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Edward Prendick / The Narrator Character Analysis
Prendick is the protagonist and narrator of the story. A presumably wealthy and well-educated gentleman, Prendick took up natural history as a way to bring some adventure back to his independent, comfortable, domestic life in England. In the midst of his travels, Prendick is shipwrecked and rescued by Montgomery, bringing him to reside for one year on the island of Dr. Moreau. Prendick is a man of strong morals—for example, he is a lifelong abstainer from alcohol—and though he is at least intrigued by the science behind it, the cruelty of Moreau's work and the pain of the Beast Folk initially repulse him. However, as the weeks drag on, his sympathy toward the Beast Folk is replaced by repugnance, and he is less affected by Moreau's cruelty. When Moreau and Montgomery are killed by the Beast Folk, Prendick becomes desperate to survive and adopts many of the behaviors that he had once despised in Moreau and Montgomery. Where he had once detested Moreau's brainwashing of the Beast Folk with the Law or the company that Montgomery kept with them, Prendick lives amongst the Beast Folk and encourages them to believe in Moreau's god-like power and uphold the Law, knowing that the narrative of the Law aids his survival. Though he had once been horrified by Moreau's cruelty, Prendick remorselessly kills any Beast Folk that he deems a possible threat. In this way, Prendick demonstrates that even for one with as strong a conscience as his, morality is defined more by circumstances than by any universal rules. When survival is at stake, Prendick quickly adjusts his moral guidelines and does things that previously would have been unthinkable. Prendick ultimately escapes the island, being picked up by another ship, but upon returning to human society finds that he sees too much of the same animalism of the Beast Folk in human beings as well. Thus, he withdraws to the countryside and lives a reclusive life, studying chemistry and astronomy.
Edward Prendick / The Narrator Quotes in The Island of Dr. Moreau
The The Island of Dr. Moreau quotes below are all either spoken by Edward Prendick / The Narrator or refer to Edward Prendick / The Narrator. For each quote, you can also see the other characters and themes related to it (each theme is indicated by its own dot and icon, like this one:
). Note: all page numbers and citation info for the quotes below refer to the Dover Publications edition of The Island of Dr. Moreau published in 1996.
Chapter 1 Quotes
I would not draw lots, however, and in the night the sailor whispered to Helmar again and again, and I sat in the bows with my clasp-knife in my hand—though I doubt I had the stuff in me to fight. And in the morning I agreed to Helmar's proposal, and we handed halfpence to find to the odd man.
Related Characters: Edward Prendick / The Narrator (speaker), Dr. Moreau / The White-Haired Man
Related Symbols: The Beast Folk, The Law
Page Number and Citation: 2
But certainly when I told the captain to shut up I had forgotten I was merely a bit of human flotsam, cut off from my resources, and with my fare unpaid, a mere casual dependent on the bounty—or speculative enterprise—of the ship. He reminded me of it with considerable vigor. But at any rate I prevented a fight.
Related Characters: Edward Prendick / The Narrator (speaker), Montgomery / The Young Man, Captain Davis
It was not the first time that conscience has turned against the methods of research. The doctor was simply howled out of the country…He might have purchased his social peace by abandoning his investigations, but he apparently preferred the latter, as most men would who have once fallen under the over-mastering spell of research.
Chapter 12 Quotes
A horrible fancy came into my head that Moreau, after animalizing these men, had infected their dwarfed brains with a kind of deification of himself.
"For every one the want that is bad," said the grey Sayer of the Law. "What you will want, we do not know. We shall know. Some want to follow things that move, to watch and slink and wait and spring, to kill and bite, deep and rich, sucking the blood…It is bad. 'Not to chase other Men; that is the Law. Are we not Men?'"
Related Characters: The Sayer of the Law (speaker), Edward Prendick / The Narrator
But as I say, I was too full of excitement, and—a true saying, though those who have never known danger may doubt it—too desperate to die.
Related Symbols: The Beast Folk
"You forget all that a skilled vivisector can do with living things," said Moreau. "For my own part I'm puzzled why the things I have done here have not been done before."
Related Characters: Dr. Moreau / The White-Haired Man (speaker), Edward Prendick / The Narrator
"So long as visible or audible pain turns you sick, so long as your own pain drives you, so long as pain underlies your propositions about sin, so long, I tell you, you are an animal, thinking a little less obscurely than an animal feels."
"It looked quite human to me when I had finished it, but when I went to it I was discontented with it; it remembered me, and was terrified beyond imagination, and it had no more than the wits of a sheep. The more I looked the clumsier it seemed, until at last I put the monster out of its misery."
"[The Beast Folk] build themselves dens, gather fruit and pull herbs—marry even. But I can see through it all, see into their very souls, and see there nothing but the souls of beasts, beasts that perish—anger, and the lusts to live and gratify themselves…Yet they're odd. Complex, like everything else alive. There is a kind of upward striving in them, part vanity, part waste sexual emotion, part waste curiosity."
I say I became habituated to the Beast People, that a thousand things that had seemed unnatural and repulsive speedily became natural and ordinary to me. I suppose everything in existence takes its color from the average hue of our surroundings: Montgomery and Moreau were too peculiar to keep my general impression of humanity well defined.
Related Characters: Edward Prendick / The Narrator (speaker), Dr. Moreau / The White-Haired Man, Montgomery / The Young Man
"Hail," said they, "to the Other with the whip!"
"There's a third with a whip now," said Montgomery, so you'd better mind!"
"Was he not made?" said the Ape Man. "He said—he said he was made."
Related Characters: Montgomery / The Young Man (speaker), The Ape Man (speaker), Edward Prendick / The Narrator
Related Symbols: The Beast Folk, Whips
"Who breaks the Law—" said Moreau, taking his eyes off his victim and turning towards us. It seemed to me there was a touch of exultation in his voice.
"—goes back to the House of Pain," they all clamored; "goes back to the House of Pain, O Master!"
Related Characters: Edward Prendick / The Narrator (speaker), Dr. Moreau / The White-Haired Man (speaker), The Leopard Man / The Beastly Man
A strange persuasion came upon me that, save for the grossness of the line, the grotesqueness of the forms, I had here before me the whole balance of human life in miniature, the whole interplay of instinct, reason, and fate, in its simplest form.
Related Characters: Edward Prendick / The Narrator (speaker)
[Montgomery] cracked his whip in some trepidation, and forthwith [the Beast Folk] rushed at him. Never before had a Beast Man dared to do that.
Related Symbols: The Beast Folk, The Law, Whips
"Children of the Law," I said, "He is not dead…he has changed his shape—he has changed his body," I went on. "For a time you will not see him. He is…there"—I pointed upward— "where he can watch you. You cannot see him. But he can see you. Fear the Law."
Related Characters: Edward Prendick / The Narrator (speaker), Dr. Moreau / The White-Haired Man, Montgomery / The Young Man, The Sayer of the Law
We locked ourselves in, and then took Moreau's mangled body into the yard, and laid it upon a pile of brushwood.
Then we went into the laboratory and put an end to all we found living there.
I felt that for Montgomery, there was no help; that he was in truth half akin to these Beast Folk, unfitted for human kindred.
Related Characters: Edward Prendick / The Narrator (speaker), Montgomery / The Young Man
I was perhaps a dozen seconds collecting myself. Then I cried, "Salute! Bow down!"
[The Hyena-Swine's] teeth flashed upon me in a snarl. "Who are you, that I should…"
Perhaps a little too spasmodically, I drew my revolver, aimed, and quickly fired…[and] knew I had missed.
Related Characters: Edward Prendick / The Narrator (speaker), The Hyena-Swine (speaker), Montgomery / The Young Man
"'We have no Master, no Whips, no House of Pain any more. There is an end. We love the Law, and will keep it; but there is no pain, no Master, no Whips forever again.' So they say."
Related Characters: The Dog Man (speaker), Edward Prendick / The Narrator
There is, though I do not know how there is or why there is, a sense of infinite peace and protection in the glittering hosts of heaven. There it must be, in the vast and eternal laws of matter, and not in the daily care and sins and troubles of men, that whatever is more than animal within us must find its solace and its hope.
Edward Prendick / The Narrator Character Timeline in The Island of Dr. Moreau
The timeline below shows where the character Edward Prendick / The Narrator appears in The Island of Dr. Moreau. The colored dots and icons indicate which themes are associated with that appearance.
Chapter 1: In the Dingy of the Lady Vain
The narrator lays out his intention: he will not contradict what the public already knows about the... (full context)
The narrator and two other survivors float adrift for eight days, quickly running out of food and... (full context)
In his delirium, after what felt an endless time, the narrator sees a small ship approach him, feels himself lifted aboard, and has a memory of... (full context)
Chapter 2: The Man Who Was Going Nowhere
The narrator awakes in a cabin aboard the ship, being treated by a somewhat young man with... (full context)
The narrator tells the young man that his name is Edward Prendick and that, looking for some adventure, he had left his comfortable domestic life to become... (full context)
Prendick spends the next day eating, sleeping, and chatting with the man, whose name, he discovers,... (full context)
Chapter 3: The Strange Face
Prendick, having regained some strength, ventures out of the cabin he has been recovering in with... (full context)
Climbing above the deck, Prendick observes that there are numerous caged animals on the ship: stag hounds, a Puma, several... (full context)
...strange-looking man and how much of a mess Montgomery's animals have made of his deck, Prendick interjects, sensing a fight. Montgomery is as angry as the captain, who is threatening to... (full context)
Chapter 4: At the Schooner's Rail
...evening, after the sun has set. It seems that this is Montgomery's destination, and though Prendick is growing more curious about the purpose of the island and all the caged animals,... (full context)
Prendick spies Montgomery's strange-looking friend, who seems to be an assistant or servant. The man turns... (full context)
Chapter 5: The Landing on the Island
...smaller boat that will take them ashore to the island, the still-drunken captain demands that Prendick must leave his ship as well. Montgomery has been joined by a powerful, white-haired man... (full context)
Chapter 6: The Evil-Looking Boatmen
Montgomery and his companion, seeing that Prendick is doomed to drift upon the ocean once again, decide to rescue him despite their... (full context)
...upon the shore, met by another bizarre-looking man with black skin and seemingly no lips. Prendick observes that the three swathed men walk awkwardly, as if the joints of their legs... (full context)
Prendick helps Montgomery to offload the rabbits, which Montgomery promptly releases into the island forest, evidently... (full context)
Chapter 7: The Locked Door
Montgomery and the white-haired man deliberate about what to do with Prendick until Montgomery remembers a room where they can house him. The white-haired man is eager... (full context)
Prendick is shown to his room, which is attached to a locked enclosure. The room is... (full context)
Prendick is reflecting on the utter secrecy of Montgomery and Moreau when the strange-looking man from... (full context)
Prendick finally remembers how he knows the name Moreau—some decades ago, an exposé had been published... (full context)
Prendick realizes that Moreau has established the island as his new base of research and considers... (full context)
Chapter 8: The Crying of the Puma
...man arrive again with food, water, and brandy, announcing that Montgomery will eat lunch with Prendick, but Moreau is busy working. When Montgomery's assistant leaves, Prendick inquires about him, pointing out... (full context)
As they are speaking, the Puma can be heard howling from the enclosure, and Prendick surmises that it is being vivisected. Once Montgomery has left, the Puma's pained screams become... (full context)
Chapter 9: The Thing in the Forest
Walking aimlessly, Prendick wanders through the forest until he finds a stream. Crouching on the edge, on all... (full context)
Prendick is disturbed by the sight and unsure of what to make of it, but wanders... (full context)
Prendick continues his venture and, unseen, spies three more people through the brush. They are nearly... (full context)
Prendick turns to leave, since he is terrified and the sun is beginning to set. As... (full context)
With the beastly man lying motionless in the sand, Prendick runs for the house and the safety of his room. Even the Puma's cries seem... (full context)
Chapter 10: The Crying of the Man
Montgomery meets Prendick as he arrives and escorts him to his little room. Prendick is nearly hysterical, demanding... (full context)
Prendick sleeps until midday, waking with a hangover from the sedative. Montgomery briefly checks on Prendick... (full context)
Prendick bursts through the unlocked door into an operating room. There is blood in the sink,... (full context)
Chapter 11: The Hunting of the Man
Prendick determines that he must escape, and, fashioning a crude club from the arm of one... (full context)
After that hour, Prendick can hear both Moreau and Montgomery calling his name, evidently with a hound and each... (full context)
The Ape Man leaves, but Prendick follows after, asking the Ape Man where he might find food. The Ape Man replies... (full context)
Chapter 12: The Sayers of the Law
Prendick, still clutching his weapon, is brought into a hut, where, along with the Ape Man,... (full context)
...seems exuberant that a "man" has come to live with them. A large figure, whom Prendick cannot quite make out, declares that Prendick must be taught the Law. The figure proceeds... (full context)
...hand that wounds. His is the hand that heals," and so on. In its midst, Prendick surmises with some horror that Moreau, having created these creatures and their stunted intelligence, has... (full context)
Moreau, Montgomery, and the hound arrive in the Beast Folk's community. Prendick flees again, pursued by Moreau and the Beast Folk, who have obeyed him and joined... (full context)
Chapter 13: A Parley
Prendick reaches the ocean and wades in, but quickly realizes that he is "too desperate to... (full context)
Prendick begins wading into the sea, again seemingly resolved to kill himself, when Montgomery asks what... (full context)
Prendick refuses until Moreau and Montgomery drop their weapons in the sand, offering to let Prendick... (full context)
Chapter 14: Dr. Moreau Explains
Back at the enclosure, Prendick and Moreau sit together, Prendick still clutching both revolvers. Moreau explains that the Beast Folk... (full context)
Prendick is rather disturbed by this, but Moreau insists that it is necessary. Society has no... (full context)
...island or died. Moreau seems reticent to tell of how the last was killed, but Prendick is insistent. Moreau reveals that once he had tried making something altogether new, a beast... (full context)
...human and seem to quest after that end. Retiring, Moreau willingly leaves the revolvers with Prendick as a source of comfort and sign of good faith. (full context)
Chapter 15: Concerning the Beast Folk
The following morning, M'ling—the name of Montgomery's assistant—delivers Prendick's breakfast, and Montgomery joins him. Montgomery explains that he and Moreau are reasonably safe from... (full context)
Prendick gradually "habituate[s]" to the Beast Folk's appearance and behavior. Montgomery, having spent so much time... (full context)
Chapter 16: How the Beast Folk Tasted Blood
One afternoon, Prendick and Montgomery are hiking through the forest, each carrying a whip. They briefly hear a... (full context)
...Folk must respect him. The Ape Man is confused by this, indicating that he believed Prendick was also a creation of Moreau. Despite the Beast Folk's questions, Montgomery and Prendick continue. (full context)
Prendick and Montgomery come upon a dead half-eaten rabbit. Montgomery is alarmed by this, afraid of... (full context)
Taking M'ling with them, Prendick, Moreau, and Montgomery make their way to the ravine to gather the Beast Folk. The... (full context)
...him, knocking Moreau off-balance. The beasts, already excited, seem on the verge of revolution, and Prendick thinks that the Hyena-Swine is about to join the attack. However, the fire of Moreau's... (full context)
...the Leopard Man is cornered by the island's topography. Fanning out and proceeding more slowly, Prendick discovers the Leopard Man cowering amidst the tall grass. Despite its animal posture and inhuman... (full context)
Moreau is angry that Prendick killed the creature, but Prendick brushes it off and breaks away from the mob. As... (full context)
Chapter 17: A Catastrophe
Six weeks on, Prendick's sympathy for the Beast Folk wanes and is replaced by loathing. He longs to be... (full context)
One morning, Prendick is standing near the enclosure smoking a cigarette when the Puma breaks free of its... (full context)
Prendick waits in his room. The island seems eerily quiet. After some time, he hears a... (full context)
Chapter 18: The Finding of Moreau
Montgomery is so rattled that he starts getting himself drunk. To stop him, Prendick declares that they must go look for Moreau themselves, since something terrible has obviously happened... (full context)
...the Law ask the humans if the Law still exists, now that Moreau is dead. Prendick proclaims to the Beast Folk that indeed Moreau is not dead, he has only changed... (full context)
...back to the enclosure. The Beast Folk return to the beach, joined now by M'ling. Prendick and Montgomery enter Moreau's laboratory and kill every living creature they find there. (full context)
Chapter 19: Montgomery's "Bank Holiday"
That evening, near midnight, Montgomery and Prendick are discussing their options. Though Montgomery has sobered, the death of Moreau has left him... (full context)
Prendick locks himself in the enclosure and begins planning his escape: when the sun rises, he... (full context)
When Prendick gets to the beach, he finds a bonfire raging next to the boathouse. Montgomery is... (full context)
A gout of flame rises from the direction of the enclosure, and Prendick realizes that he overturned an oil lamp when he ran for the beach, and Moreau's... (full context)
Chapter 20: Alone with the Beast Folk
Prendick faces the Beast Folk with one broken arm and a single revolver in his pocket... (full context)
The Hyena-Swine emerges also, immediately challenging Prendick's authority. Prendick resolves that he will kill the Hyena-Swine the first chance he gets, since... (full context)
Prendick makes his way to the ravine to hide and assess the situation. He has no... (full context)
After several hours, Prendick emerges, finding some Beast Folk resting. He requests food and they tell him that there... (full context)
Chapter 21: The Reversion of the Beast Folk
Prendick, by his own description, becomes one of the Beast Folk. Although he has one loyal... (full context)
This point marks the start of the majority of Prendick's life on the island, most of which he does not wish to recall. The Dog... (full context)
...Folk retain much of the Law. The Ape Man comes to believe that he is Prendick's equal, and prides himself on repeating any word or idea Prendick says that the Ape... (full context)
...first to throw off the mores of "decency." The Dog Man regresses so much that Prendick comes to regard it not as Dog Man, but as his St. Bernard Brute, and... (full context)
Prendick initially spends his days watching for passing ships, and though he sees five, he never... (full context)
One day, Prendick is lying next to the ruins of the enclosure when the pink sloth creature, now... (full context)
Prendick knows that he will likely be attacked again, as many of the Beast Folk have... (full context)
Another day, Prendick spies a small sail on the horizon and eventually a little boat comes into view... (full context)
Chapter 22: The Man Alone
After three days drifting, Prendick is picked up by a passing ship. The crew does not believe his story and... (full context)
Prendick moves to the countryside, where he can be away from other human beings, since London... (full context)


I have just fitted the new stereo (which took about 10 minutes and slotted straight in to where the old one came from-even the 2 retaining screws matched up!) and I am very happy with it. The sound is a vast improvement on the old one and I am amazed at the Bluetooth function. I may invest in a pair of the under seat speakers to further improve the sound.
Thanks for supplying a great, quality product.
Excellent prompt service. Excellent product.
While some new cars are now being built with digital radios, and modern cars already on the road can be converted  either with a new head unit or by attaching a dash-mounted receiver that connects via a jack socket, USB slot or Bluetooth  the issue is more complicated for historic car drivers.
Many drivers take pride in keeping their interiors as period as possible, which means having an original (and working) radio in the centre of the dash. Yet because most old car radios date from well before the digital age, they will either need to be replaced or converted.
There are companies offering solutions, one of which is Tadpole Radios, based in Colchester, Essex. There are only two real ways I see of getting around DAB, said owner Rory Weaver. A permanently-connected jack lead will allow a iPod, digital receiver or similar to be connected to the radio, and Tadpole also offers a conversion where the original radio is connected to a Sony digital unit hidden away elsewhere in the car, such as in the boot or under a seat. Rory believes he is currently the only supplier in the world offering this DAB conversion for analogue equipment.
The Sony conversion is the more elegant solution as the original look of the radio is retained, with the analogue control internals swapped for digital items, he told CCW. All the features can still be controlled via the classic radio knobs and buttons and Rory is able to convert any car radio from the 1940s to the 1980s, so long as it uses the common layout of two circular volume and tuning knobs plus five push buttons.
Prompt delivery, safely packaged and radio in immaculate condition.
Just want to say thanks for a great product.
Radio arrived yesterday, I fitted it last night, very easily, and the sound from it is terrific. It also looks so correct in my car.
If you want the period look with the modern sound, I would highly recommend this radio.
Very pleased to advise that the radio was delivered today and appears to have travelled well. I will hand it on to the chap who will fit it for me, so much appreciated.
I look forward to having "music where ever I go"!!!
Thank you for you time on the phone yesterday, it is hooked up to an amp and sub woofer and sounds unbelievable - the controls are also better than I imagined.
I just got the the radio installed into the car and I can tell you with much enthusiasm, how happy I am with how it sounds. The instructions made installation a snap and the radio works beautifully and much more easily than I was expecting.
The biggest thing that makes me happy, is that it doesn't look like I did anything to change the car, and that is very important to how I'm refurbishing it.
Thank you again for the help and the great job you did. It was well worth it.
Radio now back in and what a huge improvement, it's a quantum leap in all respects, radio tuning, functionality re tone and fade, sound quality and power are all vastly superior, and the loudness contouring is a quality touch, have yet to sort Bluetooth, getting too cold and dark!
I've just shown an older friend the demo, and his comment was that it was a brilliant solution!


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What is the difference between a wonderland and imagination?
By TB,
December 4, 2021 in Tulpa Questions & Answers
The Woofy Hermit
I've spent a tremendous amount of time in my imaginations in various places made up on the spot for internal interactions etc, but then when I started tulpamancy I deliberately made up a consistent home space, and through image streaming discovered several reoccurring areas. The latter feels very separate from just playing in my imagination normally, but are they the same place?
Creation for creation's sake.
More of my drawings
December 4, 2021 (edited)
"Wonderland" is just the tulpamancy term for the usually-stable/consistent (but not necessarily so) imagined world you interact with your tulpa in. Like many terms, it's basically optional. You could just imagine interacting with your tulpa however whenever and have no consistent place in mind. And even if you do, you don't have to call it your "wonderland", but that's the term we use here.
Related (actually exactly the same), "Wonderlanding" is sometimes used as a verb to refer to imagining spending time with your tulpa in the same way. Usually it implies more "adventure/explore"-y stuff, but it can be used just for hanging out too.
I created a house and nearby terrain to interact with my tulpas in a long time ago (actually made it to have somewhere to go when lucid dreaming where it'd be natural to see my tulpas), but our imagination isn't particularly vivid, so it's perfectly static (unchanging), and we usually just sit in some restaurant booths near the front of the house and talk there. We consider that wonderlanding, for example. But there's also a bridge out under a waterfall that leads to a swamp Lucilyn added later, and she's gone swimming there in the past, and we've gone on walks through the place. That's perhaps more traditionally what people would use the term wonderlanding for.
A lot of people like to explore new places constantly though, and some people's "wonderlands" basically consist of everywhere they've ever imagined/created, or other weird dimensions or so on. So yeah, it's a pretty loose term, but it's useful to get a point across quickly.
A bonus bit, actually: In our case specifically, imagination of my tulpas that doesn't take place in our wonderland tends to be just actual imagining of them, and not actually them. This isn't a rule and I could imagine them wherever and actually be interacting with them, but I don't. So having a designated wonderland also helps differentiate when I'm just imagining them (so it's not really them) versus actually interacting with them.
Edited December 4, 2021 by Luminesce
Okay, I suppose the term is vaguer than I thought.
And are all non tulpa entities in wonderland (which is potentially all of imagination) NPCs then? Are NPCs automatic or puppeted?
Edited December 4, 2021 by TB
TurboSimmie
Existing is Pretty Cool
Phil and I don't like to complicate things so there aren't really NPCs in our wonderland. Sometimes we'll imagine friends (including community members!) staying at our house, but of course it's not literally them, it's our imagined version of them. The only thing that's like an NPC is our cat Nigel. I created him a few months ago. I don't know how much he's really autonomous. He certainly has a personality, but if I want to imagine him cuddling on my lap he's there; I don't have to call him and hope he comes. Otherwise he's usually out exploring the world "off-screen". So I guess he's mostly an NPC that possibly has some small tokens of free will.
Tulpa Wife Extraordinaire! 💚 - 💍 11.28.21
Things Simmie Likes
Stone: I call anytime I imagine being somewhere with my tulpae (or alone, rarely) in first-person POV "Wonderland". Sometimes it's consistent and sometimes it isn't. I otherwise never imagine things from first-person POV, so it always feels like a distinct thing I'm practicing rather than just imagining. I can tell the difference between imagining my tulpae doing things and interacting with them directly in Wonderland. But how much of a difference is there actually? I don't know, and it doesn't really matter to me. All that matters to me is that I can tell the difference, no matter how subjective that difference is.
NPCs are automated in the sense that your imagination automates things. They aren't fully autonomous and sentient and all that or they'd be tulpas, but the difference is presumably the same as imaginary friends versus tulpas. That being, imaginary friends (and NPCs) are more easily influenced by you/your imagination and less consistently "a person" - their personality and ways of acting may be fleshed out, but their more in-depth thoughts and feelings aren't as well-defined as a tulpa's.
But as always, there's not some magic switch that turns on and suddenly creates a tulpa who's clearly defined as completely inherently different from an imagined character you know super well. It's all just soft mind-stuff, not preexisting well-defined phenomena you're going to automatically fall into. So it's very possible to push the development of a character you don't intend to be a tulpa into basically tulpa territory. Bear struggled with this a lot as he often couldn't tell the core difference between his tulpas and his other imagined characters.
While there's no solid lines drawn within our brains for this, there's a few common factors in what people choose to consider a tulpa versus an NPC or imagined character. First and foremost, a tulpa is almost always far more aware of your real, waking life, of the body, and of imagination or the wonderland's transient nature. NPCs usually do not have this awareness, and when they do it is basically exclusively "irrelevant" to them, as the imagined world is their reality. If it's not irrelevant to them and they have that awareness, along with a complex fleshed out personality and autonomy, honestly you may just have a wonderland-bound tulpa you've never brought to whatever more conscious space you interact with your tulpas in.
And lastly, perhaps most importantly - the host's intent for a character or tulpa is kind of the final say on their place in the mind. If you fully intend for characters to be NPCs/imaginary characters and only think of them that way, then even if you get to know them really well and they become very fleshed out, they shouldn't really become "tulpas". And if you intend for a character to become a tulpa, being aware of your waking life (or at least the not-real nature of imagination, even if they choose to live within it) and the other processes of your brain, they should become a tulpa over time if they aren't already.
Cat_ShadowGriffin
On 12/4/2021 at 2:11 PM, TB said:
I agree with Lumi, but I want to emphasize that the difference boils down to the label. If you label a place in your imagination a wonderland, it becomes a wonderland, regardless of what the underlying definition is.
I consider a wonderland to be different from other imagined places mostly because I interact with my tulpas in the "wonderlands", but that's not necessarily the case in out system even. I used to speak with my headmates in our original wonderland, but that wonderland is a few buildings/settings that are assumed to somehow connect and not one continuous landscape with a lot of thought or effort put into it. However, my idea for what a wonderland is isn't really practiced in-system. Most of the time my headmates interact with weird stuff in a void if they interact with an imaginary setting at all, and I still deem this wonderland because my headmates are "wonderlanding", or doing things in an imagined space. Even the "interact with my tulpas" rule is more of a suggestion, we barely use the "old wonderland" anymore and we have this newish experimental space that is a wonderland not because it's really dedicated for interaction but designed to test out tulpamancy concepts. I guess a wonderland is simply a place that is special for whatever reason, maybe related to tulpamancy for one reason or another.
Not all non-tulpa entities are NPCs, things like wonderland trees and symbolism servitors probably don't fit the NPC description. NPCs can be automatic (like a story character) or completely scripted, saying the same thing over and over again.
I agree with Lumi otherwise.
Not my main form or name really but this nick is my brand now. You may see my headmates call me Gray.
I used to speak in pink and Ranger used to speak in blue (if it's unmarked and colored assume it's Ranger). She loves to chat.
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Jam Factory, London SE1
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"I've loved watching the local area flourish and thrive over the last 14 years. There's a distinctly village feel about this location. Borough Market was the go-to for the artisan international produce for years, but lately, with the opening of markets on Maltby Street and Druid Street, I now head there to pick up an amazing selection of food. It's wonderful to have these places so close by."
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These images are being used in regional marketing ads for Schiller DuCanto & Fleck Family Law. The conceptual campaign centered around the idea of "a custom-tailored law firm." Catherine came up with the design and pre-production sketches. The final results are pretty close to her original vision. Catherine also worked with the Knotty Tie Company in Denver to create the unique ties with the company's logo. Models are through 4 Star Casting in Chicago.


Welcome light and bright modern living in this gorgeous 3-bedroom home. The main living area gets lots of natural light and you'll love cooking in the gourmet kitchen. Turn bedroom 3 into a convenient home office/guest room. Make the move to Stoneyridge today!


text:
Suitability of bilateral filtering for edge-preserving noise reduction in PET
Frank Hofheinz1Email author,
Jens Langner1,
Bettina Beuthien-Baumann1, 2,
Liane Oehme2,
Jörg Steinbach1,
Jörg Kotzerke1, 2 and
Jörg van den Hoff1, 2
EJNMMI Research20111:23
© Hofheinz et al; licensee Springer. 2011
Received: 15 June 2011
Accepted: 5 October 2011
Published: 5 October 2011
To achieve an acceptable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) in PET images, smoothing filters (SF) are usually employed during or after image reconstruction preventing utilisation of the full intrinsic resolution of the respective scanner. Quite generally Gaussian-shaped moving average filters (MAF) are used for this purpose. A potential alternative to MAF is the group of so-called bilateral filters (BF) which provide a combination of noise reduction and edge preservation thus minimising resolution deterioration of the images. We have investigated the performance of this filter type with respect to improvement of SNR, influence on spatial resolution and for derivation of SUVmax values in target structures of varying size.
Data of ten patients with head and neck cancer were evaluated. The patients had been investigated by routine whole body scans (ECAT EXACT HR+, Siemens, Erlangen). Tomographic images were reconstructed (OSEM 6i/16s) using a Gaussian filter (full width half maximum (FWHM): Γ0 = 4 mm). Image data were then post-processed with a Gaussian MAF (FWHM: ΓM = 7 mm) and a Gaussian BF (spatial domain: ΓS = 9 mm, intensity domain: ΓI = 2.5 SUV), respectively. Images were assessed regarding SNR as well as spatial resolution. Thirty-four lesions (volumes of about 1-100 mL) were analysed with respect to their SUVmax values in the original as well as in the MAF and BF filtered images.
With the chosen filter parameters both filters improved SNR approximately by a factor of two in comparison to the original data. Spatial resolution was significantly better in the BF-filtered images in comparison to MAF (MAF: 9.5 mm, BF: 6.8 mm). In MAF-filtered data, the SUVmax was lower by 24.1 ± 9.9% compared to the original data and showed a strong size dependency. In the BF-filtered data, the SUVmax was lower by 4.6 ± 3.7% and no size effects were observed.
Bilateral filtering allows to increase the SNR of PET image data while preserving spatial resolution and preventing smoothing-induced underestimation of SUVmax values in small lesions. Bilateral filtering seems a promising and superior alternative to standard smoothing filters.
SUVmax
bilateral filtering
spatial resolution
image filtering
Quite often, the practically achievable statistical accuracy of PET data is not sufficient to utilise the full intrinsic spatial resolution of the respective system. Rather, it is usually necessary to perform data smoothing either during image reconstruction or afterwards to achieve a reasonable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Typically, Gaussian-shaped moving average filters (MAF) are used for this purpose. While improving the SNR and, therefore, facilitating identification and delineation of sufficiently large low intensity structures, these filters at the same time reduce the spatial resolution of the images, thus deteriorating detectability and quantification accuracy of small lesions. Therefore, the spatial width of the MAF has to be carefully chosen to yield a good compromise between improvement of SNR and reduction of spatial resolution. Obviously, a complete satisfactory choice regarding the degree of smoothing is not always possible. Especially in dynamic studies, in single gates of a respiratory-gated study, and in scans of obese patients SNR can be very low initially and a good SNR can only be obtained by substantially compromising spatial resolution.
The problem arises since the MAF filters indiscriminately smooth over noise-induced intensity fluctuations in homogeneous areas as well as over real intensity differences ("edges") in the image.
Therefore, locally adaptive image filters, which are able to detect and maintain edges while still smoothing over noise-induced (small scale, low intensity) fluctuations, could be an interesting alternative to MAF filtering. We have investigated a special example of this type of filters, the so-called bilateral filter (BF). Such filters are typically used in 2D image processing and were first introduced by Tomasi and Manduchi [1]. BF have already been used in medical imaging, notably in MRI [2–4] and ultrasound imaging [5, 6]. Their potential usefulness has also been recognised in the field of Nuclear Medicine [7], and bilateral filtering has been proposed for improvement of iterative image reconstruction in PET [8]. However, to the best of our knowledge, performance of bilateral filtering in the PET image domain has not yet been systematically evaluated.
In this study, we investigated bilateral filtering of PET image data with respect to its effect on the SNR, the spatial resolution and, especially, the quantification of tracer uptake with the maximum of the SUV in the respective lesion, SUVmax. Results were compared to those obtained after MAF filtering of the same data.
The BF
A BF W consists of a product of two separate filters, one acting in the spatial domain (W S), one acting in the intensity domain (W I). Choosing Gaussian shapes for both components [9], the BF is given as:
W ( m , n ) = W S ( P m - P n ) ⋅ W I ( I m - I n ) = exp - ( P m - P n ) 2 2 σ S 2 ⏟ spatial domain ⋅ exp - ( I m - I n ) 2 2 σ I 2 ⏟ intensity domain ,
where m is the index of the currently considered target voxel at position P m with intensity I m , and n enumerates the neighbouring voxels. The filter width of both components is controlled by the two free parameters σ S and σ I representing the respective standard deviations of the Gaussians. Filtering of any target voxel m is obtained as usual by replacing its current intensity value I m with
∑ n W ( m , n ) ⋅ I n ∑ n W ( m , n )
where the sum runs over all neighbouring voxels n with intensity I n covered by the chosen filter width. In contrast to the spatial part of the filter alone, the weighting assigned to a certain voxel n does not only depend on the spatial distance to the target voxel, but also on the differences of their respective intensities. This intensity-dependent part W I can be viewed as modulating the given spatial part W S in such a way that the resulting BF has a different shape for each target voxel m. The filter has two free parameters, namely the standard deviations σ S and σ I. These parameters, or the corresponding full widths at half maximum Γ (Γ ≈ 2.35 σ), define which distances to the target voxel are considered large: "distant" voxels (in space or intensity) are not contributing significantly to the averaging process. Only "close" voxels (in space and intensity) are effective in the averaging process in Equation 2.
Consequently, to preserve the edges of a certain target structure in the image data, the width of the intensity-dependent part of the filter (controlled by the parameter ΓI) has to be comparable to (or smaller than) the intensity difference between that target and its background.
If suitable parameters ΓM, ΓI are used, only nearby voxels with intensities close to that of the target voxel will contribute to the averaging. It is exactly this behaviour which leads to the edge preserving properties of BF. Figure 1 illustrates the locally adaptive nature and edge preservation mechanism of the BF in the 2D case of a single slice from a phantom measurement of a hot sphere plus warm background. The BF kernel is shown for seven selected positions along a (slightly off centre) cross section through the sphere. Note, how the kernel adjusts its shape while approaching and traversing the object. At each position, the intensity dependence of the filter ensures that pixels whose intensities differ sufficiently from the intensity of the target pixel are effectively excluded from the averaging process. Immediately at the object edge the averaging is more or less switched off completely (or rather: reduced to inclusion of pixels along the circumference), thus preserving a sharp object boundary.
Illustration of locally adaptive behaviour of BF. The b/w image (top) shows the original image (hot sphere plus warm background). The blue dots denote selected positions (labelled a-g) for which the 2D BF kernel is computed and shown as colour-coded image (small weights: blue, large weights: red) at the bottom. Note how the kernel adjusts itself to the selected target position, including only neighbouring pixels of similar intensity in the averaging procedure.
Patient group, data acquisition and data processing
The patient group included ten patients with head and neck cancer (nine men and one woman, mean age 56 ± 7.3 years) which had been scheduled for tumour staging with whole-body FDG-PET.
The PET scans were performed with an ECAT EXACT HR+ (Siemens, Erlangen) using a routine acquisition protocol (2D acquisition, 8 min emission, 4 min transmission per bed position). Data acquisition started 1 h after injection (290-330 MBq FDG). Tomographic images were reconstructed from the projection data using the standard attenuation-weighted OSEM reconstruction provided with the system (6 iterations, 16 subsets, Gaussian filter with FWHM: Γ0 = 4 mm). In the following, these images are referred to as original images. The data were postprocessed with a Gaussian MAF (FWHM: ΓM = 7 mm) and BF (parameters: ΓS = 9 mm, ΓI = 2.5 SUV), respectively. The BF parameters were chosen in such a way that a comparable SNR is obtained in the filtered data with BF and MAF, respectively. SNR was quantified as described in the following section. Thirty-four lesions (volumes of about 1-100 mL) were analysed with respect to their SUVmax values in the original as well as in the MAF and BF-filtered images. MAF and BF filtering was performed with the software ROVER (ABX GmbH, Radeberg, Germany).
In the following, we use the expression SNR = μ/σ for computing the SNR, where σ is the standard deviation of the voxel intensities in a homogeneous ROI and μ is the corresponding mean value. Furthermore, the noise level is defined as the inverse of the SNR (i.e. as the ratio σ/μ).
To estimate the noise level in the image data, two spherical 3D ROIs were positioned in approximately homogeneous central regions of the liver (ROI volume: 33 mL) and the lung (ROI volume: 27 mL) as indicated in Figure 2. ROI position was chosen identical in the original and filtered image data. For each study the noise level was then determined in the original image as well as in the MAF and BF-filtered data. For each lesion the SUVmax was determined in the original images as well as in the filtered images. Lesion volumes were derived by manual delineation of the lesions in the MAF processed data (which were preferred to the original image data by the evaluating physician) using the software ROVER (ABX GmbH, Radeberg, Germany). This software was also used for further ROI-based data analysis.
Example of ROIs in liver (A) and lung (B) used for the determination of the noise level.
Phantom measurement
To estimate the spatial resolution of the differently processed image data and to test the stability of BF, we performed a measurement with a water-filled cylinder phantom containing six spherical inserts (volume range 0.5-26.5 mL) at a target to background ratio of 7. The phantom data were acquired in list mode using an in-house solution [10]. This allowed retrospective variation of the effective acquisition time for generation of image data with different noise levels. Two different noise levels (as measured in a large ROI remote from the sphere inserts) where evaluated: 28%, which is comparable to the noise level in the liver encountered in our patient data, and a distinctly higher noise level of 38%. The reconstructed phantom data were then postprocessed with MAF and BF in the same way as the patient data but using three different values for ΓI (2.0, 2.5 and 3.0 SUV, respectively).
The spatial resolution of the phantom data was determined according to the method described in full detail in [11]: first, the image data for each sphere (plus some neighbourhood) were expressed in the form A(r n ), where A is activity concentration, n enumerates the included voxels and r n is the distance of the respective voxel to the centre of the sphere. A(r n ) thus represents the measured radial activity profile across the considered sphere averaged over all directions. The spatial resolution of the imaged sphere was then determined by least squares fitting the analytical profile formula F(r)--resulting from convolution of an isotropic Gaussian point spread function with a homogeneous sphere--to the measured radial profile data A(r n ). The recovery coefficient for each sphere was finally computed as the ratio of the fitted profile at the sphere centre, F(0), and the known actual activity concentration in the given sphere. The recovery coefficients obtained for the differently filtered image data were then compared.
The phantom measurements yielded the following values for the spatial resolution of the image data: (6.5 ± 0.3) mm for the original image, (6.8 ± 0.5) mm for the BF-filtered data and (9.5 ± 0.5) mm after MAF filtering. Compared to the original data, the reduction of the spatial resolution of the MAF-filtered data is obvious while BF essentially maintains the original resolution. Figure 3 shows the resulting recovery curves for both analysed noise levels. The recovery curves of the BF processed data follow essentially the curve of the original data. Only for the smallest sphere (0.47 mL), where the signal recovery in the original data is already reduced to about 50%, the recovery coefficient of the BF processed data differs substantially from that of the original data. There is only a very small difference of the performance of BF for the two investigated noise levels: signal recovery in the small spheres decreases slightly with increasing noise. However, this decrease is not specific for BF but can be equally seen in the original data and with MAF. Figure 4 shows exemplary transaxial slices of the phantom data. On the left the original image at a noise level of 28% is shown. The BF-processed data (ΓS = 9 mm, ΓI = 2.5 SUV) are shown in the middle and the MAF processed data are shown on the right. Both filters reduce the noise level significantly (from 28 to 13% (MAF) and 14% (BF), respectively). The reduced resolution of the MAF-processed data is clearly visible as is the massive drop of signal recovery in the small spheres.
Recovery coefficients of differently sized spheres in a warm background (sphere/background = 7) before and after filtering at two different noise levels. Left: noise level 28%. Right: noise level 38%. MAF, moving average filter (ΓM = 7 mm); BF, bilateral filter (ΓS = 9 mm). For BF, three different settings for the width of the intensity-dependent part of the filter are used (see plot legend). A general slight decrease of signal recovery in small spheres at the higher noise level can be observed, but the increased noise does not have a specific (more pronounced) effect on BF.
Single transaxial slice from the phantom measurements with a background noise level of 28%. original image (A), BF-filtered data (ΓS = 9 mm, ΓI = 2.5 SUV) (B) and MAF-filtered data (ΓM = 7 mm) (C).
Figure 5 shows representative coronal sections from two patient investigations. The original data are shown in the first column, the BF-filtered data in the middle and the MAF-filtered data on the right. The improvement of SNR after filtering is obvious as are the differences in spatial resolution after MAF and BF filtering, respectively. Table 1 shows derived noise levels for all data sets before and after filtering with MAF and BF, respectively. The noise level in the original images was (30.0 ± 6.9)% in the liver and (36.2 ± 6.2)% in the lung. After filtering noise levels were reduced to (15.7 ± 4.1)% (MAF) and (18.9 ± 3.7)% (BF) in the liver and to (20.1 ± 4.1)% (MAF) and (17.8 ± 3.7)% (BF) in the lung, i.e. with the chosen filter parameters both filters reduced the noise by about a factor of two in comparison to the original data. The SUVmax evaluation for all 34 lesions in this patient group is shown in Figure 6. The changes in SUVmax after filtering with MAF and BF, respectively, are plotted against the lesion volume (using a logarithmic scale for the latter to better differentiate small lesions). The reduction in SUVmax is below 10% in 32 out of 34 lesions for BF. The two remaining lesions exhibited a very small elevation of target over background (Δ SUV ≈ 1.5), which reduces the ability of BF to differentiate between noise and true signal, see Discussion. The SUV reduction is much larger for MAF than for BF. Overall, a SUVmax reduction of (4.6 ± 3.7)% (range 0-18%) for BF and (24.1 ± 9.9)% (range 9.2-44.5%) for MAF is observed in comparison to the unfiltered data. The reduction of the SUVmax in the MAF data is clearly size dependent and becomes substantial for small lesions, while there is no systematic size dependency of the reduction in the BF data. Table 2 shows the derived SUVmax for all investigated lesions.
Representative coronal sections from two patient investigation: original image: (A), BF-filtered data (B) and MAF-filtered data (C). The SUVmax for the small lesions marked by the arrow was 6.9 (A), 6.5 (B) and 4.5 (C) at the top and 7.3 (A), 6.9 (B) and 5.1 (C) at the bottom.
Observed relative noise level (%) in the liver and in the lung
Mean ± Std.Dev.
orig.
30.0 ± 6.9
Changes in SUV max in 34 lesions after filtering with MAF and BF, respectively. Data are expressed as percentage of change relative to the SUVmax values derived in the unfiltered images. Note logarithmic scale of abscissa.
SUV max in the original images and after image filtering for all investigated lesions
Lesion
Volume (mL)
SUVmax orig.
SUVmax MAF
SUVmax BF
Bilateral filtering for edge-preserving noise reduction has been first proposed by Tomasi and Manduchi [1]. Its principal virtues have widely been recognised in 2D image processing [9, 12, 13] and, more recently, in medical imaging as well [2–6], but applications in Nuclear Medicine in general and PET in particular seem to have been missing up to now (we have found only one exception [14], where BF was mentioned as a preprocessing step for a new image segmentation algorithm).
In this study, we have investigated the suitability of bilateral filtering for postprocessing of PET image data. In this first assessment, we have focused on the influence of bilateral filtering on SUVmax quantitation in FDG PET of head and neck cancer patients. This parameter is of substantial relevance in quantitative assessment of focal lesions in oncological PET in general.
The main result of this investigation is the fact that bilateral filtering with a suitable fixed choice of filter parameters is indeed able to provide a relevant improvement of the SNR (by about a factor of two) without significantly compromising the spatial resolution of hot focal lesions in comparison to the original data: in phantom measurements we found only a negligible reduction of resolution with BF by about 5%. To achieve the same degree of noise reduction with standard moving average filtering, however, one has to accept a decrease in spatial resolution of nearly 50%. With conventional smoothing filters one always faces this well-known trade-off between noise reduction and resolution loss. In clinical routine the standard procedure is to integrate a certain degree of smoothing either directly into the image reconstruction workflow or to perform the required image smoothing as a postprocessing step. Complete omission of image smoothing usually is not an option, since too high image noise would mask relevant low intensity lesions and generally hampers the diagnostic evaluation of the images by the physician. Given this necessity for improvement of the SNR, our results indicate that bilateral filtering is a superior alternative to the standard smoothing filters.
Evaluation of the performance of bilateral filtering in a group of patients from clinical routine implies that our investigation does suffer from the absence of a true gold standard: we only compared SUVmax values after filtering (with MAF and BF, respectively) with those obtained in the original data, which in turn are not necessarily guaranteed to be correct. Regarding MAF filtering, our results confirm the well-known fact that image smoothing with MAF filters reduces spatial resolution, therefore increases partial volume effects and consequently compromises quantification accuracy, especially in small lesions (and ultimately prevents detection of lesions near the resolution limit). Quantification errors in small lesions (relative to the values derived in the original data) easily approached 30-40% in our investigation when using MAF, see Figure 6. After BF filtering, however, we observed in 32 out of 34 lesions only a slight reduction of SUVmax (mean ± std. dev.: (4.6 ± 3.7)%) but this small reduction of the SUVmax is probably explainable by the achieved noise reduction in the interior of the lesion which necessarily reduces the value of the maximum voxel. This effect decreases the known bias of SUVmax values [15] caused by selecting the single hottest voxel of the lesion. In this sense it is very well possible that the BF filtered SUVmax value is a better estimate of the true SUV than the value derived from the original data, but verification of this conjecture would of course require further investigation. This contrasts to the consequences of MAF filtering where the indiscriminate reduction of spatial resolution massively decreases signal recovery in small lesions. This is the reason for the strong size dependence of the SUVmax reduction after MAF filtering demonstrated in Figure 6. The effect can also be appreciated in Figure 5 where the blurring and concomitant signal reduction in the small lesions is obvious (quantitatively it amounts to 35% (top) and 30% (bottom) in these examples). Moreover, reduction of spatial resolution and blurring of the object boundaries by MAF filtering does of course also affect quantitation of larger lesions where SUVmax alone often is not a suitable measure and parameters like lesion volume and SUVmean are more relevant.
In this study, we have chosen a Gaussian BF with fixed parameters ΓS = 9 mm and ΓI = 2.5 SUV. As with any filter, this choice will not be ideal for all applications but it seems quite well suited for the image characteristics (noise level, target to background contrast, spatial resolution) usually found in oncological PET. Our phantom studies, moreover, have shown that results are neither sensitive to a variation of ΓI between values of 2 and 3 SUV nor to a modest variation in noise level. (The slight decrease of signal recovery in small spheres is not specific to BF but is equally present in the original data and with MAF and implies a slightly reduced reconstructed resolution at the higher noise level which would be a limitation of the iterative image reconstruction.) Nevertheless, the performance of BF in other studies than head and neck is not covered by this study and the suitability of the chosen filter parameters in a different setting would have to be checked in each case.
The relatively large spatial width of the filter is only effective in overall homogeneous image regions, i.e. regions where intensity variations are well below ΓI: the combined filter weight W(m, n) already decreases to 50% of the value defined by the spatial part W S(P m - P n ) of the filter alone when the intensity difference relative to the target voxel becomes equal to 0.5 · ΓI. Loosely speaking this reduces the "effective width" of the complete filter for such neighbouring voxels by a factor of two. The value chosen for ΓI thus discriminates in a smooth manner between intensity differences (relative to the target voxel) which are considered as "noise" or "signal". However, this intensity-based discrimination will only work as long as the local target to background contrast is not too small. This limitation is exemplified by the two lesions where the reduction of the SUVmax exceeded 10% (see Figure 6). These lesions exhibited a low target to background contrast of about 2 and, more important, only a small SUV elevation above background of about 1.5 SUV units. For these lesions, the discrimination between "noise" and "signal" works not very well and the BF produces results for these lesions which are similar to (although not as bad as) those obtained by MAF filtering. This reduced performance of the BF in small lesions exhibiting at the same time only a small elevation above the surrounding background could theoretically be avoided by choosing a smaller value of ΓI. However, if ΓI is reduced too much, even noise-induced intensity changes would be interpreted as "edges" and the filter would effectively be switched off. The chosen parameter value thus is always a compromise between edge preservation and noise reduction. It should be noted, however, that for one, performance even in these cases is better (signal recovery still higher) than for a MAF filter of comparable noise reduction and, moreover, that the problem actually only arises for lesions which at the given SNR are hardly identifiable at all in the data. On the other hand, MAF filtering of small lesions always causes substantial problems, independent of their target to background ratios.
In view of the fact that the SUVmax is still the most often used quantitative PET parameter for therapy response assessment [16] its reduction in the MAF-filtered data is especially problematic. In this setting (therapy response control), the SUVmax might be assessed several times before, during and after therapy. Only if the lesion does not change in size MAF-filtered data will provide correct information regarding fractional changes of tracer uptake since in this case the systematic signal reduction due to the (increased) recovery effect will be constant. This is no longer true, however, if the lesions' size decreases under therapy. In such a case the increased recovery effects after MAF filtering can lead to a spurious decrease of the derived SUVmax values which does not correspond to an actual reduction of tracer uptake. While these effects do always occur near the limit of the given spatial resolution, they are obviously aggravated by the use of MAF filtering. The edge-preserving properties of the BF thus constitute a major advantage over MAF filtering. We therefore believe that it is worthwhile to more thoroughly evaluate this promising tool in the future to determine its full potential as well as its limitations for different types of studies and tomographs.
Bilateral filtering exhibits superior properties in comparison to the smoothing filters routinely applied for noise reduction in PET. Bilateral filtering allows to increase the SNR of PET image data while preserving spatial resolution at object boundaries, thus maintaining the quantitative accuracy of SUVmax values even in small lesions. Therefore, it seems worthwhile to investigate more thoroughly the potential of this filter as a replacement of the standard smoothing filters and for improving the image quality of diagnostic PET.
13550_2011_23_MOESM1_ESM.eps Authors' original file for figure 1
13550_2011_23_MOESM3_ESM.pdf Authors' original file for figure 3
FH implemented the final version of the 3D BF, performed part of the data analysis and is the main author of the manuscript. JL performed the phantom measurements and the image reconstruction. BBB selected the patient studies and performed the lesion delineation. LO performed part of the data analysis. JS and JK provided intellectual input and reviewed the manuscript. JVDH implemented a prototype of the 3D BF for initial testing and wrote part of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
PET Centre, Institute of Radiopharmacy, Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Dresden, Germany
Department of Nuclear Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, University Hospital Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
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text:
Lord Montagu Norman: "When, through process of law, the common people lose their homes, they will become more docile and more easily governed…"
August 26, 1924 (updated June 1, 2020) Published by Lee Floyd
The following quotation was reprinted in the Idaho Leader, USA, on 26th August 1924, and has been read into the Australian Federal Hansard twice: by John Evans MP, in 1926, and by MD Cowan MP, in the session of 1930-31.
Montagu Norman, Governor of The Bank Of England, addressing the United States Bankers' Association, NYC 1924:
"Capital must protect itself in every possible way, both by combination and legislation. Debts must be collected, mortgages foreclosed as rapidly as possible.
"When, through process of law, the common people lose their homes, they will become more docile and more easily governed through the strong arm of the government applied by a central power of wealth under leading financiers.
"These truths are well known among our principal men, who are now engaged in forming an imperialism to govern the world. By dividing the voter through the political party system, we can get them to expend their energies in fighting for questions of no importance.
"It is thus, by discrete action, we can secure for ourselves that which has been so well planned and so successfully accomplished."
The collaboration between Benjamin Strong and Lord Montagu Norman is one of the greatest secrets of the twentieth century. Benjamin Strong married the daughter of the president of Bankers Trust in New York, and subsequently succeeded to its presidency. Carroll Quigley, in Tragedy and Hope says: "Strong became Governor of the Federal Reserve Bank of New York as the joint nominee of Morgan and of Kuhn, Loeb Company in 1914."87
Lord Montagu Norman is the only man in history who had both his maternal grandfather and his paternal grandfather serve as Governors of the Bank of England. His father was with Brown, Shipley Company, the London Branch of Brown Brothers (now Brown Brothers Harriman). Montagu Norman (1871-1950) came to New York to work for Brown Brothers in 1894, where he was befriended by the Delano family, and by James Markoe, of Brown Brothers. He returned to England, and in 1907 was named to the Court of the Bank of England. In 1912, he had a nervous breakdown, and went to Switzerland to be treated by Jung, as was fashionable among the powerful group which he represented.*
Lord Montagu Norman was Governor of the Bank of England from 1916 to 1944. During this period, he participated in the central bank conferences which set up the Crash of 1929 and a worldwide depression. In The Politics of Money by Brian Johnson, he writes, "Strong and Norman, intimate friends, spent their holidays together at Bar Harbour and in the South of France." Johnson says, "Norman therefore became Strong's alter ego. . . . "Strong's easy money policies on the New York money market from 1925-28 were the fulfillment of his agreement with Norman to keep New York interest rates below those of London. For the sake of international cooperation, Strong withheld the steadying hand of high interest rates from New York until it was too late. Easy money in New York had encouraged the surging American boom of the late 1920s, with its fantastic heights of speculation."88
Tags: 1920s, 1924, Bank of England, banking cartel, big government, Imperialism, international bankers, Montagu Norman, New World Order/NWO, slavery, United We Stand/Divided we Fall
Report: More Than 50,000 Italian Restaurants Defy Lockdown


text:
Home > News > Retreating permafrost coasts threaten the fragile Arctic environment
Retreating permafrost coasts threaten the fragile Arctic environment
On 22-24 November, Nordregio joins the kick-off meeting of The EU project Nunataryuk in Postdam, Germany. In five years, the project aims to determine the effects of permafrost thaw on Earth's coldest shorelines. Among various activities, Nordregio will investigate planning processes related to the management of natural resources, eco-system services, and economic development.
Permafrost makes up a quarter of the landmass in the Northern Hemisphere. Climate change means that Arctic coasts are thawing and eroding at an ever greater pace, releasing additional greenhouse gases. A large EU project, coordinated by the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI), is now exploring the consequences for the global climate and for the people living in the Arctic. But that's not all: working together with residents of the Arctic region, the researchers will also co-design strategies for the future in order to cope with ongoing climate change.
The sheer size of permafrost regions make them a global issue. A quarter of the landmass in the Northern Hemisphere consists of permafrost soils, which have been frozen solid for thousands of years. A third of the world's coastlines are permafrost and span Alaska, Canada, Greenland, Norway and Siberia. Researchers have known for years that the permafrost is thawing ever more rapidly due to climate change. Yet we still don't know exactly what consequences this will have for the global climate, or for the people living there. In the EU project Nunataryuk experts from 27 research institutions will spend the next five years intensively answering this research question and determining the role of permafrost coastlines in the Earth's climate system.
Nunataryuk is unique because the scientists collaborate closely with local communities to determine how they can best adapt to thawing permafrost. "What makes the project stand out is the fact that we'll study both the global and the local impacts of this thawing, with co-designed projects in local communities," says AWI geoscientist Hugues Lantuit, the project's coordinator.
Permafrost soils contain ancient, frozen organic matter. If permafrost begins to thaw, bacteria breaks down the organic matter, releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide and methane. This leads to greater warming of the Earth's climate. How much warming is unclear, because many of the processes associated with permafrost thaw are not understood. In climate models, thawing permafrost has only been partly included. "The models view the permafrost as a uniform field, thawing from the top down, but that's too simple," Lantuit explains. "For example, on coastlines, permafrost is increasingly crumbling due to the effects of waves. The Arctic coastline is now receding by more than half a metre every year. The models don't take this into account." In addition, the thawed soil, together with all of its carbon and nutrients, is now increasingly being transported to the Arctic Ocean by rivers and streams. This factor isn't reflected, either. There's yet another major question mark: the Arctic is home to large permafrost beneath the ocean floor. And we essentially have no idea how rapidly these areas thaw in the wake of climate change. "In the project, we will for the first time feed a comprehensive map of this area into climate models," says Lantuit. To gauge how much greenhouse gas is being released by coastal areas and the seafloor, aeroplane and helicopter flights will be used to measure the carbon dioxide and methane levels in the air. Lantuit adds: "Only then will the climate models be able to better estimate the thawing's effects on the Earth's climate. In addition, one of the project teams will be tasked with determining the future environmental costs that we can expect to see in the future – in other words, the costs of permafrost thaw to the global economy."
People living on the coasts of permafrost regions are already at risk: if the ground becomes too soft and fails, they lose their homes. Water pipes can break. In some places, oil and gas lines have already started to leak, and soils are contaminated. Also, the increased load of organic material coming from eroding permafrost soils at the coast is changing the marine habitat – in the best case, this could increase the amount of nutrients available to marine organisms, especially fish. On the other hand, it might harm the ecosystem. In addition, contaminants and pathogens that have remained frozen in the soil for millennia could find their way into coastal waters. "All of these aspects are of course very important to local populations, which is why we'll work together with them over the next five years to devise new strategies and solutions," Lantuit explains. To make that happen, the soils will be precisely surveyed and mapped, so as to identify areas that are thawing only slowly, or are solid and firm, providing locations where new houses can be safely built. "We're especially happy that the indigenous populations, which have lived in these regions for thousands of years, are also actively involved," says Lantuit. As a symbol of this proactive type of cooperation between researchers and indigenous people, the EU project was dubbed "Nunataryuk". In the language of the Inuvialuit, who live in the western Canadian Arctic, it literally means "from land to sea"; the nearest English equivalent is most likely "coast".
For further information on this project, please visit: http://nunataryuk.org
Nunataryuk – permafrost thaw and changing arctic coast: science for socio-economic adaptation


text:
Q: WebStorm - autocomplete React className attribute with quotes instead of object literals WebStorm autocompletes className=  into className={}  instead of className="" as it should.
Is there a way to fix or edit this?

A: please try changing Add for JSX attributes: value in Settings | Editor | Code Style | HTML | Other to either Quotes or Based on type - this should help

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


The superstar singer was at BFF Abigail Anderson's side for her "I do's."
From Hollywood squads to bride tribes! This weekend, Taylor Swift headed to Martha's Vineyard to see a true OG squad member and one of her oldest friends tie the knot. Abigail Anderson (who partially inspired one of Swift's very first hits, "Fifteen") just wed her sweetheart, photographer Matt Lucier, with her Grammy-winning BFF right there by her side—dressed in a truly fab Jenny Yoo bridesmaid dress, of course!
There was some major speculation that Swift would participate in her bestie's big day. Previously, the bride posted a photo to her Instagram story showing off some bridesmaid swag courtesy of Love Your Melon. The photo, first spotted by HelloGiggles, features one bridesmaid gift box emblazoned with the name "Taylor," leading fans to believe that it was meant for Anderson's über-famous childhood friend.
And as it turns out, the rumors were true! And finally, the big day arrived for the "Look What You Made Me Do" singer and her BFF bride.
E! News reports that the wedding took place on Saturday, September 2, at Old Whaling Church in Edgartown, a small town on Martha's Vineyard. A source claims that the ceremony was short and sweet, with Swift being spotted entering the church (carrying the bride's long train like any good bridesmaid should!) at a little after four in the afternoon and leaving only 20 minutes later.
Of course, no wedding is complete without a funny group pic! In new photos that surfaced on a fan's Instagram account early this week, Swift and the rest of the bridal squad got creative in one photo, which pictures them carrying a sleepy groom. Photos were also taken as Swift and the rest of the gang got ready to walk down the aisle.
So what kind of bridesmaid dress did Swift rock down the red carpet, ahem, wedding aisle? Swift wore Jenny Yoo's "Mira" bridesmaid dress in Hibiscus, a floor-length chiffon number in a deep burgundy hue. The singer paired the look with a lipstick in a matching berry shade.
During the reception, Swift further fulfilled her bridal party duties by toasting her friend and her new hubby with a special speech that, uh, got a little raunchy. A snippet of the speech made its way onto Instagram, where Swift is seen roasting a risqué moment between the bride and groom. "She's running after him, there's falling, there's stumbling. They make it to the bathroom, and I hear sounds that I can never un-hear... And then there's silence." Taylor says in the clip—that cuts right before we get to the good stuff!
A speech like this would normally be a major maid-of-honor no-no. But before the video ends, we get a shot of Abigail laughing at Swift's hilarious tale, so this bride certainly doesn't seem to mind this silly speech. Looks like Swift has this whole bridesmaid thing down pat.
After all, this wouldn't be the first time Swift took on maid-of-honor duties. Last year, Swift made her way down the aisle at the wedding of another childhood pal in her hometown of Reading, Pennsylvania.


text:
Simoneau changes from star pupil to mentor
Drew Egnoske
When it comes to coaching a college football team, a head football coach relies heavily upon both his assistant coaches, as well as graduate assistants. Graduate assistants are often former members of a team who come back to gain invaluable experience with the hopes of one day becoming coaches themselves.
The Washburn football team has seen its fair share of grad assistants connected with its program, but none with the eminent career that Dane Simoneau had while playing for the Ichabods.
Simoneau, who graduated last year, established his name at the top of 35 separate school records, some of those with exclamation points.
"I think it's real valuable because the young quarterbacks can talk to him, plus he's got good ideas when we are sitting in meetings," said head coach Craig Schurig.
Schurig also doubles as the quarterbacks coach and works closely with Simoneau on developing the talent at the position.
After finishing the 2011 season with over 4,000 yards, 38 touchdowns and finishing second for the Harlon Hill award, the road to the next level looked promising. That opportunity never came however, and Simoneau found himself back at Washburn as a graduate assistant helping to mold the young quarterbacks that the Ichabods must rely on this year.
"I haven't heard much so far and I'm gonna focus on my classes and this team," said Simoneau.
In the mean time he is staying in shape by throwing to receivers on the team as well as former teammate Joe Hastings.
"Whatever happens, happens," said Simoneau. "I'm still working out, throwing to guys out here and staying ready."
Schurig is also hopeful that Simoneau will get a chance to play in the NFL.
"He's gotten a couple of calls from teams but nothing happened. Hopefully it does," said Schurig. "He is just gonna stay in shape if it does happen."
Sophomore quarterbacks Mitch Buhler and Joel Piper are grateful to have Simoneau to mentor them through their development as the next feature signal caller for the Ichabods.
"He's a friend, a mentor, and a teammate to me," said Buhler, who has started the last two games for Washburn this season. "He pretty much mastered the offense when he was here so he's like a second coach on the field who's been there. It really helps us out."
Piper, a junior college transfer from Butler Community College, also appriciates having Simoneau on the sideline.
"He helps with the little things and the things that you can't notice on your own," said Piper. "He knows a lot about these teams we are playing."
Simoneau's mentorship has been paying dividends on the field so far. Buhler was able to find the end zone twice in the Ichabods first game against the University of Nebraska-Kearney. Last Saturday, against Fort Hays, Buhler added four more scores to his total.
Hope has brought Simoneau back to Washburn and hope is what he holds on to as he awaits his future career.
"Hopefully come spring time, some teams will have some needs," said Simoneau.


text:
Mystery of gene-packed X chromosome finally solved
© Regis Duvignau © Reuters
Although the X chromosome contains about 2,000 genes, compared to 78 in the Y chromosome, for years it racked scientists' brains as to why so few of those genes were actually necessary.
The answer may lie in a lack of pairing. In humans, males have XY chromosomes, while females have XX, but only one of them is active. So both males and females have just one active X chromosome.
The unusual genetic makeup of the X chromosome was discovered in 2002: it contains only a small amount of genes that are necessary for cell function, so-called 'housekeeping' genes.
'Supergene' reveals birds who pretend to be female as a mating strategy
Researchers from the University of Bath teamed up with Uppsala University and the FANTOM consortium. They analyzed the largest data collection on gene expression in the world and examined the X chromosome's activity compared to that of other chromosomes.
Gene expression is the process by which the heritable information in a gene is made into a functional gene product.
It turned out that the X chromosome's peak level of gene expression was under half of the levels shown in other chromosomes. The latter, however have two active copies as opposed to just one active copy of the X chromosome.
The study, published in the PLos Biology journal, was led by Professor Laurence Hurst, director of the Milner Centre for Evolution based in the Department of Biology & Biochemistry at the University of Bath.
"In the end, we have found the answer to be quite simple. Whereas most chromosomes operate in pairs, meaning there are two copies of each gene in every cell, in contrast, we only have one active copy of the X chromosome," Hurst said in the press release.
"This means it is not sustainable for highly active genes to be on the X chromosome. Housekeeping genes tend also to be highly active – they just couldn't survive on the X," he added.
READ MORE: Males, females conceived evenly, but females have higher mortality rate during pregnancy
Hurst likened the chromosome situation to a busy road.
"A consequence of having a single chromosome is that, like a one-lane road, there will be gene expression traffic tailbacks on the X chromosome especially at peak periods. Hence our X chromosome will not be a tolerable home for the most highly-expressed genes."
These findings may be useful for research in new medical treatments such as gene therapy. For one, it suggests that replacement genes should not be inserted into the X chromosome because traffic tailbacks may limit the extent to which the gene can be expressed.


RAZOLUTION; the traditional shaving solution for the Real Guy of today! Handmade out of best Solingen Carbon Steel available in Germany.
The perfectly polished and sharpened 5/8" (16 mm) Carbon Blade with round point is made of edge holding Carbon Steel for a sublime shaving result.
The handcrafted Razolution Straight Razor by Simbatec has a Carbon Steel hollow ground blade etched with the Razolution – Handmade in Solingen Badge. The Synthetic Handle is made of blond/white Celludoid.
All Simbatec hollow ground Straight Razors are manufactured by traditional, handmade techniques using Premium Solingen Craftsmanship.


text:
package com.bjlx.QinShihuang.core.formatter.specialservice;

import com.bjlx.QinShihuang.model.misc.Address;
import com.bjlx.QinShihuang.model.misc.Contact;
import com.bjlx.QinShihuang.model.specialservice.Car;
import com.bjlx.QinShihuang.model.specialservice.RentCar;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.core.JsonGenerator;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.JsonSerializer;
import com.fasterxml.jackson.databind.SerializerProvider;

import java.io.IOException;

public class RentCarSerializer extends JsonSerializer<RentCar> {

    @Override
    public void serialize(RentCar rentCar, JsonGenerator gen, SerializerProvider serializers) {
        try {
            gen.writeStartObject();
            gen.writeStringField(RentCar.fd_id, rentCar.getId() == null ? "" : rentCar.getId().toString());
            gen.writeNumberField(RentCar.fd_price, rentCar.getPrice() == null ? 0 : rentCar.getPrice());
            Address pickupAddr = rentCar.getPickupAddr();
            if (pickupAddr != null) {
                gen.writeFieldName(RentCar.fd_pickupAddr);
                JsonSerializer<Object> retPickupAddr = serializers.findValueSerializer(Address.class, null);
                retPickupAddr.serialize(pickupAddr, gen, serializers);
            }

            Address returnAddr = rentCar.getReturnAddr();
            if (returnAddr != null) {
                gen.writeFieldName(RentCar.fd_returnAddr);
                JsonSerializer<Object> retReturnAddr = serializers.findValueSerializer(Address.class, null);
                retReturnAddr.serialize(returnAddr, gen, serializers);
            }

            Contact contact = rentCar.getContact();
            if (contact != null) {
                gen.writeFieldName(RentCar.fd_contact);
                JsonSerializer<Object> retContact = serializers.findValueSerializer(Contact.class, null);
                retContact.serialize(contact, gen, serializers);
            }

            gen.writeNumberField(RentCar.fd_minRentDay, rentCar.getMinRentDay() == null ? 1 : rentCar.getMinRentDay());

            Car car = rentCar.getCar();
            if (car != null) {
                gen.writeFieldName(RentCar.fd_car);
                JsonSerializer<Object> retCar = serializers.findValueSerializer(Car.class, null);
                retCar.serialize(car, gen, serializers);
            }

            gen.writeBooleanField(RentCar.fd_autoInsurance, rentCar.getAutoInsurance() == null ? true: rentCar.getAutoInsurance());
            gen.writeNumberField(RentCar.fd_autoInsurancePrice, rentCar.getAutoInsurancePrice() == null ? 0 : rentCar.getAutoInsurancePrice());
            gen.writeBooleanField(RentCar.fd_pickup, rentCar.getPickup() == null ? false : rentCar.getPickup());
            gen.writeEndObject();
        } catch (IOException e) {
            e.printStackTrace();
        }

    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Plumb Cafe isn't your average cafe. Instead of Windies foodies, the wide open expanses of Bellerive Oval (I refuse to call it Blundstone Arena) are more of a haven for sports lovers, plastic cup of Cascade draft in one hand and a hot pie in the other!
I wasn't the first through the gate, perhaps third man? It was happy days for the whole team, a 7am start ruling out the chance of an early finish due to poor light.
Being the last Friday of the working year all you really want is to get off to a good solid start. No chance on this occasion, with a little chit chat sparking up between our event organiser and the official on duty regarding an alleged booking for five, not eight as we had requested. There was no need for spin so early in the peace, when all that was needed was to respond to our queries with a straight bat. It's just not cricket!
A sticky wicket early on, but after we took matters into our own hands and commandeered an extra table while the official was looking the other way, we were set! I've got a sneaky suspicion that she may have been brought back on side after a brief consultation with the third umpire.
Menus had been passed around and before long our maiden again trundled in from the Church Street end and started taking down the order. Such a relief to see that there were no slips.
What should we open with? Drinks!
While we waited for drinks to be brought on, it was time to distribute our presents from St Nick, with mine arriving in a plastic box offering little to no protection whatsoever.
I have to say, it is the best Secret Santa gift I have EVER received!! So much thought and effort had gone into its creation. Whoever you are, my sincerest thanks!
Two Clowns Tripping action figurine!!
The 'Ageless One' on the other hand found herself with her hands firmly grasped around the next of what looked to be a golden duck of all things…but no, on closer inspection it was actually a yellow dead rubber chicken. Oh joy!
As is our yuletide tradition, crackers were cracked and crepe paper hat tricks were performed by all and sundry.
I once auditioned for The Price is Right…can you tell?
Sadly there were no cherries, no catch of the day, no French cuts of beef, nor century egg to satiate our hunger. A good thing the rest of the menu looked quite fine!
The Plumb 'Lazy Breakfast' was a popular selection. $17 for toast, eggs (your choice which way) and the works!
I was after something a little different, selecting the Smokey Ham-Joe Sandwich for $12. Double smoked legside ham, cheddar, tomato and relish between two toasted slices of bread, with a fried egg on top.
Just like one of Warney's best, there was a little bit of zip and bite to this delivery courtesy of the relish (I'm sure I detected a decent vein of seeded mustard in there as well?). The ham and cheese was nice, as was the perfectly fried egg on top. Call me a wrong'un if you will, but even with the benefit of the doubt I have to say that while it was a more than decent delivery, overall I wasn't bowled over. I suspect even a referral to the decision review system would support the original adjudication.
It would be easy to dismiss Plumb as just another cafe, but the menu does offer some points of difference to many other cafes out there. On a return visit I'd be keen to try the Buttermilk Pancakes, the Smoked Salmon Benny, or perhaps the Cheese and Corn Fritters.
And as that's over, I'll up stumps, put the gloves away and say auf Wiedersehen, adios, au revoir and ciao.
Oh wait…don't tell me…it couldn't be…was that… FOUR BYES?!!!
Plumb can be found at the River End of Bellerive Oval. There's plenty of parking at the foot of the broad steps leading up the cafe.


text:
Talk:U.S. military tribunal law faces first court challenge
OR Notes[edit]
article written primarily from briefs listed in the sources (reproduced below). — Doldrums(talk) 16:50, 3 November 2006 (UTC)
Patricia A. Bronte, Agnieszka M. Fryszman (Counsel). "Brief of Amici Curiae retired federal jurists in support of petitioners' supplemental brief regarding the Military Commissions Act of 2006" — ScotusBLOG, November 1, 2006
Stephen H. Oleskey, Wesley Powell, et al. "Supplemental brief of petitioners Boumediene, et al., and Khalid regarding the Military Commissions Act of 2006" — ScotusBLOG, November 1, 2006
David J. Cynamon et al. "The Guantanamo detainees' supplemental brief addressing the Military Commissions Act of 2006" — National Security Advisors blog at Typepad, November 1, 2006
Suspension Clause[edit]
Abraham Lincoln suspended the writ of habeas corpus during the American Civil War. Looking towards the Justice Dept. response by the 13th, I wonder if there are any lessons there. -Edbrown05 07:29, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
i think the idea is that congress must explicitly suspend habeas, if it wants to, but not in an implied, indirect way. And it can only do it in times of ongoing "crisis", not indefinitely. — Doldrums(talk) 07:38, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
and, apparently, only in times of "Rebellion or Invasion". — Doldrums(talk) 07:40, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
hearing that...
changing the subject: under the heading Detainee lawyers challenge new law, the first bulleted point seems to me to be a double negative, "The administration contends that detainees or their attorneys are not entitled to classified information relevant to the case, but not in the CSRT's record." I'm confused. -Edbrown05 07:46, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
it's supposed to mean "The administration contends that detainees or their attorneys are not entitled to classified information that is relevant to the case but not in the CSRT's record." eg. detainee has a beautifully-shot video of his coerced testimony and medical reports describing the lack of his fingernails. the CSRT doesn't admit the evidence (they don't have to). so when the DC court reviews the CSRT's decision, they can't consider the video and medical evidence, even though it's relevant, because it's not in the CSRT record. page 14 of the amicus brief describes this. — Doldrums(talk) 07:52, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
ok, having explained the wrong point, let me do the right one. page 11 of the Al Odah brief,beginning with "Third". — Doldrums(talk) 08:03, 4 November 2006 (UTC)
Retrieved from "https://en.wikinews.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:U.S._military_tribunal_law_faces_first_court_challenge&oldid=429333"


She was nineteen when she died.
from whom mirrors are kept hidden.
She left behind just a few hexameters.
with the secret, uncertain ambition of introverts.
Her parents loved her to distraction.
and about love, ineffable and precious.
We don't know if she cried when she met darkness.
and an epigram about a cricket.
dear Baukis; Aphrodite . . . forgetfulness.