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Keeping up with the times: how national public health and governmental organizations communicate about cannabis on Twitter
Jenna van Draanen ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-0486-65251,
Tanvi Krishna2,
Christie Tsang3 &
Sam Liu4
Public health and governmental organizations are expected to provide guidance to the public on emerging health issues in accessible formats. It is, therefore, important to examine how such organizations are discussing cannabis online and the information that is being provided to the public about this increasingly legal and available substance.
This paper presents a concise thematic analysis of both the volume and content of cannabis-related health information from selected (n = 13) national-level public health and governmental organizations in Canada and the U.S. on Twitter.
There were eight themes identified in Tweets including 1) health-related topics; 2) legalization and legislation; 3) research on cannabis; 4) special populations; 5) driving and cannabis; 6) population issues; 7) medical cannabis, and 8) public health issues. The majority of cannabis-related Tweets from the organizations studied came from relatively few organizations and there were substantial differences between the topics covered by U.S. and Canadian organizations. The organizations studied provided limited information regarding how to use cannabis in ways that will minimize health-related harms.
Authoritative organizations that deal with public health may consider designing timely social media communications with emerging cannabis-related information, to benefit a general public otherwise exposed to primarily pro-cannabis content on Twitter.
Although the platform is just over 10 years old, Twitter has significantly changed the way we interact with media. Twitter allows users to produce and consume information in 280-character segments (revised from 140 characters in 2017); with posts ranging from updates on important current events to mundane personal musings, it has changed the way in which we intake all types of information and given us the ability to connect with others instantaneously. These messages, or Tweets, have been used to analyze public opinion on a range of health topics. [1,2,3,4]
The public health community uses Twitter occasionally for the spread of health information. [5, 6] Advantages of spreading public health information this way include limited costs, wide audiences, and timely information exchange, but these come at the cost of perceived lack of credibility and difficulty for the audience in distinguishing opinion from evidence. [6] Paul and Dredze studied state public health department adoption of social media and found that 60 % of public health departments in the United States (U.S.) were using at least one type of social media; among these, 86.7% had a Twitter account [5]. Public health departments had an average of 983 Twitter followers, although there was considerable variety in the reach of messages, depending on the organization [5]. On average, state public health departments tended to post on social media only once per day, and substance use was not among the topics commonly posted [5].
In both Canada and the U.S., there has been considerable policy change recently, regarding the decriminalization and even legalization of cannabis. Several U.S. states have passed legislation to legalize recreational use of cannabis (e.g., Colorado, Washington, California) and the federal government in Canada has done the same. The continental landscape of cannabis policy is shifting, as is cannabis discussion online. Thompson and colleagues assessed cannabis-related Tweets posted by adolescents in 2012 and found that a majority (65.6%) of Tweets by adolescents reflected a positive attitude toward cannabis, and 42.9% indicated personal use. [7] Both Tweets about personal cannabis use and positive perceptions about cannabis increased from 2012 to 2013. [7] Cavazos-Rehg and colleagues analyzed the sentiment of a random sample of Tweets related to cannabis in 2014 and, again, found that most had a positive sentiment towards use, with pro-cannabis Tweets outnumbering anti-cannabis Tweets by a factor of 15. [8]
Public health and governmental organizations are expected to provide guidance to the public on emerging health issues, even in the absence of perfect information about risks and benefits. It is, therefore, important to examine how such organizations are discussing cannabis online and the information that is being provided to individuals who need to navigate safe use or decisions related to non-use of this increasingly legal and available substance. This paper provides a concise analysis of both the volume and content of cannabis-related information from selected public health organizations in Canada and the U.S. on Twitter.
Sampling and data collection
A total of n = 41,600 Tweets were collected in September 2017 using the Twitter application programming interface (API), were stored in CSV files, and were analyzed using Dedoose Software. [9] Public health and mental health/substance use organizations in Canada and the U.S. were eligible for inclusion in the analysis if they met the following criteria: had an active Twitter account (posted at least once per month in the previous 12-month period), provided national services or had a national scope/mandate of their work, were either a governmental organization or a not-for-profit organization, and posted a Tweet at least once in the last 12 month period about mental health or substance use issues.
The screening criteria yielded the following organizations in Canada for inclusion in our dataset: The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) @PHAC_GC, Health Canada (HC) @GovCanHealth, the Canadian Public Health Association (CPHA) @CPHA_ACSP , The Canadian Mental Health Association (CMHA) @CMHA_NTL, the Mental Health Commission of Canada (MHCC) @MHCC_, the Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR) @CIHR_IRSC, and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health (CAMH) @CAMHNews; and the following organizations in the U.S.: The Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) @HHSGov, The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) @NIDAnews, The Centres for Disease Control (CDC) @CDCgov, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) @samhsagov, the American Public Health Association (APHA) @PublicHealth, the National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI) @NAMICommunicate, and the National Institutes of Health (NIH) @NIH.
This study is not intended to provide a comprehensive inventory of all public health organization activity on Twitter. Instead, key national organizations (n = 13) were selected with the intent of offering descriptive information about the volume and content of their public health messaging related to cannabis consumption. A total of 3200 of the most recent Tweets per organization (resulting in a total sample of 41,600 Tweets) were selected to be included in the initial dataset. For some organizations, based on the frequency of their Tweets, this meant that the period of analysis went back as far as 2011, for others it only went back to 2015. Keyword searches were conducted on this dataset to retain only the Tweets relevant to cannabis that contained any of the terms: 'weed,' 'THC,' 'cannabis,' 'marijuana,' 'medical marijuana,' or 'pot,' yielding the intermediate datasets depicted in Table 1. From this pool, re-Tweets were excluded and researchers hand-sorted Tweets to identify the ones relevant for analysis, producing the final datasets depicted in Table 1. The data used in this study are public and as such this study is exempt from human subject's review.
Table 1 Screening and Resulting Sample Size of Cannabis-related Datasert for Included Organizations
Data were analyzed using thematic content analysis. First, two researchers open-coded a selection of 50 Tweets and generated a codebook to be used in the first round of focused coding. Next, during focused coding, each researcher coded 100 Tweets according to these initial codes. After this initial focused coding, the researchers met to discuss and refine the themes according to emerging sub-themes. This revised codebook was then used to classify all Tweets, with each Tweet categorized by two researchers, after which the researchers again met to resolve disagreements in coding. Tweets were allowed to be classified in more than one thematic area where appropriate. Inter-rater reliability was calculated using a random sample of 100 Tweets, using Dedoose software [9] and the pooled Kappa statistic was found to be 0.94 [10] indicating excellent reliability. [11]
The majority of cannabis-related Tweets from the organizations studied come from relatively few organizations: CAMH (84/3200), CPHA (108/3200), and NIDA (291/3200). See Table 2 for a summary of the volume of Tweets, date range of included data, number of followers for each included organization, and the thematic content of their cannabis-related Tweets. The organizations with the most followers were the CDC (863,534), the NIH (811,577), and the DHHS (711,590); notably, they had few (4) cannabis-related Tweets combined. Tweets from the included health organizations were primarily information-sharing Tweets with links to research results, guidelines, policies, or fact sheets.
Table 2 Volume of Cannabis-related Tweets, Date Range Studied, Number of Followers, and Frequency of Themes in Tweets from Included Public Health and Governmental Organizations
There were a total of eight themes found in the coded dataset, listed and described in order of frequency below. Twenty-three subthemes were present within the main themes and have been identified with bold font in the theme descriptions below.
T1: health-related topics
One hundred three Tweets (or close to 18% of the 580 Tweets in the dataset) contained themes related to human health, most commonly about the neurological issues or brain changes that can arise when using cannabis (49 Tweets). However, within this theme, subthemes of beneficial or therapeutic effects of cannabis use, the impact of cannabis on the development of mental illness or effects of using cannabis for people with psychiatric disorders, the relationship between cannabis use and substance use disorders, and lastly smoking (tobacco and cannabis) were also found. Examples of health-related Tweets about neurological issues include the National Institutes of Health Tweet, "Cannabis can be addictive & has negative effects on attention, memory, & learning: https :// t.c #MTF2015"and the Centre for Addiction and Mental Health Tweet, "Quitting cannabis use improves #cognition in people with schizophrenia." Notably, as Tweets were allowed to be coded into more than one category, the CAMH Tweet example above was also coded in the cannabis and mental illness sub-theme. Health-related topics were Tweeted about relatively more frequently by U.S. organizations than Canadian organizations.
T2: legalization and legislation
Nearly one in five Tweets analyzed (103 Tweets, or 18%) were related to legalization of cannabis and/or cannabis-related legislation. Most frequently (23 Tweets), the social media activity was promoting legalization along with careful regulation of the substance; or (22 Tweets) involved experts such as substance use researchers or policy makers offering expert opinions on legalization. Compared to U.S.-based organizations, Canadian health organizations Tweeted more frequently about legalization, regulation, and legislation, driving most of the content within this theme (as might be expected given recent federal policy changes in Canada). An example of a representative Tweet from this theme, from Health Canada is, "Have your say on legalization & regulation of #cannabis https :// t.c …" Other subthemes in this category included: discussions about the issues with legalization (for example, how to restrict access for minors); promoting proposed legislation, which usually involved discussion about a particular bill or law; governmental announcements about policy change; and advertising upcoming public consultations about cannabis regulation.
T3: research on cannabis
Research on cannabis was highlighted and referenced in many posts (101 Tweets or 17%), for example, the National Institute on Drug Abuse shared a Tweet, "What are cannabis's long-term effects on the brain? To find out, see our updated Cannabis Research Report. https://t.c ." Most commonly, the post was generally designed to publicize research results (67 Tweets) and referenced a new paper, study, or report, without describing any direct application to consumers. Research also commonly highlighted interactions between cannabis and alcohol (24 Tweets) or cannabis and opioids (9 Tweets). A small number of Tweets described financial and legislative barriers to research and the way that legalization would make research more feasible. Highlighting research results via Twitter was done more commonly by U.S. than Canadian organizations.
T4: special populations
Special populations were also mentioned frequently in Tweets (92 Tweets or 16%) usually with the Tweets discussing prevalence rates or unique considerations for cannabis use within particular populations, including youth and young adults, pregnant women, parents, and college students. Youth and young adults were by far the most commonly referenced population group, for example, SAMHSA Tweeted "Acting Dir Baum: 20.8% of 18-25 year olds reported past month #cannabis use. Highest rate ever over past 15 years. #recoverymonth."
T5: driving and cannabis
Just over 10% of the Tweets analyzed contained information about the effect that cannabis has on driving and warnings about driving while or after using cannabis. There was limited variation in the nearly 60 Tweets in this category, and as such there were no sub-themes. NIDA, a U.S. Organization, was responsible for the majority of Tweets in this category, Tweeting, for example, "Dr. Marilyn Huestis discusses how #marijuana impairs a measure of driving. https://t.co/FC4mgq6j3w"
T6: population-level issues
Nearly 7% of the Tweets about cannabis by public health and governmental organizations were concerning issues at the population level, like cannabis use rates and public opinion or perception of cannabis. These population-wide topics came up more frequently in U.S. than Canadian organizations.
T7: medical cannabis
Using cannabis for medicinal purposes, and Tweets that were about therapeutic use (vs. recreational use) or medical marijuana licensure or prescription were contained in a medical cannabis theme that included 6% of the total Tweets. This theme did not have sufficient variety to warrant subthemes. An example of a Tweet in this theme comes from CAMH, "New research from CAMH: Medical marijuana programs and implications for cannabis control policy http://t.co/S0gyzvOxI3 ".
T8: public health topics
The least common theme, containing 22 Tweets, was public health topics. Content related to health outcomes and medical issues were captured in T1, and as such, most of the explicit public health content from the organizations concerned public health approaches to regulation and sharing low-risk guidelines for cannabis use to minimize harm. For example, the Public Health Agency of Canada Tweeted, "#GoC committed to comprehensive #publichealth education on impacts of #cannabis. https://t.co/WdxDFyqH4P".
The organizations studied provided limited consumer-focused information regarding how to use cannabis in ways that will minimize health-related harms. Although the content of the Tweets did often relate to health issues (18% of Tweets), the nature of the Tweets in the dataset was primarily of a promotional or information-sharing style and rarely included specific advice, education, or instruction for followers. Given the pro-cannabis sentiment of much of the cannabis-related Tweets from the general public [12], Twitter users would benefit from more public-health driven content containing educational information related to health impacts of cannabis use. Some examples of educational messages designed to target the general public and to help maximize safety and health when using cannabis include, "start low and go slow" as well as, "use cannabis in a safe and familiar environment with people you trust" and, "if you are a new consumer, look for a product with less than 100 mg/g (10%) THC, with equal or higher levels of CBD," etc. [13].
The use of cannabis for recreational purposes remains illegal federally in the United States, with some states adopting laws that permit legal recreational and/or medical use. As of July 2019, 11 states in the U.S. had passed laws permitting the use of cannabis for adults, whereas at the end of the period of data collection for this study there were 8 states where use was legal [14]. In Canada, a national approach to legalization was taken, with the use of cannabis for recreational purposes becoming legal on October 17, 2018 [15]. These different approaches to legalization undoubtedly affect how the organizations in our sample communicate with the public about cannabis use.
While health-related topics, population-level issues, and Tweets about research on cannabis were more common in the U.S. organizations studied, Tweeting about legislation, legalization, and regulation were more common in the Canadian organizations. It is possible that the impending policy change to legalize cannabis in Canada (at the time period studied) offered a unique policy window where non-governmental organizations could propose benefits of legalization and approaches to regulation that would be considered by policy makers, and where governmental organizations could advertise consultations and public dialogue about cannabis without fear of promoting criminalized activity, making discussion about legislative changes both more timely and relevant. In the absence of legislative change at the national level or indications of consideration of a national policy change, the U.S. organizations studied may have opted to Tweet information about other topics more salient to their followers and less politically objectionable. When approaching legalization, though, health-related topics become increasingly relevant to the general public and the relatively lower frequency of posting about health outcomes in Canadian organizations may represent a critical absence of useful information for Canadian Twitter users. Further, legalization is in itself a public health issue, and one that non-governmental organizations could be advancing discussion of, even without any actual or impending policy decisions from government.
Based on our findings, it appears that in both countries public health and governmental organizations are not capitalizing on social media's interactive potential and could be providing more direct information that is related to what Twitter users are discussing. [7] The organizations included in our study rarely posted about cannabis on Twitter, with the exception of NIDA, CAMH, CPHA, and HC and when they did post cannabis-related content it was primarily sharing research findings, reports, or links that contain information such as issues for youth and young adults, driving and cannabis use, neurological impacts of cannabis use, and medical cannabis.
There are other substances that have a heavily imbalanced "pro use" presence on social media, such as alcohol [16, 17], and this warrants further discussion as the public may benefit from public health and mental health/substance use organizations offering more information about how to use a variety of substances in ways that maximize health and safety, not just cannabis. Future research investigating other substance use-related content from health organizations may be needed. In addition, investigating how social media strategy is crafted and to what aim within such organizations is warranted.
Paul and Dredze report findings about the interactions between public health departments and Twitter users. [5] The departments in their study posted on average once per day and re-Tweets constituted 22.5% of all their Tweets; only 1.5% of Tweets were in response to a Tweet made by a follower. [5] This one-way social media communication pattern represents a missed opportunity to engage with Twitter users about information they may be seeking. Public health and governmental organizations would be well advised to incorporate social media into their substance use communication strategy, and given the recent switch to allow up to 280 characters on Twitter, this may be more feasible than it was previously. [5, 18]
Health organizations were selected by searching the internet for representative organizations that met search criteria and by identifying an institutional account from each organization's web page. It is possible that individual programs or units within an organization are also using Twitter and were not identified. It is also possible that other public health agencies and non-governmental organizations not included in the sample were Tweeting relevant content that was not captured. Thus, the results of this analysis should not be extrapolated to institutions beyond the scope of this study. Future research should be designed to examine state or provincial Twitter activity to better understand regional differences in public health education messages about cannabis on Twitter. Moreover, this analysis does not allow us to comment on cannabis conversation on other social media platforms or public health education campaigns that may occur outside of Twitter: another avenue worth exploring in future research.
Public health and governmental organization are tentative or occasional Twitter users with respect to using Twitter as a venue for communicating cannabis-related health information. As social media is becoming ever more pervasive, these organizations should consider ways to use Twitter to engage their audiences and create relationships which are usually hindered by budget and geographic restrictions. Given the pro-cannabis sentiment of the cannabis-related Tweets from the general public, Twitter users would benefit from more targeted public health-driven content containing educational information related to health impacts of cannabis use.
The datasets generated and/or analysed during the current study are available in the Twitter API repository, https://developer.twitter.com/
APHA:
CAMH:
Centre for Addiction and Mental Health
CBD:
CDC:
Centres for Disease Control
CMHA:
CPHA:
Canadian Public Health Association
HC:
DHHS:
MHCC:
Mental Health Commission of Canada
NAMI :
National Alliance on Mental Illness
NIDA:
NIH:
PHAC:
Public Health Agency of Canada
SAMHSA:
Tetrahydrocannabinol
U.S.:
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National Conference of State Legislators. State Medical Marijuana Laws. Obtained July 29, 2019 from http://www.ncsl.org/research/health/state-medical-marijuana-laws.aspx#2. Accessed 29 July.
Government of Canada. Cannabis Act Justice Laws Website Obtained July 27, 2019. from https://laws-lois.justice.gc.ca/eng/acts/C-24.5/.
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Dr. van Draanen was supported by a CIHR Postdoctoral Fellowship and a Michael Smith Foundation for Health Research Trainee Award.
Faculty of Arts, Department of Sociology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Jenna van Draanen
Faculty of Arts, Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Tanvi Krishna
Faculty of Arts, School of Social Work, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada
Christie Tsang
Faculty of Education, School of Exercise Science, Physical & Health Education, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada
JVD conceptualized the study, analyzed data, and was the main contributor in writing the manuscript. CT and TK analyzed data and assisted with manuscript preparation. SL collected data, provided methodological guidance, and was a major contributor in writing the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Jenna van Draanen.
The data used in this study are public and as such this study is exempt from human subject's review.
van Draanen, J., Krishna, T., Tsang, C. et al. Keeping up with the times: how national public health and governmental organizations communicate about cannabis on Twitter. Subst Abuse Treat Prev Policy 14, 38 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13011-019-0224-3


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THE BOOK OF GENESIS: EYEWITNESS ACCOUNTS FROM THE DAWN OF TIME
The 'Tablet Theory of Genesis' proposes that the book of Genesis was originally written on tablets in the ancient script of the time by the patriarchs who were intimately concerned with the events related, and whose names are clearly stated. Moreover, Moses, the compiler and editor of the book, as we now have it, plainly directs attention to the source of his information.
Today I will do a book review of a book entitled "Ancient Records and the Structure of Genesis." What this book does is show clearly that Genesis is "Eyewitness History" re-establishing the pre-JEDP view of the Book of Genesis. The book was written by Air Commodore P.J. Wiseman and edited and updated by his son, Professor of Assyriology Donald J. Wiseman. This material has been referred to by some Bible commentators including Henry Morris and R.K. Harrison, but I had never personally examined the book. I found a used copy (had to pay $85!) and what a treat it has been. Absolutely fascinating book! ... (Click "Read More!" below for rest of article)
P.J. Wiseman was assigned to Iraq during the years 1923-25 and 1931-33. He was very interested in archaeology and took the opportunity to visit the principal excavations supervised by Sir Leonard Woolley, S.H. Langdon and others. P.J. Wiseman's idea was a simple one. Taking his cue from the recurrent "catch-lines" or colophons (as they are now called) in Genesis of the form., "These are the generations (family histories) of ...," he examines them as clues to the literary structure of Genesis and as indicative of its origin and transmission. He takes the Genesis narratives as they stand and relates them to well-attested ancient literary methods. Mr. Wiseman always thought that such a subjective theory as that of the Wellhausen school would hardly have been conceived or copied had the many literary tests (among them thousands of cuneiform tablets which have since been discovered) been known at that time.
For those of you who do not know, the Documentary Hypothesis or Graf/Wellhausen Theory assumed erroneously that the art of writing in Israel post-dated Moses and so the theory asserts that Genesis was composed by later authors, supposedly made up of 4 documents denoted as J, E, D, and P. This hypothesis has been thoroughly discredited by 20th century archaeology, but a positive, plausible theory was wanting until this book was written.
Since P.J. Wiseman's book was written there have been many more colophons discovered among the cuneiform texts which have been found in Babylonia. They have been published by H. Hunger, Babylonishce und Assyrische Kolophone (1968) and by E. Leichty, "The Colophon" in Studies Presented to A.L. Oppenheim (1964), pp. 147-154. These substantiate the references to this scribal device which is the "key" to the elucidation of the documents which were composed in Genesis.
Recent discoveries of Semitic literature from Syria and Mesopotamia, among them many dated texts ca. 2300 BC--notably the finds in 1975-76 from Tell Mardih (Ebla) and, from a millenium later, the Akkadian texts from Ras Shamra (Ugarit)--show the continuity in tradition both of scribal education and literary practices. In many instances tablets show them to have continued virtually unchanged for a further two milleniums. Unlike the Wellhausen theories, based on subjective assessment of the Hebrew text alone, these extra-biblical documents give us fixed and dated points along this stream of tradition.
The Preface to the book is written by R.K. Harrison whose Introduction to the Old Testament, (1969) referred to this work. He gives a good history of the Graf-Wellhausen Theory from its roots with Jean Astruc in 18th century. He notes that the majority of scholars prior to Astruc believed that Genesis was written by Moses, but that Astruc questioned this. It is interesting that Astruc was very close to the truth when he proposed that Genesis was a compilation. The problem was that he did not have the light of modern archaeology to guide his work, so he proposed the famous and now discredited JEDP documents. He basically proposed that since writing was not thought to be invented until the time of David (ca. 1000 BC), the Genesis material had to be merely oral tradition passed down by the Jews and finally taking on written form during the kingdom years of Israel. Of course, late 19th and 20th century archaeology has clearly shown that writing goes all the way back to at least 3500 BC and no doubt to the dawn of history--back to Adam himself.
THE VIEWPOINT STATED
Chapter 1 is entitled "Introduction." Wiseman says "Such a statement needs adequate confirmation by the writer, and on the part of the reader a patient study of all the evidence on which it is based. When this evidence has been scrutinized, the author would claim that it is attested by facts so numerous and verified by undesigned coincidences so overwhelming, that almost every critical difficulty regarding Genesis disappears."
Chapter 2 is entitled "Discoveries in Babylonia" and is a fascinating review of a truly incredible enterprise. One stands in awe of the perseverance and fortitude of those tough archaeologists spending year after year of their lives digging up priceless treasures. Wiseman does a good job summarizing the finds beginning with Claude James Rich in Babylon to Paul Emil Botta and his finds at Nineveh (one of the tells was interestingly called Nebi Yunus--i.e. Prophet Jonah). Botta, of course, discovered the palace of Sargon mentioned in the Biblical book of Isaiah. The British really got interested in 1839 when Austen Henry Layard visited the Near East. In 1845, he went to a mound called Nimrud--the Calah of Genesis 10 and discovered an Assyrian palace and numerous cuneiform tablets. Many more wonderful finds were unearthed including the great human-headed, winged lions now in the British Museum and the now famous obelisk of Shalmaneser III--inscribed on which are the words, "I received the tribute of Jehu Son of Omri silver and gold, etc." confirming again the historicity of the Bible. Layard's assistant later found the great library of Ashurbanipal. It was among these tablets that George Smith found the king's copies of the Babylonian Creation and Flood tablets 20 years later and immediately became famous by translating them. In 1888, the Americans joined the archaeological effort in Babylonia and thousands of tablets were discovered at Nippur. At the dawn of the 20th century, the discovery of the Code of Hammurabi placed us in possession of the laws prevalent in the days of Abraham. Wiseman continues to describe the activities of Woolley and his excavations at Ur. From the very beginning of the work, this expert archaeologist demonstrated beyond a shadow of doubt the high state of civilization existing in early times. In 1924, Wiseman was shown a tablet which had just been found at Al Ubaid, some four miles from Ur. It belonged to the period of 5000 years ago and was one of the most ancient specimens of writing then known. C.J. Gadd, of the British Museum, who that season was at Ur, had found on it the names of two Sumerian rulers, one of whom was known but the other up to the moment of discovery had been regarded even by archaeologists to be quite legendary. Wooley's excavations show that writing and a high degree of advanced civilization existed as far back as 2650 BC. At Nippur was found a large number of inscriptions dating before the time of Abraham which mention the "ten rulers who reigned before the Flood." Of course the Weld Prism give the complete list of these "pre-Flood kings" the length of lives of which is now in line with the Biblical lengths due to better translation. Wiseman also notes that Dr. H.H. Frankfort reported in his Third Preliminary Report on the Excavations at Tell Asmat (Eshunna) that, "... we discover that the representation on cylinder seals, which are usually connected with various gods, can all be fitted in to form a consistent picture in which a single god worshipped in this temple forms the central figure. It seems, therefore, that at this early period his various aspects were not considered separate deities in the Sumero-Akkadian pantheon." This shows that polytheism developed after monotheism, not the other way around as is often imagined.
Chapter 3 is entitled "Evidence for Advanced Civilizations" and Wiseman points out that "No more surprising fact has been discovered by recent excavation than the suddenness with which civilization appeared in the world. This discovery is the very opposite to that anticipated. It was expected that the more ancient the period, the more primitive would excavators find it to be, until traces of civilization ceased altogether and aboriginal man appeared. Neither in Babylonia nor Egypt, the lands of the oldest known habitations of man, has this been the case." All the real evidence we have, that of Genesis, archaeology, and the traditions of men, points to the Mesopotamian plain as the oldest home of man. Far Eastern civilization, whether Chinese or Indian, cannot compete in antiquity. Writing about the era of 3500 BC, Sir Leonard Woolley says in The Sumerians: "It is astonishing to find that at this early period the Sumerians were acquainted with and commonly employed not only the column, but the arch, the vault and the dome, architectural forms which were not to find their way into the western world for thousands of years. That the general level of civilization accorded with the high development of architecture is shown by the richness of the graves. Objects of gold and silver are abundant, not only personal ornaments but with vessels, weapons and even tools being made of the precious metals ..." Frankfort cites the use of glass and true bronze at 2600-2700 BC and "a most unexpected discovery made during the last season, that iron was used for tools before 2700 BC--more than fifteen hundred years before the day when the first iron dagger known was sent, presumably by a Hittite king, as a present to the youthful Tutenkhamen of Egypt." Wiseman concludes this chapter with the statement that "Neither the Bible nor Babylonian excavation know anything of uncivilized man." I have already given the Biblical account of ancient civilization, but I will give again ... 16 Then Cain went out from the presence of the LORD and dwelt in the land of Nod on the east of Eden.
17 And Cain knew his wife, and she conceived and bore Enoch. And he built a city, and called the name of the city after the name of his son-Enoch.
18 To Enoch was born Irad; and Irad begot Mehujael, and Mehujael begot Methushael, and Methushael begot Lamech.
19 Then Lamech took for himself two wives: the name of one was Adah, and the name of the second was Zillah.
20 And Adah bore Jabal. He was the father of those who dwell in tents and have livestock.
21 His brother's name was Jubal. He was the father of all those who play the harp and flute.
22 And as for Zillah, she also bore Tubal-Cain, an instructor of every craftsman in bronze and iron.
Chapter 4 is entitled "Methods of the Scribes in 3000 BC" and begins by pointing out that "One of the most remarkable facts which has emerged from archaeological research, is that the art of writing began in the earliest historical times known to man." Written records have now been found as far back as 3500 BC, but it is probable that writing is as old as man himself--ca. 4000 BC. Wiseman discusses the development of writing from the earliest pictographic forms to cuneiform, then begins a description of ancient scribal practices. He covers clay tablets, papyrus and the history of the deciphering. He points out that it was not desirable to make clay tablets too large for obvious reasons and that when the lengthy nature of writing required more than one tablet, it was necessary to adopt a means to preserve their proper sequence. This was achieved by the use of titles, catch-lines, and numbering. The title was taken from the first words of the first tablet, followed by the serial number of that tablet, just as a title is often repeated at the head of each page of a book and each page is numbered. As an additional safeguard it was also the practice to use "catch-lines" in which the present usage is to repeat the first two or three words of a subsequent page at the end of the preceding page as shown in Babylonian tablets.
In Chapter 5, "The Key to the Structure of Genesis," Wiseman demonstrates that the master key to the method of compilation that underlies the structure of the book of Genesis is to be found in an understanding of the phrase "These are the generations of ..." These are found at 2:4, 5:1, 6:9, 10:1, 11:10, 11:27, 25:12, 25:19, 36:1, 36:9, and 37:2. It is important to note that the word "Genesis" is the Greek equivalent of the Hebrew word translated "generations" (toledoth) and what we have is indeed a book of family histories. The book of Genesis therefore contains 11 tablets as follows:
Tablet # Division Contents
1 1:1-2:4 Origins of the heavens and the earth
2 2:5-5:2 Origins of Adam
3 5:3-6:9a Origins of Noah
4 6:9b-10:1 Origins of the Sons of Noah
5 10:2-11:10a Origins of Shem
6 11:10b-11:27a Origins of Terah
7-8 11:27b-25:19a Origins of Ishmael and Isaac
9-11 25:19b-37:2a Origins of Esau and Jacob
In this way, Moses clearly indicates the source of the information available to him and names the persons who originally possessed the tablets from which he gained his knowledge. These are not arbitrarily invented divisions; they are stated by the author to be the framework of the book.
The scholars who divided the Bible into chapters and verses obviously did not understand this and this has been a source of confusion. How clear it would have been had the Book of Genesis been divided into 11 chapters, each chapter corresponding to a toledoth, or a Family History with the "signature line" of "These are the generations of ..." !!
Wiseman points out that the phrase "these are the generations of ..." is not an introduction or a preface to the history of a person, as is so often imagined and he goes into detail with proof as to why this is not the case. He goes on to show with much documentation that the phrase is meant to be the concluding sentence of the record already written and not an introduction to the subsequent record. Wiseman give much support for this position for which I shall name two items. In support of these 11 divisions each with their concluding "toledoth" phrase, consider that ...
1) In no instance is an event recorded which the person or persons named could not have written from his own intimate knowledge, or have obtained absolutely reliable information.
2) It is most significant that the history recorded in the sections outlined above, ceases in all instances before the death of the person named, yet in most cases it is continued almost up to the date of death or the date on which it is stated that the tablets were written.
In confirmation of the first point, it will be seen in a later chapter that these narratives bear all the marks of having been written by those who were personally acquainted with the events recorded ... such as the simplicity of the account of the sun and moon. They are given no names ... simply referred to as the greater light and the lesser light. If the account had been later, no doubt names would have been assigned such as 'samas' for the sun god. The first chapter is so ancient that it contains no mythical or legendary matter. These myths and legends had not yet had time to grow. There is no trace of nationalistic or philosophic systems. Neither Babylonian, Egyptian or Jewish modes of thought find a place in it. Genesis 1:1-2:5 is pure. It is surely the threshold of written history. The truth is that the Babylonian accounts of Creation and the Flood are grotesque distortions of the original account.
In confirmation of the second point, it is significant to note that in almost every instance where it is applicable, the history contained in the section indicated ends just before the death of the person whose name is given at the conclusion of the tablet. Tablet 1 bears no name, it simply reads, "These are the generations of the heavens and the earth." No one could have "signed" this tablet but the Creator himself.
Wiseman concludes this chapter with summaries of each tablet showing the reasonableness of the case for the tablet theory.
One criticism raised against Genesis is the order of creation. In Genesis 1, the animals are stated to have been created before man. In Genesis 2, the order is reversed. This difficulty disappears when the tablet nature of the book of Genesis is understood. It is quite conceivable that the first tablet was intended to give a time sequence account of creation. The second tablet was written by Adam and is written with a focus on mankind and his activities of which the taxonomy of the animal kingdom was a part. There is no good reason to suppose that Adam is contradicting the order of creation in the first tablet. He is simply emphasizing the pinnacle of God's creation--man--then filling in the details of what he considers to be man's most important activities--taxonomy of the animal kingdom and the creation of his wife.
Chapter 6 is entitled "The Great Age of the Book" and Wiseman lists evidence that Genesis was compiled in the present form (excluding chapter and verse divisions) by Moses and that the documents from which he compiled it were written much earlier. The various lines of evidence may be summarized as follows:
1) The presence of Babylonian words in the first 11 chapters.
2) The presence of Egyptian words in the last 14 chapters.
3) Reference to towns which had wither ceased to exist, or whose original names were already so ancient in the time of Moses, that as compiler of the book, he had to insert the new names, so that they could be identified by the Hebrews living in his day.
4) The narratives reveal such familiarity with the circumstances and details of the events recorded, as to indicate that they were written by persons concerned with those events.
5) Evidences that the narratives were originally written on tablets and in an ancient script.
The remaining chapters of the book are entitled ...
Chapter 7 - "Who Wrote the Original Tablets?"
Chapter 8 - "Was Moses the Compiler?"
Chapter 9 - "Theories Now Obsolete"
Chapter 10 - "Genesis Defends Itself"
Chapter 11 - "The Titles for God", and
Chapter 12 - "Jesus and the New Testament Authors"
Chapter 13 is entitled "Conclusion" and makes a Summary List of 24 evidences for the original thesis of the book, again , that the book of Genesis was originally written on tablets in the ancient script of the time by the patriarchs who were intimately concerned with the events related, and whose names are clearly stated. Moreover, Moses, the compiler and editor of the book, as we now have it, plainly directs attention to the source of his information.
Here are his 24 summarized points ...
1) Archaeological research (which commenced after "higher criticism" had produced its theories) has, in recent years, given us the ancient and contemporary background of Genesis, which agrees with its contents (Chapter 2).
2) The Genesis narratives imply that rapid development took place in early history. Archaeologists have dug down into virgin soil and found that a high state of culture existed in times previously called "prehistoric." They even assert that long before the time of Abraham, Sumerian civilization had reached its zenith (Chapter 3).
3) As far back as archaeology has been able to go, and in the earliest times, examples of writing have been found. During the period covered by the greater part of Genesis, writing has been discovered to be in common use even for ordinary commercial transactions (Chapter 4).
4) The contents of the earlier chapters of Genesis claim to have been written (Chapter 5).
5) Both Scripture and archaeology give evidence that the narratives and genealogies of Genesis were originally written on stone or clay tablets, and in the ancient script of the time (Chapters 4 & 5).
6) We now know something of the literary methods used by the ancients. Prominent among these was the colophon of the tablet. In our examination of Genesis we find a similar literary method, for the formula, "These are the origins (generations) of ...," was the ancient conclusion which Moses inserted indicating the source from which he obtained the narratives and genealogies (Chapters 5 and 6).
7) Other literary methods were the use of "titles" and "catchlines" in order to bring the tablets together in proper sequence. Although Genesis (as we know it) is a book compiled by Moses, there are still traces of the use of these literary means of preserving sequence (Chapter 6).
8) In some instances indications are provided giving the date when the tablet was written. This is given in a most archaic way and very similar to the method prevailing in very ancient times (Chapter 6).
9) In confirmation of (4) to (8) above, we have shown that in no instance is an event recorded that the person (or persons) named in chapter 5 could not have written from personal knowledge, or have obtained absolutely unmistakable contemporary information. In Chapter 7, the positive evidence is reviewed showing that they were so written. The familiarity with which all the circumstances and details are described is noted.
10) Additional corroboration is found in the significant fact that the history recorded in the sections written over the names of the patriarchs ceases in all instances on the date on which the tablet is stated to have been written or, where no date is given, before the death of that person. In most cases it is continued almost up to the date of the patriarch's death (Chapter 5).
11) The presence of "Babylonian" words in the first eleven chapters is further evidence that the contents of the earliest narratives and genealogies were written during the lifetime of the earliest patriarchs of Genesis, for they used that language.
12) The presence of Egyptian words and Egyptian environment in the last fourteen chapters of Genesis adds its irresistible testimony that those chapters were written in Egypt (Chapter 6).
13) The first tablet, that of the Creation, seems to have been written at the very dawn of history. This is evidenced by its archaic expressions, for it was put into writing before names had been given to the sun and moon and before polytheism had arisen or clans developed (Chapter 7).
14) There is no statement in Scripture to support the supposition that all the narratives and genealogies were handed down verbally; on the contrary, they claim to have been written down (Chapters 5, 7 and 8).
15) Many references are made to towns which had either ceased to exist or whose names are so ancient that the compiler had to insert the names by which they were known in his day. These new names and explanations fit exactly with the circumstances of a people then on the edge of the land of Canaan, and about to enter it; thus indicating that Moses used earlier records and that he was the compiler of the book (Chapters 6 and 8).
16) That Genesis should still contain archaic expressions and show traces of the literary aids associated with the use of clay tablets is a witness to the fidelity with which the text has been handed down to us (Chapter 6 and 8).
17) It is clear that the ordinary Babylonian tablets of the Creation and the Flood are a corrupted form of the Genesis record. The narratives of Genesis are not merely a purified form of the Babylonian accounts (Chapter 2).
18) Archaeology has completely undermined the "myth and legend" theory of Genesis. Evidences of persons once thought by critics to be mythical have been discovered by archaeologists (Chapter 9).
19) The difficulties alleged against Genesis by "higher critics" vanish quite naturally when it is understood that the narratives and genealogies were first written on tablets in an ancient script, by the persons whose names they bear, and that the book was compiled by Moses. Any differences in phraseology and style are just what we would expect in these circumstances (Chapter 10)
20) The "repetition of the same event," of which modern scholars speak, is shown to harmonize exactly with the arrangement of the tablets from which the book was composed and to conform to ancient Sumerian usage (Chapter 10).
21) The outstanding examples brought forward by critics to suggest a late date for Genesis are shown to prove the reverse (Chapter 10).
22) The documentary theory was originated in order to account for the use of the name Jehovah in Genesis and the exclusive use in certain sections (which we claim to have been tablets) of one particular name or title for God. On the basis of the documentary theory the unwieldy structure of "higher criticism" has been reared. It can, however, be shown that there are other possible explanations for the varying use of the divine names. This is especially the case when it is seen that in the book of Genesis we have contemporary and translated records (Chapter 11).
23) The writers of the New Testament base important arguments and illustrations on the narratives of Genesis. These arguments and illustrations would be worse than useless--they would be misleading--unless these narratives rest on historical facts (Chapter 12).
24) The testimony of our Lord Jesus Christ, the Son of God, to the narratives contained in Genesis is of greater value than all the preceding evidence and constitutes the pinnacle of these evidential verifications of its history. To the Christian mind, the testimony of Christ must be decisive (Chapter 12).
These twenty-four strands woven together make a cumulative muster of evidences, so exceptional both in character and importance, that they establish the antiquity of Genesis as a contemporary record of events upon a sure foundation. This foundation is the internal testimony of the book itself, supported by the external corroboration of archaeology.
Curt Sewell has also done an excellent review of this book at ...
www.trueorigin.org/tablet.asp
Labels: Biblical, Christianity, Creationism
'Scientists' Say Chimps are Closer to Humans than Gorillas
Yes, it's true, ladies and gentlemen. Scientists agree that the lowly chimpanzee is more closely related to humans than to gorillas.
See if you agree from the pictures below.
Now here is the evolutionist's evidence ...
Hacia. (2001). Genome of the apes. Trends In Genetics 17(11): 637-645. What follows then is the type of genetic sequence analyzed, % similarity between humans and chimps (HC), % similarity between humans and gorillas (HG), then % similarity between chimps and gorillas (CG), in that order.
Noncoding intergenic: HC=98.76%, HG=98.38%, CG=97.37%
Intronic: HC=99.07%, HG=98.77%, CG=98.79%
Pseudogenes: HC=98.36%, HG=98.13%, CG=97.86%
X chromosome noncoding: HC=98.84%, HG=98.53%, CG=98.5%
Y chromosome: HC=98.32%, HG=97.67%, CG=97.22%
Coding sequences:
Synonymous (Ks): HC=98.89%, HG=98.52%, CG=98.36%
Nonsynonymous (Ka): HC=99.2%, HG=99.07%, CG=99.1%
Amino acid divergence: HC=98.66%, HG=98.42%, CG=98.35%
And so we see that HC is closer to CG by a whopping 1/2 of 1% (coding sequences)! So of course, chimps are closer to humans than to gorillas, isn't it obvious?
Well, not to me ... especially when you look at the pictures and consider that for evolution to be true, the following problems must be overcome ...
(1) Why are there no 'homonoid' civilizations in existence today? There are human civilizations, and there are ape 'clans', but there is nothing "in between" alive today.
(2) The fossil record of supposed human ancestry is equivocal at best and can just as easily be explained as either human fossils or ape fossils.
(3) There are enormous non-physical differences between apes and humans, i.e. in apes there is no complex language, no religious propensities, no arts and sciences, no technology, no moral code, etc. etc.
No, my friends. Apes are apes and humans are humans, and as far as anyone really knows for sure, that's the way it's always been.
Labels: Creationism, Evolution
posted by bizbroker | 6:52 AM | 1 comments
Moses in the House Chamber
This is from Ken Ham, president of Answers in Genesis International, a quite large, successful organization which is helping to turn the tide of false "Evolution Propaganda" through seminars, DVDs, books, articles, a web "Answers" database, their Creation Magazine, a Technical Journal, and soon a Creation Museum.
You may remember me mentioning on my blog some time back about our visit to the Capitol Building in Washington DC (To Washington and Back). As Congress was not in session, we were able to go into the House Chamber. Around the the walls near the top there are sculptures of lots of famous people—but the one that stood out was Moses. Moses is the ONLY one who is seen face on and he is looking directly at the Rostrum. When the President gives a State of the Union address, Moses is looking right at him. I was able to locate a web site that shows you pictures of all the sculptures in the House Chamber—the following link takes you directly to the Moses sculpture—and you can then look at the others if you want to.
http://clerk.house.gov/histHigh/Virtual_Tours/Artifacts/moses.html
Moses—the law giver who looks over Congress but is not allowed in court rooms or public schools! The irony is stunning.
In my opinion, the display in the House Chamber is quite proper with all the lesser lawgivers facing Moses. This chamber was built during a time in our country when appropriate respect was given to the Bible and its heroes. In fact, the USA was built directly upon Biblical laws and principles, hence it's great success.
http://info.answersingenesis.org/aroundtheworld/#330
Labels: America, Christianity
posted by bizbroker | 3:35 AM | 15 comments
Warren Buffet and Jesus
Here is a quote from the latest Berkshire Hathaway Annual Report, p. 24, http://www.berkshirehathaway.com/2004ar/2004ar.pdf
I can't resist mentioning
that Jesus understood the calibration of independence far more clearly than do the protesting institutions. In Matthew 6:21 He observed: "For where your treasure is, there will your heart be also." Even to an institutional investor, $8 billion should qualify as "treasure" that dwarfs any profits Berkshire might earn on its routine transactions with Coke. Measured by the biblical standard, the Berkshire board is a model: (a) every director is a member of a family owning at least $4 million of stock; (b) none of these shares were acquired from Berkshire via options or grants; (c) no directors receive committee, consulting or board fees from the company that are more than a tiny portion of their annual income; and (d) although we have a standard corporate indemnity arrangement, we carry no liability insurance for directors. At Berkshire, board members travel the same road as shareholders.
Charlie and I have seen much behavior confirming the Bible's "treasure" point. In our view, based on our considerable boardroom experience, the least independent directors are likely to be those who receive an important fraction of their annual income from the fees they receive for board service (and who hope as well to be recommended for election to other boards and thereby to boost their income further). Yet these are the very board members most often classed as "independent." Most directors of this type are decent people and do a first-class job. But they wouldn't be human if they weren't tempted to thwart actions that would threaten their livelihood. Some may go on to succumb to such temptations.
Keep in mind, friends, this is the second richest man in the world, CEO of a public, global corporation, and the world's most successful investor, and he's quoting Jesus in his Annual Report! How many CEO's do you run across that do that?
Labels: America, Business, Christianity

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A Bachelors degree in Computer Applications comprises of three years, with two semesters in each year. It is a degree for students who wish to pursue a career in computers or IT or both. Upon sucessful completion of the degree, one can pursue a masters degree in the same field or can seek various job opportunities. Below is thesyllabus for BCA as per YCMOU.


on this version of Linux?
Also, search the Forums for Suse and you'll find more info. Basically, you need to replace the /etc/init.d/slimserver startup script with one that's compatible with Suse.
Can someone add the SuSE script to the Wiki?
> Can someone add the SuSE script to the Wiki?


text:
// Copyright 2000-2020 JetBrains s.r.o. Use of this source code is governed by the Apache 2.0 license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
package com.siyeh.ipp.trivialif;

import com.intellij.application.options.CodeStyle;
import com.intellij.lang.java.JavaLanguage;
import com.intellij.psi.codeStyle.CommonCodeStyleSettings;
import com.siyeh.IntentionPowerPackBundle;
import com.siyeh.ipp.IPPTestCase;

/**
 * @author Bas Leijdekkers
 */
public class ExpandBooleanIntentionTest extends IPPTestCase {

  public void testBraces() { doFormattingTest(IntentionPowerPackBundle.message("expand.boolean.declaration.intention.name"));}
  public void testFormatting() { doFormattingTest(IntentionPowerPackBundle.message("expand.boolean.return.intention.name")); }
  public void testFormatting2() { doFormattingTest(IntentionPowerPackBundle.message("expand.boolean.assignment.intention.name")); }
  public void testIncomplete1() { doTest(IntentionPowerPackBundle.message("expand.boolean.return.intention.name")); }
  public void testIncomplete2() { doTest(IntentionPowerPackBundle.message("expand.boolean.assignment.intention.name")); }
  public void testIncomplete3() { assertIntentionNotAvailable(IntentionPowerPackBundle.message("expand.boolean.assignment.intention.name")); }
  public void testIncomplete4() { assertIntentionNotAvailable(); }
  public void testIncomplete5() { assertIntentionNotAvailable(IntentionPowerPackBundle.message("expand.boolean.assignment.intention.name")); }
  public void testIncomplete6() { assertIntentionNotAvailable(IntentionPowerPackBundle.message("expand.boolean.return.intention.name")); }

  private void doFormattingTest(String intentionText) {
    final CommonCodeStyleSettings settings = CodeStyle.getSettings(getProject()).getCommonSettings(JavaLanguage.INSTANCE);
    final int oldValue = settings.IF_BRACE_FORCE;
    try {
      settings.IF_BRACE_FORCE = CommonCodeStyleSettings.FORCE_BRACES_ALWAYS;
      doTest(intentionText);
    } finally {
      settings.IF_BRACE_FORCE = oldValue;
    }
  }

  @Override
  protected String getRelativePath() {
    return "trivialif/expand_boolean";
  }

  @Override
  protected String getIntentionName() {
    return IntentionPowerPackBundle.message("expand.boolean.declaration.intention.name");
  }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


You are invited to worship with us, an experience we know you will enjoy and never forget!
A church atmosphere that is saturated with the Love of God!
A distinct awareness of the presence of the Lord!
A feeling of acceptance and belonging!
A church filled with friendly and loving people just like you!
In this short introduction we can really never tell you what Spirit and Life Kingdom Center i is all about. In fact the only way for you to know and see the work that God is doing at our church is for you to experience it yourself! So we extend an invitation to you to visit with us this Sunday. You will receive a warm welcome and we would consider it a great honor, to have you take part in our services.


Introducing the CultureTrack (TM) Work Culture Survey - David Bowles Ph.D.
Culture at work is hot. It should be, it determines how your organization will perform. But what kind of culture do you have? How would you begin to know? David's definition of work culture is simple and is borrowed from the book Corporate Cultures, which started the whole thing in 1982: "the way we do things around here".
Since this involves "doing" or behavior, it can be measured via the perceptions of the people who work there. Its not complicated.
Does your organization have a sense of urgency?
Does it communicate well with its people?
Do they believe what they hear?
Does it live its values? Or just talk about them?
Are your people active and positive advocates for your organization, its products and services??
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Online-only clients can of course request special consulting advice for additional fees, based on needs identified by the survey.


The London Digital Enterprise Festival (DEF) is just over two weeks away, taking place on 10th and 11th September. Ahead of the two-day digital innovation extravaganza we caught up with one of the event's industry speakers, Roy Zhou at Travelex.
We have 5 Complimentary* sponsor guest passes available to QUALIFYING Enterprise level brands (*end user brands only, we classify Enterprise as minimum of 3,000 employees, no consultancies, sales staff, solution providers or agencies allowed complimentary passes. The organisers decision is final). To check if you qualify and to reserve your place click here TICKETS.
DEF: We all know that Travelex is one of the world's leading foreign exchange bureaus, with its main business operations in international payments and prepaid credit cards. With a global client base, how much focus does the company have on using analytics and digital technology to engage customers and adapt to their needs?
Roy: The focus is different for each country and region. In general, we focus heavily on digital, we have a large group of developers building and maintaining our digital channel and products. With a customer experience and design team set up recently, our main focus is to understand our customers better and adapt to their needs swiftly.
DEF: What are your main responsibilities as Head of Analytics? Do you have a global remit? Can you give some insight into your typical day in the office?
Roy: My main responsivities are enabling the business to make decisions based on a data driven approach; identifying the issues and driving changes to optimise performances – financially, operationally and in UX (user experience).
My role does include a global remit as I do support the analytics globally. It is hard to find a typical day for an analyst. There are regular meetings with product, channel and country managers to review the performances and discuss further actions.
I would say that there are mainly three areas I am responsible for – Data, Insights and Forecasting. Data includes data tracking, collecting, cleaning and database designing (both online and offline). Insights and Forecasting are applications of the data, to analysis performances, identify actions and predict outcomes.
DEF: Do you think it's necessary for large scale companies to optimise their business models digitally? And what percentage of digital optimisation should focus on analytics?
Roy: Definitely. Digital or not, customers are customers. If a company is truly customer focused and data driven, they should always optimise their digital channel. It might be true that they have fewer digital users, but they will have more insights from digital users. Because it is a lot easier to collect and analyse data digitally (versus offline retail), and it is a lot quicker to implement changes digitally. If you can find out what your digital customers truly want, chances are, your offline customers want the same things also. Thus, you can also apply the insights you acquired digitally to offline business.
In terms of percentage, there is really no fixed number here. Analytics is similar to any other resources, you should always maximise the ROI. The advice I will give is to focus on the data collection and tracking when building a digital channel or product, as it will save so much time and resources in the long run.
DEF: What do you enjoy the most about the work that you do at Travelex?
Roy: I really like that my work is heavily focused on innovation. Travelex constantly has new ideas and products to explore, so it is always quite exciting.
DEF: What is the most important aspect in your mind of using analytics for business?
Roy: Analytics is a means to finding the truth, so we need to keep an open mind on the tools and approaches to find that truth.
DEF: Digital enterprise, including analytics, has already taken us on a significant journey both in business and in our personal lives. What is your outlook for 2019?
Roy: We are going to see more applications of the new technology, such as blockchain, and VR (virtual reality).
I think we will also see an increasing focus on customer experience and personalisation. Due to GDPR, companies have to let customers feel that they are benefiting from giving their information and data.
DEF: You are going to be speaking at our next Digital Enterprise event in London. There you will lead the roundtable: Measuring the Unmeasurable: How to measure the customer experience.Without giving too much away can, you tell us briefly what you'll be discussing?
Roy: I will be talking about the journey and difficulty we experienced in digitalisation and analytics. I'll also introduce the approach we took to measure the impact of our UX projects, and discuss ways to measure the UX, and how to qualify the outcome.
DEF: If you weren't working in analytics and in the digital space, what would you be doing instead?
Roy: I would be a teacher.
DEF: Thanks for your time Roy!


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We – Linda and Severin – met each other for the first time in 2010 in Ischgl. A lot of time has passed from this moment but because of the love of nature and skiing and the fact that Ischgl has the best snow and party possibilities, it became our second home. After four years of experience with renting our apartment Ursula Maria Ischgl, we have founded a company Allegra Homes, which manages and rents other apartments in Engadin, Val Müstair, Tyrol and South Tyrol.
As certified ski instructors, we offer on request a guided skiing on the most beautiful slopes and most cool mountain cottages and then best après-skis, or a night round with excellent dinner and best bars and parties visits!


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Gloucestershire County Council homepage
Gloucestershire Recycles
Dealing with Gloucestershire's waste
What are the 4Rs?
The best way of managing our waste is not to produce it in the first place. After that, we should Reduce, Reuse, Recycle and Recover value from our waste wherever possible. This approach is known as the 4Rs.
What is the waste hierarchy?
The waste hierarchy specifies the best waste disposal options and ranks them in order of the least environmental impact. The options towards the top of the hierarchy are more desirable than those towards the bottom.
The waste hierarchy has become part of UK law through the Waste (England and Wales) Regulations 2011. The county council has developed the Joint Municipal Waste Management Strategy in partnership with the six district councils in line with this.
How well is Gloucestershire performing?
Currently at 51.85% for 2016/2017, Gloucestershire is performing consistently ahead of the UK average of 40%, but we can do more. The county council has high ambitions.
Step 1 - maximise recycling with a target of 60% recycling by 2020. The county council also has an aspiration to reach a 70% recycling and composting rate by 2030.
Step 2 - avoid landfill and generate useful energy and materials from what is left over.
Our ultimate aim is zero waste to landfill. If the county council achieves its ambition of 70%, it will make our county one of the highest performing recyclers in Europe.
How will we do it?
We've come a long way in 10 years, but over the next 25 years we will focus on:
raising awareness across the county to encourage residents to reduce, reuse and recycle more;
working closely with schools to help children understand how they can make a difference;
targeting the one in five households that research tells us don't currently recycle;
supporting food waste recycling across the county;
exploring co-mingled collection of recyclables, so we do the sorting of plastics, paper and other items for you;
considering providing a materials recovery facility (MRF) to enable the sorting of recyclable materials from co-mingled collections;
investigating anaerobic digestion (AD) for food and garden waste, that can produce biogas - an alternative to natural gas.
What about the remaining residual waste?
Reducing, reusing, recycling and composting will always take priority, but they don't solve the entire waste problem. Some of the things we throw away, like toothpaste tubes or pet litter, are not suitable for reusing or recycling.
The future for the remaining 30/40% of our waste will be an Energy from Waste (EfW) facility that will help us to generate energy (heart and power) and materials.
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As someone who is definitely not a vegetarian it was quite a unique idea and theme to go with vegetables for our second Yonder Dinner event. Seeing as the night was hosted in Flow, Bristol's hidden gem of a vegetarian restaurant and with Food by 'The Chocolate Bear Kitchen' who specialises in catering to all and every dietary requirement it seemed the perfect collaborative team to convert the meat lovers into veggies!
As guests arrived from the cold they were greeted with a delightful warming homemade apple and pear spiced drink made by the kitchen with quite the table spread and décor to gaze over. Table styling was created by Bec at Consume style who incorporated the Veggie theme into every detail including turnip candle holders and rather cute mini carrots as name card holders. The theme was carried throughout the menu with Courgette being used in starter, main and dessert by 'The Chocolate Bear Kitchen' and 'On The Plate' presented with some quirky illustration from Hannah.
In the middle of any event one of my favourite moments is taking a step back from the table and listening to the buzz in the room of sparking conversations and clanging cutlery as people are tucking away at the food and wine. This night was no exception with 24 creatives, entrepreneurs and business owners gathering around a table. It's in those moments community is created, new ideas and connections are formed, friends are made and inspiration is found.
Thank you to Paulius for capturing this night with these perfect photos. If you would like to be part of the next Yonder Collective event, please do get in touch via email and we are always interested in hearing from people with collaborative ideas wanting to get involved.


San Francisco is the cultural, commercial, and financial center of Northern California and the only consolidated city-county in California.
We've compiled a list of some of our favorite places to visit and dine below. More information and inspiration for what to do in San Francisco during your visit (other than attend the summit!), can be found on the San Francisco Travel website.
Official Description: Since it opened in 1937, this 1.7-mile suspension span between San Francisco and Marin counties has become one of the most beloved bridges in the world. A work of art, an engineering marvel, and an American icon, the Bridge is flanked on both ends by the natural beauty of the Golden Gate National Parks. Enjoy an exhilarating, but often chilly, walk across it.
Recommended time to visit: The park is open 24 hours. We recommend visiting the Golden Gate Bridge Welcome Center and footpaths right before sunset, so you can watch the sun setting over the Pacific.
Official Description: Within Golden Gate Park's 1,017 acres you'll discover gardens, playgrounds, lakes, picnic groves, trails, and monuments, plus an array of cultural venues, events, and activities. For more information, stop by McLaren Lodge to pick up a map, get involved, and find out what's happening in San Francisco's backyard.
Price: General access is FREE.
Official Description: The Exploratorium isn't just a museum; it's an ongoing exploration of science, art and human perception—a vast collection of online experiences that feed your curiosity.
Recommended time to visit: Normal hours are 10am – 5pm TUES-SUN (Closed Monday), evening events usually begin at 6pm.
Official Description: The California Academy of Sciences is a renowned scientific and educational institution dedicated to exploring, explaining, and sustaining life on Earth.
Official Description: Founded in 1895 in San Francisco's Golden Gate Park, the de Young Museum has been an integral part of the cultural fabric of the city and a cherished destination for millions of residents and visitors to the region for over 100 years.
Description: The Palace of Fine Arts in the Marina District of San Francisco, California, is a monumental structure originally constructed for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in order to exhibit works of art presented there. One of only a few surviving structures from the Exposition, it is still situated on its original site. It was rebuilt in 1965, and renovation of the lagoon, walkways, and a seismic retrofit were completed in early 2009.
Official Description: San Francisco's Fisherman's Wharf is a world famous tourist attraction and a thriving and vibrant local neighborhood and commercial area. Home to world-class dining, shopping, hotels and endless entertainment opportunities, the Wharf is truly the place to start your San Francisco experience.
Official Description: PIER 39 is a 45-acre waterfront complex that is a gathering place for millions of San Francisco locals and visitors. In addition to its 14 full-service restaurants, 90+ shops and popular attractions, PIER 39 is home to a 5-acre waterfront park and a 300-berth marina. PIER 39 is known for its spectacular views of San Francisco Bay including the Golden Gate Bridge, Bay Bridge and Alcatraz, as well as the world famous California sea lions hauled out on K-Dock.
Official Description: The Ferry Building Marketplace is a people's marketplace serving residents and travelers alike. Located within the historic Ferry Building at the foot of Market Street, shops large and small celebrate food in all its forms, offering everything from artisan cheeses to the freshest of local fish. Restaurants and cafés serve cuisine representing the quality and cultural diversity of San Francisco's best chefs.
Official description: Alcatraz and history go hand in hand. Once home to some of America's most notorious criminals, the federal penitentiary that operated here from 1934 to 1963 brought a dark mystique to the Rock. The presence of infamous inmates like Al "Scarface" Capone, and the "Birdman" Robert Stroud helped to establish the island's notoriety. To this day, Alcatraz is best known as one of the world's most legendary prisons.
Depending on your budget, there are a large number of hotels near Moscone Center with rooms available during the conference. We recommend you book early, however, as rooms can fill up quickly at this time of year.
Despite its close proximity to Moscone Center, we strongly advise against staying in the area of San Francisco known as The Tenderloin, especially if you are traveling alone, as it is a known high-crime neighborhood.
If you are having trouble finding open hotel rooms near Moscone Center, try looking for open rooms on Airbnb.
The Bay Area Rapid Transit system (BART) is a convenient and easy way to get from the airport to downtown San Francisco during the day. If you are arriving on a later flight, however, we recommend taking a cab or an Uber or Lyft to your destination.
For your own safety, please travel in groups at night. If this is not possible, we strongly recommend calling a cab or taking an Uber to your destination.
As with most major cities, we recommend taking precautions when traveling and walking through the city. Remember to always carry a street map if you are are unfamiliar with the area you are visiting (or have one on your phone) in case you get lost.
Type: Breakfast, sandwiches, burgers, salads and more.
Type: Burgers, shakes, salads, and a full breakfast menu.


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Major life lessons from Romy and Michele
Reliving the best moments of the wonderfully silly, brilliantly outfitted film
Romy and Michele6
Without a doubt, the 90s was the era for teen films. But what about post-teen? When high school is a distant memory and all the jocks and popular girls have grown up, with the ten-year reunion just around the corner? When you come to the grim realisation that all you've done for the past decade is sit around in your apartment watching Pretty Woman ("like, 36 times") with your cat and BFF, leaving only to shop, party and hit your dead-end job?
Romy and Michele's High School Reunion explores just that. With news of the daunting reunion, the fashion-obsessed characters Romy and Michele (played by Mira Sorvino and Lisa Kudrow) embark on a journey for perfect lives... at least on the outside, anyway. Laced with smart humour, and more-than-memorable one-liners, the film is a perfect representation of a crucial moment in 90s fashion. Matching wardrobes and personalities, you wouldn't struggle to find the film's influence in contemporary fashion inspiring a legion of designers from Ryan Lo, to Mimi Wade and Meadham Kirchhoff, whose collections each share a bold, playful and fun air, complete with brash, in-your-face girlishness. While the film is considered a frothy satire, there is certainly a lot to take from it, with valuable lessons practically thrown at us along with lots of fabulous fashions.
To celebrate 20 years since it hit our screens, we revisit some of its greatest moments.
Gabriel from Emily in Paris just went American Psycho on the Paris runway
Geeks, jocks, emos, and goths unite in DSquared2's trashy 2004 fantasy
Miley Cyrus is finally dressing like a rich, bisexual divorcée
RIP maximalism! Gucci strips it back for first show post-Alessandro
MATCHING OUTFITS ARE THE ONE
"You know what? This is, like, the cutest we've ever looked!", gushes Romy, assuring her best friend that they are indeed the shit. The inseparable duo are at their best when together, their enviable wardrobes complimenting each other just as much as their outlandish personalities. Amidst the generic kids at Sagebrush High School (who really didn't have a clue), Romy and Michele's friendship flourished relishing in one another's devotion to fashion, and cultivating some serious looks as a result. Early on in the film, Romy dons a slick red PVC coat while Michele wears a turquoise feather number – but these looks merely set the scene for what is yet to come. As Michele puts it best, "fashion, to me, is like...everything."
Goalsvia Giphy
BELIEVE IN YOURSELF...AND KNOW YOUR STUFF
Before the pair decided to stretch the truth (read: lie) at their reunion, they at least tried to find glamorous jobs and rich boyfriends to brag about. Michele, realising her current state of unemployment is totally not chic, struts down Rodeo Drive in a bid to bag a job at the ever glamorous Versace. "I am, like, really familiar with the entire Versace line and if you would give me a chance I know I could, like, sell the shit out of this stuff" she assures the store manager. While Michele never bagged the job, due to a minor slip up involving insulting a potential customer (no biggie), her air of confidence and no-nonsense approach is admirable. Dressed in a fluro skirt-suit she designed herself, she doesn't allow the man's snobbery to trip her up – she's honest, calm and true to herself.
FAKE IT 'TIL YOU (ALMOST) MAKE IT
Donning structured 80s-esque power-suits and asking for a "business woman's special" at a fast food joint (much to the confusion of a dumbfounded waitress), the duo carve totally new, totally professional lives for themselves. They are transformed into high-flying power-women all thanks to their new mode of slick dressing, entering the reunion in similar black suits and with a story about inventing Post-Its. They even manage to fool the majority of the Sagebrush High alumni, until Heather Mooney accidentally exposes them. Now, this isn't a PSA to fake your life or anything, but in the moments of bumping into an ex, an old school teacher or the dreaded reunion, take a leaf out of Romy and Michele's book and fake it – but never on your CV. You'll get caught and it won't be cute. Instead, dress for success – you'll feel totally powerful in a power suit.
DON'T TAKE YOURSELF TOO SERIOUSLY
If there is one lesson to learn from the film, it's to not take yourself too seriously. Duh. Under the fluffy exterior, Romy and Michele teaches us to not be hard-nosed or conventional. The dance scene, in particular, is a classic nod to this. Dressed in their now-infamous pink and blue ensembles, the duo (accompanied by nerd-turned-beefcake Sandy) parade around the dance floor to the sweet sounds of Cyndi Lauper's "Time After Time", as their ex-school peers look on. Having stripped from their business attire and put on their own creations (kind of like outfits you might see in a soft-core Star Trek remake), this scene is a lesson in both having fun and staying true to yourself. While the suits looked pretty great, the pink and blue looks were way more Romy and Michele, let's be honest.
WEAR CLOTHES THAT MAKE YOU STAND OUT
Romy and Michele's High School Reunion captures a huge moment in 90s fashion. While plaid shirts, ripped jeans and beaten up Converse á la Kurt Cobain was the aesthetic of choice at the beginning of the decade, the mid-to-late 90s turned fluffy, with Versace, Baby Spice and Clueless' Cher Horowitz acting as the leaders of the pack. Romy and Michele's wardrobes encapsulate the charisma of one of many 90s fashion trends, opting for feather trims, 'girly' colours and garish accessories. The pair are dressing for themselves, not anybody else. Just look how it worked out for Romy and Michele – realising their dreams of opening a fashion boutique. Like, yay to friendship!
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Migration de mariage
Gérer la citoyenneté, la sécurité et les droits: comprendre la régulation de la migration de mariage en Europe et en Amérique du Nord.
La base de données contient des articles scientifiques et autres documents pour les Pays-Bas, la France, les États-Unis, le Canada et le Royaume-Uni.
Lignes du temps
Réseaux de recherche
Collaboratrices
Inégalités de traitement et ressentis discriminatoires : les couples franco-étrangers face à l'administration
Rapport d'observation intitulé Inégalités de traitement et ressentis discriminatoires : les couples franco-étrangers face à l'administration du groupe Amoureux au ban public.
Immigrant/e, Immigration, Agent d'immigration, Politiques d'immigration, Règlement sur l'immigration, Migration de mariage, Politiques relatives à la migration via le mariage, Partenaires conjugaux, Racisme, Époux-ses
Ressource | Rapport de recherche
Spouse and partner immigration to the United Kingdom: History and current issues to the British immigration policy
This study seeks to consider how marriage migration to the UK has been regulated from 1900 to the present day, as well as analysing some of the contributory factors to and consequences of such regulation. Immigration in general often raises acute tensions across political boundaries and marriage migrants have raised particular socio-political issues which various administrations have attempted to address over the years. Issues of race, gender, culture and identity and different theorisations of the limits of state power in this area have all been instrumental in contributing to the regulation of marriage migration since the early 1900s.
Wray, Helena
Immigration familiale, Réunification familiale, Politiques d'immigration, Politiques relatives à la migration via le mariage
Spouse and partner immigration to Canada: History and current issues in Canadian immigration policy
This research investigates the ways in which marriage migration, which was relatively insignificant in the early phases of post-War immigration, has become the object of intense state scrutiny and the site of political interventions in the past twenty years, as family-related migration became the main legal mode of entry in Western Europe, Canada and the United States (Kraler, 2010). Such interventions have taken different forms, and have become increasingly debated. Indeed, they seem to pit what many deem to be a fundamental principle in Western democracies, namely the right to family life (at least for established citizens), against calls and pressures for tightened migration policies.
Bonenfant-Martin, Camille, D'Aoust, Anne-Marie, Guerry, Linda, Lebedeva, Alla, Ricardo, Rainer, Thibault, Andréanne
Politiques canadiennes d'immigration, Immigration familiale, Réunification familiale, Fiancée/visa pour fiancée, Migration de mariage, Partenaires conjugaux
The State of Private Refugee Sponsorship in Canada: Trends, Issues and Impacts
From academic, policy, and sponsors' perspectives, what is known about the private sponsorship of refugees in Canada? Since its inception in the 1970s, the federal government has enabled the private sponsorship of tens of thousands of refugees across the country. From the outset, the government pledged to resettle one refugee for every privately sponsored individual when the program was first introduced. Yet government plans for 2017 suggest there will be more privately sponsored refugees than government-assisted refugees. Riding a current wave of positive public opinion and high level of engagement in refugee sponsorship by private citizens in Canada, this brief provides a critical overview of what is known about private refugee sponsorship; identifies some gaps and areas of concern; and analyzes in brief negative impacts of policy changes to PSR processing made over the last five years.
Réunification familiale, Réfugiés, Parrainage
Invisible Citizens: Canadian Children in Immigration Detention
Depuis 2011, le Canada a détenu plus de 200 enfants canadiens au Centre de détention d'immigrants de Toronto. Le rapport recommande que le Canada mette en place des alternatives à la détention d'enfants, plutôt que de les détenir dans des centres de détention et les séparer de leurs parents.
Le rapport de 57 pages fait le suivi du rapport qui avait été publié en septembre 2016, "No Life for a Child": A Roadmap to End Immigration Detention of Children and Family Separation. Le nouveau rapport réitère que les familles détenues devraient être relâchées et avoir accès à des alternatives communautaires à la détention.
Migrant illégal, Politiques d'immigration, Gestion des migrations, Dispositifs de sécurité
Since 2011, Canada has housed more than two hundred Canadian children in detention in Toronto's Immigration Holding Centre, alongside hundreds of formally detained non-Canadian children, according to the report Invisible Citizens: Canadian Children in Immigration Detention (PDF) from the University of Toronto's International Human Rights Program (IHRP). The report recommends that Canada urgently implement alternatives to the detention of children rather than confining them in immigration detention facilities or separating them from their detained parents.
The 57-page report is a follow-up to the IHRP's September 2016 report on non-Canadian children in immigration detention, "No Life for a Child": A Roadmap to End Immigration Detention of Children and Family Separation. The new report reiterates that families in detention should be released outright or given access to community-based alternatives to detention, such as reporting obligations, financial deposits and guarantors.
L'immigration de conjoint-e-s au Canada
C'est avec un immense plaisir que nous vous annoncons la parution du premier rapport de recherche réalisé dans le cadre du projet Migration de mariage et technologies de l'amour: comprendre la gouvernementalité de la migration de mariage en Europe et en Amérique du Nord dirigé par Anne-Marie D'Aoust, professeure au département de sciences politiques et membre du CRIEC de l'Université du Québec à Montréal.
Relation amoureuse authentique, Politiques canadiennes d'immigration, Pouvoir discrétionnaire, Immigration familiale, Réunification familiale, Travailleurs domestiques étrangers, Droits humains, Migrant illégal, Immigrant/e, Immigration, Agent d'immigration, Politiques d'immigration, Règlement sur l'immigration, Migration de mariage, Politiques relatives à la migration via le mariage, Migration, Gestion des migrations, Mobilité/Immobilité, Gestion de la population, Mariage frauduleux, Répondant, Parrainage, Époux-ses, Visa
Human rights of migrants, refugees, stateless persons, victims of human trafficking and internally displaced persons: norms and standards of the Inter-American human rights system
" Human mobility has been an inherent human condition throughout the history of humanity. From earliest human history, people have migrated in search of a better life, to populate other places on the planet, or to escape and survive human-made or natural dangers. Although human mobility has been a constant throughout all periods of human history, it was the creation of the nation-state –which can be traced to the Treaties of Westphalia of 1648- that introduced the phenomenon now known as international migration. The reorganization of the international community into a set of territorial states with established geographic boundaries enabled states to exercise authority over persons who settled within their borders and those attempting to cross them [...]".
Asile, Frontières, Droits humains, Migration, Réfugiés, Justice sociale
Migration risk campaings are based on wrong assumptions
Danish Institute for international studies - When migrants die in attempts to reach Europe, one response is to launch information campaigns about the risks involved in irregular migration. However, information campaigns seldom stem migration, primarily because they are based on two wrong assumptions: First, that aspiring migrants are ignorant about the risks involved, and, second, that the root causes of exploitative migration rest with human smugglers and traffickers.
Frontières, Migration, Gestion des migrations, Réfugiés
Review into the Welfare in Detention of Vulnerable Persons. A report to the Home Office by Stephen Shaw.
3.71 A surprisingly large number of those who attended the detainee forum I organised had been detained because of allegedly sham marriages. Most had been detained after Home Office interviews in Liverpool or Manchester. The questions they said they had been asked by caseworkers to ascertain whether their marriage was a sham included their knowledge of their wife's National Insurance number, the colour of her underwear, and her bra size. If this was indeed the case, it is questionable whether such questions were either appropriate or useful.
Réunification familiale, Droits humains, Immigration, Politiques d'immigration, Intimité, Partenaires conjugaux, Mariage frauduleux
Fil d'actualité | Rapport de recherche
Département de science politique
Anne-Marie D'Aoust, Professeure régulière
Case postale 8888, succ. Centre-ville
Montréal (Québec) H3C 3P8 Canada
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