text:
package com.blazebit.persistence.impl.builder.predicate;

import com.blazebit.persistence.BaseFromQueryBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.CaseWhenAndThenBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.CaseWhenBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.CaseWhenOrThenBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.CaseWhenThenBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.CommonQueryBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.FullQueryBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.FullSelectCTECriteriaBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.LeafOngoingFinalSetOperationSubqueryBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.MultipleSubqueryInitiator;
import com.blazebit.persistence.QuantifiableBinaryPredicateBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.RestrictionBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.SimpleCaseWhenBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.StartOngoingSetOperationSubqueryBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.SubqueryBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.SubqueryInitiator;
import com.blazebit.persistence.impl.ClauseType;
import com.blazebit.persistence.impl.MultipleSubqueryInitiatorImpl;
import com.blazebit.persistence.impl.ParameterManager;
import com.blazebit.persistence.impl.SubqueryAndExpressionBuilderListener;
import com.blazebit.persistence.impl.SubqueryInitiatorFactory;
import com.blazebit.persistence.impl.SubqueryInternalBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.impl.builder.expression.CaseWhenBuilderImpl;
import com.blazebit.persistence.impl.builder.expression.ExpressionBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.impl.builder.expression.ExpressionBuilderEndedListener;
import com.blazebit.persistence.impl.builder.expression.SimpleCaseWhenBuilderImpl;
import com.blazebit.persistence.parser.expression.Expression;
import com.blazebit.persistence.parser.expression.ExpressionFactory;
import com.blazebit.persistence.parser.expression.SubqueryExpression;
import com.blazebit.persistence.parser.predicate.BinaryExpressionPredicate;
import com.blazebit.persistence.parser.predicate.Predicate;
import com.blazebit.persistence.parser.predicate.PredicateBuilder;
import com.blazebit.persistence.parser.predicate.PredicateQuantifier;
import com.blazebit.persistence.parser.predicate.QuantifiableBinaryExpressionPredicate;
import com.blazebit.persistence.parser.util.TypeUtils;

import javax.persistence.metamodel.EntityType;
import java.util.Collection;

/**
 *
 * @author Christian Beikov
 * @author Moritz Becker
 * @since 1.0.0
 */
public abstract class AbstractQuantifiablePredicateBuilder<T> extends SubqueryAndExpressionBuilderListener<T> implements QuantifiableBinaryPredicateBuilder<T>, PredicateBuilder {

    protected final Expression leftExpression;
    protected final SubqueryInitiatorFactory subqueryInitFactory;
    protected final ExpressionFactory expressionFactory;

    private final T result;
    private final PredicateBuilderEndedListener listener;
    private final boolean wrapNot;
    private Predicate predicate;
    private final ParameterManager parameterManager;
    private final ClauseType clauseType;
    private SubqueryInitiator<T> subqueryInitiator;

    public AbstractQuantifiablePredicateBuilder(T result, PredicateBuilderEndedListener listener, Expression leftExpression, boolean wrapNot, SubqueryInitiatorFactory subqueryInitFactory, ExpressionFactory expressionFactory, ParameterManager parameterManager, ClauseType clauseType) {
        this.result = result;
        this.listener = listener;
        this.wrapNot = wrapNot;
        this.leftExpression = leftExpression;
        this.subqueryInitFactory = subqueryInitFactory;
        this.expressionFactory = expressionFactory;
        this.parameterManager = parameterManager;
        this.clauseType = clauseType;
    }

    protected abstract QuantifiableBinaryExpressionPredicate createPredicate(Expression left, Expression right, PredicateQuantifier quantifier);

    protected T chain(Predicate predicate) {
        verifyBuilderEnded();
        if (wrapNot) {
            predicate.negate();
        }
        this.predicate = predicate;
        listener.onBuilderEnded(this);
        return result;
    }

    protected void chainSubbuilder(Predicate predicate) {
        verifyBuilderEnded();
        if (wrapNot) {
            predicate.negate();
        }
        this.predicate = predicate;
    }

    @Override
    public CommonQueryBuilder<?> getParentQueryBuilder() {
        return (CommonQueryBuilder<?>) subqueryInitFactory.getQueryBuilder();
    }

    @Override
    public T value(Object value) {
        return chain(createPredicate(leftExpression, parameterManager.addParameterExpression(value, clauseType, subqueryInitFactory.getQueryBuilder()), PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
    }

    @Override
    public T literal(Object value) {
        String literal = TypeUtils.asLiteral(value, subqueryInitFactory.getQueryBuilder().getMetamodel().getEnumTypes().keySet());
        if (literal == null) {
            return value(value);
        }
        return chain(createPredicate(leftExpression, expressionFactory.createInItemExpression(literal), PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
    }

    @Override
    public T expression(String expression) {
        return chain(createPredicate(leftExpression, expressionFactory.createSimpleExpression(expression, false), PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
    }

    @Override
    public MultipleSubqueryInitiator<T> subqueries(String expression) {
        return new MultipleSubqueryInitiatorImpl<T>(result, expressionFactory.createSimpleExpression(expression, true), new ExpressionBuilderEndedListener() {

            @Override
            public void onBuilderEnded(ExpressionBuilder builder) {
                chain(createPredicate(leftExpression, builder.getExpression(), PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
            }

        }, subqueryInitFactory, clauseType);
    }

    /* case when functions */
    @Override
    public RestrictionBuilder<CaseWhenThenBuilder<CaseWhenBuilder<T>>> caseWhen(String expression) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return startBuilder(new CaseWhenBuilderImpl<T>(result, this, subqueryInitFactory, expressionFactory, parameterManager, clauseType)).when(expression);
    }

    @Override
    public CaseWhenAndThenBuilder<CaseWhenBuilder<T>> caseWhenAnd() {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return startBuilder(new CaseWhenBuilderImpl<T>(result, this, subqueryInitFactory, expressionFactory, parameterManager, clauseType)).whenAnd();
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryInitiator<CaseWhenThenBuilder<CaseWhenBuilder<T>>> caseWhenExists() {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return startBuilder(new CaseWhenBuilderImpl<T>(result, this, subqueryInitFactory, expressionFactory, parameterManager, clauseType)).whenExists();
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryInitiator<CaseWhenThenBuilder<CaseWhenBuilder<T>>> caseWhenNotExists() {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return startBuilder(new CaseWhenBuilderImpl<T>(result, this, subqueryInitFactory, expressionFactory, parameterManager, clauseType)).whenNotExists();
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<CaseWhenThenBuilder<CaseWhenBuilder<T>>> caseWhenExists(FullQueryBuilder<?, ?> criteriaBuilder) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return startBuilder(new CaseWhenBuilderImpl<T>(result, this, subqueryInitFactory, expressionFactory, parameterManager, clauseType)).whenExists(criteriaBuilder);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<CaseWhenThenBuilder<CaseWhenBuilder<T>>> caseWhenNotExists(FullQueryBuilder<?, ?> criteriaBuilder) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return startBuilder(new CaseWhenBuilderImpl<T>(result, this, subqueryInitFactory, expressionFactory, parameterManager, clauseType)).whenNotExists(criteriaBuilder);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryInitiator<RestrictionBuilder<CaseWhenThenBuilder<CaseWhenBuilder<T>>>> caseWhenSubquery() {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return startBuilder(new CaseWhenBuilderImpl<T>(result, this, subqueryInitFactory, expressionFactory, parameterManager, clauseType)).whenSubquery();
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryInitiator<RestrictionBuilder<CaseWhenThenBuilder<CaseWhenBuilder<T>>>> caseWhenSubquery(String subqueryAlias, String expression) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return startBuilder(new CaseWhenBuilderImpl<T>(result, this, subqueryInitFactory, expressionFactory, parameterManager, clauseType)).whenSubquery(subqueryAlias, expression);
    }

    @Override
    public MultipleSubqueryInitiator<RestrictionBuilder<CaseWhenThenBuilder<CaseWhenBuilder<T>>>> caseWhenSubqueries(String expression) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return startBuilder(new CaseWhenBuilderImpl<T>(result, this, subqueryInitFactory, expressionFactory, parameterManager, clauseType)).whenSubqueries(expression);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<RestrictionBuilder<CaseWhenThenBuilder<CaseWhenBuilder<T>>>> caseWhenSubquery(FullQueryBuilder<?, ?> criteriaBuilder) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return startBuilder(new CaseWhenBuilderImpl<T>(result, this, subqueryInitFactory, expressionFactory, parameterManager, clauseType)).whenSubquery(criteriaBuilder);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<RestrictionBuilder<CaseWhenThenBuilder<CaseWhenBuilder<T>>>> caseWhenSubquery(String subqueryAlias, String expression, FullQueryBuilder<?, ?> criteriaBuilder) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return startBuilder(new CaseWhenBuilderImpl<T>(result, this, subqueryInitFactory, expressionFactory, parameterManager, clauseType)).whenSubquery(subqueryAlias, expression, criteriaBuilder);
    }

    @Override
    public CaseWhenOrThenBuilder<CaseWhenBuilder<T>> caseWhenOr() {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return startBuilder(new CaseWhenBuilderImpl<T>(result, this, subqueryInitFactory, expressionFactory, parameterManager, clauseType)).whenOr();
    }

    @Override
    public SimpleCaseWhenBuilder<T> simpleCase(String caseOperand) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return startBuilder(new SimpleCaseWhenBuilderImpl<T>(result, this, expressionFactory, expressionFactory.createSimpleExpression(caseOperand, false), subqueryInitFactory, parameterManager, clauseType));
    }

    /* quantification functions */
    @Override
    public SubqueryInitiator<T> all() {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ALL));
        return subqueryInitFactory.createSubqueryInitiator(result, this, false, clauseType);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryInitiator<T> any() {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ANY));
        return subqueryInitFactory.createSubqueryInitiator(result, this, false, clauseType);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> all(FullQueryBuilder<?, ?> criteriaBuilder) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ALL));
        return subqueryInitFactory.createSubqueryBuilder(result, this, false, criteriaBuilder, clauseType);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> any(FullQueryBuilder<?, ?> criteriaBuilder) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ANY));
        return subqueryInitFactory.createSubqueryBuilder(result, this, false, criteriaBuilder, clauseType);
    }

    public SubqueryBuilder<T> one(FullQueryBuilder<?, ?> criteriaBuilder) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return subqueryInitFactory.createSubqueryBuilder(result, this, false, criteriaBuilder, clauseType);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> from(Class<?> clazz) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().from(clazz);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> from(Class<?> clazz, String alias) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().from(clazz, alias);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> from(EntityType<?> entityType) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().from(entityType);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> from(EntityType<?> entityType, String alias) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().from(entityType, alias);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> from(String correlationPath) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().from(correlationPath);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> from(String correlationPath, String alias) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().from(correlationPath, alias);
    }

    @Override
    public StartOngoingSetOperationSubqueryBuilder<T, LeafOngoingFinalSetOperationSubqueryBuilder<T>> startSet() {
        return getSubqueryInitiator().startSet();
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> fromOld(Class<?> entityClass) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().fromOld(entityClass);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> fromOld(Class<?> entityClass, String alias) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().fromOld(entityClass, alias);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> fromNew(Class<?> entityClass) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().fromNew(entityClass);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> fromNew(Class<?> entityClass, String alias) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().fromNew(entityClass, alias);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> fromValues(Class<?> valueClass, String alias, int valueCount) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().fromValues(valueClass, alias, valueCount);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> fromValues(Class<?> entityBaseClass, String attributeName, String alias, int valueCount) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().fromValues(entityBaseClass, attributeName, alias, valueCount);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> fromIdentifiableValues(Class<?> valueClass, String alias, int valueCount) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().fromIdentifiableValues(valueClass, alias, valueCount);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> fromIdentifiableValues(Class<?> valueClass, String identifierAttribute, String alias, int valueCount) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().fromIdentifiableValues(valueClass, identifierAttribute, alias, valueCount);
    }

    @Override
    public <X> SubqueryBuilder<T> fromValues(Class<X> valueClass, String alias, Collection<X> values) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().fromValues(valueClass, alias, values);
    }

    @Override
    public SubqueryBuilder<T> fromValues(Class<?> entityBaseClass, String attributeName, String alias, Collection<?> values) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().fromValues(entityBaseClass, attributeName, alias, values);
    }

    @Override
    public <X> SubqueryBuilder<T> fromIdentifiableValues(Class<X> valueClass, String alias, Collection<X> values) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().fromIdentifiableValues(valueClass, alias, values);
    }

    @Override
    public <X> SubqueryBuilder<T> fromIdentifiableValues(Class<X> valueClass, String identifierAttribute, String alias, Collection<X> values) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().fromIdentifiableValues(valueClass, identifierAttribute, alias, values);
    }

    @Override
    public FullSelectCTECriteriaBuilder<SubqueryBuilder<T>> fromSubquery(Class<?> cteClass) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().fromSubquery(cteClass);
    }

    @Override
    public FullSelectCTECriteriaBuilder<SubqueryBuilder<T>> fromSubquery(Class<?> cteClass, String alias) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return getSubqueryInitiator().fromSubquery(cteClass, alias);
    }

    @Override
    public <Z extends BaseFromQueryBuilder<SubqueryBuilder<T>, ? extends Z>> Z fromEntitySubquery(Class<?> cteClass) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return (Z) getSubqueryInitiator().fromEntitySubquery(cteClass);
    }

    @Override
    public <Z extends BaseFromQueryBuilder<SubqueryBuilder<T>, ? extends Z>> Z fromEntitySubquery(Class<?> cteClass, String alias) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return (Z) getSubqueryInitiator().fromEntitySubquery(cteClass, alias);
    }

    @Override
    public <Z extends BaseFromQueryBuilder<SubqueryBuilder<T>, ? extends Z>> Z fromEntitySubquery(Class<?> cteClass, String alias, String subqueryAlias) {
        chainSubbuilder(createPredicate(leftExpression, null, PredicateQuantifier.ONE));
        return (Z) getSubqueryInitiator().fromEntitySubquery(cteClass, alias, subqueryAlias);
    }

    @Override
    public void onBuilderEnded(SubqueryInternalBuilder<T> builder) {
        super.onBuilderEnded(builder);
        // set the finished subquery builder on the previously created predicate
        if (predicate instanceof BinaryExpressionPredicate) {
            ((BinaryExpressionPredicate) predicate).setRight(new SubqueryExpression(builder));
        } else {
            throw new IllegalStateException("SubqueryBuilder ended but predicate type was unexpected");
        }

        listener.onBuilderEnded(this);
    }

    @Override
    public Predicate getPredicate() {
        return predicate;
    }

    protected SubqueryInitiator<T> getSubqueryInitiator() {
        if (subqueryInitiator == null) {
            subqueryInitiator = subqueryInitFactory.createSubqueryInitiator(result, this, false, clauseType);
        }
        return subqueryInitiator;
    }

    @Override
    public void onBuilderEnded(ExpressionBuilder builder) {
        super.onBuilderEnded(builder);
        if (predicate instanceof BinaryExpressionPredicate) {
            ((BinaryExpressionPredicate) predicate).setRight(builder.getExpression());
        } else {
            throw new IllegalStateException("ExpressionBuilder ended but predicate type was unexpected");
        }

        listener.onBuilderEnded(AbstractQuantifiablePredicateBuilder.this);
    }
}


For the purpose of this list, artistic greatness is defined as possessing a wide variety of attributes and experiments that add up to artistic eminence. In spite of that, Thai graphic design and style seems to shy away from utilizing also a lot saturated colors as compared to its other Southeast Asian neighbor, the Philippines. We can list its standard attributes – geometric shapes, bold curves, powerful vertical lines, aerodynamic types, motion lines, airbrushing and sunbursts galore – but this genuinely does not do justice to the style.
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The graphic designer's major intention is to get the viewer to interact with the content within the design. Lush image description: a zoomed-in and reversed image of 1 aspect of a United States dollar bill. On smaller films, Graphic Artists undertake detailed investigation, when on massive price range films this is carried out by Specialist Researchers.


text:
Watch This Single-Engine Airplane Make an Unexpected Landing on a California Street
8:25 AM PDT, September 24, 2015 - Inside Edition
Drivers battling ever-notorious California traffic had an unexpected partner in the gridlock when a single-engine plane made an emergency landing and sped through an intersection, video shows.
A motorist driving down McGaw Avenue in Irvine with a dashboard camera captured the strange sight as he approached Red Hill Avenue, where the footage shows the Pipe Cherokee plane cruising down the road.
Read: Cop Pays for Homeless Family to Stay in a Hotel After Finding Them Sleeping in Jail Lobby
"Are you kidding me?" a person in the vehicle says as the plane passes.
In the video uploaded by YouTube user CalicoStrike, the sound of tires screeching to a halt on the road can be heard.
An Orange Coast College student enrolled in the OCC Aviation Pilot Training program and a flight instructor were behind the plane's controls, the college's student newspaper the Coast Report Online reported.
They were reportedly in the middle the student's first lesson when the plane needed to make an emergency landing.
Read: Quick-Thinking Pilot Diverts Plane to Save a Dog
The pair had taken off from Santa Ana's John Wayne airport and were working on touch-and-go exercises when the plane's engine shut off, the Coast Report Online wrote.
The incident was being investigated by the Federal Aviation Administration, a spokesman Federal Aviation Administration confirmed to INSIDE EDITION. He declined to further discuss the details, noting the FAA does not comment on pending investigations.
Vehicles got out of the way of the plane, which safely came to a stop down the road.
Watch Below: Dash-Cam Captures Terrifying Plane Crash
Dash-cam Captures Terrifying Plane Crash

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Are Churches Forced To Marry Gay Couples Now?
How this affects churches
The religious freedom argument
The argument against gay marriage
How this affects society
The slippery slope argument
The impact on children
The future of marriage
The Supreme Court's recent decision on gay marriage has many people wondering what it means for religious institutions. Find out more about how the ruling may affect churches and other religious organizations.
The Supreme Court's recent ruling on gay marriage has left many churches wondering whether or not they will be forced to marry same-sex couples. However, the answer is not as simple as a yes or no. In this article, we will explore the implications of the ruling for churches and religious organizations.
The law is clear that churches are not required to marry gay couples. The First Amendment of the US Constitution protects the right of religious institutions to freedom of religion, and this includes the right to refuse to marry couples who do not fit within their religious beliefs. This right has been upheld by the Supreme Court in several recent cases.
The US Supreme Court's decision in Obergefell v. Hodges legalized same-sex marriage nationwide. This means that, in every state, gay and lesbian couples can now get married just like straight couples.
So what does this mean for churches? While churches are not required to marry gay couples, some may choose to do so. And if a church does choose to marry gay couples, it will be subject to the same rules and regulations as any other wedding venue.
There are a few things to keep in mind if you're getting married in a church:
– Check with your church first to see if they're open to marrying gay couples.
– If your church is open to it, make sure you understand their rules and regulations regarding weddings. For example, some churches may require pre-marital counseling or have other requirements for marriages conducted on their premises.
– Be prepared for possible backlash from members of your church community who may not be supportive of your relationship.
The religious freedom argument goes like this: if the government tells churches that they have to marry gay couples, then churches will be forced to violate their religious beliefs. This, in turn, would infringe on the freedom of religion, which is guaranteed by the First Amendment of the Constitution.
The issue of gay marriage is one that has been hotly debated in recent years. While some people believe that everyone should have the right to marry whomever they choose, others believe that marriage should be between a man and a woman.
There are a number of arguments against gay marriage. One is that marriage is an institution that has always been between a man and a woman. This argument goes back to the traditional definition of marriage, which is a union between a man and a woman for the purpose of procreation.
Another argument against gay marriage is that it would undermine the sanctity of marriage. This argument goes back to the religious roots of marriage, which is seen as a sacred institution. Many people believe that allowing gay couples to marry would devalue the institution of marriage and make it less special.
The final argument against gay marriage is that it would lead to other changes in society that would be unwelcome. For example, some people believe that if gay couples are allowed to marry, then it would be only a matter of time before polygamy becomes legalized. This could have a negative impact on families and society as a whole.
In the United States, the Supreme Court has ruled that gay marriage is a fundamental right guaranteed by the Constitution. This means that all states must now allow same-sex couples to marry. Churches are not required to perform these marriages, but they must treat all couples equally.
Some people believe that this ruling will force churches to change their beliefs about marriage. Others believe that it will simply allow more people to enjoy the same rights and privileges that have been enjoyed by heterosexual couples for centuries.
Either way, this is a significant ruling that is sure to have a significant impact on society as a whole.
The slippery slope argument is often used when discussing same-sex marriage. The idea is that if we allow gay couples to marry, it will be a slippery slope to polygamy, bestiality, and other marriages that are not between a man and a woman.
This argument is not very convincing for a few reasons. First, there is no evidence that allowing same-sex couples to marry will lead to more people wanting to marry animals or multiple partners. Second, even if there were evidence for this, it would not be a good reason to deny marriage rights to gay couples. Marriage is a legal institution that comes with a lot of benefits, and there is no reason to deny these benefits to any consenting adults who want to get married.
The slippery slope argument is just another way to try to rationalize discrimination against gay couples. It should be dismissed for what it is: an flawed and bigoted attempt to keep marriage between a man and a woman.
The recent Supreme Court ruling on gay marriage has caused a lot of confusion and disagreement, especially when it comes to churches. Some people believe that churches will now be forced to marry gay couples, but that is not the case. While the ruling does have an impact on churches, they are not required to marry gay couples if it goes against their beliefs. This ruling simply means that gay couples now have the same legal rights as heterosexual couples when it comes to marriage.
The future of marriage is likely to be a hot topic in the coming years, as more and more states adopt laws allowing same-sex couples to marry. While the Supreme Court has not yet ruled on the constitutionality of these laws, it is possible that churches could be forced to marry gay couples in the future.
This raises a number of complicated legal and religious issues, which will need to be sorted out if and when this happens. For now, churches are not required to marry gay couples, but that could change in the future.
The Obergefell v. Hodges decision does not force churches to marry gay couples if doing so would violate their religious beliefs. The First Amendment's protection of religious freedom means that the government cannot tell a church who it must marry, and the Supreme Court's ruling simply affirms this fact. However, churches that do choose to marry gay couples will now be required to follow the same rules as everyone else in terms of things like taxation and compliance with anti-discrimination laws.
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text:
Les Voix du Gaou était un festival musical se déroulant tous les ans, à la mi-juillet, depuis 1997 sur la presqu'île du Gaou, au large de la commune de Six-Fours-les-Plages : Le Brusc.

Histoire

Pour sa première édition, il avait accueilli  spectateurs.

Géré par la municipalité au départ, la société de production Sud Concerts prend le relais en 2008. C'est aussi à partir de l'édition de 2010 que le festival devient écologique : verres de la buvette consignés, mise en place du tri sélectif, encouragement au covoiturage, moins consommateur d'énergie, le festival une fois terminé nettoie le Gaou pour laisser l'endroit propre.

En 2006, le festival attire  spectateurs.

Budget et fonctionnement
En 2005, le coût de la programmation est estimé à 1,3 million d'euros. Le festival dépense notamment  € pour l'unique concert de Coldplay en France.

En 2006, le budget est de 1,55 million d'euros.

Ce festival est suspendu depuis 2015 car il n'est plus viable économiquement à la suite d'une baisse de subvention de l'état.

Programmation et scènes
En 2005 et 2006, le festival contient deux scènes dont une de  places et une de  places.

2012
16-28 juillet

Gossip, Band of Skulls, Mina May, Two Door Cinema Club, The Rapture, Hyphen Hyphen, Sting, TD Lind, Loud Cloud, Alborosie & Shengen Clan feat. Ikaya, Lee Perry & The Robotiks et Macka B & The Roots Ragga Band, LMFAO, Jean-Roch, Shaka Ponk, Asaf Avidan, S6X, Beat Assailant, Bernhoft, Deluxe, Brigitte, Irma, Isaya, Anaïs, Arthur H, Andromakers, Ben Harper, Hannah

2008
15-26 juillet

Ben Harper, Micky Green, Mademoiselle K, Catherine Ringer, Camille, BB Brunes, Cali, AaRON
Tiken Jah Fakoly, Nneka, Morcheeba, Cocorosie, Justice, The Dø, Birdy Nam Nam, Asa

2006
18-29 juillet

Jamiroquai, Massive Attack, Afrika Bambaataa, Pixies, Rinôçérôse, Toots and the Maytals, Max Romeo, Seeed, The John Butler Trio, Philippe Katerine, Émilie Simon, Yann Tiersen, Dominique A, Raphael, Louise Attaque, Bénabar, Davy Sicard, Maceo Parker, Diam's, GuruJehro, Archive, DJ Muggs, GZA, Futureheads, Les Ogres de Barback

2005
14-29 juillet

Coldplay, The Chemical Brothers, Iggy Pop, The Stooges, Mano Solo, Les Choristes, George Clinton, Steel Pulse, Zazie, Calogero, Richard Ashcroft, Death in Vegas, LCD Soundsystem, Rubin Steiner, Ghinzu...

1999
15-26 juillet

I Muvrini, Zazie, Jack de Marseille, Calvin Russell, Aïoli, Ray Charles, Zucchero...

Références

Liens externes

Festival de musique dans le Var

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I'd like to start the year by encouraging you to vote for your wildlife highlights of the Yorkshire Dales. During 2006 we were encouraged to vote on a whole range of issues, from historic buildings to be restored, to favourite British cultural icons. But somehow we were not invited to vote on the natural wonders on our doorstep. One of my new year's resolutions is to redress this balance.
We are truly blessed in our part of the world that we have such a wealth of natural splendour. We have range of natural habitats and charismatic species that are all contenders for the title of favourite wildlife highlight. But I'd like to challenge you to think about which are your top five favourites - the highlights that embody what the Yorkshire Dales are about.
To kick off the debate, I'd like to propose two of my own favourites that I hope may also strike a chord with readers - a bird and a flower. Both, in their own way, sum up the Dales for me.
I find the curlew the most evocative of the Dales birdlife. There is something about its wild call that reflects the scenery which the bird inhabits. Curlews have declined in many parts of the UK owing to land use changes, but are still doing well in the Dales. If there were to be a natural emblem for the area from the bird world I can think of no better example than the curlew.
While looking up at displaying curlews on the wing, it's sometimes easy to forget that at the right time of year under your feet is a veritable carpet of wild flowers. My favourite Dales plant is one which can turn limestone grassland pink in early June - the stunning little bird's-eye primrose.
To find a perfect, miniature primrose growing wild in the Yorkshire Dales was one of the real highlights of moving to this area fifteen years ago. The fact that in England the Dales provide a real stronghold for this local plant is something which we should all be very proud of. If you have not yet headed out to find the pink blaze of this delicate plant, make sure that 2007 is your year of discovery.
A vote such as this only works if you get involved, so I'm hoping to be deluged with correspondence on this topic! Please write to me with your thoughts at Innovation for Education Ltd, 6 Manor Square, Otley, LS21 3AP or by emailing me at the address below. I really look forward to hearing from you.
I hope your new year resolutions will include one that brings you closer to nature in 2007.
I have wonderful memories of growing up in Yorkshire and going for picnics in Bluebell Wood near Great Ayton.The carpet of Bluebells that covered the woodland floor was awe inspiring.I have a large photograph of the Bluebells framed to remind me of those wonderful times with my parents.


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The Future of Video for Marketers
Last week music artist Jay-Z launched his new YouTube channel, Life + Times, with a live stream of his final sold-out concert at the Barclays Center in Brooklyn. The channel will feature original video content including the Brooklyn Nets docu-series "The Road to Brooklyn," a fan-interaction show and a cooking show hosted by a british supermodel.
JayZ is now approaching this YouTube channel as a TV network, but he's not alone in the online web-series game. According to USA Today, Tom Hanks launched the web series Electric City on Yahoo, Larry King brought news to Hulu and Jerry Seinfeld has a comedy series on Crackle, Comedians in Cars Getting Coffee.
But online video evolution goes beyond video sharing and free programming-based websites. Target introduced their Falling for You short film series last week, which acts as a "living" advertisement and one big product placement opportunity. The set, characters, props, etc. are all available at Target. The microsite allows visitors to watch the short series and shop simultaneously for the products featured in the episodes.
As online video, video-based social media platforms, and multimedia sharing continue to evolve, what does this mean to you as a marketer?
Consumers are already becoming more inclined toward visual and interactive components that enhance their online experience.
Online advertising opportunities will continue to expand (e.g. commercials for web series). Don't rule digital out when developing your media plans.
Look to YouTube, Vimeo and other video-sharing platforms as sources for your social media content. Determine how your marketing plan could benefit from video component(s).
With video capabilities on just about every point-and-shoot and smart phone, and basic level video editing software that comes standard on computers, video is much easier to publish now more than ever. Don't rule-out video opportunities just because you don't have "formal training" or a "big budget."
Get creative with your social media platforms, just like Jay-Z. He's bringing a YouTube channel to the next level. Other musicians are posting their music videos, recording sessions, talk show appearances on their YouTube channel – which is all great, but really only interesting to the specific fans of that musician. Jay Z's new channel delivers a much broader range of content that's not all about Jay-Z. Visitors to his channel may not even be Jay-Z fans, but they may be interested in his documentary or a reality show, etc.
Repurpose content in different formats for different platforms. You may already have everything you need right under your nose. With minimal adjustment, content such as blog posts, feature articles, presentations can be quickly converted to webinars, video series, etc.
When determining your marketing strategy for 2013, take time to analyze how you have used video in the past, and what you can do with video moving forward.


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text:
A Site Selection Web Exclusive, March 2014
Blue, Blue Window
A new report documents the reach of the nation's coastal zones.
California is the only state ranked in the top five states by employment for five of the six ocean economy sectors studied by the NOEP report. While coastline images of Pebble Beach (above) and Big Sur (below) loom large in our consciousness, the report notes that it's the metros along the country's shoreline that drive the ocean economy.
Photos courtesy of Visit California
Long before the nation's reshoring phenomenon took hold, there was an actual shoreline doing its part for the US economy. A new report says it's still holding its own.
The National Ocean Economics Program (NOEP) of the Center for the Blue Economy, based at the Monterey Institute of International Studies in California, this week released its State of the US Ocean and Coastal Economies 2014 report, a follow-up to its initial report five years ago.
The report encompasses shoreline counties in Great Lakes states as well as ocean states. As defined by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, that means 446 counties in 30 states. In 2012, the coastal zone counties accounted for 51 percent of employment in coastal states; 42 percent of total national employment; 57 percent of GDP in coastal states; and 48 percent of national GDP.
The importance of the coastal economy is reinforced by Site Selection's tracking of new private-sector facility investments last year, including the Eastern Seaboard and the energy-rich Gulf Coast states. As published in our traditional Governor's Cup rankings this month, nine of the top 10 states were shoreline states. In the new per-capita category, six of the top 10 had shoreline. However, among the top 10 metro areas for projects across three separate population categories, only six of the 30 areas were shoreline communities.
In addition to measuring economic activity in the more general coastal economy, the NOEP report examined employment, wages, and output from six sectors and 21 industries whose goods and services derive in one way or another from the oceans and Great Lakes. The six sectors are marine-related construction, living resources (fisheries, seafood processing), minerals (oil and gas activity), ship and boat building, tourism and recreation, and transportation (including warehousing, deep-sea freight, passenger transport and the recently booming sub-category of search and navigation equipment).
According to the NOEP report, "four of the five largest states in terms of ocean economy employment are also the four largest states in terms of total employment. These are Texas, California, Florida, and New York. California is the only state ranked in the top five states by employment for five of the six ocean economy sectors and also in the top five in ocean economy overall. The state of Washington ranks highly among states in living resources and ship & boat building because it is the center for the Northwest Pacific fisheries."
"Between 2007 and 2012, coastal states lost 3.8 million jobs, accounting for 80.5 percent of national job losses, but contributed an additional $260 billion to GDP, reflecting the faster recovery in GDP and slower recovery in employment."
Tourism and recreation is the largest employment sector in the ocean economy, comprising over 1.9 million jobs or 70 percent of all marine-related employment.
The other sectors account for 65 percent of contribution to GDP but only 30 percent of employment. Minerals had the most pronounced difference, with an ocean economy GDP contribution of 33 percent but an ocean economy employment share of just 5 percent. Its average employee contribution to GDP in 2010 was $606,000, while the average tourism and recreation employee contributed $46,000 to GDP.
"From 2005 to 2010, 41,000 jobs were added to the ocean economy, but these new jobs were offset by 43,647 jobs lost in the marine construction, ship & boat building, transportation and living resources sectors," says the report. "Overall employment over this period grew only 1.5 percent, and the tourism & recreation sector accounted for 85 percent of the new jobs."
During that same period, the ocean economy as a whole grew by $42.4 billion, with transportation accounting for 68 percent of that growth.
Shoreline Knowledge
Moving freight by ship still accounts for a huge share of the US coastal economy, including at Global Terminal in Bayonne, N.J. Currently at 100 acres (40 hectares), the terminal is the closest container terminal to the harbor entrance and claims to reduce transit times by two hours. Once the site's expansion project is complete later this year, the terminal will span over 167 acres (68 hectares) and feature a 2,700-ft. (823-m.) berth.
Photo courtesy of Global Container Terminals
The report notes that while the counties along America's ocean and Great Lakes comprise only 18 percent of the land area of the United States, they harbor 37 percent of US employment and 42 percent of total GDP.
"At 3.8 million square miles, the United States is the third largest country in the world," says the report. "But the waters contained within the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone [EEZ] cover an additional 1.4 million square miles, making the U.S. the country with the largest ocean area in the world, and this does not include the U.S. share of the Great Lakes."
This table from the NOEP report shows state growth in employment and in regional GDP from 2007-2012.
While that area encompasses pristine stretches of scenery and quaint small towns, the report is quick to note that it's the shoreline's cities that carry the bulk of the economic load. More than eight in 10 residents of coastal states live in a Metropolitan Statistical Area.
Here are some report highlights from 2010 statistics related to the ocean economy, and to the broader coastal economy:
Ocean Economy
In terms of states, the ocean economy would be the 25th largest state by employment and the 20th largest state by GDP, the same size as Colorado.
In terms of metropolitan areas, the ocean would be the 39th largest metropolitan area by employment, about the same size as Atlanta, and the 17th largest metropolitan area by GDP in the United States, slightly smaller than San Diego.
In terms of industries, the ocean economy supports employment almost two and half times larger than other natural resource industries such as farming, mining, and forest harvesting, which together employed 1.15 million in 2010.
Coastal Economy
"The coastal economy is primarily an urban economy and the distribution of economic activity along the coasts is driven significantly by forces affecting urban regions, most notably the spread of population and economic activity away from the city centers in the pattern that has come to be known as urban sprawl."
"The coastal economy had been the core of much of U.S. manufacturing in the past, but this has changed, and the coastal economy now produces primarily services."
Although employment decreased in all coastal geographies between 2007 and 2012, GDP continued to grow, albeit at a lower rate than before the recession. "Only two states (Alaska and Texas) showed employment growth in all coastal regions between 2007 and 2012, driven primarily by the oil industry," said the report. "Two states (Louisiana and New York) had employment growth in the coastal regions and state totals, with a decline in inland county employment for the period."
"Between 2007 and 2012, 17 states (Alabama, Alaska, Hawaii, Indiana, Louisiana, Maryland, Massachusetts, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Oregon, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, Texas, Virginia, and Washington) experienced GDP growth in all of the coastal regions. California and Georgia had GDP growth in shore-adjacent and coastal zone counties with declines for the state and inland GDP. Maine showed growth in its shore-adjacent counties only."
In the 30 coastal states:
Population was 255.8 million (82 percent of the US)
Employment was over 107.3 million (82 percent of the US)
GDP was $13 trillion (83 percent of the US)
Graph courtesy of the World Travel and Tourism Council
In the watershed counties of the coastal states:
Population was 162.3 million (52 percent of the US
Employment was 67 million (51 percent of the US)
GDP was $8.7 trillion (56 percent of the US)
In the shore-adjacent counties of the coastal states:
Population was 116.5 million people (37 percent of the US)
Employment was 48.8 million (37 percent of the US)
GDP was $6.6 trillion (42 percent of US GDP)
"This is where the real concentration of economic activity occurs," notes the report. "With 18 percent of the land area, the shore-adjacent counties account for 37 percent of the US population and 42 percent of the national economic output." Large-economy states including California, Florida, New Jersey, Washington, Massachusetts, and Illinois have between 50 percent and 90 percent of their employment in shore-adjacent counties.
IAMC Casts Vote in Favor of Tampa
The Tampa skyline is shining even brighter following recent large capital investments from several Fortune 500 firms.
Photo by Robert LaFollette
As the NOEP report indicates, metro areas drive the ocean economy. And while the Gulf Coast's energy activity is garnering the headlines, a metro area along that coast is doing its share in other areas as well.
In the same week that the Tampa Bay Buccaneers unveiled their new logo to much fanfare, community leaders in Tampa were celebrating an announcement of even greater significance. The Atlanta-based Industrial Asset Management Council's board of directors voted unanimously to award the Spring 2017 IAMC Professional Forum to Tampa. The decision means that about 500 high-ranking executives will descend upon Hillsborough County for five days of meaningful discussions focused on corporate real estate and economic development.
It's welcome news to community leaders' ears.
"All of the great things that are happening in and around Tampa are giving us great momentum right now," says Jennifer Mikosky, communications director for the Tampa-Hillsborough Economic Development Corp. "There has been a resurgence of activity in development in downtown Tampa. We have seen the development of the Riverwalk and Curtis Hixon Park. We have launched a new mixed-use district in Channelside. A lot of commercial growth is taking place there now."
With recent major job announcements from Amazon, Covidien, Bristol-Myers Squibb, USAA, and the Depository Trust & Clearing Corp., Tampa is on a roll. Amazon led all corporate investors in 2013 with a $204-million project, while USAA pumped $164 million into a facility investment.
Projects like these propelled Tampa to become the fastest-growing economy in Florida and 16th fastest-growing in the US last year. Tampa has also led Florida in job gains in nine of the last 10 months.
"There is no one community in America where all of the different technologies and big data are coming together into one economic eco-system," Mikosky says. "That is what we are trying to do here in Tampa." — Ron Starner
Population growth rate in non-shore-adjacent counties was almost twice that in shore-adjacent counties, the report notes, leading to an observation with import for site-searching executives: "The heavily developed nature of the areas near the shore means that expansion, particularly for residential development, is pushed further and further inland. At the same time, the size of the populations near the shore and the attractiveness of shoreline locations provide incentives for businesses to expand in those areas, even as the workforce commute from inland areas lengthens."
Travel & Tourism Remains Driver
The NOEP report says the most significant long-term trend in the ocean economy is the rise of tourism & recreation as its defining sector. And that's without even counting marine passenger transportation (which is categorized under transportation rather than tourism). It lists several reasons, including the fact that, despite declines in real income, "domestic travel and recreation has still been affordable to most people, and the oceans and Great Lakes have been a center for US vacations and leisure since the nineteenth century. The concentration of major metropolitan areas in coastal areas also contributes to the growth in components of tourism & recreation related to business travel."
NOEP says the growing importance of tourism & recreation in the ocean economy is also supported by studies in other countries. "In France, tourism is 'by far the largest sector of the marine and coastal economy in terms of turnover and employment' (Kalaydjian et al. 2005). The cruise ship industry in France is not only a major part of French ocean recreation, it is also a significant part of its ship building industry; a quarter of the large cruise ships built in 2005 were built in France."
The importance of travel and tourism was reinforced by a separately released economic impact report this week from the World Travel and Tourism Council that recognized the United States as a leader globally. The direct contribution of travel and tourism to US GDP in 2013 was $450.2 billion (2.7 percent of GDP).
"This is forecast to rise by 3.5 percent to US$465.8 billion in 2014," said the WTTC report. A separate report on business travel released in 2011 noted that the ROI for business travel in particular is 10:1 on a global basis— that is, one unit of incremental business travel spending produces incremental industry sales of 10 units. In the Americas, the average ROI was the highest in the world, at 12:1.
"The direct contribution of travel and tourism to GDP is expected to grow by 3.7 percent [per annum] to US$671.5 billion (3 percent of GDP) by 2024," said the newest WTTC report.
Economic multiplier effects don't account for the spinoff impact of a beach party like this one at Huntington Beach, Calif. But chances are, its participants don't really care.
Photo courtesy of Visit California
Adam Bruns
Managing Editor of Site Selection magazine
Adam Bruns has served as managing editor of Site Selection magazine since February 2002. In the course of reporting hundreds of stories for Site Selection, Adam has visited companies and communities around the globe. A St. Louis native who grew up in the Kansas City suburbs, Adam is a 1986 alumnus of Knox College, and resided in Chicago; Midcoast Maine; Savannah, Georgia; and Lexington, Kentucky, before settling in the Greater Atlanta community of Peachtree Corners, where he lives with his wife and daughter.
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text:
Ivor Bueb, född 6 juni 1923 i East Ham, London, död 1 augusti 1959 i Clermont-Ferrand, Frankrike, var en brittisk racerförare.

Racingkarriär
Buebs karriär startade i formel 3 för Cooper. Han körde sex formel 1-lopp mellan  och .

Bueb hade större framgång i sportvagnsracing och vann Le Mans 24-timmars två gånger, 1955 och 1957 med  Jaguar D-Type.

Bueb förolyckades i en formel 2-bil på Circuit de Charade 1959.

F1-karriär

|}

Källor

Födda 1923
Avlidna 1959
Brittiska racerförare
Brittiska Formel 1-förare
Le Mans 24-timmarsvinnare
Sportvagns-VM-förare
Brittiska F3-mästerskapsförare
Män


text:
Energy and Land Use: A Sober Look at the Space Needed to Power the Future
Jake Fogleman
Much of the conversation surrounding energy policy in Colorado these days has to do primarily with the emissions currently being produced and ways to continue reducing said emissions. The arguments over the role of various energy sources in getting to a decarbonized future are familiar at this point.
But there has been comparatively little discussion over the impact of that future on the state's land-use.
It's an underappreciated component of supplying energy, as the environmental impacts of a given resource extend far beyond atmospheric emissions. In order to function at scale, every resource from hydropower to natural gas requires land to generate effectively. That means taking land that would otherwise be used for some other purpose and devoting it to procuring energy for the state's residents.
In other words, there's a trade-off being made each time a new power station is built, and an opportunity cost incurred for the land being used in the generation process.
So how does each energy resource stack up on this front? And how can Colorado pursue an energy portfolio that is sufficiently concerned with the tradeoffs between decarbonization, reliability, AND efficient land use?
What the Data Show
A new paper from researchers Jessica Lovering, Marian Swain, Linus Blomqvist, and Rebecca R. Hernandez published in the journal PLoS One calculates the land-use intensity of energy (LUIE) of real-world generation sites for all major sources of electricity.
The researchers compared both the immediate footprint of a given resource—such as the land area of an individual wind turbine pad and its access road—as well as the total area within the perimeter of a full production site. The land area needed for the upstream production of fuel was also included for resources requiring fuel inputs (e.g. a coal plant).
The researchers then compared each electricity source based on the hectares of land occupied per terawatt-hour of electricity generated in a given year (ha/TWh/y). What they found was that nuclear power had the lowest median land-use intensity of any electricity generating resource capable of operating at scale, coming in at 7.1 ha/TWh/year.
For comparison, the researchers found that the median footprint of wind with spacing included is 12,000 ha/TWh/year and 2,000 for ground-mounted solar arrays. Fossil fuels ranged from 410 ha/TWh/year for natural gas to 1,000 for coal.
Land use intensity of electricity / in PLoS ONE: Jessica Lovering, Marian Swain, Linus Blomqvist, and Rebecca R. Hernandez
When each resource's greenhouse gas (GHG) footprint is included in the analysis, nuclear power again shines above the rest, coming in second only to rooftop solar in terms of land use intensity while still producing some of the fewest lifecycle GHG emissions of any electricity source.
And because there are inherent limits to how much onsite rooftop solar can scale up (there are only so many roofs on which to build), nuclear truly represents the only viable low-carbon, low-land use option for supplying mass amounts of energy to a large population.
Land use intensity of electricity by Lifecycle GHG Emissions / in PLoS ONE: Jessica Lovering, Marian Swain, Linus Blomqvist, and Rebecca R. Hernandez
Why Land Matters
The research provides key insight into what should be a major consideration as governments across the world continue to pledge enormous buildouts of renewable energy to meet lofty decarbonization goals by mid-century.
With those renewable pledges also comes an inchoate pledge to use up vast swaths of open space otherwise available for forest preservation and restoration, croplands for farming, pastureland for grazing livestock, future residential/commercial development, and outdoor recreation.
To put it into perspective at the macro-level, researchers at Princeton University have estimated that in order to meet President Biden's goal of a carbon-free economy run on renewables by 2050, it would require land five times the area of South Dakota in order to build out the requisite solar and wind projects.
Here in Colorado, policymakers spearheaded by Governor Jared Polis have set a goal of complete decarbonization in the state through renewables a full decade earlier, by 2040.
That will require converting an immense amount of open space into utility scale solar and wind projects in a relatively rapid time span. It also assumes that Coloradans will be on board with our state's breathtaking mountain vistas being overtaken by sprawling arrays of black polysilicon panels and immense steel turbines.
Here, China offers a glimpse of what that future might look like:
Solar panels installed on Taihang mountain in #China.
What happened to all the trees? pic.twitter.com/BiOK1kHR83
— Kal Patel (@KalPatel) January 30, 2022
Energy NIMBYism
To be clear, this is not a call for an embrace of NIMBY (not-in-my-backyard) impulses, which in many cases can be quite harmful to efficient and desperately needed development (see housing crisis).
But it is simply an acknowledgment of a political reality: people may express support for an idea in concept—such as an unprecedented build out of distributed renewable energy generation—but end up fighting it tooth and nail once they realize practical implications of such a build out on the natural landscape, wildlife biodiversity, or other downstream concerns that they might care about. This goes double for a state like Colorado where residents understandably care very deeply about the natural beauty, wildlife, and outdoor recreational activities available in the state.
Even the ostensibly climate-concerned have embraced NIMBYism on several occasions to halt renewable energy projects in order to preserve landscapes and protect species biodiversity.
In acknowledgment of this fact of human nature, a proper cost-benefit analysis would consider future land-use requirements in the process of resource planning for a state looking to undergo an "energy transition" as it grows in population.
In completing such an analysis, nuclear's land-use advantages, combined with its emissions-free ability to produce electricity 24-hours a day, would reveal it to be a prime candidate for a state concerned with a decarbonized future.
Boosting nuclear's case in this instance are innovative new companies such as NuScale, Oklo, TerraPower, and Rolls Royce who are continuing to develop scaled-down nuclear reactors with even more promise on the space efficiency front.
A successful showing from these advanced nuclear entrepreneurs could pave the way for an enormous deployment of reliable emissions-free electricity with a tiny footprint.
And because of nuclear power's superior energy density and siting flexibility, there will be less of a need for new transmission line build outs—projects that often come with their own share of NIMBY resistance—in order to get large amounts of generated power to where it is used.
This is especially the case with the next-generation advanced nuclear technology, such as small-modular reactors, which in many cases can be integrated directly into retiring fossil fuel plants to make use of existing transmission infrastructure.
Nuclear's Upshot
None of this is to say that future nuclear plants would not be met with similar opposition from NIMBY-preservationist impulses. Indeed, a plan to replace the retiring Comanche 3 coal plant in Pueblo with SMR technology was scuttled by NIMBY backlash from local residents earlier this year.
And though there have been some promising trends in terms of public acceptance, a divide still exists along political lines when it comes to attitudes toward nuclear power, creating another potential source of local opposition in more partisan communities.
According to a May 2022 survey from Gallup:
Currently, 39% of Democrats versus 60% of Republicans and 53% of independents favor nuclear energy. The 21-percentage-point gap between Republicans and Democrats is similar to the average for the past two decades…
Sixty-three percent of men versus 39% of women are in favor of using nuclear energy for electricity.
Support by education ranges from 57% of college graduates to 50% of those with some college experience and 45% of those with no college.
A 57% majority of adults 55 and older favor nuclear energy, compared with half of 18- to 34-year-olds and 45% of those aged 35 to 54.
But a lower land use intensity for nuclear combined with the amount of energy its capable of producing makes those battles fewer and farther in between compared to more land-extensive resources. According to the U.S. Department of Energy, a single typical commercial nuclear reactor produces as much electricity as over 3 million solar panels or more than 430 wind turbines, even without accounting for capacity factor (where nuclear also excels).
Prudent planning for a growing state's energy future is a difficult undertaking. As with most policy considerations, there are no solutions. There are only tradeoffs. But a full accounting of the relevant tradeoffs cannot be made until land-use is just as central to the debate over Colorado's future energy mix as other concerns like emissions, operating costs, material inputs, etc.
And on that variable at least, there truly is no competition for nuclear when it comes to achieving zero-carbon, baseload power with only a modest physical footprint.
Jared Polis
LUIE


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