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16 USC 1464: Authorization of appropriations Text contains those laws in effect on January 21, 2020
From Title 16-CONSERVATIONCHAPTER 33-COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT
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§1464. Authorization of appropriations
(a) Sums appropriated to Secretary
There are authorized to be appropriated to the Secretary, to remain available until expended-
(1) for grants under sections 1455, 1455a, and 1456b of this title-
(A) $47,600,000 for fiscal year 1997;
(B) $49,000,000 for fiscal year 1998; and
(C) $50,500,000 for fiscal year 1999; and
(2) for grants under section 1461 of this title-
(A) $4,400,000 for fiscal year 1997;
(B) $4,500,000 for fiscal year 1998; and
(C) $4,600,000 for fiscal year 1999.
(b) Limitations
Federal funds received from other sources shall not be used to pay a coastal state's share of costs under section 1455 or 1456b of this title.
(c) Reversion to Secretary of unobligated State funds; availability of funds
The amount of any grant, or portion of a grant, made to a State under any section of this chapter which is not obligated by such State during the fiscal year, or during the second fiscal year after the fiscal year, for which it was first authorized to be obligated by such State shall revert to the Secretary. The Secretary shall add such reverted amount to those funds available for grants under the section for such reverted amount was originally made available.
(Pub. L. 89–454, title III, §318, formerly §315, as added Pub. L. 92–583, Oct. 27, 1972, 86 Stat. 1289 ; amended Pub. L. 93–612, §1(3), Jan. 2, 1975, 88 Stat. 1974 ; renumbered §318 and amended Pub. L. 94–370, §§7, 14, July 26, 1976, 90 Stat. 1019 , 1031; Pub. L. 95–372, title V, §§502, 503(e), (f), Sept. 18, 1978, 92 Stat. 692 , 693; Pub. L. 96–464, §13, Oct. 17, 1980, 94 Stat. 2070 ; Pub. L. 99–272, title VI, §6046, Apr. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 127 ; Pub. L. 99–626, §7, Nov. 7, 1986, 100 Stat. 3506 ; Pub. L. 101–508, title VI, §6215, Nov. 5, 1990, 104 Stat. 1388–313 ; Pub. L. 104–150, §4, June 3, 1996, 110 Stat. 1381 .)
This chapter, referred to in subsec. (c), was in the original "this Act" which was translated as reading "this title", meaning title III of Pub. L. 89–454 which is classified generally to this chapter, to reflect the probable intent of Congress.
1996-Subsec. (a). Pub. L. 104–150, §4(1), amended subsec. (a) generally, substituting provisions of pars. (1) and (2) setting forth appropriations for grants under sections 1455, 1455a, 1456b, and 1461 for fiscal years 1997, 1998, and 1999 for provisions of pars. (1) to (4) setting forth appropriations for grants under sections 1454, 1455, 1455a, 1456b, and 1461 and activities under section 1456c for fiscal years during the period beginning Oct. 1, 1990, and ending Sept. 30, 1995.
Subsecs. (b) to (d). Pub. L. 104–150, §4(2), (3), redesignated subsecs. (c) and (d) as (b) and (c), respectively, and struck out former subsec. (b) which read as follows: "There are authorized to be appropriated until October 1, 1986, to the Fund, such sums, not to exceed $800,000,000, for the purposes of carrying out the provisions of section 1456a of this title, other than subsection (b), of which not to exceed $150,000,000 shall be for purposes of subsections (c)(1), (c)(2) and (c)(3) of such section."
1990-Subsec. (a)(1) to (4). Pub. L. 101–508 substituted pars. (1) to (4) for former pars. (1) to (5) which read as follows:
"(1) such sums, not to exceed $35,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1986, not to exceed $36,600,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1987, $37,900,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1988, $38,800,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1989, and $40,600,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990, as may be necessary for grants under sections 1455 and 1455a of this title, to remain available until expended;
"(2) such sums, not to exceed $75,000,000 for each of the fiscal years occurring during the period beginning October 1, 1980, and ending September 30, 1988, as may be necessary for grants under section 1456a(b) of this title;
"(3) such sums, not to exceed $1,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1986, and not to exceed $1,500,000 for each of the fiscal years occurring during the period beginning October 1, 1986, and ending September 30, 1990, as may be necessary for grants under section 1456b of this title, to remain available until expended;
"(4) such sums, not to exceed $2,500,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1986, not to exceed $3,800,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1987, $4,500,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1988, $5,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1989, and $5,500,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990, as may be necessary for grants under section 1461 of this title, to remain available until expended; and
"(5) such sums, not to exceed $3,300,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1986, not to exceed $3,300,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1987, $3,300,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1988, $4,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1989, and $4,000,000 for the fiscal year ending September 30, 1990, as may be necessary for administrative expenses incident to the administration of this chapter."
1986-Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 99–272, §6046(1), substituted authorization of appropriations for each of fiscal years 1986 through 1990 necessary for grants under sections 1455 and 1455a of this title, for authorization of appropriations of $48,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1981 through 1985 necessary for grants under section 1455 of this title.
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 99–272, §6046(2), redesignated par. (3) as (2), and struck out former par. (2) which authorized appropriations of $20,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1981 through 1985 necessary for grants under section 1455a of this title.
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 99–272, §6046(2), (3), redesignated par. (4) as (3) and substituted authorization of appropriations for each of fiscal years 1986 through 1990 necessary for grants under section 1456b of this title, for authorization of appropriations of $3,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1981 through 1985 necessary for grants under section 1456b of this title. Former par. (3) redesignated (2).
Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 99–272, §6046(2), (3), redesignated par. (5) as (4) and substituted authorization of appropriations for each of fiscal years 1986 through 1990 necessary for grants under section 1461 of this title, for authorization of appropriations of $9,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1981 through 1985 necessary for grants under section 1461 of this title. Former par. (4) redesignated (3).
Subsec. (a)(5), (6). Pub. L. 99–272, §6046(2), (3), redesignated par. (6) as (5) and substituted authorization of appropriations for each of fiscal years 1986 through 1990 necessary for administrative expenses incident to administration of this chapter, for authorization of appropriations of $6,000,000 for each of fiscal years 1981 through 1985 necessary for such administrative expenses. Former par. (5) redesignated (4).
Subsec. (d). Pub. L. 99–626 added subsec. (d).
1980-Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 96–464, §13(1), redesignated par. (2) as (1) and substituted authorization of appropriation of $48,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1981 through 1985, for authorization of appropriation of $50,000,000 for fiscal years 1977 through 1980. Former par. (1), which authorized appropriation of $20,000,000 for fiscal years 1977 through 1979 for grants under section 1454 of this title, was struck out.
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 96–464, §13(1), added par. (2). Former par. (2) redesignated (1).
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 96–464, §13(1), substituted authorization of appropriation of $75,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1981 through 1988, for authorization of appropriation of $50,000,000 for each of the fiscal year years 1977 and 1978, and $130,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1979 through 1988.
Subsec. (a)(4). Pub. L. 96–464, §13(1), redesignated par. (5) as (4) and substituted authorization of appropriation of $3,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1981 through 1985, for authorization of appropriation of $5,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1977 through 1980. Former par. (4), which authorized appropriation of $5,000,000 for each of the fiscal years 1979 through 1983 for grants under section 1456a(c)(2) of this title, was struck out.
Subsec. (a)(5). Pub. L. 96–464, §13(1), combined in par. (5), authorization of appropriation of $31,000,000 for grants under section 1461 of this title for fiscal years 1977 through 1980 formerly contained in pars. (7) and (8), and authorized appropriation of $9,000,000 for grants under section 1461 of this title for fiscal years 1981 through 1985. Former par. (5) redesignated (4).
Subsec. (a)(6). Pub. L. 96–464, §13(1), redesignated par. (9) as (6) and substituted authorization of appropriation of $6,000,000 for fiscal years 1981 through 1985, for authorization of appropriation of $5,000,000 for fiscal years 1977 through 1980. Former par. (6), which contained authorization of appropriation of $10,000,000 for fiscal years 1977 through 1980 for financial assistance under section 1456c of this title with equal division between subsecs. (a) and (b), was struck out.
Subsec. (a)(7) to (9). Pub. L. 96–464, §13(1), combined provisions of pars. (7) and (8) into par. (5) and redesignated par. (9) as (6).
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 96–464, §13(2), substituted "subsection (b) of this section, of which not to exceed $150,000,000 shall be for purposes of subsections (c)(1), (c)(2) and (c)(3) of such section" for "subsections (b) and (c)(2), of which not to exceed $50,000,000 shall be for purposes of subsections (c)(1) and (d)(4) of such section".
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 96–464, §13(3), substituted "section 1455 or 1456b of this title" for "section 1454, 1455, 1456b or 1456c of this title".
1978-Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 95–372, §502, substituted "for each of the fiscal years ending September 30, 1977, and September 30, 1978, and not to exceed $130,000,000 per fiscal year for each of the fiscal years occurring during the period beginning on October 1, 1978, and ending September 30, 1988," for "for each of the 8 fiscal years occurring during the period beginning October 1, 1976, and ending September 30, 1984,".
Subsec. (a)(4) to (9). Pub. L. 95–372, §503(e), added par. (4) and redesignated former pars. (4) to (8) as (5) to (9), respectively.
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 95–372, §503(f), substituted "subsections (b) and (c)(2)" for "subsection (b)" and "subsections (c)(1)" for "subsections (c)".
1976-Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 94–370, §14, substituted provisions authorizing appropriations of sums not to exceed $20,000,000 for each of the fiscal years ending Sept. 30, 1977, Sept. 30, 1978, and Sept. 30, 1979 for provisions authorizing appropriations of the sum of $9,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1973, and for each of the fiscal years 1974 through 1977.
Subsec. (a)(2). Pub. L. 94–370, §14, substituted provisions authorizing appropriations of sums not to exceed $50,000,000 for each of the fiscal years ending Sept. 30, 1977, Sept. 30, 1978, Sept. 30, 1979, and Sept. 30, 1980 for provisions authorizing appropriations of sums not to exceed $30,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1974, and for each of the fiscal years 1975 through 1977.
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 94–370, §14, substituted provisions authorizing appropriations of sums not to exceed $50,000,000 for each of the 8 fiscal years occurring during the period beginning Oct. 1, 1976, and ending Sept. 30, 1984, as may be necessary for grants under section 1456a(b) of this title for provisions authorizing appropriations of sums not to exceed $6,000,000 for the fiscal year ending June 30, 1974, as may be necessary for grants under section 1461 of this title, to remain available until expended.
Subsec. (a)(4) to (8). Pub. L. 94–370, §14, added pars. (4) to (8).
Subsec. (b). Pub. L. 94–370, §14, substituted provisions authorizing appropriations until Oct. 1, 1986 to the Fund of sums not to exceed $800,000,000 for the purpose of carrying out provisions of section 1456a of this title, other than subsec. (b) of such section, of which sums not to exceed $50,000,000 shall be for purposes of subsecs. (c) and (d)(4) of such section for provisions authorizing appropriations of sums not to exceed $3,000,000, for fiscal year 1973 and for each of the four succeeding fiscal years, as may be necessary for administrative expenses for administration of this chapter.
Subsec. (c). Pub. L. 94–370, §14, added subsec. (c).
1975-Subsec. (a)(1). Pub. L. 93–612, §1(3)(A), increased from $9,000,000 to $12,000,000 the sums authorized to be appropriated for the 3 fiscal years following the fiscal year 1974.
Subsec. (a)(3). Pub. L. 93–612, §1(3)(B), inserted "and for each of the three succeeding fiscal years," after "fiscal year ending June 30, 1974,".


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Two crucial forces, science and religion, helped shape Western civilization and continue to interact in our daily lives. What is the nature of their relationship? When do they conflict, and how do they influence each other in pursuit of knowledge and truth? Contrary to prevailing notions that they must perpetually clash, science and theology have actually been partners in an age-old adventure. This course covers both the historical sweep and philosophical flashpoints of this epic interaction.
Professor Lawrence M. Principe unfolds a surprisingly cooperative dynamic in which theologians and natural scientists share methods, ideas, aspirations, and a tradition of disputational dialogue.
St. Augustine warned that it is dangerous for religious people to ignore science: "Many non-Christians are well versed in natural knowledge, so they can detect vast ignorance in such a Christian and laugh it to scorn." He added that interpretation of biblical passages must be informed by the current state of demonstrable knowledge.
On the other hand, Sir Isaac Newton freely discusses the attributes and activities of God in Principia Mathematica, which sets forth his theory of gravity and laws of motion.
These examples represent the traditional relationship of science and religion that is too often obscured by the divisive, hot-headed rhetoric and the gross oversimplifications we often see in today's headlines. Long before the shouting and the sloganeering, scientists and theologians pursued a unity of truth, and most theologians have agreed with the advice of Galileo's colleague, Cardinal Baronio, that the Bible "tells us how to go to heaven, not how the heavens go."
Once we understand this, we have a new perspective on many present-day controversies. The current antievolution furor, for example, centers on the fixation that Genesis 1 should be taken literally, an issue that had been resolved by theologians long ago. Professor Principe deems it "astonishingly trivial" and guides you through far more interesting arguments of advanced theology about powers and limits of human knowledge—the difficulty of identifying causation, and the means by which God acts in the world. He shows how science gives theologians powerful tools for enriching, not contradicting, their understanding of ultimate truths.
The Search for Answers
You will explore questions that are important to all religions, but the focus is on interactions in the "Latin West" where modern science largely took root. This includes formerly Latin-speaking Western European and Mediterranean regions, and the offspring of European culture, North America. The course spotlights the predominant religion of these lands: Christianity.
Our search is punctuated by Professor Principe's wit and passion. In a review of one of his previous courses, AudioFile magazine acclaimed him as "clearly a master of his subject. Equally clear is his passion for teaching it." With fluency in three ancient languages, Professor Principe is a student's living link to the primary sources he has read and studied in their original languages. Through his reading of such texts as the original minutes of the Inquisition, for example, he is able to grant you the rare opportunity to read between the lines of what was written. In addition, the professor holds faculty appointments in three diverse fields—history of science, philosophy, and chemistry—which allow him to synthesize materials across disciplines and convey the big picture with stunning clarity. His lectures are colored with the passion of someone who has devoted a lifetime to exploring the interaction of science and religion.
Moving from the early centuries of the Christian era and the Middle Ages to our own day, he exposes the truth about the Galileo Affair and provides a revealing picture of the circuslike Scopes Trial.
You will share St. Augustine's profound ideas about reason and faith. Follow St. Thomas Aquinas's exploration of miracles—the need to identify them is one example of how scientific and theological inquiry overlap. Meet a 19th-century writer whose anti-Catholic diatribe spread myths that persist today.
Learn about the courage (and stubbornness) of Galileo, the unexpected rationality of his accusers, the inspiration of Darwin's natural selection, and the religious implications of Lemaître's Big Bang.
As Professor Principe claims, the solution to this modern conflict is easy—it is the study of history. Such study will equip you to join that partnership with a vocabulary of ideas and a clear, historical perspective on the science/religion relationship. These tools will help you participate more effectively in a dialogue that is as immediate and thought-provoking today as it was hundreds of years ago.
In this introductory lecture, we define the basic terms of the course, its content, methodology, and focus. This course deals with the interactions of Christianity with science in the Western world over a long time span. We look closely at the words science and religion to prepare for consistent discussions in subsequent lectures. We look at models for the interactions of science and religion, critique them, and provide pointers for engaging with the balance of the course. x
The Warfare Thesis
We examine one form of historical relationship between science and religion—the warfare or conflict thesis. Advanced in the late 19th century by John William Draper and Andrew Dickson White, it has continued strong in popular thought to the present day. We create a catalogue of methodological errors and fallacies for all readers of history to guard against. x
Faith and Reason—Scripture and Nature
In this lecture, we confront some basic concepts in the science-religion question: What are legitimate means of acquiring sure knowledge, and where can we can obtain such knowledge? We examine approaches to means and sources in the Christian tradition, in St. Augustine's 5th-century writings, and more recently in the important 1998 papal encyclical Fides et ratio. x
God and Nature—Miracles and Demons
This lecture approaches the nature of causation and our ability to identify it accurately. A crucial point of contact between science and religion is the question of the extent of God's involvement: naturalistic explanations versus divine intervention. Views of the state of the spiritual world influence and form one's views toward the natural world and science. x
Church, Copernicus, and Galileo
We look at the "Galileo affair." Far from being a simple case of science versus religion, however, it is extremely complex and brings up a host of important philosophical, scientific, and other issues that must be understood in context. x
Galileo's Trial
This lecture examines the latter phase of the Galileo affair, presents explanations of the events, and looks at how these events have been used, abused, and re-examined to the present day. Of particular importance are the arguments made on both sides about the relative intellectual roles of science and faith and the levels of certainty we can have about each. x
God the Watchmaker
The 17th-century idea of a mechanical universe functioning like a great clockwork implied creative actions of a divine mechanist but simultaneously distanced him from creation. Natural philosophers had to deal with deep-seated fears over the new growth of irreligion, and atheism provided a new context. This lecture surveys some of the means used to address this idea by Robert Boyle, Isaac Newton, and others. x
Natural Theology and Arguments from Design
Some authors have used the natural world to argue for the existence of the deity. This lecture examines the emergence and content of natural theology. Recently, intelligent design has appeared as a further step in the track of natural theology. This lecture looks at historical features of both approaches and their limitations. x
Geology, Cosmology, and Biblical Chronology
How old is the Earth and the universe? This lecture looks at attempts to date the Earth, the hints that it is vastly older than the Bible implies, and the responses from religious figures to this dating. Historical "battle lines" between rival interpretations of both the Earth's and the universe's ages and origins do not map out on simple religion/science lines but, instead, reveal a more complex picture rooted largely in social and professional differences. x
Darwin and Responses to Evolution
Like Galileo, Charles Darwin occupies a central position in discussions of science and religion. This lecture looks at Darwin's theory of evolution and its complex reception in context. Darwin's natural selection and common ancestry ideas provoked a range of responses from religious and scientific figures. x
Fundamentalism and Creationism
Despite acceptance of evolutionary ideas by naturalists and prominent theologians in 1900, those ideas have also marked the 20th century with strongest-ever science-religion conflict. This lecture looks at the 1925 Scopes Trial, a high point in the fundamentalist crusade against evolution, and the invention of creation science and flood geology. There's an analysis of the background and social foundations of American fundamentalism, a force that still plays an adversarial role with modern science. x
Past, Present, and Future
In this concluding lecture, we survey the course and place our own times in historical context. No single description can aptly describe the complexity of science/religion interactions in Christianity over time. Most current clashes occur between extremists—religious and scientific fundamentalists. A historical perspective is the best way to transcend and defuse such clashes. x
88-page printed course guidebook
Photos & illustrations
Lawrence M. Principe, Ph.D.
Dr. Lawrence M. Principe is Drew Professor of the Humanities at Johns Hopkins University. Professor Principe earned a B.S. in Chemistry and a B.A. in Liberal Studies from the University of Delaware. He also holds two doctorates: a Ph.D. in Organic Chemistry from Indiana University, Bloomington, and a Ph.D. in the History of Science from Johns Hopkins University. In 1999, the Carnegie Foundation chose Professor Principe as the...
History of Science: Antiquity to 1700
Special Collection - The Joy of Ancient History
36 Revolutionary Figures of History
(Set) Science and Religion & Philosophy of Religion
(Set) Science and Religion & Consciousness and Its Implications
(Set) The Joy of Ancient History & World Was Never the Same
(Set) The Joy of Ancient History & Foundations of Western Civ
(Set) The Joy of Ancient History & The Persian Empire
(Set) 36 Big Ideas & The Joy of Ancient History
(Set) 36 Revolutionary Figures of History & 36 Books That Changed the World
Science and Religion is rated 4.1 out of 5 by 149.
Rated 2 out of 5 by geoperky from Point missed This 12 lecture series was disappointing to me, particularly following my completion of the Skepticism 101 lectures from Michael Shermer. Dr Principe presented well, but began with faulty logic that carried throughout the lectures. It seemed to be more of an apology for the Catholic Church and it's misdeeds, particularly in dealing with Galileo. I was hoping the lectures would deal with religions in general (from early pagan cults to the Branch Davidians), inclusive of all religions, not just Christianity, and specifically the Catholic Church. None of this was examined. Sorry, I cannot recommend this series.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Raty from They Have Done It Again! Once again, this course is concise, clear and presented by a knowledgeable instructor who is also a good teacher and pleasant to listen to. The technology is user friendly and the quality is excellent.
Rated 5 out of 5 by dasNuben from Overview of Western Science & Christianity Outstanding introduction to the relationship between Western science and the development of Christianity. Sufficient material, both anecdotal and in referenced works, to gain useful insights into how the current "conflict" between science and religion in America has developed. I would have appreciated several more lectures.
Rated 4 out of 5 by Kevin13 from Science and Religion Good overview of the issues that have occupied the interaction between Science and Religion, particular Christianity, and more particularly Roman Catholicism (although not exclusively). Professor approaches the topic historically and shows a good grasp and respect of Christian historical theology with deference toward the Catholic faith. He is less gracious toward Evangelicalism although fair. As an evangelical Presbyterian, I found this series very helpful and engaging. I will watch it again soon.
Rated 2 out of 5 by James_PhD from Disappointing I recently received my copy of Science and Religion with Lawrence Principe and have listened to all the lectures. I was impressed with the first few lectures, particularly his discussion of the origins of the so-called war between science and religion. However, when he got to natural theology and used that as a lead-in to discuss Intelligent Design (ID), he blew it badly. His cheap shots at ID used most of the cliches and tired arguments promoted by the pro-Darwin lobby. When he addressed evolution, it was easy to understand his antipathy to ID. He clearly has blindly accepted Neo-Darwinian evolution as a solid theory and is blissfully unaware of its massive failings. It turns out that he is just another Darwin apologist who cannot imagine that perhaps Darwin got it wrong.
Rated 5 out of 5 by ChrisL from Makes clear the real issues. I listened to this, then selected parts. Now, I'm listening to it with a group of friends and we're discussing our own experiences in light of the context provided.
Rated 5 out of 5 by BGZRedix from Fascinating, Important, Wonderfully Taught; ForAll This is an outstanding course in all respects, which I truly recommend for everyone. The vigorous interaction of science and religion has been of major importance to human self-understanding for centuries, and shows no signs of letting up. In this very brief course, Professor Principe takes on the challenge of reviewing its history, outlining the relevant philosophy, correcting common misconceptions, and providing a clear understanding of the religion-science interaction. Remarkably, he succeeds in all of these - allowing, again, for the necessarily summary nature of the material presented, given the available time. Perhaps the key point is that science and religion are not mutually exclusive. Many (perhaps most) scientists were and are religious, and it is entirely possible to view nature and humanity from both a scientific and a religious perspective without contradiction or irrationality. To be clear, Professor Principe is not saying science and religion are equivalent, or that they provide the same understanding of our world or our lives. He is very clear about their differences, but views them as complementary rather than antagonistic. Further, I strongly disagree with those reviews which see this course as a religious apologia, or defense. I happen to be an agnostic who, if I had to, would bet that atheists are correct, but I found nothing here biased towards religion. What is true is that the insights provided go a long way towards helping those in opposing camps, whether scientific or religious, to better understand each other. Be aware that the course, despite its general title, specifically treats Western scientific history and Christianity. But I feel the lessons learned can be applied much more broadly. The brilliant final lecture should be pondered by all who see science and religion as inherently at odds - and it would be wonderful if many of today's politicians took note of its wider implications as well: "Their arguments tend to harden positions and create division where it need not exist. The perception of the controversy ignores the vast field of cooperation and intelligent conversation by the majority in between." I have only a few tiny quibbles. I don't think our professor provides a correct interpretation of Stephen Jay Gould's idea that science and religion are "non-overlapping magisteria." And we need to give ostriches more credit - they don't put their heads in the sand because they think this will hide them. But, again - "Science and Religion", despite its brevity, is a wonderful course, both for the fascination of its subject matter and the meaning it has for our lives, not to mention the outstanding teaching. Try to approach it without bias. I sincerely recommend it to everyone.
Rated 5 out of 5 by Jcss from A history that changed my thinking. This thoughtful and well informed discussion from an historical perspective is quite interesting and definitely changed by thinking on this subject.
Science and Religion Reviews - page 2
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Science Wars: What Scientists Know and How They Know It
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Reading Biblical Literature: Genesis to Revelation
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Thinking about Religion and Violence
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Redefining Reality: The Intellectual Implications of Modern Science
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History of the Bible: The Making of the New Testament Canon
Why Evil Exists
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The Inexplicable Universe: Unsolved Mysteries
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Sacred Texts of the World
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The Skeptic's Guide to American History
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Cultural Literacy for Religion: Everything the Well-Educated Person...
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Origins of Life
Robert M. Hazen
Mysteries of Modern Physics: Time
Native Peoples of North America
Daniel M. Cobb
Great Figures of the New Testament
Amy-Jill Levine
Fall of the Pagans and the Origins of Medieval Christianity
Kenneth W. Harl
The World of Biblical Israel
Cynthia R. Chapman
Great Ideas of Philosophy, 2nd Edition
Why Economies Rise or Fall
Peter Rodriguez

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India's Biggest Companies Still Pay Little Attention to Impact on Community
By Shreya Khaitan
|5 April 2018 12:30 AM GMT
Indore: India's top 100 companies only have a superficial commitment to corporate social responsibility and few involve the community in development projects, few assess the impact of their business on local communities, few disclose mechanisms to ensure board diversity or have policies to choose suppliers that prohibit child labour, according to an analysis of public disclosures by the India Responsible Business Forum (IRBF), a civil society collaboration.
Communities continue to be a "receptacle for charity, rather than a partner in development", according to the report released by IRBF on India's top 100 companies businesses. Not a single company disclosed having stakeholder consultations while formulating their CSR policy, the report said.
In India, companies with a minimum net worth of Rs 500 crore or turnover up to Rs 1000 crore or a net profit of at least Rs 5 crore have to spend at least 2% of the average net profits the company made during the three immediately preceding financial years on CSR.
Only 15 of 99 companies reported a mechanism to find out a community's problems before planning a Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) project, and 27 of 99 companies said they had a system in place for third party assessments of CSR projects, the analysis found.
IBRF releases the India Business Responsibility Index each year that analyses public disclosures made by the top 100 companies by market capitalisation on five measures--commitment to non-discrimination in the workplace, respecting employee dignity and human rights, community development, inclusiveness in supply chain and community as business stakeholders, which are broadly based on the 2011 National Voluntary Guidelines on Social Environmental and Economic Responsibilities of Business.
"As corporates are critical components of the social system, they are accountable not merely to their shareholders from a revenue and profitability perspective but also to the larger society which is also its stakeholder," the report cited SEBI's rationale behind the national voluntary guidelines and the index.
The index only analyses policy and not actual implementation or performance of the company. It also does not independently validate information provided in public disclosures to SEBI.
The number of disclosures increased between 2013 and 2016 showing an increasing openness from companies, but they have become "more careful in reporting over the past one year," with the number of disclosures stagnating between 2016 and 2017, said Pradeep Narayanan, part of the principal research team of the report, and director of research and capacity building at New Delhi-based Praxis India, a nonprofit working on community participation. The fewest disclosures were related to the inclusiveness of the supply chain, he said.
"The overall data, especially when seen alongside the profits of corporate India, continue to reflect a distance between the interests of business and shareholders and those of communities and of workers," the report said. Only six companies each scored in the top band for just two measures--non-discrimination and community development.
And this is when the index is "already biased in favour of companies". First because we only look at policy commitment and not implementation, and second because we only look at the company's own disclosures," Narayanan said.
These disclosures, under SEBI's business responsibility report, are the only disclosures that help in understanding whether businesses follow responsible practices in their core businesses, and can help serve as a source of information for civil society organisations (some of whom might receive funds from these organisations), for communities, the media, and for the government.
"Often the questions in the business responsibility report make companies think about these issues," and could "push companies to be more responsible, Narayanan said.
Low commitment to analysing business impact on communities
The report also analyses how companies interact with communities and the environment affected by their business operations.
About 44 companies, 22% more than in 2016, reported the existence of systems that promote judicious use of natural resources.
There is a lack of commitment from companies to provide similar or better living conditions and services to people who are affected by company projects. As many as 90 of 95 companies did not report any such policy, the report found. No company reported local employment generated from their projects.
None of the companies disclosed the presence of systems to seek community participation in projects, 13 disclosed policies for the recognition and respect for local cultures, and six said they had policies for recognition of public hearing and communication of project impacts to the community, the report found.
The following figure shows the change between 2016 and 2017 in businesses' commitment to assessing the impact on communities.
Figure: Recognition of the need to assess business impact on communities and means to minimise the negative impacts [2016 (n=100), 2017 (n=99)]
Few companies disclose policies on ensuring diversity on the board
All but 24 companies disclosed commitment to non-discrimination as part of their recruitment process while 50 of 100 disclosed details about systems and mechanisms to ensure non-discrimination, the 2018 report by the IRBF found. Only 27 disclosed policies on ensuring diversity on the board, out of which 7 disclosed steps and mechanisms to ensure diversity.
Only 19 companies disclosed policies on people with disability. In terms of diversity in the workplace, 96 companies disclosed number of women employees, while 15 companies disclosed numbers of SC and ST employees, the report found.
Employee rights don't extend to contractual employees
68 companies recognised the freedom of association for employees, while 54 recognised the principle of collective bargaining, the report found. But few (24 of 99) disclosed commitment to ensuring the minimum wage, while 6 companies reported they were committed to providing a fair living wage, the report found.
Further, these policies don't extend to contractual employees. Only 6 companies explicitly stated in their policies that the social benefits are extendable to contractual employees.
(Khaitan is a writer/editor with IndiaSpend.)
Shreya Khaitan
Shreya is a writer and editor at IndiaSpend. She is a graduate of the Global Human Development program at Georgetown University, Washington D.C. and has previously worked with the Mumbai bureau of The Wall Street Journal. There she researched for a series on drug resistant tuberculosis and wrote on a number of topics, ranging from reservation for women in Indian politics to the black and yellow taxis plying the city's roads. Her report on a pilot TB care programme in Gujarat's Mehsana district won the 2017 REACH Media Award for excellence in reporting on TB. She has also worked in education and early childhood development with organizations in Washington D.C., India and Jordan.


Munich, 7 February 2014 – The technology company The Linde Group has signed a long-term contract with Nynas AB, one of the world leaders in the naphthenic specialty oils (NSP) and the bitumen business, for the on-site supply of hydrogen at Nynas' refinery in Hamburg, Germany. To this end, the Linde Engineering Division will build a state-of-the-art steam methane reformer plant with total investments accounting to around EUR 30 million.
"Nynas and Linde already look back on a long and successful relationship, especially in Sweden," said Professor Dr Aldo Belloni, Member of the Executive Board of Linde AG. "We are supplying Nynas with natural gas from our LNG terminal near Stockholm. We are more than happy to expand our excellent cooperation to Germany now."
The project is part of a major restructuring of the Hamburg-Harburg refinery, which over the next two years will be converted into a specialized NSP production site. By this, Nynas will increase its overall NSP production capacity by forty per cent. These specialty oils are used for many different applications, such as tires, transformers, printing inks, industrial rubber and lubricants.
The new hydrogen facility is scheduled to go on-stream in the fourth quarter of 2015 and will be operated by the Linde Gases Division. With a capacity of 400,000 m³ of hydrogen per day it will be able to also supply other hydrogen customers in the Hamburg harbour area.
The Linde Group is a world-leading gases and engineering company with around 63,000 employees in more than 100 countries worldwide. In the 2012 financial year, Linde generated revenue of EUR 15.280 bn. The strategy of the Group is geared towards long-term profitable growth and focuses on the expansion of its international business with forward-looking products and services. Linde acts responsibly towards its shareholders, business partners, employees, society and the environment – in every one of its business areas, regions and locations across the globe. The company is committed to technologies and products that unite the goals of customer value and sustainable development.


Returned to WOW a few months ago. Haven't played since start of CATA. LF a casual raiding guild and new friends on Shandris. I will commit to 1-2 nights a week for raiding (EST). Have 5 110's but have settled in with my new main to play Restro Shaman. Was Restro Druid and Holy Priest before. Raid healing is not new to me. But I'm not to shabby at Enhancement either.
Was very active in a progression guild before I left the game. I miss raiding! Looking to join a team that I can do my part and pull my own weight, while gearing up with them.
Will bring a sense of humor to the team, and I can provide my own beer. Want a mature, fun home, that will continue through BFA and beyond.