text:
\section{Introduction}

Many hybrid quantum systems are being explored to enhance the functionality, scalability, and resource-constrained processing power of near-term quantum information processing systems and networks \cite{kurizki2015hybridsystems, wendin2017qip, chu2017quantumacoustics, hong2017optomechanics}. High-fidelity quantum state transfer will enable key network functions such as entanglement distribution \cite{cirac1998quantum} and quantum repeaters \cite{wang2012quantum}. It also allows for various distributed quantum information processing architectures \cite{ritter2012elementary}. High-quality quantum memory serves an important role in these systems by reducing the error correction burden associated with decoherence and loss \cite{lvovsky2009optical, amir2011optomechanical}, as well as coherent quantum storage for processes that require asynchronous qubit operations in algorithms \cite{villalonga2020quantumsupremacyfrontier}. Thus, an ideal quantum memory is a physical system with a long decoherence time and read/write functions enabled via a controllable coupling to intermediary qubits that can propagate between processing blocks and memory blocks or between memory blocks. Regardless of the physical instantiation of quantum memory architecture, the crucial problem to solve is how to configure the time-varying coupling between the storage and intermediary qubits to accomplish optimal quantum state transfer between memory blocks and other elements.

In recent years, there has been significant progress in understanding how to transfer quantum information to different nodes of a quantum network. For example, Cirac \textit{et al.} considered quantum state transfer between two atomic quantum memories coupled by a photonic channel and optical control fields. They showed that this transfer could be made highly efficient by using a complex but realizable pulse modulation scheme \cite{cirac1998quantum}. Since then, various experiments have demonstrated parts or all of this scheme on optical, microwave, and atomic systems, such as the experimental demonstration over the photon channel \cite{northup2014quantum} and the reversible state transfer between light and an atom \cite{boozer2007reversible}. Some studies have considered the quantum state transfer between flying photons and the cavity storage quanta \cite{palomaki2013coherent}.  More recently, microwave photon quantum state transfer was experimentally demonstrated \cite{kurpiers2018deterministic, axline2018demand}, along with teleportation between optical beams and mechanical modes \cite{hou2016teleportation}. However, the analysis so far does not have the capacity to describe the transfer in the presence of losses and nonidealities, such as leakage into undesired channels. Particularly, an optimal strategy for quantum state transfer between two asymmetric quantum systems with differing energies between the two qubit basis states is completely missing. In a realistic and scalable quantum network, it is highly expected that quantum information will be transferred between nodes that are asymmetric due to the conflicting requirements for performing various quantum operations in each node.

Here, for the first time, we present the generalized optimal quantum state transfer scheme for two asymmetric quantum systems. Our theory covers quantum memory blocks composed of both identical physical systems and different physical systems with different energy gaps between the two qubit basis states. Our theory is applicable to both the fermionic memory states (such as spin states) and bosonic memory states (such as phonons). We develop a general model of quantum state transfer for open quantum systems with controllable coupling rates, and derive a completely general analytical solution to the optimal control trajectories that accomplishes the highest quantum fidelity obtainable. Knowing the optimal quantum state transfer scheme is crucial to realizing a practical and truly scalable quantum network or hybrid quantum computer. For this, we adopt the emerging SLH formalism description of quantum network theory \cite{combes2017slh, zhang2010direct} to model the entire system and derive the relevant system evolution. Based on the full quantum treatment, we demonstrate that one can determine the optimal quantum state transfer strategy for given system parameters. Our treatment includes realistic nonidealities, i.e., the intrinsic losses, and shows that the optimal solution and the final quantum fidelity are functions of the intrinsic losses. As a concrete example, we will consider two disparate optomechanical quantum memory blocks for optimal quantum state transfer. It will be shown that employing the mechanical mode of an optomechanical oscillator as a quantum memory is tremendously advantageous when implementing such a scheme, since it provides a versatile and controllable coupling mechanism via photon field, along with the desired long decoherence time via the phonon field \cite{stannigel2012optomechanical,meenehan2015phonondecoherence}.

The final goal of this paper is to obtain the optimal time-varying control trajectories that accomplish the highest quantum transfer fidelity. For this, we start with a quantum state transfer model in section II, where the SLH formalism will derive the time evolution of states. Based on this full quantum model, section III solves for the optimal control trajectories for given system parameters, and section IV provides useful numerical examples with realistic optomechanical cavity parameters.

\begin{figure*}[!tb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=0.6\textwidth]{scheme}
	\caption{A schematic for general quantum state transfer between two disparate generic memory blocks. ($b_1, b_2$: annihilation operators for the long-decoherence memory states; $a_1, a_2$: annihilation operators for the intermediate states that couple with the input and the output of the memory blocks; $g_1(t), g_2(t)$, the adjustable coupling between the memory states and the intermediate states; $\Gamma_{i,1}, \Gamma_{i,2}$: the intrinsic loss rates of the memory states; $\kappa_{i,1}, \kappa_{i,2}$: the intrinsic loss rates of the intermediate states.)} \label{fig:scheme}
\end{figure*}

\section{Model}

In general, it is useful to build quantum memory from long-decoherence quanta (e.g. phonons), while employing quanta with high propagation velocities (e.g. photons) to transfer information between memory blocks. As such, our goal is to determine how the coupling coefficient between each memory state and the traveling intermediate quantum states connecting the two blocks can be modulated over time such that the transduction fidelity from the first block to the second block via the intermediate states is maximized. Figure~\ref{fig:scheme} depicts the quantum state transfer between two generic quantum memories in block 1 (S1) and block 2 (S2). The aim is to transfer the quantum information initially stored in the long-decoherence memory state of block 1 (S1) to the long-decoherence memory state of block 2 (S2). As for the stored quantum information, we will assume a qubit comprised of the two basis states $\ket{g}$ and $\ket{e}$, representing vacuum and singly-excited states, respectively. Intermediate quantum states in memory blocks,  which couple with the input and the output of the memory blocks, mediate the quantum information to and from the memory states when the coupling mechanism ($g_1 (t), g_2(t)$) is turned on.

To start the analysis, we establish a Hilbert space composed of a tensor product of the memory state for S1, the memory state for S2, the intermediate quantum state for S1, and the intermediate quantum state for S2, represented respectively by the annihilation (creation) operators $b_1^{(\dag)}$, $b_2^{(\dag)}$, $a_1^{(\dag)}$, and $a_2^{(\dag)}$. The S1 memory is initially in an arbitrary superposition of ground and excited states, corresponding to the coefficients $c_g$ and $c_e$. Therefore, the initial state of the overall system can be expressed as follows:
\begin{align} \label{eq: initial wavefunction}
    \ket{\Psi(t_i)} &=(c_g \ket{g} + c_e \ket{e})\ket{g} \ket{00} \nonumber \\
    &= c_g\ket{gg}\ket{00} + c_e\ket{eg}\ket{00}.
\end{align}
The two slots of the first ket are the memory states of S1 and S2, respectively, and those of the second ket are the intermediate states of S1 and S2. Here, we assume that the memory states are qubits. Our goal is to faithfully transmit the excitation in $b_1$ to $b_2$, such that the final state becomes
\begin{equation}
    \ket{\Psi(t_f)} = c_g\ket{gg}\ket{00} + c_e\ket{ge}\ket{00}.
\end{equation}
Note that as long as the system starts with 0 or 1 excitation in the S1 memory mode and vacuum in all other modes, energy conservation ensures that the total number of excitations in the system at any given time can never exceed 1, thus restricting the Hilbert space to 5 dimensions, spanned by $\ket{gg}\ket{00}$, $\ket{eg}\ket{00}$, $\ket{gg}\ket{10}$, $\ket{gg}\ket{01}$, and $\ket{ge}\ket{00}$. This ensures that the probability that the $b_2$ mode will be multiply-occupied at the end of the transfer process is always zero.
\par
Next, we determine the Hamiltonian governing this system. Given a time-varying interaction $g(t)$ between the memory state and the intermediate quantum state, we consider a class of memory blocks that couples the mediating cavity field and the long-term memory field via the following interaction Hamiltonian:
\begin{equation}
    H_\mathrm{int} = -\hbar g(t) (a^{\dag}b + ab^{\dag}).
\end{equation}
In fact, this model covers a vast majority of quantum memory configurations since in most quantum memories the read and write function is accomplished via such a beam-splitter coupling Hamiltonian between the mediating cavity field (photons or phonons) and the long-term memory state. We note that this model covers both the direct coupling such as dipole coupling between a cavity photon field and the spin memory state, and the parametric coupling between the photon field and the phonon memory states in an optomechanical system. For the example of optomechanical oscillators as the memory block, $g(t) = g_0 \sqrt{\bar{n} (t)}$ with the single-photon coupling coefficient $g_0 = G x_\mathrm{zpf}$. $G = - \partial \omega_\mathrm{cav} / \partial x$ is the slope of photonic resonance frequency over the displacement $x$ of the mechanical system, and $x_\mathrm{zpf}$ is the zero-point-fluctuation parameter of the mechanical system. Varying the control $g(t)$ is accomplished through varying the photon population $\bar{n}(t)$ at a red-detuned driving frequency, while varying $g_0$ is also possible as we will explain later. For another example of the neutral atoms as the memory block, $g(t)$ is the Rabi oscillation frequency, a function of dipole moment and an adjustable driving electromagnetic field amplitude.

Our system consists of two blocks $i = 1,2$, with the following Hamiltonian for each:
\begin{equation}
    H^{(i)}_\mathrm{int} = -\hbar g_i(t) (a_i^{\dag}b_i + a_ib_i^{\dag}).
\end{equation}
It is essential to consider the various loss channels from these blocks, which we will model using Lindblad operators. In particular, the state transfer process \textit{requires} loss of the intermediate state from S1, so that the resulting propagating wavepackets can serve as the input to S2. We will label the rates for this coherent extrinsic loss process as $\kappa_\mathrm{ex}$ and $\kappa'_\mathrm{ex}$ for S1 and S2, respectively. In addition, we will need to account for the incoherent intrinsic losses from the blocks. For the respective blocks, we label the loss rates for the intermediate quanta as $\kappa_{i,1}$ and $\kappa_{i,2}$, and the decay rates for the memory storage quanta as $\Gamma_{i,1}$ and $\Gamma_{i,2}$. The Lindblad operators for the two blocks are thus expressed in the following manner:
\begin{equation}
    L_1 =
    \begin{pmatrix}
    \sqrt{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1}} a_1 \\
    \sqrt{\kappa_{i,1}} a_1 \\
    \sqrt{\Gamma_{i,1}} b_1
    \end{pmatrix}, \quad
    L_2 =
    \begin{pmatrix}
    \sqrt{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},2}} a_2 \\
    \sqrt{\kappa_{i,2}} a_2 \\
    \sqrt{\Gamma_{i,2}} b_2
    \end{pmatrix}.
\end{equation}
We now consider the overall system consisting of the two blocks. Based on the SLH formalism \cite{combes2017slh}, we establish the following input-output relationships for the blocks:
\begin{equation}
    a_\mathrm{out,n} = a_\mathrm{in,n} + \sqrt{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},n}} a_n,
\end{equation}
where $n = 1,2$. The input of the second block is identically the output of the first block, except for an appropriate time delay. One can eliminate the time delay effectively from all formula by introducing the \textit{time delayed} operators for the operators in S2 \cite{cirac1998quantum}. Applying this time adjustment, one can set $a_\mathrm{in,2} (t) = a_\mathrm{out,1} (t)$ with the implicit understanding of $a_\mathrm{in,2} (t) \rightarrow \tilde{a}_\mathrm{in,2} (t) (= a_\mathrm{in,2} (t - \tau))$ where $\tau$ is the time delay. The output operator for S2, representing a loss channel for the system, then takes the form of a superposition of the two intermediate state annihilation operators and the bath input operator for S1:
\begin{equation}
    a_\mathrm{out,2} = \sqrt{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1}} a_1 + \sqrt{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},2}} a_2 + a_\mathrm{in,1}.
\end{equation}
We assume that the bath temperature is sufficiently low and thus, the input fields are in vacuum states. Then, $a_\mathrm{in,1}$ returns a null value when applied on the system state. According to the series connection rule of the SLH formalism, the connected system's Hamiltonian $H_T$ and Lindbladian $L_T$ take the following form:
\begin{align} \label{eq: H_T}
    H_T &= -\hbar g_1(t) (a_1^{\dag}b_1 + a_1b_1^{\dag}) - \hbar g_2(t) (a_2^{\dag}b_2 + a_2b_2^{\dag}) \nonumber \\
    &\quad + \frac{i\hbar}{2} \sqrt{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1}\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},2}} (a_1^{\dag}a_2 - a_1a_2^{\dag}), \\
    L_T &=
    \begin{pmatrix}
    \sqrt{\kappa_{i,1}} a_1 \\
    \sqrt{\Gamma_{i,1}} b_1 \\
    \sqrt{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1}} a_1 + \sqrt{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},2}} a_2 \\
    \sqrt{\kappa_{i,2}} a_2 \\
    \sqrt{\Gamma_{i,2}} b_2
    \end{pmatrix}.
\end{align}
One way to physically explain the above result is as follows: the sub-processes corresponding to extrinsic loss from the individual blocks are split into a part representing coherent coupling between blocks, which we incorporate in the composite Hamiltonian $H_T$, and a part represented by $a_\mathrm{out,2}$ corresponding to system loss due to reflection of the propagating wavepacket from the second block, which enters into the Lindbladian $L_T$.

\section{Analytical solution}
It is useful to incorporate the Lindblad operators into the Hamiltonian in order to model the non-unitary time evolution of the wavefunction in the basis of the excited states. In general, for a set of loss channels labeled $n$, the effective Hamiltonian takes the following form \cite{cirac1998quantum}:
\begin{equation}
    H^\mathrm{eff} = H - \sum_{n} \frac{i}{2} L_n^{\dag} L_n.
\end{equation}
Since coherent reflection $a_\mathrm{out,2}$ serves as the dominant loss channel, we start by expanding the Hamiltonian to incorporate the corresponding Lindblad operator:
\begin{align}
\begin{split}
    H' &= H_T - \frac{i\hbar}{2} \Big(\sqrt{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1}} a_1^{\dag} + \sqrt{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},2}} a_2^{\dag}\Big) \Big(\sqrt{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1}} a_1 \\
    &\quad + \sqrt{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},2}} a_2\Big).
\end{split}
\end{align}
By default, this effective Hamiltonian is non-Hermitian for the overall Hilbert space. However, we can design the couplings $g_1(t)$ and $g_2(t)$ such that the system remains in a dark state throughout the transfer process so that the system states evolve coherently \cite{cirac1998quantum}.

We first ignore the intrinsic losses. Defining the dimensionless constant $\epsilon$ such that $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},2} = \epsilon \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1}$, we derive the dark mode (whose annihilation operator is represented by $a_d$) by superposing $a_1$ and $a_2$ for the intermediate modes such that applying the annihilation operator $a_d = a_1 + \sqrt{\epsilon} a_2$ onto the dark state returns a null value:
\begin{equation}
    \ket{\mathrm{dark}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\epsilon}} \Big(\ket{01} - \sqrt{\epsilon}\ket{10}\Big).
\end{equation}
We note that this dark state produces zero quanta in the S2 output channel (no information leakage) as the connected system's Lindblad operator produces a null result on this state.

It is also necessary to define the bright mode (whose annihilation operator is represented by $a_b$) as orthogonal to the dark mode:
\begin{equation}
    \ket{\mathrm{bright}} = \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\epsilon}} \Big(\sqrt{\epsilon}\ket{01} + \ket{10}\Big).
\end{equation}
The bright state produces nonzero S2 output quanta, losing quantum information from the connected system, and therefore, we want to avoid such a bright state in order to maximize the quantum state transfer fidelity.

For the kernel of the $a_b^{\dag}a_b$ operator (i.e., the reduced Hilbert space where applying $a_b^\dagger a_b$ produces null for all elements), $H'$ becomes Hermitian because the system does not decohere:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{align}
    \begin{split}
    H' &= \hbar g_1(t) \frac{\sqrt{\epsilon}}{\sqrt{1+\epsilon}} (a_d^{\dag}b_1 + a_db_1^{\dag}) - \hbar g_1(t) \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\epsilon}} (a_b^{\dag}b_1 + a_bb_1^{\dag}) - \hbar g_2(t) \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\epsilon}} (a_d^{\dag}b_2 + a_db_2^{\dag}) \\
    &\quad - \hbar g_2(t) \frac{\sqrt{\epsilon}}{\sqrt{1+\epsilon}} (a_b^{\dag}b_2 + a_bb_2^{\dag}) + i\hbar \frac{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1}}{2} \sqrt{\epsilon} (a_b^{\dag}a_d - a_ba_d^{\dag}) - i\hbar \frac{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1}}{2} (1+\epsilon) a_b^{\dag} a_b.
    \end{split}
\end{align}
\end{widetext}
Given the initial composite state described in Eq.~\eqref{eq: initial wavefunction}, the time-dependent composite state can be expressed in terms of generic coefficients $\alpha_1(t)$, $\alpha_2(t)$, and $\beta_{\alpha}(t)$:
\begin{align} \label{eq: time-dependent wavefunction}
\begin{split}
\ket{\Psi(t)} &= c_g\ket{gg}\ket{00} + c_e\Big[\alpha_1(t)\ket{eg}\ket{00} + \alpha_2(t)\ket{ge}\ket{00} \\
&\quad + i\beta_{\alpha}(t)\ket{gg}\ket{\mathrm{dark}}\Big].
\end{split}
\end{align}

Next, we introduce the intrinsic, decohering loss processes to the effective Hamiltonian. Since we design both blocks such that these intrinsic loss rates are equally minimal, we assume that $\kappa_i = \kappa_{i,1} = \kappa_{i,2}$ and $\Gamma_i = \Gamma_{i,1} = \Gamma_{i,2}$ for simplicity. However, we note that this simplifying assumption can be removed, and it is straightforward to derive the general result in the case of asymmetric intrinsic losses. This results in the effective Hamiltonian:
\begin{align}
    H^\mathrm{eff}_T = H' - i\hbar \frac{\kappa_i}{2} (a_b^{\dag}a_b + a_d^{\dag}a_d) - i\hbar \frac{\Gamma_i}{2} (b_1^{\dag}b_1 + b_2^{\dag}b_2).
\end{align}
Now that we have decoherence in the system, by breaking the Hermiticity of the Hamiltonian, the intrinsic losses introduce non-unitarity to the time evolution in the Hilbert space of the excited states, such that $|\alpha_1(t)|^2 + |\alpha_2(t)|^2 + |\beta_{\alpha}(t)|^2 < 1$ for any time $t > t_i$. Conceptually, the decline of the normalization value over time corresponds to the increasing probability that the system has collapsed to the vacuum state $\ket{gg}\ket{00}$, which effectively increases the value of $|c_g|^2$.
\par
Applying the Schr\"{o}dinger equation, we obtain the dynamically coupled differential equations:
\begin{align}
    \label{eq: dot alpha_1 asym}
    \dot{\alpha_1}(t) &= \frac{\sqrt{\epsilon}}{\sqrt{1+\epsilon}} g_1(t) \beta_{\alpha}(t) - \frac{\Gamma_i}{2} \alpha_1(t), \\
    \label{eq: dot alpha_2 asym}
    \dot{\alpha_2}(t) &= -\frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\epsilon}} g_2(t) \beta_{\alpha}(t) - \frac{\Gamma_i}{2} \alpha_2(t), \\
    \label{eq: dot beta_alpha asym}
    \dot{\beta_{\alpha}}(t) &= \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\epsilon}} g_2(t) \alpha_2(t) - \frac{\sqrt{\epsilon}}{\sqrt{1+\epsilon}} g_1(t) \alpha_1(t) - \frac{\kappa_i}{2} \beta_{\alpha}(t).
\end{align}
To prevent the system from entering the bright mode, we constrict the range of coupling profiles $g_1 (t)$ and $g_2(t)$ such that:
\begin{equation}
    \bra{gg,\mathrm{bright}} H^\mathrm{eff}_T \ket{\Psi(t)} = 0.
\end{equation}
This yields a fourth equation for the coefficients:
\begin{equation} \label{eq: dot beta_s asym}
    0 = \frac{\sqrt{\epsilon}}{\sqrt{1+\epsilon}} g_2(t) \alpha_2(t) + \frac{1}{\sqrt{1+\epsilon}} g_1(t) \alpha_1(t) + \frac{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1}\sqrt{\epsilon}}{2} \beta_{\alpha}(t).
\end{equation}
The supplemental material demonstrates the method for solving the time-evolution of the coefficients, defining $t = 0$ as the halfway-point of the process. To reduce the range of possible coupling profiles, we set $g_1(t)$ and $g_2(t)$ as constant for $t \ge 0$ and $t \le 0$, respectively, following Cirac \textit{et al.} \cite{cirac1998quantum}. The reasoning is that in the second (first) half of the process, the excited population will largely be in S2 (S1), and therefore changes in the coupling for S1 (S2) will not substantially alter the state populations. It is worth noting that Xu \textit{et al.} \cite{xu2016controllable} used a linear combination of Gaussian functions to construct the coupling profiles but also obtained an approximately flat shape for the driving field for Segment 1 (2) when the excited population was largely in Segment 2 (1). For $t \ge 0$, we derive the following expressions (see the supplemental material):
\begin{widetext}
\begin{align} \label{eq: alpha_1(t) t>0 asym}
    \begin{split}
    \alpha_1(t) &= \frac{e^{-\frac{1}{4}(\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} + \kappa_i + \Gamma_i)t}}{C} \bigg(\alpha_1(0)C\cosh{\bigg(\frac{C}{4}t\bigg)} + B'_2\sinh{\bigg(\frac{C}{4}t\bigg)} \bigg).
    \end{split} \\
    \label{eq: beta_alpha(t) t>0 asym}
    \begin{split}
    \beta_{\alpha}(t) &= \frac{e^{-\frac{1}{4}(\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} + \kappa_i + \Gamma_i)t}}{C} \bigg(\beta_{\alpha}(0)C\cosh{\bigg(\frac{C}{4}t\bigg)} - B'_1\sinh{\bigg(\frac{C}{4}t\bigg)} \bigg).
    \end{split}
\end{align}
\begin{align} \label{eq: alpha_2(t) t>0 asym}
    \begin{split}
    \alpha_2(t)^2 &= \frac{e^{-\frac{1}{2}(\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} + \kappa_i + \Gamma_i)t}}{16g_1(0)^2} \Bigg(\bigg(\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} \beta_{\alpha}(0)^2 + \frac{2g_1(0)}{\sqrt{\epsilon(1+\epsilon)}} \alpha_1(0) \beta_{\alpha}(0)\bigg) A_1(t) + \bigg(2\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} B'_1 \beta_{\alpha}(0) \\
    &\quad + \frac{2g_1(0)}{\sqrt{\epsilon(1+\epsilon)}} \Big(\alpha_1(0)B'_1 - \beta_{\alpha}(0)B'_2\Big)\bigg) A_2(t) + \bigg(\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1}B_1^{'2} - \frac{2g_1(0)}{\sqrt{\epsilon(1+\epsilon)}} B'_1 B'_2\bigg) A_3(t) \Bigg) + Ge^{-\Gamma_i t}.
    \end{split}
\end{align}
\end{widetext}
Here, $C = \sqrt{(\Gamma_i - \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} - \kappa_i)^2 - 16g_1(0)^2}$. Note that as $t$ increases, $\alpha_1(t)$ and $\beta_{\alpha}(t)$ converge to zero as expected, since the system should eventually either transition fully to the $b_2$ memory mode or decay to the vacuum state. The functions $A_1(t)$, $A_2(t)$, and $A_3(t)$ are defined as follows:
\begin{widetext}
\begin{equation}
A_{1,3}(t) = \frac{\mp C^2 - C(\Gamma_i - \kappa_i - \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1})\sinh{\Big(\frac{C}{2}t\Big)} + (\Gamma_i - \kappa_i - \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1})^2\Big(\cosh{\Big(\frac{C}{2}t\Big)} \pm 1\Big)}{C^{1 \mp 1}(\Gamma_i - \kappa_i - \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1})}.
\end{equation}
\begin{equation}
A_2(t) = \frac{-(\Gamma_i - \kappa_i - \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1})\sinh{\Big(\frac{C}{2}t\Big)} + C\cosh{\Big(\frac{C}{2}t\Big)}}{C}.
\end{equation}
\end{widetext}
and the constants $B'_1$ and $B'_2$ are the following:
\begin{align} \label{eq: B'_1}
    B'_1 &= 4\sqrt{\frac{1+\epsilon}{\epsilon}}g_1(0)\alpha_1(0) + \beta_{\alpha}(0)(\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} + \kappa_i - \Gamma_i), \\
    \label{eq: B'_2}
    B'_2 &= 4 \sqrt{\frac{\epsilon}{1+\epsilon}} g_1(0)\beta_{\alpha}(0) + \alpha_1(0)(\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} + \kappa_i - \Gamma_i).
\end{align}
Regarding the term $Ge^{-\Gamma_i t}$, it is useful to note that $\Gamma_i \ll \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1},\kappa_i$ due to the extremely long memory decoherence time. Therefore, over the timescale of the transfer process, $e^{-\Gamma_i t}$ will approximately equal 1, resulting in $G \approx \alpha_2^2(t_f)$, which represents the fidelity of quantum state transfer.
\par
For $t \le 0$, the coefficient solutions take a similar form (see the supplemental section), with the replacements $\alpha_1 \leftrightarrow \alpha_2$, $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} \rightarrow -\epsilon\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1}$, $C \rightarrow D'$ (where $D' = \sqrt{(\Gamma_i + \epsilon\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} - \kappa_i)^2 - 16g_2(0)^2}$), $2g_1(0)/\sqrt{\epsilon(1+\epsilon)} \rightarrow -2\epsilon g_2(0)/\sqrt{1+\epsilon}$ in the coefficient for $\alpha_1(t)^2$, $G \rightarrow G'$, as well as $B'_1 \rightarrow B'_3$ and $B'_2 \rightarrow B'_4$, where:
\begin{align} \label{eq: B'_3}
    B'_3 &= -4\Big(\sqrt{1+\epsilon}\Big)g_2(0)\alpha_2(0) + \beta_{\alpha}(0)(-\epsilon\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} + \kappa_i - \Gamma_i), \\
    \label{eq: B'_4}
    B'_4 &= -\frac{4g_2(0)}{\sqrt{1+\epsilon}}\beta_{\alpha}(0) + \alpha_2(0)(-\epsilon\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} + \kappa_i - \Gamma_i).
\end{align}
As previously mentioned, $e^{-\Gamma_i t} \approx 1$ for all times $t_i \le t \le t_f$. Therefore, $G' \approx \alpha_1(t_i)^2$, and since the system starts out in the $b_1$ memory mode, this implies that $G' \approx 1$.
\par
Having found solutions for the time-evolution of the coefficients $\alpha_1(t)$, $\alpha_2(t)$, and $\beta_{\alpha}(t)$ in terms of their values at $t = 0$, we can now use these functions along with the known constants $g_1(0)$ and $g_2(0)$ to determine the optimal coupling profile functions.
\begin{table*}[t]
    \centering
    \resizebox{2\columnwidth}{!}{%
    \begin{tabular}{c|c|c}
         & $t \le 0$ & $t \ge 0$\\ &&\\[-2mm] \hline
    &&\\[-2mm]
    $g_1(t)$ & $-\dfrac{1}{\alpha_1 (t)}\left(\dfrac{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1}\sqrt{\epsilon(1+\epsilon)}}{2} \beta_{\alpha}(t) + \sqrt{\epsilon} g_2(0) \alpha_2(t)\right)$ & $g_1(0)$\\
    &&\\[-2mm]\hline
    &&\\[-2mm]
    $g_2(t)$ & $g_2(0)$ & $-\dfrac{1}{\alpha_2 (t)}\left(\dfrac{\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1}\sqrt{1+\epsilon}}{2} \beta_{\alpha}(t) + \dfrac{1}{\sqrt{\epsilon}} g_1(0) \alpha_1(t)\right)$ \\
    \end{tabular} %
    }
    \caption{Optimal coupling $g_1(t)$ and $g_2(t)$ for $t \le 0$ and $t \ge 0$ producing the highest quantum state transfer fidelity attainable.}
    \label{tab:coupling coefficients}
\end{table*}
The expressions for $g_1(t)$ and $g_2(t)$ are shown in Table~\ref{tab:coupling coefficients} (for detailed derivation, see the supplemental material).

\section{Numerical methods}

In order to determine numerical solutions for the coupling profiles, we used Matlab-based computation to calculate the valid sets of $(\alpha_1(0),\alpha_2(0),\beta_{\alpha}(0))$. Due to the extremely long memory decoherence time, we can generally set $\Gamma_i \approx 0$. However, the intrinsic intermediate state loss will measurably degrade the fidelity, as depicted in Figure~\ref{fig:fidelity2d}.
\begin{figure}[!tb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fidelity2D.png}
	\caption{Optimal fidelity as a function of ratio of intrinsic loss rate to output coupling rate, assuming equal output coupling rates for the two blocks, i.e. $\kappa_\mathrm{ex} = \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} = \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},2}$.}
	\label{fig:fidelity2d}
\end{figure}
The inverse correlation between the fidelity and the ratio of intrinsic loss to output coupling rate can be interpreted as follows: The output coupling corresponds to the rate of transfer from S1 to S2. A higher rate shortens the time over which the excitation is in the intermediate form, thus reducing the probability that the excitation decays due to intrinsic loss.
\par
It is also useful to consider the effect of asymmetry between the blocks. Figure~\ref{fig:fidelity3d} depicts the optimal fidelity as a function of the output coupling rates of the two blocks, with the intrinsic loss rates set at the minimal value, i.e. $\kappa_i = \kappa_{i,1} = \kappa_{i,2}$.
\begin{figure}[!tb]
	\centering
	\includegraphics[width=\linewidth]{Fidelity3DContour.png}
	\caption{Optimal fidelity as a function of output coupling to intrinsic loss ratio for S1 and S2.}
	\label{fig:fidelity3d}
\end{figure}
As expected, the fidelity declines if either of the extrinsic loss rates is reduced, approximately fitting an exponential profile, which follows from the nearly exponential variation of the fidelity with the reciprocal of the extrinsic loss as shown in Figure~\ref{fig:fidelity2d}.
\par
\begin{figure*}[!tb]
	\centering
	\subfloat[State population vs. time.]{\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{Coefficients376i}}
	\subfloat[Optimal control profiles vs. time.]{\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{PulseShapes376i}}
	\caption{Evolution of the state populations $|\alpha_1(t)|^2$, $|\alpha_2(t)|^2$, and $|\beta_{\alpha}(t)|^2$ (a) and optimal pulse profiles $g_1(t)$ and $g_2(t)$ (b) over time for $\kappa_\mathrm{ex} = \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} = \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},2} = 2\pi \times 5 \textrm{ GHz}$, $\kappa_i = 2\pi \times 100 \textrm{ MHz}$, $g_1(0) = \kappa_\mathrm{ex} = g_2(0)$, $\alpha_1(0) = 0.7$, $\alpha_2(0) = -0.7$, and $\beta_{\alpha}(0) = 0$.}
    \label{fig:376i}
\end{figure*}
As a useful example, we consider empirical values for optomechanical oscillator blocks. A high-quality optomechanical oscillator features a mechanical damping rate of $\Gamma_i \lesssim 2 \pi \times 5 \textrm{ kHz}$ and an intrinsic photon loss rate of $\kappa_i \approx 2 \pi \times 100 \textrm{ MHz}$, along with an upper bound for $2 \pi \times 5 \textrm{ GHz}$ for the output coupling rates $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1}$ and $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},2}$. The very low value for the mechanical damping rate meets our requirement that the memory decoherence be negligible over the timescale of the process, and we therefore set $\Gamma_i \approx 0$. Having shown that the fidelity is highest for maximal output coupling, we also set $\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} = 2\pi \times 5 \textrm{ GHz} = \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},2}$. For these inputs, our calculations yield an optimal fidelity of about 96\%, independent of $g_1(0)$ or $g_2(0)$. For the choice of $g_1(0) = \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} = g_2(0)$, $\alpha_1(0) = 0.7$, $\alpha_2(0) = -0.7$, and $\beta_{\alpha}(0) = 0$, Figure~\ref{fig:376i} depicts the time-evolution of the state populations $|\alpha_1(t)|^2$, $|\alpha_2(t)|^2$, and $|\beta_{\alpha}(t)|^2$, and the corresponding pulse profiles. Note that the total population degrades due to intrinsic loss, with the fidelity represented by the final population $|\alpha_2(t_f)|^2 \approx 0.96$. For the given $t = 0$ values, it is also evident that in the first half of the process, half of the population is transferred to the final phonon mode, which is then repeated with the other half of the population. This indicates that the process is close to time-reversible (though full time-reversibility is prevented by intrinsic loss), corresponding to the observation that $g_1(t)$ and $g_2(-t)$ closely match each other.
\par
\begin{figure*}[!tb]
	\centering
	\subfloat[State population vs. time.]{\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{Coefficients10iOneFifth.png}}
	\subfloat[Optimal control profile vs. time.]{\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{PulseShapes10iOneFifth.png}}
	\caption{Evolution of the state populations $|\alpha_1(t)|^2$, $|\alpha_2(t)|^2$, and $|\beta_{\alpha}(t)|^2$ (a) and optimal pulse profiles $g_1(t)$ and $g_2(t)$ (b) over time for $\kappa_\mathrm{ex} = \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} = \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},2} = 2\pi \times 5 \textrm{ GHz}$, $\kappa_i = 2\pi \times 100 \textrm{ MHz}$, $g_1(0) = 0.2\kappa_\mathrm{ex} = g_2(0)$, $\alpha_1(0) = 0.7435$, $\alpha_2(0) = 0.5470$, and $\beta_{\alpha}(0) = 0.3650$.}
	\label{fig:10i0.2}
\end{figure*}
One issue to be addressed is the physically valid range of $g_1(t)$ and $g_2(t)$. For the example of optomechanical oscillator blocks, if we store the phonon memory in a membrane at an antinode of the cavity wave and then displace the equilibrium position using two laser drives highly detuned from the cavity field, then the coupling coefficient will carry different signs for opposite displacements \cite{karuza2012tunable, thompson2008strong}. For generic memory blocks, if we set $|g_1(0)| < |\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} + \kappa_i|/4$ and $|g_2(0)| < |\epsilon\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} - \kappa_i|/4$, then the constants $C$ and $D'$ in the coefficient expressions become real, thereby replacing the oscillatory behavior of the coupling profiles with a superposition of exponentials. In that case, we can maintain fully positive values for $g_1(t)$ and $g_2(t)$ for select values of $\alpha_1(0)$, $\alpha_2(0)$, and $\beta_{\alpha}(0)$. Figure~\ref{fig:10i0.2} depicts the time-evolution of the state populations and pulse shapes for $g_1(0) = 0.2\kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} = g_2(0)$, $\alpha_1(0) = 0.7435$, $\alpha_2(0) = 0.5470$, and $\beta_{\alpha}(0) = 0.3650$. Here, we see that the Rabi oscillations have disappeared, and $g_1(t)$ and $g_2(t)$ asymptotically decay to 0.
\par
We also made an argument earlier that since the system starts with 0 or 1 excitation, the total number of excitations in the system is never greater than 1, which enabled us to restrict the Hilbert space to just the vacuum state and the singly-excited states.
\begin{figure*}[!tb]
	\centering
	\subfloat{\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{PopulationBarGraph376i.png}}
	\subfloat{\includegraphics[width=0.48\textwidth]{PopulationBarGraph10iOneFifth.png}}
	\caption{Final occupation probabilities for $b_2$ number states for $\kappa_\mathrm{ex} = \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} = \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},2} = 2\pi \times 5 \textrm{ GHz}$, $\kappa_i = 2\pi \times 100 \textrm{ MHz}$, $g_1(0) = \kappa_\mathrm{ex} = g_2(0)$, $\alpha_1(0) = 0.7$, $\alpha_2(0) = -0.7$, and $\beta_{\alpha}(0) = 0$ (a), and $\kappa_\mathrm{ex} = \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},1} = \kappa_{\mathrm{ex},2} = 2\pi \times 5 \textrm{ GHz}$, $\kappa_i = 2\pi \times 100 \textrm{ MHz}$, $g_1(0) = 0.2\kappa_\mathrm{ex} = g_2(0)$, $\alpha_1(0) = 0.7435$, $\alpha_2(0) = 0.5470$, and $\beta_{\alpha}(0) = 0.3650$ (b).}
	\label{fig:population tomograph}
\end{figure*}
Figure~\ref{fig:population tomograph}, based on a full-quantum simulation of the density matrix evolution performed in QuTiP (Quantum Tools in Python), numerically corroborates this analysis, as the final occupation probability for the states $\ket{2}$ and $\ket{3}$ in the $b_2$ mode is zero. Furthermore, the simulations confirm the 96\% maximal fidelity value calculated for the optomechanical oscillator, since a transfer process that starts at $\ket{1}$ in the $b_1$ mode ends with an occupation probability of 0.96 for $\ket{1}$ in the $b_2$ mode, with a probability of 0.04 that the system collapses to vacuum due to the loss channels.
\par
Lastly, we make a brief note about the meaning of the time arguments for the coupling profiles and state coefficient functions. Since the two blocks are spatially separated, the intermediate state takes some time $\tau$ to travel from S1 to S2, and therefore the clock for the S2 functions will lag that for the S1 functions by $\tau$.

\section{Conclusions}

We derived the analytical expressions for the coupling coefficient control sequences that accomplish the optimal quantum state transfer fidelity for the most general model and parameters of two disparate memory blocks. The optimality is verified numerically through comprehensive simulations, resulting in 96\% quantum fidelity of state transfer with practical system parameters for optomechanical memory blocks. We also studied the effect of the nonidealities - the intrinsic losses and the asymmetric parameters between the two blocks. The fidelity exhibits degradation over the intrinsic losses, resembling an exponential decay tendency. The obtained analytical expression for the coupling controls is widely applicable in any practical integrated quantum memory blocks with extremely long decoherence times and tunable coupling rates. We are currently in the process of building an integrated system for further experimental verification.

It is noteworthy that our theory is applicable to an addressable quantum memory stack with multiple memory blocks. For example, the quantum information of S1 memory block can be transferred to a desired address of quantum memory through the coherent switching of the output $a_{\mathrm{out},1}$ to an input $a_{\mathrm{in}, n}$ of Sn memory block via the programmable nanophotonic processors \cite{harris2017quantum, zhuang2015programmable}. Memory blocks may have different energy gaps between the two qubit basis states if the coupling between $a_n$ and $b_n$ fields is achieved through a parametric process where the mediating classical signal embedded in $g_n(t)$ may have the oscillation frequency to cancel the frequency difference between $a_n$ and $b_n$ fields.

This work is supported by the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Science, Advanced Scientific Computing Research (ASCR) under FWP 19-022266 'Quantum Transduction and Buffering Between Microwave Quantum Information Systems and Flying Optical Photons in Fibers'. The work was also supported by the Laboratory Directed Research and Development program at Sandia National Laboratories, a multimission laboratory managed and operated by National Technology and Engineering Solutions of Sandia, LLC., a wholly owned subsidiary of Honeywell International, Inc., for the U.S. Department of Energy's National Nuclear Security Administration under Contract No. DE-NA-003525. This paper describes objective technical results and analysis. Any subjective views or opinions that might be expressed in the paper do not necessarily represent the views of the U.S. Department of Energy or the United States Government. M.E. performed this work, in part, at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies, an Office of Science User Facility operated for the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) Office of Science.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Plugin not exists.
844-442-3699 info@onyxworldwide.com
Peak Resource Group Merges with Onyx Worldwide
Jul 7, 2017 | News
We are excited to announce that Peak Resource Group has merged with Onyx, Inc. Founder Bob Diachenko has joined the Onyx team and will work from its Charlotte, North Carolina office location.
Bob has over 20 years of experience, building relationships and partnerships, delivering high quality events and products, and exceeding expectations with his service and dedication. In 1993, Bob and Onyx President Matt David met while selling to NASCAR clients and growing their respective businesses. They also worked together for many years "back in the day" (providing NASCAR logo'd merchandise to fans and corporations including Ferguson Enterprises, BellSouth, Kellogg's, Richard Petty Racing, MBNA and more). Now, they are energized by the opportunity to deliver more products and services to each of their existing and growing base of loyal brands and partners.
Bob has unique skills & offerings that match up perfectly with Onyx's portfolio of products and services. Bob is a licensed benefits broker; he brings the Purchasing Power employee benefit program to Onyx. In addition, Bob sells branded promotional products and has more than two decades of experience creating one of a kind events for the employees and clients of his Fortune 1000 clients. Onyx, on the other hand, has a Charlotte customer service center, specializes in on-line company stores and incentive programs, and provides resources and scale that will be a benefit to all parties.
"Bob is the kind of person that you want to be around, day-in and day-out," explained Matt David. "We feel fortunate to have his enthusiasm and his professionalism, and we are excited to support his future growth. We welcome him with open arms to our team, and we are confident that his reputation for delivering the finest quality will help Onyx to grow its presence and opportunities on the east coast and beyond."
Thanks Google! We had a sweet time.
Taco Mac Fantasy Football
Congratulations To Our Superstars!
Alation's Spring launch!
© 2021 Onyx, Inc.
info@onyxworldwide.com
3020 Bridgeway, Suite 105

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


A popular scene in film dramas (and the occasional comedy) is where one parent might say to an ex-spouse "[New spouse] is going to adopt our child, and there's nothing you can do about it." And then there is a set of events that occur to stop the court deadline and restore friendly relations for everyone.
Did you know that a first offense DUI in Wisconsin almost always means losing your license in Illinois? Because there are two separate legal systems involved, it can be much worse for an Illinois driver to get a DUI in Wisconsin, than for Wisconsin residents driving in Wisconsin, or for Illinois residents driving in Illinois.


I'm a RC enthusiast. Looking to make composite glider, etc.
Its osm man! Thanks for sharing this wonderful tool!
Hi eisnic,Yes, it the SMPS/ATX with is powering our desktop computers. I have modified my old PC's power supply for Turnigy Reactor.1. If you want to use Turnigy reactor only for foam cutting, I think 12V, 2A power supply is enough. Simply buy a 12V, 2A power supply adapter and push it in 5mm socket.2. If you want to use Turnigy reactor unit for battery charging/ balancing/ motor drive/ foam cutting etc., then you need around 250W (max) of input power. So instead of spending more money in buying a power supply adapter, I modified ATX power supply. My ATX will power 12V 14A (162W).3. If you want to modify ATX power supply, there are many instructables in this site. Just flick through this website.4. If you need dedicated power supply, Hobbyking's 350W unit you can buy. https://hobbyking.com/en_us/hobbyking-350w-25a-pow...Alternatively, you can find chargers with inbuilt power supply if you feel uncomfortable with making/ buying separate power supply unit.5. If you want to make if further simple, try using various resistance nichrome wire with 3V & 2A power supply directly from power supply adapter.If you have further query, please ask me.
Hi eisnic!Sorry for the delay reply. I feel, 22 gauge wire is sufficient. You can use lower gauge if you want to make cutting profile sizes bigger than 10mm. There wont be much heating the handling part as the nichrome wire is under the handling area. If you use this cutter prolonged, the hot wire surface in contact with wood becomes charred. That has to be rectified. Else, you can paste a piece of fiberglass/carbon fiber/kevlar with epoxy on behind nichrome wire where it touches the wood surface to avoid charring.
AWSM AWSM AWSM!!!!!! I love it. Such a complex things but you instructed well. Thanks for sharing this extraordinary instructable! Looking forward to see the video.
Wow... nicely built... Its fantastic....Instead square tube, you should have used aluminium profiles. It would have reduced your work load right?
Hi,Nicely done! Looking like a commercial product.
Its very nicely built near 100 gms. Well done.
Thanks!I used turnigy reactor 250W 10A battery charger. There is an option for foam cutting. I kept 5V & 3A and power used would be around 11W.It was power by modified ATX power supply.
Forget to say. I was thinking what for those mortise and tenons. Finally I come to know what for it is. So nice idea. Will it be better if you fill epoxy in those gaps?


Located on the GORGEOUS Southern Oregon Coast at the mouth of the Rogue River, Lex's Landing has a long-standing history of being at the right location for the best fishing and recreation on the Southern Oregon Coast. Every year, fishermen and recreational visitors alike flock to Lex's to take advantage of everything Gold Beach has to offer. Incredible salmon fishing, Fishing Derby, Boat racing, 4th of July parties, and more -- it's all here at Lex's Landing, and YOU could own it!
Lex's is located at the mouth of the beautiful and pristine Rogue River in Gold Beach, Oregon -- a section of the Oregon Coast known as "The Banana Belt". Spectacular views of the Rogue River bridge, since Lex's is right next to it! Lex's Landing is a prime real estate location.
Tell me about what Lex's Landing has to offer.
Prime Salmon Fishing Location on the West Coast.
Call Larry at (541)425-0909 or send an email by using the red "reply to ad" link near the top of the page.


My son turned 6 today. 6 is the number of years my husband and I waited and struggled to have a child. 6 is the age of our son now, setting a half-and-half mark. 6 years of yearning for a child, 6 years of raising the child most yearned for. This is why he is so precious.


Britons considering which part of the home should be the focus for their next DIY project should consider giving their windows a revamp, it has been claimed.
And in doing so, Andrew Leech, director at the National Home Improvement Council (NHIC), claims that homeowners can not only make a property become more attractive "from the kerbside appearance point of view", but they can also improve its overall energy efficiency.
By installing new windows, a home's environmental credentials could be boosted - those keen on eco DIY could be interested to hear - a project that should be a particular area of focus for older people.
Indeed, the NHIC director claims that windows are a "key aspect" for any property.
As such, those looking to tackle the installation of new windows for their next DIY project may want to consider the home improvement advice recently issued by Birch Stone managing director Steve Hill.
Speaking to the Independent earlier this year, he suggested a property's overall sense of character could be boosted by replacing uPVC windows with those made from a timber frame.


text:
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
← Protecting Affordable Housing in Inglewood
Fellowship Opportunities →
INGLEWOOD, CA, June 19, 2018 – Uplift Inglewood Coalition, an affiliation of community empowerment organizations, today filed a lawsuit against the City of Inglewood, charging that the City violated state housing and civil rights laws by entering into an Exclusive Negotiation Agreement (ENA) with the L.A. Clippers for use of public land to build a NBA basketball arena. The suit seeks to vindicate the rights of Inglewood residents during a time of rapid community change and skyrocketing housing costs that have already displaced many long-term residents.
"At a time when low-income Inglewood residents are facing a devastating and growing housing crisis, we allege that the City of Inglewood has failed to comply with multiple state laws that are intended to produce much-needed affordable housing," said Antonio Hicks, a senior staff attorney with Public Counsel. "As documented in this lawsuit, by entering into an ENA with the Clippers, the City violated California's Surplus Land Act, which mandates that surplus public land is first offered for sale or lease for the purpose of affordable housing."
California's Surplus Land Act is a longstanding state law designed to promote the development of affordable housing, and requires that government agencies prioritize the use of publicly owned land for affordable housing – or for parks and recreational purposes – before the land is offered to developers for other purposes. The suit further alleges that the City's failure to comply with the Surplus Land Act results in civil rights violations – by discriminating against the development of housing intended for low-income households, and disproportionally against members of certain racial and ethnic groups and individuals with disabilities.
The City of Inglewood and Clippers owner, Steve Ballmer, recently held a press conference to announce proposed state legislation to provide shortcuts for the stadium project by exempting it from certain environmental challenges. At the press conference, Ballmer made the following remarks: "I want to build a house in Inglewood … We'd like to have our own house, right here, on this site."
"The City of Inglewood is choosing to use publicly owned land to help a billionaire build a home for his sports team, at a time when longtime residents are struggling to stay in their own homes," said Woodrow Curry, III, a member of the Uplift Inglewood Coalition. "It's morally bankrupt and a mismanagement of our public resources. We're calling on the city's leadership to do the right thing and to prioritize the creation of affordable homes before arenas."
Inglewood's own analysis indicates that over eighty (80) percent of Inglewood residents qualify for some sort of subsidized housing. And the City's data shows that rents in the City of Inglewood have risen by almost twenty-five (25) percent in the last five years alone, and almost fifty (50) percent of Inglewood residents are low-income and severely rent-burdened, which means they are paying more than fifty (50) percent of their income towards housing.
Many Inglewood residents point to the construction of a $4 billion NFL stadium – slated as the future home of the L.A. Rams and L.A. Chargers – as a catalyst for driving up housing costs and turning Inglewood into a hot area for property speculation. Stories abound of landlords that are looking to cash-in, and with no rent-control protections in place, long-time residents of Inglewood claim they are being driven out of their homes.
"I'm an Inglewood renter, and now I'm on the verge of losing my home," said Sara Santos, a resident who supports the lawsuit. "My landlord just raised my rent by $300, and it breaks my heart that I may have to leave my community. For so many years, Inglewood was an affordable place to call home. But now it seems like city leaders have been seduced by outside billionaires, and have forgotten about the everyday folks who are the true champions of Inglewood."
The suit also alleges violation of additional California law that requires cities to take steps to plan and zone for adequate affordable housing and shelter for homeless residents – as well as the charges that Inglewood has failed to develop 112 affordable housing replacement units it was obligated to produce several years ago.
"When cities ignore laws like the Surplus Land Act, it creates a ripple effect throughout the region, resulting in less affordable housing units and ultimately more homelessness," said Tom Casparian, an attorney with Cozen O'Connor. "All this lawsuit seeks to do is get the City of Inglewood to follow the law."
Public Counsel, the Public Interest Law Project (PILP), and the law firm of Cozen O'Connor filed an action in Los Angeles Superior Court today asking the Court to order Inglewood to follow the requirements of the Surplus Land Act and meet its obligations to adequately plan and zone for affordable housing and shelter in the city – as required of every city in the State.
LA Curbed
LAist
The Daily Breeze
LA Daily News
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text:
News about the Verdi pedestrian crossing: The design is great but the City needs a grant to fund part of the construction costs
The Coast News has a recent article about the new pedestrian undercrossing at Verdi (link below).
The good news is that the design is beautiful. The article has an image of the plan for the crossing and it's worth checking out. The bad news is that the total project cost will be about $8.8 million including all the design work and construction. The City of Encinitas will need to get a grant to cover some of the cost.
The need for a grant introduces a bit of uncertainty into the timing for construction. With no dependency on a grant, construction on the new undercrossing could start in the summer of 2019 and be finished in 2020.
The city and its contractor (HDR) are preparing to submit an application for an Active Transportation Grant to cover as much as $4 million of the costs.
In a recent newsletter article, our mayor (Catherine Blakespear) indicated that the earliest completion date would be in 2021 if a grant was secured.
We'll keep you posted as we find out more.
LINK TO COAST NEWS ARTICLE ABOUT VERDI CROSSING
Limited parking and occasional delays on North San Elijo Avenue from construction of the Cardiff Rail Trail
From a recent email blast from "Build NCC" (basically SANDAG and CalTrans):
Motorists, pedestrians and bicyclists may experience short intermittent delays along San Elijo Avenue the week of Monday, May 21 between Verdi Avenue and Santa Fe Drive from 7 a.m. – 5 p.m. Construction crews will restripe traffic lanes along San Elijo Avenue and place concrete barriers along the west side of the road. Vehicle flagging operations will be in effect during this work.
Parking on the bluff along this stretch of San Elijo Avenue will be prohibited at all times during construction of the Coastal Rail Trail bike path. Parking will return in the form of parallel parking upon completion of work in this area. This section of work is expected to be completed by October 2018.
We jumped the gun by a month: Construction of the Cardiff Rail Trail started on April 30
SANDAG confirmed that work started at the end of April. They sent out a notice to that effect in email and now multiple press articles have confirmed that the project is underway. A link to one of the articles (in the Encinitas Advocate / Del Mar Times) is below.
Apologies for the false start in March; we were passing along the latest info that we had.
SANDAG is setting the expectation that the new trail will open in early 2019, with the completion date roughly aligned with the end of the double tracking project. With that said, we should probably be realistic and expect some delays; even so, it seems likely that the trail will be ready at some point in 2019.
LINK TO DEL MAR TIMES ARTICLE


Creating a cartoon or human-like caricature is a fun and rewarding project to do in Illustrator. Not only that, but if you're pretty good with the pen tool, it doesn't take very long.
A simple tutorial which shows you all of the basic steps needed to transfer a hand drawn cartoon into Illustrator to be outlined and inked.
Are you feeling lucky? See if you can roll a lucky 7 with this tutorial on how to create 3d dice!
The option to justify text can be found within the Paragraph window. But what if the text you want to justify isn't actually text anymore? What if you created outlines of your text in order to stylize the text a bit more. How can you justify the text now? With this tutorial you'll learn how!
Children In Need, one of the biggest charity event in Britain is on Friday. Use this tutorial to draw the famous mascot and help boost your drawing skills within Illustrator.


text:
La necropoli di Pedras Serradas è un sito archeologico situato sulle pendici calcaree dell'omonimo rilievo, nella regione storica del Sassarese, Sardegna nord occidentale. Fa parte amministrativamente del comune di Florinas, provincia di Sassari, da cui dista poco più di due chilometri. Il sito domina la piccola valle di S'Elighe Entosu che peraltro dà il nome all'omonima necropoli ubicata a poca distanza.

Il sepolcreto è formato da cinque tombe ipogeiche del tipo a domus de janas, scavate nella roccia calcarea. Si tratta di ipogei che presentano uno sviluppo planimetrico piuttosto elementare, composti da anticella e camera principale ad eccezione della Tomba I nella quale su di un lato del vano principale si apre anche una seconda celletta.

Bibliografia
 Paolo Melis, L'ipogeismo funerario nel territorio di Florinas (SS), dal neolitico all'età del bronzo, in Atti del congresso internazionale L'ipogeismo nel Mediterraneo, II, Muros, 2000, pp. 739–760.

Altri progetti

Pedras Serrads
Pedras Serradas
Siti archeologici prenuragici
Florinas

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Producer: Michael Casey, Andrew Eaton, Martin Harrison.
Starring: Olivia Colman, Tobias Menzies & Helena Bonham Carter.
Left Bank Pictures / Netflix.
Starring: Jaime Winstone and Samantha Spiro.
Starring: Stefanie Martini, Sam Reid and Blake Harrison.
Noho Film and Television / La Plante Global.
Starring: Rafe Spall, Kelly Macdonald, Harry Enfield, Jessica Hynes and Andrew Scott.
Starring: David Thewlis, Miranda Richardson and Sophie Rundle.
Starring: Jessica Raine, David Walliams, Matthew Steer and Paul Brennen.
Endor Productions / Acorn Productions.
Starring: Sheridan Smith, Aneurin Barnard, Ed Stoppard and Melanie Hill.
BAFTA Nomination 2015 - Best Costume Design.
RTS CRAFT & DESIGN AWARD 2015 - BEST COSTUME DESIGN.
Starring: Jessica Brown Findlay, Shirley Henderson and Matthew McNulty.
Starring: Stephen Dillane and Clemence Poesy.
RTS Craft & Design Award Nomination 2013 - Best Drama Series.
Producers: Kwadjo Dajan and Jeff Pope.
Starring: Sheridan Smith and Danny Mays.
BAFTA Nomination 2013 - Best Costume Design.
BAFTA Nomination 2013 - Best Mini Series.
Directors: Philippa Lowthorpe and Jamie Payne.
BAFTA Nomination 2012 - Best Costume Design.
RTS Craft & Design Award Nomination 2012 - Best Costume Design.
Starring Maxine Peake and Matthew NcNulty.
BAFTA Award 2013 - Best Mini Series.
RTS Craft & Design Award Nomination 2013 - Best Drama Serial.
Starring Eileen Atkins, Keeley Hawes, Ed Stoppard, Art Malik, Jean Marsh.
EMMY Nomination 2011 - Outstanding Costume Design.
Executive Producers: Michele Buck and Damien Timmer.
Angela Lonsdale and John Woodvine.
Starring Anne-Marie Duff, Penelope Wilton, Lindsay Duncan, Derek Jacobi and Con O'Neill.
Mammoth Screen Ltd for BBC 4.
Producers: Jill Green and Eve Gutierrez.
Starring Douglas Henshall, Kate Ashfield, Paul McGann and Phil Davis.
Starring Tom Hardy and Charlotte Riley.
Starring Burt Reynolds, Imelda Staunton and Derek Jacobi.
Starring Mark Warren, Dan Stevens, David Suchet and Sofia Myles.
Starring Christopher Ecclestone, Susannah Harker, Brendon Coyle and David Warner.
Starring Anne-Marie Duff and Tara Fitzgerald.
RTS Craft & Design Award Nomination 2006 - Best Costume Design.
Starring Helen Baxendale and Patrick Baladi.
Director: Tom Shankland and Sarah Harding.
Starring Jamie Foreman, Elizabeth Berrington, Meg Wynn Owen and Trevor Peacock.
Starring Peter Davison, Niamh Cusask and Adrian Lukis.
Starring Alun Armstrong, Pauline Quirke, Geraldine McKewan, Lesley Sharpe and Keeley Fawcett.
Directors: Myles Connell, Justin Chadwick and Coky Giedroyc.
Starring Amanda Burton, Abigail Cruttenden, Lynda Steadman, Julie T. Wallace, Connor Mullen, Robert Pugh and Rita Tushingham.
Starring : Celia Imrie, Frank Finlay, Laura Frazer, Martin Savage, Charlie Creed-Miles, Prunella Scales.
Starring Kevin Whately, Lesley Manville and Emma Cunniffe.
Starring Tony Doyle and Ger Ryan.
Royal Television Society Nomination for Best Costume Design.
Irish Film & Television Academy Nomination for Best Costume Design.
Starring Liam Cunningham, Jonathan Firth, Andrew Lincoln and Cherie Lunghi.
Starring Pauline Quirke, Michelle Collins, Gwyneth Strong, Francis Barber and Lesley Manville.
Starring Peter Postlethwaite, Tara Fitzgerald and Ewan McGregor.
Starring Jack Davenport and Susannah Harker.
Starring Nigel Havers, Orla Brady and Lorcan Cranitch.
Starring Ian McKellen, Eileen Atkins, Rufus Sewell and Kate Beckinsale.
Starring Sir John Guilgud, Rosemary Harris, Mike McShane and Saskia Reeves.
Starring Alan Rickman, Saskia Reeves and Clive Owen.
International Critics Prize - Bergamo Film Festival.
Best Film Award - Seattle Film Festival.
Evening Standard Best Film Award.
Producers: Patricia Clifford and Jeffrey Taylor.
Starring Joanne Woodward, Stephanie Beacham and Brian Dennehy.
Starring James Fox and Prunella Scales.
Starring Bill Patterson and Lindsay Duncan.
EMMY for Best Television Drama.
FIPA Festival Award, Cannes for Best Drama.
Starring Shirley MacLaine and Peggy Ashcroft.
WINNER BAFTA AWARD FOR BEST COSTUME DESIGN.
Starring Alan Bates and Carol Browne.
Starring: Damian Lewis and Keira Knightley.
2009: Nominated for Olivier Award for Best Costume Design.
Starring: Alice Coote (Mezzo Sporano).
Starring: Samantha Bond and Ed Stoppard.


text:
require 'getoptlong'

module Af

  # Subclasses Getoptlong from the Ruby standard library.
  # Docs: http://www.ruby-doc.org/stdlib-1.9.3/libdoc/getoptlong/rdoc/GetoptLong.html.
  # Source: https://github.com/ruby/ruby/blob/trunk/lib/getoptlong.rb.
  class GetOptions < GetoptLong

    # Local constants which map to superclass argument types.
    ARGUMENT_FLAGS = [
      NO_ARGUMENT = GetoptLong::NO_ARGUMENT,
      REQUIRED_ARGUMENT = GetoptLong::REQUIRED_ARGUMENT,
      OPTIONAL_ARGUMENT = GetoptLong::OPTIONAL_ARGUMENT
    ]

    # Instantiate a new long command line option parser with a hash of switches.
    #
    # *Arguments*
    #   * switches - optional hash of command line switches, with long switch as
    #       key to a set of options:
    #         :short => <optional short switch>
    #         :argument => <constant arg type>
    #         :environment_variable => <how do these work???>
    #         :note => <arg description>
    def initialize(switches = {})
      environment_variables = {} # switches that are set in the ENV
      getopt_options = []

      # Iterate through all of the switches.
      switches.each do |long_switch, parameters|

        # Set aside
        if parameters[:environment_variable].present?
          environment_variables[parameters[:environment_variable]] = long_switch
        end

        # Convert hash into array, in format expected by Getoptlong#new.
        # Example: ['--foo', '-f', 'bar']
        options = []
        options << long_switch
        if (parameters[:short])
          options << parameters[:short]
        end
        options << parameters[:argument]
        getopt_options << options
      end

      # Add enviroment variables to the front of ARGV.
      argv_additions = []
      for environment_variable_name,value in environment_variables do
        if ENV[environment_variable_name]
        argv_additions << value
        argv_additions << ENV[environment_variable_name] unless ENV[environment_variable_name].empty?
        end
      end
      for arg in ARGV do
        argv_additions << arg
      end

      # Rewrite ARGV with environment variable with the new list.
      argv_additions.each_with_index { |v,i| ARGV[i] = v }

      super(*getopt_options)
    end

  end
end


text:
Please help us by donating to Seth's campaign! CLICK TO DONATE NOW
Seth Fleetwood for Mayor Campaign
The candidate and all paid staff, contractors, and long-term volunteers with a term longer than one month are hereby required to acknowledge and agree to this code of conduct as a condition of participation.
The Seth Fleetwood for Mayor campaign (the "Campaign") aims to improve our community, lay the groundwork for a better future, and foster positive social and community relations. Therefore, we ask for the best behavior from all volunteers, employees, contractors, and anyone playing an acknowledged role in the Campaign ("Participants"). Moreover, we require that each Participant refrains from behaviors that may harm individuals, co-workers, or the social fabric of our community. It is with this purpose in mind that we covenant to this code of conduct ("Code").
This Code is intended to safeguard and protect each of us, rather than constrain or disempower any of us, and it shall be interpreted with this in mind.
The candidate, Seth Fleetwood, is an equal party to this Code and is answerable for and to these policies.
The Campaign expects all Participants to treat one another and the public sincerely, equitably, fairly, and with professionalism and respect at all times.
The Campaign encourages Participants to report behavior that is unprofessional, inappropriate, unfair, or inequitable.
The Campaign expects all employees, volunteers, contractors, vendors ("Participants") to respect the rights, the body, and opinions of others, and to refrain from behavior that disrespects co-workers and co-volunteers, or impairs a culture of respect in the workplace. The Campaign does not tolerate any form of sexual harassment or sexual misconduct. Sexual harassment may include sexual advances, sexual solicitation, requests for sexual favors, or other verbal or physical conduct that is unwanted and of a sexual nature. This definition of sexual misconduct includes behavior that falls short of the legal definition of sexual harassment, but nonetheless is unprofessional, inappropriate, and inconsistent with the values of the Campaign.
The Campaign is an equal opportunity employer. All employees and job applicants will be treated fairly and equitably, without regard to race, color, religion, sex, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, national origin, age, genetic information, disability, or veteran status.
The Campaign is deeply committed to maintaining a work environment that is free from any kind of harassment, bullying, exclusion, or discrimination. Conduct that is discriminatory, harassing, or otherwise disempowering will not be tolerated. Such behavior includes, but is not limited to:
Behavior that causes actual harm, threatens to harm, or causes reasonable apprehension of harm, physically or emotionally, to any person connected with the Campaign, physically or emotionally;
Physical or verbal threats, denigration, shaming, extreme disrespect to, or intimidation of any person that to any appreciable degree results in limiting her/his full participation in all aspects of the Campaign;
Activity that constitutes discrimination because of age, race, color, religion, sex, gender,
gender identity, national origin, disability, veteran status, sexual orientation, or marital or relationship status;
Engaging in disorderly conduct such as fighting, threatening behavior, invasion of personal space or body, public disturbance, or drunk and disorderly conduct; and
Other behavior inconsistent with the standard of conduct expected of the Campaign or its commitment to providing an environment conducive to progress, inclusion, empowerment, and political leadership.
The Campaign encourages its participants to take action to make our community and workplace better. That means we all need to do our part to create an environment that is more empowering, equitable, and enjoyable for all who wish to be a part of our campaign. This includes reminding others of our Code of Conduct, when appropriate and safe to do so, and reporting misconduct and/or identifying inappropriate behavior as such when we observe it as bystanders. Campaign Participants are encouraged to speak up and share concerns with their supervisor or another trusted Participant. The Campaign believes that all Participants have an obligation to do their part to create a culture that is supportive and free from intimidation or bias.
Retaliation for reporting inappropriate behavior or reporting behavior that may be inappropriate will not be tolerated. The Campaign is committed to ensuring that no Participant experiences an adverse effect or consequence as the result of speaking up.
If a Participant is not sure how this Code applies to a certain situation, she/he/they should seek clarification from their supervisor, a trusted colleague, or anyone with whom they feel a connection of trust.
The Campaign knows that it's impossible to identify every possible scenario in one document. To that end, we rely on each other's judgment, good will, and willingness to take action in order to ensure that we maintain a workplace culture that is constructive, respectful, accepting, and empowering.
© Copyright - Seth Fleetwood for Mayor | Code of Conduct


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text:
Giving is a Family Tradition
Norm Moenkhaus describes his mother and father as "always charitable." He remembers seeing his dad head off to school board meetings and church events. His father proudly gave back to the organization that took care of him as a boy and raised him to understand that giving money is easy enough, but giving of yourself is the true blessing. They're the principles that Moenkhaus has carried forward in raising his own family. "Giving is an attitude, and when someone has a healthy perspective on life, you can see it throughout the family," says Moenkhaus.
Brought up in the General Protestant Children's Home – which would become YouthBridge Community Foundation– Moenkhaus' father served on the Board for 25 years. Following in his footsteps and continuing the family legacy, Moenkhaus and his son Jeff, have been part of the organization for more than 40 years.
"We have a deep commitment to YouthBridge and its focus on children, because we believe the health of our children will dictate the health of our communities," says Moenkhaus. "But what also resonates is the emphasis on family giving and helping philanthropic families, similar to ours, have a real impact with their dollars."
Moenkhaus says that without planning and purpose, charitable efforts can fall flat, and he's proud of YouthBridge's work to bring meaningful results. "We teach families – and individuals – not only how to plan but how to take a leadership role in the process, by aligning their giving with what touches them on a personal level," he says. "And, through estate planning, their contribution can continue long after they're gone."
With a rich tradition of philanthropy, Moenkhaus says he sees St. Louisans giving freely and teaching their children to put aside self. "Learning to give is actually part of taking care of yourself. It enriches your body, mind and spirit, and the more you give, the more you get."


text:
First report of pulmonary sclerosing pneomucytoma with malignant transformation in both cuboidal surface cells and stromal round cells: a case report
Xiao Teng1 &
Xiaodong Teng ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-3717-33702
BMC Cancer volume 19, Article number: 1154 (2019) Cite this article
Pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma (PSP) is a rare benign tumor. Although lymph node metastasis has been reported, it is still considered benign. No malignant transformation has been reported. This is the first case of malignant transformation of both cuboidal surface cells and stromal round cells.
A 64-year-old male had been complaining of intermittent hemoptysis several times per day for eight months. Chest computed tomography scan showed parenchymal infiltration with cystic lesion in the right lower lobe accompanied by enlarged right hilar lymph nodes. Lobectomy and systemic lymph node dissection was performed.
On grossly pathological examination, the lesion was 50 mm from the bronchial stump. It was a mixture of both cystic and solid components and 30 mm * 20 mm in size with unclear border. Microscopically, the cuboidal surface cells transformed to adenocarcinoma. The stromal round cells also had a malignant transformation. The Ki-67 proliferation index in malignant cuboidal surface cells and stromal round cells were 70 and 55%, respectively. Furthermore, E-cadherin was negative in primary tumor but positive in metastatic lymph node, which suggested that the mesenchymal to epithelial transition may play an important role in lymph node metastasis.
To our knowledge, we present the first case of malignant transformation of both cuboidal surface cells and stromal round cells in PSP. The process of mesenchymal to epithelial transition may play an important role in lymph node metastasis.
Pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma (PSP) is a rare benign tumor which has been described as sclerosing hemangioma [1]. It was previously considered as a vascular neoplasm, and now as a derivative from the primitive respiratory epithelium [2]. It is predominant in females, most commonly seen in middle aged females [3, 4]. Patients are always asymptomatic and computed tomography (CT) and X-ray of chest shows solitary, well circumscribed masses. The key pathological features of PSP involve two types of cells, cuboidal surface cells and stromal round cells, which are both neoplastic. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) studies show that thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) and epithelial membrane antigen (EMA) are both positive [2]. Pancytokeratin (CKpan) and Napsin A are both positive in cuboidal surface cells, while negative in stromal round cells [5]. Though lymph node metastasis has been reported, PSP is still considered benign [6, 7]. We report a unique case of PSP with malignant transformation in both cuboidal surface cells and stromal round cells, which has not been reported before.
A 64-year-old male had been complaining of intermittent hemoptysis several times per day for eight months. He had no fever, chest pain, shortness of breath, dizziness or amaurosis. He had no relevant medical history especially no history of cancer. He had no smoking history. The patient was admitted to The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University due to symptoms getting worse. Chest computed tomography scan on July 1st, 2018 showed parenchymal infiltration with cystic lesion in the right lower lobe accompanied by enlarged right hilar lymph nodes (Fig. 1). Transbronchial lung biopsy under bronchofibroscopy was free of tumor cells. A primary surgical resection was recommended by surgeons. Lobectomy and systemic lymph node dissection was done on July 4th, 2018. The patient is now well after he recovered from surgery. So far there were no signs of tumor recurrence or metastasis.
Chest computed tomography scan showed that parenchymal infiltrate with cystic lesion in the right lower lobe of lung
Upon grossly pathological examination, the lesion was located in the right lower lobe, 50 mm from the bronchial stump. It was gray-tan to yellow on the section, with foci of hemorrhage. The lesion was a mixture of both cystic and solid components and was 30 mm *20 mm in size with unclear border. The solid component was in the middle of the lesion and was 17 mm*17 mm in size, surrounded by honeycomb cystic components.
Microscopically, the structure of the solid component of the tumor was similar to a typical PSP. It was composed of areas of cuboidal surface cells and stromal round cells. The tumor showed a hemorrhage pattern (Fig. 2). Bronchial adenomatous hyperplasia and cystic dilatation were noticed in surrounding areas. TTF-1 and EMA were positive in both cuboidal surface cells and stromal round cells (Fig. 2) while CKpan and Napsin A were only positive in cuboidal surface cells.
(a, b) Tumor nodule showed a typical pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma of hemorrhage growth pattern comprising of large blood-filled spaces lined by surface cells (h&e). (c, d) Cuboidal surface cell were positive for pancytokeratin (CKpan), round cells were negative for CKpan. (e, f) Cuboidal surface cell were positive for Napsin A, round cells were negative. (g, h) Both cuboidal surface and stromal round cells were positive for thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1). (i, j) Both cuboidal surface and stromal round cells were positive for epithelial membrane antigen (EMA)
In the case reported, while most of the surface cells being similar to a typical PSP in some areas of the tumor, a few transformed to adenocarcinoma. The nuclei were columnar and containing hyperchromatic nuclear chromatin. In addition, the surface cells replaced the alveolar lining and invaded the fibrous stroma and vascular walls with TTF-1, EMA, Napsin A and CKpan all positive. The Ki-67 proliferation index was 70% (Fig. 3). We also noticed atypical adenomatous hyperplasia (AAH) of cuboidal cells in the transition area (Fig. 3). Cuboidal surface cells proliferated along preexisting alveolar walls with mild to moderate cellular atypia. A typical hobnail appearance was also seen in the atypical cuboidal surface cells. Substantial gaps along the surface of basement membrane in the transition area were also evident of AAH.
(a, b, c) Tumor nodule showed surface cells (yellow arrow) with atypical adenomatous hyperplasia transformed into adenocarcinoma (black arrow) (h&e). (d) Ki-67 proliferation index was significantly increased in malignant area (black area)
A few stromal round cells had small, well-defined borders and central bland nuclei without nucleoli similar to that in a typical PSP. However, mild to moderate atypical stromal round cells proliferation was seen in the transition region (Fig. 4). Binuclearization and intranuclear eosinophilic inclusions were common in the transition area in our case. Furthermore, abundant cytoplasm, nuclear polymorphism, prominent nucleoli and irregular mitosis were observed in malignant stromal round cells, adjoining the transition areas (Fig. 4). Vascular invasion and pulmonary parenchyma involvements were also found in malignant lamellarlike stromal round cells. TTF-1, P63 and EMA were all positive. Only a small amount stromal round cells were positive for CKpan. However, stromal round cells were negative for beta-catenin and E-cadherin. The Ki-67 proliferation index in these areas was 55%, which was significantly increased compared to typical PSP areas (Fig. 4). Both stromal round cells and surface cells were negative for Progesterone receptor, CD20, CD3, S− 100, Melana, HMB45, Myogenin, MyoD1, CgA and Syn. Further molecular investigation using a polymerase chain reaction panel showed that no EGFR, ALK or ROS1 mutation was detected.
(a,b,c) Low power view and high power view demonstrated that stromal round cells in the left side transformed to the malignant tumor (black arrow), round cells in the transition area (yellow arrow) had dysplasia (h&e). (d, b, f) Low power view and high power view demonstrated that Ki-67 proliferation index was significantly increased in the malignant area (black arrow). (g) Thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1) was positive in stromal round cells. (h) Pancytokeratin was negative in stromal round cells. (i) E-cadherin was negative in stromal round cells
In this case, we also found mediastinal lymph nodes involvement. The architecture of lymph nodes was replaced by abnormal proliferated stromal round cells with either vacuolated or eosinophilic cytoplasm (Fig. 5). IHC showed that these cells were positive for TTF-1, partial positive for CKpan and E-cadherin, but negative for beta-catenin. However, the E-cadherin was negative in malignant stromal round cells in the primary tumor (Fig. 4).
(a, b) Mediastinal lymph node metastasis of pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma (h&e). (c) Round cells were positive for thyroid transcription factor-1. (d) pancytokeratin (CKpan) were partial positive in round cells. (e) E-cadherin was partial positive in the metastatic lymph node. (f) Ki-67 proliferation index was significantly increased in the metastatic lymph node
Discussion and conclusion
PSP is considered as a rare benign tumor [1]. In searches of PubMed and Embase database, there are 24 cases of PSP with lymph node metastasis and recurrence (Table 1) [2, 6,7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25]. Five cases have mediastinal lymph node metastasis, four have distant metastasis, and only one have recurrence of PSP. However, no case about malignant transformation of PSP has been reported. One case reports overgrown stromal round cells and bone metastasis, accompanied by increased cellularity and necrotic areas, but a Ki-67 index of less than 5% [22]. Another case reports PSP with metastatic spread to stomach with Ki-67 indeice in primary tumor and metastatic gastric lesion of 17.6 and 19.4%, respectively [19]. The. However, no malignant pathomorphological change has been reported. In Iyoda's research, cases with recurrence has a Ki-67 index of 0.4% [26]. These results show no significantly increased proliferation of cells even in patients with recurrence or metastasis. In our case, the Ki-67 proliferation index of the malignant cuboidal surface cells and the stromal round cells are 70 and 55%, respectively. The high proliferative activity and pathomorphological change in both cuboidal surface cells and stromal round cells suggest that PSP transformed to a malignant tumor. Liu reports a case of coexistence of PSP and primary adenocarcinoma in the same tumor [27], which is different from our case, where the AAH of cuboidal surface cells indicated malignant transformation from cuboidal surface cells to adenocarcinoma. Similarly, the malignant transformation of stromal round cells is also confirmed by the transition region.
Table 1 Studies of PSP with metastasis or recurrence
In our case, the two well-established epithelial markers, E-cadherin and CKpan [28], are both positive in the metastatic lymph nodes with similar levels (black arrows in Fig. 5), although they should be negative in metastatic lymph nodes (composed of stromal round cells). The epithelial marker expression in metastatic lymph nodes suggests the mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET) during lymph node metastasis. Previous studies show that MET process is able to promote distal metastasis in breast cancer [29], especially for establishing macrometastasis [30,31,32], which, combined with our results, suggests that the the MET process may play an important role in lymph node metastasis of PSP. Although based on previous studies, lymph node involvement doesn't affect long-term survival rate [6, 23], patients with malignant PSP may still need close follow-up.
In summary, we report the first case of malignant transformation in both cuboidal surface cells and stromal round cells, which suggests the malignant potential of PSP. The fact that E-cadherin is negative in primary tumor but positive in metastatic lymph nodes suggests that the process of MET plays an important role in lymph node metastasis of PSP.
The datasets used in this study are available from the corresponding author on reasonable requests.
AAH:
Typical adenomatous hyperplasia
CKpan:
Pancytokeratin
EMA:
Epithelial membrane antigen
IHC:
Mesenchymal-epithelial transition
PSP:
Pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma
TTF-1:
Thyroid transcription factor-1
Travis WD, Brambilla E, Nicholson AG, et al. The 2015 World Health Organization classification of lung tumors: impact of genetic, clinical and radiologic advances since the 2004 classification. J Thorac Oncol. 2015;10:1243–60.
Devouassoux-Shisheboran M, Hayashi T, Linnoila RI, et al. A clinicopathologic study of 100 cases of pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma with immunohistochemical studies: TTF-1 is expressed in both round and surface cells, suggesting an origin from primitive respiratory epithelium. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24:906–16.
Zhu J. Analysis of the clinical differentiation of pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma and lung cancer. J Thorac Dis. 2017;9:2974–81.
Yang CH, Lee LY. Pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma remains a diagnostic challenge using frozen sections: a clinicopathological analysis of 59 cases. Histopathology. 2018;72:500–8.
Zhou J, Covinsky MH. Sclerosing Pneumocytoma: a carcinoma mimicker. A case report and literature review. Ann Clin Lab Sci. 2017;47:103–5.
Adachi Y, Tsuta K, Hirano R, et al. Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma with lymph node metastasis: a case report and literature review. Oncol Lett. 2014;7:997–1000.
Pokharel S, Dhillon SS, Ylagan L, et al. Sclerosing Pneumocytoma with lymph node metastasis. J Thorac Oncol. 2016;11:1802–4.
Tanaka I, Inoue M, Matsui Y, et al. A case of pneumocytoma (so-called sclerosing hemangioma) with lymph node metastasis. Jpn J Clin Oncol. 1986;16:77–86.
Chan AC, Chan JK. Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma consistently expresses thyroid transcription factor-1 (TTF-1): a new clue to its histogenesis. Am J Surg Pathol. 2000;24:1531–6.
Yano M, Yamakawa Y, Kiriyama M, et al. Sclerosing hemangioma with metastases to multiple nodal stations. Ann Thorac Surg. 2002;73:981–3.
Kim KH, Sul HJ, Kang DY. Sclerosing hemangioma with lymph node metastasis. Yonsei Med J. 2003;44:150–4.
Kim GY, Kim J, Choi YS, et al. Sixteen cases of sclerosing hemangioma of the lung including unusual presentations. J Korean Med Sci. 2004;19:352–8.
Miyagawa-Hayashino A, Tazelaar HD, Langel DJ, Colby TV. Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma with lymph node metastases: report of 4 cases. Arch Pathol Lab Med. 2003;127:321–5.
Chan NG, Melega DE, Inculet RI, Shepherd JG. Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma with lymph node metastases. Can Respir J. 2003;10:391–2.
Katakura H, Sato M, Tanaka F, et al. Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma with metastasis to the mediastinal lymph node. Ann Thorac Surg. 2005;80:2351–3.
Jiang ZN, Zhu T, Jin M, Wang LB. Sclerosing hemangioma with lymph node metastasis: report of a case. Zhonghua Bing Li Xue Za Zhi. 2007;36:282–3.
Vaideeswar P. Sclerosing hemangioma with lymph nodal metastases. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2009;52:392–4.
Suzuki H, Saitoh Y, Koh E, et al. Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma with pleural dissemination: report of a case. Surg Today. 2011;41:258–61.
Bae YS, Ro JY, Shim HS, et al. Pulmonary sclerosing haemangioma with metastatic spread to stomach. Histopathology. 2012;60:1162–4.
Kita H, Shiraishi Y, Katsuragi N, et al. Pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma with lymph node metastasis. Kyobu Geka. 2013;66:1141–4.
Xu HM, Zhang G. A rare case of pulmonary sclerosing hemagioma with lymph node metastasis and review of the literature. Int J Clin Exp Pathol. 2015;8:8619–23.
Kim MK, Jang SJ, Kim YH, Kim SW. Bone metastasis in pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma. Korean J Intern Med. 2015;30:928–30.
Soo IX, Sittampalam K, Lim CH. Pulmonary sclerosing pneumocytoma with mediastinal lymph node metastasis. Asian Cardiovasc Thorac Ann. 2017;25:547–9.
Wang X, Zhang L, Wang Y, et al. Sclerosing pneumocytoma with metastasis to the mediastinal and regional lymph nodes. Indian J Pathol Microbiol. 2018;61:407–9.
Wei S, Tian J, Song X, Chen Y. Recurrence of pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma. Thorac Cardiovasc Surg. 2008;56:120–2.
Iyoda A, Hiroshima K, Shiba M, et al. Clinicopathological analysis of pulmonary Sclerosing Hemangioma. Ann Thorac Surg. 2004;78:1928–31.
Liu W, Tian XY, Li Y, et al. Coexistence of pulmonary sclerosing hemangioma and primary adenocarcinoma in the same nodule of lung. Diagn Pathol. 2011;6:41.
Perl AK, Wilgenbus P, Dahl U, et al. A causal role for E-cadherin in the transition from adenoma to carcinoma. Nature. 1998;392:190–3.
Mon AM, MacKinnon AC Jr, Traktman P. Overexpression of the VRK1 kinase, which is associated with breast cancer, induces a mesenchymal to epithelial transition in mammary epithelial cells. PLoS One. 2018;13:e0203397.
Umbreit C, Erben P, Faber A, et al. Lapatinib-induced mesenchymal-epithelial transition in squamous cell carcinoma cells correlates with unexpected alteration of beta-catenin expression. Oncol Lett. 2016;11:2715–24.
Guo F, Parker Kerrigan BC, Yang D, et al. Post-transcriptional regulatory network of epithelial-to-mesenchymal and mesenchymal-to-epithelial transitions. J Hematol Oncol. 2014;7:19.
Hamilton G, Rath B. Mesenchymal-epithelial transition and circulating tumor cells in small cell lung Cancer. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2017;994:229–45.
The authors express gratitude to all the technical and clinical staffs involved in patient management and laboratory diagnosis.
This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or nonprofit sectors.
Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Qingchun Road 79, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, 310003, People's Republic of China
Xiao Teng
Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
Xiaodong Teng
TX collected the data, reviewed the literature, drafted and edited the manuscript. TXD conceived the study, participated in experiment design and data acquisition and edited the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
Correspondence to Xiaodong Teng.
The study received ethics approval from the Commission for Scientific Research in the First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University. The patient provided written informed consent.
Written informed consent was obtained from the patient and his healthy sibling for the publication.
Teng, X., Teng, X. First report of pulmonary sclerosing pneomucytoma with malignant transformation in both cuboidal surface cells and stromal round cells: a case report. BMC Cancer 19, 1154 (2019). https://doi.org/10.1186/s12885-019-6356-z
Pulmonary sclerosing pneomucytoma
Malignant transformation
Mesenchymal to epithelial transition
Stromal round cell
Cuboidal surface cell


New badges tackle complaints from passengers with non-apparent illnesses and disabilities.
London underground users with latent illnesses or disabilities will be provided with their own version of the 'Baby on Board' badge from 12 September to prompt other passengers to offer them a seat on busy trains.
The trial of the new 'please offer me a seat' badge is the second design by TfL, following the very successful 'baby on board' designs that made pregnant women known to fellow tube users without anyone having to utter a word. It is hoped that the new badges will have the same effect for those with hidden illnesses and disabilities who need to sit down whilst travelling.
TfL will initially be sending out 1000 people to wear these badges on their journeys to test public reaction. The testers will also have a card that can be shown to TfL staff.
One of the people taking part in the trial is James McNaught, who had previously produced his own 'cancer on board' badge whilst undergoing radiotherapy.
He told the BBC: "Getting a seat on transport when you need it can sometimes be really tricky, especially if the reason you need to sit down isn't obvious to others.
"When I was undergoing radiotherapy for throat cancer, it meant I couldn't talk to ask for a seat and the morphine I was taking made me appear drunk. It was a real struggle to get people to understand why I needed to sit down. A badge and card could help make a real difference to the lives of people undergoing drug treatment or with longer-term conditions or disabilities."
Mayor of London Sadiq Khan has taken to Facebook to promote the new scheme. "We hope that these new blue badges can make a real difference to those who find it difficult to get a seat when they need one, particularly those with hidden disabilities. Everyone who travels around London knows about the success of the 'Baby on board' badges.
"I want Londoners to embrace our new trial and help these blue badges become as instantly-recognisable, giving confidence to those wearing them on public transport across London."
The first trial will run for six weeks before a more permanent decision is made.


Did you know that it is only but natural for our skin to be radiant? Still, there are so many times it looks dull and tired.
In this article, you can read about some easy ways on how to get a glowing skin naturally at home.
But first let's have a look at an important fact that the sooner you realize, the better it will be: Glowing skin starts from the inside!
What does that mean? That even if you are willing to buy expensive cosmetics, nothing will work more than respecting and caring for your body's inside welfare.
Eat What Your Skin Needs!
Omega- 3 fatty acids. They are very effective in slowing down the aging process.
Olive Oil. It is full of antioxidants that protect and keep your skin healthy and glowing.
Grapes and other red or purple colored fruits. They are full of powerful anti aging and detoxifying ingredients like anthocyanins that are valuable to your skin's staying vibrant and radiant.
Avoid foods that increase insulin levels because that way you will have more chances of a dull and inflamed skin which can affect even the way your skin ages. So, keep away from very sugary types of food and try to replace them with more natural sources that can satisfy your sweet tooth.
Also, limiting certain foods such as those that contain high levels of saturated fats can help you have a healthier and more vital looking skin. Just make sure to include enough water in your diet since hydration is essential to getting a glowing skin.
As strange as it may seem, some regular exercise is also good for your skin. Not only does working out help you clean the pores of your skin, but it also strengthens your immune system.
A stronger immune system promotes the minimization or elimination of acne breakouts and fewer breakouts means a more healthy and glowing skin. By exercising, the body finds it easier to get rid of accumulating toxins and this leads to a prettier and more radiant complexion.
If you want to know a very effective way to get radiant skin naturally and at the convenience of your own home, then don't think it twice! Just take a nap and relax. Unwinding and resting is one of the most powerful glowing skin treatments.
Like the rest of your organs, skin can also be highly benefited by ample rest so that it can be revitalized and more resistant to deteriorating factors. When you don't get enough rest, your complexion may look dull and its imperfections will show more.
Sometimes, even dark circles or puffiness might appear. In general, the skin gets more sensitive. So, sleeping around 8 hours per night, depending on the age too, can be enough.
Along with healthy foods, regular exercise and enough rest, the way that you clean your skin is very important in your quest for a radiant skin.
Good cleansing of your skin includes washing it with lukewarm water and using a natural and organic facial cleanser that contains no chemicals and no artificial colors or fragrances.
Chemicals and artificial colors or fragrances can dry out the skin, robbing its natural oils and leaving it looking dull and lifeless. Also, remember to dry your skin by patting and not rubbing it.
In addition, you should exfoliate once a week to remove the dead skin cells that can clog the pores. Following a natural skin care regimen daily can help you get that glow on your face that you desire.
If you are in your 20s choose a light natural and organic moisturizer. At older ages, a more enhanced moisturizer will provide more hydration and protection to your skin.
Make sure that any skin care product you choose contains safe non chemical ingredients that can imbalance and even irritate your skin. Also, go for moisturizers containing antioxidants that can stimulate collagen production and help your complexion shine through.
Enjoying the sun is great. It makes us happier and helps our body form vitamin D which is valuable. But excessive sunbathing and during the hours that the sun is very hot can have damaging and sometimes irreversible effects.
So, stay away from the over exposure to the sun and protect your skin by using an effective sun block and a wide brimmed hat. Our Summer skincare tips as well as our after sun skin care tips & home recipes can help you learn more about the sun and after sun protection your skin will need.
These were some suggestions to get a healthy looking glowing skin naturally at home. Always remember that the skin is part of your body, thus whatever affects your body, will either have a long or a short term effect on the appearance of your skin as well. By taking care of your general health, you preserve the beauty of your skin, too.


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