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Битва при Газале, также Сражение у Эль-Газалы — важное сражение Североафриканской кампании во время Второй мировой войны, проходившее около города Тобрук в Итальянской Ливии с 26 мая по 21 июня 1942 года. Силы Оси в составе немецких и итальянских частей армии «Африка» под командованием генерала Эрвина Роммеля противостояли армии Союзников под командованием генерал-лейтенанта Нила Ричи, находившегося под контролем главнокомандующего британскими войсками на Ближнем Востоке генерала Клода Окинлека.

Роммель, обозначив атаку на севере, у ливийской деревни Газала (Эль-Газала) (в 48 км к западу от Тобрука), направил свои танковые войска на южный фланг британской линии обороны, чтобы зайти в тыл союзных войск. Несмотря на успехи в этом бою, Роммель оказался в сложном положении: его танки стали испытывать нехватку горючего и боеприпасов. Трудности со снабжением возникли в результате продолжающейся в южной части оборонительной линии битвы у Бир Хакейма, где силы «Свободной Франции» проявили беспримерный героизм. Ричи не спешил воспользоваться этим, и Роммель сосредоточил свои силы на ударе на западном фланге, чтобы обеспечить коридор для поставок через линию Газалы к северу от Бир Хакийма. Битва завершилась решительной победой сил Оси, однако была достигнута со слишком большими потерями танков. Лишённый эффективных танковых войск, Роммель был не в состоянии разгромить отступившую в Египет английскую армию, и его наступление было остановлено в последующем сражении под Эль-Аламейном.

Прелюдия

Роммель начинает новое наступление от Эль-Агейлы

После успеха операции «Крестоносец» в конце 1941 года 8-я британская армия изгнала войска Оси из Киренаики и заставила Роммеля отойти на укреплённые оборонительные позиции, приготовленные им в Эль-Агейле. Однако наступление английских войск на 500 с лишним миль стало непосильно для их линии снабжения, и в январе 1942 года они сократили линию фронта, поставив перед войсками задачу по налаживанию коммуникаций и снабжению провиантом. Дальнейшее наступление к западу, направленное против Триполитании, нуждалось в подготовке. Между тем Роммель получил подкрепление в живой силе и танках, и 21 января послал три сильных танковых колонны, чтобы произвести тактическую разведку. Найдя лишь незначительные силы противника перед собой, он быстро превратил свою разведывательную операцию в наступление. Он отбил Бенгази 28 января, и Тимими 3 февраля и повёл наступление на укреплённый порт Тобрук на средиземноморском побережье.

8-я армия сосредотачивает силы на линии Газалы
8-я армия смогла сосредоточить достаточно своих сил между находящимся к западу от Тобрука Газалой и Тимими, чтобы маневрировать и сражаться. К 4 февраля наступление Роммеля было остановлено, и линия фронта стабилизировалась. «Линия Газалы» пролегла от Газалы на побережье и до старой турецкой крепости Бир-Хакийм в 80 км к югу от побережья.

«Линия Газалы» представляла собой ряд занятых войсками «оборонительных коробок», каждая занята силами бригады, с минными полями и проволочными заграждениями вокруг. Территория между этими «коробками» наблюдалась регулярными патрулями. Войска «Свободной Франции» находились на юге, в Бир-Хакиймской «коробке». Линия была укомплектована войсками не в равной степени: большое количество войск находилось на побережье, оставляя юг менее защищённым.

Обе армии готовятся

Во время ранней весны обе стороны были сосредоточены на создании своих линий снабжения и увеличении танковой силы, прекрасно понимая, что за предыдущие два года было пять «колебаний маятника» через пустыню, каждое из которых в конечном счёте провалилось, поскольку победителям в каждом из сражений не хватало мощности танков, чтобы закрепить и использовать свой успех.

Из предыдущих «колебаний маятника» были извлечены уроки: британские бронетанковые дивизии начали переукомплектовывать танками «Грант» с 75-мм пушкой, соответствующими немецким Panzer IV, и реорганизовывали их поддержку для ускорения обслуживания и ремонта во время сражения — область, где танки Оси имели явное превосходство. Также были реорганизованы отношения между пехотой и артиллерией, в то время как командир военно-воздушных сил союзников на Ближнем Востоке Артур Теддер представил новую стратегию, направленную на использование Пустынных ВВС () во время битвы для поддержки войск на земле, а не на уничтожение противостоящих воздушных сил. Была разработана концепция нового истребителя-бомбардировщика, и вице-маршал авиации Артур Конингем, командующий Пустынными ВВС, переехал вместе со своими сотрудниками в лагерь командующего армией для улучшения координации действий.

Между тем Роммель строил свои линии снабжения так быстро, как только мог. Он знал, что он может атаковать до того, как 8-я армия будет готова, если воспользуется близостью своего флота для создания линий снабжения быстрее, чем Окинлек, который зависел от маршрута в 23 000 км вокруг мыса Доброй Надежды. К концу мая Роммель был готов. Перед ним на оборонительном рубеже Газалы были 1-я Южноафриканская дивизия — рядом с побережьем, 50-я (Нортумбрийская) пехотная дивизия (по левую сторону) и 1-я бригада «Свободной Франции», размещённая далеко влево, у Бир-Хакийма. Британские 1-я и 7-я бронетанковые дивизии ждали позади основной линии в качестве сил мобильной контратаки, в то время как 2-я Южноафриканская дивизия составляла гарнизон Тобрука, и 5-я пехотная Индийская дивизия (которая прибыла в апреле, чтобы заменить 4-ю Индийской пехотную дивизию) была переведена в резерв.

План Роммеля
План Роммеля для операции «Венеция» состоял в том, что его танки выполнят фланговый манёвр к югу от укрёпленной «коробки» Бир-Хакийма. На левом фланге его армии итальянская 132-я бронетанковая дивизия «Ариете» должна была нейтрализовать «коробку» Бир-Хакийма, в то время как на правом фланге 21-я бронетанковая дивизия и 15-я бронетанковая дивизия будут наступать на север за оборонительными рубежами 8-й армии, чтобы привлечь внимание и уничтожить британские танки и отрезать подразделения от линии Газалы. На правом краю атакующей армии германская 90-я лёгкая пехотная дивизия корпуса «Африка» должна была наступать на Эль-Адем, к югу от Тобрука, создавая линии снабжения на линии Газалы и потенциально направляя подкрепления в район Тобрука, имитируя сильную бронетанковую силу с помощью пыли машин (авиационных двигателей и воздушных винтов, установленных на грузовиках).

Между тем вторая половина итальянского XX моторизованного корпуса и итальянской 101-й моторизованной дивизии «Триест» должны были расчистить проход в минном поле к северу от «коробки» Бир-Хакийма, возле «коробки» Сиди-Муфтах, для создания маршрута снабжения для танков. Роммель ожидал, что, вступив в бой с британскими танками, он бы захватил Эль-Адем, Эд-Дуда и Сиди-Резег к вечеру, так же как и обороняющуюся «коробку» Найтсбридж около 40 км к северо-востоку от Бир-Хакейма. Затем он мог бы занять позицию со своими танками на следующий день, чтобы начать наступление к западу от оборонительных позиций 8-й армии оборонительные позиции между Газалой и Алем-Хамзой, координируя атаку с наступающими с запада итальянскими Х и XXI корпусами.

Битва

Роммель проводит фланговую атаку
В 14:00 26 мая итальянские Х и XXI корпуса после концентрации тяжёлой артиллерии начали прямую атаку на позиции в центре линии Газалы. В целях обмана малые части корпуса «Африка» и ХХ Мобильного корпуса были прикреплены к штурмовым группам, чтобы создать впечатление, что все силы Оси участвуют в этом наступлении. Обман был подкреплён дополнительными группами мобильных подразделений, продолжающими двигаться на север в сторону точки атаки. Тем не менее, в этот вечер под покровом темноты все бронетанковые и мобильные группы возвратились к их точке сбора у южной оконечности линии Газалы.

В ночь на 27 мая Роммель лично возглавил группы танковой армии «Африка» — Африканский корпус, Итальянский XX моторизованный корпус и 90-ю лёгкую пехотную дивизию — в блестящем, но рискованном фланговом манёвре вокруг южной оконечности линии союзников, уповая на то, что минные поля противника защитят его фланг и тыл.

План Роммеля был сорван из-за Бир-Хакейма. Дивизии «Ариете» и «Триест» ХХ-го моторизованного корпуса и части 21-й бронетанковой дивизии были задержаны на три часа 3-й Индийской моторизованной бригадой 7-й бронетанковой дивизии, остановившей их в четырёх милях к юго-востоку от Бир-Хакейма и нанесшей им тяжёлые потери, прежде чем заставить их отступить. «Коробку» Бир-Хакейма защищала 1-я бригада «Свободной Франции» под командованием Мари-Пьера Кёнига, которая оказалась большей проблемой, чем ожидал Роммель, а дивизия «Ариете» не смогла укрепиться на позиции, понеся тяжёлые потери от французских 75-мм пушек в ходе боя.

Далее на востоке 15-я германская бронетанковая дивизия столкнулась с английской 4-й бронетанковой бригадой 7-й бронетанковой дивизии, которой было приказано идти на юг для поддержку 3-й индийской и 7-й моторизованной бригад, и нанесла ей тяжёлые потери, но и сама понесла значительные потери от 75-мм пушек на вновь прибывших танках «Грант». 4-я бронетанковая бригада затем двинулась в направлении Эль-Адема и провела ночь возле базы снабжения Бельхамед к востоку от Эль-Адема.

К концу утра бронетанковые части Оси продвинулись более чем на 40 км к северу, но к полудню сила их наступления снизилась, когда они встретились с 1-й бронетанковой дивизией. Начался тяжёлый бой, в котором обе стороны понесли большие потери и части Оси были остановлены.

На правом краю наступающих сил Оси 90-я лёгкая пехотная дивизия вступила в бой с 7-й моторизованной бригадой у Ретмы и заставила её отступать на восток в направлении Бир-эль-Губи. Возобновив своё наступление на Эль-Адем, 90-я лёгкая пехотная дивизия рано утром атаковала генеральный штаб 7-й бронетанковой дивизии близ Бир-Беулда, разгромив его и захватив в плен ряд важных военных, включая командира дивизии Фрэнка Мессерви, однако он прикинулся денщиком и сбежал. Тем не менее, неудобства, вызванные этим событием, означали, что дивизия была лишена эффективного командования в течение следующих двух дней.

Как и планировалось, 90-я лёгкая пехотная дивизия вышла в район Эль-Адема к середине утра и захватила ряд баз снабжения. Союзники не спешили реагировать, но во второй половине дня началась жестокая битва. На следующий день, тем не менее, 4-я бронетанковая бригада были направлены в Эль-Адем, и 90-я лёгкая пехотная дивизия была отброшена на юго-запад.

Танковые сражения продолжались в течение трёх дней и ввиду того, что Бир-Хакейм по-прежнему держался, танковая армия «Африка» оказалась в котле — с Бир-Хакеймом на юге, Тобруком на севере, обширными поясами мин на первоначальной передней линии Союзников на западе и атакуемая танками Союзников с севера и востока. Положение Роммеля в плане поставок снабжения к вечеру 31 мая стало отчаянным. Получившая приказ защищать германский тыл кавалерийская бронетанковая дивизия «Ариете» в это время отбивала неоднократные нападения британских бронетанковых бригад — 29 мая и в течение первой недели июня.

Из немецкого отчёта об этих событиях:
«В течение первых десяти дней нашего наступления на французов англичане оставались удивительно спокойны. Дивизия "Ариете" одна была атакован ими 2 июня, но она упорно защищалась. После контратаки 21-й бронетанковой дивизии ситуация опять стала тихой».

Танковая армия «Африка» перехватывает инициативу в «котле»
Оказавшись в ловушке между обширными минные полями и жёстким британским сопротивлением, будучи отрезанным от линий снабжения, Роммель попал в отчаянную ситуацию. Однако утром 29 мая транспортные средства с поставками при поддержке итальянских дивизий «Триест» и «Ариете» и под шквальным огнём смогли проникнуть через минное поле к северу от Бир-Хакейма и довезли столь необходимые поставки оказавшимся в ловушке силам Оси. 30 мая Роммель стал наступать обратно на запад — к своей первоначальной линии фронта — для создания плацдарма на восточном крае минного поля и соединения с частями итальянского X корпуса, которые расчистили маршрут через минные поля на западе. В этой атаке на запад, продолжавшейся в течение следующих двух дней, были созданы два прохода в минное поле, ведущие обратно к его первоначальной линии, дав ему прямой маршрут для поставок снабжения и разделив фронт Союзников на две половины. В ходе этой атаки была уничтожена британская 150-ю пехотная бригада 50-й (Нортумбрийской) стрелковой дивизии в «коробке» Сиди-Муфтах.

В ночь на 1 июня Роммель послал 90-ю лёгкую пехотную дивизию и дивизию «Триест» на юг, чтобы возобновить атаки на Бир-Хакийм, откуда постоянно организовывались рейды, чтобы атаковать его линии снабжения. Очередное нападение не принесло ожидаемого результата, и борьба за Бир-Хакийм продолжалась в течение ещё 10 дней.

Окинлек не знал о степени отчаянного положения линий снабжения Роммеля, но был ободрён полученными от разведки чрезмерно оптимистичными оценками потерь немецких танков. Он настоятельно приказал Ричи начинать контратаку вдоль побережья, чтобы воспользоваться отсутствием немецких танков и прорваться до Tимими, а затем и до Месили. Тем не менее, Ричи был больше озабочен защитой Тобрука и сконцентрировался на отправлении подкреплений в «коробку» Эль-Адем и создании новых оборонительных «коробок» напротив новых «прорех» в минном поле.

5 июня 8-я армия, наконец, начала свою контратаку, но противник имел достаточное время для подготовки, и на севере XIII корпус не смог продвинуться вперёд. Атака 7-й бронетанковой и 5-й Индийской дивизий на восточном фланге «котла» началась в 02:50 5 июня и первоначально развивалась успешно, поскольку наступавшая впереди пехота обеспечила захват планировавшихся целей. Тем не менее, основная оборонительная линия Оси располагалась дальше к западу, чем ожидалось, и поэтому, когда 22-я бронетанковая бригада проходили через неё, она попала под интенсивный огонь, и её наступление было замедлено. На рассвете бронетанковая бригада 32-й армии присоединилась к атаке, продвигаясь с севера, и также попала под сильный огонь, потеряв 50 из 70 бывших в ней танков.

К началу второй половины дня 5 июня Роммель решил атаковать на востоке, с силами «Арете» и 21-й бронетанковой дивизий, и на севере в сторону Найтсбриджа, оборонительной «коробки» англичан, с частями 15-й бронетанковой дивизии. На восток наступление на Бир-эль-Хатмат разгромило тактические штабы двух британских дивизии, а также штабы 9-й и 10-й Индийской пехотной бригад и других, более мелких подразделений. Командование и контроль были развалены полностью. 22-я бронетанковая бригада, потеряв 60 из своих 156 танков, была вынуждена отступить с поля боя из-за нового нападения немецкой 15-й дивизии. Из атакующих сил Союзников три индийских пехотных батальона, полк разведки и четыре артиллерийских полка оказались в «котле». Лишённые поддержки танков, они столкнулись с невыполнимой задачей 6 июня и были одна за другой рассеяны.

Роммель продолжал удерживать инициативу, наращивая свои силы в «котле» и направляя атаки на различные опорные пункты противника. Между 6 и 8 июня он начал новые скоординированные атаки на Бир-Хакейм, но, хотя оборонительный периметр сократился, французские защитники продолжали держаться, и огонь, которые вели их тяжёлые орудия, вкупе с поддержкой колонн из 7-й моторизованной бригады и 29-й Индийской пехотной бригады, продолжал наносить ущерб коммуникациям врага. Усиленные новыми боевыми группами, силы Оси начали новое наступление 9 июня, в конечном счёте пробив оборону Союзников вглубь 10 июня. В это время положение войск «Свободной Франции» стало безнадёжным, и Ричи приказал им эвакуироваться тем же вечером. Несмотря на окружение, генерал Кёниг был в состоянии найти проходы между позициями Оси, чтобы пройти через них и встретиться с транспортами 7-й моторизованной бригады на расстоянии около 8 км к западу. Около 2700 солдат (в том числе 200 раненых) из первоначального его гарнизона в 3600 человек ушли из Бир-Хакейма. Когда 90-я лёгкая пехотная дивизия заняла эту позицию 11 июня, они взяла в плен только 500 французов, в основном раненых, которые не смогли эвакуироваться.

Британская армия терпит тяжёлое поражение
11 июня Роммель начал наступление силами 15-й бронетанковой и 90-й лёгкой пехотной дивизий к Эль-Адему и 12 июня заставил силы 201-й Гвардейской бригады отступить из «коробки» Найтсбридж к периметру Тобрука. 29-я Индийская пехотная бригада отбила нападение на «коробку» Эль-Адем 12 июня, но 2-я и 4-я бронетанковые бригады по левую сторону были оттеснены назад на четыре мили 15-й бронетанковой дивизией и вынуждены были оставить свои повреждённые танки на поле боя. 13 июня 21-я бронетанковая дивизия, двигаясь с запада, вступила в бой с 22-й бронетанковой бригадой. Ещё раз корпус «Африка» продемонстрировал свою превосходную тактику, заключавшуюся в сочетании применения танков и противотанковых орудий как атакующего оружия. Роммель широко и быстро использовал информацию, добытую разведкой из радиопередач Союзников, направляя свои танки к тем группам войск противника, которые просили помощи. К концу дня британские танковые соединения были сокращены с 300 танков до примерно 70, и корпус «Африка» удерживал главную линию позиций, став серьёзной угрозой не только для Тобрука, но и отрезав силы XIII корпуса от линии Газалы. К концу дня 13 июня «коробка» Найтсбридж была практически окружена, и от её защиты Гвардейской бригаде пришлось отказаться позже этой же ночью. Из-за этих поражений 13 июня стало известно как «Чёрная суббота» во всей 8-й армии.

8-я армия отступает от позиций на линии Газалы
14 июня Окинлек разрешил Ричи отойти от линии Газалы. Защитники Эль-Адема и двух соседних «коробок», удерживаемые силами 1-й Южноафриканской дивизии, смогли отступить вдоль прибрежной дороги практически без потерь. Две дивизии одновременно не смогли бы воспользоваться этой дорогой, поэтому оставшиеся две бригады 50-й (Нортумбрийской) дивизии должны были найти альтернативный путь отступления. Они не могли отступать прямо на восток из-за присутствия танков Оси, но вместо этого они атаковали на юго-западе, прорвав линию итальянских дивизий X корпуса «Брешия» и «Павия», и направились на юг, в пустыню, прежде чем повернуть на восток и отправиться обратно на территории, контролируемые Союзниками.

Окинлеку было понятно, что Лондон не будет рассматривать возможность отвода войск к сильным оборонительным позициям около египетско-ливийской границы. Приказы Окинлека Ричи от 14 июня касались создания линии, проходящей на юго-восток от Акромы (к западу от Тобрука) через Эль-Адем к Бир-эль-Губи. Тем не менее, к вечеру 15 июня опорный пункт в точке 650 был захвачен, и 16 июня защитники в точке 187 были вынуждены, не имея поставок, эвакуироваться. В течение дня оборонительные «коробки» в Эль-Адеме и Сиди-Резег также были под сильной атакой со стороны корпуса «Африка». 17 июня гарнизоны из обеих были эвакуированы, и какой-либо шанс предотвращения окружения Тобрука исчез. Ричи приказал 8-й армии отойти на оборонительные позиции к Мерса-Матрух, примерно в 160 км к востоку от границы, оставляя Тобрук, чтобы удержать рубеж и угрожать линиям снабжения Оси во многом тем же самым способом, как и в 1941 году.

Падение Тобрука

Командующий XIII корпусом Готт назначил командира 2-й Южноафриканской дивизии Клоппера в качестве командира гарнизона Тобрука. В дополнение к двум бригадам Южноафриканской дивизии он также имел 201-ю Гвардейской (моторизованную), 11-ю Индийскую пехотную бригаду, 32-ю танковую бригаду и 4-ю зенитную бригаду под своим командованием. Тобрук ранее выдержал девятимесячную осаду, прежде чем был освобождён в ходе операции «Крестоносец» в декабре 1941 года, но на этот раз Королевский флот не мог гарантировать поддержку гарнизона снабжением. Союзные лидеры ожидали, что город сможет продержаться в течение двух месяцев с его запасами. Окинлек, однако, рассматривал оборону Тобрука как несущественную задачу и уже сказал Нилу Ричи, что он не намерен удерживать его любой ценой. Кроме того, было широко известно, что в феврале 1942 года верховное командование армии, флота и ВВС в Каире решило, что Тобрук не должен снова подвергаться осаде. С учётом этого и последующего акцента на создание сил на позициях Газалы для атаки (что было упреждено наступлением Оси) вполне вероятно, что оборона Тобрука не являлась первостепенной задачей.

Всего семь дней спустя, 21 июня 1942 года, при обстоятельствах, которые даже с учётом последующего формального следствия остаются неясными и противоречивыми, 35000 войск Союзников (в том числе вся 2-я Южноафриканская дивизия) капитулировали перед силами генерала Энеа Наваррини, насчитывавшими 30000 военнослужащих. Захват войсками Оси Тобрука напоминал капитуляцию 80000 войск Содружества перед тремя японскими дивизиями, последовавшей в результате падения Сингапура несколькими месяцами ранее.

Последствия

Сразу же после захвата Тобрука Роммель получил звание генерал-фельдмаршала. С другой стороны, поражение при Газале и сдача Тобрука привели к увольнению Ричи и принятию Окинлеком непосредственного командования 8-й армии.

После захвата Тобрука танковая армия «Африка» начала наступление на Египет. Окинлек выиграл время, отказавшись противостоять силам Роммеля напрямую и атакуя их с помощью сравнительно небольших, но мощных боевых групп. Он решил отказаться от позиции Мерса-Матрух, поскольку она имела открытый фланг на юге такого же рода, который успешно был использован Роммелем у Газалы. Он решил вместо этого отступить ещё на 100 миль или более на восток, почти до Эль-Аламейна, где крутые склоны массива Каттара исключали возможность перемещения танков вокруг южного фланга его обороны.

Несмотря на эту победу, потери Оси в танках были невосполнимы. Ослабление танковых дивизий после битвы было серьёзным ударом по силе корпуса «Африка». В результате Роммель был не в состоянии воспользоваться этим успехом. Существенные подкрепления в виде танков американского производства обеспечили англичанам численное превосходство в танках на протяжении всей Североафриканской кампании.

Роммель предпринял несколько атак на линии Эль-Аламейна между 30 июня и 1 июля во время Первой битвы за Эль-Аламейн, но был отбит. Несмотря на успех Окинлека в остановке наступления сил Оси на этом участке, Черчилль потерял к нему доверие. Окинлек показал значительный талант командующего армией, но выбранные им подчинённые оказались как военные руководители слабыми или невезучими. Он ожидал, что Нил Ричи сможет командовать армией, тогда как тот имел только опыт командования в качестве командира дивизии; он направил самого опытного танкового командира 8-й армии, Готта, командовавшего 7-й бронетанковой дивизией, командовать XIII корпусом, пехотным подразделением; он направил вместе с тем Фрэнка Мессерви командовать 7-й бронетанковой дивизией, тогда как тот имел опыт командования только пехотой и кавалерией.

Роммель знал о серьёзности положения сил Оси после битвы. Он записал в своём дневнике от 4 июля: «Наши собственные силы изношены». 5 июля Роммель описывает ситуацию как критическую, 17 июля он говорит, что «противник, имея численное превосходство, особенно в пехоте, уничтожает одно итальянское подразделение за другим. Немцы слишком слабы, чтобы держаться. Я мог заплакать.. !». В августе Окинлек был заменен на посту командующего 8-й армии на командующего XIII корпуса генерал-лейтенанта Уильяма Готта и на посту председателя Ближневосточного командования генералом сэром Харольдом Александром. Готт погиб в авиакатастрофе на пути к месту своего нового назначения, и Бернард Монтгомери был назначен на его место.

Попытка высадки сил Союзников в Тобруке была предпринята в ночь с 13 на 14 сентября 1942 года (). Британские силы должны были вернуть Тобрук на целые сутки, в результате чего смогли бы освободить около 16 000 британских военнопленных. Было сделано предположение, что защищавшие город итальянские войска не будут сопротивляться особенно сильно. Рейд англичан потерпел неудачу перед лицом сильного огня итальянских береговых батарей, из-за которого затонул HMS Sikh, и активного сопротивления со стороны итальянского батальона морской пехоты «Сан-Марко». Поскольку сопротивление англичан было сломлено и наступавшие силы стали отступать, самолёты люфтваффе «Юнкерс 88» потопили лёгкий крейсер HMS Coventry, а самолёты Regia Aeronautica MC 200 потопили эсминец HMS Zulu. Общие потери британцев убитыми и ранеными, понесённые в ходе операции «Согласие», включали 280 моряков, 300 Королевских морских пехотинцев и 160 солдат убитыми, ранеными и пленными.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Сражение у Эль-Газалы
 Fact File : Battle of Gazala // BBC Home

Литература
 С. У. Митчем  «Величайшая победа Роммеля» М.: АСТ, 2003.
 Меллентин Ф. В. Глава VII. Сражение у Эль-Газалы // Танковые сражения 1939—1945 гг. : Боевое применение танков во второй мировой войне. — М. : ИЛ, 1957.
 German experiences in desert warfare during World War II. Volume II. Selected annexes стр. 45-49

Танковые сражения нацистской Германии
Сражения по алфавиту
Операции и сражения Второй мировой войны
Вторая мировая война в Африке
Сражения Великобритании
Сражения Германии
Конфликты 1942 года
Май 1942 года
Июнь 1942 года


The weather temperature wise was great b the wind conditions were less then ideal. The open boat, the ISLAND CURRENT IV had a slow pick of keepers yesterday b lots of action tougho the entire day.
Ca. Dan was oard the ISLAND CURRENT II and p a resple catch of blacks for Cis R. and company from NJ.
We are sailing everyday at 8 AM DAILY for BLACKS. To make reservations please call ZERVE at 212.209.3370 or book online at islandcurrent.com.
We have now began taking PRIVATE CHARTERS for the WINTER CODFISH season oard the 50` ISLAND CURRENT II & `76 ISLAND CURRENT III. To make reservations please call Ca. Cis at 917.417.7557.


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An organic dairy and soya free coconut ice cream from Booja Booja. The ice cream is made with cashew cream, coconut, agave and water. Coconut is not my favourite, however this ice cream is so yummy I surprised myself. It is sweet and delicious. It is a little hard to get out of the tub, you have to let it warm up a bit if you want to scoop it. I like it with vegan jelly or a vegan cone, topped with melted dark chocolate. I like that the ingredients are actually good for you. There is natural B vitamins in the coconut, the water is pure, the agave is a slower release sugar than processed sugar, and the cashews are rich in vitamins A D and E. So you can have a healthy sweet treat without any guilt. The ingredients are also raw, so you get the most from them.
Each 500ml tub is suitable for vegans and raw vegans. All natural. Soya and Dairy Free. Gluten and cholesterol free. Sold in health food shops. It is a little expensive, but I imagine that it is not cheap to make, the quality of the product is excellent.
A pack of 10 waffle style ice cream cones from Askeys. Since my discovery of the cones from Carousel which are vegan friendly I decided to re check the other brands out there. Askey's cones are mostly vegetarian but do contain milk so are not vegan. However these waffle cones are vegan friendly, this is the only one in their brand that is vegan friendly that I can find. The cones are crispy and light and are wide enough at the top for a good size scoop of vegan ice cream and sprinkles and maple syrup. Great for all the family.
Each pack of 10 waffle cones is suitable for vegetarians and vegan as far as I can tell. Per cone is 52kcal. Sold in supermarkets.
NB Please check your ingredients before you buy, as some waffle cones appear to be OK and others seem to have milk protein in. I bought mine in Morrisons which were vegan friendly. See picture of ingredients. They must have reformulated the ingredients at some point, so old stock could be in the shops.


text:
Does Amazon Delete Positive Reviews Of Conservative Books?
By Chris Andrews | Aug 12, 2019
"Amazon Deletes Reviews of Conservative Authors with No Explanation."
That's what Matt Margolis says at the end of his article, Amazon Purges Reviews of Bestselling Anti-Obama Book, on PJ Media.
Margolis says he has proof.
He uses his own book, The Worst President in History: The Legacy of Barack Obama, as an example:
"This book was approaching 1,000 reviews until Amazon decided to clean house," writes Margolis.
"On Tuesday, the book had 945 reviews. On Wednesday, the book had only 693 reviews. A whopping 252 reviews (approximately 27 percent) simply vanished. Worse yet, most of the purged reviews appear to have been positive ones, as the average rating went down from roughly 4.5+ to 4.2 stars."
To back up his statements, Margolis includes screenshots that clearly show a decrease in the number of reviews.
The article is persuasive.
If Amazon is manipulating reviews to mislead consumers due to a political bias, that's a HUGE breach of trust.
Consumer Press investigated and asked Amazon directly. Is this true?
Amazon replied that there are two versions of the book. Something that Margolis also mentioned in his article. One was published in 2016, another in 2018.
"Regarding the specific example shared, the customer reviews mentioned were never suppressed, but were recently moved to align with the 2016 edition of the book they provided insights on. You can find the reviews here," said the Amazon spokesperson we spoke with.
"It was an error that these reviews were ever combined on the detail page for the revised 2018 edition of the book. This newer edition is a different item (as it has a different ISBN, different publisher, different page count, etc.)."
She went on to say "We welcome all opinions and do not suppress reviews based on star rating or sentiment. We have clear participation guidelines for both reviewers and selling partners which can be viewed here and here."
"We work hard to enrich the shopping experience for our customers and use a combination of teams of investigators and automated technology to ensure our guidelines for customer reviews are followed at scale."
Consumer Press was able to confirm, through a combination of caches from Archive.org and Bing.com, that as the number of reviews decreased on the 2018 version of the book, the number of reviews increased on the 2016 version of the book.
On July 17, 2019, the 2018 version of the book had 945 reviews. By August 1, it was down to 728, a decrease of 217. The rating decreased from 4.4 to 4.2 out of 5 stars.
On July 19, 2019, the 2016 version of the book had 9 reviews. As of today, it has 255, an increase of 246. The rating increased from 2.6 to 4.1 out of 5 stars.
The dates of the caches don't match up exactly, so the numbers don't match exactly, but the trend is clear, and is consistent with Amazon's explanation.
We emailed Margolis six days ago and asked for a response to Amazon's statement. He has not replied.
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Consumer Expert Chris Andrews
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Independent table row spacing I have created a fairly simple table using booktabs:
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}
\begin{table}[h!]
  \centering
  \footnotesize
  \begin{tabular}{ p{5cm} | p{5cm} }
    \toprule
    \textbf{Primäre Quellen} & \textbf{Sekundäre Quellen} \\
    Jira              &  exply \\
    Confluence        &  Canias ERP \\
    E-Mail            &  Diverse Excel-Tabellen (Vertrieb, Verwaltung) \\
    Nextcloud         & \\
    Rocket.Chat       & \\
    GitLab/GitHub     & \\
    \bottomrule
  \end{tabular}
    \label{table:informationsquellen}
    \caption{Primäre und sekundäre Quellen bei XXXXXX}
\end{table}

Currently, the rows are "aligned":

I want to remove the alignment, making the columns independent of each other (effectively removing the green outlined space).
Is this possible? How can I do that?

A: You can make a tabular containing only one row, and break lines inside a cell using either \par as shown below, or \newline. As leandriis warned, horizontal lines created by commands from the booktabs package aren't designed to join well with vertical lines (the author of booktabs explains in the manual of his great package that vertical lines in tables are almost always a bad typographic choice: both ugly and useless).
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{booktabs}

\begin{document}

\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}%
\begin{tabular}{ p{5cm} | p{5cm} }
  \toprule
  \textbf{Primäre Quellen}\par
  Jira\par
  Confluence\par
  E-Mail\par
  Nextcloud\par
  Rocket.Chat\par
  GitLab/GitHub &
  \textbf{Sekundäre Quellen}\par
  exply\par
  Canias ERP\par
  Diverse Excel-Tabellen (Vertrieb, Verwaltung)\\
  \bottomrule
\end{tabular}

\end{document}

You can get a nicer layout by removing the \renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}, using a dedicated row for the table header, finishing it with \\\midrule and suppressing the vertical rule. As per leandriis' suggestion, I also added >{\raggedright\arraybackslash} in front of the second column specification in the tabular preamble, so that interword spacing in the second column doesn't get overstretched (this way, it is not stretched at all; as a consequence, the right side of the second column is allowed to have a "ragged" appearance, which doesn't change much here since we were ending lines/paragraphs manually anyway). The >{...} syntax requires the array package, hence we are adding it too.
\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{array}
\usepackage{booktabs}

\begin{document}

\begin{tabular}{ p{5cm} >{\raggedright\arraybackslash} p{5cm} }
  \toprule
  \textbf{Primäre Quellen} & \textbf{Sekundäre Quellen}\\
  \midrule
  Jira\par
  Confluence\par
  E-Mail\par
  Nextcloud\par
  Rocket.Chat\par
  GitLab/GitHub &
  exply\par
  Canias ERP\par
  Diverse Excel-Tabellen (Vertrieb, Verwaltung)\\
  \bottomrule
\end{tabular}

\end{document}

You could also do that using multicols (possibly inside a minipage) and/or enumitem. There are many possibilities.
P.S.: as Mico said, if you use \caption and \label, be sure to put \label after the associated \caption, because it is \caption that increases the counter (\label uses the last reference set with \refstepcounter)!

A: Use two distinct tabular environments for the columns:
\documentclass[a4paper]{article}
\usepackage[T1]{fontenc}
\usepackage[ngerman]{babel}
\usepackage{array,booktabs}

\begin{document}

\begin{table}[htp]
\centering

\begin{tabular}{ll}
\toprule
\textbf{Primäre Quellen} & \textbf{Sekundäre Quellen} \\
\midrule
  \begin{tabular}[t]{@{}>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{5cm}@{}}
  Jira \\
  \addlinespace
  Confluence \\
  \addlinespace
  E-Mail \\
  \addlinespace
  Nextcloud \\
  \addlinespace
  Rocket.Chat \\
  \addlinespace
  GitLab/GitHub \\
  \end{tabular}
&
  \begin{tabular}[t]{@{}>{\raggedright\arraybackslash}p{5cm}@{}}
  exply \\
  \addlinespace
  Canias ERP \\
  \addlinespace
  Diverse Excel-Tabellen (Vertrieb, Verwaltung) \\
  \end{tabular}
\\
\bottomrule
\end{tabular}

\caption{Primäre und sekundäre Quellen bei XXXXXX}
\label{table:informationsquellen}

\end{table}

\end{document}

Be careful that \label should go after \caption. Using \arraystretch yields not very nice spaces, better using \addlinespace where needed.

A: To prevent the material in the two columns from interacting, you could place it into separate subordinated tabular environments. In the following solution, the "outer" tabular environment consists of two l columns; the outer environment is needed solely for the \toprule and \bottomrule directives. The "inner" tabular environments each contain a single p column, which allows automatic line-breaking (if needed).
I would also omit the vertical divider line.

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{booktabs}

\begin{document}
\begin{table}[h!]
\renewcommand{\arraystretch}{1.5}
\centering
\footnotesize % is this really needed?
\begin{tabular}{ ll }  % "outer" tabular
  \toprule
  \begin{tabular}[t]{@{} p{5cm} @{}} % first "inner" tabular
    \textbf{Primäre Quellen} \\
    Jira        \\
    Confluence  \\
    E-Mail      \\
    Nextcloud   \\
    Rocket.Chat \\
    GitLab/GitHub
  \end{tabular} &
  \begin{tabular}[t]{@{} p{5cm} @{}} % second "inner" tabular
    \textbf{Sekundäre Quellen} \\
    exply      \\
    Canias ERP \\
    Diverse Excel-Tabellen (Vertrieb, Verwaltung)
  \end{tabular}\\
  \bottomrule
\end{tabular}
\caption{Primäre und sekundäre Quellen bei XXXXXX}
\label{table:informationsquellen}
\end{table}
\end{document}

A: Here is a suggestion using two itemize environments instead of the tabular. If placed inside of a table this can float, get a cpation and be referenced as usual:

\documentclass{article}
\usepackage{booktabs}
\usepackage{enumitem}
\setlist{nosep}
\begin{document}

\begin{table}
\centering
\begin{minipage}[t]{3.5cm}
  \textbf{Primäre Quellen}
  \begin{itemize}[label={--}]
  \item Jira
  \item Confluence
  \item E-Mail
  \item Nextcloud
  \item Rocket.Chat
  \item GitLab/GitHub
  \end{itemize}
\end{minipage}
\begin{minipage}[t]{5cm}\raggedright
  \textbf{Sekundäre Quellen}
  \begin{itemize}[label={--}]
  \item exply
  \item Canias ERP
  \item Diverse Excel-Tabellen (Vertrieb, Verwaltung)\\
  \end{itemize}
\end{minipage}
\caption{Primäre und sekundäre Quellen bei XXXXXX}\label{table:informationsquellen}
\end{table}
\end{document}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Guess who's invited to Madhuri's dinner? The three Khans!
New Delhi, Feb 8 (IANS) If Madhuri Dixit were to throw a party at home, which three Bollywood stars would she choose to invite? "Well, I guess I'll choose all the Bollywood heroes," said a laughing Madhuri, answering a question from celebrity chef Sanjeev Kapoor at the launch of his Food Food channel in Hotel Imperial Monday night.
"Next, I'll choose Aamir Khan because he is going to analyse my cooking, and then point out how a particular dish could do with a little more of salt, etc. He's the analytical type, you see," reasoned Maduri.
Madhuri, looking radiant in an olive green georgette sari with a brocade border, is the brand ambassador for the channel, "the first channel in the world to be launched by a chef", as Kapoor declared.
She said she didn't know how to cook when she was full-time into films but learnt after she got married and moved to the US. Madhuri, who has two sons, said she now enjoys cooking along with her husband Sriram Nene and they have parties with friends where they try out each other's recipes.
"We have a lot of fun," she added, saying as daughter, wife and mother she had to balance, like so many women, the demands of a home and a career.
The channel, which Kapoor said would be a celebration of food and associated lifestyle, is a business collaboration between his Khana Khazana India and Astro, the Malaysian company with interests ranging from telecom to media.


text:
Other Authors in Oral Tradition
[ Bushmen ] [ Maori ] [ Eskimo ] [ Bantu ] [ Ifaluk ] [ North American Indian ] [ Bedouin ] [ Yukaghir ] [ Dekanawidah ]
The Sun and the Children
The Girl Who Made Stars
To the Young Moon
The Broken String
Thoughts About Returning Home
The Bushman Drum and Dancing Rattles
How Dancing Rattles are Prepared
Beating the !Goin!Goin Drum for Honey
The Bushman Dance
Death and the Rain
What the Wind Does After Death
Treatment of Thieves
There are many different Bushmen peoples in southern Africa, primarily in the Kalahari Desert. The San and !Kun peoples from whom the following stories were collected (1870-85), inhabited the Cape Colony and were sometimes referred to as Flat or Grass Bushmen. The !Kun were Bushmen who were encountered beyond Damarland. Although their languages were similar, the two groups could not understand each other. Both languages make use of about five or six different click sounds, which here are not differentiated but indicated by a single exclamation mark. These people may have lived in southern Africa for over 20,000 years; at one time they may have occupied a large part of the continent.
The area the Busmen live in has been invaded by the more robust Bantu populations expanding from the north for about 1,500 years, and by Europeans for about 200 years. The effect has been to reduce the indigenous population from several million to about 100,000 in what is an unacknowledged genocide. In South Africa, !Khomani bushmen retain must of the land rights. The situation is not so good in Botswana.
The following stories give us insight into some of the earliest views on natural phenomena, on dancing and drumming, on the place of poetry, on death and natural hazards, and on the struggle between justice and mercy. The sun spares the backbone of the moon so that it may grow again. The glowing ashes of the Milky Way provide light on dark nights. A poem portrays the sorrow of separation from a friend. A narrator tells of the his sense of separation from his people and his plan to journey home. Significantly, one of the things he misses most are the stories of his people.
1 The Sun and the Children
The Sun comes, the darkness goes away, the Sun comes, the Sun sets, the darkness comes, the moon comes at night. The day breaks, the Sun comes out, the darkness goes away, the Sun comes. The moon comes out, the moon brightens the darkness, the darkness departs; the moon comes out, the moon shines, taking away the darkness. It goes along, it has made bright the darkness. It sets. The Sun comes out, the Sun comes after the darkness, the Sun takes away the moon—the moon stands, the Sun pierces it with the Sun's knife, as it stands; therefore, it decays away on account of it.
Therefore, it says: "O Sun! leave for the children [the San] the backbone!" Therefore, the Sun leaves the back-bone [of the Moon] for the children; the Sun does so. Therefore, the Sun says that the Sun will leave the backbone for the children, while the Sun assents to the Moon. The Sun leaves the backbone for the children; therefore, the moon painfully goes away, he painfully returns home.
While the Moon painfully goes along; therefore, the Sun desists, while the Moon feels that the Sun has left for the children the backbone, while the Sun assents to him. Therefore, the Sun leaves the backbone. While the Sun feels that the Sun assents to the Moon, therefore, the Sun desists on account of it.
He (the moon) painfully goes away, he painfully returns home. He again, he goes to become another moon, which is whole. He again, he lives; he again, he lives, while he feels that he had seemed to die. Therefore, he becomes a new moon. While he feels that he has again put on a stomach; he becomes large. While he feels that he is a moon which is whole; therefore, he is large. He comes, while he is alive. He goes along at night, he feels that he is the moon which goes by night, while he feels that he is a shoe*; therefore, he walks in the night.
The Sun is here, all the earth is bright. The Sun is here, the people walk while the place is light, the earth is light. The people perceive the bushes, they see the other people; they see the meat, which they are eating. They also see the springbok, they also hunt the springbok, in summer. They also hunt the ostrich, while they feel that the Sun shines; they also hunt the ostrich in summer.
They are shooting the springbok in summer, while they feel that the Sun shines, they see the springbok. They also steal up to the gemsbok; they also steal up to the kudu, while they feel that the whole place is bright.
They also visit each other, while they feel that the Sun shines, the earth also is bright, the Sun shines upon the path. They also travel in summer; they are shooting in summer; they hunt in summer; they see the springbok in summer. They go round to head off the springbok. They lie down; they feel that they lie in a little house of bushes. They scratch up the earth in the little house of bushes, they lie down, while the springbok come.
!kabbo, San People
* A mythical beast known as the Mantis, when inconvenienced by darkness, took off one of his shoes and threw it into the sky, ordering it to become the Moon.
2 The Girl Who Made Stars
My mother was the one who told me that the girl arose; she put her hands into the wood ashes; she threw up the wood ashes into the sky. She said to the wood ashes: "The wood ashes which are here, they must altogether become the Milky Way. They must white lie along in the sky, that the stars may stand outside of the Milky Way, while the Milky Way is the Milky Way, which used to be wood ashes."
They (the ashes) altogether become the Milky Way. The Milky Way must go round with the stars. While the Milky Way feels that, the Milky Way lies going round. While the stars sail along; therefore, the Milky Way, lying, goes along with the Stars.
The Milky Way, when the Milky Way stands upon the earth, the Milky Way turns across in front. While the Milky Way means to wait, while the Milky Way feels that the Stars are turning back; while the Stars feel that the Sun is the one who has turned back, he is upon his path. The Stars turn back; while they go to fetch the daybreak; that they may lie nicely, while the Milky Way lies nicely. The Stars shall also stand nicely around. They shall sail along upon their footprints, which they, always sailing along, are following. While they feel that they are the Stars which descend.
The Milky Way lying comes to its place, to which the girl threw up the wood ashes, that it may descend nicely; it had lying gone along, while it felt that it lay upon the sky. It had lying gone round, while it felt that the Stars also turned round. They turning round passed over the sky. The sky lies (still); the Stars are those which go along; while they feel that they sail. They had been setting; they had, again, been coming out; they had, sailing along, been following their footprints. They become white, when the Sun comes out. The Sun sets, they stand around above; while they feel that they did turning follow the Sun.
The darkness comes out; they (the Stars) wax red, while they had at first been white. They feel that they stand brightly around; that they may sail along; while they feel that it is night. Then, the people go by night; while they feel that the ground is made light. While they feel that the Stars shine a little. Darkness is upon the ground. The Milky Way gently glows; while it feels that it is wood ashes. Therefore, it gently glows. While it feels that the girl was the one who said that the Milky Way should give a little light for the people, that they might return home by night, in the middle of the night. For, the earth would not have been a little light, had not the Milky Way been there. It and the Stars.
3 To the Young Moon
Young Moon!
Hail, Young Moon!
Hail, hail,
Speak to me!
Tell me of something.
Hail, hail!
When the sun rises,
You must speak to me,
That I may eat something.
You must speak to me About a little thing,
That I may eat.
!nanni, !Kun People
4 The Broken String
People were those who
Broke for me the string.
The place became like this to me,
On account of it,
Because the string was that which broke for me.
The place does not feel to me,
As the place used to feel to me,
On account of it.
For,
The place feels as if it stood open before me,
Because the string has broken for me.
The place does not feel pleasant to me,
Dia!kwain, San People
5 Thoughts About Returning Home
You know that I sit waiting for the moon to turn back for me, that I may return to my place. That I may listen to all the people's stories, when I visit them; that I may listen to their stories, that which they tell; they listen to the Flat Bushmen's stories from the other side of the place. They are those which they thus tell. They are listening to them, while the other, the sun, becomes a little warm. That I may sit in the sun, that I may, sitting, listen to the stories which come from over there, which are stories which come from a distance. A story is like the wind, it comes from a far-off quarter, and we feel it. Then, I shall get hold of a story from them, because the stories float out from a distance, while the sun feels a little warm; while I feel that I must altogether visit; that I may be talking with them, my fellow men. . .
My fellow men are those who are listening to stories from afar, which float along; they are listening to stories from other places. For, I am here; I do not obtain stories; because I do not visit so that I might hear stories which float along. While I feel that the people of another place are here; they do not possess my stories. They do not talk my language; for, they visit their like. With the stories of their own part of the country too . . .
The Flat Bush men go to each other's huts; that they may smoking sit in front of them. Therefore, they obtain stories at them; because they are used to visit; for they are smoking people. As for me, I am waiting that the moon may turn back for me; that I may set my feet forward in the path. For, I truly think that I must only await the moon; that I may tell my boss, that I feel this is the time when I should sit among my fellow men, who walking meet their like. They are listening to each other. I think of visits; that I ought to visit; that I ought to talk with my fellow men . . .
(After walking) I must first sit a little, cooling my arms; that the fatigue may go out of them, because I sit. I merely listen, watching for a story, which I want to hear; while I sit waiting for it; that it may float into my ear. These are those to which I am listening with all my ears. While I feel that, I sit silent. I must wait listening behind me, while I listen along the road; while I feel that my name floats along the road; they (my three names) float along to my place. I will go to sit at it; that I may listening turn backwards (with my ears) to my feet's heels, on which I went; while I feel that a story is the wind.
It (the story) is wont to float along to another place. Then, our names do pass through those people; while they do not perceive our bodies go along. For, our names are those which, floating, reach a different place. The mountains lie between (the two different roads). A man's name passes behind the mountains' back; those names with which he returning goes along. While he feels that the road is that which lies thus; and the man is upon it. The road is around his place, because the road curves.
The people who dwell at another place, their ear does listening go to meet the returning man's names, those with which he returns. He will examine the place. For, the trees of the place seem to be handsome; because they have grown tall; while the man of the place (!kabbo) has not seen them, that he might walk among them. For, he came to live at a different place; his place it is not. For, it was so with him that people were those who brought him to the people's place, that he should first come to work for a little while at it. He is the one who thinks now of his own place, that he must be the one to return.
He only awaits the return of the moon; that the moon may go round, that he may return, that he may examine the water pits; those at which he drank. He will work, putting the old hut in order, while he feels that he has gathered his children together, that they may work, putting the water in order for him. For, he did go away, leaving the place, while strangers were those who walked at the place. Their place it is not; for !kabbo's father's father's place it was.
!kabbo , San People
6 The Bushman Drum and Dancing Rattles
They tie, putting the bag—the wet skin of a springbok's thigh—over the pot's mouth. Then they tie on the sinew. And they pull the drum's surface tight ; for they wish that the drum may sound, when they beat the drum.
The men will tie springbok ears upon their feet; they will dance, while the springbok ears sound, as springbok ears are wont to do, like what we call dancing rattles. They are springbok ears; we call them dancing rattles. They sound well, when we have tied them on to our feet. They sound well, when we have tied them on to our feet. They sound well, they rattle as we dance, when we have tied them on to our feet. The drum which the women beat sounds well. Therefore, the men dance well on account of it, while they feel that the drum, which the women beat, sounds well. The dancing rattles which the men tie upon their feet sound well, because a woman who works carefully is the one who has worked them. Therefore, they sound nicely, because they are good. Therefore, they sound nicely, because they are good.
!han_kass'o, San People
7 How Dancing Rattles are Prepared
A woman takes off the skin of the springbok's ear; and then she sews the inner skin of the springbok's ear, when she has laid aside the hairy part of the springbok's ear; for it is the inner skin of its ear which she sews. And she sews it, and she scoops up with her hand, putting soft earth into it.
And they dig and put in earth, because they wish that the springbok ears may dry; that they may put in !kerri berries when they have taken out the earth. And then they tie on a small piece of sinew at the tip of the springbok ear, which was open. They tie this, shutting in the !kerri berries, so that the !kerri berries may not come out of the springbok ear. And they pierce through the springbok ears; and they put in little threads, which the men are to tie, fastening the springbok ears on their feet.
8 Beating the !Goin!Goin Drum for Honey
The people beat the !goin!goin, so that the bees may become abundant for the people, so that the bees may go into the other people's places, that the people may eat honey. Therefore, the people beat the !goin!goin,, when they desire that the people's bees may go into the other people's places, so that the people may cut honey, that they may put honey away into bags.
And the people carry honey. And the people, carrying, bring the honey home. And the people take honey to the women at home. For, the women are dying of hunger, at home. Therefore, the men take honey to the women at home; that the women may go to eat, for they feel that the women have been hungry at home; while they wish that the women may make a drum for them, so that they may dance, when the women are satisfied with food. For they do not make merry when they are hungry.
!han_kass'o, San People Lloyd
9 The Bushman Dance
And they dance, when the women have made a drum for them. Therefore, the women make a drum for them; they dance. The men are those who dance, while the women sit down, because they clap their hands for the men when the men are those who dance. While one woman is the one who beats the drum, many women are those who clap their hands for the men, because they feel that many men are dancing.
Then, the sun rises, while they are dancing there, while they feel that they are satisfied with food. Then, the sun rises, while they are dancing there, while they feel that the women are satisfied with food. Therefore, the sun shines upon the backs of their heads, while the women get the dust of the drum. Then the men are covered with dust, while the dust of the drum lies upon the women's faces, because the women are accustomed to sit down there; therefore, the dust of the drum lies upon the women's faces. Because the men do not dance just a little, for they dance very much. Therefore, the dust from their feet covers the women's faces; because they have danced strongly. Therefore, they get the dust from their feet, which rises up from their feet. It rises up among them, as they stand dancing. They dance, standing around, while the women are those who sit down. The men are those who dance, standing around.
Therefore they sleep, letting the sun set; because they are tired when they have been dancing there; while the women leave off drumming. Therefore they sleep, letting the sun set; because they are tired when they have been dancing there. Therefore, they sleep, letting the sun set; because they are tired when they have been dancing there. The place becomes dark, as they sleep there, because they are tired, when they have danced there.
Therefore, morning is when they send the children to the water, that the children may dip up water for them, that they may drink; for they are thirsty. Therefore, the children go early to dip up for them, at the break of day, so that they may come to drink. For they are thirsty.
They become aware that they are tired. Therefore, it does not seem as if they will be those to send the children to the water; for they feel at first that they are still tired. Therefore, it does not seem as if they will be those to send the children to the water. Because they are still sleeping there for a while; because they are still tired. Therefore, they do not seem as if they will be those to send the children to the water. Therefore, only when they are awake, they send the children to the water; when they feel that they have had their sleep out. Therefore, they are awake. And then they send the children to the water. They speak to the children, they thus say to the children, that the children must quickly bring them water, that they may quickly come to drink. For they are thirsty.
10 Death and the Rain
For, mother and the others used to tell us about it, that a girl, when the rain has carried her off, becomes like a flower which grows in the water.
We who do not know are apt to do thus when we perceive them, as they stand in the water, when we see that they are so beautiful. We think, "I will go take the flowers which are standing in the water. For they are not a little beautiful." Mother and the others said to us about it, that the flower, when it saw that we went towards it, would disappear in the water. We should think, '"The flowers which were standing here, where are they? Why is it that I do not perceive them at the place where they stood, here ?" It would disappear in the water, when it saw that we went towards it. We would not see it, for it would go into the water.
Therefore mother and the others said to us about it, that we ought not to go to the flowers which we see standing in the water, even if we see their beauty. For, they are girls who the rain has taken away, they resemble flowers; for they are the water's wives, and we look at. them, leaving them alone. For we should also be like them in what they do.
Therefore, mother and the others do in this manner with regard to their Bushman girls, they are not willing to allow them to walk about, when the rain comes. For they are afraid that the rain also intends, with lightning, to kill them. For the rain is a thing which acts in this manner when it rains here, it smells our scent, it brings lightning out of the place where it rains. The lightning comes, killing us at this place. Therefore, mother and the others told us about it, that when the rain falls upon us and we walk passing through the rain, if we see that the rain makes lightning in the sky we must quickly look towards the place where the rain makes lightning, the rain which intended to kill us by stealth.
It will do in this manner, even if its shining-stone thunderbolts have come near us. If we turn towards the lightning, we look, making its thunderbolts turn back from us; for our eye also shines like its thunderbolts. Therefore, it also appears to fear our eye, when it feels that we quickly look towards it. Therefore, it passes over us on account of it; while it feels that it respects our eye which shines upon it. Therefore, it goes over us; it goes to sit on the ground over there, where it does not kill us.
11 What the Wind Does After Death
The wind does thus when we die, our (own) wind blows; for we, who are human beings, we possess wind; we make clouds, when we die. Therefore, the wind does thus when we die, the wind makes dust, because it intends to blow, taking away our footprints, with which we had walked about while we still had nothing the matter with us. And our footprints, which the wind intends to blow away, would otherwise still lie plainly visible. For, the thing would seem as if we still lived. Therefore, the winds intends to blow, taking away our footprints.
12 Treatment of Thieves
A female child, if her mother is dead and the female child is an only child, it goes to another person's hut. Another day, if she steals, the other person into whose hut she went to live takes her, and gives her to the other person, the other from whom she stole. The other people kill her altogether. They put her into a hut, and burn, killing her with fire; and she dies altogether; and the other people return home.
If a man steals, we kill him, we shoot, killing him with many arrows, and do not put him into the fire; but kill him altogether with arrows. It is only a woman we burn, burn, putting her into the fire. And if a child steals, we merely scold the child, and do not kill the child.
If a !kun woman steals, and her father and her mother are still there, we take hold of her, we give her to her mother and her father; and they all go away from their place. Her stolen thing, we take it, we run, we give it to the other person, run to give to the other person the other person's thing. And we say to the other person: "My wife stole your thing which is here; your nice thing here, my wife stole. And I have given back my wife to her father and her mother. For, my wife stole the nice thing here."
And the other person hears, and objects (saying): "No, kill your wife." And, we hear, and object, saying: "No, I do not listen to you, and will not kill my wife; for, my wife has gone away, has gone to her father and her mother; and is far away; and has gone to her country; and I will not kill my wife." . . .
Adapted from Specimens of Bushmen Folklore, collected by W. H. L. Bleek and edited by L. C. Lloyd. George Allen and Company Ltd, London, 1911.The book is available on-line at the Sacred Texts website.
The current plight of the bushmen is described at the Survival International website and at the Bretton Woods Project website.


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Aragonez (Air-ah-go-NEZ)
One of the Portuguese names for tempranillo. Grown primarily in southern Portugal where it is used in the red wines of the Alentejo region.
What wine region boasts the oldest cabernet sauvignon vines in the world?
A. The Graves region of Bordeaux
B. The Ribera del Duero region of central Spain
C. The Barossa Valley of South Australia
D. The Livermore Valley, east of San Francisco
Cabernet vines planted in 1888 in the Barossa Valley of Australia are thought to be the oldest in the world. The vines are part of Penfold's famous 10-acre "Block 42" parcel within the Kalimna Vineyard. Grenache and shiraz (syrah) vines that are more than 100 years old are also commonly found in Australia. Amazingly many of these oldsters are on their own roots (not grafted onto American rootstock), since Australia was not crippled by phylloxera, the root-eating insect that between 1860 and 2000 destroyed vineyards in most other parts of the world.
"Men are like wine–some turn to vinegar, but the best improve with age."


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Detroit Lions' Taylor Decker, back from injury, is key to improving OL
Dave Birkett
It has been almost 14 months since Taylor Decker tore the labrum in his right shoulder during a pad-less spring practice, and the Detroit Lions left tackle is done looking back and talking about an injury that cost him half of what was supposed to be a breakout 2017 season.
"I'm just happy to be out here now and I'm happy to be out here with my teammates playing football, doing what I love to do," Decker said after Day 1 of Lions training camp Friday.
Decker's injury was the first snowball in what became an avalanche of trouble for the Lions' offensive line.
With their left tackle out half the year, the Lions traded for Greg Robinson at the end of minicamp in hopes of finding a stopgap in the form of a busted former first-round pick.
Robinson, predictably, played the role of turnstile for most of the first two months of the season, and the rest of the Lions' high-priced offensive line slowly crumbled around him.
Right tackle Rick Wagner battled ankle and shoulder problems, and eventually missed three games. Right guard T.J. Lang struggled through foot and back injuries and missed time with a concussion. Center Travis Swanson had his own recurring concussion problems, plus an early-season ankle injury.
And when Decker returned to the field in mid-November, his rust was evident and the Lions' offense line couldn't get out of its own way.
Decker declined to compare his play last year to his rookie season of 2016, when he showed plenty of promise despite allowing a team-high eight sacks, according to my own charting.
"I'm not going to go back and live in the past," he said. "The past is the past."
But the Lions believe, without hesitation, that their offensive line will be a strength this fall, and a healthy Decker is a key reason why.
The Lions have invested heavily in the group the past three seasons, signing Lang and Wagner in free agency and drafting Decker and fellow starters Graham Glasgow and Frank Ragnow in early rounds.
More:Hall of Famer Willie Roaf: Lions' Frank Ragnow can be Pro Bowler
They added needed depth this offseason, signing interior lineman Kenny Wiggins and drafting Tyrell Crosby to go with Joe Dahl. But for all of their versatility and promise up front, Decker is the only one who can reliably be counted on to protect Matthew Stafford's blind side.
"Without going into great detail on evaluations at this point, I think he's done everything that we've asked of him," offensive line coach Jeff Davidson said. "He's a guy that each day he has been very open to the coaching. He's kind of taken that, call it pride in being able to go out there and show what he's capable of doing, but certainly open still to different ways to do things and has been, like I said, very open to the coaching."
Davidson acknowledged the organization's investment in the offensive line has put pressure on the group as a whole to perform.
"We'll take as many guys as they want to give us, realistically," Davidson said. "Obviously, the sharper the tools, the easier it is to perform a job. And I hate to use the analogy, but obviously whether it's the best player down to the last player, we're looking for constant improvement and we try to evaluate all the time through all that. Obviously, the better they're starting at what their talent level is, the easier it is on us. But we're still not concerned with guys that are staying stagnant. We want guys that are constantly improving."
Decker, who was married in July before reporting to camp — there's been no honeymoon yet, and Decker declined to say if one is scheduled for after the season — said that's his goal, too.
He said his goals "right now are to have a good practice tomorrow" and let coaches worry about everything else. And unlike last year, at least he's healthy enough to do that.
"I'm never going to be content with where I'm at," Decker said. "I'm going to try to just to always improve. There's guys that are in their 10th year trying to improve, so I think that's just going to be a stable mindset."
Windsor:Is Matthew Stafford elite? Lions QB needs to prove it
Contact Dave Birkett: dbirkett@freepress.com. Follow him on Twitter @davebirkett.
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A paper describing these results was published in a recent issue of the Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society and a preprint is available online.
"The radio phoenix emerged when another cluster of galaxies slammed into the original cluster, sending shock waves through the system. These shock waves, similar to sonic booms produced by supersonic jets, passed through the dormant cloud of electrons. The shock waves compressed the cloud and re-energized the electrons, which caused the cloud to once again shine at radio frequencies."
Galaxy clusters 'slamming' into one another? Really??
The writer of this is a graduate of the University of Hyperbole.
Only a few tens of million years?


Everyone has their tricks for productivity, but like any new habit you're trying to form, sometimes it just doesn't stick.
Creating a reliable productivity system that keeps you motivated is easy, but it gets old. Eventually, you drop it and try yet another system.
Some people swear by writing in planners. I've never been a planner person. I keep up with it for a week and then forget about it. No matter how cute the planner was, it never stuck.
In my past life as an assistant, I used to keep everything on a list right in front of my face. When I received a new task or project, I wrote it down immediately. Tasks only got crossed off when completed. But, this process didn't help me get the less urgent stuff done. I found myself rewriting "call the travel agent for itemized receipt" for two months until I actually did it.
Lists don't beat procrastination. They're good for keeping track of everything you have to do, but they don't guarantee it will all get done.
After years of experimentation, I've found a method that works.
My system is two-fold, and it starts with the simple to-do list. I keep a work to-do list and a life to-do list in Evernote. I like Evernote because it also has a mobile app, but even a Google doc would do. You just need access to it on different devices.
Looking at my list, I can easily separate the time sensitive stuff from the rest.
Then comes the fun part. I look at my to-do list and create a checklist in Evernote. Normally, I do this at the end of my workday and sometimes in the morning.
It's not just any checklist, though. I set deadlines for every task.
At the bottom, I add a couple of tasks that are less urgent from my master to-do list. I like to tackle a few a day.
To-do lists never end. That's life. But if you consistently take care of one or two things on it a day, it's much less overwhelming. Getting stuff done feels good.
Even calling the insurance company can be pleasurable when it's one less thing to do on your list.
Knowing how you work and being realistic about allotting time for individual tasks is crucial.
I know it takes me an hour and a half to finish, proofread and polish an article. I know that when I'm working on a big project, I'll need at least three hours of my day.
Of things come up, and adjustments are necessary. I keep my list up in a tab all day long.
How does having this schedule motivate me? Setting time limits and switching up tasks during the day makes me want to stick to it. I'm essentially giving myself deadlines because I have the type of job where most of my work isn't project based.
Knowing I have two hours to complete something makes me procrastinate by looking at Facebook and Twitter much less. And if my attention wanders over to social media during work, checking the time is enough of a reminder that I have a deadline for everything.
After doing this for a while, I'm able to time myself correctly and get everything done. And checking those little boxes in Evernote is hella satisfying.
Getting stuff done means something different for everyone, but when you're drowning in to-do list items, maybe it's time to explore a new method.
An interesting post – thanks for sharing. I like the connection between the to do list and the timed periods.
thanks so much. deadlines are really the key.


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WHERE TO GOWHAT TO DOPLAN YOUR TRIPFor Business
Akmola region
Aktobe region
Almaty region
Atyrau region
East Kazakhstan region
Zhambyl region
Karaganda region
Kostanay region
Kyzylorda region
Mangystau region
Pavlodar region
Turkistan region
West Kazakhstan region
North Kazakhstan region
Museum / Ethno-memorial complex
The Museum of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan
There are over 40000 exhibits: books, scientific and archival materials, paintings, sculptural images, as well as personal awards of the head of state
Visit cost
Having become an independent state in 1991, the Republic of Kazakhstan began an independent path of development and established itself as a full-fledged strong member of the world community. Since then, the work of our country creates a modern history, in which the main symbol of its reflection is the Museum of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The museum is located in the former residence of Nursultan Nazarbayev, now there are over 40,000 exhibits. It presents books, scientific and archival materials, paintings, sculptural images, as well as personal awards of the head of state. Here you can see one of the most interesting exhibitions "Country and the World", represented by 150 items, many of which are presents of the heads of foreign states, various foundations, organizations and companies. In the Museum of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan there are exposition, exhibition and research projects, thanks to which excursion lectures, symposia of scientists and discussion clubs are regularly held here.
Жамбылский Областной историко-краеведческий музей
Познакомиться с историей края, насыщенной событиями, пожалуй, проще всего, посетив музей.
Regional Museum of Local History
Halls dedicated to archeology, visual arts, scientific discoveries, the khan periods, the Soviet era, and the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Military History Museum of Nur-Sultan
The place in which exhibits of military affairs of different times are collected
Museum complex "Abylai Khan's Residence"
Abylai Khan - the great ruler of the Kazakh horde, which had a tremendous impact on the unification of the people of the steppes and the formation of the Kazakh statehood.
Museum Manor of Grandmother Shokan Ualihanov - "Aiganym"
This place leaves an unforgettable impression, so everyone will be interested in spending time in the estate of Grandmother Shokan Ualihanov.
Historical Museum Complex "Bukeі ordаsі"
In the 60s of the last century, the historical and revolutionary museum began its work in the land of the Bokeyorda region
Caravanserai "Tortkol"
The popularity of the Tortkol caravanserai among residents and tourists in the Zhambyl region is due to its high historical significance and originality of the open-air museum.
"Kyluet" Ethnographic Museum
A colorful place where every visitor will be met with great generosity and will be led through the most hidden corners of the cultural history of Kazakhstan.
Memorial complex "Alley of Eminent Workers"
The complex includes sculptural busts of prominent Kazakhstan leaders of the public movement for the establishment of Soviet power
Ethno-memorial complex "Atameken"
Map of reduced copies of sights of Kazakhstan