2003-10-27 Application filed by Symbol Technologies, Inc. filed Critical Symbol Technologies, Inc.
Methods and systems for the negotiation of a population of RFID tags (120) with improved security is provided. In one aspect, a binary traversal is performed to singulate tags without using information that directly identifies the tags (102) in the tag population. A key is generated to identify each RFID tag of the population of RFID tags. The generated key does not include bits identifying an item with which the particular RFID tag is associated. A binary tree algorithm is operated to identify one or more tags in the population of RFIDs tags using the generated keys. In another aspect, frequency hopping and/or spread spectrum techniques are used to provide improved security while negotiating tags. In another aspect, the reader (104) causes the tags to scroll series of bits back to the reader for each bit sent to the tags to provide improved security.
(RFID) tags, and more particularly to secure negotiation of a population of RFID tags.
 In a second security problem, an undesired third party can fool or "spoof an RFID reader into broadcasting the identification number of a tag in order to collect it. For example, in such a situation, the undesired third party responds to broadcasts of a reader. The undesired third party transmits false tag responses to the reader to cause bit collisions that thereby cause the reader to broadcast the identification number bits.  Thus, what is needed is a way of communicating with tags on an open-air communication channel, while protecting tag data, such as the tag identification number.
 For example, a method of secure negotiation of a population of RFID tags is implemented so that a complete tag number is not transmitted over the air. The steps in the method can include the following: (1) operating a binary tree algorithm to identify an RFTD tag in a population of RFIDs tags; (2) receiving bits from one or more of said population of said RFID tags during said binary tree algorithm; and (3) echoing said received bits back to said population of RFLD tags only at forks in said binary tree algorithm.
(RFID) tag is described. The tag includes an antenna, a modulator, a first storage, and a second storage. The modulator is coupled to the antenna. The modulator is configured to backscatter modulate bits received from the antenna with response bits. The first storage stores a first bit pattern (i.e., first key) that defines an identification number. The second storage stores a second bit pattern (i.e., second key) that does not include bits identifying an item with which the RFID tag is associated. A first bit combination received from a reader causes the tag to respond to a binary traversal with the first bit pattern. The second bit combination received from the reader causes the tag to respond to a binary traversal with the second bit pattern.
 In another aspect of the present invention, a method and system for a radio frequency identification (RFID) reader to communicate with a population of RFID tags with improved security is presented. Each tag in the population stores a corresponding first key, which can be an identification number, and which includes a first bit pattern. A first at least one bit is transmitted to the population of tags to cause tags to respond to a binary traversal operation with a second bit pattern. A substantially constant signal is transmitted to the population of tags. A plurality of bits of the second bit pattern are received from a first tag during transmission of the substantially constant signal. The transmission of the substantially constant signal to the population of tags is terminated by the reader to stop the first tag from transmitting further bits of the second bit pattern. A substantially constant signal can be repeatedly transmitted to the tags, and terminated, in order to receive additional pluralities of bits from the first tag.  In another aspect of the present invention, frequency hopping techniques and/or spread spectrum techniques can be used by the reader to improve security.  These and other objects, advantages and features will become readily apparent in view of the following detailed description of the invention.
 The accompanying drawings, which are incorporated herein and form a part of the specification, illustrate the present invention and, together with the description, further serve to explain the principles of the invention and to enable a person skilled in the pertinent art to make and use the invention.  FIG. 1 is a block diagram of an environment where one or more tag readers commumcate with one or more tags, according to an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 2 is a block diagram illustrating an architectural overview of communication between one ore more readers and one or more tags, according to an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 3A is a block diagram of an illustrative tag according to an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 3B illustrates an example unique tag identification number.
 FIG. 4 is a state diagram illustrating various operating states of an RFID tag, according to an embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 5 shows a flowchart providing example steps for a reader to communicate with a population of RFID tags with improved security using bit scrolling, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.  FIG. 6 shows a signal diagram representing an example communication between a reader and tag, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.
 FΪG. 7 shows an example tag that includes a second storage element for storing the bit pattern of a second key, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
 FIGS. 10A and 10B show flowcharts providing example steps for a reader to commumcate with a population of RFID tags with improved security, using a second key, according to example embodiments of the present invention.
 Before describing the present invention in detail, it may be helpful to describe an example environment in which the invention may be implemented. This example environment is shown for illustrative purposes, and the present invention is not limited to this environment. FIG. 1 illustrates an environment 100 where one or more RFID tag readers 104 communicate with an exemplary population of RFID tags 120, according to the present invention. As shown in FIG. 1, the population of tags 120 includes seven tags 102a-102g. According to embodiments of the present invention, a population of tags 120 may include any number of tags 102. In some embodiments, a very large numbers of tags 102 may be included in a population of tags 120, including hundreds, thousands, or even more.
 According to the present invention, signals 110 and 112 are exchanged between a reader 104 and the tags 102 according to one or more interrogation protocols. An exemplary interrogation protocol is the binary tree traversal protocol described below. Signals 110 and 112 are wireless signals, such as radio frequency (RF) transmissions. Upon receiving a signal 110, a tag 102 may produce a responding signal 112 by alternatively reflecting and absorbing portions of signal 110 according to a time-based pattern or frequency. This technique for alternatively absorbing and reflecting signal 110 is referred to herein as backscatter modulation. The present invention is also applicable to RFID tags that communicate in other ways.  FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an example RFID system 200 providing communications between one or more readers 104 and tags 102, according to an embodiment of the present invention. RFID system 200 includes a user application domain 290, a network of readers 104a-n, and one or more tags 102. Note that the invention is applicable to a single reader, as well as to a plurality of readers coupled in a network, as shown in FIG. 2. Hence, although "reader" is often referred to herein, it should be understood that the present invention is applicable to any number of readers in any configuration as required by a particular application.
210. A variety of antenna configurations are available. For example, in an embodiment, reader 104a can be directly connected to up to four antennas (e.g., antennas 210a-210d). In another example embodiment, reader 104b is coupled to and controls a multiplexer. A multiplexer allows for a greater number of antennas to be switched to a single antenna port of the reader. In this way reader 104b may accommodate a greater number of antennae.
 User application domain 290 may include one or more user applications.
User applications may communicate with one or more readers 104 via a communications network or data link. A reader may receive requests regarding one or more tags 102 from the user application domain 290. For example, an application may request a reader 104 to interrogate a population of tags.
 FIG. 3 A is a block diagram of a tag 102, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. Tag 102 includes a RF interface portion 310, a state machine 320, a data storage section 330, and an antenna 345. Data storage section 330 may include one or more memory elements as required by a particular application. Data storage section 330 stores information used by tag 102 to communicate with reader 104. In an embodiment, information stored in data storage module 330 includes a storage element 332.
 RF interface portion 310, together with one or more tag antennas 345, provides a bi-directional communications interface with reader 104. RF interface portion 310 receives RF signals from reader 104 through antenna(s) 345 and demodulates the signals into digital information symbols. RF interface portion 310 includes a modulator 340 that modulates digital information symbols into RF signals to be received and interpreted by reader 104. For example, modulator 340 may "backscatter" bits of information onto the RF signal received from reader 104 to respond with information to reader 104.  State machine 320 may include logic, a processor, and/or other components that control the operation of tag 102. State machine 320 receives demodulated information symbols from RF interface portion 310. State machine 320 also accesses information in data storage section 330 as needed. In an embodiment, state machine 320 is implemented with digital circuitry, such as logic gates. Further details regarding state machine 320 are provided below with reference to FIG. 4.
 Events can be triggered by detection of edges in the transmission from reader 104, by passage of a defined period of time, or by a combination of both edge detection and time passage. Examples of events include master reset event, master dormant event, and a data "NULL."
 FIG. 4 illustrates various operating states in a state diagram for tag 102, according to an embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 4, each operating state is shown as an oval, and transitions between operating states are shown as connections between the ovals. The transitions are annotated with text that describes a corresponding event.  The paragraphs below describe the operating states and the respective transitions shown in FIG. 4. These particular states and transitions are presented by way of example only. Additional and alternative operating states, transitions, and transition causing events can be employed without departing from the spirit and scope of the present invention.
 In calibration state 404, tag 102 initializes its timing circuitry. In an embodiment, in calibration state 404, tag 102 will not generate logical symbols "0," or "1" as they have not yet been defined. Instead, in calibration 4, tag 102 performs an oscillator calibration procedure and a data calibration procedure. The oscillator calibration procedure involves tag 102 receiving multiple oscillator calibration pulses from reader 104, defined herein as edge transition (data) events. Specific timing is provided between edge transition events. Similarly, the data calibration procedure involves tag 102 receiving multiple data calibration pulses from reader 104. Data calibration results in the definition of data symbols used in communication between the reader and the tag.
 After successful completion of the oscillator calibration procedure, which results in a tuned oscillator, and the data calibration procedure, which results in defined data symbols, tag 102 expects to receive defined data symbols from the reader 104. The data symbols are defined as data "0," data "1," and data "NULL." Master reset and master dormant events may occur at any time, and are immediately processed after occurring.
 After successful completion of the calibration procedures, tag 102 receives a data element from the reader. In a preferred embodiment, the data element is a single bit. For example, receipt of a logical "0" data element directs tag 102 to enter global mode set state 406. Receipt of a logical "NULL" directs tag 102 to enter the tree start state 408, skipping global mode state 406. This receipt of a logical "0" or "NULL" causes tag 102 to ignore its read status, as indicated by the confirmed read flag 334. In this way, the reader can address all tags in a population 120, even tags that have previously been read. However, receipt of a logical "1" directs tag 102 to evaluate a confirmed read flag. In such an evaluation, if the confirmed read flag has been set (i.e., indicating that the tag has already been read), tag 102 transitions to dormant state 402. If the confirmed read flag is not set, tag 102 transitions to global mode set state 406. Thus, by sending a logical "1," the reader can read only those tags that have not been read.
 Modulator divisor control mode controls the frequency in which modulator 340 of the tag will modulate backscatter. In an embodiment of the present invention, this mode is based on an initial frequency of 2.5 MHz for a data "0" and 3.75 MHz for a data "1." Alternatively, other initial frequencies can be used as would be appreciated by persons skilled in the relevant art(s). Backscatter harmonic limiter mode, when implemented, limits the energy of backscatter harmonics. This limitation reduces the effective emissions from the tag on frequencies above the fundamentals. Backscatter power regulator control mode limits the amount of backscatter power in the fundamental frequency of modulation that is reflected by the antenna attached to the tag.
 As described above, in an embodiment, a tag 102 receives "modes" from the reader 104 in the form of a series of bits. Each mode corresponds to a bit in the series of bits. Thus, a tag recognizes each mode by the location of the corresponding bit in the series of bits. The order of modes in the series of bits can be predefined in the tags during manufacturing of the tags, or can be otherwise defined. Future modes may be defined and assigned to open bits in the sequence, although these can alternatively be defined "on the fly." In an embodiment, the tag will default (power on reset) to the bit value "0" for all modes prior to accepting the first bit in the sequence. In this way, global mode settings are a variable amount of bits. Global modes may be completely omitted in operation if all default values are acceptable for operation.
"NULL" data element. During tree start state 408, tag 102 expects a command from reader 104 in the form of a data symbol. In an embodiment, the command is a single bit. For example, receipt of a logical "0" symbol directs tag 102 to enter tree traversal state 410. However, receipt of a logical "1" symbol directs tag 102 to enter mute state 412. In an embodiment, receipt of a logical "NULL" symbol does not effect the state of tag 102 in tree start state.
 Tag 102 may enter mute state 412 from tree fraversal state 410 or tree start state 408. For example, tag 102 may enter mute state 412 from tree fraversal state after an unsuccessful negotiation of its tag identification number. In mute state 412, tag 102 receives data from reader 104. However, when in mute state 412, tag 102 provides no responses to reader 104. Thus, mute state 412 disables tag 102 from responding to a particular request for an identification number.
104, tag 102 enters command state 416. In an embodiment, receipt of a logical "NULL" symbol does not effect the state of tag 102 in command start state 414.
 Note that during tree traversal operations, one or more tags 102 may be active and in tree traversal state 410, or temporarily inactive and in mute state 412. Any other tags that have been processed (i.e., confirmed read) will be in dormant state 402. Reader 104 may collectively address the full population of tags 120 through implicit instructions. This means that upon receipt of a certain symbol, a tag will determine the instruction based upon its current state. Thus, a tag does not have to receive a complete "explicit" instruction to perform functions, causing less data (e.g., long bit length explicit instructions) to need to be transferred and saving transfer time. For example, reader 104 may send a logical "NULL" symbol to the population of tags. Those tags that are in mute state 412 will transition to tree start state 408. If the "NULL" is received at the bit in the traversal corresponding to the identification number length, then any tag in tree traversal state will transition to command start state 414. If the "NULL" is not received at the bit of the fraversal corresponding to the identification number length, then any tag in tree traversal state will transition to mute state 412. Implicit instructions are also used when a fully negotiated tag is in command start state 414 or command state 416 and one or more tags are inactive and in mute state 412.
 When operating in command state 416, tag 102 receives a command from reader 104. The command consists of multiple bits. In an embodiment of the present invention, the command is 8 bits in length, although in other embodiments, the command can have other lengths. Command state 416 allows reader 104 to initiate features and functions on a tag, after the tag has been identified via a successful binary tree traversal. Tag 102 may transition from command state 416 to command mute state 418 upon occurrence of an event 468. In an embodiment, event 468 is defined as the detection of communications errors witbin a command or a request for an unknown or disabled function. Tag 102 returns to command start state 414 upon receipt of a logical "NULL" symbol from the reader.  Command mute state 418 is similar in function to mute state 412. When operating in command mute state 418, tag 102 receives data but does not respond. Tag 102 may return to command start state 414 from command mute state 418 upon receipt of a data "NULL."
"0", and the other frequency for a data "1". In such a manner, many tags can simultaneously and non-destructively communicate a data 0. For example, it is not important that the reader cannot differentiate a single data 0 from multiple data 0's, just that there exists a data 0. Alternatively, for example, a tag response may be defined by two time periods, one time period for "0", and the other for  In an embodiment, the binary tree traversal process eliminates tags from commumcation until only one tag with a unique number is isolated and verified. As described above, each level in the binary free represents a bit position in the tag identification number. As the reader proceeds through nodes (and levels) in the binary free, it directs a subset of the population of tags to remain active and a subset of the population of tags to go inactive. The reader may send out a bit or combination of bits in a signal to cause the tags to begin a binary traversal, as described above. The tags then respond with the first bit of their identification number. The reader then determines which branch of the binary tree to follow. For example, the reader may select a "0" bit as the first bit of interest. The reader transmits the "0" bit. Tags that last sent a "0" bit remain active; those that did not will go inactive. This process continues, where the reader selects one of the "0" and "1" branches of the binary tree. Statistically, on each bit exchange, one half of the tag population will go inactive. This process continues until the reader reaches a node in the last level of the binary free and results in a unique tag isolation and elimination. This process can be repeated until each tag in the population of tags is isolated.
 For more information concerning binary free traversal methodology, and, more generally, communication between an RFID reader and a population of RFID tags in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention, see U.S. Patent No. 6,002,544, entitled "System and Method for Electronic Inventory" which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety, and the following co- pending U.S. Patent Applications, each of which is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety: Application Ser. No. 09/323,206, filed June 1, 1999, entitled "System and Method for Electronic Inventory," Attorney Docket No. 1689.0010001; Application Ser. No. 10/072,885, filed February 12, 2002, entitled "Method, System and Apparatus for Binary Traversal of a Tag Population," Attorney Docket No. 1689.0210001; and Application Ser. No. 10/073,000, filed February 12, 2002, entitled "Method, System and Apparatus for Communicating with a RFID Tag Population," Attorney Docket No. 1689.0260000.
 According to an embodiment of the present invention, an "implied scroll" is used to provide for improved security during communications between readers and tags. According to this embodiment, a tag "scrolls" by transmitting multiple response bits during a single response interval provided by the reader, instead of the normal single bit response. The reader transmits a substantially constant output signal during which each participating tag scrolls multiple response bits in series to the reader. The reader monitors the scrolling series of response bits from the tag(s), and determines when to terminate the response of the tag(s). The reader can terminate the response of the tag(s) by ending the substantially constant output signal. After ending the response of the tag(s), the reader can transmit one or more subsequent substantially constant output signals to cause further bit scrolling, and/or can commence the interchange of single bits with the tag(s) through a binary traversal operation.
 In an embodiment, tags can "scroll" or transmit serial streams of bits to the reader in response to an explicit command received from the reader, such as a command bit string. In an alternative embodiment, tags can be caused to scroll bits to the reader by an implied command of the reader. For example, in an embodiment, after the tag transmits a first response bit, the tag waits for a next bit (i.e., a forward link symbol) from the reader. If the tag continues to receive substantially constant/continuous power from the reader for longer than a specific interval, the tag can recognize this as an implicit command to modulate its next response bit back to the reader. The tag can continue to modulate further response bits back to the reader as long as the tag keeps receiving the continuous power signal from the reader. In this manner, a tag can scroll multiple bits to a reader without further intervention from the reader.
 FIG. 5 shows a flowchart 500 providing example steps for a reader to communicate with a population of RFID tags with improved security, using bit scrolling, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. Other structural and operational embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the following discussion. The steps of FIG. 5 are described in detail below, with reference to FIG. 6. FIG. 6 shows a signal diagram 600 representing an example communication between a reader and tag, according to an example embodiment of the present invention.  Flowchart 500 begins with step 502. In step 502, a first bit is fransmitted to the population of tags. For example, the first bit can be transmitted by the reader to begin a binary fraversal, or can be any bit within a binary traversal tree. For example, FIG. 6 shows an example first reader bit 602 transmitted by a reader. In the example of FIG. 6, first reader bit 602 is represented by a low signal fransmitted by the reader for specific period of time. For illustrative purposes, the signal shown fransmitted by the reader in FIG. 6 is shown in logical form, without a carrier frequency, etc.
 In step 506, a plurality of bits are received from a first tag during transmission of the substantially constant signal. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, a first tag response is shown as first tag response 606a (shown in FIG. 6 as modulating substantially constant signal portion 604 with three cycles of a response backscatter frequency). For instance, first tag response 606a is a normal response of a tag during a binary traversal after receiving a reader bit, first reader bit 602. As shown in FIG. 6, the tag waits a specific time interval 608a from responding with first tag response 606a (or from any other reference point). After specific time interval 608a expires, the tag responds (i.e., scrolls) with a next bit, second tag response 606b. The tag makes this response due to the implied command from the reader, which merely maintains substantially constant signal portion 604. In a likewise manner, after expiration of a second specific time interval 608b, the tag responds (i.e., scrolls) with still another bit, third tag response 606c. Once again, the tag makes this response due to the implied command from the reader, which merely maintains substantially constant signal portion 604.
 Such an implied scroll procedure can be useful to enhance binary traversals of tag populations. For example, a length of time required to perform a binary traversal can be reduced. For instance, in an embodiment, during a binary traversal, a reader can transmit bits at nodes in a binary free where the reader knows that both the "0" and "1" branches of the tree from the node are populated with tags. At other nodes, the reader can allow the tag(s) to scroll bits. If the reader receives both "0" and "1" responses simultaneously from tags, then the reader can terminate the scroll by transmitting a bit that directs which branch the binary traversal at this binary tree "fork" will take. Because binary trees are frequently sparsely populated, an ID number having a large number of bits (e.g., such as 80 bits) can be isolated by the reader only having to transmit much fewer bits (e.g., 3 or 4 bits) to resolve bit collisions/forks in the binary tree, and scrolling through the remaining nodes of the binary tree.
"spoof a reader into revealing complete tag ID numbers. The unwanted third party can transmit a false tag response to cause bit collisions and thus force the reader to transmit bits to resolve the collision. The unwanted third party receives the bits from the reader, and sends out false response signals multiple times to piece together one or more ID numbers of the tag population. Given enough time, the unwanted third party could potentially "spoof out" the entire tag population binary tree.
 For RFID systems that desire improved security but use only one or a few readers, the random frequency hop technique will not be as robust. In an embodiment, to provide an improved system, a reader can fransmit a direct sequence spread spectrum signal. In a preferred embodiment, the direct spreading sequence is random. Similarly to the tags, an unwanted third party could listen in on the reader transmission (i.e., the forward link) with a wide band receiver. To spoof a tag, the exact spreading sequence must be known by the unwanted third party before the transmission of the reader is received. The unwanted third party will most likely be receiving and transmitting at a relatively great distance. Thus, even if the unwanted third party can receive the reader transmissions and quickly transmit a modulated replica, the phase shift caused by the propagation delay will likely prevent the reader from de-spreading the unwanted third party's spoofing signal properly. As a result, the spoofing signal will be spread over a wider band than a true tag response, and will be ignored.
 In another embodiment of the present invention, a binary tree traversal provides for improved security. According to the present embodiment, a binary number of a tag, other than the tag identification number, is used for negotiating a binary traversal. Furthermore, this binary number, or "second key," contains no application data. In other words, the binary number returned to the reader by the tag does not contain information that can be correlated with, or can be used to identify the object to which the tag is associated. By not transmitting application data to the reader, a tag singulation (i.e., isolation of a single tag) by the reader can occur with security maintained over any information about the item to which the tag is attached. In embodiments, several types of binary numbers can be used in tags to provide varying degrees of security, with different performance tradeoffs.
I alternative embodiments, as described below, the second key can be the same length as or longer than the first key. FIG. 7 shows an example tag 700 that includes a second storage element 702 for storing the bit pattern of the second key, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
 The second key can include a single bit pattern, or plurality of combined bit patterns. According to an example embodiment of the present invention, encoding of the second key is broken up into several portions or sections. Each section provides additional uniqueness. For example, a first portion is used as a minimum level of statistical uniqueness in the expected population of tags. For instance, in an expected population of 1024 tags, 10 bits for a first portion is an absolute minimum. Furthermore, additional bits can be added for probability and error detection schemes. Hence, for an example population of 1024 tags, 16 - 24 bits may be used in the first portion. In many cases, a broadcast of this many bits in such a tag population would result in isolation of a single tag. If it is determined that transmission of this many bits does not isolate a tag, then a second portion of the second key can be negotiated, and so on until isolation of a tag is obtained.
1 as the second key, a second tag is assigned a binary number 2 as the second key, and so on. These numbers could be assigned when the tags are manufactured, or at any time later. Such a number could be stored in storage 702, such as shown in FIG. 7, for example. However, second keys assigned in the manner may yield information about the tags if detected by an unwanted third party. This is because a range of numbers assigned to a particular population of tags may be known (e.g., by the unwanted third party) to have been produced in a certain date range, or sold for a specific purpose. Thus, knowing such information about the tags, and having determined the numbers assigned to the tags by eavesdropping, an unwanted third party may be able to deduce information about the objects to which the tags are associated. Thus, although this is a relatively simple solution, some information about the items to which the tags are attached may be undesirably gained through eavesdropping measures.
 Note that the second key can be assigned to be a fixed pseudo-random number. Preferably, the second key is assigned a bit pattern that is non-correlated with the bit pattern of the first key. For example, the second key can be assigned a bit pattern that includes bits corresponding to a location on the wafer in which the integrated circuit chip of the RFID tag was formed. For example, the bit pattern could include bits indicating an X-Y location of the chip on the wafer, or a number of the chip in the wafer. The bit pattern could further include a unique number corresponding to the particular wafer from the chip was removed, to further correlate the second key with the wafer. In another example, the bit pattern of the second key can include bits corresponding to a time stamp, such as a time that the tag was manufactured, a time that the chip was produced, or other relevant time stamp. In another example, the bit pattern of the second key could include a portion of the bit pattern of the first key. For example, the second key could include bits of the identification number of the tag. In another example, the bit pattern of the second key could include cyclic redundancy check (CRC) processed bits related to the tag, and/or bits processed according to any other error checking algorithm. In another example, bits of the second key could be hashed according to a hashing code. In further embodiments, any combination of these bit patterns can be used in the second key, along with any other bit pattem(s), as desired.
 (C) Dynamically generated numbers: The use of dynamically generated numbers for each tag is relatively even more secure against eavesdropping and spoofing. In this embodiment, the second key can be changed each time the population of tags is negotiated or addressed in a binary traversal operation. Because of this, an outside eavesdropping system could not tell whether a new second key fransmitted by a tag applies to a new item, or to an existing item that is being read again with a new second key. Thus, in this embodiment, the number of items present cannot be readily determined, as in the embodiment of (B) described above.
 FIG. 8 shows an example tag 800 that includes a random number generator or random bit pattern generator 802, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. In an embodiment, random bit pattern generator 802 can generate a random number or bit pattern for the second key having a known fixed length, or alternatively, can generate a random number of any length, as dictated by the reader. Thus, in some embodiments, tags can have a flexible bit length second key, as determined by the reader. In this manner, the reader can cause the tag to respond with any numbers of bits, including bits the Is, 10s, 100s, 1000s, and any other length ranges, until the reader decides to request no further bits.
 Furthermore, in an embodiment, the second key generated by random bit pattern generator 802 can be stored in a second storage element 804, when present. Alternatively, in an embodiment, the second key is not stored, and is transmitted by the tag bit-by-bit as it is generated by random bit pattern generator 802. Thus, in such an embodiment, second storage element 804 is not present. Such an embodiment is useful when a tag fransmits a different second key each time it is negotiated, and or transmits a second key with variable length. Any type of random bit pattern generator can be used for random bit pattern generator 802, including an oscillator, a combination of logic gates, or other type of random bit pattern generator known to persons skilled in the relevant art(s).
 A tradeoff with using a dynamically generated number is that in order for the reader to know what item a tag is attached to, after reading the second key, the first key of the tag must be read. However, because the tag was already isolated using the secure second key, the reader can transmit a command to the tag to transmit the first key (e.g., identification number) to the reader, rather than the reader transmitting the first key to the tag, as during a normal binary fraversal. Thus, only the response of the tag, such as a backscatter type response, will contain the first key.
 The approach of (C) above solves several problems. For example, when negotiating using a bit to bit approach, such as in a binary free fraversal, information in the first key is essentially broadcast on the reader transmit channel (i.e., forward link), which is a relatively high powered channel (i.e., high power is required to activate the passive tag). Such a signal may be easily eavesdropped upon from a fairly long distance (hundreds of feet). After repeated scans of a tag population by readers, random noise, or inserted noise (spoofing), can eventually cause all or a significant portion of the first keys of the tags to be transmitted on the forward link. However, in an embodiment, the present invention provides that the first key is not transmitted by the reader in the forward link. Instead, the second key, which can be much shorter than the first key, and can be devoid of item related information (i.e., is non-correlated to the attached object), is fransmitted by the reader in the forward link. If desired, the reader can then have the singulated tag transmit its first key in the "backward" link (i.e., tag to reader). Because the responses of a tag are much lower power than transmissions of a reader, the responses are much more difficult for an unwanted third party to eavesdrop in on. Thus, even though the tag transmits the first key to the reader, this backward link fransmission is much more difficult to detect, allowing for improved security over having the reader fransmit the first key in the forward link.
 Item level information that is of security concern (i.e., first key information) is not fransmitted as part of the tag negotiation process of the present invention because a non-correlated second key is instead used.  Thus, advantages of the present invention include providing the capability to read item identification numbers securely, from a reader transmit/broadcast perspective. Additionally, in static applications (such as inventory), much better efficiency can be obtained using the shorter second key, while keeping item identification numbers (i.e., first keys) private from competitors or other unwanted third parties.
 In step 908, the identification number is fransmitted.
 In step 914, a series of bits is received from the reader. For example, as described above, the reader fransmits bits to the tag.
 In another embodiment, step 904 can include the step where the next bit of the second bit pattern is randomly generated. For example, the bit values can be generated by a random bit pattern generator, such as random bit pattern generator 802 shown in FIG. 8. The generated bit values can be stored in storage 804, or alternatively, are not stored, but are immediately transmitted by the tag to the reader in response to the binary fraversal operation. Thus, in a subsequent binary fraversal operation, the tag would newly generate each bit of the second bit pattern.  FIG. 10A shows a flowchart 1000 providing example steps for a reader to communicate with a population of RFID tags with improved security, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. In the example of flowchart 1000, each tag of the population of tags stores a corresponding identification number (i.e., a first key) which is defined by a first bit pattern. Other structural and operational embodiments will be apparent to persons skilled in the relevant art(s) based on the following discussion. The steps of FIG. 10A are described in detail below.
 In step 1004, a binary traversal operation is performed to singulate a first tag of the population of tags.  Steps 1006, 1008, and 1010 are optional, according to further example embodiments of the present invention.  In step 1006, the first tag is caused to fransmit its identification number.
 FIG. 10B shows example steps for step 904, according to an example embodiment of the present invention. As shown in the embodiment of FIG. 10B, step 1004 can include steps 1012 and 1014.  In step 1012, a series of bits is fransmitted to the population of tags.
 In step 1014, a corresponding bit of the second bit pattern is received from the first tag in response to each bit of the series of bits. Note that many tags of the population of tags may be responding to bits of the series of bits transmitted by the reader. However, eventually, only a single tag will respond, becoming the singulated tag.  In an embodiment, in step 1010, the reader transmits a predetermined number of bits. For example, the number of bits may be predetermined to be sufficient to identify tags within a communication range of the reader. For example, as described above, to negotiate 1024 tags, 10 bits are required for uniqueness. Thus, the reader may fransmit 10 or more bits in the series of bits. Note that in embodiments, however, there is no limit on the number of bits a reader may fransmit in the series of bits, including in the Is, 10s, 100s, and 1000s of bits, to singulate a tag.
16 bits may be chosen as the length of the second key for the tags. Thus, in this example, the reader could fransmit 16 bits to likely singulate a tag. However, in this example, the reader could fransmit fewer than 16 bits if it is predetermined that fewer than 16 bits will identify a single tag within communication range. Alternatively, the reader may desire to transmit bits additional to 16 bits to singulate a tag, in embodiments where tags are configured to have flexible bit lengths for the second key.
RFID negotiations can be combined in any manner, as desired for a particular application. For example, in an embodiment, a reader may negotiate a population of tags. The tags may be instructed by the reader to respond with a second bit pattern during the negotiation that is not correlated with their identification number (e.g., their EPC number). The reader may negotiate the population of tags using a binary traversal. Once the reader singulates a tag, the reader can use the implied scroll function to cause the tag to send its identification number to the reader. Thus, this embodiment provides enhanced security because a non- correlated number is negotiated, and because the tag identification number is sent to the reader on the "backward" link, which is lower power. Furthermore, such a singulation of a tag, and receipt of the tag's identification number can occur very rapidly. Because during the implied scroll, a reader does not transmit edges, and therefore the tag does not have to wait for edges, the identification number of the tag can be scrolled to the reader very rapidly. For instance, in an example embodiment, the tag can fransmit its identification number (or other information) during an implied scroll three times faster than communications can occur during a binary fraversal.  Further combinations of the embodiments described herein are also within the scope and spirit of the present invention, as would be understood by persons skilled in the relevant art(s) from the teachings herein.
2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b) comprises: reading the second bit pattern from storage in the tag.
3. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b) comprises: randomly generating a bit value for each bit of the second bit pattern.
9. A radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, comprising: an antenna; a modulator coupled to said antenna, wherein said modulator is configured to backscatter modulate bits received from said antenna with response bits; a first storage that stores a first bit pattern that defines an identification number; and a second storage that stores a second bit pattern that does not include bits identifying an item with which the RFID tag is associated; wherein a first bit combination received from a reader causes said tag to respond to a binary fraversal with the first bit pattern; and wherein a second bit combination received from the reader causes said tag to respond to a binary fraversal with the second bit pattern.
11. The RFID tag of claim 10, further comprising: a random bit pattern generator that generates said second bit pattern.
20. A radio frequency identification (RFID) tag, comprising: an antenna; a modulator coupled to said antenna, wherein said modulator is configured to backscatter modulate bits received from said antenna with response bits; a storage that stores a bit pattern that defines an identification number; and a random bit pattern generator that generates said second bit pattern; wherein a first bit combination received from a reader causes said tag to respond to a binary traversal with the first bit pattern; and wherein a second bit combination received from the reader causes said tag to respond to a binary traversal with bits generated by said random bit pattern generator.
(c) after step (b), causing the first tag to fransmit its identification number.
24. The method of claim 21 , wherein the series of bits includes a number of bits predetermined to be sufficient to identify tags within a communication range of the reader, wherein step (1) comprises: transmitting the predetermined number of bits to the population of tags.
25. A method in a radio frequency identification (RFJD) system the includes at least one RFID reader that communicates with a population of RFID tags, wherein each RFID tag stores a corresponding identification number, comprising: generating a key to identify an RFID tag of the population of RFLD tags, wherein the key does not include bits identifying an item with which the RFID tag is associated; operating a binary tree algorithm to at least identify the RFID tag in the population of RFIDs tags; and receiving bits of the generated key from the RFID tag during the binary tree algorithm.
26. The method of claim 25, wherein said generating step includes the step of: selecting a number from a sequence of numbers to use as the key.
27. The method of claim 25, wherein said generating step includes the step of: using a randomly generated number as the key.
28. The method of claim 25, wherein said generating step includes the step of: dynamically generating a number prior to each traversal of the population of RFID tags to use as the key.
(d) repeating steps (a)-(c) until the RFID tag is singulated.
(c) receiving a plurality of bits of the first bit pattern from a first tag during fransmission of the substantially constant signal.
(d) terminating transmission of the substantially constant signal to the population of tags to stop the first tag from fransmitting further bits of the first bit pattern.


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Marijuana, CV Link and more get a nod at the mayor of Palm Desert's state of the city address
Amy DiPierro
At this year's state of the city address, Palm Desert Mayor Sabby Jonathan celebrated the city's successes while pointing out its contributions to common challenges facing the Coachella Valley.
Speaking at the annual lunch event hosted by the Palm Desert Area Chamber of Commerce, Jonathan said Palm Desert is working with other area cities to solve problems like homelessness and rising public safety costs. He also celebrated achievements – and achievements delayed, like Hotel Paseo, which is set to open in less than two weeks.
"Everybody, fingers crossed," Jonathan said, eliciting a few chuckles from the crowd.
More:AC3 Restaurant + Bar, owned by celebrated Palm Springs chefs, set to open Sunday off El Paseo
More:Palm Desert's much anticipated El Paseo hotel opening hits another delay
Palm Desert is approaching the 45th anniversary since it was incorporated in 1973, and Jonathan opened his presentation with a history of Palm Desert going back to the 1930s.
From there, he turned to what's in store for the city in 2018, including real estate development, CV Link and cannabis.
"Walkable" is the buzzword of the moment for new infrastructure planned in Palm Desert.
Jonathan said the city is aiming to make the city's downtown a place that people will "go to" rather than "go through," working on Highway 111 frontage and adding new landscaping.
And by summer 2019, Jonathan pledged to begin construction to makeover San Pablo Avenue, which the city sees as a future destination for food trucks, concerts and farmer's markets.
More:Palm Desert ready to bring 'Vision San Pablo' to life after positive response from community
For the city's main shopping corridor, Palm Desert is studying plans to encourage outdoor dining and make it easier for people to stroll the neighborhood.
"El Paseo is not just an economic driver, it is a jewel for Palm Desert and for our entire valley," Jonathan said. "That jewel doesn't need to be remade, but like any treasure, it needs to be cared for and occasionally polished to make sure that it maintains its luster."
More:Palm Desert wants to revitalize El Paseo Shopping District amid a 17 percent vacancy rate
The university neighborhood
Outside of downtown, Jonathan spoke about a rising tide of development in the neighborhood around the universities, where he said the goal is to attract students, young professionals and families with a variety of housing types.
He name dropped a few projects on the horizon: a recently approved subdivision by Ponderosa Homes, expected expansion at Genesis at Millenium, a mixed-use development, and plans-in-progress for a 167-acre portion of the neighborhood purchased by financial giant BlackRock.
More:BlackRock, the world's biggest money manager, bought a giant chunk of Palm Desert
Infrastructure and CV Link
"I've got CV Link envy," Jonathan said. "I really do, and it's got to be fixed."
After seeing the first chunk of CV Link unveiled in Cathedral City last week, Jonathan said Palm Desert is working "aggressively" to see that construction on the transportation infrastructure project begins in his city within the next year.
More:At CV Link grand opening, Rancho Mirage bashed for not participating in the project
More:CV Link: Here's what people are saying now that the first part of the path is open
Besides new travel corridors, Jonathan said Palm Desert must also work to replace aging infrastructure like streets, bridges and utility lines.
The city's new economic development strategic plan calls for the establishment of a new business outreach program, Jonathan said, including working with the new owners of the Westfield mall in Palm Desert to encourage "revitalization plans" at the shopping center.
The city also wants to develop an iHub site in Palm Desert, Jonathan said, working with the Coachella Valley Economic Partnership, Cal State and College of the Desert to "to attract new technologies and most importantly, related jobs, thereby expanding our economy well beyond hospitality."
More:Valley Voice: Crafting a boutique technology development zone in the Coachella Valley
Jonathan called the marijuana industry both a challenge and an opportunity for the city.
"This is uncharted territory for us," Jonathan said, "and something that I doubt our first City Council back in 1973 would have ever believed possible."
He said the city's priority is making sure that residents stay safe and that the roll out of the new industry is "business as usual." The city is reviewing applications for cannabis related businesses now and expects the first one to open later this year.
More:There's a land grab happening in Palm Desert for licenses to sell, grow and deliver weed
Jonathan, who chairs the Coachella Valley Regional Association of Government's Homelessness Committee, said the group is making progress on the CV Housing First program, which places people experiencing homelessness into homes instead of temporary shelter. Six of nine cities in the Coachella Valley as well as Riverside County, the Desert Healthcare District and the Agua Caliente Band of Cahuilla Indians are funding the project.
"It may take some time, but we will be successful," Jonathan said.
More:Palm Desert approves funding for CVAG's new regional homelessness program
Desert Sun reporter Amy DiPierro covers real estate and business news. Reach her at amy.dipierro@desertsun.com.

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All Them Witches - Sleeping Through The War LP (orange/red vinyl)
A concentrated potion pulled up from All Them Witches' deep well of heavy Americana.
The quartet's most bold and well-crafted record to date. The album's creation marks the first time in the band's history that a record was written before entering the studio. This process allowed for an alignment of the band's art, desire and time. Convening in Nashville for only six days after a year of relentlessly touring their New West Records debut Dying Surfer Meets His Maker, the band's spirit coalesced in a rhythm of statement and melody that simply needs to be heard...repeatedly. With the guidance of Cobb and Spear, Sleeping Through The War captures the truest energy of the group, full blast, fun and contemplative. The record was made with volume in mind. Sleeping Through The War is meant to be played loud, cranked up and without reservation. Feel it live through your stereo system or listen to it speak in tongues through your headphones. The sounds are nothing without the songs, and the songs are nothing without the lyrics. This record is a result of constant touring, world travel, overstimulated/divided humanity, and a learning of awareness and compassion.
Don't Bring Me Coffee
3*5*7
Am I Going Up?
Cowboy Kirk
Elder - Reflections of a Floating World 2xLP
Reflections of a Floating World is Elder's fourth full length album and second LP released via Stickman Records (EU) and Armageddon Label (US). Long, undulating and dense tracks float between psychedelic passages and progressive rock without missing a bea
Elder- Omens 2xLP
The five song, 54-minute album is a concept album that mimics the lifespan of a civilization, and also reads as a commentary on our own society hell-bent on profitability at the expense of our own lives and environment.
Sword, The - Greetings From... LP
Vinyl LP pressing. 2017 release. Greetings From... encompasses the best elements of the band s live show and showcases the evolution of the entire band's career.
Cold War Kids - New Age Norms 3 LP (color vinyl)
Their album New Age Norms 3 is the next chapter with the approach of taking apart the idea of what the band is and just trying to take the doors off a bit to see where it can go.
All Them Witches - ATW LP
The band has arrived at something new, something sprawling, and grander-feeling than anything before it.
All Them Witches - Dying Surfer Meets His Maker LP (Ltd. Ed. Pink And Black Smoke Vinyl)
This collection of songs was crafted in a remote cabin in Pigeon Forge, TN where the band lived and recorded over the course of five days.


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Don't stand in the way of my son's health
This shud of been done long before now. Government still in this day and age hiding the real facts about cannabis.. Legalise it
Marian cook, Ryton, ENG, United Kingdom
For half a decade, we have searched for a medicine to help control our son's severe epilepsy. Recently, two things happened that seemed like an answer to our prayers -- first, CBD oil, a cannabis derivative, was proven to drastically improve the conditions of hundreds of epileptic children around the country. And secondly, last year, the state of Maryland finally legalized medical marijuana. We rejoiced that our son Dylan's suffering would soon be over. We no longer had to consider moving away from the state we loved, or sneaking in "contraband" so our son could get better. CBD oil would be available to us, here in our home state, and we would have every legal right to use it. Unfortunately, things weren't so simple. A stipulation in Maryland's law allows counties to decide how to implement the state's medical marijuana law. That means that county officials who don't believe in the proven medical benefits of marijuana can prohibit its growth, processing and distribution in their counties. My county executive, Steven Schuh, is doing just that. I am asking for your help to petition Anne Arundel County Executive Steven Schuh to back down from his plan to ban medical marijuana. We are so close to making a difference in the lives of thousands of young children. He should be helping, not hindering that progress. Before the seizures began, my son Dylan lived a fairly normal life. He attended a special school, but despite his intellectual disabilities, he was progressing well. He was learning to talk and count, and he loved to sing. Perhaps if the seizures had never started, he would be a typical 12-year-old boy. But once they started, he began regressing at an astonishing pace. His speech was replaced with unintelligible babble. And all we could do was watch in horror as our little boy became a shadow of his former self. Over the next several years, he had up to 90 seizures a day. We tried several medications, but most were unsuccessful and a few of them had terrible side effects. In 2011, we thought we had found an answer. Dylan received a Vagus Nerve Stimulator implant to control his seizures. It cut the seizures down to 8 to 10 per day, but that is still too high for my son to endure. Our last hope is to get our hands on CBD oil. CBD oil has worked for so many children like Dylan, and every family like mine should have access to it no matter where they live. By threatening this legislation, Steven Schuh is jeopardizing my child's health. Please sign my petition and tell Steven Schuh to drop his plans to block medical marijuana in Anne Arundel County. Children are depending on this.


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2015 Events at The Morris-Jumel Mansion
Subject:[AaronBurrAssoc] More details on Feb. 7 unveiling party @ Morris-Jumel Mansion
Antonio Burr, Ph.D., advises me that the cocktail reception is from 6 to 9 pm, on Saturday, Feb. 7, 2015, at the Morris-Jumel Mansion. The party includes the enveiling of both the restored copy of a painting of Aaron Burr (which many of you made contributions to), and the new bust of Aaron, to be placed inside the Mansion. Harry Anderson funded this important work, which was created by artist Leith Adams, on Newport, R.I. Leith attended our Annual Meeting in Charleston, SC, in September.
Tickets for the event cost $20 per person, and may be reserved, ahead of time, in two ways: Call the Mansion, (212) 923-8008 or send an email to Antonio @: burr.antonio@gmail.com
The Mansion is located at 65 Jumel Terrace, NYC 10032. It is between West 160th and 162nd Streets, one block east of St. Nicholas Ave, and one block west of Edgecombe Ave. It is in a beautiful area, full of fully-restored brownstone homes.
Antonio suggests you try to book a room at something called "airbnb," which I think runs B & B's in Manhattan.
We hope our members who live in the general area, or who happen to be near NYC then, will attend this important event. We are becoming very close to the Mansion, which in 2015 is celebrating its 250th anniversary. The correct the telephone number of the Mansion; according to their website, it is (212) 923-8008.
Subject:[AaronBurrAssoc] Subject: Save the Dates: Feb. 5 and 7, 2015, NYCDate:10/28/2014 8:57:02 P.M. Eastern Daylight Time
Hi, All, (1) After the weather was so great all summer, at least in the D.C. metro area, the fall has been equally beautiful. (2) I am still basking in great memories of our Annual Meeting last month in the historical district of Charleston, SC. Very important bonding and venues, many of which are not open to the public. Thanks, Harry, for all your help. (3) As many of you know, our long-time member, Antonio Burr, Ph.D., of NYC, is now a member of the Board of Trustees of the Morris-Jumel Mansion, on the upper West Side of Manhattan. Harry's good friend, James Kerr, Esq., is Chair. Camilla Huey, fine artist and corsetiere, and her husband, Kurt, have a book store near the Mansion. As I told the attendees at our Charleston Luncheon-Meeting last month, the Mansion is celebrating its 250th Anniversary next year. Antonio has informed me of the following scheduled events of importance to ABA, which many of us will want to attend: - Feb. 5, 2015: the Mansion has acquired a block of tickets for Lin Miranda's "Hamilton" show at the Public Theatre in NYC. There will be a private cocktail party at the Mansion for Lin and the Cast. Tickets may be purchased through the Mansion. - Aaron's birthday is Feb. 6th. - On Sat., Feb. 7th, 2015, the Mansion is planning to coordinate the unveiling of two important ABA works of art: (a) the restored portrait of Aaron which project many of you contributed to. (b) the bust of Aaron Burr by Leith Adams, Newport, RI, funded by Commodore Harry Anderson, which will be placed inside the Mansion. Weather permitting, we look forward to having as many of us attend that weekend of events. Each person will be making their own hotel reservations. Antonio knows of some B & B locations. Also, Antonio has "challenged" the Hamiltonians, our friends, to a full debate about the ramifications of the 1804 infamous duel, on July 11 and 12, 2015, at the Mansion, an event which will coincide with a commemoration of Geo. Washington's cabinet meeting at the Morris-Jumel Mansion. This past July, Peter Tavino joined Antonio at the similar event at the Mansion, that featured a speech by Rand ______, the president of the Hamilton Awareness Society, and a speech by Antonio. The Mansion has become a very important asset of ABA, with direct relevance to Aaron's life. We want to show our bond with the Mansion. Stuart


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Q: Formal proof that diameter of subset is bounded by diameter of superset (in metric space) I am asked to show that if $A \subset B$, then $\delta(A)\leq \delta(B)$, where $\delta(A)=\sup_{x,y \in A}d(x,y)$ is the diameter for the non-empty set A in the metric space $(X,d)$.
The fact that it is so intuitive is blocking me from writing a formal proof; OF COURSE if we take the supremum across a subset it's going to be at least as big for the superset...  Is there something I'm missing?
My pathetic proof thus far:
$\delta(A)=\sup_{x,y \in A}d(x,y) \leq \sup_{x,y \in A \cup B }d(x,y) = \sup_{x,y \in B}d(x,y) = \delta(B)$

A: This follows from $\sup X\le \sup Y$ for $X\subseteq Y$. Which again follows from $\forall x\in Y\colon x\le s\implies \forall x\in X\colon x\le s$

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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The Adoration of the Magi (lower part of a rood screen)
Furniture and Woodwork Collection
Adoration of the Magi
ca. 1520 (made)
Oil & gilt on oak
Given by Viscount Lascelles
W.54-1928
The Gospel of St Matthew records the story of wise men guided by a brilliant star to Bethlehem. They presented gifts of gold, frankincense and myrrh to the Christ Child. The story gained enormous popularity in the early centuries of the Christian church, and still exerts a powerful influence today.
The magi ('wise men') were traditionally astrologers of the Persian court and priests of the cult of Mithras, but were later redefined as kings, based on a similar story of royal gift-giving in the Old Testament (Psalms 72:10). In the early Middle Ages (by about 750), they were given names, Caspar, Melchior and Balthasar, and were said to come from the kingdoms of Tarshish, Sheba and Seba (Seba was thought to be an ancient name for Ethiopia). From about the 15th century, Balthazar, the black magus/king associated with Ethiopia became a familiar figure in European images of the Adoration of Christ at his birth. The three magi/kings were also depicted as representatives of the three known continents - Europe, Asia and Africa (America only became known to Europeans at the end of the 15th century), or the three ages of life - old age, middle age and youth.
The painted composition of the Adoration of the Magi on this woodwork closely resembles representations of the subject in three Devon churches, but it is not known from which church this panel came, presumably along with the rest of the rood screen of which it formed a part.
Section of the lower part of a rood-screen, consisting of five vertical boards (joined at V joints) forming the flat, black ground, set in a framework, and with applied carved and pierced tracery: above, trefoils painted alternately red and green and gilded; below: four quatrefoils, with a central gilded irregular quatrefoil. On three sides it is framed by mouldings with twisted corn-ear motif (also known as Aaron's rod motif).
Painted in oils and gilded representing the Adoration of the Magi, arranged as a continuous composition on a black background; from left to right : (1) The Virgin seated holding the Infant, and with her left hand raised (possibly pointing at the star and acknowledging the kneeling magus); (2) a bearded magus kneeling and offering a cup(with his right hand), and indicating Jesus with his left, with his crown before him on the ground, and the star above; (3) another magus with hat/crown, standing, facing backwards to the third magus, and pointing with his right hand towards Jesus, and holding a covered cup in his left hand; (4) the black magus with hat/crown, standing and holding a boat-shaped censer in his left hand, and with his right hand raised.
Dress (comments by Susan North, FTF dept.)
The younger king on the far right is dressed in fashionable clothing of the period. The jacket or jerkin, worn over a doublet (which is underneath and not visible) with close-fitting, slashed trunk hose, and square-toed shoes are fashionable for the 1st quarter of the 16th century. He's also wearing a fashionable 'Milan bonnet' under his crown. The other two, older kings are dressed in gowns appropriate for royalty; one is in purple – the colour associated with royalty – and the other may be an attempt to show a fabric woven with gold thread. However, it would be very difficult to date these, as they appear 'generically' royal, rather than relating to any specific royal regalia. The older king in the middle does have the fashionable square-toed shoes and looks to be wearing a turban (or English interpretation thereof), suggesting Eastern dress.
Height: 94.5 cm, Width: 115.6 cm, Depth: 14.8 cm
Given by the Rt. Hon. Viscount Lascelles K.G.D.S.C., Chesterfield House, Mayfair, London. 'Split, pieces missing'. RP 28/5603. Viewed by Eric Maclagan at the Sackville Gallery, with the Brothers Rothschild. 31/5/1928 where their Devon origin was recognised.
These panels were discussed in a notice by Borenius and Tristram (T. Borenius and E.W.Tristram, 'A Early English Picture', Apollo, March, 1928, 125-26) who pointed out that the composition closely resembles representations of the same subject on the rood screens at Plymtree and Buckland-in-the-Moor, Devon.
The treatment of a composition in a frieze-like manner where the action of one figure follows on from another occurs only rarely on East Anglian screens. But in Devon it is characteristic. The 'Adoration of the Magi' can be found in three surviving Devon screens, at Buckland-in-the-Moor, Plymtree and Ugborough. The composition at Buckland is very close to that on the museum's panels. In the screen at Plymtree the scheme is again similar, although the crown on the ground in front of the first king is omitted and the frankincense container in the right hand figure is not boat-shaped. According to Keyser the treatment of the subject at Ugborough is also close (C.E. Keyser, a List of Buildings in Great Britain and Ireland having Mural and other painted Decorations, 3rd ed. , London, 1883, 199). An indirect but recognisable stylistic debt to the figure sculpture on the west-front of Exeter Cathedral has been adduced for this group of late Gothic panel painting in Devon (W.G. Constable, 'Some Devonshire Rood Screen Paintings', Connoisseur, LXXX, April 1928, 195-205, and LXXXI, May 1928, 3-9).
Michael Ohajuru (in a student essay on this panel, 2008?, copy in dept. catalogue) compares it with those in situ at Buckland-in-the-Moor, Plymtree and Ugborough churches, Devon, which all show broadly similar mouldings with twisted corn-ear motif. He notes the closer similarities with Ugborough in terms of dress, colouring, posture, gaze and gestures, and suggests a common workshop origin. The third magus on the Ugborough panel appears however to have been replaced.
Paint analysis was carried out by Eddie Sinclair and Lucy Wrapson, 2014 (a copy of the report held by FTF dept.) The report notes that the style and techniques employed conform to a Devon origin, based on the authors' analyses of about 20% of surviving polychrome Devon screens. It has a ground comprising red lead and red earth, and also containing silicates; pigments include azurite and indigo, synthetic copper green, vermillion, red lead, iron oxide red and red lake, char black, chalk and lead white; mordants are yellow ochre based; gold leaf was used. There are differences in the build up between the figure panels and the framework polychromy: for example, the figurative panels do not employ gilding, but the framework does. It suggests that the painting (but not construction) may have been carried out by the same workshop responsible for the Ugborough screen, and that the painting techniques differ from those used on the stylistically similar screen at Buckland on the Moor.
Historical context note
For contextual information see - Audrey Baker (edited, updated and extended by Ann Ballantyne and Pauline Plummer), English panel paintings, 1400-1558: a survey of figure paintings on East Anglian rood screens (London, 2011)
The Magi
A legend states that St Helena, mother of the first Christian emperor Constantine, discovered the bodies of the wise men/kings in India in the in the 330s and took them to Constantinople (present day Istanbul). Her son gave them to the Bishop of Milan. In the 1160s the Holy Roman Emperor, Frederick I Barbarossa, brought their bodies to Cologne in Germany. Ever since, the wise men/kings have been especially venerated in Cologne. Their relics are contained in a shrine in Cologne Cathedral. On their feast day, 6 January (Epiphany), thousands of pilgrims visit the shrine.
The Adoration of the Magi was the visit of the three wise men or kings to Bethlehem to pay homage to the infant Jesus. They depict one of the kings as a black African.
The earliest known example of a black king may be represented in a wall painting of about 1360 in the Emmaus monastery in Prague. It is certain that by the beginning of the 15th century some European artists had begun to depict one of the kings as black rather than white. The Magi had become representatives of the three continents of the Old World - Europe, Asia and Africa (America only became known to Europeans in 1492). The Magi can also represent the three ages of life - youth, maturity and old age.
The black Magus was instantly recognisable by his black skin but he was also often distinguished from the others by his flamboyant dress. Instead of a crown, artists sometimes gave him a turban, white bandeau and earring. This reflects the influence of heraldic moors' head devices, or the jewellery and clothing worn by African domestic slaves and servants in wealthy European households. The 'Africanness' of the king was sometimes further emphasised by the fact that he carried an oliphant, a decorative horn carved from ivory.
Although the appearance of the black king may have been partly inspired by real Africans living in Europe, his look was mainly a mixture of European ideas of the outlandish. The black king gave artists an opportunity to depict a lavishly dressed figure in a religious scene, a role that probably ensured his continued popularity in European art.
The African king is usually depicted as the beardless, youthful king furthest from the Virgin and Child, sometimes being shown the way by the middle king, Melchior. His position and age reflected European notions of Africa as the youngest of the three civilisations in their search for Christianity.
The black king also symbolised the idea that Christianity appealed to all humanity, even the most foreign and remote people. The blackness of his skin showed that he was from a distant land, although even there people had accepted the truth of Christ's message.
Although the black king was fairly common in Northern European art by the end of the 15th century, it was less frequent in Florentine Renaissance art. Central Italian artists were among the last to adopt the image, though black attendants are sometimes included in the retinue of three white Magi.
Panel, The Adoration of the Magi, made ca. 1520
Charles Tracy, English Medieval Furniture and Woodwork (London, 1988), cat no. 102, colour plate 7
'Four panels, the lower part of a rood screen, painted in oils and gilt, within a framework carved with conventional Gothic foliage and set in cusped arches of ogee form. They represent the Adoration of the Magi, arranged as a continuous composition; from left to right: (1) The Virgin seated holding the Infant Christ. (2) The Magi kneeling and offering a cup with his crown before him on the ground. (3) Another of the Magi. (4) The Moorish King. Above the arches trefoils painted alternately red and green, below four quatrefoils, similarly treated, each containing carved foliage gilt (COL. PL.7).
Oak. About 1520
94 X 115 X 14.6 cm
Mus. No. W.54-1928
These panels were discussed in a notice by Borenius and Tristram (T. Borenius & E. W. Tristram, 'A Early English Picture', Apollo, March, 1928, p.125-26) who pointed out that the composition closely resembles representations of the same subject on the rood screens at Plymtree and Buckland-in-the-Moor, Devon.
The treatment of a composition in a frieze-like manner where the action of one figure follows on from another occurs only rarely on East Anglian screens. But in Devon it is characteristic. The 'Adoration of the Magi' can be found in three surviving Devon screens, at Buckland-in-the-Moor, Plymtree and Ugborough. The composition at Buckland is very close to that on the museum's panels (FIG.29). In the screen at Plymtree the scheme is again similar, although the crown on the ground in front of the first king is omitted and the frankincense container in the right hand figure is not boat shaped. According to Keyser the treatment of the subject at Ugborough is also close (C. E. Keyser, A list of Buildings in Great Britain and Ireland having Mural and other Painted Decorations, 3rd ed., 1883, p.199). An indirect but recognisable stylistic debt to the figure sculpture on the west-front of Exeter Cathedral has been adduced for this group of late Gothic panel painting in Devon (W. G. Constable, 'Some Devonshire Rood Screen Paintings', Connoisseur, LXXX, April 1928, p.195-205 and LXXXI, May 1928, p.3-9).'
Spike Bucklow, Richard Marks and Lucy Wrapson (Eds.), The Art and Science of the Church Screen in Medieval Europe (2017), chapter 7, The polychromy of Devon Screens: preliminary analytical results, by Lucy Wrapson and Eddie Sinclair p.150ff
Probably Devon
Painting; Gilding
Religion; Christianity; Woodwork; Black History; Black History


‡This study was designed to show noninferiority in the acute phase or delayed phase for patients receiving MEC and in the acute phase for patients receiving HEC. A lower bound greater than -15% demonstrates noninferiority between SUSTOL and comparator. MEC: acute phase 95% confidence interval (CI) SUSTOL vs palonosetron: -13, 1; delayed phase 95% CI: -10, 8. AC-based HEC regimens: acute phase 95% CI SUSTOL vs palonosetron: -3, 17; delayed phase 95% CI: -9, 13.
||All patients were concomitantly administered intravenous dexamethasone.
Data on File [C2006-01]. Heron Therapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, CA.
Raftopoulos H, Boccia R, Cooper W, O'Boyle E, Gralla RJ. Slow-release granisetron (APF530) versus palonosetron for chemotherapy-induced nausea/vomiting: analysis by American Society of Clinical Oncology emetogenicity criteria. Future Oncol. 2015;11:2541-2551.
Raftopoulos H, Cooper W, O'Boyle E, Gabrail N, Boccia R, Gralla RJ. Comparison of an extended-release formulation of granisetron (APF530) versus palonosetron for the prevention of chemotherapy-induced nausea and vomiting associated with moderately or highly emetogenic chemotherapy: results of a prospective, randomized, double-blind, noninferiority phase 3 trial. Support Care Cancer. 2015;23:723-732.
Data on File [C2013-01]. Heron Therapeutics, Inc., Redwood City, CA.


text:
Younis Shalabi (يونس شلبي) född 13 maj 1941, död 12 november 2007 var en  egyptisk skådespelare och populär komiker. Han uppvisade sin stora komiska talang på såväl teater, film och tv. I teaterpjäsen Madrast Al Mushaghibeen nådde han erkännande över hela arabiska världen tillsammans med Adel Imam, Saeed Saleh och Ahmad Zakiett. Hans roller var ofta kontrastrika och rörde sig mellan utklädd till kvinna till gravt mentalsjuk patient.

Hans sista film blev Ameer Al Thalam (2002) där även Adel Imam medverkade och hans sista tv-framträdande var i dramat Ahlam Mu'ajala där han spelade mot Saeed Saleh, Abdallah Farghali och Laila Taher.

Younis dog vid 66 års ålder efter att ha legat i koma i sviterna av en långvarig och svår sjukdom.

Externa länkar

Egyptiska skådespelare
Födda 1941
Avlidna 2007
Män

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: Problem in session time out in Asp.net with Ajax Call Hi
I am having problem in session time out in Asp.net with Ajax Call.
Once the session times out,when a control calls asynchrous this is not
redirecting to login page.(I am using forms Authentication)
In the same page if i try to redirect(in Preinit) to login page if session  expired..,
the login page appears with the previous page(because of the ajax call).
Please let me know the way to redirect to the login page when the session time out and when a ajax call is made.

A: asp.net ajax have a built in services to help you with authentication authorization
Sys.Services.AuthenticationService.logout(redirectUrl, logoutCompletedCallback, failedCallback, userContext);

To use this service add this to web.config
<system.web.extensions>
    <scripting>
        <webServices>
            <authenticationService enabled="true" />
        </webServices>
     </scripting>
 </system.web.extensions>

http://www.asp.net/ajaxlibrary/Reference.Sys-Services-AuthenticationService-logout-Method.ashx
http://www.asp.net/ajax/tutorials/understanding-asp-net-ajax-authentication-and-profile-application-services


Frost River Pistol Case 14"
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text:
Browsing Revolt Library By Tag : bourgeois
Revolt Library >> Browsing by Tag "bourgeois"
Browsing : 1 to 10 of 101
ABC of the Revolutionary Anarc..., by Nestor Makhno
Anarchism means man living free and working constructively. It means the destruction of everything that is directed against man's natural, healthy aspirations. Anarchism is not exclusively a theoretical teaching emanating from programs artificially conceived with an eye to the regulation of life: it is a teaching derived from life across all its wholesome manifestations, skipping over all artificial criteria. The social and political visage of anarchism is a free, anti-authoritarian society, one that enshrines freedom, equality and solidarity between all its members. In anarchism, Right means the responsibility of the individual, the sort of responsibility that brings with it an authentic guarantee of freedom and social justice for each and... (From : NestorMakhno.info.)
individuals (133)
revolutionary anarchist (2)
masses of humanity (1)
emancipation (62)
bourgeois (101)
libertarian communists (4)
About My Trial: Class Struggle..., by Errico Malatesta
Opposition to institutions, support the workers rights because a right without opportunity is no right at all, and our struggle against the exploiters should be led by love and not hatred. (From : HoldOffHunger.)
• "If the proletariat gave and gives so many heroes and martyrs of the cause of human redemption, it also gives off the white guards, the slaughterers, the traitors of their own brothers, without which the bourgeois tyranny could not last a single day."
• "...it is a truth that history has made the proletariat the main instrument of the next social change, and that those fighting for the establishment of a society where all human beings are free and endowed with all the means to exercise their freedom, must rely mainly on the proletariat."
• "As today the hoarding of natural resources and capital created by the work of past and present generations is the main cause of the subjection of the masses and of all social wrongs, it is natural for those who have nothing, and therefore are more directly and clearly interested in sharing the means of production, to be the main agents of the necessary expropriation."
material (100)
proletarians (10)
exploiters (22)
American Crisis, II, The, by Murray Bookchin
This article appears in Anarchy Archives with the permission of the author and publisher. COMMENT P.O. BOX 158 BURLINGTON, VT 05402 --New Perspectives in Libertarian Thought-- EDITOR: Murray Bookchin Vol. 1, No. 5 Price: 80 cents The American Crisis II NOTE: The following issue of COMMENT No. 5 is a continuation of No. 4. Please note that the publication of COMMENT has been moved to Burlington, Vermont, where it will be published for at least the next year. Readers who have subscribed to COMMENT will continue to receive it. Those who have not done so -- or do not intend to do so in the near future -- will cease to receive future issues owing to our very considerable print and mailing costs. (From : Anarchy Archives.)
structure (25)
socially (9)
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autonomy (17)
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Anarchism: Arguments For and A..., by Albert Meltzer
Table of Contents Introduction Inalienable Tenets of Anarchism The Class Struggle Organization and Anarchism The Role of an Anarchist in an Authoritarian Society Bringing About the New Society The Marxist Criticism of Anarchism The Social-Democratic Critique of Anarchism The Liberal-Democratic Objection to Anarchism The Fascist Objection to Anarchism The Average Person's Objection to Anarchism Introduction The Historical Background to Anarchism It is not without interest that what might be called the anarchist approach goes back into antiquity; nor that there is an anarchism of sorts in the peasant movements that struggled against State oppression over the centuries. But the modern anarchist movement could not claim such precursors of revol... (From : Hack.org.)
workers' control (9)
state control (2)
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Anarchism: From Theory To Prac..., by Daniel Guérin
Introduction by Noam Chomsky "Notes on Anarchism" in For Reasons of State Noam Chomsky, 1970 Transcribed by rael@ll.mit.edu (Bill Lear) A French writer, sympathetic to anarchism, wrote in the 1890s that "anarchism has a broad back, like paper it endures anything"---including, he noted those whose acts are such that "a mortal enemy of anarchism could not have done better." There have been many styles of thought and action that have been referred to as "anarchist." It would be hopeless to try to encompass all of these conflicting tendencies in some general theory or ideology. And even if we proceed to extract from the history of libertarian thought a living, evolving tradition, as Daniel Gurin does in Anarchism, it remains difficult to formulate its doctrines as a specific and determinate theory of society and social change. The anarchist historian Rudolph Rocker, who presents a systematic conception of the development of anarchist th...
Anarchism: Past and Present, by Murray Bookchin
Note: This piece appeared as Vol. 1, No. 6 of Comment: New Perspectives in Libertarian Thought, edited by Murray Bookchin. Anarchism: Past and Present Note: The following issue of COMMENT was presented as a lecture to the Critical Theory Seminar of the University of California at Los Angeles on May 29, 1980. My remarks are intended to emphasize the extreme importance today of viewing Anarchism in terms of the changing social contexts of our era - - not as an ossified doctrine that belongs to one or another set of European thinkers, valuable as their views may have been in their various times and places. Today, more than ever, the viability of Anarchism in America will depend upon its ability to speak directly -- in the language of the Ameri... (From : Anarchy Archives.)
theories and movements (1)
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Anarchism in South America, by Charlotte Wilson
A correspondent writes to us from Buenos Ayres: I send you a copy of a handbill circulated by Anarchists of Buenos Ayres after a meeting of sympathy and grief for the victims of Chicago. It will probably interest your readers to know that something is doing here, though it is not very much yet. I who write have been for some time a Socialist, though not an Anarchist, as I did not understand Anarchism. I think I am an Anarchist now, and the crime of Chicago has done more than anything else to make me study the subject." After relating the circumstances of the tragedy, with which our readers are familiar, the handbill continues: "The bourgeois in condemning and executing these brave champions of the workers' cause has made no mistake. These m... (From : AnarchyArchives.)
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Anarchist Revolution, The, by Nestor Makhno
1. ANARCHISM - a life of freedom and creative independence for humanity. Anarchism does not depend on theory or programs, which try to grasp man's life in its entirety. It is a teaching, which is based on real life, which outgrows all artificial limitations, which cannot be constricted by any system. Anarchism's outward form is a free, non-governed society, which offers freedom, equality and solidarity for its members. Its foundations are to be found in man's sense of mutual responsibility, which has remained unchanged in all places and times. This sense of responsibility is capable of securing freedom and social justice for all men by its own unaided efforts. It is also the foundation of true communism. Anarchism therefore is a part of hum... (From : Anarchy Archives.)
ranks (23)
Anarchists, Bolsheviks, and Se..., by Daniel Guérin
From Daniel Guerin's _Anarchism_ (Monthly Review Press) (reprinted with permission): During the revolutionary days that brought Kerensky's bourgeois republic to an end, the anarchists were in the forefront of the military struggle, especially in the Dvinsk regiment commanded by old libertarians like Grachoff and Fedotoff. This force dislodged the counter-revolutionary "cadets." Aided by his detachment, the anarchist Gelezniakov disbanded the Constituent Assembly: the Bolsheviks only ratified the accomplished fact. Many partizan detachments were formed or led by anarchists... and fouch unremittingly against the white armies between 1918 and 1920. Scarcely a major city was without an anarchist or anarcho-syndicalist group, spreading a relativ... (From : Spunk.org.)
popular (100)
gunfire (1)
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AnarchoSyndicalism, by Rudolph Rocker
[Originally published in 1938 by Martin Secker and Warburg Ltd] Anarchism: Its Aims and Purposes; The Proletariat and the Beginning of the Modern Labor Movement; The Forerunners of Syndicalism; The Objectives of Anarcho-Syndicalism; The Methods of Anarcho-Syndicalism; The Evolution of Anarcho-Syndicalism. 1. Anarchism: Its Aims and Purposes Anarchism versus economic monopoly and state power; Forerunners of modern Anarchism; William Godwin and his work on Political Justice; P.J. Proudhon and his ideas of political and economic decentralization; Max Stirner's work, The Ego and Its Own; M. Bakunin the Collectivist and founder of the Anarchist movement; P. Kropotkin the exponent of Anarchist Communism and the philosophy of Mutual Aid; Anarchism and revolution; Anarchism a synthesis of Socialism and Liberalism; Anarchism versus economic materialism and Dictatorship; Anarchism and the state; Anarchism a tendency of his...


 The video has no affiliation with GMS. This is an example of not-so-savvy alleged burglars for your entertainment.
 The video has no affiliation with GMS. This is an example of not-so-savvy alleged burglars for your entertainment.


text:
Texas Hill Country News
Hill Country Happenings
Caussey's Corner
GoFundMe/E-Cigarette Explosion
Fort Worth Man Suffers Third-Degree Burns From E-Cigarette Explosion
By Spring Sault | October 4, 2018
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Following what's believed to be the explosion of a lithium battery in an e-cigarette, a Fort Worth man says he's quitting smoking for good. The explosion happened in his pocket, leaving him with severe burn injuries and a stay at the burn center at Parkland Hospital. Please be advised that his subsequent wound pictures are graphic.
Scott Mann identified that he was at work on Tuesday, September 11, when what he believes to be the battery in his e-cigarette exploded, resulting in third-degree burns on his hands, leg, and thigh. "I can honestly say this is the worst pain I've ever had in my entire adult life," he said. Despite the circumstances, however, Mann did consider the alternative. "If it would have been in my mouth, it probably would have blown out my teeth and possibly my eyes," he noted.
Photo: Facebook/Scott Mann
Unfortunately, this incident in Texas isn't an anomaly. It's become just one more in a growing number of reports regarding exploding e-cigarettes. WFAA reported that a recent study identified 195 such incidents throughout the U.S. pertaining to fires or explosions between 2009 and 2016. The very same study further identified the combination of the lithium battery together with an e-cigarette as being a "unique hazard."
Mann is a 44-year-old self-employed contractor. Not only does he require his hands for his job, but he has a passion for playing the guitar. With the required healing time necessary for a recovery, it will be a few months before he has the ability to play again. The burns on his hand resulted when Mann attempted to put the fire out – a natural reaction. The FDA has issued warnings regarding e-cigarettes with respect to their batteries. They have noted that the batteries should be replaced if they get wet or damaged. They also advise that they shouldn't be overcharged. In the meantime, a GoFundMe page has been established for Mann's medical bills, and those wishing to help can do so at the link available here.
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Application market analysts AppAnnie data show that the second quarter of 2013, Google Play App Store gaming revenues than Nintendo and Sony handheld console games in total revenues, ranking second, Apple's App Store ranking.
According to data provided by App Annie, Nintendo and Sony Playstation games on second-quarter revenue decline year on year, while Apple AppStore and Google Play platform gaming revenues continue to grow. Currently, Apple's App Store and Google Play platform game consoles income is four times.
The latest figures also show that this group, the smart phone platform gaming revenue growth has become a trend. With the continuous penetration of smart phones, handheld gaming on consumer spending will be smaller.
Although Nintendo 3DS consoles in July this year sold a total of 225,000 in the United States Department of the United States to become the best-selling game that month, but it is also the face of iOS and Android devices confronted with the fierce competition, which is the total sales of the month reach millions. iOS and Android devices on the game development easier and cheaper prices.
Apple iOS and Android platforms for handheld gaming revenues will continue to expand the lead. According to App Annie studies. In May this year, Apple's App Store and Google Play handheld gaming platform game revenue is four times that.
The rise of smart phones, so traditional games manufacturers have felt the growing crisis. Earlier this year, Sony PS Vita in Japan, cut console prices. This week, Sony will this price dropped to $ 199 console. At the same time, Nintendo is also actively soliciting developers, trying to touch their Wii U and 3DS portable game developers can compete with iOS and Android platform game.


Immunisation is a simple, safe and effective way of protecting your child and yourself against some diseases that can cause serious illnesses and sometimes death. And if your child is protected, they won't be able to pass the infection on to other people - especially very young babies who haven't been fully immunised yet.
Some immunisations, like rubella immunisation, also help protect unborn babies.
Vaccines for these diseases are free, but the chickenpox immunisation depends on the age of your child.
It's also recommended that older children and some adults are immunised against meningococcal C, pneumococcal infections, hepatitis A and influenza.
All Australians can be immunised against these diseases.