text:
Station Name: RFENISHAW CENTRAL
Date opened: 1.6.1892
Location: North side of Station Road (A6135)
Company on opening: Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway
Date closed to passengers: 4.3.1963 (Excursions till 1964)
Date closed completely: 12.6.1965
Company on closing: British Railways (Eastern Region)
Present state: The station has been largely demolished although it is just possible to make out the very degraded remains on the north end of the up platform, a seat now stands on it overlooking the track bed which at this point is part of the Trans-Pennine Trail. There is a car park at the site of the station. The bridge carrying the station across the iron works branch was demolished in the late 1980's, cutting the station site in half, its position is clear and the infilled bridge taking it under the A6135 can still be seen at the entrance to the car park. A pile of platform edge stones have been left near the trackbed in the car park as a feature. The bridge carrying the A6135 has been rebuilt and now has a plaque commemorating the station. 300 yards south of the station the roofless brick goods shed is still extant although now in a dilapidated state, the plinth for the station crane and its iron column can also still be seen in the undergrowth nearby.
County: Derbyshire
OS Grid Ref: SK445782
Date of visit: 16.6.2008
Notes: Eckington and Renishaw was typical of the northern stations on the Great Central main line. It had two platforms with wooden waiting rooms and substantial canopies stretching almost up to the platform edge and a wooden ticket office on an overbridge at the southern end. There was a large goods yard and signalbox on the up side of the line to the south of the station, this included a large brick goods shed and other buildings and a crane. The station was the junction for a Great Central branch to Renishaw Ironworks while a Midland branch to the ironworks passed under the platforms which were built of timber on the bridge. There was also a branch to Renishaw Park colliery.
The station was renamed Renishaw Central on 25th September 1950 to prevent confusion with the ex-Midland Railway station of the same name. During the 1950's the down side building was demolished as was the wooden booking office on the road bridge overlooking the station.
The station closed on 4th March 1963 when the local service on the Great Central was withdrawn but remained open for freight traffic until 12th June 1965; a private siding remained in use for some years after that date.
BRIEF HISTORY OF THE GREAT CENTRAL RAILWAY BETWEEN SHEFFIELD AND LONDON
The Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway (MS & L) was formed in 1846 by the amalgamation of the Sheffield, Ashton-under-Lyne and Manchester Railway with two proposed lines - the Sheffield and Lincolnshire Junction Railway and the Great Grimsby and Sheffield Junction Railway; the SA & M had opened between Manchester and Sheffield Bridgehouses in 1845. The Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway ran between Manchester London Road (now Piccadilly) via Penistone to Sheffield (the Woodhead route) and on to Brigg, Grimsby and Cleethorpes. A second line left the main line at Penistone and served Barnsley, Doncaster and Scunthorpe before rejoining the Grimsby line at Barnetby. The MS & LR opened a line from Sheffield Bridgehouses to Beighton for passengers on the 12th February 1849. Passengers going south and to London changed on to the 'Midland' line at Eckington. On 15th September 1851 a new station called Sheffield Victoria was opened a short distance to the south west of the Bridgehouses terminus which was retained as a goods depot.
In 1854, Edward Watkin became General Manager and then in 1864 chairman of the Company. Watkin's ambition was to build a rail link between the industrial heartland of Manchester and Sheffield, south to London and through a tunnel beneath the channel to reach Paris and the expanding markets of Continental Europe.
In order to fulfil his ambitions, Watkin also became Chairman of the Metropolitan Railway who were in the process of extending their line northwards towards Rickmansworth and the South Eastern Railway connecting London with Dover. Initially, Watkin tried to convince other companies to build links with the MS & L allowing him to reach London but he was unable to reach agreement and eventually was left with little option than to build his own line southward from Sheffield to reach the Met
In the 1890's the MS&LR began construction of its 'Derbyshire Lines', in effect the first part of its push southwards. Leaving its east - west main line at Beighton Junction, some 5 1/2 miles east of Sheffield, the line headed south through the Nottingham coal field with a branch line serving its new Central Station in Chesterfield. In July 1890 the MS&LR obtained another act to extend from Chesterfield to Heath creating a loop line. Work started on this new section, of some 4¾ miles, before construction on the original line was finished and opened in July 1893.
In 1893 the MS&LR obtained Parliamentary approval to extend this line to London (known as the 'London Extension'. Construction of the 92 mile route started in 1895 and on 1st August 1897 the company changed its name to the Great Central Railway; it was the last 'main line' to be built until the Channel Tunnel rail link in 2003.
Due to its late construction, the company was able to take advantage of the latest technology including steam excavators. It was heavily engineered with viaducts and wide cuttings with a maximum gradient of 1 in 128; there were no sharp curves or level crossings which would ensure a fast service for both passengers and freight. Most of the stations on the 'London extension' were built to a standard design consisting of an island platform with the booking office located on the platform. All the stations were built on an embankment or in a cutting adjacent to a road bridge, with access via stairs from the middle of the bridge; only the larger intermediate stations like Rugby and Loughborough had street level buildings. Because Edward Watkin also expected his trains to reach Europe through a channel tunnel, the line was also built to a larger continental (Berne) loading gauge. The Great Central opened for coal traffic on 25 July 1898, for passenger traffic to a new terminus at Marylebone on 15 March 1899 and for general goods traffic on 11 April 1899.
The new line was built from Annesley in Nottinghamshire to join the existing Metropolitan Railway which had now reached Quainton Road in Buckinghamshire, where the line became joint Met/GCR owned (after 1903), it returned to GCR metals near Finchley Road for the final section into Marylebone. In 1903, new rails were laid parallel to the Metropolitan Railway from Harrow to the junction north of Finchley Road, enabling more traffic to use Marylebone. Although the new line had now reached London, Edward Watkin was unable to fulfil his ambition as he was forced to retire through ill health.
From the outset, the line had to compete with established north – south routes and the first train only carried a disappointing four passengers so the company had to work hard to win passengers from its rivals; with a well managed Advertising campaign and the introduction of a fast and efficient train service the companies fortunes slowly improved although it was .
never a match for its rival lines
In the 1923 grouping, the Great Central became part of the London & North Eastern Railway which brought an increase in freight traffic from the south Midlands and south west England but the LNER's main north - south route was into London Kings Cross so the Great Central was always considered as a secondary route.
After nationalisation, the line became part of British Railways Eastern Region but was transferred to the London Midland Region in 1958. By this time the service was already in decline with the increasing popularity of the car and it was unable to compete with other north - south routes as the line passed through sparsely populated areas south of Rugby. Manchester to London express services were withdrawn on 2nd January 1960 leaving only three semi-fast trains a day and it came as little surprise when the line became the first main line to close in the Beeching era. Beeching considered that the Great Central was a duplicate route which could be sacrificed in favour of the Midland main line.
Many of the intermediate stations, including the Chesterfield loop closed on 4th March 1963 and long distance freight services were withdrawn shortly afterwards. Annesley Motive Power Depot (between Nottingham and Sheffield) closed on 3rd January 1966 and Nottingham Victoria closed on 5th September 1966 along with the remaining stations south of Rugby. The track was lifted between Rugby and Calvert leaving a diesel multiple unit (DMU) shuttle service operating between Rugby and Arkwright Street and the southern section of the line between Aylesbury and London Marylebone which still carried considerable commuter traffic. The northern section of the line between Sheffield Victoria and Woodhouse also remained open as this also formed part of the Sheffield to Lincoln line. The line north of Nottingham remained in use until May 1968 serving the collieries at Annesley and Newstead and was eventually lifted in October/November 1969.
In 1968 the London Railway Preservation Society chose Quainton Road as its new base, the society being renamed as the Quainton Railway Society; this has now developed into the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre covering 25 acres. The Centre boasts one of the largest private railway collections in the country with numerous steam locomotives, many housed in the
former listed trainshed from Oxford Rewley Road which was dismantled and rebuilt at Quainton Road in 1999/2000.
The shuttle service between Nottingham and Rugby lasted until 3rd May 1969. As closure approached a group of railway enthusiasts got together to discuss the possibility of buying a section of the track to operate preserved steam locomotives. A steam service was reinstated between Loughborough and Quorn in 1973 and in 1976 Charnwood Borough Council agreed to purchase the land from BR and lease it to the railway for 99 years. Despite a shaky start, the Great Central Railway PLC are now operating throughout the year between their headquarters at Loughborough Central and a new station called Leicester North just inside the city boundary. The remaining track between Leicester - Rugby was lifted in early 1970.
North of Loughborough, the line remained open for freight traffic after closure to passengers in 1969 serving the gypsum mine at East Leake and the Ruddington Ordnance Storage and Disposal Depot south of Nottingham. This traffic ceased in the 1980's and the track north of Loughborough was mothballed by BR until 2000. In the early 1990's a group of
transport enthusiasts set up the Great Central Railway (Nottingham) Ltd with the aim of redeveloping the derelict Ruddington Ordnance depot as part of a country park project. The depot was turned into the Nottingham Transport Heritage Centre (NTHC) and trains were run on a small length of line into the depot.
The NTHC's aim was to reinstate the remaining line into Loughborough where it joins the GCR
PLC thus forming a single 18 mile preserved line. In the 1990's NTHC obtained a loan to buy
the track from Railtrack. Gypsum traffic resumed in 2000 with up to two daily trains and revenue from British Gypsum is used to pay off the loan. Rushcliffe Halt has now been restored and in 2003 regular services were reinstated although passenger trains south of Rushcliffe Halt are limited to the second Sunday of each month as there is no station at Loughborough.
It is now both groups aim to reinstate two bridges, one over the Midland main line north of Loughborough, rebuild 300 yards of embankment and relay little more than a quarter of a mile of track. As well a 'bridging the gap' between the two preserved lines further long term proposals would see the line extended southwards to Leicester Abbey and northwards from Ruddington to join up with the Nottingham tram network and on to Nottingham city centre.
Sheffield Victoria closed on 5th January 1970 with the closure of the Woodhead route and trains from Lincoln were diverted into Sheffield Midland. Although the southern section of the main line remained open, it too was proposed for partial closure in 1986. Aylesbury was to remain open but all services would run into Paddington via Princes Risborough. Marylebone Station was due to close on 12th May 1986 but the station was eventually reprieved and the closure proposals were rescinded. Following rail privatisation in the 1990's, Chiltern Railways took over the route and in 2006 two new platforms were built at Marylebone on the site of the old daytime carriage sidings. The new platforms and partial resignalling of the station throat now make it possible to run 20 trains per hour in and out of the station.
North of Aylesbury the track remains in place but is only used by waste freight trains to the landfill site at Calvert where a junction with the Oxford - Cambridge line remains in use. On selected days, usually bank holidays, special passenger services run to the Buckinghamshire Railway Centre at Quainton Road station. There are now proposals to extend the
passenger services northwards to a new station called Aylesbury Vale Parkway at the point where the line crosses the A41 near Berryfields Farm. This area is to be known as the Berryfields Major Development Area and will include park and ride facilities for Aylesbury.
With our motorway network now working at capacity there have been a number of proposals to reopen other sections of the Great Central main line and in 2006 Central Railway was formed to look into the feasibility of building a new rail link from central England to the Channel Tunnel which would include rebuilding part of the Great Central route south of Rugby reviving a 1990's government proposal to reopen that section of the line as part of a fast rail link from Scotland to the Channel Tunnel.
Preservation group web sites: The Buckinghamshire Railway Centre, The Great Central Railway (steam service between Loughborough and Leicester North) & Nottingham Transport Heritage Centre (steam service between Ruddington and Loughborough)
Selected other web sites: The Transport Archive contains further detailed history of the Great Central plus a vast collection of 2344 'on line' photographs many ( the Newton Collection) taken during the construction of the London Extension. Chris Ward's Annesley Web site featuring numerous photographs of the Great Central around Nottingham and the Annesley Motive Power Depot. Great Central Railway through Leicester. Nigel Tout's web site with numerous photographs of the Great Central remains around Leicester and a series of archive photographs of the line. Bridging the Gap details ongoing work to reinstate the link between the two preserved lines. The Great Central Railway Society promotes an historical interest in the Great Central Railway.
Selected further reading: Great Central Memories by John MC Healey published 1987 by Baton Transport ISBN 0 85936 193 4 - heavily illustrated history of the London Extension. Great Central Then and Now by Mac Hawkins - published (2nd edition) by BCA 1992 ISBN 0 7153 9326 X , station by station photographic survey of the Great Central between Sheffield and London with numerous 'then and now' photographs. See also Sheepbridge & Brimington Station and construction of the Manchester, Sheffield and Lincolnshire Railway through Brimington by Philip Cousins. Published in St. Michael & All Saints, Brimington parish magazine. (Click here for full text). Tickets from Michael Stewart & Glynn Waite. Route map from Alan Young.
Too see other stations on the Great Central Railway between Sheffield Victoria and Aylesbury click on the station name: Aylesbury, Waddesdon, Quainton Road (1st site), Quainton Road (2nd site)**, Calvert, Finmere, Helmdon, Culworth, Woodford Halse, Charwelton, Braunston & Willoughby, Rugby Central, Lutterworth, Ashby Magna, Whetstone, Leicester Central, Leicester North***, Belgrave & Birstall, Rothley**, Swithland****, Quorn & Woodhouse**, Loughborough Central**, East Leake, Rushcliffe Halt**, Ruddington, Ruddington Factory Halt, Arkwright Street, Nottingham Victoria, Carrington, New Basford, Bulwell Common, Bulwell Hall Halt, Hucknall Central, Annesley South Junction Halt, Hollinwell & Annesley, Kirkby Bentinck, Tibshelf Town, Pilsley, Heath, Staveley Central, Killamarsh Central, Beighton (1st site), Beighton (2nd site), Woodhouse Junction, Woodhouse*, Darnall*, Sheffield Victoria & Sheffield Bridgehouses.
Chesterfield loop - Staveley Works, Brimington, Chesterfield Central & Grassmoor
* Station still open but included for completeness ** Station reopened by Great Central steam railway and Nottingham Transport Heritage Centre *** New station opened by Great Central steam railway **** Station planned and partially built but not opened
Eckington & Renishaw Station looking south in c.1910
Copyright photo from John Alsop collection
Renishaw Central Station looking south in the 1960's after closure
Photo from John Mann collection
Renishaw Central Station in April 1991, only the very degraded remains of the platforms remain.
Photo by Martin Potter
Renishaw Central Station looking south in June 2008, the down platform has gone but the degraded north end of the up platform can still be seen.
Photo by Nick Catford
Renishaw Central goods shed in June 2008
c.1950's
Mid 1960's
Click on thumbnail to enlarge
Last updated: Monday, 22-May-2017 13:00:42 CEST


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Biglaw – bubble or here to stay?
Posted by Jack Bostelman on Aug 04, 2013 | 0 Comments
A hopeful law firm leader
Keith Mayfield, chairman of an AmLaw 100 firm, closes the book he's just finished on the long flight back from visiting several of his firm's offices. The book, published in April 2013, is one of the latest prognostications about the possible end of Biglaw. It's called The Lawyer Bubble, by Steven Harper, who is a retired partner of Kirkland & Ellis.
The Lawyer Bubble is too simplistic
As Keith gazes out the window, he thinks about the book's message: Biglaw doesn't have a sustainable business model in today's world. That conclusion doesn't sit well with Keith. Not because he doesn't like it, but because he thinks the book dramatizes and over-simplifies the problems faced by large law firms.
In Keith's view, the book is a long read with a short message. It contains extensive discussions of statistics that are intended to support the author's arguments but too often come across as not directly relevant to the points being made or as jumping-off points for unsupported inferences. (The themes of the book are described in greater detail in the Addendum at the end of this post.)
Biglaw certainly has major challenges
Keith is not in denial about Biglaw's problems. He very much respects the insightful and well-written Growth is Dead 12‑part series of blog posts by Bruce MacEwen (Adam Smith, Esq.). In particular, Keith likes MacEwen's prediction that because Biglaw is in a new, no-growth era, firms will need move to one of three models or die. In Part 9, MacEwen describes those models as:
[1] Truly global players spanning three or more continents … who deploy a vast, but truly unified, network across virtually all economically meaningful jurisdictions. …
[2] Boutiques exquisitely focused on doing one thing exceptionally well. …
[3] "Category killer" specialists who target one broadly needed but perhaps not intrinsically high-value practice area. …
MacEwen also predicts, "The full-service, national or regional or super-regional, one-size-fits-all, not terribly specialized, generic law firm … [is] endangered and at risk of becoming marginalized."
Keith does not believe MacEwen's three models will necessarily be the only survivors, but he does agree that the full-service, generic law firm model is at great risk.
The New Republic presents a similar pessimistic view
The theme of The Lawyer Bubble reminds Keith of the recent New Republic article by Noam Scheiber, "The Last Days of Big Law – You can't imagine the terror when the money dries up."
The article is mostly a tell-all about Mayer Brown, describing in great detail its shift in the 1980s from a lock-step partner compensation system to an "eat-what-you-kill" system, which assigns points based on business origination, involves additional management assignment of bonus points and discloses to all partners the final points assignments. According to the article, the system has created much unhealthy internal competition and resentment. After the firm's income declined during the recession starting in 2008, the firm increased the compensation spread among partners by preserving the compensation of some key partners while reducing it for the majority. Some other big business generators left the firm.
The compensation system, the firm's increased reliance on lateral partners, its firing of service partners and its associate layoffs and internal strife during the 2008-2010 recessionary period all transformed Mayer Brown – according to the article – from a stable, old-style law firm to an unstable firm filled with internal strife that is in a "competently managed decline—charging clients the same for more work, or less for the same work; shedding bodies, or keeping the same number and paying most of them less."
The article then generalizes from the example of that one firm to the conclusion that Biglaw is doomed. It predicts only 20 to 25 of the 150 to 250 largest firms will survive under their current business model, and that the rest "will have to reinvent themselves or disappear."
What Keith believes will happen
Of course, no one really knows what will happen to Biglaw. Keith is a moderate. He accepts that there have been changes from which there is no going back – significant economic pressure on fees and emphasis on efficiency. All firms must adapt to these changes.
Some firms are taking concerted action to adapt. Some will do it right. Keith believes some will also fail because they took the wrong steps.
Some other firms are stuck – either because their leadership is stuck or because the leadership can't get buy-in for change from the partnership – and will stagnate. Keith believes a few of these will also fail.
Keith is in the camp of leaders who believe there isn't time to wait around to see which firms get it right and copy them. He has led his firm to develop a strategy, which is now being executed. He hopes for the best.
What all law firms should be doing
Whatever strategy a firm is pursuing, it should be focusing on improving the actual efficiency of its delivery of legal services. Short-term fixes such as cost-cutting have already been pushed to their limit.
There's plenty of room for efficiency improvement at all firms. This is because the lawyers are the key to these changes and most lawyers are not yet convinced changes can be made. Firms need to improve efficiency whether they still bill by the hour or have moved to fixed fees or other alternative fee arrangements. Efficiency improvements should include those relating to know-how sharing.
The breakthrough to improving efficiency is to combine the following elements:
continued involvement of the firm's senior leaders in the initiative,
a focus on making changes at the practice group level, and
enough involvement by lawyers in the group to shape the changes and instill a sense of buy-in while avoiding over-reliance on lawyers actually to implement the changes.
That approach is described in my prior 3-part blog post "How to improve law firm efficiency?"
Many are predicting the end of Biglaw. The market for legal services from large firms is in fact undergoing significant change. Firms must respond. That doesn't mean they're doomed. Whatever strategy they pursue, firms should be seeking to improve their efficiency through the management-led techniques described in my prior 3-part blog post "How to improve law firm efficiency?"
[Photo credits: © Can Stock Photo Inc. / snake3d & sCukrov]
Addendum – The Lawyer Bubble's themes and proposed solutions
The Lawyer Bubble addresses the problems of two relatively independent segments of the legal profession – law schools and big law firms – and seeks to link them, though not very convincingly. The book concludes with suggestions, most of them aspirational and impractical, for addressing the problems of the two segments.
The book asserts that easy-money Federal student loan policies and disingenuous law school marketing about the job market for lawyers continue to fuel the over-supply of lawyers at a time when the market for law jobs is contracting. The book makes the following points:
Because law schools are interested solely in increasing enrollment at high tuition rates, they
mislead prospective students about the percentage of graduates who succeed in pursuing law careers, and
compete fiercely on the basis of U.S. News & World Report's rankings, which are known by the schools to be flawed in every ranking category.
The American Bar Association, which accredits law schools, has abdicated its responsibility to require law schools to provide better disclosure about employment results of graduates. (An ABA task force very recently released a working paper conceding the criticisms of the type leveled in The Lawyer Bubble. It is unclear what action, if any, the ABA will take in response.)
Because of readily available Federally guaranteed student loans, law schools have no incentive to reign in tuition or reduce J.D. programs to two years from three.
Student loans are non‑dischargeable in bankruptcy.
The combined effect of the above is that new lawyers emerge from law school with limited job prospects and deeply burdened by debt they must carry for the rest of their lives.
The suggested tie between law schools and big law firms is that this substantial debt steers many lawyers to jobs in big law firms (even though, according to the book, only 15% of all lawyers are employed at big law firms), where they are paid well but work under harsh conditions that make them extremely unhappy.
Big law firms
The book expresses the view that the focus by big law firms on the business of law have moved them away from partnership ideals and fundamentally changed the lawyer experience for much the worse. In support of this theme, the book asserts:
Equity partners expect continued income increases, even though they are making more than they ever imagined when they entered law school.
These partners move laterally when they don't get the increases they expect.
In order to pay big rainmakers enough to make them stay, or to lure them away, the income spreads between equity partners is increasing.
Even in the face of historically unprecedented client pressure to reduce and control fees, the push to increase partner income and the reluctance to abandon the billable hour model cause firms to have greater associate-partner leverage ratios and to push lawyers to work ever-longer hours, especially associates.
The increasing reliance on lateral partners, the short-term emphasis on profits per partner and the widening spreads in partner compensation all combine to destabilize firms, making firms more vulnerable to failure when hit with adverse economic or other pressures.
Without actually asserting there will be many more failures of big law firms, the book invites readers to draw that inference by chronicling the failures of Finley Kumble (1988), Heller Ehrman (2008), Thelan (2008), Howrey (2011) and Dewey (2012) and suggesting (incorrectly in Keith's view) that the causes of those failures apply generally to many other big law firms.
The book's proposed solutions
The book suggests several ideas for addressing the law school and law firm contributions to the "bubble."
Ideas to fix the law school problem are:
Law faculty should speak openly and frankly about the law school "scam."
All student loans should be made eligible for discharge in bankruptcy, and the federal government should be allowed to recover losses from a law school if the student loan was the principal contributor to an alumnus's later bankruptcy.
The third year of law school should either be eliminated or revised to focus on clinical programs.
Training programs for recent graduates should be created to assist them in serving underserved populations while the graduates are unemployed.
Law schools should reduce enrollments, shrinking to reduce the supply of new lawyers.
Law schools should improve the transparency of information about post-graduate employment.
Undergraduate colleges and the law school admissions process should provide an honest picture of life as a lawyer to pre-law undergraduates and applicants.
Ideas to fix the law firm segment, which the book admits are largely aspirational, are:
The number of billable hours worked by lawyers should be limited by creating a Working Culture Index that penalizes a firm (through lower fee caps imposed by clients) for hours its lawyers bill above 2,000 annually – the more hours a lawyer bills above 2,000 and the more lawyers who bill above that level, the greater the penalty.
Courts should be challenged to reconsider the lodestar method (hours worked times billing rate), which was adopted by the Supreme Court in 1983 as a useful starting point in fee awards and affirmed by the Court in 2010 as the only permissible basis for awarding attorneys' fees in civil rights cases, except in extraordinary circumstances.
Firms should stay smaller– more like 300 lawyers than 2,000.
Associate leverage should be reduced.
Recruit as new lawyers only those who the firm thinks can become partners, reducing attrition rates.
Associates should be provided with more pro bono matters to give them "meaningful" work.
Associate compensation should be changed so as not to reward billing hours exceeding 2,000 annually.
Honest reviews should be given to associates when it becomes clear they will not advance to the next level.
The non-equity partner tier should be eliminated.
Senior partners should more readily admit new equity partners, rather than pulling up the ladder.
The compensation spread between equity partners should be reduced by adopting lockstep compensation.
Mandatory retirement should be implemented for partners.
Exit platforms should be developed for aging partners.
The book concludes its solutions by urging those thinking about law school to consider the facts and whether the life of a lawyer is a true fit. It illustrates this good advice with two alarmist stories about lawyer suicides at large law firms.
Jack Bostelman
Jack Bostelman is the president and principal consultant of KM/JD Consulting LLC. Before founding KM/JD Consulting, Jack practiced law in New York for 30 years as a partner of pre-eminent AmLaw 20 firm Sullivan & Cromwell.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


We've just finished our second bedroom makeover in our new (giant) home. It feels so good to have another room done, but we still have another 14 spaces to go, and that's not counting the outside!
This room belongs to our eldest 16 year old son. It's a large room, with a tonne of windows and an external door. The piles severely needed doing in this room, with the corner base nearly rotten right through. Once this part had been lifted and repaired, there were quite a few cracks in the walls and shifting around the edges of the floor and door. At times like this I'm so thankful that we did wait to start renovating, rather than start early and have to make repairs later.
It was a light room with heaps of space, but the condition of the walls were very rough. This room had been added on to the original Bungalow (built 1915-1920's) years later. Our main aim once the piles were repaired were to repair and paint the walls, repair and paint the trims, ceiling, skirting etc and give the room some character.
Our son had always dreamed of having one wall completely covered in posters/pictures, and on finding that one wall was completely covered in a Hessian type board he and we were pretty happy to keep it that way.
Our boy is an avid Sci-fi lover, so if you aren't a fan of this genre, you may not appreciate the décor, be prepared for all things X-Files, Lost, Godzilla and Star Wars related.
Massive thanks to this guy below (Symon) who has done an amazing job creating this space with a bit of help from me!
Accessories = Posters from Allposters.com, poster frames from Kmart, shelving from Bunnings, sofa bed from Furniture City, other accessories from EB Games, The Warehouse, NZ Gameshop, Lost Crossstitch, Space Invader Cushion and Skunk Ape Softie made by me!
Next room on our renovation list is our laundry!
This looks fantastic! How stoked does your son look?


he was the younger brother of Eugene Archipenko.
From 1902 to 1905 he attended the Kiev Art School (KKHU), after which he continued his education in the arts as the student of S. Svyatoslavsky in 1906, also in Kiev.
In the same year he had an exhibition, together with Alexander Bogomazov, in Kiev.
Later that same year he moved to Moscow where he had a chance to exhibit his work in some group shows.
In 1912 Archipenko had his first personal exhibition at the Museum Folkwang at Hagen in Germany, and from 1912 to 1914 he was teaching at his own Art School in Paris.
In 1923 he emigrated to the United States, and participated in an exhibition of Russian Paintings and Sculpture.
Alexander Archipenko died on February 25, 1964, in New York City.
He is interred at Woodlawn Cemetery in The Bronx, New York City.


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text:
LUN nebo také Logical Unit Number je identifikátor zařízení adresovaného prostřednictvím protokolu SCSI, resp. Fibre Channel nebo iSCSI. Ten může být použit u jakéhokoliv zařízení, které umožňuje čtení a zápis, nejznámější užití je však v oblasti disků nebo diskových polí.

Příklad užití
Mějme diskové pole s několika SCSI porty. Každý port má přidělenu jednu cílovou adresu (jedná se tedy o SCSI target). Dále, toto diskové pole je nakonfigurováno pomocí RAID do několika oddělených diskových svazků. Aby tyto svazky mohly být viditelné pro klientská zařízení (např. souborové servery), SCSI target je konfigurován tak, aby poskytoval logické jednotky. Každý SCSI target může poskytovat více logických jednotek, tedy prezentovat více svazků. Každá logická jednotka tedy musí být jednoznačně identifikována, obdrží LUN.

Formát identifikátoru
V protokolu SCSI je LUN definován jako 64bitové číslo. Je rozděleno na 16bitové segmenty, které označují víceúrovňové schema adresace.

Reference

Ukládání dat

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Erskine Hamilton Childers (Londen, 11 december 1905 - Dublin, 17 november 1974) was president van de Republiek Ierland, van 1973 tot 1974.  Hij was een zoon van Robert Erskine Childers.  Hij was lid van het Ierse parlement van 1938 tot 1973.

Leven
Erskine H. Childers werd geboren in Londen, als zoon in een protestantse Ierse familie.  Zijn vader, de schrijver Robert Erskine Childers (die ook kortweg bekendstaat als Erskine Childers) was ook geboren in Engeland maar had Ierse ouders.  Zijn moeder Mary Alden Childers kwam uit Boston, maar had ook Ierse voorouders.  Zijn vader en moeder besloten omstreeks 1920 naar Ierland te verhuizen en werden daar uitgesproken voorstanders van de onafhankelijkheid van Ierland.

Politieke loopbaan
Childers werd lid van de politieke partij Fianna Fáil.
Hij was lid (TD) van het Ierse Parlement (DE) van 1938 tot 1973.
Tussen 1951 en 1973 vervulde hij verscheidene ministersposten in de Ierse regering.
Op 30 mei 1973 werd Childers gekozen tot president van de Republiek Ierland, hij fungeerde vanaf 25 juni 1973 als president tot zijn onverwachte dood op 17 november 1974.

President van Ierland
Iers afgevaardigde


Ethel Griffen Williams married third Stanley Brown Houghton.
Morris Baily married Reta E. Houghton, daughter of Stanley Brown Houghton and Carrie Marshall Kines, in Jun 4, 1955 at Washington, DC, USA.
Everett Pearson married Annie Myrtle Houghton, daughter of Gideon Brown Houghton and Beulah Atheline Athey, in 1932 at Fauquier Co., VA, USA.
Albert F. Lawrence married Lucy Arvilla Houghton, daughter of Abel Houghton and Arvilla Wilson, in Mar 11, 1869 at Danville, Caledonia Co., VT, USA, age 19.
William Q. Johnston married Alice J. Davis.
Elizabeth Johnston married (?) Shaw.
(?) Shaw married Elizabeth Johnston, daughter of William Q. Johnston and Alice J. Davis.
Gordon Weston Houghton married Pearl Alice Peterson.
Marilyn Luella Houghton married Raymond Clarence Husel in 1940.
Hellon Leola McLamb married Charles Frederick Houghton, son of Grant Charles Houghton and Luella Dugal.
Charles Frederick Houghton married Hellon Leola McLamb.
Frederick Allen Houghton married Lucille Irene Radliff.
James Grant Houghton married Wilma Lanette Lively in Dec 3, 1993 at Hunt Co., TX, USA.
Donna Lynn Houghton married Raymond Allen Blackwell Sr in Feb 24, 1973.
Raymond Allen Blackwell Sr married Donna Lynn Houghton, daughter of Charles Frederick Houghton and Hellon Leola McLamb, in Feb 24, 1973.
Helen M. Houghton married (?) Gabbard.
(?) Gabbard married Helen M. Houghton, daughter of Charles Frederick Houghton and Hellon Leola McLamb.


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maths and futher maths
Mathematics is a fascinating, challenging and stimulating subject with the capacity to push intellectual boundaries. It can be used to make sense of an increasingly complex world and provides the problem-solving tools essential to virtually all fields of endeavour.
Mathematics underpins most of science, technology and engineering and is also important in areas as diverse as business, law, nutrition, sport science and psychology. It supports a wide range of other A level subjects; Economics, Psychology, the sciences, Computer Science and Geography all benefit from students having fluent and confident numerical, algebraic, graphical and statistical skills. The skills developed through the study of Mathematics at A level are in high demand from employers. In addition to developing the ability to solve problems and think logically, the study of Mathematics provides opportunities to develop team-working skills, resilience, effective communication of complex ideas and the ability to use your own initiative; the breadth of application is immense.
A level Mathematics extends techniques covered at GCSE and introduces new methods and concepts, providing a mix of pure and applied Mathematics. Pure elements include familiar topics such as Algebra, Functions and Coordinate Geometry, as well as new topics such as Sequences and Series, a wider view of Trigonometry, Calculus, Numerical methods and Vectors. Applied topics cover key areas of mechanics and statistics.
Mechanics aims to model the physical world by developing concepts to apply to the understanding of motion and forces acting on objects. Techniques can be used to explain how
forces are combined to cause movement and the impact of forces such as weight and friction.
Statistics explores the complex field of probability and explores how an understanding of chance can predict future events and inform important decision making. Combined with this is the understanding of data, including the larger sets of data used by modern technology. Statistical techniques, such as sampling and hypothesis testing, are used to analyse and present data in a rigorous and meaningful way.
Further Mathematics is a second qualification that can be taken in addition to A level Mathematics. This aims to provide an opportunity for enthusiastic mathematicians to broaden and deepen their subject knowledge. It is most suitable for students who are thinking of studying for a Mathematics, Engineering, Physics or similar degree. It is also suitable for those students who simply love Mathematics and want to devote more time to studying wider aspects of the subject.
At Burgess Hill Girls, A level courses in Mathematics and Further Mathematics are a popular choice. Our experienced teachers recognise the need to support the individual needs of every girl, regardless of their reasons for choosing to study these subjects. Support for girls aiming to study Mathematics at Oxbridge and other universities is offered, as well as competitions, trips and other events that aim to develop the mathematical curiosity and enthusiasm of our students.
SCHEME OF ASSESSMENT
PAPER 1: Pure Mathematics and Mechanics
PAPER 2: Pure Mathematics and Statistics
PAPER 3: Pure Mathematics and Comprehension
FURTHER MATHEMATICS:
PAPER 1: Pure (Core) Mathematics
PAPER 2: Minor Option (Numerical Methods)
PAPER 3: Minor Option (Statistics)
PAPER 4: Minor Option (Mechanics)
OCR (MEI) Mathematics
(Course code H640)
PAPER 1: WRITTEN EXAM
• 36.4% of A level
OCR (MEI) Further Mathematics
• 50% of A level
Computer technology is part of just about everything that touches our lives, from the cars we drive, to the films we watch, to the ways businesses and governments work. We are all users of computer technology.
But how do our smartphones and laptops work? How is it possible to share messages, photos, music and videos from one side of the planet to the other within a few seconds? How can technology be programmed to play games, understand speech, drive cars and control power stations? Studying Computer Science can answer these questions and many more by 'lifting the lid' on technology to explore a hidden world of electronics and code. And, in a field often dominated by the latest gadgets and applications, Computer Science also explores the underlying principles and techniques which have underpinned a constantly changing technological landscape for many years.
As well as explaining how technology works, Computer Science also develops other capabilities in understanding and solving problems. Designing, developing and testing applications and hardware devices can be a challenging, creative and highly rewarding experience. Learning how to think algorithmically, together with the computational thinking skills of decomposition and abstraction help build a powerful problem-solving toolkit that can be put to use in a wide range of areas.
At A level, key components of modern computer systems are explored in depth, looking at both the hardware and software that combine to make a complete system. The storage and management of data, an increasingly significant feature of computing applications, is also studied and programming skills are developed, alongside the study of important techniques such as pattern recognition, searching and sorting. Other areas of study include communications and the internet, and the issue of cyber security is covered in detail.
Creating software is a significant part of the course and, in the final year, students showcase their programming skills by analysing, designing, coding, testing and evaluating a substantial programming task.
Studying computing and computer technology is also good preparation for a future where technology will continue to dominate nearly every profession. There can be little doubt that knowledge and skills in this field will continue to be highly sought-after by future employers.
PAPER 1: Computer Systems
PAPER 2: Algorithms and Programming
PAPER 3: Programming Project
OCR A level Computer Science
PAPER 1: WRITTEN EXAM 2 hour 30 minutes
NEA (NON EXAM ASSESSMENT)


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Browsing the "Wreck Loose Pittsburgh" Tag
Wreck Loose Achieve Depth through Simplicity with New Music Video for "Carwash"
2017 was a big year for local piano-driven garage rockers Wreck Loose. They released their first full-length album, the fantastic OK, Wreck Loose; opened for Foxygen at Mr. Smalls Theatre; and completed multiple multi-state tours. It's fitting, then, that they're [...]
January 29, 2018 Local Artists, Local Releases
Wreck Loose Raise the Bar With New Single, "Long Time Listener, First Time Caller"
Wreck Loose "Long Time Listener, First Time Caller" single review Release Date December 3 By Melanie Stangl Photos by Christopher Sprowls Concert Poster by Mike Artman A staple in the Pittsburgh scene, local rockers Wreck Loose have been hard at [...]
December 2, 2016 Concert Preview, Local Artists, Upcoming Shows
Wreck Loose Announces New 7" Single 'Long Time Listener, First Time Caller'
Photos by Chris Sprowls Poster by Mike Artman Wreck Loose Announces New 7" Single 'Long Time Listener, First Time Caller' Release party 12/3/16 at Pittsburgh's brillobox After spending a year in the studio recording their first full length album, Wreck Loose [...]
November 20, 2016 Concert Preview, Local Artists, Upcoming Shows
Grand Piano Bring the Sea to Cattivo
Grand Piano W/ Working Breed & Wreck Loose Cattivo May 30, 2015 Photos and re-cap by Randy Jarosz A diverse selection of Pittsburgh musicians were on display Saturday night with Working Breed, Wreck loose and Grand Piano, who were celebrating [...]
June 1, 2015 Concert Reviews, Local Artists
Wreck Loose Drops a Surprise Valentines Single
Wreck Loose love their fans. So much they released a single on February 8 in time for Valentines Day. They are calling the new song "Mona Lisa," a love note from Wreck Loose to you. Wreck Loose is made up [...]
February 9, 2015 Feature, Local Artists, Upcoming Shows
Meeting of Important People at Brillobox with Wreck Loose and André Costello and the Cool Minors
February 1, 2014 Brillobox Photos and review by Randy Jarosz Concert poster by Michael Artman There is a fine line between a band that is a local favorite and one that is a national break out success. That was on [...]
February 2, 2014 Concert Reviews, Local Artists


Why do I hear more than one beep on my ASH400?
My ASH400 is not working or has no function in reverse.
A small object, which is under your bumper or too close to the vehicle, may not be detected due to the dispersion of the sensor's signal.
When reversing down a steep slope or driveway, gravel and/or the road surface may cause momentary detection signals due to the sensors following the sloping angle of the vehicle.
Reversing on loose gravel, rough surfaces, and pot holes may produce intermittent detection due to the signal bouncing off of reflective surfaces behind the vehicle.
Reversing at an angle towards a partial wall or other large flat surface may refract ultrasonic signals, causing an object not to be detected.
reach very close distances before detecting.
Due to natural projection angle of the sensors, a natural "no coverage" area is common with the system at the outer corners of the vehicle. This may occur at about 0-10" from the bumper's outer corners.


Finish Oil finish. Example shown – please note that each instrument is unique.
Price Prices available on request. Please contact Aaron to begin the ordering process.
Finish Oil finish. Full-frills instruments incorporate more ornate wood choices and additional embellishments. Example shown – please note that each instrument is unique.


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Undenge trial dates set
Tendai Rupapa Senior Court Reporter
The trial of former Energy and Power Development Minister Samuel Undenge in a case in which he is accused of influencing the awarding of the Gwanda solar power plant tender to Intratrek Zimbabwe by Zimbabwe Power Company (ZPC) will run from October 15 to 17.
According to the State, the company was awarded the said tender at the instigation of Undenge resulting in ZPC losing over $5 million.
Undenge yesterday appeared before magistrate Mr Nyasha Vhitorini who remanded him to the trial date.
He is out on bail pending appeal on a separate charge in which he was jailed for prejudicing ZPC of $12 650 after he hand-picked a public relations company owned by Psychology Maziwisa and former ZBC news anchor Oscar Pambuka to do work for ZPC without going to tender in 2016.
He was sentenced to four years in prison, with one-and-a-half years suspended on condition he does not commit a similar crime.
The latest charges arose after businessman Wicknell Chivayo's company, Intratrek Zimbabwe, was corruptly awarded the Gwanda solar power plant tender.
It is alleged Chivayo failed to execute the project despite getting $5 607 814,24 from Government.
Mr Zivanai Macharaga from the President's Special Anti-Corruption Unit, represented the State, while Mr Alec Muchadehama appeared on behalf of Undenge.


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How do you respond to hope you had a good birthday?
1 How do you respond to hope you had a good birthday?
1.1 Had a great birthday meaning?
2 What is another way to say you're welcome?
2.1 How do I send a late birthday message?
3 What is another way to say Happy Birthday?
3.1 What are some good short birthday messages?
– I hope you had a good time. The usual reply would be something like, "Oh yes, I had a great time!" But for your question, you want to know whether to say "it" or "that". Both are possible. "It" is more usual, and "that" is more emphatic.
How do you wish someone a past birthday?
The go-to late birthday greeting contains the phrase "happy birthday" and the word belated. It comes up in two variants—happy belated birthday, and belated happy birthday. One of the two might be more commonly used in the United States, and funnily enough, it's the one that's not exactly logical—happy belated birthday.
Had a great birthday meaning?
It means someone hope that, you enjoyed your birthday celebration and everything goes well there.
What is the best wishes for one birthday?
Short & Sweet Birthday Messages
"Hope all your birthday wishes come true!"
"It's your special day — get out there and celebrate!"
"Wishing you the biggest slice of happy today."
"I hope your celebration gives you many happy memories!"
"Our age is merely the number of years the world has been enjoying us!"
What is another way to say you're welcome?
10 Ways to Say "You're Welcome"
You got it.
Don't mention it.
It was nothing.
I'm happy to help.
What to reply to hope you had a good weekend?
"Have a nice weekend!", one says. And we reply with "I wish you the same!", "Thanks, you too!" or "Thanks, the same for you." At least we would say: "I wish you a nice weekend as well!", but we would feel a little bit weird about so much repetition.
How do I send a late birthday message?
I'm so sorry this is getting to you late, but please know I was thinking of you and wishing you everything wonderful. I can't believe I missed your birthday, because you're too special to ever forget. I'm actually kind of glad this is late because now it's a happy surprise!
How many ways can you say your welcome?
Based on who you ask, there are at least 10 ways to say "you're welcome" in English. In addition to saying my preferred, "It was my pleasure," you also can say "Not a problem," "Anytime," "Don't mention it," "you got it," or "sure," among others. But, the use of each one is up to you.
What is another way to say Happy Birthday?
Joyeaux Anniversaire. The most common way of saying happy birthday by far is "joyeux anniversaire." Directly translated " joyeux " means "happy," "joyful," or "merry." "Anniversaire" on the other hand, means "birthday," or "anniversary.".
Why do we sing Happy Birthday?
"Happy Birthday to You", also known as "Happy Birthday", is a song traditionally sung to celebrate the anniversary of a person's birth. According to the 1998 Guinness World Records, it is the most recognized song in the English language, followed by "For He's a Jolly Good Fellow".
What are some good short birthday messages?
Simple Congratulations on another year well lived. Best wishes on your birthday – may you have many, many more. Wishing you the happiest of birthdays. Best wishes for a fantastic person on [his/her] birthday. Happy Birthday! I hope you treat yourself to something special on your birthday – you deserve it!
What constitutes a threatening letter?
Has a Tasmanian tiger been found?


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Philharmonic Promenade Orchestra Of London
Symphony No. 5 In C Minor, Op.67, I. Allegro con brio
By Ludwig van Beethoven - Philharmonic Promenade Orchestra Of London & Sir Adrian Boult
Symphony No. 6 In F Major, Op. 68, "Pastoral," I. Allegro ma non troppo
Symphony No. 7 In A Major, Op. 92, II. Allegretto
Symphony No. 5 In C Minor, Op.67, II. Andante con moto
Symphony No. 6 In F Major, Op. 68, "Pastoral," III. Scherzo: Allegro
Symphony No. 5 In C Minor, Op.67, IV. Finale: Allegro
Symphony No. 6 In F Major, Op. 68, "Pastoral," V. Finale: Allegretto
Egmont Overture, Op. 84
Symphony No. 7 In A Major, Op. 92, I. Poco sostenuto, Vivace


When it concerns the things that can make or break an event, couple of are as crucial as the quality, taste and appearance of the food and drinks you serve. A lot is riding on your decision which caterer to hire, and if you believe this choice truly isn't really that important, look at it by doing this, amazing catering can rescue an occasion that's on the rocks, however bad catering will almost always send visitors to the doors.
In addition, due to the fact that catering is often the # 1 or # 2 line-item cost for many events, the catering service you choose is also a considerable financial decision and can influence how much money you have left over to spend on other areas depending upon food costs and amounts.
Include the fact that caterers can vary drastically in their pricing and the types of meals and services they provide, and the procedure of selecting a catering service can figuratively and literally seem like you are comparing apples to oranges.
Of all the event and catering professionals we talked with, this turned up over and over and over again, primarily due to the fact that how responsive and interested a caterer is throughout your initial conversations is a sign of how they will carry out during the length of their contract with you (and more on agreements later on).
A prospective catering service needs to be finding out as much as they can about you in your very first few discussions with them, so you must expect them to be talking and asking questions about 20% of the time and you supplying answers and detailing your needs about 80% of the time.
So when interviewing your Chadstone caterers (and you should consult with a minimum of 3 catering services for any event with an affordable budget), you need to specify about the kind of event you are preparing and the kind of food and/or presentation you are anticipating. Otherwise, you might end up choosing a catering service who merely isn't a great fit for the type or style of your occasion.
Practically every catering service has a basic menu or menus to choose from, and numerous do supply some level of built-in flexibility to adapt these menus to your specific needs by substituting specific items and/or tailoring others.
Nevertheless, the standout catering services will go beyond standardized menu alternatives and be willing to produce fantastic fare that matches even more particular theme and dietary needs.
Some people shy away from asking to sample the specific items they desire for their event since it appears like a hassle for the catering service, but it is standard to ask for a sampling of what you are planning to order prior to you sign on the dotted line.
In addition, you can request wine parings for these tastings if they are appropriate for your event (again, be prepared to pay a cost, it's a small cost to pay to ensure you choose the right caterer). And when you are sampling the food, also take care of how it exists, as any caterer who makes the effort to correctly display a sample will probably be most likely to make that kind of effort on your occasion day.
You may remain in for a surprise if you work with a BARBEQUE take-out joint to cater a formal ballroom charity event. Or if you select a high-end business event caterer to serve a barn wedding. Why? Because these catering services may not be accustomed to preparing and serving food in such a setting.
Even more standard places can likewise have limitations that catering services need to follow, like particular setup standards or disposal restrictions for waste food and water, so having a caterer that is familiar with a location's rules can potentially save you lots of hassle on event day.
The catering service's agreement ought to clearly define exactly what food, beverages and services the catering service will be providing on the designated day( s). Furthermore, it needs to protect you from non-performance as much as it secures the caterer from non-payment/default, so you might wish to consider having a lawyer} take a look at it before you sign it.
Every detail ought to be consisted of in the agreement, consisted of chosen menus, number of portions and/or people to be served, beverage/bar service details (if appropriate) and all pricing and extra services.
No catering service in Chadstone with a shred of self-respect and scruples enters into a contract with strategies to bail at the last minute, but you need to make certain there is a cancellation provision in your agreement just in case your caterer needs to cancel.
You do not wish to be left without recourse with only days or hours before your event, so just make sure cancellation procedures and charges remain in place so you do have a backup strategy.
Obviously you will need to check up on the catering services in Chadstone you are thinking about, and it's always good to begin online and check out sites.
However, do not stop there, as online reviews are not constantly dependable (and even authentic); for example, a good caterer may have had a few nightmare/hater customers who alter their scores, while a really mediocre caterer may have padded their online reviews. So see if you can find some past customers of the catering services you are thinking about and reach out to them.
Every catering service we talked to called insurance protection "an offered" for catering services, and you definitely don't wish to lawfully be on the hook for some oversight or mishap that was the fault of your caterer.
Remarkably, for how long a catering company in Chadstone has been in business might not be as crucial in choosing a terrific caterer as you may think.


The Silver Mexican Libertad coin series is the most diverse silver bullion program in the world. Available on an annual basis since 1982, the Silver Libertad has twice grown in size with the addition of four fractional-weight coins in 1991 and two large-weight coins in 1996. Right now, the 2016 5 oz Silver Mexican Libertad Coin is available as a BU specimen on Silver.com.
20th release of the 5 oz Silver Mexican Libertad coin!
Individual coins ship in protective plastic, lots of 5 ship in mint tubes, lots of 100 ship in mint bags.
Available as a Brilliant Uncirculated coin.
Obverse features the image of Winged Victory.
Reverse bears the coat of arms for Mexico.
All Silver Libertad coins feature designs inspired by the gold Centenario coin. The image of Winged Liberty that featured on the gold Centenario has been refined and modernized for the Silver Mexican Libertad coins. Centenario gold coins had a face value of 50 pesos and were introduced in 1921 in celebration of the nation's centennial independence festivities.
Brilliant Uncirculated coins are available with no signs of wear and tear on the surfaces. However. you might notice minor detracting flaws such as breaks in the luster, spotted surfaces, or contact marks from the coining process.
On the obverse of the 2016 5 oz Silver Mexican Libertad is the design of Winged Victory, which depicts the goddess Victoria facing the left. This is a modernized image of Winged Victory that was refined in 2000 for the 21st century Libertads.
The reverse side of the coins features the coat of arms for Mexico. All coins in the series feature the modern depiction of the symbol in the center, while the 5 oz Silver Mexican Libertad and the other full-weight coins also have 10 historic versions of the design surrounding the modern seal.
Founded in 1535 by Spanish conquistadors, the Mexican Mint is the oldest operating mint in the Western Hemisphere. It once produced gold coins for Spanish crown possessions throughout the Western world. Today the facility is the sovereign mint of Mexico and is controlled by Banco de Mexico.
If you have any questions, please feel free to contact Silver.com. Our associates are available on the phone at 888-989-7223, online using our live web chat, and via our email address.


The word "length" has several meanings (ex. the length of a word). We will focus on length in physical meaning in this article.
LENGTH is the physical measure of distance between two points (according to measurements in the Euclidian space - so linear). The distance itself can be measured as a straight line, but also as a length of a curve.
Typically the symbol of length is L or l. Base unit is 1 meter. Length cannot be negative.
Length is measure of one dimension. However there is also area for 2 dimensions (length squared) and volume for 3 dimensions.
The meter (also called metre) is the base unit of length in SI. It is defined as the distance travelled by light in vacuum during a time interval of 1/299.792.458 of a second. It has been defined on 17th General Conference on Weights and Measures in 1983.
light year, light minute and light second - the distance travelled by light in vacuum during given unit of time (a year, minute, second etc.). These are really big lengths, so also used mainly for astronomical measurements.
sea league, sea mile, cabel (british or american) - are nautical (sea realated) units.


Pizza is our unofficial national food. As Americans, we are simply obsessed with it! But not all pizza looks the same. In fact, the pizza we eat here in the United States can look different from town to town. Some pizzas have a very thin crust, some very thick, some you have to fold, some you can't even pick up. Ultimate California Pizza has created a pizza environment that allows you to order one of our gourmet signature pizzas or build your own by adding your favorite toppings to our hand-tossed crust. We have five locations across the Grand Strand and Myrtle Beach so great pizza is close to you.
National Pizza Day is Sunday, February 10, 2019, let's take a look at some of the different pizzas from around the world.
Starting in Italy, generally believed to be the birthplace of pizza, the Sfincione New Year's Pie is most relatable to Americans' thick-crusted Sicilian pizza. Translated loosely, sfincione means "thick sponge" Sfincione Pizza is a thick, spongy crust topped with bread crumbs, onions and a dry, crumbly cheese called caciocavallo. This pizza is actually considered a special treat and is normally served on the feast of San Giovanni, Christmas Eve, New Year's Eve and Good Friday.
In Poland, they serve Zapiekanka Bread. This "pizza" resembles an open-faced sandwich served on a baguette and topped with cheeses, mushrooms and drizzle of Polish ketchup. It is often common place to see other ingredients like feta cheese or olives added to the top of the pizza, but there will always be ketchup. (In Poland, it is less about the crust, cheese and the sauce and more about amount and type of toppings.) The ketchup in Poland is of course a bit different than what we use in the United States. It can be sweet, spicy or tangy and usually isn't quite as thick.
The next offering comes from Japan. Okonomiyaki is a popular pan fried food that consists of batter and cabbage but the toppings really come exactly as the consumer wants it. While it normally contains anything from meat and seafood to wasabi and cheese, "okonomi" literally means "to one's liking". This picture shows the traditional Japanese pie topped with Aonori (seaweed) and Katsuobushi (fermented tuna) and is often paired with savory sauces like shrimp, yam or kimchi.
Before we make a turn back to how we eat pizza in the States, let's look at one from far to our south. Fugazza from Argentina is a pizza that closely resembles focaccia bread (a flat oven baked Italian bread). It is a dough that is usually topped with caramelized onions, oregano and sometimes mozzarella cheese before it is fire-grilled to a crispy and chewy perfection.
The beauty of the pizza we get to eat in the United States is that we get a combination of the best parts. We have Chicago Deep Dish, New York Pie, and don't forget the upside down pizza from Detroit. Of course at Ultimate California Pizza, we are partial to our brand of pizza. We cater to all personal tastes. We offer traditional hand-tossed pies, but with our Build Your Own Pizza option, there is something for everyone. We have 8 different sauce options, 10 different cheeses, 18 different meats, 16 different vegetables, fruits, nuts, and herbs to build your own pizza. Vegan or Gluten Free? We have that too. We have a pizza for everyone!


In Lawton, various cheap Internet bundles are available. These double bundle options will help you enjoy the service you desire while giving you the savings you truly need. As a result of these incredible bundles, Internet service in Lawton is now more affordable and offers the community the savings necessary to stay fully connected.
In the city of Lawton, the fast-paced lifestyle that accompanies such an amazing town means that you need to ensure you're as connected as you require. You may be curious about how much Broadband speed you really need. One of the simplest ways to determine this is to examine how you and your brood actually utilize the Internet. If you typically only need to check email and surf the web, then you probably won't need more than 25 Mbps. However, if your group enjoy online gaming and video streaming, then you would probably be better off choosing a plan with at least 50 Mbps of download speed.
Are you a fan of Youtube or online programs? Then you know just how important it is to have a solid and reliable connection. Buffering and slow download qualities can easily turn your nightly ritual into a lag-filled nightmare. The top Internet service providers in the nation can bring you peace of mind with blazing-fast download, upload, and streaming speeds customized to fit your devices and usage!
If you are in the Lawton area and are trying to save money on your day-to-day needs, an Internet bundle from Spectrum might be the top choice. Spectrum bundles can include triple-play packages or double-play packages where you combine Internet with television or Internet with tv and phone. By bundling, Spectrum can give you the highest savings so you and your family have the hi-speed Internet you need, the tv offerings you adore, and the phone quality that you require.
When comparing the top Internet providers in the area, it is necessary to decide which company offers the most trustworthy service. If you are flabbergasted at your Internet having blackouts or technical difficulties, you may want to adjust to a company with reliable service that won't leave you struggling for connectivity. Discover which company in Lawton has the most reliability today!


Incredible action at the final day of the Vans World Cup of Surfing. Take a look at what went down at Sunset Beach today!
Even thought the waves were perfect at Sunset today, it doesn't mean that the nasty wipeouts didn't exist.


8 artists and cultural entrepreneurs participated in a workshop on arts management in Damietta. 6 projects were supported through this training – including gallery spaces, Damietta's first bookstore and art education programs for children. The workshop was organized by Mahatat as part of the Face to Face program to further the skills development of artists and emerging cultural operators through artistic and managerial workshops. This particular event was led by two trainers – Ahmed Korayam, an entrepreneur and educator, and Amira Shawky, owner and founder at Atobseroun for Business Coaching. It tackled a range of managerial skills, from planning to finance and marketing, followed by one-to-one sessions with participants.


NARCOS – An evening of conversation on the capturing of Pablo Escobar, the Cali Cartel, Kiki Carmena (Mexico) and more with DEA (Drug Enforcement Administration) agents Javier Pena and Steve Murphy, the real life DEA AGENTS who inspired the hit NETFLIX show NARCOS.
Agents Pena and Murphy will speak about the rise and fall of the Medellin Cartel and the role the Agents played in bringing down its notorious leader, the 'King of Cocaine'. The evening's discussion will shed light on their input into the hit Netflix series, where they will reveal information which does not feature in the show, followed by a Q&A session with the audience.


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Бернхард фон Липпе (, ; —) — один из участников Ливонского крестового похода против прибалтийских народностей. Влиятельный церковный деятель на территории оккупированной Ливонии; аббат цистерцианского монастыря в Дюнамюнде с 1211 по 1217 год (преемник Теодориха Буксгевдена на этом посту); епископ Селонии с 1218 по 1224 год. В Ливонской хронике Генриха он именуется епископом Семигалии, в то время как в официальных документах папской администрации он всегда упоминается как епископ Селонии.

Происхождение
Бернхард происходит из знатной семьи, проживавшей в Липпштадте (Вестфалия). С 1177 по 1181 он принял сторону саксонского герцога Генриха Льва в войне против архиепископа Кёльна. В 1185 году он стал влиятельной фигурой в иерархии церковных властей, основал город Липпштадт и Мариенфельдское аббатство. В 1194 году он в результате внезапной болезни оказался почти полностью парализованным, поэтому он оставил свои владения Германии своему сыну Герману и вступил в цистерцианский орден и на протяжении нескольких лет, подчиняясь уставу ордена, изучал Священное писание и вёл аскетичный образ жизни, искупая свои прежние прегрешения.

Появление в Ливонии, сражение с эстами
В 1211 году он после чудесного исцеления от болезни появляется в Ливонии в составе большого войска немецких крестоносцев и торговцев. Сразу после посвящение Теодориха в сан епископа Эстонии его брат Альберт, фактический руководитель немецкой вооружённой экспансии в прибалтийских землях, назначает Бернхарда новым настоятелем цистерцианского монастыря в Дюнамюнде. На тот момент этот монастырь представлял собой защищённую и практически неприступную крепость, важный форпост ливонских захватчиков в устье Двины.

В этом же году Бернхард возглавил силы защитников Торейды от вторжения хорошо организованного войска эстов и повелел заблокировать продвижение по Гауе кораблей эстов с помощью запруды из деревянных брёвен. Таким образом, нападение эстов по воде было отбито и епископская администрация сохранила свою власть над этими территориями.

Усмирение Аутинского восстания
В 1212 году произошло крупное восстание прибалтийских народов против гегемонии немецких колонистов и феодалов, которое получило название Аутинского восстания. Восстание было инициировано ливами, к которым позже присоединились аутинские латгалы, недовольные, в первую очередь, введением обременительной церковной десятины. В ходе подавления бунта войско под командованием аббата Бернхарда участвовало в осаждении деревянного замка Сатезеле и его взятии, а также в кровавой расправе над его защитниками. В итоге мирный договор с ливами был продлён, а восстание усмирено с помощью армии Каупо, перешедшего на сторону немецких крестоносцев и обратившего оружие против своих соплеменников.

Участие в битве против Лембита под Вильянди
В 1217 году Бернхард фон Липпе участвовал в боевых действиях во время завоевательного похода против непокорных эстов, во время которых его части осаждали замок сопротивляющихся угро-финнов в Вильянди (Феллине). Он принимал активнейшее участие в исторически значимой битве в день Святого ап. Матфея, в котором немецкие рыцари и подчинённые им солдаты в содействии с крещёными ливами во главе с Каупо и подразделениями крещёных леттов (около 3000 человек) вступили в бой против оборонявшейся объединённой армии эстов во главе с князем Лембитом (около 6000 человек). Известно, что в этом сражении под Вильянди, состоявшемся 21 сентября, пал вождь пронемецки настроенных ливов Каупо, убитый стрелой в спину, а также вождь объединённого воинства эстов Лембит. Фактически в результате сражения эсты признали власть немецких захватчиков и согласились повторно принять католическую веру и поклясться в верности папе.

Влияние на датского короля
В 1218 году добившиеся успеха в завоевательной деятельности Бернхард фон Липпе, епископ Альберт и епископ Теодорих как представители христианизированного княжества Терра Мариана отправились на ландтаг в Шлезвиг и там фактически уговорили датского короля Вальдемара II отправиться с завоевательным походов против эстов с целью подчинения и дальнейшей экономической колонизации прибрежных эстонских территорий. Вальдемар дал согласие на поход против эстов и собрал мощное войско волонтёров.

Рукоположение в сан епископа Селонии
Затем Бернхард отправился в Рим, где получил папское благословение на то, чтобы занять пост епископа Селонии. В 1218 году в сан епископа земель покорённых селов его рукоположил собственный сын, который на тот момент был епископом Утрехта. Также Бернхард участвовал в церемонии рукоположения своего другого сына на Бременскую архиепархию. Его сын Гебхард II стал архиепископом Бремена и ему автоматически подчинились все остальные епископы прибалтийских земель.

Основание замка в Бабите
После подчинения восточных земель земгалов, в частности, захвата мезоттенского городища Альбертом Буксгевденом епископ Селонии Бернхард решил перенести свою резиденцию из Селпилса в стратегически более выгодный Мезоттен, но в связи с постоянной угрозой земгальского нападения и реванша идея не была осуществлена. Специально для новой резиденции Бернхарда был построен мощный замок в Бабите, на правом берегу Лиелупе. Также можно предположить, что Бернхард со своими братьями-монахами летнее время проводил в Риге, где в его распоряжении был дом, служивший им временной резиденцией.

Второй передел Эстонии
В 1220 году Бернхард участвовал во втором разделе земель эстов между епископом Риги, орденом Меченосцев и епископом Эстонии, который подтвердил условия первого раздела, разработанные и утверждённые в 1216 году.

Взятие Феллина и подчинение эстов
В 1223 году он с новыми полками крестоносцев-добровольцев вернулся из Германии в Ливонию и организовал суровый крестовый поход против земли Сакала, в которой проживали эсты, не желавшие смиряться с немецкой феодальной властью и доминированием католической верхушки. Во время повторного похода против Сакала 15 августа Бернхард лично со своим войском взял Феллин. Также им были взяты укрепления эстов у реки Навесте, и военные успехи крестоносцев во главе с Бернхардом определили распространение немецкой власти над этими территориями.

Смерть и погребение
В 1224 году Бернхард скончался в Селпилсе или в своей резиденции в Мезоттене (в соответствии с разными историческими данными). Монахи Дюнамюндского монастыря желали захоронить его прах в стенах своей обители, и с этой целью за останками был отправлен их настоятель Роберт. На обратном пути лодка перевернулась, Роберт утонул. Таким образом, монастырь получил в своё распоряжении два тела — бывшего аббата Бернхарда и погибшего настоятеля Роберта. Вскоре епископство Селонии было включено в административном плане в епископство Семигалия.

Литература
 Friedrich Wilhelm Bautz Bernhard II., Edelherr zur Lippe
 Bernhard II., Edelherr zu Lippe Rudolf Falkmann ADB:Bernhard II. (Bischof von Semgallen)
 Werner Goez: Herr Bernhard II. von Lippe. In: Ders.: Gestalten des Hochmittelalters. Personengeschichtliche Essays im allgemeinhistorischen Kontext. Wissenschaftliche Buchgesellschaft, Darmstadt 1983 ISBN 3-534-09078-0; S. 272—289.
 Hermann Großevollmer: Das «Lippiflorium» aus dem Lippstädter Stift — Heiligenlegende, Gründungsmythos, Rechtsinstrument. Überlegungen zu Entstehung, Quellenwert, Funktion und Datierung der lateinischen Versvita Bernhards II. zur Lippe. In: Lippische Mitteilungen aus Geschichte und Landeskunde. 78 (2009), S. 181—208.
 Bernhard II. Paul Johansen
 Paul Leidinger: Die Stadtgründung Lippstadts 1184 und die Anfänge der Städtepolitik in Westfalen. Ein staufisches Stadtgründungsprivileg für diplomatische Reichsdienste Bernhards II. zur Lippe und der Modellcharakter Lippstadts. In: Westfälische Zeitschrift 145 (1995), S. 221—256.
 Jutta Prieur (Hrsg.): Lippe und Livland. Mittelalterliche Herrschaftsbildung im Zeichen der Rose. Ergebnisse der Tagung «Lippe und Livland» Detmold und Lemgo 2006. Verlag für Regionalgeschichte, Bielefeld 2008. (Sonderveröffentlichungen des Naturwissenschaftlichen und Historischen Vereins für das Land Lippe Bd. 82)
 Paul Scheffer-Boichorst: Herr Bernhard von der Lippe als Ritter, Mönch und Bischof, in: Zeitschrift für Vaterländische Geschichte und Alterthumskunde, Bd. 29, S. 107—235.
 Klaus Scholz: Bernhard II. zur Lippe. In: Westfälische Lebensbilder, Bd 14; Aschendorff, Münster 1987 S. 1-37, ISBN 3-402-06065-5.

Крестоносцы
XIII век в Эстонии
Персоналии:История Латвии
Католические епископы Латвии


The Department for Transport has been criticised for exercising poor governance over the £17.6bn late-running Crossrail project and told to explain what consequences the highly-paid executives in charge face for its failings.
In a brief but damning report on the east-west rail link for London, parliament's Public Accounts Committee said it was "becoming increasingly alarmed at the continual shortcomings [its] work has highlighted in the department's project management".
MPs said that after years of Crossrail being billed as "on time and on budget" for the December 2018 opening of its main tunnelled section through central London, there was an "incongruity" about how significant delays announced last August had emerged so quickly.
Crossrail: on time and on budget, is this how to get a major infrastructure project right?
They questioned DfT's assertions that lessons were being learned from what had gone wrong with the project. "We were not convinced that [the department] had a grip on the root causes of the delays and cost overruns, which must be established before lessons can be learned," they said.
The report said work on most of the project's new stations had "started to slip in 2016", while an electrical fire in 2017 had cost the schedule three months alone. It said DfT's project representative gave an internal status report in May last year warning of a "high risk" the December delivery date would be missed.
But despite these warning signs, the official "on time and on budget" mantra continued until late last summer.
Crossrail is designed to deliver extra rail capacity for the capital by linking Reading and Heathrow in the west to Shenfield in Essex and Abbey Wood in south-east London via 26 miles of new tunnels and 10 new stations.
It is being delivered by arm's-length body Crossrail Limited, which is jointly sponsored by DfT and Transport for London. Its project budget was set at £14.8m in the 2010 Spending Review, but an additional £2.8bn of funding was agreed last year.
Crossrail Limited has yet to set at new opening date for the line's main section, but has indicated that it will be in 2020. PAC said it was "not convinced" services would start to run in 2020, or that the department knew how much it would cost to complete the project.
MPs said new Crossrail Limited chairman Tony Meggs – former chief executive of the Infrastructure and Projects Authority – had described the organisation as having been given "extreme autonomy" that, with hindsight, should have had more scrutiny.
The committee noted that Crossrail Limited had been given the flexibility to pay market rates to attract top talent, but said the company and the department had been "unwilling to pinpoint responsibility" for delays and cost overruns.
Senior leaders at DfT bodies such as HS2 and Network Rail routinely top the annual public-sector high-earners data published by the Cabinet Office, but PAC said some of Crossrail's former executives were paid "much more" than those counterparts.
Former Crossrail Limited chief executive Andrew Wolstenholme, who stepped down last year, was paid "approximately £1.7m" for the two years to the end of March 2018, the committee said.
When Wolstenholme's departure was announced last March, transport secretary Chris Grayling his leadership of the project had been "critical to its success to date" and that he would "leave a lasting legacy across the industry".
The committee gave DfT until the end of this month to "clearly articulate" which elements of the project it, TfL and Crossrail Limited were responsible for and "what the consequences have been for those senior officials in positions of accountability and responsibility for failures on the programme".
Committee chair Meg Hillier said all three organisations had continued to put a positive face on the programme long after it became clear that it would not hit its December deadline.
"Wishful thinking is no basis for spending public money and there remain serious risks to delivering this programme, with a revised schedule and costings for completing the work still to be agreed," she said.
"It is unacceptable that parliament and the public still do not know the root causes of the failures that beset this project.
A DfT spokesperson said the department had "consistently challenged" Crossrail Limited's leadership on the project's delivery, "acted swiftly to identify lessons" and changed the make-up of the Crossrail board.
"It is deeply disappointing that the Public Accounts Committee – which previously described the oversight of Crossrail as a 'textbook example' of governance – has not recognised any of the steps that have been taken to ensure delivery of this vital project while protecting taxpayers," they said.
The spokesperson also criticised the committee's suggestion that DfT adopted a "laissez-faire" attitude to the project's need for an additional £2.8bn in funding last year.
"The department absolutely rejects this claim and we are disappointed that the PAC has chosen to represent actions taken to learn and implement lessons in a wholly negative way," they said.


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text:
Биківці () — лемківське село в Польщі, у гміні Сянік Сяноцького повіту Підкарпатського воєводства.
Населення —   (2011).

Розташування
Лежить при державній дорозі № 28. Знаходиться за 5 км на схід від адміністративного центру повіту — Сяніка і за 58 км на південь від адміністративного центру воєводства — Ряшева.

Історія
Село закріпачене в 1435 р. під назвою Ритарівці. До 1772 р. село належало до Сяноцької землі Руського воєводства.

З середини XIX ст. до 1928 р. фільварком володіла родина Тарнавецьких, опісля — родина Планетів (був нотаріусом).

У 1929 році село нараховувало 367 мешканців. Село входило до Сяніцького повіту Львівського воєводства.

В селі була дерев'яна церква Покрови Пресвятої Богородиці, збудована в 1900 році. Належала до парафії Вільхівці Сяніцького деканату Перемишльської єпархії УГКЦ.

У 1939 році в селі проживало 440 мешканців, з них 270 українців-грекокатоликів, 95 українців-римокатоликів, 70 поляків і 5 євреїв.

10 вересня 1939 р. село захопила південна мотоколона під командуванням Франца Ґайґера, однак уже наприкінці вересня німці передали село Червоній армії відповідно до пакту Ріббентропа-Молотова. 27 листопада 1939 р. територія включена до новоствореної Дрогобицької області, а 17 січня 1940 р. — до Ліськівського району. В 1940 р. з фільварку зробили колгосп «імені 17 вересня». Вздовж дороги до села зведені бункери «лінії Молотова», руїни яких збереглися досі. В червні 1941 р. село здобуте словацькими військами, загиблі словаки поховані на цвинтарі на околиці села. Цвинтар відкритий тодішнім президентом Словаччини о. Йозефом Тисо. В липні 1944 року радянські війська оволоділи селом і вже через місяць почата насильна мобілізація в Червону армію. В березні 1945 року, у рамках підготовки до підписання Радянсько-польського договору про державний кордон територію зі складу Дрогобицької області передано Польщі, а українське населення терором спонукалося до виїзду в СРСР. Тих українців, які не виїхали, в 1947 р. під час операції «Вісла» депортовано на понімецькі землі або ув'язнено в концтаборі Явожно, а на їх місце поселили поляків. В 1949 р. поляки зруйнували церкву.
Гробниця Тарнавєцького та могили загиблих у вересні 1939 року воїнів збереглися на церковному кладовищі.
У 1975-1998 роках село належало до Кросненського воєводства.

Церква Покрова Богородиці
Перша церква у Биківцях, ймовірно, розташовувалась на місці під назвою "церквище" і була заснована в 1626 році. Наступна побудована в 1724 році, на пагорбі біля лісу, за ініціативою греко-католицького священика Антонія Криницького в українському національному стилі і розташовувався біля старого кладовища. Пошкоджена у 1944 артилерійськими снарядами під час військових дій. Була зруйнована, з дозволу місцевої влади, групою мешканців поляків у 1949 році.

Демографія
Демографічна структура станом на 31 березня 2011 року:

Примітки

Див. також

 Шематизм Греко-Католицкого Духовеньства Апостольскої Адміністрації Лемковщини. — Львів: Наклад ААЛ, 1936. — с. 144-147

Села Сяноцького повіту
Надсяння
Закерзоння


A young boy who almost died after falling into a pool at an Eagan apartment complex met his rescuers on Wednesday after an "incredible recovery."
Gedion Demissew was with his sister when they snuck out of their apartment home and into the pool area of a nearby complex when he fell in.
On Wednesday Gedion, who is now 6 years old but was 5 at the time, met with Aheed Boulis and Aaron Titel for the first time since the emergency on May 22.
They were the first to get to the pool and pull the boy from the water. After initially being shy to meet the pair, Gedion then gave Titel "a big hug."
According to KSTP, Gideon's father Tesfaye told the two men: "Thank you, I really appreciate for everything. He's alive because of them."
Titel, a construction worker, gave Gedion CPR after pulling him from the pool as they waited for first responders to arrive, the City of Eagan says.
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Among the first to get there was Eagan patrol officer Tyler Goodling, who said on Wednesday: "Just knowing it's a 5 year old in a pool, all you can think is I just want to get there. When I saw him it looked like he was gone."
Gedion was released from hospital after 2 weeks of treatment, making what the city called an "incredible recovery" after being near death.
Officer Goodling said he was "blown away" at meeting the boy for the first time since the near-drowning, saying: "You would never know he even went through that."
He was found unconscious in a pool.
He regained consciousness after the first round of CPR.
The 10-year-old and her father died while swimming near a popular Duluth beach house.


However, if anyone out there has done this with their stanchions I have some follow-up questions.
First, I really like the idea of the threaded stud so that I can just tighten a nut on the stanchion to hold it down. In the description on the epoxyworks site, it shows a solution that allows the stud to be removed later. Does anyone know what the downside to just using an inverted hex-head bolt and not worrying about removing it later? Is it in case you screw up the threads somehow?
Secondly, the instructions suggest you leave a nut so that it is proud of the surface. Does this create issues for whatever seal you use around the base? According to sites I have read, you should not use 5200, but 101 or some other sealant.
Lastly, my current stanchion seem to have some kind of rubber gasket, is this necessary or preferable to 101 or some other caulk, or is it used in addition to those?


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text:
LAZARIDES - 2012
Bronze Age - Middle Bronze Age - Late Bronze Age
Tools/weapons - Residence - Bone
Athens University
Lazarides
Lazarides. N. Sgouritsa (Athens) reports on the 2012 excavation of rooms 2, 3 and 6 in the so-called Papadimitris area of the Mycenaean settlement (a small plateau on the top of the slope explored also in 1979 and 1980). (Plan 1).
Rooms 2 and 3 were fully excavated (Plan 2). Room 2 was probably accessed both through an opening in the west wall now blocked with stones and through a doorway in the east wall which is aligned with that in the west and has a rough threshold. An opening in the north wall gave the only access to room 3 (it too had a stone threshold). The floor sloped from west to east, with a pit in the northeast corner. Finds in room 2 were restricted to pottery (including one Middle Helladic and one early Late Helladic sherd), plus a few animal bones and shells. Room 3 yielded similar finds.
A further room, 6, was revealed immediately to the east of room 2. The common south wall of the two rooms was uncovered to its full length (4.3m), and the north and east walls of room 6 partially uncovered (to 2.8 and 3.8m respectively), revealing the north doorway. Room 6 was a large room which yielded many sherds in the fill, plus animal bones, part of a goat horn, shell, a few obsidian blades and flakes (significantly more than so far found elsewhere in the settlement), steatite spindle whorls, a biconical terracotta spindle whorl, two lumps of flint and of a whitish semi-transparent stone, grinders and grinding stones. In the south-west corner were: a large andesite grinder plus grinding stones (Fig. 1), red pigment as that previously found in room 5, pottery (including many legs from tripod cooking pots), animal bones, and a terracotta disc or token (Fig. 2). Along the south wall were many sherds from other types of cooking pots (including one large vessel with a vertical handle at the base of which was a potter's mark) (Fig. 3), with unpainted kylikes as the next most common form. The southeast corner produced most of the animal bones and shells found in room 6, many andesite grinders of various sizes, and a large quantity of grinding stones. Near the northwest corner was a fragment of coiled lead wire in coil. In that corner, a quadrilateral structure was revealed but not fully investigated. Similarly, a narrow, slightly curved built conduit (Fig. 4) (average width 0.17m), partially covered with stones, requires fuller investigation to resolve questions about its origin (e.g. whether it relates to the pit in room 2) and destination, and to determine whether it is associated with a secondary use of the room.
Unpublished Report


The revelation was part of the latest indictments of 12 Russian intelligence officers in an investigation led by Special Counsel Robert Mueller into foreign interference in the 2016 U.S. presidential election. Several Russian nationals, along with members of the Trump campaign, including former campaign chairman Paul Manafort, have been indicted as part of the investigation.
The indictment outlines how, investigators say, officers Anatoliy Sergeyevich Kovalev and Aleksandr Vladimirovich Osadchuk conspired with others to hack the computers of U.S. election administrators, including state boards of elections, secretaries of state and companies that developed voter registration software.
Local election officials across the country are attempting to shore up their security ahead of the November midterms. Many worry, however, that federal support might not be enough to fight off more hacking attempts.
The suspected hacking in 2016 seemed to generate success, federal investigators say. In July 2016, the accused intelligence officers stole the personal information of 500,000 voters, including their names, addresses, partial social security numbers, dates of birth and driver's license numbers, according to the indictment.
Further, around November 2016, investigators say, the accused officers sent more than a hundred "spearphishing" emails, which are designed to trick victims into giving up login information, to officials in Florida who administer numerous county elections.
The head of every U.S. intelligence agency said in 2016 that Russia attempted to penetrate elections systems nationwide during the presidential election, and will try again during this year's midterm elections.
Previously, however, U.S. officials said the only successful breach by Russian hackers was that of the personal information of 90,000 voters in Illinois. Russian hackers attempted to infiltrate the voter systems of 21 states, according to the Department of Homeland Security last September.