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Medically Reviewed by Jennifer Casarella, MD on September 14, 2021
Articles On What Is Schizoaffective Disorder?
Schizoaffective disorder is a chronic mental health condition that involves symptoms of both schizophrenia and a mood disorder like major depressive disorder or bipolar disorder. In fact, many people with schizophrenia are incorrectly diagnosed at first with depression or bipolar disorder.
Scientists don't know for sure if schizoaffective disorder is related mainly to schizophrenia or a mood disorder. But it's usually viewed and treated as a combination of both conditions.
Only a tiny number of people get schizoaffective disorder -- .03% of the population. It's equally likely to affect men and women, but men usually get it at a younger age. Doctors can help manage it, but most people diagnosed with it have relapses. People who have it often have problems with substance use as well.
Types of Schizoaffective Disorder
There are two types. Each has some schizophrenia symptoms:
Bipolar type: Episodes of mania and sometimes major depression
Depressive type: Only major depressive episodes
Symptoms of Schizoaffective Disorder
The symptoms may vary greatly from one person to the next and may be mild or severe. They may include:
Delusions (false, sometimes strange beliefs that the person refuses to give up, even when they get the facts)
Depression symptoms (feeling empty, sad, or worthless)
Hallucinations (sensing things that aren't real, such as hearing voices)
Lack of personal care (not staying clean or keeping up appearance)
Mania or sudden, out-of-character jumps in energy levels or happiness, racing thoughts, or risky behavior
Problems with speech and communication, only giving partial answers to questions or giving answers that are unrelated
Problems with speech and communication, only giving partial answers to questions, or giving answers that are unrelated. (The doctor may call this disorganized thinking.)
Trouble at work, school, or in social settings
Causes of Schizoaffective Disorder
Scientists don't know the exact cause. Risk factors for schizoaffective disorder include:
Genetics: You may inherit a tendency to get features linked to schizoaffective disorder from your parents.
Brain chemistry and structure: If you have schizophrenia and mood disorders, you might have problems with brain circuits that manage mood and thinking. Schizophrenia is also tied to lower levels of dopamine, a brain chemical that also helps manage these tasks.
Environment: Some scientists think things like viral infections or highly stressful situations could play a part in getting schizoaffective disorder if you're at risk for it. How that happens isn't clear.
Drug use: Taking mind-altering drugs. (Your doctor may call them psychoactive or psychotropic drugs.)
Schizoaffective disorder usually begins in the late teen years or early adulthood, often between ages 16 and 30. It seems to happen slightly more often in women than in men. It's rare in children.
Because schizoaffective disorder combines symptoms that reflect two mental illnesses, it's easily confused with other psychotic or mood disorders. Some doctors may diagnose schizophrenia. Others may think it's a mood disorder. As a result, it's hard to know how many people actually have schizoaffective disorder. It's probably less common than either schizophrenia or mood disorders alone.
Diagnosis of Schizoaffective Disorder
There are no laboratory tests to specifically diagnose schizoaffective disorder. So doctors rely on your medical history and your answers to certain questions. (Doctors call this the clinical interview.) They also use various tests such as brain imaging (like MRI scans) and blood tests to make sure that another type of illness isn't causing your symptoms.
If the doctor finds no physical cause, they may refer you to a psychiatrist or psychologist. These mental health professionals are trained to diagnose and treat mental illnesses. They use specially designed interview and assessment tools to evaluate a person for a psychotic disorder.
In order to get diagnosed with schizoaffective disorder, you must have:
Periods of uninterrupted illness
An episode of mania, major depression, or a mix of both
Symptoms of schizophrenia
At least two periods of psychotic symptoms, each lasting 2 weeks. One of the episodes must happen without depressive or manic symptoms.
Treatment of Schizoaffective Disorder
Treatment includes:
Medication: What you take depends on whether you have symptoms of depression or bipolar disorder, along with symptoms that suggest schizophrenia. The main medications that doctors prescribe for psychotic symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disordered thinking are called antipsychotics. All these drugs can probably help with schizoaffective disorder, but paliperidone extended release (Invega) is the only drug that the FDA has approved to treat it. For mood-related symptoms, you might take an antidepressant medication or a mood stabilizer.
Psychotherapy: The goal of this type of counseling is to help you learn about your illness, set goals, and manage everyday problems related to the disorder. Family therapy can help families get better at relating to and helping a loved one who has schizoaffective disorder.
Skills training: This generally focuses on work and social skills, grooming and self-care, and other day-to-day activities, including money and home management.
Hospitalization: Psychotic episodes may require a hospital stay, especially if you're suicidal or threaten to hurt others.
Electroconvulsive therapy: This treatment may be an option for adults who don't respond to psychotherapy or medications. It involves sending a quick electric current through your brain. (You'll get a type of medicine called general anesthesia to help you sleep through it.) It causes a brief seizure. Doctors use it because they think it changes your brain chemistry and may reverse some conditions.
Complications of Schizoaffective Disorder
This condition may raise your risk of:
Alcohol or other substance abuse problems
Conflict with family, friends, co-workers and otherss
Significant health problems
Suicide, suicide attempts, or suicidal thoughts
Prevention of Schizoaffective Disorder
You can't prevent the condition. But if you're diagnosed and start treatment ASAP, it can help you avoid or ease frequent relapses and hospitalizations, and help cut the disruptions in your life, family, and friendships.
Schizoaffective Disorder vs. Schizophrenia
Schizoaffective disorder has the features of schizophrenia, like hallucinations, delusions, and disorganized thinking, along with those of a mood disorder, like mania and depression. At first, it's often misdiagnosed as one of the two.
As a result, schizoaffective disorder treatment often pairs antipsychotics with antidepressants, while schizophrenia treatment centers on antipsychotics. Both conditions rely on therapy.
National Alliance on Mental Illness: "Schizoaffective Disorder."
PubMed Health: "Schizoaffective Disorder."
Mayo Clinic: "Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)," "Schizoaffective Disorder," "Schizophrenia."
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9 Types of Psychotic Disorders
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Home Technology Forecasts for cloud, software, edge, and Kubernetes in 2023
Forecasts for cloud, software, edge, and Kubernetes in 2023
Andy Ng
High-profile data breaches, proliferation of edge devices with hybrid working, and widespread cloud adoption have made their presence felt in 2022. As we bid farewell to the previous year and 2023 gets busy, here are my top predictions on the key developments and challenges that will impact organisations in the next 12 months.
There will be more scrutiny on cloud budgets in 2023
According to Veritas research, 94% of organisations globally are overspending on cloud and are going over their allocated cloud budgets by an average of 43%. As the amount of data continues to grow year over year, so does the cost of storing it in the cloud.
While the impulse given to cloud transformation initiatives is here to stay as businesses plan for post-pandemic recovery, it is becoming harder to justify the ballooning costs. Though most companies have realised advanced business strategies through cloud adoption, CEOs and boards will increasingly demand transparency surrounding the ROI of cloud spend.
With many economists predicting a continued downturn, scrutiny on IT spending is expected to intensify further in 2023, putting pressure on IT leaders to justify their cloud budgets while identifying new ways to reduce data volumes. This could lead to more effective data storage and management strategies, such as deduplication techniques to ensure reduced storage consumption.
Supply chain shortages to put pressure on software vendors
Software has been at the forefront of innovation, with software-only vendors delivering new solutions quickly to the market. However, a lack of hardware availability will make that a challenge in 2023.
Geopolitical restrictions and chip shortages have severely impacted the supply chain, especially when it comes to delivering hardware. As a result of these delays and an inability to source hardware on time, customers have struggled to implement software and hardware together to create functional solutions.
To counteract these supply chain woes, in 2023, we expect customers to embrace cloud-based solutions and appliances – with hardware and software already bundled together – rather than having to manage multiple relationships and wait for the hardware to arrive.
The ongoing geopolitical challenges and economic uncertainty have accentuated the growing demand for a reliable and accessible supply chain ecosystem across the APAC region. Organisations looking to rethink their supply chain model — such as deploying autonomous, cloud-first optimised solutions with flexibility to manage the entire data protection estate, on-prem and in the cloud, from a single pane of glass — will be better able to ensure business continuity by responding more accurately to the needs of their customers with greater agility and flexibility.
Cross-cloud data mobility will become mainstream
The deployment of multi-cloud is on the rise. Across the APAC region, 93% of companies are embracing a multi-cloud strategy. While there are countless benefits to a multi-cloud strategy, such as flexibility and agility, interoperability continues to be a challenge for data managers.
Not only is it expensive to move data from cloud to cloud, but when clouds don't work together seamlessly, this creates silos within an organisation and can introduce major security vulnerabilities without a unified view and control of the entire data estate.
To keep up with the pace of cloud offerings and achieve business-driven cloud goals, businesses will start leveraging AI/ML and autonomous solutions to help mitigate the challenges of siloed workloads and enhance cloud interoperability through data portability. As organisations work to address interoperability challenges and gain more control in the cloud, cross-cloud data mobility will become more mainstream in 2023.
More edge devices mean more vulnerabilities
Gartner predicts that by 2025, more than 50% of enterprise-managed data will be created and processed outside the data centre or cloud. In Asia Pacific, edge computing is gaining speed as an important frontier for enterprise innovation and competitive differentiation.
Adoption is rising across the region and usage will only grow moving forward, with more people connected by multiple devices across different locations for working, learning or entertaining from home. According to IDC , worldwide enterprise and service provider spending on edge hardware, software, and services is projected to reach US$274 billion by 2025.
As more data processing moves to the edge, it complicates IT architecture and increases the attack surface. What's more, enterprises often don't apply the same level of protection to the edge as they do in the data centre or the cloud, often due to skills and staffing shortages.
To fully protect the enterprise, each of these edge devices needs to be protected and backed up. On top of that, organisations need to determine what data coming from edge devices is critical versus non-critical to maintain storage and protection costs, understanding the added scrutiny on IT budgets.
Kubernetes goes mission-critical
Over the last 24 months, Kubernetes has become mainstream. The rise of the hybrid working world has created the demand for multi-cloud flexibility, with an increased deployment of Kubernetes.
Containers are now being adopted in mission critical environments, meaning that the application environment and the underlying data in these environments now needs protection. Now, ownership and protection of these containers have become more complex, creating silos and confusion over if it's the backup admin or the DevOps admin that's responsible.
At the same time, organisations are struggling to identify which containers to back up and how to do so. This will likely lead to more investment in training to help close the Kubernetes skills gap.
Kubernetes has emerged as a convenient solution, as it is easy for enterprises to deploy. Furthermore, it quickly improves affordability, flexibility and scalability. However, the data protection strategies in Kubernetes environments have not evolved in parallel with deployment. In 2023, IT departments will continue to navigate how to adequately protect and backup their Kubernetes environments.
As we conclude the first month of 2023, there is nothing short of grim reminders of how global economic conditions are heading south. Headwinds from geopolitical tensions and surging inflation will continue to put pressure on businesses across the APAC region. The propensity to adopt a mindset of continuous innovation, coupled with transformational IT strategies, will help businesses to stay ahead of the digital curve by strengthening business and data resilience.
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https://www.veritas.com/
Andy Ng is Vice President and Managing Director, Asia South and Pacific Region at Veritas Technologies.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


You may build a new bold project during the new moon of 5. If you surround yourself with stable and motivated friends, you may build your project faster. This month of April will also favor the beginning of a partnership. You will know for sure around full moon.
This month you may be depressed and melancholy but you may also deny the truth in order to stop facing the outside world. Don't forget to get out a little by planning a week end at the countryside. The purpose of it is to get away from your daily life.
Mercury will help you communicate, that's why you should be more receptive to your friends. Use your team spirit.
Mars in your first house will give a lot of dynamism at work. You can definitely be a leader with much strength.
Pluto is in harmony and it's like a rebirth to you, a change of your personality and a new creativity that will open new doors for you.
Saturn is in harmony and you will easily accept people's piece of advice, especially from the elders because they are wiser.
During the week of 14 Venus is in harmony with your decan; you will make more money and you are often in a good mood. You will get along better with your partner. Now you have to add some sense of humor to this relationship!


This paper investigates if the ethnic skill differentials introduced into the United States by the inflow of very dissimilar immigrant groups during the Great Migration of 1880-1910 disappeared during the past century. An analysis of the 1910, 1940, and 1980 Censuses and the General Social Surveys revealed that ethnic differentials converge slowly. It might take four generations, or roughly 100 years, for the skill differentials introduced by the Great Migration to disappear. The analysis also indicates that the economic mobility experienced by American-born blacks resembles that of the white ethnic groups that made up the Great Migration.
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Kahanec, Martin, 2006. "The Substitutability of Labor of Selected Ethnic Groups in the US Labor Market," IZA Discussion Papers 1945, Institute for the Study of Labor (IZA).
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