text:
\section{Introduction and preliminaries}
Let $G$ be a simple graph. To shorten the notation we use $|G|$ instead of $|V(G)|$ for the order of $G$. The \emph{distance} $d_G(u,v)$ between vertices $u$ and $v$ of $G$ is the length of a shortest path between $u$ and $v$ in $G$. The \emph{diameter} of $G$ is denoted by ${\rm diam}(G)$ and is the maximum length of a shortest path between any two vertices of $G$.

Let $t$ be a positive integer. A set $X\subseteq V(G)$ is a $t$-\emph{packing} if any two different vertices from $X$ are at distance more than $t$. The $t$-\emph{packing number} of $G$, denoted by $\rho_t(G)$, is the maximum cardinality of a $t$-packing of $G$. Notice, that if $t=1$, then the $1$-packing number equals to the independence number $\alpha (G)$ and we use the later more common notation for it. An independent set of cardinality $\alpha(G)$ is called $\alpha(G)$-\emph{set}.
The \emph{packing chromatic number} $\chi_{\rho}(G)$ of $G$ is the smallest integer $k$ such that $V(G)$ can be partitioned into subsets $X_1,\dots, X_k$, where $X_i$ induces an $i$-packing for every $1\leq i\leq k$. Another approach is from a $k$-\emph{packing coloring} of $G$, which is a function $c: V(G) \rightarrow [k]$, where $[k]=\{1,\dots, k\}$, such that if $c(u)=c(v)=i$, then $d_G(u,v)>i$. Clearly, $\chi_{\rho}(G)$ is the minimum integer $k$ for which a $k$-packing coloring of $G$ exists.

The concept of packing chromatic number was introduced by Goddard et al. in \cite{GHHHR} under the name broadcast chromatic number. The problem of determining the packing chromatic number of a graph is a very difficult problem and is NP-complete even for trees as shown in \cite{FiGo}. The attention was fast drawn to Cartesian product and infinite latices like hexagonal, triangular and similar. In \cite{bresar-klavzar-rall-1} it was shown that the packing chromatic number of an infinite hexagonal lattice lies between 6 and 8. Upper bound was later improved to 7 in \cite{fiala-klavzar-lidicky} and finally settled to 7 in \cite{korze-vesel}. For infinite triangular lattice and three-dimensional integer lattice $\mathbb{Z}^3$ the packing chromatic number is infinite as shown in \cite{finbow-rall}. The packing chromatic number of the Cartesian product was already considered in \cite{bresar-klavzar-rall-1} where the general upper and lower bound were set. The lower bound was later improved in \cite{jacobs-jonck-joubert}. Several exact values and bounds for special families of Cartesian product graphs can be found in \cite{jacobs-jonck-joubert,korze-vesel}.

In this note we switch from Cartesian to lexicographic product and prove an upper and a lower bound for the packing chromatic number of lexicographic product. It turns out that these two bounds coincide in many cases. In particular, if ${\rm diam}(G)\leq 2$, if ${\rm diam}(G)=3$ and $H\ncong \overline{K}_n$ and if $|V(H)|-\alpha(H)\geq {\rm diam}(G)-1$ and $H\ncong \overline{K}_n$.

The \emph{lexicographic product} of graphs $G$ and $H$ is the graph $G\circ H$ (also sometimes denoted with $G[H]$) with the vertex set $V(G) \times V(H)$. Two vertices $(g_1,h_1)$ and $(g_2,h_2)$ are adjacent if either $g_1g_2 \in E(G)$ or $g_1 = g_2$ and $h_1h_2 \in E(H)$. Set $G^h=\{(g,h):g\in V(G)\}$ is called a $G$-\emph{layer through} $h$ and $H^g=\{(g,h):h\in V(H)\}$ is called an $H$-\emph{layer through} $h$. Clearly, subgraphs of $G\circ H$ induced by $G^h$ and $H^g$ are isomorphic to $G$ and $H$, respectively. The distance between two vertices in lexicographic product is given by
\begin{equation}\label{dist}
d_G((g_1,h_1),(g_2,h_2))=
\left\{
\begin{array}{ccc}
d_G(g_1,g_2)& : & g_1 \neq g_2 \\
\min\{2,d_H(h_1,h_2)\}& : & g_1=g_2\\
\end{array}%
\right.
\end{equation}
and depends heavily on the distance between projections of both vertices to $G$. For the independence number it is well known that
\begin{equation}\label{indep}
\alpha(G \circ H)=\alpha(G)\alpha(H),
\end{equation}
see Theorem 1 in \cite{geller-stahl}.
Lexicographic product $G\circ H$ is connected if and only if $G$ is connected. For more properties of the lexicographic product see~\cite{hammack-imrich-klavzar}.

\section{Results}

In this section we present a lower and an upper bound for the packing chromatic number of lexicographic product of graphs. We start with the lower bound and we use the following notation
\begin{equation*}
d(G)=
\left\{
\begin{array}{ccc}
1& : & G\cong K_n \\
{\rm diam}(G)-1& : & \textnormal{otherwise}\\
\end{array}%
\right. .
\end{equation*}

\begin{theorem} \label{spodnjameja}
If $G$ and $H$ are graphs, then
$$\chi_{\rho}(G\circ H)\geq |G|\cdot|H|-\alpha(G)\alpha(H)-\sum_{i=2}^{{\rm diam}(G)-1} \rho_i(G)+d(G).$$
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
Denote $\ell=|G|\cdot|H|-\alpha(G)\alpha(H)-\sum_{i=2}^{{\rm diam}(G)-1} \rho_i(G)+d(G)$. Let $X_1,\dots, X_k$ be a partition of $V(G\circ H)$ that yields a $k$-packing coloring of $G\circ H$.
We have at most $\alpha(G)\alpha(H)$ vertices in $X_1$ by (\ref{indep}). Denote by $R_i$ a $\rho_i(G\circ H)$-set for $2\leq i \leq {\rm diam}(G)-1$. By (\ref{dist}) we have $|H^g\cap R_i|\leq 1$ for every $g\in V(G)$. So there are at most $\rho_i(G)$ vertices in $X_i$ for $2\leq i \leq {\rm diam}(G)-1$.
For $i\geq {\rm diam}(G)$ there can only be one vertex in $X_i$ since all the vertices are at distance at most ${\rm diam}(G)$ from vertex in $X_i$. So we have at most $\alpha(G)\alpha(H)$ vertices colored with color 1, at most $\rho_i(G)$ vertices colored with color $i$ for every $2\leq i\leq{\rm diam}(G)-1$, and we need one color for each one of the remaining vertices and there are $|G|\cdot|H|-\alpha(G)\alpha(H)-\sum_{i=2}^{{\rm diam}(G)-1} \rho_i(G)$ of them. Meaning that $\chi_{\rho}(G\circ H)\geq \ell$ because we have exactly $d(G)$ color classes which possibly have more than one vertex.
\end{proof}

We continue with an upper bound that has a similar structure as the lower bound from Theorem \ref{spodnjameja}.

\begin{theorem} \label{zgornjameja}
Let $G$ and $H$ be graphs and $k=|H|-\alpha(H)$. If $H\ncong\overline{K}_n$, then
$$\chi_{\rho}(G\circ H)\leq |G|\cdot|H|-\alpha(G)\alpha(H)-\sum_{i=2}^{k+1} \rho_i(G)+k+1.$$
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
Denote $\ell=|G|\cdot|H|-\alpha(G)\alpha(H)-\sum_{i=2}^{k+1} \rho_i(G)+k+1$.
We know that $\alpha(G \circ H)=\alpha(G)\alpha(H)$ and it is easy to see that $\alpha(G\circ H)$-set can be written as $A_G\times A_H$ where $A_G$ is an $\alpha(G)$-set and $A_H$ is an $\alpha(H)$-set. We color all the vertices from $A_G \times A_H$ with color 1.
Let $k=|H|-\alpha(H)$. There remain $k$ $G$-layers with no colored vertices. In each of those layers we color $\rho_i(G)$ vertices with color $i$, $2\leq i \leq k+1$ (one color $i$ is used in one layer). Each of the remaining uncolored vertices is colored with its own color.
So we have $\alpha(G)\alpha(H)$ vertices colored with color 1, $\rho_i(G)$ vertices colored with color $i$ for every $2\leq i \leq k+1$, and we need one color for each one of the remaining uncolored vertices. Clearly, there are $|G|\cdot|H|-\alpha(G)\alpha(H)-\sum_{i=2}^{k+1} \rho_i(G)$ vertices colored with its own color. Meaning that $\chi_{\rho}(G\circ H)\leq \ell$ because we have $k+1$ color classes which possibly have more than one vertex.
\end{proof}

Notice that if ${\rm diam}(G)\leq 2$, then also ${\rm diam}(G\circ H)\leq 2$ (see \ref{dist}) and only color 1 can appear more then once in any packing coloring. Therefore, if ${\rm diam}(G)\leq 2$,  Theorem \ref{zgornjameja} also holds for $H\cong \overline{K}_n$.
Next we show that if the number of vertices of $H$ without its $\alpha(H)$-set is comparable with ${\rm diam}(G)$, then both bounds coincide.

\begin{corollary} \label{posledicaizreka1}
Let $G$ and $H$ be graphs and $|H|-\alpha(H)\geq {\rm diam}(G)-1$. If $H\ncong\overline{K}_n$, then
$$\chi_{\rho}(G\circ H)=|G|\cdot|H|-\alpha(G)\alpha(H)- \sum_{i=2}^{{\rm diam}(G)-1} \rho_i(G) +{\rm diam}(G)-1.$$
\end{corollary}

\begin{proof}
Let first $G\cong K_n$. By Theorem~\ref{spodnjameja} it holds that $\chi_{\rho}(G\circ H)\geq n|H|-\alpha(H)-\sum_{i=2}^{0} \rho_i(G)+1=n|H|-\alpha(H)+1$ since $d(G)=1$. On the other hand let $k=|H|-\alpha(H)$ and we have $\chi_{\rho}(G\circ H)\leq n|H|-\alpha(H)-(k+1-2+1)+k+1=n|H|-\alpha(H)+1$ by Theorem~\ref{zgornjameja} since $\rho_i(G)=1$ for every $2\leq i \leq k+1$. Hence, the equality follows when $G\cong K_n$.

\noindent Otherwise $G\not \cong K_n$ and $d(G)={\rm diam}(G)-1$. So by Theorem~\ref{spodnjameja} it holds that $\chi_{\rho}(G\circ H)\geq |G|\cdot|H|-\alpha(G)\alpha(H)-\sum_{i=2}^{{\rm diam}(G)-1} \rho_i(G)+{\rm diam}(G)-1$. Since $k\geq {\rm diam}(G)-1$ and $\rho_i(G)=1$ for every ${\rm diam}(G) \leq i \leq k+1$, by Theorem~\ref{zgornjameja} it holds that
\begin{equation}
\begin{split}
\chi_{\rho}(G\circ H) &\leq |G|\cdot|H|-\alpha(G)\alpha(H)- \left ( \sum_{i=2}^{{\rm diam}(G)-1} \rho_i(G) + \sum_{i={\rm diam}(G)}^{k+1} \rho_i(G)\right ) +k+1 = \\
&=|G|\cdot|H|-\alpha(G)\alpha(H)- \sum_{i=2}^{{\rm diam}(G)-1} \rho_i(G) - (k+1-{\rm diam}(G)+1) +k+1 = \\
&=|G|\cdot|H|-\alpha(G)\alpha(H)- \sum_{i=2}^{{\rm diam}(G)-1} \rho_i(G) +{\rm diam}(G)-1.
\end{split}
\end{equation}
\end{proof}

We can expect that the condition of Corollary~\ref{posledicaizreka1} will be fulfilled more frequently when ${\rm diam}(G)$ is small. In particular, for ${\rm diam}(G)=1$ the condition is always satisfied and we have
$$\chi_{\rho}(G\circ H)=|G|\cdot|H|-\alpha(H)+1$$ as seen in the proof of the previous corollary.
Notice that in the case of ${\rm diam}(G)=2$ the sum in the lower bound of Theorem \ref{spodnjameja} does not exist and that $d(G)=1$. Also $\rho_i(G)=1$ for every $2\leq i\leq k$ since ${\rm diam}(G)=2$. Therefore we have $-\sum_{i=2}^{k+1} \rho_i(G)+k+1=-(k+1-2+1)+k+1=1$ in the upper bound of Theorem \ref{zgornjameja}. Hence both bounds coincide and we have the following corollary.

\begin{corollary} \label{posledicaizreka2}
Let $G$ and $H$ be graphs. If ${\rm diam}(G)=2$, then
$$\chi_{\rho}(G\circ H)=|G|\cdot|H|-\alpha(G)\alpha(H)+1.$$
\end{corollary}

Similar holds also when ${\rm diam}(G)=3$. Namely in this case ${\rm diam}(G\circ H)=3$ by (\ref{dist}) and only two color classes ($X_1$ and $X_2$) can have more than one representative. Therefore bounds from Theorems \ref{zgornjameja} and \ref{spodnjameja} coincide again under condition that there is at least one $G$-layer without vertices from $X_1$. This always occurs if $H\ncong\overline{K}_n$ and the following corollary holds.

\begin{corollary} \label{posl}
Let $G$ and $H$ be graphs. If ${\rm diam}(G)=3$ and $H\ncong\overline{K}_n$, then
$$\chi_{\rho}(G\circ H)=|G|\cdot|H|-\alpha(G)\alpha(H)-\rho_2(G)+2.$$
\end{corollary}

Continuing in this manner things get more complicated. Therefore we finish with an approach from the different side and concentrate on a family of graphs with big diameter, namely the case when $G\cong P_n$. For this we first improve the upper bound from Theorem \ref{zgornjameja}.

\begin{theorem} \label{pot-poljuben}
Let $H$ a graph and $n$ a positive integer. If $k=|H|-\alpha(H)$, then
$$\chi_{\rho}(P_n\circ H) \leq n|H|-\left \lceil \frac{n}{2} \right \rceil \alpha{(H)}-\sum_{i=2}^{k+1}\left \lceil \frac{n}{i+1} \right \rceil-
\sum_{j=k+2}^{|H|+1} \left ( \left \lfloor \frac{\left \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right \rfloor -1}{\left \lfloor \frac{j}{2} \right \rfloor +1} \right \rfloor + 1 \right ) + |H|+1.$$
\end{theorem}

\begin{proof}
Let $P_n=v_1\ldots v_n$ and $A_H$ be an $\alpha(H)$-set. Clearly, $A_{P_n}=\{v_{2i-1}:i\in \left[\left\lceil\frac{n}{2}\right\rceil\right]\}$ is an $\alpha(P_n)$-set and $A=A_{P_n}\times A_H$ is an $\alpha(P_n\circ H)$-set. Firstly, we color vertices with $k+1$ colors as in the proof of Theorem \ref{zgornjameja}. For this we use
$$\ell=n|H|-\left \lceil \frac{n}{2} \right \rceil\alpha{(H)}-\sum_{i=2}^{k+1}\left \lceil \frac{n}{i+1} \right \rceil+k+1$$
colors because $\rho_i(P_n)=\left \lceil \frac{n}{i+1} \right \rceil$.

\noindent In each $G^h$-layer, $h\in A_H$, there exist $\left \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right \rfloor$ still not colored vertices with an even distance between any two of them. We denote them by $B^h=(V(P_n)-A_{P_n})\times\{h\}$. Additionally we will color with color $j$, $k+2 \leq j \leq |H|+1$, some vertices of exactly one $G^h$-layer, $h\in A_H$. Denote by $G_j^h$ the $G^h$-layer, $h\in A_H$, containing vertices of color $j$, $k+2 \leq j \leq |H|+1$. The biggest distance between two vertices from $B^h$ equals $2\left \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right \rfloor -2$. Notice that two vertices of $G_j^h$ colored with $j$ must be at least $p_j=2 \left \lfloor \frac{j}{2} \right \rfloor +2$ apart because every second vertex in $G_j^h$-layer, $h\in A_H$, $k+2 \leq j \leq |H|+1$, is already colored (with color 1). Therefore, we can color with $j$ vertices from set
$$\{(v_{2+sp_j},h):0\leq s\leq \left \lfloor \frac{\left \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right \rfloor -1}{\left \lfloor \frac{j}{2} \right \rfloor +1} \right \rfloor\}.$$
Meaning that $t_j= \left ( \left \lfloor \frac{\left \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right \rfloor -1}{\left \lfloor \frac{j}{2} \right \rfloor +1} \right \rfloor + 1 \right )$ vertices can be colored with color $j$, $k+2 \leq j \leq |H|+1$ in $G_j^h$-layer, $h\in A_H$. \\

\noindent By Theorem~\ref{zgornjameja} we use at most $\ell$ colors for coloring $P_n\circ H$. In addition $t_j$ vertices of $G_j^h$ are colored with $j$, $k+2 \leq j \leq |H|+1$. Meaning that $$\chi_{\rho}(P_n\circ H)\leq \ell-\sum_{j=k+2}^{|H|+1}t_j+|H|-k$$ which completes the proof.
\end{proof}

For $H\cong K_m$ we have $\alpha (H)=1$ and $k=m-1$. The second sum of Theorem \ref{pot-poljuben} has only one term and that is in the case of $j=|H|+1$ so we immediately obtain the following.

\begin{corollary} \label{pot-poln}
For positive integers $n$ and $m$ we have
$$\chi_{\rho}(P_n\circ K_m) \leq nm-\left \lceil \frac{n}{2} \right \rceil-\sum_{i=2}^{m}\left \lceil \frac{n}{i+1} \right \rceil-
\left \lfloor \frac{\left \lfloor \frac{n}{2} \right \rfloor -1}{\left \lfloor \frac{m+1}{2} \right \rfloor +1} \right \rfloor + m.$$
\end{corollary}

The upper bound from Theorem~\ref{pot-poljuben} is not the best possible in the general case which we can see in the example of coloring $P_8\circ P_6$. Using the coloring described in the proof of that theorem we use 32 colors to color $P_8\circ P_6$, see left part of Figure~\ref{fig:pot8pot6}. But the same graph can be colored with 31 colors, so $\chi_{\rho}(P_8\circ P_6) \leq 31$, see right part of Figure~\ref{fig:pot8pot6}.

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\end{tikzpicture}
\end{center}
\caption{Packing coloring for $P_8 \circ P_6$ using 32 colors according to Theorem \ref{pot-poljuben} (a) and 31 colors (b) (not all edges of a graph are drawn).}
\label{fig:pot8pot6}
\end{figure}

Another example can be constructed as follows. Let $n_t=1+lcm(2,3,\ldots,t+1)$, $H\ncong\overline{K}_m$ a graph and $k=|H|-\alpha(H)$. Notice that $n_t$ is chosen in such a way that every $\rho_i(P_{n_t})$-set, $1\leq i\leq t$, contains the first and the last vertex of $P_{n_t}$. If $t-1>k$, then we cannot obtain $\rho_i(P_{n_t})$ vertices of color $i$ in $P_{n_t}\circ H$ for some $2\leq i\leq t$ and the upper bound of Theorem \ref{pot-poljuben} is not exact.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


It was a battle between open and restricted registration rules this week, as three more new gTLD contention sets were resolved between applicants with opposing policies.
Donuts won .tires (open), Amazon won .now (closed) and the National Association of Realtors won .realestate (restricted).
Donuts beat Goodyear and Bridgestone — two of the biggest tire companies in the world — to .tires. Both withdrew their respective applications over the last week.
If it was an auction it was not conducted via the usual new gTLD auction houses. It seems like Donuts settled the contention privately (or maybe just got lucky).
Both tire companies had proposed single-registrant closed generic spaces. Donuts, of course, has not.
Goodyear has active dot-brand applications for .goodyear and .dunlop remaining. Bridgestone has active applications for .bridgestone and .firestone, also dot-brands.
Amazon, meanwhile, won the .now contention set over five other applicants — Starbucks HK, XYZ.com, One.com, Global Top Level and Donuts, which have all withdrawn their bids.
Amazon's application for .now envisages a closed registry in which all the second-level domains belong to the company's intellectual property department.
Also this week, the NAR, which already has the dot-brand .realtor under its belt, beat Donuts, Minds + Machines and Uniregistry to the complementary generic .realestate.
Unfortunately for estate agents worldwide, the NAR plans a tightly restricted .realestate zone, in which only its own members will at first be able to register, according to its application.
The application does seem to envisage a time when others will be permitted to register, however.
The organization said in a press release this week that .realestate will be more open than .realtor, but that full policies will not be released until next year.
Donuts has won the right to the new gTLD .coach, after an exact-match trademark owner withdrew its bid.
Coach Inc is a chain of clothing and accessories outlets, best known for its handbags, founded in New York in 1941.
The company owns coach.com, but withdrew its application for .coach this week, leaving Donuts unchallenged.
Coach had filed a Legal Rights Objection against Donuts, claiming .coach would infringe its trademark, but the objection panelist disagreed (pdf).


RVRL (Rule Value Reinforcement Learning) is a new algorithm which extends an existing learning framework that models the environment of a situated agent using a probabilistic rule representation. The algorithm attaches values to learned rules by adapting reinforcement learning. Structure captured by the rules is used to form a policy. The resulting rule values represent the utility of taking an action if the rule`s conditions are present in the agent`s current percept. Advantages of the new framework are demonstrated, through examples in a predator-prey environment.


text:
Sun Country Air employees wrap their cars in ads to provide airline with free 'carvertising'
airlinetrends.com | August 30, 2010
Minneapolis-based low-cost carrier Sun Country Airlines earlier this month (August 2010) launched a new ad campaign through which employees have volunteered to wrap their cars in ads for at least three months. More than 60 employees were selected to participate in the campaign, and there are even more names on a waiting list, the airline said. The ads call attention to specific travel destinations and feature cartoon-like drawings that correspond with each location. Although the ad-wrapped cars are planned to be on the road for the next three months, Sun Country Air says many employees have indicated that they will keep the ads even longer.
According to Sun Country the employee car wrap campaign is not a matter of saving on advertising, but more so that it is a unique way to communicate its message which may be more effective than traditional ad mediums. "It catches people's attention more so than billboards and radio. It's a unique way to get our message out," said Heidi Bausch, marketing manager at Sun Country. The airline's employees do not receive any benefits from wrapping their cars with the ads.
Sun Country Airlines in August also made headlines when it introduced an all-you-can-travel pass, which offered buyers 37 days of unlimited air travel for USD499. From mid-June to mid-August the carrier also offered low-cost transatlantic flights from Minneapolis-St Paul to London Luton airport. Passengers on-board the nine-hour B737-800 flight had an hour-long refuelling stop in Gander, Newfoundland, during which passengers could deplane.
JetBlue, Sun Country Air offer all-you-can-fly passes
Southwest 'plane-vertises' its bags fly free policy
Kulula gets the attention with 'Flying 101' aircraft livery

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Pulse Rate February 2011
Pulse Rate pulse staff | January 26, 2011
A possible origin of Groundhog Day is the weather prediction traditions during the Celtic pagan festival of Imbolc based on the appearance of serpents or badgers from their winter dens.
Although figures vary by source, here is a rough guide to ice thicknesses all the way to the upper limit of what might occur on LI waters—Less than 4 inches: stay off; 4 inches: 200 lbs; 5 inches: 800 lbs; 7 inches: 1,500 lbs; 8 inches: 2,000 lbs.
There is one stipulation to the winners of an Oscar. They, nor their heirs, cannot sell it without first offering it back to the American Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences for $1. If the winner refuses to uphold the stipulation, the Academy keeps the statuette.
Arguably the largest recorded snowball fight in history occurred between Confederate army units in northern Virginia's Rappahannock Valley during the winter of 1863. It began as Texas vs. Arkansas, a lark for a few hundred soldiers, but escalated to a battle royale involving 9,000.
It snows metallic compounds, specifically lead and bismuth sulfides, on the planet Venus.
The first Academy Award ever presented was for Best Actor, awarded to Emil Jannings in 1929 for his performances in the films The Last Command and The Way of All Flesh. Originally, the award was for the actor's performances in all films of a given time period, in this case 1927-28.
The official story of the Great Seal of the United States (on the back of the $1 bill): The 13 steps of the pyramid represent the original 13 colonies; the Roman numerals spell out "1776," the year of the US's founding; The eye at the peak of the pyramid and the Latin phrase "ANNUIT COEPTIS" symbolize God's approval of America and the phrase "NOVUS ORDO SECLORUM" commemorates the beginning of the American era.
Although there have probably been around 2 dozen Punxsutawney Phils since his first recorded prediction in 1887 (being that groundhogs only live 6-10 years), his "Inner Circle" caretakers insist the current one is still the original and he is given "Groundhog Punch" every summer, which magically extends his life 7 years.
Here's the deal about leap years: A calendar year, based on the span of time it takes for the Earth to complete an orbit around the sun, is 365 days, however, it actually takes approximately 365 days and 6 hours, so every 4 years, 24 extra hours have accumulated and an extra day is added to February.
Wisconsin was a hotbed of experimentation with primitive snowmobiles in the late 19th and early 20th century. Some early models included bicycles on runners with gripping fins, steam-powered sleighs and Model T Fords outfitted with tractor treads and skis.
There are conflicting stories as to whether it is a bestowed honor or a vilification, but George Washington garnered a nickname from Iroquois Native Americans variously translated as Town Destroyer, Town Taker, Burner of Towns, or Devourer of Villages.
Abraham Lincoln was not the first personage to appear on the front of the US $5 bill, prior likeness included Alexander Hamilton, Andrew Jackson, Christopher Columbus, Ulysses S. Grant and Running Antelope.
The linkage of St. Valentine and February 14th (his feast day) is because his martyrdom and burial is said to have taken place just outside of ancient Rome on that day around 269 AD. But he doesn't appear on early Christian martyr lists and there may have actually been several St. Valentines. We may never know the truth.
14 Ways to Sound Smart at a Summer Party
Pulse cannot guarantee the accuracy of entries on this page
11 Facts to Know This Father's Day


To start off with, the basic definition of a mortgage refinancing or refinance mortgage is to have your existing mortgage re-written for a specific reason.
The most common reason for refinancing an existing mortgage is to gain access to additional funds for some particular purpose.
Effectively you end up with a new mortgage out of the old one with potentially different rates and terms.
The specific reasons for refinancing can include lowering your interest rate, changing certain terms of the mortgage including the amortization period, securing additional funds for expenditure or investment, or gaining additional funds to consolidate other debts.
Some mortgage programs can be specific to the use of the additional funds, but this has become less and less of a requirement over the last few years.
Bringing your existing mortgage and property taxes up to date to avoid foreclosure.
Mortgage refinancing to secure a lower interest rate may or may not involve any additional funds or a higher mortgage amount, but it does involve paying out an existing mortgage as well as all the costs associated with creating the new mortgage.
Borrowers will typically seek out lower interest rates during a time period when rates have dropped and it becomes favorable to refinance an existing mortgage term to take advantage of the lower rates available.
Getting out of a higher rate interest term will likely cost you some money in the form of prepayment penalty, but if you stay with the same mortgage provider, the refinancing process typically will blend your existing rate term with the new rate term to come up with an new lower cost interest rate where you're not out of pocket.
But for the most part, mortgage refinancing involves what we call equity take out where you're using the available equity in your home to gain access to additional funds that can be used for a multitude of purposes.
The most common and most powerful application of a cash out mortgage refinancing is to consolidate higher cost consumer debt into lower cost mortgage products. This can be accomplished through both bank or institutional mortgage and private financing.
If consumer debt starts to get a bit out of control and is negatively impacting your monthly cash flow, refinancing your mortgage is an excellent solution to consider.
With interest rates on credit cards in the high teens, a mortgage refinance can not only drop your interest rate by more than half, but it also affords you a longer period for paying back the debt and allowing your cash flow to recover in the process.
And whether you have good credit or bad credit, there can still be refinancing options available to you that will lower the overall cost of capital you're currently paying as well as improving your cash flow.
The key to any refinance action is to clearly understand the options that are available to you, and then compare them against each other to see what alternative is going to be the most cost effective and cash flow friendly.
This is going to require accurately calculating the related costs for each possible scenario so that an apples to apples comparison is possible.
The ultimate goal is to be able to make a solid financial decision based on the best information available.
So whether you're wanting to lower your interest rate, planning to take a trip, consolidating debt, remodeling the basement, or put your kids through university, refinancing your mortgage is definitely an approach worth considering.


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TS100 Soldering Iron Review - The Best Iron For The Price?
The TS100 soldering iron is one of the best soldering irons for the price thanks to cartridge tip technology, features, power & portability.
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Are you wondering how RC helicopter lift is generated? Is your helicopter not lifting off and you have no idea why? Let's look at the two ways lift is generated on an RC heli. You will then know what to check on your "grounded bird."
Continue reading "RC Helicopter Lift Fully Explained"
RC soldering questions? Let's go over what equipment you'll need to know about, how it works, tips and solid recommendations.
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Align's Trex 450LP ARTF (almost ready to fly) is perfectly suited to serious beginners who don't want to waste their time or money on a micro. Let's take a look at it.
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RC battery chargers are so important in our hobby. Unfortunately not many people understand what features they need in a charger, and how powerful it should be to support their charging needs. Time to answer these questions and many more you likely have.
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Align Helicopters Super Combo kits continue to give us some of the best value going in this hobby. All their combo kits provide convenience with all the electronics included, saving both time and money.
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The Esky F150 V2 is an inexpensive and cool little scale Airwolf heli that is easy to fly. Is it worth adding to your fleet? Let's find out.
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text:
Article DragonTalk: Rhyan Cassady, How To DM on Character Backstories
Greg and Shelly open with all the latest and greatest D&D news as well as our introductions! Later, Shelly is joined by DM of the DnDeBrief stream Sam Dillon for another installment of How To DM, this week on creating character backstories as well as integrating them into your campaigns.
In this week's special interview, we welcome game designer, writer, as well as the host and lead content creator for the actual play podcast Taverns & Caverns, Rhyan Cassady! Dragon Talk is executively produced by Greg Tito, Shelly Mazzanoble & Wizards of The Coast. Show production by Lisa Carr & Ryan Marth of Siren Sound. Podcast recording, editing, mixing and mastering by Ryan Marth & Siren Sound.
Dragon Talk: Rhyan Cassady, How To DM on Character Backstories
00:00: Intro and news with Greg Tito and Shelly Mazzanoble
15:01: How to DM
1:02:01: Interview
Subscribe to the Dragon Talk podcast on iTunes, on Google Play, Spotify, or wherever you get podcasts.
Samuel Dillon
Samuel Dillon is a professor of biology and a long-time D&D player. He is a prolific podcaster, hosting a variety of RPG-focused shows. He currently co-hosts the Edition Wars podcast, which explores the rules and quirks of the various editions of D&D (though no actual wars occur on the show) and DMing for D&DeBrief, a livestreamed 5th edition D&D game featuring after-session commentary and analysis. Lastly, Sam is the chief editor and a frequent host on The Tome Show, the longest running independent D&D podcast, featuring news, reviews, and interviews about our favorite game.
Twitter @DMSamuel
Website: rpgmusings.com
Rhyan Cassady
Rhyan Cassady is a podcaster, tabletop game designer, writer, and long time D&D Dungeon Master. He began his D&D adventures in 2011 as a DM with the Eberron Campaign Setting. Ever since then he has been an avid TTRPG fan and is passionate about introducing D&D to others. Currently he is the host and lead content creator for the D&D actual play podcast, Taverns & Caverns. Along with the podcast, he has built an engaging, fun, and diverse online community for those seeking to meet others with the same interests. He is also the game designer of his very own tabletop game, Untold Reverie! Rhyan is continuously looking for ways to share his passion for D&D and is always willing to share his experiences!
Twitter @HaphazardDM
Podcast Twitter: @TavernsCaverns
Website: TavernsCaverns.com


Retaliation claims are covered by the State Fair Employment Practices Act (FEPA). See Retaliation Under the State Fair Employment Practices Act.
Employers are prohibited from discriminating in any manner against an employee who opposes any practice forbidden by the FEPA, or against an employee who made a charge, testified, or assisted in any manner in any investigation, proceeding or hearing brought pursuant to the FEPA. See Retaliation Under the State Fair Employment Practices Act.
Employers with fewer than four employees are not subject to the FEPA. See Employers.
The FEPA allows an aggrieved employee to allege a retaliation claim against a supervisor. See Individual Liability.
The remedies for a violation of the FEPA include front pay, back pay, and injunctive relief and attorneys' fees. Punitive damages are permissible but not against the state or any of its political subdivisions. See Remedies.


text:
using Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Options;

namespace Microsoft.CodeAnalysis.Editor.Shared.Options
{
    /// <summary>
    /// options to indicate whether a certain component in Roslyn is enabled or not
    /// </summary>
    internal static class EditorComponentOnOffOptions
    {
        private const string LocalRegistryPath = @"Roslyn\Internal\OnOff\Components\";

        [ExportOption]
        public static readonly Option<bool> Adornment = new Option<bool>(nameof(EditorComponentOnOffOptions), nameof(Adornment), defaultValue: true,
            storageLocations: new LocalUserProfileStorageLocation(LocalRegistryPath + "Adornment"));

        [ExportOption]
        public static readonly Option<bool> Tagger = new Option<bool>(nameof(EditorComponentOnOffOptions), nameof(Tagger), defaultValue: true,
            storageLocations: new LocalUserProfileStorageLocation(LocalRegistryPath + "Tagger"));

        [ExportOption]
        public static readonly Option<bool> CodeRefactorings = new Option<bool>(nameof(EditorComponentOnOffOptions), nameof(CodeRefactorings), defaultValue: true,
            storageLocations: new LocalUserProfileStorageLocation(LocalRegistryPath + "Code Refactorings"));
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


CHANGES AT WESTSIDE CAFÉ An end of an era has come to Berkeley institution Westside Café, which just changed ownership earlier this month. Westside Café was first opened in 1986 by chef Janice Chaplin-Wilcox, who brought her brand of "California comfort food" to the casual eatery located at Ninth Street in West Berkeley. On July 2, via Westside Café's Facebook page, Chaplin-Wilcox wrote, "Thank you extraordinary customers and friends for 31 amazing years! I'm so happy to have had the opportunity to serve and enjoy you all these years. Hope to see you around town. Much love, Janice." Westside was sold to Randa Ammsso on July 1, and was closed for remodeling during its first week under the new ownership. The café reopened this week on Monday, July 10 with a new look and a completely new menu. Nosh spoke with Ammsso's husband, Al, who said they are now offering Mediterranean dishes, like shawarma, gyros, salads, and falafel sandwiches. The new iteration of Westside also offers breakfast and standard café fare, including soups and turkey freshly roasted on site. Westside Café is at 2570 9th St., Berkeley.
JOSHU-YA BECOMES KYUSHU We have reports of another change in Berkeley. One of the city's first sushi restaurants has closed. First brought to our attention last week by Berkeleyside reader Sean Rouse, who noticed that Joshu-ya on Dwight Way quietly transformed into Kyushu Ramen. Joshu-ya originally opened in 1978 by chef Kazuo Negishi. In 2011, the restaurant was sold to celebrated chef Jason Kwon, and became Joshu-Ya Brasserie, which focused on sushi, but had a modernized California cuisine-take on traditional edo-style sushi. Kwon sold the restaurant in 2015 (as well as his other Berkeley restaurant, Bleeker Street Bistro) and moved to New York to go into commercial real estate, leaving Joshu-ya to be run by its remaining chefs. We spoke with new owner, Chae Chang, who said the switch from a sushi to ramen wasn't just because ramen's so popular these days, but rather, due to the high cost of offering fresh, sushi-quality fish. True to its name, Kyushu Ramen, which opened on July 6, specializes in the Kyushu-style of the Japanese noodle soup, made with a rich and creamy tonkotsu (pork bone) based broth. Chang said the broth is made on site and is brewed for about 16 hours, a recipe developed with ramen chefs in Japan. In addition to ramen, Kyushu also offers fried rice, tempura, karaage (fried chicken) and both traditional Japanese and non-Japanese dishes, including truffle parmesan fries, a tomato Caprese salad and some Korean-style rice bowls. So far, Chang told Nosh, business is good. "We sold out of ramen and had to close early on Sunday," he said. Kyushu Ramen is at 2441 Dwight Way (at Telegraph), Berkeley.
GRAND BAKERY FINDS NEW OWNER Last December, Grand Bakery, one of the Bay Area's few certified kosher bakeries, closed its doors on Grand Avenue. J. Weekly reported this week that the business has found a new owner: 29-year-old New York-native and Cal grad Sam Tobis. Former owner Bob Jaffe, who owned and ran Grand Bakery for 18 years, confirmed the sale to J. Weekly. Under new ownership, Grand Bakery will not retain its lease on Grand Avenue, but will instead continue making its kosher challahs and macaroons off-site in a commercial kitchen, to be sold at Piedmont Grocery, Mollie Stone's Markets, and other retail outlets.
GRÉGOIRE OAKLAND HAS CLOSED We're sorry to say that you can no longer get crispy potato puffs on Piedmont Avenue. Or any of specialities at Grégoire's Oakland location, for that matter. After 11 years in business, Grégoire closed its digs at 4001 Piedmont Ave. on June 30. When we reached out to owner Grégoire Jacquet for the reason behind the closure he explained that it was a voluntary change. "I have been wanting to reduce my workload for a longtime, I just had to find the right time." Fortunately for Grégoire fans, the original location in Berkeley, which opened in 2002, remains open. Grégoire is at 2109 Cedar St. (at Shattuck), Berkeley.
KITCHENER GRATEFUL FOR HELP DURING OAKLAND FIRE On July 7, a devastating four-alarm fire set ablaze a mixed-used building under construction on 23rd Street and Valdez in Uptown Oakland. The fire started around 4:30 a.m. and forced the evacuation of hundreds of residents and businesses in the vicinity. Food business incubator and shared commercial kitchen space, Kitchener Oakland, located at 372 24th St., is half a block away from the fire site. On July 9, Kitchener owner Sophia Chang posted on Facebook about how the fire almost caused ruin for Kitchener, even after the flames were extinguished. Due to a forced power outage, thousands of dollars of food in Kitchener's walk-in refrigerator and freezer were at risk to spoil. Fortunately, representatives with the City of Oakland connected Chang with a neighboring business, Gill's Electric Company, which quickly brought a generator to Kitchener. The generator not only saved the food from going to waste, but allowed the caterers and local food businesses working at the space to continue making food and fulfilling orders. "One of our caterers was able to get a wedding order out for 80 people; two of our bakers were able to get their wedding cakes baked, decorated, and delivered; another baker was able to make 150 Japanese-style breads to feed students at a Japanese school; another baker was able to bake off his final flight wholesale order for scones, cookies, and muffins for the cafe he's supplied for 4+ years; another baker was able to get 20 cubic gallons of dough made for a big dessert festival in SF; and our lumpia maker's lumpia survived in the freezer and he was able to bring 300 frozen lumpia to fry up at an event Sunday," Chang wrote. Kitchener Oakland is at 372 24th St. (at Webster), Oakland.
DON'T MISS: CHOP BAR PIG ROAST This Sunday, July 16, Chop Bar is joining forces with Old Kan Beer for its yearly pig roast. The event originated eight years ago, in 2009, when Chop Bar first opened in Jack London Square and owner Chris Pastena celebrated opening night by roasting a whole pig. Two years later, the celebration grew in popularity, and became too large for the restaurant. It found a new home at Linden Street Brewery. This year, Linden Street Brewery moved and the space was relaunched by James Syhabout as Old Kan Beer & Co., but the tradition of the roasted pork feast will still happen here. Tickets are available on the day of the event at the door for $20 (which includes all-you-can-eat pork), with additional offerings of Old Kan beers and Fernet Branca ($5), and Oakland's Little Giant Ice Cream ($4). Oakland's funk-blues band Musashi Trio will provide the live soundtrack for the afternoon. The Chop Bar Pig Roast takes place from 4 to 8 p.m. at Old Kan Beer & Co., 95 Linden St. (near Embarcadero West), Oakland.
OAKLAND WINE FEST Hey wine lovers, there's a day-long wine event happening this weekend in the East Bay. The third annual Oakland Wine Festival will take place on Saturday, July 15, and is a chance for wine enthusiasts to meet winemakers, learn more about their favorite beverage and taste some new, premium and rare bottles. The day starts with a double blind wine tasting, when winemakers, sommeliers, along with other experts and complete novices will taste and judge 100 of the top wines from around the world. Other events include a four-course winemaker luncheon, where tables will have one well-known winemaker or sommelier sitting amongst diners; a poolside winetasting and a winemakers supper club and tasting. Tickets are $100. The Oakland Wine Festival takes place on Saturday, July 15, at The Claremont Club & Spa, 41 Tunnel Rd. (near Claremont Ave.), Berkeley.
Connect with NOSH on Facebook, Twitter, and Instagram and subscribe to the NOSH Weekly email for all your East Bay food news. Email us food tips or other news or questions at nosh@berkeleyside.com.


Just because you had a good opening weekend doesn't mean you can afford to get complacent in FPL.
After a brief hiatus of a few unbearable weeks, the Premier League returned with a bang on the weekend and for the most part, the joy was shared by the denizens of the Fantasy Premier League (FPL).
It was the biggest opening weekend in FPL memory, with an average of 53 points and many managers amassed a triple-figure haul too.
However, it's a long road towards glory in the virtual counterpart of the English top-flight and there's many a slip between the cup and the lip yet.
For those who are in doldrums after GW 1 worry not, for the The Statesman is at hand to guide you back on track with a incisive article ahead of the coming gameweeek.
Teams in BOLD are top 4 contenders.
Prices (in £ million) marked in Green indicates a rise in Base Price.
Prices (in £ million) marked in Red indicates fall in Base Price.
Why yes: After getting hammered by Liverpool (forgive the pun), the Hammers will be desperate to bounce back. Barring clashes against the London giants, they have decent fixtures.
Why no: They might have made merry in the transfer market, but issues at the back remain. The Cherries were impressive in their opener, so shouldn't be taken lightly.
Why yes: Fulham look a little out of their depth in the Premier League and Spurs should, in theory at least, see them off without much fuss.
Why no: Arguably not fully fit after missing the entire pre-season effectively. Games against United and Liverpool loom large on the horizon.
Why yes: Everyone may be flocking to Benjamin Mendy (£6.0m), but his compatriot is worthy option, at a marginally cheaper price. Looks set to be City's next leader at the back and was imperious against Arsenal.
Why no: With Kevin De Bruyne injured, suddenly most of City's midfield players are now confirmed starters and it's worth having several of them in your squad, which would make it difficult to pick a defender in your max quota of three players from a single club. Yes, Mendy and Kyle Walker (£6.5 m) are pricey, but they are arguably less likely to be rotated and will almost certainly pick up more points.
Why yes: With Phil Jagielka suspended till September, Keane is a guaranteed starter. Big things are expected of the Toffees this season. Keane is a real threat on set-pieces as well. And Everton will only get better once Yerry Mina (£5.5 m) gets used to the pace of the Premier League. Fixtures won't get easier than these.
Why no: With Kurt Zouma and Mina in the fold, there's guarantee that the former Burnley man will be starting games on a weekly basis as the season progresses. The likes of Seamus Coleman (£5.5 m) will appeal to many as the Irishman will bomb forward at every opportunity.
Why yes: Hazard was terrific against Huddersfield after coming on the bench and against a shaky Arsenal side, he could very well wreak havoc. For all those poor sods that had Kevin De Bruyne, a like-for-like replacement. Looking at Chelsea's upcoming games, the diminutive Belgian would be an ideal captain candidate as well.
Why no: Still extremely expensive and the likes of Sadio Mane (£9.5 m) are more economical options. With N'Golo Kante (£5.0 m) playing further forward in Sarri's new system, the Frenchman is worth a dekho as well. And with Alvaro Morata struggling to find the back of the net, Hazard's FPL productivity may suffer.
Why yes: Yes, he came off injured after his heroics against Wolves, but the 21-year-old Brazilian is back in full training and is surely going to be the first name on Marco Silva's team sheet. Fixtures, as mentioned earlier, seem pretty good on paper.
Why no: The jury is still out whether the South American can be consistent in the long run.
Why yes: In true poacher style, Vardy needed just two chances to find the back of the net against Manchester United at Old Trafford. Wolves look like a good side, but they don't have Jose Mourinho as their manager and David de Gea as their goalkeeper and plus, Leicester's No.9 will be starting this time.
Why no: Roberto Firmino (£9.5 m) is an excellent option in this price range. Can Leicester cope with the loss of Riyad Mahrez, their chief creator for the past few seasons?
Why yes: Arnautovic was starved of service against a rampant Liverpool side away, but that should change against the Cherries at home. Expect the Austrian to start banging in the goals without much delay.
Why no: Should the Hammer continue to misfire, uncomfortable questions will be asked as their summer spree demands results. Wilifred Zaha (£7.0 m) seems like a safer bet in this price range.
PS: The Gameweek deadline is 1130 GMT/1600 IST.


You can be planting a new garden within hours!
Upon completion of your order, you will instantly receive a link to download the plans.
UPDATED FOR 2018: now you can build the original 30″ planter, or a 40″ tall planter for taller people.
Also UPDATED FOR 2018: a less conspicuous and more stable side rail support.


text:
Reporting to the world on Tamil Affairs
Palaka'ni
TN Transcription
Eezham Tamil Diaspora activists in UK question SL reconciliation motives
[TamilNet, Monday, 19 December 2011, 00:41 GMT]
While structural genocide continues unabated in the homeland of the Eezham Tamils, certain well funded Sri Lankan NGO's that harp on peace and reconciliation are steadily pursuing a war by other means on the Eezham Tamil Diaspora. Programmes initiated by organizations like the One Text Initiative, which receives generous funding from foreign donors as well as support from the Sri Lankan state, in the name of 'engaging with the Sri Lankan diaspora', are attempting to marginalize the Eezham Tamil diaspora polity that is pushing for international investigation into genocide committed by the Sri Lankan state as well as recognition of their political sovereignty. This agenda was evident from a recent meeting in London where such proponents of reconciliation were challenged by Eezham Tamil activists of various shades.
This model of 'peace-building' seems to fall in the counter-insurgency tactics of the Sri Lankan state and its foreign patrons, observers among the Tamil diaspora in UK told TamilNet.
In what appears an ideological prelude to legitimising the LLRC report, a delegation of 'youth' parliamentarians from Sri Lanka, comprising of politicians from the UPFA, the UNP and one representative from the TNA have been touring the United Kingdom as part of a programme that claims to 'foster reconciliation' in Sri Lanka and moving towards 'progress' and 'peaceful development'. As a part of this programme, there was an event titled 'Peace, Security and Development through Good Governance' at Shiraz Mirza Community Hall, London, on December 11 which was co-ordinated by the Tamil Information Centre (TIC).
Kanaka Herath, Hunais Farooq, Eric Weerawardana, Vasantha Senanayake from the UPFA, Harin Fernando, Niroshan Perera from the UNP, and Raghu Balachandran as a representative from the TNA, comprised the panel. The meeting was chaired by Varadakumar of the TIC. Though only around a hundred people showed up for the event, the Eezham Tamils among the audience were quick to grasp inconsistencies and inaccuracies in the statements of the speakers.
To the opinion of one MP from the SLFP, who said that the LLRC report will help start the reconciliation process, a diaspora activist responded that the Eezham Tamil diaspora does not have faith in the report. He further accused the government of being more interested in land grabbing and colonizing the Tamil areas.
None of the speakers were willing to admit that the Sri Lankan government committed genocide or war crimes. Many of them blamed the LTTE alone for the predicament of the Eezham Tamils.
The opinion of SLFP MP, Eric Weerawardena, that only 5000 people were affected by the war was sharply contested by senior Tamil journalist Anandhi Sooriyaprakasam.
Another Sinhala MP observed that after May 2009, winter was finished and spring has begun. He was complemented by Hunais Farooq, who said that the past should be forgotten and a new chapter should be started.
David Pararajasingham, son of slain TNA leader Joseph Pararajasingham who was assassinated by the Sri Lankan state personnel inside the premises of a Batticaloa Church in Decemeber 2005, remarked that Tamils are still in winter and there will be no spring as long as the perpetrators of heinous crimes are still at large. He also said that for a true reconciliation and peace, there needs to be an independent international inquiry and an addressing of the fundamental grievances of the Eezham Tamils.
There were a few Sinhala participants among the audience, who also expressed their views.
Some of those who attended the event even wondered whether the ulterior motive of such meetings is to sow confusion among the diaspora and divert them from their demands.
The creation of the organization OTI was facilitated by Hannes Siebert, an international peace process and negotiations adviser from South Africa. According to a Wikileaks Cable, OTI began in 2004, but after a period of neglect, was redesigned and restarted in October 2007, with the stated aim of 'building confidence and trust among stakeholders.'
While the US, Norwegian, Swiss, British and Canadian foreign ministries have provided funding to the OTI, according to the cable, the lead facilitator Nick Lewer has advised the US ambassador that 'it would be helpful for the U.S. to encourage support for OTI at high levels in the GSL, but that the U.S. should do so quietly so that OTI remains under the radar.'
The cable, which is largely dealing with a pre-Mu'l'livaaykkaal period, says that Vidar Helgesen, Secretary-General of International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance, aims to 'bring together constitutional experts from India and the LTTE Diaspora, and gradually involve experts from southern Sri Lanka and eventually the GSL.'
But the intensification of such activities targeting the Eezham Tamil diaspora in a post-Mu'l'livaaykkaal scenario by such organizations, without seeking to address truth of genocide and structural genocide and justice for Eezham Tamils, but talking only about reconciliation makes the intentions of such actors questionable, activists in the diaspora observed.
The organizations International Alert and Royal Commonwealth Society have also endorsed this programme of reconciliation and are actively assisting such activities by highlighting token individuals from the diaspora and projecting them as voices of the community, while at the same time creating a negative image around those who stand by the position that Sri Lankan government is guilty of genocide.
Reflecting on these processes and the proceedings of the event, a veteran Eezham Tamil activist who was initially part of the liberation movement in the homeland, told the Sri Lankan delegation that came to UK that if the issue is not addressed in the right manner, Tamils will have no choice but to take up arms again.
On the OTI, involved in the UK meeting the following background was exposed by the WikiLeaks:
Subject	Sri Lanka: Several Track 2 And 1.5
Initiatives Underway Or Under Consideration
Origin	Embassy Colombo (Sri Lanka)
Cable time	Fri, 20 Jun 2008 07:28 UTC
Classification	UNCLASSIFIED//FOR OFFICIAL USE ONLY
Source	http://wikileaks.org/cable/2008/06/08COLOMBO600.html
UNCLAS SECTION 01 OF 03 COLOMBO 000600
DEPARTMENT FOR SCA/INS
TAGS: PGOV  [Internal Governmental Affairs],
PREL [External Political Relations],
PTER  [Terrorists and Terrorism],
PHUM  [Human Rights],
MOPS  [Military Operations], CE  [Sri Lanka]
SUBJECT: SRI LANKA: SEVERAL TRACK 2 AND 1.5 INITIATIVES
UNDERWAY OR UNDER CONSIDERATION
¶1.  (SBU) SUMMARY: Prominent Sri Lankans and interested
members of the international community are pursuing a number
of Track 1.5 and 2 initiatives to resolve Sri Lanka's ethnic
conflict.  The One Text Initiative (OTI) appears to have
progressed the most.  Other initiatives are either embryonic
or stalled.  OTI brings together senior political leaders to
tackle difficult issues, such as access to humanitarian goods
and services, and language policy.  In the long term, OTI
aims to build confidence and trust among stakeholders
necessary for future peace talks.  Post's interlocutors on
these initiatives consistently emphasize that their efforts
should remain out of the media spotlight to keep Sinhalese
nationalists from pressuring the government to disengage.
Post will continue quietly to support these efforts and
encourage political leaders to remain involved.  End Summary.
One Text Initiative
¶2. (SBU) The aim of the One Text Initiative (OTI) is
two-fold.  In the short term, OTI brings together senior
leaders of Sri Lanka's major political parties to tackle
difficult issues that are directly related to the conflict
(such as access to humanitarian goods and services, and
language policy).  In the long term, through these exercises,
OTI aims to build confidence and trust among stakeholders.
Thus, when peace talks resume, OTI might serve as a parallel
process in which leaders can engage on difficult issues and
feed into negotiations.
¶3. (SBU) OTI began in 2004, but after a period of neglect,
was redesigned and restarted in October 2007.  Director
Mangala Moonesinghe and Lead Facilitator Nick Lewer work to
keep all parties on board and facilitate discussions.  The
main body, the Multi-Stakeholder Dialogue (or "Long Table"),
is composed of senior political party leaders, plus four
civil society representatives who attend in an observer
capacity.  The Long Table includes several cabinet ministers:
Minister of Science and Technology and Chair of the All
Party Representative Committee Tissa Vitharana, Minister of
Constitutional Affairs D.E.W. Gunasekera, acting Minister of
Justice Dilan Perera, and Minister of Transport Dallas
Allahuperuma.  Other members include: leader of the Tamil
National Alliance (TNA) R. Sampanthan, United National Party
(UNP) member and former Minister of Finance K.N. Choksy,
representatives from the Sri Lanka Muslim Congress and the
National Unity Alliance (the two largest Muslim political
parties), and representatives from the government's
Secretariat for Coordinating the Peace Process (SCOPP) and
the Peace Secretariat for Muslims (PSM).  Members meet
monthly and are supported by party-nominated researchers.
¶4. (SBU) J.S. Tissainayagam, a columnist for the Sunday
Times, joined OTI as the TNA researcher and has since been
appointed to the Board of Directors.  He is currently being
detained by the Terrorist Investigation Division of the Sri
Lankan police.  On June 6, the Defense Ministry issued a new
detention order against Tissainayagam for an additional 90
days.  The GSL maintains that he is under investigation for
unspecified terrorist links, but no charges have been filed.
OTI director Moonesinghe, this Embassy, and other foreign
missions have intervened repeatedly to try to get
Tissainayagam released - so far without success.
¶5. (SBU) The Long Table has chosen four themes within which
to approach specific issues: 1) access to humanitarian goods
and services, 2) official language policy, 3) human security
and human rights, and 4) lessons to be learned from failed
peace processes.  A sub-group, or "Small Table" (composed of
the TNA, SCOPP, PSM, and Lewer), focuses on humanitarian
goods and services; one on language policy will soon be
convened.  Small Tables may invite outside experts to assist
and produce by consensus a discussion document, which is sent
COLOMBO 00000600  002 OF 003
to the Long Table for comment.  Ultimately, the Long Table
comes to a consensus agreement on the document -- hence, "One
Text."  The process is intended to be fluid and flexible,
with many different sizes and types of groups convening.
Lewer reports that the GSL is sending senior ministers to
Small Table discussions.  Eventually, OTI wants to have three
facilitators in addition to Lewer: a Tamil, Sinhalese, and
Muslim.
¶6. (SBU) The Norwegian, Swiss, British and Canadian Foreign
Ministries fund OTI.  The U.S. is also providing $25,000 to
OTI to cover lease costs for its office.  In a meeting on
April 23, Lewer told Ambassador that it would be helpful for
the U.S. to encourage support for OTI at high levels in the
GSL, but that the U.S. should do so quietly so that OTI
remains under the radar.
International Study Group
¶7. (SBU) In 2007, Dr. Paikiasothy Saravanamuttu, head of the
Center for Policy Alternatives in Colombo, and Norbert Roper,
then-country director of the Berghof Foundation, quietly put
forward a proposal for an "International Study Group."
Saravanamuttu is one of the most respected NGO leaders in Sri
Lanka.  Roper, a German national, is a highly experienced
INGO executive who had to depart Sri Lanka in January 2008
when the GSL revoked his work visa.
¶8. (SBU) Saravanamuttu and Roper visited Washington in
February 2008 to speak with former Deputy Secretary Richard
Armitage about serving as head of an International Study
Group of eminent persons.  Its objectives would be: 1) to
generate ideas on how international actors can support new
indigenous peace initiatives more creatively and effectively
than they did during the 2002 - 2005 Ceasefire Agreement and
2) to engage with the stakeholders in Sri Lanka in a discreet
and effective way to explore which options for new peace
initiatives are most realistic and promising.
¶9. (SBU) Saravanamuttu told PolOff on June 6 that he and
Roper intend to hold meetings in Tokyo and New Delhi in July,
at which they hope to decide who the Japanese and Indian
eminent persons will be.  Norway supports the initiative, and
Saravanmuttu is hoping for funding from the U.S. Institute of
Peace, as well as Japanese foundations.  Roper may also
arrange a meeting with EU representatives about the
A Norwegian Effort
¶10. (SBU) Norwegian Ambassador Tore Hattrem briefed PolChief
on quiet efforts by former Norwegian Deputy Minister of
Foreign Affairs (2001-2005) and Secretary-General of
International Institute for Democracy and Electoral
Assistance (IDEA) Vidar Helgesen to implement a Track 1.5
initiative.  Helgesen aims to bring together constitutional
experts from India and the LTTE Diaspora, and gradually
involve experts from southern Sri Lanka and eventually the
GSL.  Helgesen's approach to the Indians met with a cool
reception, however.  Minister of Tourism Milinda Moragoda
supports the idea and has said he plans to encourage India to
engage.  Another obstacle to progress at this time is the
difficulty of access to Kilinochchi.  For the last several
months, the GSL has not been permitting foreign diplomats to
go there.
A South African Effort
¶11. (SBU) A group of South Africans, Roelf Meyer, Ebrahim
Ebrahim, and Ivor Jenkins, have been visiting Sri Lanka
occasionally since 2002.  In the period after conclusion of
the 2002 Ceasefire Agreement, they had regular contact with
the LTTE through Anton Balasingham and Tamilchelvan.  After
the CFA collapsed, the group's focus has been engaging
political parties in the south.  Working with the
organization Inpact, they plan to select a group of Sri
Lankans from the south to visit South Africa, with the goal
of building a better relationship between the President's
UPFA and the principal opposition UNP.
¶12. (SBU) COMMENT:  Post's interlocutors on the above
initiatives consistently emphasize that their efforts could
get derailed if they become politicized through media
coverage.  If widely publicized, the Sinhalese supremacist
parties like the JVP and JHU would seek to derail these Track
1.5 and 2 initiatives, putting pressure on President
Rajapaksa and other government officials and political
leaders to back away from involvement.  Ambassador and
Emboffs will continue to quietly support these efforts and
encourage political leaders to engage in them as much as
possible.  Post sees attempts to engage Sinhalese
nationalists in the south as well as the Tamil diaspora
community as particularly important in laying the groundwork
for future productive negotiations.
27.10.12 Colombo's genocide-stabilizing approach to diaspor..
19.12.11 Eezham Tamil Diaspora activists in UK question SL ..
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Q: QT, c++ dlls, and objects I'm fairly new to dlls, and completely new to QT. I've been playing for a few days and am trying to create a project wherein I read the contents of a file and display the parsed results neatly. I have written a dll to parse the file format and wish to use that dll within my QT GUI.
My dll contains 4 files, SignalParse.h/cpp and Signal.h/cpp.
SignalParse is the meat of the dll, containing the functionality, and Signal is an object for storing data.
My aim is for my QT program to use this function from within SignalParse:
__declspec(dllexport) vector<Signal> ReturnSignal()
{
    return sigList;
}

sigList is a vector containing all the data from my signal objects. Signal data is something like as follows parsed into variables within the signal object:
[SignalOne]
bytes: 2
format: int
offset: 0

The aim behind this is to have the GUI able to access the dll and use it to parse files, then read the parsed data.
However, seeing as I am returning a vector of Signal, I (think I) will need to include signal in my QT project. Is this normal practice? Or should I attempt to store my data in another manner?
As a novice, I'm not sure how to handle situations like this. The idea of storing my signal data in an object seems the neatest, but having to then include the object in every program that uses the dll seems less neat.
Perhaps there is a better way of doing it? I would very much like to know whether my approach is reasonable, or if there is another obvious way of handling this kind of thing that I've blindsided.
Thanks!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
DEC 30, 2014 12:00 AM PST
A New Family of Stars In The Neighborhood
WRITTEN BY: Brenda Kelley Kim
Because it's so large some might think our galaxy, The Milky Way, is the only one out there or even nearby but that isn't the case. The Milky Way is actually part of a cluster of over 50 other galaxies. Together these galaxies comprise the "Local Group." The nearest large galaxy, the Andromeda, is part of this group along with other lesser-known and smaller space objects. There's a new player in town though. A team of Russian and American space professionals has located an isolated dwarf galaxy and despite the fact that it's 7 million light years away, it is still part of the local neighborhood.
The team, led by Prof Igor Karachentsev of the Special Astrophysical Observatory in Karachai-Cherkessia, Russia, found the new galaxy using the Hubble Space Telescope Advanced Camera for Surveys (ACS) in August 2014. Given the designation of Kks3, the galaxy is located in the southern sky in the direction of the constellation of Hydrus. By space standards, the new galaxy is quite small. It's stars have only one ten-thousandth of the mass of the Milky Way.
Astronomers refer to galaxies of this size as "dwarf spheroidal" or simply dSph. A dSph galaxy lacks the spiral arms that the Milky Way and Andromeda possess. In addition these tiny systems will not have the materials necessary to form new stars. Hydrogen gas and space dust are both absent in dwarf galaxies and therefore they normally contain older and much harder to find relics.
There are many possible reasons why these smaller galaxies do not contain the raw materials to generate new space objects within them. One theory is that isolated objects such as Kks3 are formed in a different way than larger galaxies. It's possible that these galaxies were formed by an early burst of star formation that depleted available gas resources. Astronomers have also noted that most of the raw material once present in the dwarf galaxies may have been stripped out by nearby large galaxies such as Andromeda. In almost every case, dwarf galaxies are located near much larger companion galaxies.
Finding a dwarf galaxy is a daunting task. Because they lack large gas clouds, they are extremely difficult to pick out in surveys taken by satellites. Scientists usually have to find them by picking out individual stars that eventually show a pattern and reveal a dwarf galaxy. It is the celestial equivalent of a needle in a haystack. Only one other isolated dwarf spheroidal, KKR 25, has ever been in found in the Local Group, back in 1999 by the same research team.
Team member Prof Dimitry Makarov, also of the Special Astrophysical Observatory, commented: "Finding objects like Kks3 is painstaking work, even with observatories like the Hubble Space Telescope. But with persistence, we're slowly building up a map of our local neighbourhood, which turns out to be less empty than we thought. It may be that are a huge number of dwarf spheroidal galaxies out there, something that would have profound consequences for our ideas about the evolution of the cosmos."
Brenda Kelley Kim
Bachelor's (BA/BS/Other)
I'm a writer living in the Boston area. My interests include cancer research, cardiology and neuroscience. I want to be part of using the Internet and social media to educate professionals and patients in a collaborative environment.
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