could not continue; he was at the end of his rope. She explained to me; "It was at that point that he said he heard the voice of God say; "Martin Luther King, Junior! Stand up for justice! Stand up for righteousness! And I will be with you until the end."
Essentially, Dr. King went through what I refer to as a "Jesus in the garden of Gethsemane" moment. King was facing the very real threat of death for seeking to do what was right in the eyes of God. He knew in the eyes of man, if he would continue to carry his cross of love for humanity, the very depravity of mankind could crush him and his family. But from that encounter with God in his kitchen, his extraordinary faith compelled him to keep moving forward with his noble cause, even in the face of death.
Scripture tells us when we encounter adversity as King surely did, "We are hard pressed on every side, but not crushed; perplexed, but not abandoned; struck down, but not destroyed. Therefore, we do not lose heart."
Of her daddy's accomplishments, Bernice humbly says, "It's emotional to know that you're connected to a man who had such a great impact on this world. It's a humbling experience to know that he's my dad."
Dr. King, a dedicated Baptist minister with brilliant oratory skills, the academic prowess of a scholar, and the wisdom of a prophet, faithfully and courageously challenged America to embrace his dream of a better, stronger and united America. I asked Bernice how we have gone astray in fulfilling that dream.
"It goes back to economics and spirituality. Those two issues I think are very critical. And the whole fervor of materialism in our society and self-centeredness has taken us away. And so, instead of people focusing on God first and everything else next, we've reversed those priorities. So, our values and our priorities are off."
She adds; "Daddy talked about this in 1967. He forewarned that if we're not careful, we will become a "thing" oriented society and not "people centered" and all of these different crises are going to emerge. And that's what's been happening."
With that, King's daughter acknowledged how the world has shattered her daddy's dream. She points out how we are still confronted with poverty, crippling illiteracy, poor education, and senseless violence. "You think about what happened in Newtown, Connecticut. I mean that should have jolted us like nothing else. We saw 6-year-olds losing their life so senselessly. I'm thinking about Chicago and all of those young people who are killing each other. What has happened to a society that has turned away from that kind of situation and not realize this speaks to who "we are." as a nation and a cancer in our society. The situation with Trayvon Martin, everyday there are several Trayvon Martins; not in the black community but in the Hispanic/Latino communities and other communities.
Were he living today, Dr. King would listen to politicians, civil rights and faith leaders agitate bloviate, instigate and aggravate. Then he would seek to elevate, motivate and demonstrate God's view for healing the painful wounds of the past and bridge the deep divide with the bonds of reconciliation.
In 1963, as he sat in a Birmingham jail, he wrote about becoming an extremist to deal with the extreme issues of hate and division.
He advised Americans to become more like Jesus as an extremist in love — "your enemies, bless them that curse you, pray for them who despitefully use you."
His daughter says, "One of the most important traits in unconditional love is the capacity to forgive. It's very easy to become bitter. It's very easy to become angry. It's very easy to want to take revenge or retaliation. We must have the capacity to have the mentality that says by destroying them; part of me is being destroyed because they're part of my humanity.
"My dad lost his life but look at what the world has gained. Even though he didn't make it to see that Promised Land he talked about and everybody hasn't made it to this Promised Land he talked about but there are people that are benefiting from the life and ultimate sacrifice that he made."
Reflecting on King's legacy, we would serve ourselves well if we could follow his example of spiritual depth, courageous leadership and unselfish service. Like King, we must seek transformation by the renewing of our minds. Let us remember that Dr. King did not conform to the culture of hate but followed the pattern of love. He said; "I have decided to stick with love. Hate is too great a burden to bear." Let's continue the King dream and legacy by boldly and courageously spreading God's love, freedom and peace.
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Two years ago, Frictional Games delivered a first-person horror game called Amnesia: The Dark Descent. The moody corridor crawler tasked players with lighting the way via a lantern and scattered lamps while evading terrible creatures lurking in the shadows. The Dark Descent ignored combat altogether, instead asking players to run and hide when discovered by a monster. The tense and unforgettable game has given rise to a new wave of combat free, first-person horror games. The Chinese Room (Dear Esther) is up to bat for this sequel to the trend-setting original. The Dark Descent's flight over fight formula was effective, but A Machine for Pigs doesn't throw in enough threats to keep players on the edge of their seat throughout.
A Machine for Pigs' story is told as much through the environment as the scattered files and voiceover work. Set during the industrial revolution, players plod through the depths of a terrible factory that exploits humanity in disturbing ways. I enjoyed exploring the dim hallways of a mansion all the way down to the rattling, steaming bowels of the underground factory. Bold players are destined to discover the horrendous business practices afoot in this processing plant. I saw the main twist coming a mile away, but The Chinese Room unravels the story with its unique flair. Opaque, stylishly written journal entries add deeper meaning to the blood-splattered hallways and creaking processing lines. A disembodied voice frequently speaks to the amnesiac protagonist, peppering clues to his sordid past. I like the story A Machine for Pigs tells, but it feels like The Chinese Room is more concerned with controlling the narrative than letting players get lost in the dark.
Horror is at its best when the audience's minds fill in the gaps between scares. The original game was conservative with dispersing its monsters, but A Machine for Pigs feels too much so. The Chinese Room shows you plenty of monsters from behind the safety of artificial barriers, but legitimately dangerous encounters are scant. Amnesia: The Dark Descent shined brightest when throwing in an enemy that prompted players to flee into the shadows and hide behind a pile of boxes. Those moments are woefully rare in A Machine for Pigs. A few open sections require players to evade stalking ghouls, but most of the encounters feel too straightforward. For example, one enemy gives chase when walking down a linear path through city streets, which obviously provokes players to keep running forward. I felt like the scares were prodding me down the scripted path of the story rather than leaving the survival strategy up to me. The predictable monster design is also a step back from the gruesome abominations of The Dark Descent. It's hard to remain frightened while exploring the factory when you feel like the game is pulling punches.
Using your lantern to navigate the darkness is necessary, and it escalates the tension. The original game required players to collect oil for the lantern and tinder boxes to light lamps along the way. These resources have been axed for a lantern with an infinite supply of oil. This more-reliable lantern enables players to explore the environments freely, but reduces motivation for exploring every nook and cranny. Lighting a breadcrumb trail of lamps was a key layer of tension in the original that is sorely missed in this sequel. A Machine For Pigs attempts to compensate by causing the lantern to flicker unreliably when enemies are near, but this only further dampens the scares. I began using the light source like the radio from Silent Hill, removing some surprise from enemy ambushes.
It feels like a trek through an understaffed haunted house crafted by artists with something to say about the ugly past of industrial progress. The winding, linear path is interrupted with simple crank-turning puzzles with the goal of repairing or sabotaging intimidating machinery. But these tasks just feel like distractions without the omnipresent threat of running out of light. One memorable moment interrupts a backtracking fetch quest with a sudden enemy appearance, but like many of the other frights this is just a false start.
The Chinese Room proves once again that it has wonderful, affecting stories to tell and can create environments that ooze atmosphere. The same could be said of some of the horror film genre's best directors. However, A Machine for Pigs guides players along the bloody processing line too strictly, removing the impact of interactivity. I had trouble giving into the scares when I knew each one was carefully prepared and mostly benign dressing or loud noises. It will still rattle of the faint of heart, but survivors of the original will feel like they've endured worse.
A Machine for Pigs doesn't throw in enough threats to keep players on the edge of their seat throughout.
Entertainment More linear and story-driven than the original, but a disturbing, cerebral trek into some of the best scares the genre has to offer.


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Edna Greene Medford
Carla L. Peterson
Barnet Schecter
Harold Holzer (moderator)
Thu, March 15th, 2012 | 7:30 pm
In the summer of 1863, in the simmering cauldron of New York City, tensions over the new Union draft law boiled over into a vicious, bloody, racially-motivated riot, the second-largest civil insurrection in American history after the Civil War itself. Experts examine the causes of the conflict, its sickening violence and the enduring legacy it left on New York.
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Relating Tags:
Liberty/Liberte
draft wheel
Draft Riots
Harold Holzer
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http://www.nyhistory.org/node/70287
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programs > past programs > The Draft Riots, Part II
The Draft Riots, Part II
Live on Zoom
Women's History Salons
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Other Events at N-YHS
Edna Greene Medford, Carla L. Peterson, Barnet Schecter, Harold Holzer (moderator)
(Members $12)
Speakers Bio(s)
Edna Greene Medford is Professor of History at Howard University and the editor of Historical Perspectives of the African Burial Ground Project: New York Blacks and the Diaspora. Carla L. Peterson is a professor in the Department of English at the University of Maryland. Her latest book is Black Gotham: A Family History of African Americans in Nineteenth-Century New York City. Barnet Schecter is an historian and the author of several books, including The Devil's Own Work: The Civil War Draft Riots and the Fight to Reconstruct America. Harold Holzer (moderator) is a winner of the National Humanities Medal and the author, coauthor or editor of 42 books on Lincoln and the Civil War era. His latest book is Emancipating Lincoln.
The Robert H. Smith Auditorium at the New-York Historical Society, 170 Central Park West, New York, NY 10024
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To purchase tickets to public programs by phone, please call the New-York Historical Society's new in-house call center at (212) 485-9268. Call center is open 9 am–5 pm daily. Advance tickets may also be purchased on site at the New-York Historical Society admissions desk. Advance purchase is required to guarantee seating. All sales are final and payments cannot be refunded. Programs and dates may be subject to change. Management reserves the right to refuse admission to latecomers.


We offer luxury studio salons to independent salon professionals including cosmetologists, aestheticians, massage therapists, and other beauty professionals. We are dedicated to providing the ultimate salon experience for our professionals and their guests. Our studio salon system provides the opportunity to operate as independent entrepreneurs in an upscale environment. Each professional can practice his or her specialty in a comfortable and private setting.
To enjoy the benefits of owning your own salon, visit our Professionals page to learn more about how you can join Capelli's community.
professionals on our Studio Directory.
professionals on our Studio Directory..


The pig target worked as described. Handles pistol and .22. It's only 1/4 inch so I figured it would not be great for full power rifles. I purchased it as more of a testing piece to see how well 1/4 inch steel stood up to full rifle rounds.
I shot the pig with 30-06, 7.62x39, and 5.56 NATO. It actually did ok against the 30-06 and 7.62x39, only small dents. The 5.56 however put some deep dents in the pig (no craters though) which I expected being FMJ and high velocity.
Overall great for .22 or handgun plinking.
As with all your other targets my pig is a hoot to shoot!


text:
require('dotenv').config();

import * as express from 'express';
import bodyParser = require('body-parser');
import * as path from 'path';

const app = express();

app.use(bodyParser.json()); // for parsing application/json
app.use(bodyParser.urlencoded({ extended: true })); // for parsing application/x-www-form-urlencoded
app.use((req, res, next) => {
    res.header("Access-Control-Allow-Origin", "*");
    res.header("Access-Control-Allow-Methods", "GET, PUT, POST, DELETE, PATCH, OPTIONS");
    res.header("Access-Control-Allow-Headers", "Origin, X-Requested-With, Content-Type, Accept, Authorization");
    next();
});

const timeout = 60 * 1000;
const conversationId = "mockversation";
const expires_in = 1800;
const streamUrl = "http://nostreamsupport";

const get_token = (req: express.Request) =>
    (req.headers["authorization"] || "works/all").split(" ")[1];

const sendExpiredToken = (res: express.Response) => {
    res.status(403).send({ error: { code: "TokenExpired" } });
}

const sendStatus = (res: express.Response, code: string) => {
    const num = Number(code);
    if (isNaN(num))
        res.send(500).send("Mock Failed; unknown test");
    else
        res.status(num).send();
}

app.post('/mock/tokens/generate', (req, res) => {
    const token = get_token(req);

    res.send({
        conversationId,
        token,
        expires_in
    });
});

app.post('/mock/tokens/refresh', (req, res) => {
    const token = get_token(req);

    res.send({
        conversationId,
        token,
        expires_in
    });
});

let counter: number;
let messageId: number;
let queue: Activity[];

app.post('/mock/conversations', (req, res) => {
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    queue = [];
    messageId = 0;
    const [test, area] = get_token(req).split("/");
    if (test === 'works' || area !== 'start')
        startConversation(req, res);
    else switch (test) {
        case 'timeout':
            setTimeout(() => startConversation(req, res), timeout);
            return;
        default:
            // assume to be a status code
            sendStatus(res, test);
            return;
    }
});

const startConversation = (req: express.Request, res: express.Response) => {
    const token = get_token(req);
    const [test, area] = token.split("/");

    res.send({
        conversationId,
        token,
        expires_in,
        streamUrl
    });
    sendMessage(res, `Welcome to MockBot! Here is test ${test} on area ${area}`);
}

interface Activity {
    type: string,
    timestamp?: string,
    textFormat?: string,
    text?: string,
    channelId?: string,
    attachmentLayout?: string,
    attachments?: Attachment,
    id?: string,
    from?: { id?: string, name?: string }
}

interface Attachment {

}

const sendMessage = (res: express.Response, text: string) => {
    queue.push({
        type: "message",
        text
    })
}

const sendActivity = (res: express.Response, activity: Activity) => {
    queue.push(activity)
}

app.post('/mock/conversations/:conversationId/activities', (req, res) => {
    const token = get_token(req);
    const [test, area, count] = token.split("/");
    if (test === 'works' || area !== 'post' || !count || ++counter < Number(count))
        postMessage(req, res);
    else switch (test) {
        case 'timeout':
            setTimeout(() => postMessage(req, res), timeout);
            return;
        case 'expire':
            sendExpiredToken(res);
            return;
        default:
            // assume to be a status code
            sendStatus(res, test);
            return;
    }
});

const postMessage = (req: express.Request, res: express.Response) => {
    const id = messageId++;
    res.send({
        id,
    });
    processCommand(req, res, req.body.text, id);
}

// Getting testing commands from map
let commands = require('../commands_map');

const processCommand = (req: express.Request, res: express.Response, cmd: string, id: number) => {
    if (commands[cmd] && commands[cmd].server) {
        commands[cmd].server(res, sendActivity);
    }
    else {
        switch (cmd) {
            case 'end':
                setTimeout(
                    () => {
                        process.exitCode = 0;
                        process.exit();
                    }, 3000);
                return;
            default:
                sendActivity(res, {
                    type: "message",
                    timestamp: new Date().toUTCString(),
                    channelId: "webchat",
                    text: "echo: " + req.body.text
                });
                return;
        }
    }
}

app.post('/mock/conversations/:conversationId/upload', (req, res) => {
    const token = get_token(req);
    const [test, area, count] = token.split("/");
    if (test === 'works' || area !== 'upload' || !count || ++counter < Number(count))
        upload(req, res);
    else switch (test) {
        case 'timeout':
            setTimeout(() => upload(req, res), timeout);
            return;
        case 'expire':
            sendExpiredToken(res);
            return;
        default:
            // assume to be a status code
            sendStatus(res, test);
            return;
    }
});

const upload = (req: express.Request, res: express.Response) => {
    const id = messageId++;
    res.send({
        id,
    });
}

app.get('/mock/conversations/:conversationId/activities', (req, res) => {
    const token = get_token(req);
    const [test, area, count] = token.split("/");
    if (test === 'works' || area !== 'get' || !count || ++counter < Number(count))
        getMessages(req, res);
    else switch (test) {
        case 'timeout':
            setTimeout(() => getMessages(req, res), timeout);
            return;
        case 'expire':
            sendExpiredToken(res);
            return;
        default:
            // assume to be a status code
            sendStatus(res, test);
            return;
    }
});

const getMessages = (req: express.Request, res: express.Response) => {
    if (queue.length > 0) {
        let msg = queue.shift();
        let id = messageId++;
        msg.id = id.toString();
        msg.from = { id: "id", name: "name" };
        res.send({
            activities: [msg],
            watermark: id
        });
    } else {
        res.send({
            activities: [],
            watermark: messageId
        })
    }
}

app.get('/', function (req, res) {
    res.sendFile(path.join(__dirname + "/../test.html"));
});
app.get('/botchat.js', function (req, res) {
    res.sendFile(path.join(__dirname + "/../../botchat.js"));
});
app.get('/botchat.css', function (req, res) {
    res.sendFile(path.join(__dirname + "/../../botchat.css"));
});
app.get('/botchat-fullwindow.css', function (req, res) {
    res.sendFile(path.join(__dirname + "/../../botchat-fullwindow.css"));
});
app.get('/assets/:file', function(req, res){
    var file = req.params["file"];
    res.sendFile(path.join(__dirname + "/../assets/" + file));
});

let config = require('../mock_dl_server_config');

// Running Web Server and DirectLine Client on port
app.listen(process.env.port || process.env.PORT || config["port"], () => {
    console.log('listening on ' + config["port"]);
});

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
\section{Introduction}
\label{sec1}

The stated goal of the relativistic heavy-ion programs at CERN and BNL
is the study of the phase diagram of strongly interacting matter at
high temperatures and densities and the search for the quark-gluon
plasma (QGP). The discussion of a phase diagram requires thermodynamic
language. A phase transition from an initial color-deconfined QGP to a
color-confined hadronic state (as it is supposed to occur in heavy-ion
collisions) can only be reasonably well defined if the system under
study is in a state of approximate local thermodynamic equilibrium.
The application of thermal and hydrodynamic models to relativistic
heavy-ion data is therefore more than a poor man's approach to
heavy-ion dynamics, it is rather a necessity for everybody who wants
to convince himself and others that we succeeded in creating the
quark-gluon plasma (QGP) and observing the phase transition accompanying
its hadronization.

Of course, the models may fail; in fact, they must {\em necessarily}
fail beyond a certain level of detail when applied to heavy-ion data.
The reason is obvious: the collision systems are small, causing
corrections to the infinite volume limit usually assumed in the
thermodynamic approach, and they undergo a strong dynamical evolution on
time scales which are comparable to the microscopic thermalization time.
Thermal models therefore can never provide more than a rough picture of
the bulk of the phenomena, good for qualitative answers; on a more
detailed and quantitative level, the failure of the thermal model will
become manifest, and traces of genuine QCD {\em dynamics} (as opposed
to {\em thermodynamics}) will show up. But when trying to assess
{\em bulk} phenomena like QGP formation, we are not (in fact, we
{\em must} not be) primarily interested in these deviations
from thermodynamic behaviour and the traces of elementary QCD dynamics;
the latter can be studied much more easily and cleanly in elementary
lepton or hadron collisions. We should rather concentrate on the
rough global pattern of the data and try to understand them within a
(nota bene: sufficiently sophisticated, see below) thermo- and
hydrodynamic approach. On the other hand, if it turns out that not
even the rough qualitative features of the data can be understood in
this way and detailed hadronic dynamics is required even for a
superficial understanding of the observations, then we should concede
that our attempt to create ``hot QCD matter'' has failed.

Having argued in favor of a ``simple'' thermal approach to heavy-ion
data, the next questions to be addressed are (i) the level of
sophistication which the thermal model should have before being
applicable to the description of particle production in nuclear
collisions, (ii) which level of agreement between model and data
can at best be expected, and (iii) where to draw the line between
agreement and disagreement when comparing model and data. This is
what this contribution is about. At the end I will try to draw some
conclusions about what we have learnt so far from the thermal
analysis of heavy-ion data, and which further steps should be taken.

\section{Two types of ``thermal'' behaviour}
\label{sec2}

``Thermal'' behaviour can arise in {\em conceptually different}
ways, with different meanings of the ``temperature'' parameter $T$.
For us the two most important variants of ``thermal'' behaviour are the
following:

{\bf 1.} The {\em statistical occupation of hadronic phase-space} with
minimum information. The latter is in practice provided by external
constraints on the total available energy $E$, baryon number $B$,
strangeness $S$ and, possibly, a constraint $\lambda_s$ on the overall
fraction of strange hadrons. ``Thermal'' behaviour arises in this case
via the {\em Maximum Entropy Principle} in which the ``temperature'' $T$
and ``fugacities'' $e^{\mu_b/T}$, $e^{\mu_s/T}$ (which in the canonical
approach are replaced by so-called ``chemical factors''
\cite{becattini,BH97}) occur as Lagrange multipliers for the
constraints. Examples are nucleon emission from an evaporating
compound nucleus in low-energy nuclear physics and hadronization in
$e^+e^-$, $pp$ and $p\bar p$ collisions (hadron yields
\cite{becattini,BH97} and $m_\perp$-spectra~\cite{sollfrank}). The
number of parameters to fit the data in such a situation is equal
to the number of ``conserved quantities'' (constraints), and it
reflects directly the information content of the fitted observable(s).
This type of ``thermal'' behaviour requires {\em no} rescattering and
{\em no} interactions among the hadrons, there is no isotropic pressure
and no collective flow in the hadronic final state and, in fact, the
concept of {\em local} equilibrium can {\em not} be applied. Of course,
this type of ``thermal'' behaviour is not really what we are interested
in in heavy ion collisions, except as a baseline against which to
differentiate interesting phenomena.

{\bf 2.} Thermalization of a non-equilibrium initial state by {\em
 kinetic equilibration} (rescattering). This does require (strong!)
interactions among the hadrons. Here one must differentiate between
{\em thermal} equilibration (reflected in the shape of the momentum
spectra), which defines the temperature $T$, and {\em chemical}
equilibration (reflected in the particle yields and ratios) which
defines the chemical potentials in a grand canonical description. The
first is driven by the {\em total} hadron-hadron cross section while
the second relies on usually much smaller {\em inelastic} cross
sections and thus happens more slowly. This type of equilibrium is
accompanied by pressure which drives collective flow (radial expansion
into the vacuum as well as directed and elliptic flow in non-central
collisions). In heavy ion collisions it is realized {\em at most
locally}, in the form of local thermal and/or chemical equilibrium --
due to the absence of confining walls there is never a global equilibrium.
This is the type of ``thermal'' behaviour which we are searching for in
heavy-ion collisions.

I stress that {\em flow} is an unavoidable consequence of this type of
equilibration. Thermal fits without flow to hadron spectra are not
consistent with the kinetic thermalization hypothesis. Flow contains
information; it is described by three additional fit parameters
$\vec{v}(x)$. This information is related to the pressure history in
the early stages of the collision and thereby (somewhat indirectly) to
the equation of state of the hot matter.

Most thermal fits work with global parameters $T$ and $\mu$ which, at
first sight, appears inconsistent with what I just said. Here the
role of freeze-out becomes important: freeze-out cuts off the
hydrodynamical evolution of the thermalized region via a kinetic
freeze-out criterium \cite{freeze} which involves the particle
densities, cross sections and the expansion rate. In practice freeze-out
may, but need not occur at nearly the same temperature everywhere
\cite{freeze}.

Clearly a thermal fit to hadron production data (if it works) is not
the end, but rather the beginning of our understanding. One
must still check the {\em dynamical consistency} of the fit
parameters $T_f$, $\mu_f$, $\vec{v}_f$: can one find equations of
state and initial conditions which yield such freeze-out parameters?
Which dynamical models can be excluded?

\section{The hadronic phase diagram}
\label{sec3}

In figure \ref{figure1} I show a recent version of the phase diagram
for strongly interacting matter, with various sets of data points
included \cite{S97,Hqm97,BMSqm97,Mqm97,CR98}. In the present section
I discuss the meaning of this figure and explain how these data points
were obtained. In the next section I will discuss some problems connected
with the extraction procedures.

\begin{figure}[t]
\caption[]{Compilation of freezeout points from SIS to SPS energies.
Filled symbols: chemical freeze-out points from hadron abundances. Open
symbols: thermal freeze-out points from momentum spectra and
two-particle correlations. For each system, chemical and thermal
freeze-out were assumed to occur at the same value $\mu_B/T$.The shaded
region indicates the parameter range of the expected transition to a QGP.
\label{figure1}}
\begin{indented}
\item[]\hspace{0cm}\epsfxsize 12cm \epsfbox{sqm98f1.ps}
\end{indented}
\end{figure}

\subsection{Chemical freeze-out}
\label{sec3a}
\subsubsection{$e^+e^-$ and $pp$ collisions.}
\label{sec3a1}

Let me begin with the $e^+e^-$ data point in figure \ref{figure1}. (There
is also a $pp$ point from Ref.~\cite{BH97} which was omitted for clarity.)
In spite of what I said about case {\bf 1.} above, a ``thermal''
analysis of hadron yields in elementary collisions \cite{becattini,BH97}
is still interesting. (Of course, in this case the canonical formalism
must be used, due to the small collision volume.) The interest arises
{\em a posteriori} from the observed universality of the fit parameters,
namely a universal ``hadronization'' or ``chemical freeze-out'' temperature
$T_{\rm chem} = T_{\rm had} \approx 170$ MeV (numerically equal to the old
Hagedorn temperature $T_{\rm H}$ and consistent with the
inverse slope parameter of the $m_T$-spectra in $pp$ collisions
\cite{sollfrank}), and a universal strangeness fraction
$\lambda_s =$ $2\langle\bar s s\rangle/(\langle\bar u u \rangle +
\langle\bar d d\rangle)|_{\rm produced}$ $\approx 0.2{-}0.25$, almost
independent of $\sqrt{s}$ \cite{becattini,BH97,BGS98}.

This is most easily understood~\cite{BH97} in terms of a universal
critical energy density $\epsilon_{\rm crit}$ for hadronization which,
via the Maximum Entropy Principle, is parametrized by a universal
``hadronization temperature'' $T_{\rm had}$ and which, according to
Hagedorn, characterizes the upper limit of hadronic phase-space.
Supporting evidence comes from the observed increase with $\sqrt{s}$
of the fitted fireball volume $V_f$ (which accomodates the increasing
multiplicities and widths of the rapidity distributions). Although
higher collision energies result in larger {\em initial} energy
densities $\epsilon_0$, the collision zone subsequently undergoes more
(mostly longitudinal and not necessarily hydrodynamical) expansion until
$\epsilon_{\rm crit}$ is reached and hadron formation can proceed. The
systematics of the data can only be understood if hadron formation at
$\epsilon{>}\epsilon_{\rm crit}$ (i.e. $T{>}T_{\rm H}$ for the
corresponding Lagrange multipliers) is impossible. With this
interpretation, the chemical analysis of $e^+e^-$, $pp$ and $p\bar p$
collisions does provide one point in the $T$-$\mu_b$ phase diagram (see
figure \ref{figure1}). -- The only ``childhood memory'' of the collision
system is reflected in the low value of $\lambda_s$, indicating suppressed
strange quark production (relative to $u$ and $d$ quarks) in the early
pre-hadronic stages of the collision.

\subsubsection{$AA$ collisions: strangeness enhancement.}
\label{sec3a2}

In this light the observation \cite{S97} of a chemical freeze-out
temperature $T_{\rm chem} \approx T_{\rm H} \approx 170$ MeV in heavy-ion
collisions with sulphur beams at the SPS (figure \ref{figure1}), taken
by itself, is not really interesting. It suggests that in heavy-ion
collisions hadronization occurs via the same statistical hadronic
phase-space occupation process as in $pp$ collisions. What {\em is}
interesting, however, is the observation \cite{BGS98,G96} that the global
strangeness fraction $\lambda_s{\approx}0.4{-}0.45$ in $AA$ collisions
is about a factor 2 larger than in $e^+e^-$ and $pp$ collisions. If $pp$
and S+$A$ collisions hadronize via the same mechanism, and in S+$A$
collisions the Maximum Entropy particle yields fixed at $T_{\rm had}$
are not modified by inelastic hadronic final state rescattering, this
increase in $\lambda_s$ must reflect a {\em difference} in the properties
of the {\em prehadronic} state! In nuclear collisions the prehadronic
stage allows for more strangeness production, most likely due to a
longer lifetime before hadronization.

It was noted before \cite{BGS98,G96} that the global strangeness
enhancement occurs already in collisions between medium size nuclei
(S+S) and remains roughly unchanged in Pb+Pb collisions. In this
conference we saw data from the WA97 collaboration \cite{WA97,Lietava,Evans}
which provide two important further details:

1. While the bulk of the strangeness enhancement from $p$+Pb to Pb+Pb
collisions is carried by the kaons and hyperons ($\Lambda$, $\Sigma$),
which are enhanced by about a factor 3 near midrapidity, the enhancement
is much stronger for the doubly and triply strange baryons $\Xi$ and
$\Omega$ and their antiparticles, with an enhancement factor of about
17 (!) for $\Omega+\bar\Omega$ at midrapidity. The enhancement clearly
scales with the strangeness content \cite{Lietava}, as naively expected
in statistical and thermal models, but in stark contradiction to
expectations based on the consideration of the respective production
thresholds in hadronic (re)interactions.

2. In semicentral Pb+Pb collisions the enhancement grows linearly with
the number of participating nucleons in the collision, so the enhanced
yield of all measured strange hadron species per participating nucleon
is {\em independent of the effective size of the colliding system} from
about 150 to 400 participants \cite{WA97}. Where comparison is possible,
this systematics even carries over to central S+S collisions \cite{Evans}
with as few as 55-60 participating nucleons. So whatever causes the
enhancement in Pb+Pb collisions (e.g. the existence of a color-deconfined
prehadronic stage) is not particular to (semi)\-cen\-tral Pb+Pb collisions,
but exists already in S+S collisions! I will return to the
$A$-independence of this effect below.

At most half of the 100\% increase of global strangeness production
in $AA$ collisions can be explained \cite{SBRS98} by the removal of
canonical constraints in the small $e^+e^-$ and $pp$ collision
volumes (which would be an interesting observation in itself
because it would already imply that in nuclear collisions hadron
production and the conservation of quantum numbers occurs no longer
on nucleonic, but indeed on nuclear length scales). The remainder of
the increase must be due to extra strangeness production in the whole
fireball volume {\em before} hadronization. It is interesting to analyze
in the same way the strong $\Omega+\bar\Omega$ enhancement in Pb+Pb
(by a factor 17 relative to $p$+Pb \cite{Lietava}): of course, the $\Omega$
(carrying 3 units of strangeness) suffers a particularly strong canonical
suppression due to exact strangeness conservation in the small hadronization
volume of a $pp$ (or $p$+Pb) collision; for $T_{\rm had}\simeq 170$ MeV,
$\gamma_{\rm s}=0.5$ and $V=17.6$ fm$^3$ (as obtained by fitting $pp$
data at $\sqrt{s}=27$ GeV \cite{BH97}) $\Omega+\bar\Omega$ are
canonically suppressed by a factor 12 relative to a grand canonical
treatment \cite{Jocklpriv}. Again the observed enhancement effect in
Pb+Pb collisions is considerably larger than expected from a simple
removal of the canonical constraints.

The observed strangeness fraction $\lambda_s=0.45$ in nuclear collisions
corresponds to a strangeness saturation coefficient \cite{R91}
$\gamma_s\approx 0.7$ \cite{BGS98}. On the other hand, a value of
$\gamma_s \approx 0.7$ in the hadronic final state may, in fact, be
the upper limit reachable in heavy-ion collisions \cite{SBRS98}
because the corresponding strangeness fraction agrees with that
in a fully equilibrated QGP at $T_{\rm had} \approx 170$ MeV. If
both strangeness and entropy are conserved or increase similarly
during hadronization, $\gamma_s\approx 0.7$ in the Maximum Entropy
particle yield after hadronization would be a universal consequence
of a fully thermally and chemically equilibrated QGP before
hadronization \cite{SBRS98}. The SPS data would then be completely
consistent with such a prehadronic state.

The existence of a prehadronic stage without color confinement, both in
S+S and Pb+Pb collisions at the SPS, is also suggested by an analysis of
baryon/antibaryon ratios of different strangeness. This was stressed
at this conference by A. Bialas \cite{B98} who redid this analysis
with the new data following the ideas of Rafelski \cite{R91}.

According to figure \ref{figure1} chemical freeze-out in sulphur-induced
collisions at the SPS appears to occur {\em right at the critical line},
i.e. immediately after hadronization. The SIS data, on the other hand,
indicate much lower chemical freeze-out temperatures. The origin of this
is probably due to longer lifetimes of the reaction zone at lower beam
energies, allowing for some chemical re-equilibration by inelastic hadronic
reactions.

A tendency for some chemical re-equilibration after the hadronization of
the proposed pre-hadronic stage may also be visible in the still
preliminary Pb+Pb data at the SPS:  although thermal model analyses of
these data still give wildly scattering results \cite{BGS98,BMSqm97,LR98},
some authors \cite{LR98} find chemical freeze-out temperatures in Pb+Pb
below 140 MeV. A thermal model analysis of RQMD simulations also gives
chemical freeze-out temperatures of 172 MeV in S+S, but of only 155 MeV
in Pb+Pb collisions \cite{SHSX98}. Both analyses show a characteristic
failure to reproduce the $\Omega$ and $\bar\Omega$ yields \cite{WA97}.
This was interpreted \cite{SHSX98,HSX98} in terms of early freeze-out
of these triply strange baryons due to their small interaction cross
sections with other types of hadrons. It is interesting to observe that
in the thermal analysis of the data \cite{LR98} the model {\em underpredicts}
the measured $\Omega$ and $\bar\Omega$ yields (which prefer a higher
freeze-out temperature $T\geq 170$ MeV \cite{BMSqm97,BGS98}) while in
RQMD, which is known to produce too few $\Omega$ and $\bar \Omega$
baryons in $pp$ and $pA$ collisions, the thermal model {\em overpredicts}
the simulated yields. All this points to the $\Omega$ and $\bar\Omega$ as
relatively early hadronic messengers, and the message they seem to carry
in the Pb+Pb {\em data} is again that of the existence of a prehadronic
stage with enhanced global strangeness which hadronizes statistically at
$T_{\rm had} = T_{\rm H} \simeq 170$~MeV.

\subsection{Flow and thermal freeze-out}
\label{sec3b}

The other important observation in the hadronic sector of nuclear
collisions is that of collective flow (radial expansion flow, directed
and elliptical flow). It is usually extracted from the shape of the
single-particle momentum distributions. Radial flow, for example,
leads to a flattening of the $m_\perp$-spectra. For the analysis one
must distinguish two domains. In the relativistic domain
$p_\perp{\gg}m_0$ the inverse slope $T_{\rm app}$ of all particle
species is the same and given by the blueshift formula \cite{freeze}
$T_{\rm app}{=}T_f \sqrt{(1{+}\langle v_\perp\rangle)/(1{-}\langle
  v_\perp\rangle)}$. This formula does not allow to disentangle the
average radial flow velocity $\langle v_\perp\rangle$ and freeze-out
temperature $T_f$. In the non-relativistic domain $p_\perp{\ll}m_0$
the inverse slope is given approximately by $T_{\rm app}{=}T_f{+}m_0
\langle v_\perp^2 \rangle$, and the rest mass dependence of the
``apparent temperature'' (inverse slope) allows to determine $T_f$ and
$\langle v_\perp^2 \rangle$ separately. (In $pp$ collisions no
$m_0$-dependence of $T_{\rm app}$ is seen \cite{NuXu}.) Plots of
$T_{\rm app}$ against $m_0$ were shown in several talks at this
conference, showing that the data follow very nicely this systematics,
from SIS to SPS energies.

A notable exception are the $\Omega$-spectra of WA97 \cite{WA97}
which are steeper than expected from this formula. Again, as in the
above discussion of their abundance, this reflects their character
as ``early hadronic messengers'' \cite{HSX98}: the $\Omega$ and
$\bar \Omega$ are the only baryons which (due to quantum number mismatch)
do not have a strong resonance with pions, the most abundant particles
in the fireball. Since resonance scattering is the most efficient
thermalization mechanism in a dense hadronic system, the $\Omega$ and
$\bar \Omega$ momentum distributions freeze out earlier than those of
all other baryons. This implies \cite{HSX98} that they cannot efficiently
pick up the collective transverse flow which builds up among the pions
in the later stages of the expansion, and their spectra reflect the much
weaker collective transverse flow in the early collision stages,
just after hadron formation.

[This also illustrates the important role of the baryon contamination
in the hot fireball: in Pb+Pb collisions at the SPS the pion and baryon
spectra decouple late and cool down to rather low temperatures of about
120 MeV (see below) because the pions are ``glued'' together by the
baryons via resonance scattering. At RHIC this glue will be less efficient
since near midrapidity there will essentially exist only baryon-antibaryon
pairs at rather low thermal equilibrium abundances. It is thus expected
that at RHIC thermal decoupling occurs at somewhat higher freeze-out
temperatures, closer to the hadronization phase transition.]

The separation of collective flow and random thermal motion from an
analysis of single particle spectra is not uncontroversial. The main
reason is that the fitted values for $T$ and $v_\perp$ tend to be
strongly correlated. To break the correlation one must study spectra
of hadrons with different masses in the low-$p_\perp$ region which,
on the other hand, is contaminated by post-freeze-out resonance decays.
As a consequence, fits done in different $p_\perp$ windows tend to give
different results.

A clearer determination of the transverse collective flow comes
from a direct measurement of the flow-induced space-momentum
correlations via the $M_\perp$-dependence of the two-pion HBT radii
\cite{H96}. As shown in \cite{NA49HBT,Wiedemann} the correlations between
temperature and transverse flow in a fit of the single particle transverse
momentum spectra and of the transverse two-particle HBT radii are essentially
orthogonal to each other (see figure \ref{figure2}), and the combined
analysis of spectra and correlations allows for a clean separation of
random thermal motion from collective flow.

\begin{figure}[t]
\caption[]{Thermal freeze-out temperature and transverse flow
velocities extracted from fits to the transverse momentum spectra
of negative hadrons ($h^-$) and deuterons (d) and to the transverse
HBT radius ($2\pi$-BE). The shaded area indicates the overlap region
near $T_{\rm f.o.} \approx 120$ MeV and $v_\perp \approx 0.55$ $c$.
(From Ref.~\protect\cite{NA49HBT}.)
\label{figure2}}
\begin{indented}
\item[]\hspace{0cm}\epsfxsize 12cm \epsfbox{sqm98f2.ps}
\end{indented}
\end{figure}

This analysis \cite{NA49HBT,Wiedemann} gave rise to the open circle for
the SPS data in figure \ref{figure1}, indicating the point of thermal
decoupling in 158 $A$ GeV/$c$ Pb+Pb collisions ($T_{\rm therm} \approx
120$ MeV, $\langle v_\perp \rangle \approx 0.5\, c$). It is consistent
with a comparison of the spectral slopes for different mass hadrons
by K\"ampfer \cite{kaempfer}. Earlier analyses of S+S data \cite{SSH93}
showed a thermal decoupling at $T_{\rm therm} \approx 140-150$ MeV,
$\langle v_\perp \rangle \approx 0.25-0.35\, c$. The open circle for the
AGS as well as the open quadrangles for the SIS in figure \ref{figure1}
were obtained similarly as in \cite{kaempfer,SSH93} by comparing
transverse momentum spectra of particles with different masses
(see \cite{BMSqm97,Mqm97} for references). All open symbols correspond
to heavy collision systems (Pb+Pb, Au+Au). The dashed line connects them
by eye in an attempt to construct a ``thermal freeze-out curve'' for
heavy-ion collisions of size 200+200.

It is interesting to analyze the $A$-dependence of the various hadronic
observables, i.e. of strangeness enhancement, chemical and thermal
freeze-out temperatures and radial transverse flow. This discussion should
include the available information on the impact parameter dependence
in Pb+Pb collisions since collisions at different impact parameters also
involve different numbers $N_{\rm part}$ of participating nucleons.
Whereas the freeze-out temperatures (certainly the thermal freeze-out
temperature, but perhaps also the chemical one, see above) seem to come
down with increasing size of the collision system, while at the same time
the strength of the radial transverse flow goes up, the strangeness
enhancement (i.e the strange particle production per participating
nucleon relative to $pp$ and $pA$ collisions) appears to be independent
of the number of $N_{\rm part}$, at least in the range $60 \leq
N_{\rm part} \leq 400$. The buildup of radial flow is largely (although
not exclusively) a hadronic reinteraction phenomenon \cite{HSX98}; the
same is true for the freeze-out process. The $N_{\rm part}$-dependence
of both features can be explained in terms of the longer lifetime of the
reaction zone as $N_{\rm part}$ increases, giving the system more time
to re-equilibrate, cool down and develop collectivity.

In contrast, the $A$-independence of the strangeness enhancement
features suggest that they are not due to hadronic re-interactions,
but originate in a prehadronic phase with properties which are
essentially independent of the system size once $N_{\rm part} \geq 50$
or so. My interpretation of these facts is that at SPS energies the
energy density threshold for QGP has been overcome by a sizeable margin
\cite{Rio97}, and that even in small collision systems a deconfined phase
is created which interacts sufficiently long and sufficiently strongly
to approximately saturate strangeness production. One can even argue
that isotropic pressure (a signature of local thermalization) must be
present at this early stage \cite{Rio97}, and that the observed elliptic
flow in non-central Pb+Pb collisions \cite{NA49flow} actually signals
this early pressure \cite{private}. A future systematic investigation
also of the range $1 < N_{\rm part} < 100$ would be very useful to
study the onset and saturation of thermal and collective behaviour
as the size {\em and lifetime} of the collision system increases.
It will {\em not}, however, be an efficient method to study the onset of
deconfinement -- for that one must go to {\em lower} beam energies.

\section{Limitations of thermal model analyses}
\label{sec4}

After having explained how the data points in figure \ref{figure1} were
obtained, I would now like to ask the notorious David Mermin question
\cite{Mermin} ``What's wrong with this phase diagram?'' In other words,
I want to point out in more detail certain unavoidable problems with
thermal model analyses of heavy-ion data. Only by remaining conscious
of the limitations of the thermal approach and avoiding the
overinterpretation of uncontrollable details one can fully exploit
its power in providing essential qualitative insight into the physics
of heavy-ion collisions.

\subsection{Rapidity dependence of particle ratios}
\label{sec4a}

The first problem is of purely practical nature: no heavy-ion experiment
so far has full $4\pi$ acceptance for identified particles, and particle
spectra are available in restricted windows of $p_\perp$ and $y$ only.
The observed nearly exponential form of the $p_\perp$-spectra allows for
an extrapolation of the yields to the full transverse momentum range
without introducing large uncertainties (at least if the acceptance
covers sufficiently low values of $p_\perp$). A similar extrapolation
of the rapidity spectra is not possible: even in a system which is in
perfect local thermal equilibrium, particles with different masses
tend to have strongly different rapidity distributions. In practice
these differences in the shape of the rapidity spectra are even stronger,
in the sense that even particles and antiparticles (with obviously identical
masses) have different rapidity distributions. Thus there is essentially
no way of extrapolating the rapidity distributions without really measuring
them.

That this is a serious problem for thermal model analyses is illustrated
by the following example: consider a stationary, spherical fireball in
global thermodynamic equilibrium. It emits hadrons with the following
rapidity distributions:
 \begin{equation}
 \label{rapid}
   {dN_i\over dy} \sim e^{-m_i\cosh y/T} \left[ 1 + 2 {T\over m_i \cosh y}
   + 2 \left( {T\over m_i \cosh y} \right)^2\right]
 \end{equation}
These resemble Gaussians with widths $\Gamma_i\approx 2.35\sqrt{T\over m_i}$
(the approximation being valid for $m_i \gg T$). Clearly, the particle
ratios $(dN_i/dy)/(dN_j/dy)$ then depend strongly on the position of
the rapidity interval $dy$: away from $y=0$ heavy particles will be
much more strongly suppressed relative to light particles than near
$y=0$. In this case a measurement of particle yields in a small
rapidity window is completely useless for a thermal model analysis
(irrespective of whether the window is located near $y=0$ or at $y\ne 0$)
unless it is {\em known a priori} that the radiator is a stationary
spherical fireball.

The presence of (strong) longitudinal flow in relativistic heavy-ion
collisions does not help very much in this connection; only in the limit
of infinite beam energy with exact longitudinal boost-invariance due to
Bjorken scaling, resulting in flat rapidity distributions, is it possible
to base a thermal analysis on data in a finite, narrow rapidity interval.
At SPS energies and below, where Bjorken scaling is not observed, thermal
fits of data in finite rapidity windows require that the thermal model yields
are cut to the actual experimental acceptance; this induces serious
dependences on the detailed model assumptions, for example about the
strength and profile of the longitudinal and transverse flow of the source.
This model-dependence was recently studied in some detail in
Ref.~\cite{soll98}.

Flow effects drop largely out, however, if one works with particle
ratios obtained from $4\pi$ yields. (Please note that this requires
a {\em measurement} of some sort, not a blind extrapolation of data
from a small window in $y$ and $p_\perp$ to full momentum space!) The
insensitivity to hydrodynamic flow becomes exact if the freeze-out
temperature and chemical potential is everywhere the same. If freeze-out
occurs on a sharp hypersurface $\Sigma$, the total yield of particle
species $i$ is then given by
 \begin{equation}
 \label{flow}
   N_i = \int {d^3p\over E} \int_\Sigma p^\mu d^3\sigma_\mu(x)\, f_i(x,p)
       = \int_\Sigma d^3\sigma_\mu(x) \, j_i^\mu(x)\,,
 \end{equation}
where
 \begin{equation}
 \label{current}
   j_i^\mu(x) = \int d^4p\, 2\theta(p^0)\delta(p^2-m_i^2)
   \, p^\mu {g_i\over e^{[p{\cdot}u(x) - \mu_i]/T} \pm 1}
 \end{equation}
is the number current density of particle species $i$. In thermal
equilibrium it is given by $j_i^\mu(x)=\rho_i(x)\, u^\mu(x)$ with
 \begin{eqnarray}
 \label{dens}
   \rho_i(x) &=& u_\mu(x) j_i^\mu(x)
     = \int d^4p\, 2\theta(p^0)\delta(p^2-m_i^2)\, p{\cdot}u(x) \,
       f_i\bigl(p{\cdot}u(x);T,\mu_i\bigr)
 \nonumber\\
   &=& \int d^3p'\, f_i(E_{p'};T,\mu_i) = \rho_i(T,\mu_i).
 \end{eqnarray}
Here $E_{p'}$ is the energy in the local rest frame at point $x$.
The total particle yield of species $i$ is therefore
 \begin{equation}
 \label{yield}
   N_i = \rho_i(T,\mu_i) \int_\Sigma d^3\sigma_\mu(x) u^\mu(x)
       = \rho_i(T,\mu_i)\, V_\Sigma(u^\mu)
 \end{equation}
where only the total comoving volume $V_\Sigma$ of the freeze-out
hypersurface $\Sigma$ depends on the flow profile $u^\mu$. Thus the
flow pattern drops out from ratios of $4\pi$ yields which therefore
depend only on $T$ and the chemical potentials. These considerations
are easily generalized to ``fuzzy freeze-out'' (i.e. freeze-out from
a space-time volume rather than from a sharp hypersurface): as long as
$T$ and $\mu_i$ are the same everywhere, $4\pi$ particle ratios are
independent of the collective dynamics of the source.

For heavy-ion collisions at SPS energies and below one should therefore
perform a thermal analysis on $4\pi$-integrated yields and not on
particle ratios inside small rapidity windows. This requires a strong
experimental effort to measure the rapidity distributions of as many particle
species as possible over the full rapidity range.

\subsection{Non-constant thermodynamic parameters at freeze-out}
\label{sec4b}

The second, even more serious problem is the observation that in reality
freeze-out {\em does not happen} at constant temperature and chemical
potential. For example, it was shown in Ref.~\cite{Slotta95} that a
successful thermal description of the rapidity distributions of hadrons
created in 200 $A$ GeV S+S collisions (in particular the different
shapes of the rapidity distributions for $\Lambda$ and $\bar \Lambda$, $K^+$
and $K^-$) requires not only strong longitudinal flow, but also a baryon
chemical potential $\mu_i(\eta)$ which depends on the longitudinal
position in the fireball: the central rapidity region is baryon-poorer
than the target and projectile fragmentation regions. A second example
demonstrating this type of problem is the observed rapidity dependence of
the $p_\perp$-slopes of the $h^-$ and proton spectra \cite{Jacobs} and of
the $K_\perp$-slopes of the transverse HBT radius $R_\perp$
\cite{NA49HBT,Schoenf}. According to a simultaneous analysis (as
discussed in section \ref{sec3b} above) of spectra and correlations from
Pb+Pb collisions at the SPS by Sch\"onfelder \cite{Schoenf} the
decrease of the inverse slope parameters away from midrapidity must
be attributed to {\em both} a reduction of the transverse collective
flow {\em and} of the freeze-out temperature $T(\eta)$. If true, this
would speak against a constant freeze-out temperature.

In such a situation the thermal fit replaces the functions $T(\eta)$ and
$\mu_i(\eta)$ by suitably averaged values $\bar T$, $\bar\mu_i$ (see
Ref.~\cite{soll98} for a recent detailed study). Obviously the fit will
then not be perfect: particle yields from a system in perfect local
thermodynamic equilibrium (as, e.g., assumed in all hydrodynamic
simulations), but with {\em spatially varying} temperature and chemical
potentials, cannot be exactly recovered by a fit with {\em constant}
temperature and chemical potential. In practice, this does not appear to
be a very serious problem if one believes that the results from a recent
thermal model analysis of particle yields from a hydrodynamic simulation
\cite{soll98} are representative for realistic situations: the freeze-out
temperature reconstructed from the fit nearly coincided with the input
temperature at which the hydrodynamic evolution was stopped, and the fitted
chemical potentials agreed approximately with their average values across
the freeze-out surface. Nevertheless, small differences remain between
the real yields from the hydrodynamic simulation and the yields returned
by the thermal model fit. In a least mean square fit these {\em systematic}
deviations would lead to a value for $\chi^2$/d.o.f. which increases above
all limits as the statistical error of the simulated (``measured'')
yields is further and further reduced, even though the system was, by
construction, in perfect local thermal equilibrium.

This illustrates that global thermal fits to heavy-ion data can never
be fully successful, due to the dynamics of the collision and its
intricate influence on the freeze-out process. For this reason one must
not expect too much from the thermal model -- a perfect fit with extremely
small $\chi^2$/d.o.f. is not necessarily a good and often rather a bad
sign, indicating accidental error correlations, e.g. due to the use
of redundant fit parameters.

This leaves us with the question where to draw the line between ``good''
and ``bad'' thermal model fits, between success and failure of a
thermodynamic description of relativistic heavy-ion collisions. The above
discussion should have made it clear that $\chi^2$/d.o.f. is not a good
criterium for answering this question. On the other hand, a fit which
reproduces particle yields which cover a range of more than three orders
of magnitude with individual deviations of less than $\pm$25\% \cite{BH97}
is obviously not bad. Quantitative model studies like those presented
in \cite{soll98} give us guidance for separating the grain from the
straw; when supplemented by a thermal analysis of microscopic kinetic
simulations as those presented at this meeting by Larissa Bravina
\cite{Bravina}, they are the foundations which we can use when
collecting arguments in favor or against the formation of thermalized
hot hadronic matter and quark-gluon plasma.

\section{Conclusions}
\label{sec5}

Let me summarize shortly: a thermal + flow analysis of yields, spectra
and 2-particle correlations in S+$A$ and Pb+Pb collisions at the CERN
SPS suggests

\begin{itemize}

\item the formation of a {\em prehadronic} state in which twice as
      much strangeness is produced as in $pp$ and $pA$ collisions and
      in which quarks are uncorrelated, i.e. they are not bound into
      color singlets;

\item statistical hadronization of this state at $T_{\rm had}
      \approx 170 \pm 20$ MeV with hadron abundances controlled
      by the {\em Maximum Entropy Principle};

\item rapid decoupling of the particle abundances, with chemical freeze-out
      temperatures $T_{\rm chem} \approx T_{\rm had}$ in sulphur-induced
      and $T_{\rm chem} \leq T_{\rm had}$ in Pb+Pb collisions;

\item elastic rescattering among the hadrons (dominated by $s$-channel
      resonances) after hadronization from the prehadronic state which
      leads to a cooling of the momentum spectra and the generation of
      (more) collective flow;

\item finally, thermal freeze-out at $T_{\rm therm} \approx 140-150$ MeV
      in S+$A$ and at $T_{\rm therm} \approx 120\pm 10$ MeV in Pb+Pb
      collisions, with average transverse collective flow velocities of
      order $\langle v_\perp \rangle \approx 0.4-0.5\,c$.

\end{itemize}

Smaller collision systems distinguish themselves from larger ones not
primarily by the achieved maximal energy density, but by the occupied
collision volume in space and time. Compared to S+S collisions, Pb+Pb
collisions live longer until thermal freeze-out, expand more in the
tranverse direction, develop more transverse collective flow and cool
down to lower (chemical and thermal) freeze-out temperatures. Of course,
this view disagrees with the (present) majority opinion (I refer to the
respective contributions to the Proccedings of ``Quark Matter '97''
\cite{QM97}) that the critical energy density for deconfinement can
be crossed at fixed beam energy of 160 $A$ GeV by changing the size
of the projectile and target or the collision centrality, and that
the ``anomalous'' $J/\psi$ suppression observed in central Pb+Pb
collisions as a function of produced transverse energy \cite{QM97,NA50}
signals this transition.

I find this interpretation irreconcilable with the systematics of
light hadron production as discussed in this talk; a more consistent
interpretation rests on the observation \cite{NA50} that, as one
increases $N_{\rm part}$, one first sees ``anomalous'' suppression of
the weakly bound $\psi'$, then (in semiperipheral Pb+Pb collisions)
the ``anomalous'' suppression of the more strongly bound $\chi_c$ states
(indirectly, via the disappearance of their 32\% feed-down contribution
to the measured $J/\psi$ yield), and only in very central Pb+Pb
collisions the disappearance of directly produced $J/\psi$'s which
are {\em very} strongly bound (this last part of the supression pattern
still remains to be confirmed by an improved measurement at very high
$E_T$). This suggests to me that what NA50 is seeing is {\em not the
onset of deconfinement} (the latter is there even in S+$A$ collisions),
but the dissociation of more and more strongly bound heavy quark states
(respectively the removal of the corresponding components in the
$c\bar c$ wavefunction) by collisions with the dense partonic medium
in the early stages of the collision. For the more strongly bound
states most of these collisions will be subthreshold; for this reason
a longer lifetime of the dense early stage, which is achieved in larger
collision systems or more central collisions, is crucial for an efficient
destruction not only of the weakly bound $\psi'$, but also of the more
strongly bound $\chi_c$ and $J/\psi$. Charmonium suppression is thus, in
my opinion, more a {\em lifetime effect} than a {\em deconfinement signal}
(although the necessary high density of scatterers with sufficiently large
cross sections probably requires deconfinement, too).

The picture which I have painted is, I believe, intrinsically consistent.
It is sufficiently simple to be attractive but also sufficiently
sophisticated not to be unrealistic. It may not be unique, not least
because of the intrinsic systematic uncertainties associated with thermal
model analyses which I pointed out and not all of which are quantitatively
understood. What is urgently needed is more high-quality data on the
chemistry of Pb+Pb collisions, the reconciliation of some puzzling
discrepancies between different experiments as discussed at this meeting,
and an improved systematics of the impact parameter and $A$-dependences,
both in the light and heavy hadron sector.

\ack
The author acknowledges the hospitality at the INT (Seattle) in March/April
1998 where discussions with many colleagues allowed him to sharpen
the arguments presented here. This work was supported by BMBF, DFG
and GSI.

\section*{References}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


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text:
FX Renews Legion for Season 3
Fans will get to delve into the mind of David Haller for at least another season.
By Nathalie Caron
Updated: 2 Jun 2018 4:09 am
Posted: 1 Jun 2018 9:09 pm
FX announced today it has renewed Noah Hawley's (Fargo) trippy X-Men spinoff series Legion for Season 3.
According to the announcement, the show will return in 2019. Two episodes are left to air in Legion's second season. The show recently saw its original 10-episode Season 2 order upped by one more to 11 episodes for the season.
"Legion has redefined the superhero drama and exceeded all expectations as the intensity and revelation build through the second season," said President of Original Programming for FX Networks and FX Productions Eric Schrier. "We are incredibly proud of Noah Hawley's achievement and are honored to continue the series as it pushes the boundaries of conventional television storytelling."
The History of the X-Men on TV
If Legion does indeed air in 2019, it will likely join Hawley's other FX series, as Fargo is expected to return for Season 4 next year.
Based on the Marvel Comics, Legion follows the story of David Haller (Dan Stevens) who believed that he was schizophrenic, only to discover he may be the most powerful mutant ever.
The second season has seen David and the Summerland group join forces with Division 3 in order to take down Amahl Farouk, aka the Shadow King (Navid Negahban).
Legion airs on Tuesdays at 10 pm on FX. Are you excited for the Season 3 renewal? Let us know in the comments.
Nathalie Caron is a freelance writer for IGN who watches too much TV.
DeveloperFX
Release DateFebruary 8, 2017
PlatformsN/A
IGN's Top 10 Free-To-Play Games on Steam


text:
Posts Tagged 'motivation'
How to Boost Your Business With Vlogging | Jumpstart Your 2023 Goals
As I mentioned this week, one of my 2023 goals is to read 100 books this year. But a few eagle-eyed Life Editors guessed a goal I haven't mentioned yet . . . I'm publishing a new video on YouTube every day this year! Get ready for tons of creative content in the form of informational…
You're Invited to Our Planning Pajama Party 2022!
'Tis the season for dashed hopes and dreams! The gift-giving holidays at the end of the year can make you eagerly anticipate the delightful goodies you'll get from friends and family. But it's inevitable that you won't get everything you were dreaming of. Here are some of the doozies I've received from previous Christmases: We're…
Your Goals Brain Dump | How to Find Your "Why"
The 12 Days of Life Editing video series is prancing onward with a winter wonderland of wisdom to enjoy. Click the links below to catch up on the series. 12 Days of Life Editing (so far!) Do you ever feel stuck? Like your passion has disappeared? It's easy to lose your motivation if you don't see the point of…
The Best Weekly Schedule for Maximum Productivity | Design Your Habit Routine
The 12 Days of Life Editing video series is prancing onward with a winter wonderland of wisdom to enjoy. Click the links below to catch up on the series. 12 Days of Life Editing (so far!) Going with the flow may be an admirable personality trait, but you can't "wing it" if you want to reach all…
The (Fixable!) Mistake You're Making | Why You Can't Earn More Than $1000 Per Month
The lure of passive income is strong in the small business community. It sounds like a dream come true—who wouldn't want to have your digital products "sell while you sleep"? I love passive income, and it absolutely has a place in your sales funnel. But the problem starts when entrepreneurs assume passive income is how…


text:
Afghan Official: Suicide Bomber Kills 27 in a Shiite Mosque in Afghanistan
The attacker was on foot and detonated his suicide vest among the crowds inside the mosque
An Afghan official says that at least 27 civilians have been killed after a suicide bomber attacked a Shiite mosque in the capital, Kabul.
Faredoon Obiadi, head of the criminal investigation department for the Kabul police, said Monday that at least 35 others were wounded in the attack.
The Interior Ministry confirmed in a statement that a suicide attack had taken place inside the Baqir-ul Ulom mosque in western Kabul.
Obiadi added that the attacker was on foot and detonated his suicide vest among the crowds inside the mosque.


text:
Gideon Obarzanek
Gideon Obarzanek (b. 1966), choreographer, director and curator, spent his early life in Israel, attended school in Melbourne and won a place at the Australian Ballet School, choreographing his first piece there in 1987. Having joined the Queensland Ballet as a dancer, he continued to create works including Mr Crowther and the Wallflower (1989). Moving to the Sydney Dance Company, he made Sleep No More in 1991 before becoming an independent choreographer. In 1995 he co-founded Chunky Move, a dance company based first in Sydney and then, from 1997, in Melbourne, where it became Victoria's official contemporary dance company. He was its CEO and artistic director until 2012. Obarzanek's work, which embraces installations, site-specific performance and video, is performed around the world. His many awards include four Helpmanns, three awards for best short documentary film for Dance like Your Old Man (2007) and a New York Bessie award for outstanding choreography and creation for Chunky Move's Tense Dave. In 2010 he appeared on stage for the first time in a decade in the solo work Faker. Since then, his projects have included There's Definitely a Prince Involved (2012) for the Australian Ballet; I Want to Dance Better at Parties (2013) for the Sydney Theatre Company, made into a docu-drama that won best short film at the Sydney Film Festival in 2014; Interplay (2013) for the Sydney Dance Company; the virtual reality film Stuck in the Middle with You (2016) for the Australian Centre for the Moving Image; and several pieces for Australian and international festivals. Obarzanek has been artistic associate of the Melbourne Festival, co-curator of XO State at the inaugural Asia Pacific Triennial of Performing Arts, Strategic Cultural Engagement Manager at the University of Melbourne and chair of the Melbourne Fringe Festival. In 2020 he was appointed Co-Artistic Director and Co-CEO of Melbourne's Rising Festival.
Gideon Obarzanek age 46
1 portrait in the collection
Search the website for more mentions of Gideon Obarzanek


Back in time, relationships had a pattern. Either there was love marriage or arranged marriage and then the baby. It wasn't as complicated as it is now as the prospects, discontents, and all the compromises were only to the two involved in a relationship.
Things have vastly changed now and with the advent of social media platforms, the age of smartphones have changed the outlook of relationship satisfaction and its overall pandemonium.
Today our whole world lies in that mini smartphone and the digital piece seems to be more interesting than the individuals carrying it. In today's scenario, most people will agree that the main reasons behind their breakups are Facebook/Instagram fights, sexting or any other kind of digital infidelity.
We figured out the four main issues caused by social media in a relationship and how to solve them the retro way.
Anything or everything you post is your digital footprint and it is jolly well noted by your partner. The status updating has become a major thing to judge loyalty today. If one partner updates the relationship status and the other doesn't, then it is calculated as a digital difference between the couple and is often remarked as infidelity.
Retro Solution– You do not require a social media platform to own up you relationship. Although the acknowledgment can be great but it is not necessary, it is just a bonus. Your relationship depends on your talks and what you share with your partner offline.
The authenticity and integrity of relationships today are a lot being judged on the basis of the number of likes and comments your better half attempts on your posts. If your partner posts sugar coated comments on your posts, then it is considered as a sign of a caring and adorable partner and well if he/she doesn't, then one has to be prepared for some hullaballoo. And, if by chance there are no likes on your posts and there are on another girl's timeline, then a war lies around the corner for sure.
Retro Solution– Your partner's behavior towards you in real life matters the most and not how he reacts to your posts online. Your memories and good times with your partner is what are essential for a healthy relationship and not the temporary likes and comments on a selfie or a meme.
In earlier days, there were more talks face to face than the socialmedia tracking that we have today. Social media take a handsome amount of our times from our daily lives and therefore, what we do in the duration online becomes our digital footprints. If you go through your ex's profile on Facebook and like a picture, it becomes a big issue. Couples end up in fights if there are comments or tags from an ex-lover on your picture or posts.
Retro Solution– `Set your digital boundaries. Whatever extent to which you are open with your partner being involved with his ex-online, make it clear. If he likes her pictures, more than your then it does not always have to mean that he likes her more than you. Talk, talk and talk and see what works for the both of you.
Today, you want to make excuses also and at the same time you want the world to know the reality. For instance, you told your partner that you cannot make it or the movie as you are busy with a meeting but at the same time you wish to update on your Facebook that you are hanging out with your friends at the coolest restaurant in town. The check-ins carry a lot of tussle between the couples these days because the GPS transparency on social media platforms proves that there isn't much transparency in the real lives of the love-birds.
Retro Solution– If you are the one who lied, then introspect why you lied and make a straight sincere apology. If your partner cheated, then talk to him as to why he did so. Ask him if you are too controlling or do not grant him space to have his own time with his friends. Sort the gap between the two of you by communicating properly with each other.
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A prova dos 400 m com barreiras masculino nos Jogos Pan-Americanos de 1979 foi realizada em San Juan, Porto Rico.

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400 m com barreiras masculino

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia