text:
\section{Introduction}

Recently, the GAMS Collaboration has continued the investigation of the
reaction $\pi^-p\to\pi^0\pi^0n$ at $P^{\pi^-}_{lab}=38$ GeV [1]. The goal of
the new experiment is to study the $t$ behavior of the S-wave $\pi^0\pi^0$
mass spectrum in the region of the $f_0(980)$ resonance ($t$ is the
square of the four-momentum transferred from the incoming $\pi^-$ to the
outgoing $\pi^0\pi^0$ system). The partial wave analysis performed in the
range $0<-t<1$ GeV$^2$ gave a very interesting and unexpected result.
The $f_0(980)$ resonance has been seen as a dip in the
S-wave $\pi^0\pi^0$ mass spectrum for
$-t<0.2$ GeV$^2$ (see Fig. 1a), where the reaction $\pi^-p\to\pi^0\pi
^0n$ is dominated by the one-pion exchange mechanism, \footnote{As is well
known, such a manifestation of the $f_0(980)$ resonance, due to its strong
destructive interference with the background, was observed in a large number
of previous experiments on the reactions $\pi N\to\pi\pi N$ and $\pi N\to\pi
\pi\Delta(1232)$, and according to their results, it has also been well
established in the reaction $\pi\pi\to\pi\pi$ (see, for example, Refs. [2-11],
and for reviews, Refs. [12-15]).} whereas for $-t>0.3$ GeV$^2$, it has
been observed as a distinct peak (see Figs. 1b-f). This dip and peak behavior
of the $f_0(980)$ has also been seen in the Brookhaven experiment on the
reaction $\pi^-p\to\pi^0\pi^0n$ at $P^{\pi^-}_{lab}=18$ GeV [16]. A partial
wave analysis of these data is presently being undertaken [16].

In this work we show that the observed alteration of the S-wave $\pi^0\pi^0$
mass spectrum in the reaction $\pi^-p\to\pi^0\pi^0n$ with increasing $-t$ can
be explained by the contribution of the $\pi^-p\to f_0(980)n$ reaction
amplitude with quantum numbers of the $a_1$ Regge pole in the $t$ channel. So
far this amplitude has been very poorly studied experimentally.

In fact, we suggest the following plausible scenario. At small $-t$, the
reaction $\pi^-p\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ is dominated by the one-pion exchange
mechanism, and the $f_0(980)$ resonance manifests itself in the $(\pi^0\pi^0
)_S$ mass spectrum as a minimum ($(\pi
\pi)_S$ denotes a $\pi\pi$ system with the orbital angular momentum $L=0$).
However, the one-pion exchange contribution decreases very rapidly with $-t$
(as is known, at least $85-90\%$ of the one-pion exchange cross section for
the reactions $\pi N\to\pi\pi N$ originate from the region $-t<0.2$ GeV$^2$).
The most remarkable fact is that the reactions $\pi N
\to(\pi\pi)_S\,N$ at high energies involve only two types of $t
$-channel exchanges, namely, those with quantum numbers of the $\pi$ and $a_1$
Regge poles. Thus, it is very probable that the reaction $\pi^-p\to(\pi
^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ at large $-t$ is dominated by the $a_1$ exchange, and that the
$f_0(980)$ resonance produced by this mechanism shows itself as a peak. Notice
that a similar manifestation of the $f_0(980)$ resonance has been
observed in many reactions not involving $\pi$ exchange (i.e., in which the $
\pi\pi$ interaction in the initial state is absent). For example, the $f_0(980)
$ resonance has been seen as a clear peak in the two-pion mass spectra in the
reaction $\pi^-p\to\pi^0\pi^0n$ near threshold and for $-t$ from 0.33 to 0.83
GeV$^2$, where the one-pion exchange is small [17], in the reaction
$K^-p\to\pi^+\pi^-(\Lambda,\Sigma)$ at 13 GeV [18], in the $J/\psi\to\phi
\pi^+\pi^-$ [19] and $D_s^+\to\pi^+\pi^+\pi^-$ [20] decays, in the reaction
$\gamma\gamma\to\pi^0\pi^0$ [21], and also in the inclusive $\pi^+\pi^-$
production in $\gamma p$, $\pi^\pm p$, $K^\pm p$ [22], and $e^+e^-$ [23]
collisions.

Our explanation of the GAMS results may be unambiguously verified
experimentally in the reactions $\pi N\to\pi\pi N$ on polarized targets because
this makes possible direct measurements of the interference between the $\pi
$ and $a_1$ exchange amplitudes. In a cross section summed over the nucleon
polarizations, the contributions of these amplitudes are noncoherent and,
generally speaking, they cannot be separated without additional
assumptions. It is interesting to note in this connection that the GAMS
Collaboration has probably become the first who succeeded in discovering a
nontrivial evidence for the $a_1$ exchange mechanism in the reaction $\pi^-p
\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ on an unpolarized target.
\footnote{As is known, the results of the measurements of the reactions $\pi^
\pm N_\uparrow\to\pi^+\pi^-N$ on polarized targets are indicative of the $a_1$
exchange mechanism most definitely in the case of the $\rho^0(770)$
production [24-26]. However, in the $\pi\pi$ invariant mass region around 1
GeV, rather large experimental uncertainties in the available data present
considerable problems for certain conclusions. Nevertheless, in a new analysis
of the $\pi^-p_\uparrow\to\pi^+\pi^-n$ data at 17.2 GeV [6,25], which has been
performed very recently in Ref. [27], one emphasizes
that the $a_1$ exchange amplitude cannot be neglected especially
around 1 and 1.5 GeV.}

In Sec. II, we perform a simultaneous description of the GAMS data on the
reaction $\pi^-p\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ [1] and the CERN-Munich data on the
S-wave $\pi\pi$ scattering in an invariant mass region around 1 GeV [5]. We
consider three simple parametrizations of the S-wave $\pi\pi\to\pi\pi$ reaction
amplitude. As to the corresponding amplitude of the reaction $\pi^*\pi\to\pi\pi
$ (where $\pi^*$ denotes a Reggeized pion), it is constructed by using the
$t$ dependence factorization assumption which was
extensively applied previously to obtain the $\pi\pi$ scattering data
(see, for example, Refs. [5,7,8,27-29]). In parametrizing the $\pi^-p\to(\pi^0
\pi^0)_S\,n$ reaction amplitude due to the $a_1$ exchange, we use the above
qualitative reason
based on the observations of the $f_0(980)$ resonance in the reactions not
involving $\pi$ exchange. All considered parametrizations of the
$\pi^-p\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ reaction amplitudes give similar
results and, on the whole, quite reasonable fits to the GAMS data. In Sec. III,
we compare our explanation of the GAMS data with that reported previously in
Ref. [30] and point out two direct ways to test these explanations.
The explanation of Ref. [30] differs crucially from ours in that it is based
entirely on one-pion exchange or exchanges with these quantum numbers. Such a
restriction, as we show, leads, in particular, to rather exotic predictions
for the $t$ distributions of the $\pi^-p\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ events. Our
conclusions are briefly summarized in Sec. IV.

\section{Alteration of the $(\pi^0\pi^0)_S$ mass spectrum in the
$\lowercase{f_0(980)}$ region in the reaction $\pi^-\lowercase{p}\to(
\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,\lowercase{n}$}

We shall consider the reaction $\pi^-p\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ within the
framework of the simplest Regge pole model and write the unpolarized
differential distribution of the $\pi^-p\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ events
at fixed $P^{\pi^-}_{lab}$ in the following form:
\begin{eqnarray} \frac{d^2N}{dmdt}=
\left|\,A_\pi\ \frac{\sqrt{-t}}{t-m^2_\pi}\ e^{\tilde b_\pi(t-m^2_\pi)/2}\ e^{
-i\pi\alpha_\pi(t)/2}\ \,\sqrt{m/\rho_{\pi\pi}}\ \,T_{\pi^*\pi\to\pi\pi}(m,t)\,
\right|^2+\nonumber\\[3pt] +\left|\,A_{a_1}\ (1+t\,C)\ e^{\tilde b_{a_1}t/2}\
i\ e^{-i\pi\alpha_{a_1}(t)/2}\ \,\sqrt{m}\ \,R_{a_1\pi\to\pi\pi}(m,t)\,\right|^
2\ .\,\ \ \ \ \end{eqnarray}
Here the first and second terms correspond to the $\pi$ and $a_1$ Regge pole
contributions, respectively (the $\pi$ and $a_1$ exchanges do not interfere
because, at high energies, they contribute to different helicity amplitudes),
$\alpha_\pi(t)=\alpha'_\pi(t-m^2_\pi)$ and
$\alpha_{a_1}(t)=\alpha_{a_1}(0)+\alpha'_{a_1}t$ are the trajectories of these
poles, $m$ is the invariant mass of the final $\pi\pi$ system, $A_\pi$ and $A_
{a_1}$ are the normalization constants, $T_{\pi^*\pi\to\pi\pi}(m,t)$ and $R_{a
_1\pi\to\pi\pi}(m,t)$ are the S-wave amplitudes for the subprocesses $\pi^{*+}
\pi^-\to\pi^0\pi^0$ and $a_1^+\pi^-\to\pi^0\pi^0$, respectively,
$\ \rho_{\pi\pi}=(1-4m^2_\pi/m^2)^{1/2}$, the slope $\tilde b_\pi=2\alpha'_\pi
\ln(P^{\pi^-}_{lab}/1$GeV$)+b_{\pi NN}$, i.e., it incorporates the slope of the
Reggeized pion propagator and the slope of the $\pi^* NN$ residue taken in the
exponential form, and the slope $\tilde b_{a_1}$ has a similar structure.
According to the physical reasons which were discussed in the
literature, the $a_1$ Regge pole amplitude has to have the so-called
sense-nonsense wrong signature zero at $\alpha_{a_1}(t=t_0)=0$, and hence, to
be proportional to $\alpha_{a_1}(t)$ (see, for example, Refs. [31-33]). Thus,
the factor $(1+t\,C)$ in the second term of Eq. (1) can be understood as the
ratio $\alpha_{a_1}(t)/\alpha_{a_1}(0)=1+t\,\alpha'_{a_1}/\alpha_{a_1}(0)$.
However, the value of $\alpha'_{a_1}/\alpha_{a_1}(0)$ is in fact unknown
[32,33], and therefore, we consider $C$ as a free parameter.
According to isotopic symmetry,
\begin{eqnarray} T_{\pi^*\pi\to\pi\pi}(m,t)=T^0_0(m,t)-T^2_0(m,t)\ ,\qquad
R_{a_1\pi\to\pi\pi}(m,t)=R^0_0(m,t)-R^2_0(m,t)\ ,\end{eqnarray} where $T^I_L(m
,t)$ and $R^I_L(m,t)$ are the amplitudes with $L=0$ and isospin $I=0,2$ for the
subprocesses $\pi^*\pi\to\pi\pi$ and $a_1\pi\to\pi\pi$, respectively; the
amplitude $R^2_0(m,t)$ is assumed negligible.
Now we suppose that the $t$ dependences of the amplitudes
$T^I_L(m,t)$ for the reaction $\pi^*\pi\to\pi\pi$ can be extracted in the form
of overall exponential form factors. Thus we put \begin{eqnarray} T^0_0(m,t)=e^
{b^0_0(t-m^2_\pi)/2}\ T^0_0(m)\ ,\qquad T^2_0(m,t)=e^{b^2_0(t-m^2_\pi)/2}\ T^2_
0(m)\ ,\end{eqnarray} where the amplitudes $T^0_0(m)$ and $T^2_0(m)$ depend
only on $m$ and are determined by the on-mass-shell dynamics of the $\pi\pi$
scattering. This assumption about the $t$ dependence factorization, together
with the concrete shape of this dependence, was widely used as a simple
working tool to obtain the $\pi\pi$ scattering data and gave results which
were in close agreement with those of the more general Chew-Low extrapolation
method [3-13,27-29]. \footnote{
For the pronounced solitary $\rho(770)$ and $f_2(1270)$ resonances produced in
the reactions $\pi N\to\pi\pi N$ in the low $-t$ region via the one-pion
exchange, the factorization of the $t$ and $m$ dependences for the
$\pi^*\pi\to\rho(770)\to\pi\pi$ and $\pi^*\pi\to f_2(1270)\to\pi\pi$ amplitudes
is quite natural. However, in the S-wave case, the situation is more
complicated. There are at least two strongly interfering contributions in the
$L=I=0$ $\pi^*\pi\to\pi\pi$ channel at $m\approx1$ GeV, namely, the narrow $f_0
(980)$ resonance and the smooth large background which can be parametrized, for
example, in terms of
a broad elastic $\pi\pi$ resonance [34,35]. Even though the $t$ dependence
factorizes for each contribution, the whole $L=I=0$ $\pi^*\pi\to\pi\pi$
amplitude may possess this property only if the various
contributions have rather close $t$ dependence. In connection with the
GAMS results, we discuss the $L=I=0$ $\pi^*\pi\to\pi\pi$ amplitude in the
region of the $f_0(980)$ resonance beyond the $t$ dependence factorization
assumption at the end of this section and also in Sec. III.} Usually, the
factorization assumption is
applied to the $\pi N\to\pi\pi N$ one-pion exchange amplitudes in the
region $0<-t<(0.15-0.2)$ GeV$^2$ [5,7,8,27,29]. We shall use Eq. (3) as ``a
zeroth approximation" (in the sense of a number of addition assumptions and new
fitted parameters) for all $-t$ of interest from 0 to 1 GeV$^2$. Also we adopt
a similar representation for $t<0$ for the amplitude $R^0_0(m,t)$ of the
subprocess $a_1\pi\to\pi\pi$,\begin{eqnarray}  R^0_0(m,t)=e^{c^0_0t/2}\ R^0_0
(m)\ .\end{eqnarray} Note that some smooth $m$ dependence of the slopes $b^0_0
$, $b^2_0$, and $c^0_0$ is not excluded. However, in the considered relatively
narrow $m$ range near the $f_0(980)$ resonance, $0.8<m<1.1$ GeV, we assume for
simplicity that $b^0_0$, $b^2_0$, and $c^0_0$ are constant. From the fit to
the data [1], the values of the overall slopes of the corresponding amplitudes,
namely, $b^0_\pi=\tilde b_\pi+b^0_0\,,\ $ $b^2_\pi=\tilde b_\pi+b^2_0
\ $, and $\ b^0_{a_1}=\tilde b_{a_1}+c^0_0\ $ will be determined (see
Eqs. $(1)-(4)$).

Let us now turn to the description of the model for the amplitudes $T^0_0(m)$,
$T^2_0(m)$, and $R^0_0(m)$. On the mass shell of the reaction $\pi\pi\to\pi\pi$
\begin{eqnarray} T^0_0(m)=(\eta^0_0\ e^{2i\delta^0_0}-1)/2i \ , \qquad  T^2_0
(m)=(\eta^2_0\ e^{2i\delta^2_0}-1)/2i \ ,\end{eqnarray}
where $\delta^I_L$ and $\eta^I_L$ are the phase shifts and elasticities which
are functions of $m$. The data on the $L=0$, $I=2$ $\pi\pi$ channel in the
region $2m_\pi<m<1.2$ GeV are described very well by $\eta^2_0=1$ and $\delta^
2_0=-0.87q_\pi/(1+0.16q^2_\pi)$, where $\delta^2_0$ is in radians if $q_
\pi=m\rho_{\pi\pi}/2$ is taken in units of GeV (see, for example, Ref. [36]).
At $m\approx1$ GeV, $\delta^2_0\approx-23^\circ$. In the $L=I=0$ $\pi\pi$
channel, a very sharp rise of the phase $\delta^0_0$ near the $K\bar K$
threshold (see Figs. 2a and 3a), together with a sharp drop of the elasticity
$\eta^0_0$ just above the $K\bar K$ threshold (see Figs. 2b and 3b), is usually
interpreted in term of the $f_0(980)$ resonance coupled to the $\pi\pi$ and $K
\bar K$ channels [2-15,37]. However, in the $L=I=0$ $\pi\pi\to\pi\pi$ cross
section this puzzling
state shows itself not as a peak, but as a dip which occurs just below the $K
\bar K$ threshold, and in fact, the cross section vanishes at a
minimum point. Formally, this is because the phase $\delta^0_0$
goes through 180$^\circ$, but not though 90$^\circ$, in the resonance region
and $\eta^0_0=1$ with a good accuracy for $m<2m_K$. Note that the $I=2$
wave admixture shifts a minimum in the $L=0$ $\pi^+\pi^-\to\pi^0\pi^0$ reaction
cross section approximately by 10 MeV to a lower mass region. \footnote
{As is seen from Fig. 1a, the observed $\pi^-p\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ cross
section does not vanish at a minimum but accounts for about $1/3$ of the
cross section at the side maxima. This is mainly because of a finite
experimental $\pi^0\pi^0$ mass resolution which for the GAMS-2000 spectrometer
has been characterized by a Gaussian distribution with the dispersion $\sigma
_m\approx20$ MeV at $m\approx1$ GeV [1]. In the fit to the GAMS data, we
certainly take into account this Gaussian smearing.} Let us write the
amplitudes $T^0_0(m)$ and $R^0_0(m)$ as\begin{eqnarray} T^0_0(m)=
\frac{e^{2i\delta_B}-1}{2i}\ +\ e^{2i\delta_B}\ T_{\pi\pi\to\pi\pi}^{res}(m)\ ,
\qquad R^0_0(m)=e^{i\delta_B}\ R_{a_1\pi\to\pi\pi}^{res}(m)\ ,\end{eqnarray}
where $\delta_B$ is the phase shift due to the smooth elastic background in the
$\pi\pi$ channel, whereas $T_{\pi\pi\to\pi\pi}^{res}(m)$ and $R_{a_1\pi
\to\pi\pi}^{res}(m)$ are the amplitudes due to the contributions of the mixed
inelastic resonances. If we put $T_{\pi\pi\to\pi\pi}^{res}
(m)=(\eta_{res}e^{2i\delta_{res}}-1)/2i$, we find from Eqs. (5) and (6)
that $\delta^0_0=\delta_B+\delta_{res}$ and $\eta^0_0=\eta_{res}$. To
parametrize the resonance contributions we use the so-called propagator method
[14,38,39] and write the amplitude $\tilde T_{ab\to cd}^{res}(m)$ for the
process $ab\to cd$ in the following form (which satisfies the
unitarity condition): \begin{eqnarray}\tilde T_{ab\to cd}^{res}(m)=\sum_{r,r'}
g_{rab}\ G^{-1}_{r\,r'}(m)\ g_{r'cd}\ , \end{eqnarray} where the sum is
evaluated over the resonances $r,\ r'$ ($r\,(r')=r_1,\ r_2,\ ...$),
$\ G_{r\,r'}(m)$ is the inverse propagator matrix for a resonance complex,
\begin{eqnarray} G_{r\,r'}(m)=\left( \begin{array}{ccc}
D_{r_1}(m) & -\Pi_{r_1r_2}(m) & ...\\-\Pi_{r_1r_2}(m) & D_{r_2}(m) & ...\\... &
... & ...\end{array} \right) \ , \end{eqnarray} \begin{eqnarray}
D_r(m)=m^2_r-m^2+Re\Pi_r(m_r)-\Pi_r(m)\ ,\end{eqnarray} $m_r$ and $\,g_{rab}$,
$\,g_{r'cd}$ are, respectively, the masses and the coupling constants of the
unmixed resonances. Since we are interested in a mass region around 1 GeV, we
can restrict ourselves to the simplest case of resonances coupled only to the
$\pi\pi$ and $K\bar K$ decay channels. We also imply that the resonance
production occurs in $\pi\pi$ and $a_1
\pi$ collisions (recall that the $a_1$ means here not a particle but a
Reggeon). Then we can take, in Eq. (9),
\begin{eqnarray}\Pi_r(m)=\sum_{cd=\pi\pi,\,K\bar K}g^2_{rcd}\ \rho_{cd}\left(i+
\frac{1}{\pi}\ln\frac{1-\rho_{cd}}{1+\rho_{cd}}\right) \end{eqnarray} and write
the off-diagonal elements of the matrix $G_{r\,r'}(m)$ (see Eq. (8)),
responsible for the resonance mixing, as \begin{eqnarray}\Pi_{r\,r'}(m)=C_{r\,r
'}\ +\sum_{cd=\pi\pi,\, K\bar K}g_{rcd}\ g_{r'cd}\ \rho_{cd}\left(i+\frac{1}{
\pi}\ln\frac{1-\rho_{cd}}{1+\rho_{cd}}\right)\ , \end{eqnarray} where $C_{r\,r'
}$ are the mixing parameters, $\rho_{K\bar K}=(1-4m_K/m^2)^{1/2}$ \ for $m>2m_K
\ $, and $\ \rho_{K\bar K}\to i|\rho_{K\bar K}|$ in the region $0<m<2m_K$. Here
we neglect the $K^+K^-$ and $K^0\bar K^0$ mass difference and put $m_K=(m_{K^+}
+m_{K^0})/2$. Above the corresponding threshold, the partial decay width of the
resonance $r$ is $\ \Gamma_{rcd}(m)=g^2_{rcd}\ \rho_{cd}/m\ $. Using Eqs. (6)
and (7) with due regard for the normalizations as defined in Eqs. $(1)-(5)$, we
finally obtain
\begin{eqnarray} T^{res}_{\pi\pi\to\pi\pi}(m)=\rho_{\pi\pi}\ \tilde
T^{res}_{\pi\pi\to\pi\pi}(m)\ ,\qquad R^{res}_{a_1\pi\to\pi\pi}(m)=\sqrt{\rho_
{\pi\pi}}\ \tilde T^{res}_{a_1\pi\to\pi\pi}(m)/g_{r_1a_1\pi}\ ,\end{eqnarray}
where the second relation implies, in particular, that the coupling constant
$g_{r_1a_1\pi}$ is taken up by the normalization constant
$A_{a_1}$ in Eq. (1).

Within the framework of the above model, we present the three simplest variants
of the fit to the data [5] on $\delta^0_0$ and $\eta^0_0$ in the $f_0(980)$
mass region. In
variant 1, we assume that the amplitude $T^0_0(m)$ (see Eq. (6)) is dominated
by a single resonance and a background, in variant 2 by two mixed resonances
and a background, and in variant 3 by two mixed resonances.

Variant 1 yields the most economical and transparent parametrization. Using
Eqs. $(6)-(10)$ and (12), we find in this case
\begin{eqnarray} T^0_0(m)=\frac{e^{2i\delta_B}-1}{2i}\ +\ e^{2i\delta_B}
\ \frac{m\Gamma_{f_0\pi\pi}(m)}{D_{f_0}(m)}\ , \qquad R^0_0(m)=e^{i\delta_B}\
\frac{\sqrt{m\Gamma_{f_0\pi\pi}(m)}}{D_{f_0}(m)}\ ,\end{eqnarray} where $f_0$
is taken as a suitable notation for a single $r_1$ resonance and the background
phase $\delta_B=a+mb$. The parametrization of $T^0_0(m)$ as given by Eq. (13)
permits us to obtain a good fit to the data on $\delta
^0_0$ and $\eta^0_0$ in the region $0.8<m<1.2$ GeV (see the solid curves in
Figs. 2a,b). The corresponding parameters of the background and resonance
are $\delta_B=35.5^\circ+47^\circ(m/$GeV), $\ m_{f_0}=979$ MeV, $\ g^2_{f_0\pi
\pi}=0.075$ GeV$^2\ $ and $\ g^2_{f_0K\bar K}=0.36$ GeV$^2$. Note that the
above simple representation for $T^0_0(m)$ also was used for a similar
purpose in a set of earlier analyses (see, for example, [3,9,35,40,41]).
It is obvious that in this case a dip in the $L=I=0$ $\pi\pi\to\pi\pi$ reaction
cross section in the $f_0(980)$ resonance region is due to the
destructive interference between the resonance and the background whose
contributions are near the S-wave unitarity limit.

Variant 2 allows a good fit to the data on $\delta^0_0$ to be attained in the
wider $m$ interval from 0.6 to 1.7 GeV (see also Ref. [39]) and also
turns out to be more flexible for the construction of the
$\pi^-p\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ reaction amplitude due to the $a_1$
exchange. In this case, using Eqs. $(6)-(12)$, we have
\begin{eqnarray} T^0_0(m)=\frac{e^{2i\delta_B}-1}{2i}\ +\ e^{2i\delta_B}\,\rho_
{\pi\pi}\,\times \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\nonumber\\[3pt] \times\,\frac{g_{r_1\pi\pi}[D_{r_2}(m)\,g_{r_1\pi\pi}+\Pi_{r_1
r_2}(m)\,g_{r_2\pi\pi}]+g_{r_2\pi\pi}[D_{r_1}(m)\,g_{r_2
\pi\pi}+\Pi_{r_1r_2}(m)\,g_{r_1\pi\pi}]}{D_{r_1}(m)D_{r_2}(m)-\Pi^{\,2}_{r_1
r_2}(m)}\ , \end{eqnarray}
\begin{eqnarray}  R^0_0(m)=e^{i\delta_B}\,\sqrt{\rho_{\pi\pi}}\,
\times\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\nonumber\\[3pt] \times\,\frac{[D_{r_2}(m)\,g_{r_1\pi\pi}+\Pi_{r_1r_2}
(m)\,g_{r_2\pi\pi}]+(g_{r_2a_1\pi}/g_{r_1a_1\pi})[D_{r_1}(m)\,g_{r_2
\pi\pi}+\Pi_{r_1r_2}(m)\,g_{r_1\pi\pi}]}{D_{r_1}(m)D_{r_2}(m)-\Pi^{\,2}_{r_1
r_2}(m)}\ ,\end{eqnarray} where $\delta_B=\rho_{\pi\pi}\,(a+mb)$. In the
following, while referring to this variant, the lighter resonance $r_1$ will
be denoted by $f_0$, and $r_2$ by $\sigma$. The curves shown in Figs. 3a,b are
the result of the fit to the data on $\delta^0_0$ and $\eta^0_0$
using Eq. (14). These curves correspond to the following values of the
parameters: $\ m_{f_0}=0.966$ GeV, \  $g^2_{f_0\pi\pi}=0.09$ GeV$^2$, \
$g^2_{f_0K\bar K}=0.36$ GeV$^2$, \ $m_\sigma=1.58$ GeV, \ $g^2_{\sigma\pi\pi}=0
.73$ GeV$^2$, \ $g^2_{\sigma K\bar K}=0.002$ GeV$^2$, \ $C_{f_0\sigma}=\pm0.37$
GeV$^2$, \ and \ $\delta_B=\rho_{\pi\pi}(3^\circ+50^\circ(m/$GeV)). Note that
$C_{f_0\sigma}$ is defined up to a sign, but in so doing
\ $C_{f_0\sigma}\,g_{f_0\pi\pi}\,g_{\sigma\pi\pi}>0$, \ and \ $g_{f_0\pi\pi
}\,g_{\sigma\pi\pi}\,g_{f_0K\bar K}\,g_{\sigma K\bar K}<0$.

In variant 3, the amplitudes $T^0_0(m)
$ and $R^0_0(m)$ are defined by Eqs. (14) and (15) with $\delta_B=0$. We
consider this variant mainly to ease the following discussion of the
results presented in Ref. [30] (see Sec. III). The fit to the data on $\delta^0_
0$ and $\eta^0_0$ in the region $0.8<m<1.2$ GeV with variant 3 gives
$\ m_{r_1}=0.88$ GeV, \ $g^2_{r_1\pi\pi}=0.45$ GeV$^2$, \
$g^2_{r_1K\bar K}=0.57$ GeV$^2$, \ $m_{r_2}=1.23$ GeV, \ $g^2_{r_2\pi\pi}=0.74$
GeV$^2$, \ $g^2_{r_2K\bar K}=0.09$ GeV$^2$, \ $C_{r_1r_2}=\pm0.67$ GeV$^2$, \
$C_{r_1r_2}\,g_{r_1\pi\pi}\,g_{r_2\pi\pi}>0$ \ and \ $g_{r_1\pi\pi}\,g_{r_2\pi
\pi}\,g_{r_1K\bar K}\,g_{r_2K\bar K}<0\ $ (see the dashed curves in Figs.
2a,b).

Now we use the obtained parameters to describe the GAMS data on the $(\pi^0\pi
^0)_S$ mass spectra in the reaction $\pi^-p\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ which are
shown in Figs. 1a-f. For each of the above variants
we perform the fit to these data using Eq. (1) folded with
a Gaussian mass distribution (see footnote 4) and integrated over $t$ in six
intervals indicated in Figs. 1a-f. For variant 1 we use Eqs. $(2)-(4)$, and
(13), and for variants 2 and 3 Eqs. $(2)-(4)$, (14), and (15). As is seen
from Figs. 1a-f, the observed alteration of the $(\pi^0\pi^0)_S$ mass
spectrum in the $f_0(980)$ region with increasing $-t$ is satisfactorily
reproduced in the three variants of the proposed $\pi$ and $a_1$ exchange
model. In variant 1, this takes place with $A^2_\pi=340\times10^2$ (number of
events/GeV$^2$), $A^2_{a_1}=78.2$ (number of events/GeV$^2$), $C=-13.5$ GeV$^{-
2}$, and the slopes $b^0_\pi=9.4$ GeV$^{-2}$, $b^2_\pi=5.3$ GeV$^{-2}$, and $b^
0_{a_1}=5.4$ GeV$^{-2}$ which are rather typical for similar reactions (see the
solid curves in Figs. 1a-f). Note that the slope $b^2_\pi\approx5$ GeV$^{-2}$
had been observed in the reaction $\pi^+p\to\pi^+\pi^+n$ at $P^{\pi^-}_{lab}=
12.5$ GeV for the $\pi^+\pi^+$ production in the invariant mass region from
0.75 to 1.25 GeV [29]. In variant 2, the fit to the GAMS data is characterized
by the following values of the fitted parameters: $A^2_\pi=426\times10^2$
number of events/GeV$^2$), $A^2_{a_1}=639$ (number of events/GeV$^2$), $C=-4.4
$ GeV$^{-2}$, $b^0_\pi=12.4$ GeV$^{-2}$, $b^2_\pi=5.4$ GeV$^{-2}$, $b^0_{a_1
}=5.8$ GeV$^{-2}$, and $(g_{\sigma a_1\pi}\,g_{\sigma\pi\pi})/(g_{f_0a_1\pi}
\,g_{f_0\pi\pi})=0.16$ (see the dotted curves in Figs. 1a-f). In variant 3, the
fit gives $A^2_\pi=355\times10^2$ (number of events/GeV$^2$), $A^2_{a_1}=91.8$
(number of events/GeV$^2$), $C=-13$ GeV$^{-2}$, $b^0_\pi=10.1$ GeV$^{-2}$, $b^
2_\pi=5.2$ GeV$^{-2}$, $b^0_{a_1}=5.6$ GeV$^{-2}$, and $(g_{r_2a_1\pi}\,g_{r_2
\pi\pi})/(g_{r_1a_1\pi}\,g_{r_1\pi\pi})=-0.863$ (see the dashed curves in Figs.
1a-f). Note that in this case the $r_1$ and $r_2$ resonances interfere
destructively in the range $m_{r_1}<m<m_{r_2}$ in the $\pi^*\pi\to\pi\pi$
channel and constructively in the $a_1\pi\to\pi\pi$ channel.

Figure 4 shows the $t$ distributions of the $\pi^-p\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ events
for three $m$ regions $0.8-0.9$ GeV, $0.9-1$ GeV, and $1-1.1$ GeV which we
obtained for variant 1 using Eqs. $(1)-(4)$, and (13). The figure illustrates
how the one-pion exchange contribution falls and the $a_1$ exchange
becomes dominant in the $f_0(980)$ region as $-t$ increases.
Similar $t$ distributions take place also for variants 2 and 3.

Up to now we have adhered to the $t$ dependence factorization assumption.
However, it is easy to construct parametrizations which would permit one to
move beyond the scope of this assumption. A simplest example is provided by
variant 3 in which the amplitudes $T^0_0(m)$ and $R^0_0(m)$ are defined by
Eqs. (14) and (15) with $\delta_B=0$. For example, for the $\pi^*\pi\to\pi
\pi$ reaction amplitude $T^0_0(m,t)$, instead of Eq.(3) and Eq. (14) with
$\delta_B=0$, one can write a more general expression:
\begin{eqnarray} T^0_0(m,t)=\rho_{\pi\pi}\times\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \
\nonumber\\[3pt] \times\frac{g_{r_1\pi^*\pi}(t)[D_{r_2}(m)\,g_{r_1\pi\pi}+
\Pi_{r_1r_2}(m)\,g_{r_2\pi\pi}]+g_{r_2\pi^*\pi}(t)[D_{r_1}(m)\,g_{r_2
\pi\pi}+\Pi_{r_1r_2}(m)\,g_{r_1\pi\pi}]}{D_{r_1}(m)D_{r_2}(m)-\Pi^{\,2}_{r_1
r_2}(m)},\end{eqnarray} where the residues $g_{r_1\pi^*\pi}(t)$ and $g_{r_2\pi
^*\pi}(t)$ characterizing the $r_1$ and $r_2$ resonance production in the $\pi
^*\pi$ collisions, generally speaking, may be different functions of $t$ (at
$t=m^2_\pi,\ $ $g_{r_{1,2}\pi^*\pi}(m^2_\pi)=g_{r_{1,2}\pi\pi}$). Thus, if the
$t$ behaviors of these functions are appreciably different in a certain $t$
region, then it is natural that the $t$ dependence of the whole amplitude does
not
factorize in this region. However, we shall not exploit such a possibility,
first, because it requires incorporating at least two additional fitted
parameters (by one for every mechanism of the considered reaction), and
secondly, because a certain version of the extremal violation of
the factorization assumption has already been applied in Ref. [30] to explain
the GAMS data within the framework of the pure one-pion exchange model.
The results obtained in Ref. [30] are briefly discussed below.

\section{Comparison with the previous explanation}

As already mentioned
in the Introduction, the explanation of the GAMS data on the reaction
$\pi^-p\to\pi^0\pi^0n$ [1] presented in Ref. [30] is based exclusively on the
one-pion exchange model (this immediately follows from Eqs. (2), (5), (6), Fig.
3a, and accompanying comments in Ref. [30] \footnote{It is worth noting that
the comment after Eq. (8) in Ref. [30] about a flat term which can effectively
describe the contribution of the $a_1$ exchange to the $\pi N\to(\pi
\pi)_S\,N$ amplitude with the one-pion exchange quantum numbers from Eq. (5)
or Eq. (6) in Ref. [30] is misleading. In fact, at high energies, the $\pi$ and
$a_1$ Regge amplitudes have different spin structures and in the unpolarized
cross section their contributions are noncoherent as already emphasized above.
So, the $a_1$ exchange has not been taken into account in Ref. [30]
effectively.}\,). As a consequence of such a restriction, this explanation
leads to a strong violation of the $t$ dependence factorization assumption. We
can conveniently elucidate this assertion in terms of Eq. (16). Let us recall
that the authors of Ref. [30] used the $K$ matrix method to construct the $L=I=
0$ $\pi^*\pi\to\pi\pi$ reaction amplitude, and that, in the 1 GeV region
in the $K$ matrix, two resonances coupled to the $\pi\pi$ and $K\bar K$
channels and some background terms were taken into account. However, the
difference between the $K$ matrix representation for the amplitude
$T^0_0(m,t)$ obtained in Ref. [30] and Eq. (16) is unimportant to clear up the
question about the applicability of the pure one-pion exchange model for the
description of the GAMS data.

Thus, if one takes into account only the one-pion exchange mechanism for the
reaction $\pi^-p\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ and uses the parametrization with two
mixed
resonances coupled to the $\pi\pi$ and $K\bar K$ channels for the $L=I=0$ $\pi
^*\pi\to\pi\pi$ amplitude, then the observed alteration of the $(\pi^0\pi^0)_S$
mass spectrum can be understood only if the destructive interference between
two resonances at $m\approx1$ GeV, which occurs in the low $-t$ region, is
replaced by the constructive one with increasing $-t$. According to Eq. (16),
this means a change of the interference type between the terms proportional to
$g_{r_1\pi^*\pi}(t)$ and $g_{r_2\pi^*\pi}(t)$, which, in turn, is possible only
if, as $-t$ increases, one of
the residues, for example $g_{r_1\pi^*\pi}(t)$, decreases in absolute value,
vanishes at a certain value $t=t_0$, and then changes its sign. Also, this has
to occur at least for $-t<0.3$ GeV$^2$. Hence, according to such an
approach, the $t$ dependence of the amplitude $T^0_0(m,t)$ must not factorize
at $m\approx1$ GeV even in the low $-t$ region. In Ref. [30], the
following parametrization for the residues $g_{r_1\pi^*\pi}(t)$ and $g_{r_2\pi^
*\pi}(t)$ was postulated: \begin{eqnarray} g_{r_i\pi^*\pi}(t)=g_{r_i\pi\pi
}\,[\,1+\xi_i\,(1-t/m^2_\pi)\,t/m^2_\pi\,]\ , \qquad i=1,\,2\ . \end{eqnarray}
For the best fit $g_{r_1\pi\pi}=0.848$ GeV, $\xi_1=0.05
65$, $g_{r_2\pi\pi}=0.884$ GeV, and $\xi_2=-0.0293$ [30].
As is seen, the residue $g_{r_1\pi^*\pi}(t)$ vanishes at $t\approx-0.0728$ GeV$
^2$, and as $-t$ varies from 0 to 1 GeV$^2$, the functions $g^2_{r_1\pi^*\pi}(t
)$ and $g^2_{r_2\pi^*\pi}(t)$ increase, respectively, by approximately factors
of 22000 and 6000. In order to compensate this enormous rise, the authors
of Ref. [30] multiplied the $\pi^-p\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ one-pion exchange
amplitude by the overall form factor $F(t)=[(\Lambda-m^2_\pi)/(\Lambda-t)]^4$
with $\Lambda=0.1607$ GeV$^2$ which, however, they ascribed, for
unknown reasons, to the nucleon vertex \footnote{Note that this leads to
unsolvable difficulties. For example, if one describes
the well studied reaction $\pi^-p\to\rho^0n$ [6,42] using such a
form factor in the $\pi^*NN$ vertex it would be necessary to
introduce a $\pi^*\pi\,\rho$ residue which increases with $-t$. In turn,
this would lead to a rise of $d\sigma/dt$ for the process $\pi\pi\to\rho^0
\rho^0$. It is evident that such a picture is incompatible with conventional
ideas. Also, according to Eq. (17), we face a similar problem for the
reaction $\pi\pi\to(\pi\pi)_S(\pi\pi)_S$. Furthermore, the above form factor
would yield an abnormally sharp drop of the one-pion exchange contribution
to the differential cross section of the charge exchange reaction $pn\to np$.}.
As a result, they obtained formally a very good description of the GAMS data
on the $(\pi^0\pi^0)_S$ mass spectra. Recall that these spectra
($dN/dm$) correspond to the distribution $d^2N/dmdt$ integrated over $t$ in the
intervals indicated in Figs. 1a-f. Nevertheless, a detailed analysis shows that
the model of Ref. [30] predicts rather exotic $t$ distributions of the $\pi^-p
\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ events for $-t<0.2$ GeV$^2$. Figure 5 shows the
unnormalized $t$ distributions $(dN/dt)$ for three $m$ intervals $0.8<m<0.9$
GeV, $0.9<m<1$ GeV, and $1<m<1.1$ GeV which we obtained using the formulae
from Ref. [30]. The most discouraging feature of the presented picture is a dip
in $dN/dt$ whose location depends on $m$. In fact, this is a straightforward
consequence of a failure of the factorization for the amplitude $T^0_0(m,t)$.
The $t$ distribution for $0.8<m<0.9$
has a dip at $-t\approx0.1$ GeV$^2$ and, as is seen from Fig. 5,
changes very rapidly in the region $-t<0.2$ GeV$^2$. With increasing $m$, a dip
in $dN/dt$ moves to $t=0$. So, the $t$ distribution for $0.9<m<1$ GeV has a dip
at $-t\approx0.072$ GeV$^2$. For the mass interval $1<m<1.1$ GeV which already
belongs to the inelastic region of the reaction $\pi^*\pi\to\pi\pi$, a dip in
$dN/dt$ disappears. A comparison of the predictions for $dN/dt$ shown in Figs.
4 and 5 shows that the choice between our explanation of the GAMS data and
the explanation given by the authors of Ref. [30] can be easily realized
experimentally. To do this, it is sufficient to have data on $dN/dt$ in the
region $-t<0.2$ GeV$^2$ for the $m$ intervals $0.8<m<0.9$ GeV and $0.9<m<1
$ GeV. So far, however, neither the GAMS Collaboration [1] nor the E852
Collaboration [16] have published the data on the $t$ distributions.

Finally, let us emphasize that the best experimental test that we know of for
the $\pi^-p\to(\pi\pi)_S\,n$ reaction mechanisms are
measurements on polarized targets, because they will permit the interference to
be directly observed between the $\pi$ and $a_1$ exchange amplitudes.
As is known [24,25], in such experiments one can measure the triple
distribution (in $m$, $t$, and $\psi$) which at fixed $P^{\pi^-}_{lab}$ has the
form \begin{eqnarray} \frac{d^3N(\pi^-p_
\uparrow\to(\pi\pi)_S\,n)}{dmdtd\psi}=\frac{1}{2\pi}\,\frac{d^2N}{dmdt}\,+\,2\,
P\cos\psi \,I(m,t)\ ,\end{eqnarray} where $\psi$ is the angle between the
normal to the reaction plane and the (transverse) proton polarization $P$. The
first term in Eq. (18) corresponds to the distribution of events on an
unpolarized target. It can be presented as $(d^2N/dmdt)/2\pi=|M_{+-}^\pi(m,t)|
^2+|M_{++}^{a_1}(m,t)|^2$, where $M_{+-}^\pi(m,t)$ and $M_{++}^{a_1}(m,t)$ are
the $s$-channel helicity amplitudes with and without nucleon helicity flip,
due to the $\pi$ and $a_1$ exchange mechanisms, respectively. The second term
in Eq. (18) describes the nucleon polarization effects. The function $I(m,t)$
in this term is stipulated by the interference between the $\pi$ and $a_1$
exchange amplitudes and has the form: $I(m,t)=Im[\,M_{+-}^\pi(m,t)\,(M_{++}^
{a_1}(m,t))^*\,]$. In our model for the reaction
$\pi^-p\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\,n$ the amplitude $\sqrt{2\pi}\,M_{+-}^\pi(m,t)$ (and
respectively, $\sqrt{2\pi}\,M_{++}^{a_1}(m,t)$) is given by the expression
under the sign of modulus square in the first (second) term of Eq. (1). If one
neglects the $I=2$ $\pi\pi$ S-wave contribution, then the phase of the product
$M_{+-}^\pi(m,t)\,(M_{++}^{a_1}(m,t))^*$ in the elastic region (i.e. for $m<2m_
K$) would be completely defined by the Regge signature factors of the $M_{+-
}^\pi(m,t)$ and $M_{++}^{a_1}(m,t)$ amplitudes. With these provisos in mind,
one can easily write the function $I(m,t)$ in an explicit form for the three
considered variants. For example, for the most simple variant 1, up to a sign,
\begin{eqnarray} I(m,t)=\cos[\pi(\alpha_\pi(t)-\alpha_{a_1}(t))/2]\times \ \
\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \  \nonumber\\[3pt] \times\ \frac{
1}{2\pi}\ \left[A_\pi\ \frac{\sqrt{-t}}{t-m^2_\pi}\ e^{b^0_\pi(t-m^2_\pi)}
\ A_{a_1}\ (1+tC)\ e^{b^0_{a_1}t}\right]\left\{\sin(\delta^0_0)\,\frac{\sqrt{m
\Gamma_{f_0\pi\pi}(m)}}{|D_{f_0}(m)|}\right\}\ , \end{eqnarray} where, as
seen, the $t$ and $m$ dependences factorize. It is natural that the
pure one-pion exchange model [30] predicts $I(m,t)=0$.

\section {Conclusion}

We have suggested a new explanation of the GAMS results on the $f_0(980)$
production in the reaction $\pi^-p\to\pi^0\pi^0n$. A crucial role in our
explanation is assigned to the amplitude with quantum numbers of the $a_1$
Regge pole in the $t$ channel which is as of yet poorly studied. Moreover, we
consistently used the standard assumption of the $t$ dependence factorization.
On the other hand, if one attempts to explain the GAMS data in the framework of
the pure one-pion exchange model, as is done, for example, in Ref. [30], then
this assumption must be rejected from the outset. To test the correctness
of our explanation, the data on the $t$ distributions of the $\pi^-p\to(\pi^0
\pi^0)_S\ n$ events in the intervals $0.8<m<0.9$ GeV and $0.9<m
<1$ GeV, and the measurements of the reaction $\pi^-p\to(\pi^0\pi^0)_S\ n$
on polarized targets, which can clearly demonstrate the presence of the $a_1$
exchange mechanism, are needed.

Recently we have shown [43] that the new data on $d\sigma(\pi^-p\to a^0_0(980)n
)/dt$ can be explained within the framework of the Regge pole model only if the
reaction $\pi^-p\to a^0_0(980)n$ is dominated by the $\rho_2$ Regge pole whose
partner by exchange degeneracy is the $a_1$ Regge pole. To all appearance, the
time is right to study the pseudovector and pseudotensor Regge exchanges.
\vspace{0.2cm}

We would like to thank A.A. Kondashov and S.A. Sadovsky for supplying the GAMS
data in numerical form.
\vspace{0.2cm}

This work was partly supported by the INTAS Grant No. 94-3986.\vspace{1cm}

\newpage

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
Alan MacLeod Big Tech Military
Elon Musk Is Not a Renegade Outsider—He's a Massive Pentagon Contractor
by Editor June 1, 2022 June 3, 2022
29 Comments on Elon Musk Is Not a Renegade Outsider—He's a Massive Pentagon Contractor
By Alan MacLeod / MintPress News
AUSTIN, TEXAS – Elon Musk's proposed takeover of Twitter has ruffled many feathers among professional commentators. "Musk is the wrong leader for Twitter's vital mission," read one Bloomberg headline. The network also insisted, "Nothing in the Tesla CEO's track record suggests he will be a careful steward of an important media property." "Elon Musk is the last person who should take over Twitter," wrote Max Boot in The Washington Post, explaining that "[h]e seems to believe that on social media anything goes. For democracy to survive, we need more content moderation, not less." The irony of outlets owned by Michael Bloomberg and Jeff Bezos warning of the dangers of permitting a billionaire oligarch to control our media was barely commented upon.
Added to this, a host of celebrities publicly left the social media platform in protest against the proposed $44 billion purchase. This only seemed to confirm to many free speech-minded individuals that the South African billionaire was a renegade outsider on a mission to save the internet from authoritarian elite control (despite the fact that he is borrowing money from the governments of Qatar and Saudi Arabia in order to do so).
Musk has deliberately cultivated this image of himself: a real life Tony Stark figure who thinks for himself and is not part of the established order. But behind this carefully constructed façade, Musk is intimately connected to the U.S. national security state, serving as one of its most important business partners. Elon, in short, is no threat to the powerful, entrenched elite: he is one of them.
TO UKRAINE, WITH LOVE
Musk, whose estimated $230 billion fortune is more than twice the gross domestic product of Ukraine, has garnered a great deal of positive publicity for donating thousands of Starlink terminals to the country, helping its people come back online after fighting downed the internet in much of the country. Starlink is an internet service allowing those with terminals to connect to one of over 2,400 small satellites in low Earth orbit. Many of these satellites were launched by Musk's SpaceX technologies company.
However, it soon transpired that there is far more than meets the eye with Musk's extraordinary "donation." In fact, the U.S. government quietly paid SpaceX top dollar to send their inventory to the warzone. USAID – a government anti-insurgency agency that has regularly functioned as a regime-change organization – is known to have put up the cash to purchase and deliver at least 1,330 of the terminals.
Starlink is not a mass-market solution. Each terminal – which is, in effect, a tiny, portable satellite dish – has a markedly limited range, and is useful only in hyper-local situations. Mykhailo Fedorov, Ukraine's Minister of Digital Transformation, estimated that the 10,000 Starlink terminals were allowing around 150,000 people to stay online.
Such a small number of people using the devices raises eyebrows. Who is important enough to be given such a device? Surely only high-value individuals such as spies or military operatives. That the Starlinks are serving a military purpose is now beyond clear. Indeed, in a matter of weeks, Starlink has become a cornerstone of the Ukrainian military, allowing it to continue to target Russian forces via drones and other high-tech machinery dependent on an internet connection. One official told The Times of London that he "must" use Starlink to target enemy forces via thermal imaging.
"Starlink is what changed the war in Ukraine's favor. Russia went out of its way to blow up all our comms. Now they can't. Starlink works under Katyusha fire, under artillery fire. It even works in Mariupol," one Ukrainian soldier told journalist David Patrikarakos.
"I want to say one thing: @elonmusk's Starlink is what changed the war in #Ukraine's favour. #Russia went out of its way to blow up all our comms. Now they can't. Starlink works under Katyusha fire, under artillery fire. It even works in Mariupol." pic.twitter.com/C2QnVTE3tc
— David Patrikarakos (@dpatrikarakos) April 27, 2022
The reference to Mariupol alludes to the infamous Nazi group, the Azov Battalion, who have also reportedly been using Musk's technology. Even in a subterranean cavern beneath Mariupol's steelworks, Azov fighters were able to access the internet and communicate with the outside world, even doing video interviews from underground. In 2015, Congress attempted to add a provision to U.S. military aid to Ukraine stipulating that no support could go to Azov owing to their political ideology. That amendment was later removed at the behest of the Pentagon.
Dave Tremper, Director of Electronic Warfare at the Pentagon, sang SpaceX's praises. "How they did that [keeping Ukrainian forces online] was eye-watering to me," he said, adding that in the future the U.S. military "needs to be able to have that agility."
Such a statement is bound to get the attention of SpaceX chiefs, who have long profited from their lucrative relationship with the U.S. military. SpaceX relies largely on government contracts, there being almost no civilian demand for many of its products, especially its rocket launches.
Musk's company has been awarded billions of dollars in contracts to launch spy satellites for espionage, drone warfare and other military uses. For example, in 2018, SpaceX was chosen to blast a $500 million Lockheed Martin GPS system into orbit. While Air Force spokesmen played up the civilian benefits of the launch, such as increased accuracy for GPS devices, it is clear that these devices play a key role in global surveillance and ongoing drone wars. SpaceX has also won contracts with the Air Force to deliver its command satellite into orbit, with the Space Development Agency to send tracking devices into space, and with the National Reconnaissance Office (NRO) to launch its spy satellites. These satellites are used by all of the "big five" surveillance agencies, including the CIA and the NSA.
Thus, in today's world, where so much intelligence gathering and target acquisition is done via satellite technology, SpaceX has become every bit as important to the U.S. war machine as more well-known companies like Lockheed Martin and Boeing. Without Musk's company, the U.S. would not be able to carry out such an invasive program of spying and drone warfare around the world. Indeed, China is growing increasingly wary of this power, and is being advised to develop anti-satellite technologies to counter SpaceX's all-seeing eye. Yet Musk himself continues to benefit from a general perception that he is not part of the system.
From its origins in 2002, SpaceX has always been extremely close to the national security state, particularly the CIA. Perhaps the most crucial link is Mike Griffin, who, at the time, was the president and COO of In-Q-Tel, a CIA-funded venture capital firm that seeks to nurture and sponsor new companies that will work with the CIA and other security services, equipping them with cutting edge technology. The "Q" in its name is a reference to "Q" from the James Bond series – a creative inventor who supplies the spy with the latest in futuristic tech.
Michael Griffin, left, meets with Musk, right, in 2005 at NASA Headquarters in DC. Renee Bouchard | NASA
Griffin was with Musk virtually from day one, accompanying him to Russia in February 2002, where they attempted to purchase cut-price intercontinental ballistic missiles to start Musk's business. Musk felt that he could substantially undercut opponents by using second-hand material and off-the-shelf components for launches. The attempt failed, but the trip cemented a lasting partnership between the pair, with Griffin going to war for Musk, consistently backing him as a potential "Henry Ford" of the rocket industry. Three years later, Griffin would become head of NASA and later would hold a senior post at the Department of Defense.
While at NASA, Griffin brought Musk in for meetings and secured SpaceX's big break. In 2006, NASA awarded the company a $396 million rocket development contract – a remarkable "gamble" in Griffin's words, especially as it had never launched a rocket before. As National Geographic put it, SpaceX, "never would have gotten to where it is today without NASA." And Griffin was essential to this development. Still, by 2008, SpaceX was again in dire straits, with Musk unable to make payroll. The company was saved by an unexpected $1.6 billion NASA contract for commercial cargo services. Thus, from its earliest days, SpaceX was nurtured by government agencies that saw the company as a potentially important source of technology.
NUKING MARS & BACKING COUPS
Like Henry Ford, Musk went into the automobile business, purchasing Tesla Motors in 2004. And also like Henry Ford, he has shared some rather controversial opinions. In 2019, for instance, he suggested that vaporizing Mars' ice caps via a series of nuclear explosions could warm the planet sufficiently to support human life. If this was done, it would arguably not even be his worst crime against space. During a 2018 publicity stunt, he blasted a Tesla into outer space using a SpaceX rocket. However, he did not sterilize the vehicle before doing so, meaning it was covered in earthly bacteria – microorganisms that will likely be fatal to any alien life they encounter. In essence, the car is a biological weapon that could end life on any planet it encounters.
Musk also attracted attention when he appeared to admit that he worked with the U.S. government to overthrow Bolivian President Evo Morales in 2019. Bolivia is home to the world's largest easy-to-extract lithium reserves, an element crucial in the production of electric-vehicle batteries. Morales had refused to open the country up to foreign corporations eager to exploit Bolivia for profit. Instead, he proposed developing sovereign technology to keep both the jobs and profits inside the country. He was overthrown by a U.S.-backed far-right coup in November 2019. The new government quickly invited Musk for talks. When asked on Twitter point blank whether he was involved in Morales' ouster, Musk responded, "We will coup whoever we want! Deal with it."
The South African has a long history of trolling and making inflammatory statements, so this "confession" might not be as cast-iron as it seems. Nevertheless, any hope of Musk profiting from Bolivia was shot after Morales' party returned to power in a resounding victory one year later.
WORLD'S RICHEST MAN, FUNDED BY TAXPAYERS
In addition to the billions in government contracts Musk's companies have secured, they also have received similar numbers in public subsidies and incentives. Chief among these is Tesla, which benefits greatly from complex international rules around electric vehicle production. In a push to reduce carbon emissions, governments around the world have introduced a system of credits for green vehicles, whereby a certain percentage of each manufacturer's output must be zero-emission vehicles. Tesla only produces electric cars, so easily meets the mark.
However, the system also allows Tesla to sell their excess credits to manufacturers who cannot meet these quotas. In a competitive market where each manufacturer needs to hit certain targets, these credits are worth their weight in gold, and net Tesla billions in profit every year. For example, between 2019 and 2021 alone, Stellantis, which owns the Chrysler, Fiat, Citroen and Peugeot brands, forked out nearly $2.5 billion to acquire Tesla U.S. and European green credits.
This bizarre and self-defeating system goes some way to explaining why Tesla is worth more by market cap than Toyota, Volkswagen, Mercedes-Benz, BMW, GM, Ford, Honda, Hyundai, Kia, and Volvo put together, despite not being even a top-15 car manufacturer in terms of units sold.
Musk's company also received significant government backing in its early stages, receiving a $465 million low-interest loan from the Department of Energy in 2010, at a time when Tesla was on the rocks and its future was in doubt.
Like many giant companies, Tesla is able to play states off against each other, each job-hungry location bidding against the others to give the corporation as much free cash and tax incentives as possible. In 2020, for example, Austin gave Tesla more than $60 million in tax breaks to build a truck plant there.
This, however, was small fry in comparison to some of the deals Musk has signed. The State of New York handed Musk over $750 million, including $350 million in cash, in exchange for building a solar plant outside of Buffalo – a plant that Musk was bound to build somewhere in the United States. Meanwhile, Nevada signed an agreement with Tesla to build its Gigafactory near Reno. The included incentives mean that the car manufacturer could rake in nearly $1.3 billion in tax relief and tax credits. Between 2015 and 2018, Musk himself paid less than $70,000 in federal income taxes.
Therefore, while the 50-year-old businessman presents himself as a maverick science genius – an act that has garnered him legions of fans around the world – a closer inspection of his career shows he earned his fortune in a much more orthodox manner. First by being born rich, then by striking it big as a dot-com billionaire, and finally, like so many others, by feeding from the enormous government trough.
Perhaps more seriously though, SpaceX's close proximity to both the military and the national security state marks it out as a key cog in the machine of U.S. empire, allowing Washington to spy, bomb or coup whoever it wants.
It is for this reason that so much of the hysteria, both positive and negative, over Musk's ongoing purchase of Twitter is misplaced. Elon Musk is neither going to save nor destroy Twitter because he is not a crusading rebel challenging the establishment: he is an integral part of it.
Alan MacLeod is Senior Staff Writer for MintPress News. After completing his PhD in 2017 he published two books: Bad News From Venezuela: Twenty Years of Fake News and Misreporting and Propaganda in the Information Age: Still Manufacturing Consent, as well as a number of academic articles. He has also contributed to FAIR.org, The Guardian, Salon, The Grayzone, Jacobin Magazine, and Common Dreams.
Tags: azov boring company CIA contractor elon musk featured military industrial complex nasa neurolink pentagon robert scheer russia spacex starlink tesla ukraine ukraine war
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text:
Beyond a Reasonable Doubt: MPA/MIA v. JD
Posted by Samantha Taylor
This piece was co-authored by Julia Chung, my fellow program assistant at the Admissions Office.
For those of you who don't know the International Affairs Building, where SIPA is housed, is directly attached to Columbia Law School. It is a very subtle reminder of the decision we, Julia and Samantha, made two years ago before they started graduate school. Julia, studied for the LSAT for a year after graduating undergrad, fully anticipating a career in law. Samantha, worked as a legal assistant for three years at a law firm in Washington, D.C., and similarly thought law was in her future.
Today, both Julia and Samantha are SIPA second-year MPA and MIA students respectively, and both made the crucial decision to pick graduate school over law school. We recently had a conversation about the decision to go with public policy instead of a legal degree:
Why did you want to go to law school in the first place?
Julia: In undergrad I thought that if I wanted to do public service and civil rights, the path was a law degree. I thought that to make the change I wanted to see in the world, I needed to do it through litigation. With this limited perspective on career paths, I studied for the LSAT in my senior year in undergrad and the year after graduating. (As a side note, my family told me that because I was good at arguing, I should be a lawyer. Don't think that was sound career advice though!)
Samantha: I wanted to go to law school because I wanted to work in policy, and had met a lot of people in the industry, who happenstance all had law degrees. I thought that was the way it worked. After I graduated undergrad, I took a job with a law firm in Washington D.C. in order to gain experience in the field. It was sort of a test run, which I recommend everyone interested in law do before deciding on whether to go or not. It was long hours, a lot of work, but I loved it. Despite the intensity at times, the experience really made me think the life was for me, but I still was not 100% sold. I wanted to do policy, and I had yet to work with someone that was doing work in that realm.
What changed?
Julia: After taking the LSAT, I spoke to a Vassar alum who was a lawyer and he said: Only go to law school if you actually want to practice law or if you have $150k to spare. He said that I seemed to have passions other than law and I should pursue those first. Taking that advice and knowing that my heart was in civil rights, I started working at a community-based organization in Flushing, Queens, doing civic engagement work. After two years of working with many lawyers, I decided that the great work they did was not for me. I realized that law wasn't my tool to make the changes in the world I wanted to see. I didn't want to be worrying about legal precedence or writing briefs. I wanted to be more on-the-ground and not limited to finding solutions through law.
Samantha: A coworker was talking to me about how he was going to graduate school for a degree in international affairs, and this really piqued my interest. I started researching graduate institutions around the world, to see what kinds of programs were out there for international affairs and security policy. That's when I came across a couple of schools whose programs really spoke to me. I ended up speaking to one of the partners I worked for about my career trajectory, and he told me not to go to law school unless I was 100% sure it was for me. He also said that we no longer live in the days where you need a law degree to inform policy. Since I was not 100% sure of whether law school was for me, despite my experience, I chose to apply to graduate school.
Why did you choose Columbia SIPA?
Julia: I looked at graduate school to switch career paths. I wanted to shift from community organizing to something else, even though I wasn't sure exactly what "something else" was when I applied to graduate school. I came to SIPA because it is a full-time program that is academically rigorous with a strong student community, and has a strong Urban and Social Policy program with practitioners teaching courses. I sat in on Mark Steitz's "Data Driven Approaches to Campaigns and Advocacy" and knew instantaneously that SIPA was right for me. I knew that SIPA would teach me the hard skills I needed to take the next step in my career.
Samantha: I chose SIPA because I felt the MIA program and the International Security Concentration would provide me with both the theoretical and practical foundation I needed to pursue my future career goals. I also liked the fact that SIPA's cohorts are very diverse, and that I would be studying with students from all around the world. I felt very welcomed at SIPA when I came to visit during the application process. I think I had some preconceived notions of what SIPA and Columbia University in general were going to be like; however, everyone was very welcoming and I just had a feeling that I was in the right place.
How will an MPA/MIA degree work towards your future?
Julia: I came to SIPA knowing that I needed more hard skills – policy analysis, data analysis, memo writing, program evaluation, etc. SIPA provided those hard skills and the opportunity to explore different policy areas. I came to SIPA only interested in civil rights, but will be leaving in May with knowledge on urban sustainability, design thinking in the public sector, and technology used in international crisis response. I think my MPA degree prepares me to think critically on today's most pressing issues, but also gives me tools and the network to be able to address them. I also think that with a MPA degree, I have more flexibility to create the career path I want than I would have if I went to law school.
Samantha: I believe the MIA will help me in my future endeavors because it helped me develop both hard and soft skills which can be applied to the jobs I am seeking in the foreign policy and international security fields. In law school I would not have been required to take a quantitative analysis course, or a cyber-security course, and I think these courses have really helped inform the way in which I evaluate the world around me. While law school would be useful in terms of understanding legality and jurisdiction for policy, I believe the MIA program has given me the opportunity to think critically about current international security policy issues, in order to better understand the nuances the make them complex and challenging to resolve.
Do you have any regrets about your graduate school decision?
Julia: None – I'm excited to graduate and put all that I've learned to test!
Samantha: I have no regrets about choosing to get my MIA at SIPA. Every now and then I do think about law school and reflect back on when I made the decision to not pursue a JD. I remember where I was in life, and what career goals I had at the time that made me think I was not 100% ready to get my JD. If you asked me today if I think law school is in my future, I would say "yes." But if you asked me if I could go back in time and remake the choice between and MIA and JD again, would I choose differently? I would say "no." This has been a life-changing experience for me, and I would not change a thing.
Look, if you are a prospective applicant of SIPA and you still can't make a choice, feel free to call or drop by the Admissions office and talk to a current student or Admissions Officer.
And don't worry, if you decide that you want both an MPA/MIA and a JD, you can also apply for a SIPA/Law School dual degree. For more information, you can take a look at the website here.
Categories : Academics, Application Tips, Columbia University, SIPA
Tags : Academics, Applying to SIPA, dual degree, law, MIA, MPA, SIPA
December 31, 2019 – January 1, 2020: Office closed in observance of New Year's Day
January 5, 2020: Fall 2020 Fellowship Consideration Deadline
January 20, 2020: University Holiday — Office closed in observance of MLK Jr. Day
February 5, 2020: Fall 2020 Final Application Deadline
New Year, New Students / Cohort / PAs!
Four things you should know about the FAFSA
Upcoming external funding opportunities
Roundup: Final reminders before the January 5th deadline
Why Alejandra Cordero chose MPA in Development Practice (MPA-DP)
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It is said that the principal and assistant principal Chiefs are to meet the United States Agent for this Nation at his residence, on the 15th of this month, to consider the exceptions made by the General Government to some portions of the Cherokee Constitution. If they deem it necessary, they will call a Council.
We have frequently heard of a proclamation issued by Governor Forsyth, in relation to the extension of the criminal jurisdiction of the state of Georgia over that part of the Cherokee Nation which lies within the Chartered limits of that state.--We should suppose that as the Cherokees would necessarily be interested in such a proclamation, every exertion would be used to have it extensively known in this Country. But as yet we have merely heard of it, and we doubt whether any of our Citizens have seen it. We would suggest to his Excellency the propriety of publishing his proclamation in this Nation.
By politeness of a friend, we are permitted to insert the following extract of a letter from Mr. Proctor, Missionary at Carmel.
We had a very solemn ' interesting meeting on the Sabbath. The congregation was large. Three full Cherokees were baptized. They live about 25 miles from us in a small town very much secluded. Some of our Cherokee members and Mr. Butrick have visited them. These men appeared better than any candidates I have ever seen , all things considered. They say there are many more in that place, who are serious. They are very anxious to have some parts of scripture in Cherokee, or any Cherokee tracts, I understand, the other day, that you were about to get the Gospel of Matthew printed. Do let me know by next mail how soon we can obtain it. Many copies are wanted in this place, and I have been requested to write for them. It is a pleasing, but a singular fact, that here the Bible is preferred to the newspaper.
The Cherokee members of this church, and those of the church at Hightower, have formed societies to hire a Cherokee brother to go as their missionary into those dark towns north of us, to carry bibles, tracts, and hymnbooks. We therefore want to know when we can obtain all these, and what will be the prices.
Similar applications with equal earnestness have been made from other parts of the Nation, and we are sorry not to be in a condition to meet the demands upon our press. The publication of Scripture, Tracts and Hymn books, must depend entirely on the limited force now connected with the establishment; and as yet the paper has occupied the full attention of our printers. Exertions will, however, be made to supply these demands. At present our Cherokee readers will obtain Hymns, and the Gospel of Matthew, thro' the medium of the Phoenix.


Mon, October 24th thru Sun, October 30th.
to show your support for independent media. In these times, free speech is more important than ever.
It's not your Momma's old-fashioned cookbook!
"Eating Radio:2016" is a collection of 150 recipes from station broadcasters, volunteers and staff.
7-10am to celebrate its publication.
Call in to get YOURS!
Thank You Gifts for your support.
See the Sierras from inside (instead of on top!) in an underground tour of North America's oldest hard rock mine. Eat lunch 900 feet below the surface of the earth! This singular experience is being led by Mike Miller- president of the Original 16 to 1 Mine.
Includes a pasty lunch just like Cornish Miners of yesteryear!
Very Limited availability! Get it while you can! These tours may never be offered again!
Teresa Tudury and offering tickets to her special, intimate performance being held on Saturday, December 10th at KVMR to new and renewing KVMR Members.


Rzeszow Regional Development Agency was the host for the International workshop, titled "Train the training". The event was organized in one of the newest object located in the center of Rzeszów - Hotel Rzeszow.
During these two-days workshop, we have discussed the most important isuues that now our project is going to face. We started the first day with the presentation of the goal and importance of our workshop and the whole meeting in general.
On the first day, we have also discussed the rules of services and tools development. In that part, all partners had a chance to present their feedback about that subject. Later, we had pretty nice and inspiring time where the idea of CROWDFUNDING was presented.
2. How to create a Community of Practice (CoP) for valorizing ICH assets for local sustainable development.
During the second part of our laboratory actions, our project Leader, had a chance to present Entribu platform.
The last part was touching the rules of our competition. Here, we discussed criteria to select Intangible Cultural Heritage projects for the pilot actions and discussion concerning the concrete proposals by the partners.
That was really exciting and inspiring time for us.
Thank you everyone for any kind of help and support that we received from you.


text:
Q: django tastypie resource queryset filter doesn't work if resource is pulled into another Models
class Quote(models.model):
    quote_ref = models.TextField(null=True, blank=True)
    order = models.Foreignkey('Order', related_name='quotes')
    version models.DecimalField(null=True, blank=True)
    requested_date = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
    expiry_date = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
    closed_date = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)

class Order(models.model):
    order_ref = models.CharField(null=True, blank=True)
    cost models.DecimalField(null=True, blank=True)
    order_date = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
    delivery_date = models.DateField(null=True, blank=True)
    .......
    .......

Resources
class RequestsResource(ModelResource):
    quotes = fields.ToManyField('api.resources.QuoteIndexResource', 'quotes', full=True, null=True)
    class Meta:
        queryset = Order.objects.all()
        resource_name = 'request'

class QuoteIndexResource(ModelResource):

    class Meta:
        queryset = Quote.objects.all().filter(closed_date__isnull=True)
        resource_name = 'index_quote'

If I use the QuoteIndexResource on its own the filter on the querysetworks but if it is pulled into RequestsResource then the filter doesn't have any effect on the data.
Is there a way to make the .filter(closed_date__isnull=True) work in this scenario?

A: It appears that ToManyFields in Tastypie are independent from their queryset setting in meta class.
The simple workaround is to use attribute with lambda expression:
quotes = fields.ToManyField(
    'api.resources.QuoteIndexResource',
    attribute=lambda bundle: Quote.objects.all().filter(
        order=bundle.obj, closed_date__isnull=True),
    full=True, null=True
)

Some more details in documentation: http://django-tastypie.readthedocs.io/en/latest/fields.html#tomanyfield

A: My bad I should have closed this question when I fixed it.
so I found if I used attribute=lambda bundle I would get errors.
but using just lambda bundle: It all works ok.
quotes = fields.ToManyField(
    'api.resources.QuoteIndexResource', lambda bundle: Quote.objects.filter(order=bundle.obj, closed_date__isnull=True),
    full=True, null=True

)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Where can you find acreage and waterfront with this convenient location!!! Over 10 beautiful private acres could be used as a private estate that is also waterfront and can have a dock. Build your dream home or developers/builders can subdivide. Contact listing agent for details. Land included as outlined in the attached survey.


text:
Center for International Relations and International Security
Intellectual Independence Policy
The Center for International Relations and International Security (CIRIS) is a nonpartisan organization that generates ideas and fosters debate on policy issues. Its staff, volunteers and members represent a diverse communicated united by a common belief in the mission statement of CIRIS to research and promote the fields of International Relations and International Security.
The Center for International Relations and International Security embodies a nonpartisan network of leaders who:
promote the fields of International Relations and International Security,
are commited to do research an publishing articles in journals,
provide education for professionals and students in these fields of study,
Political Engagement Policy
The Center for International Relations and International Security as an organization does not adopt or advocate positions on particular matters. Our publications always represent the views of the author or authors rather than those of the Center for International Relations and International Security.
CIRIS's staff, volunteers, fellows, and members are encouraged to offer their own views on current policy issues as CIRIS experts, but without implying CIRIS endorsement of those views.
CIRIS maintains strict intellectual independence for all of its projects and publications. CIRIS staff and directors, and those CIRIS engages to work on specific projects, are responsible for generating and communicating intellectual content resulting from CIRIS projects. CIRIS requires all funders and donors to agree to CIRIS maintaining independent control of the content and conclusions of any products resulting from sponsored projects.
CIRIS staff are encouraged to engage in external substantive activities that reinforce their programs and CIRIS's mission. When signing off on products of these efforts, including public letters, statements, task force reports, etc., CIRIS staff should endeavor to make clear that they are signing in a personal capacity rather than representing the views of the CIRIS as a whole. Consistent with CIRIS's commitment to transparency, CIRIS staff members who intend to affiliate themselves with such public documents addressing policy matters should inform the President and Vice President in advance.
As a general policy, CIRIS does not accept anonymous contributions. In appropriate circumstances, CIRIS will make exceptions to this policy for individual donors if they have a policy of not disclosing their charitable giving. CIRIS publicly acknowledges all its donors who give $100 or more on its website, and may do so in other contexts as well. CIRIS does not sell, trade, or rent its donor and member lists, and does not share donor and member information with third parties. CIRIS takes all reasonable and appropriate measures to prevent unauthorized use of its donor and member lists.
Pending updates
Working for the EU
Difference between forums and groups
Iran's miscalculation
by Oudman • January 10, 2020
Reading Time: 2 minutes On the 3rd of January Iran and its allies reacted with outrage over the killing of General Qasem Soleimani. In the political ramble that ensued short afterwards, Iran vowed to take revenge over the IRGC's Quds Force leader's death. Needless to say, Iran had to show some form of reaction in order not to loose…
Sigma Iota Rho
The Forgotten War: Genocide of the Yazidi people
Why the killing of Qasem Soleimani isn't war
Hostilities by nationals in foreign service
International Relations Jobs: What you need to know
Brexit and populism
Arab Spring Backstop Belfast Brexit Careers Center for International Relations and International Security children CIRIS COE DAESH democracy DHS Dominique Young Dublin Egypt European Union Germany government hardbrexit Human Rights impact International Relations Iran Iraq ISIS Islamic Laws labor Luxemburg Middle East MPs Muslim Brotherhood news nonprofit Northern Ireland Oct 31 parliament Radicalization Republic of Ireland Soleimani Summit syria time United Kingdom vote Westminster
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Copyright © Center for International Relations and International Security is a US 501 (c)(3) public charity. All rights Reserved.


With the EK Sitmap module create a sitemap to submit to Google, Bing or other with a few simple and easy to understand options.
Send the result sitemap.xml to google in 1 clic on a link.
Choose languages and product images to include, use image legends.
Configure optimized options for your shop's SEO strategy.
Choose what languages to include.
Choose what product images to include.
Choose to add or not category pages.
Create a sitemap in a few simple clics.


text:
Q: Ansible playbook hangs in interactive mode If I run the command (redis-cli --cluster create 192.168.1.10:6379 192.168.1.11:6379 192.168.1.15:6379) from the host(192.168.1.10) it prompts me for "yes" and it's working but in ansible hangs forever. Is there any solution? Thanks
- name: Create Redis cluster with master nodes
  command: "redis-cli --cluster create 192.168.1.10:6379 192.168.1.11:6379 192.168.1.15:6379"
  args:
    stdin: "yes"
  when:
    - inventory_hostname == groups['redis-master'][0]

A: You could

*

*use --cluster-yes option (... have a look into redis: Create cluster with redis-cli non interactively)

*use the shell module and echo "yes" | followed by your command

*or use the shell module and the yes command
Further Readings

*

*Whats the difference between Ansible raw, shell and command?


Content Thermostable endo-xylanase units (TXU) at least 5600/g and thermostable endo-glucanase units (TGU) at least 2500/g.
Indication For swine and poultry feed containing high levels of corn, wheat and wheat by-products to improve nutrient digestibility resulting in improved feed conversion and faster weight gain, reduction of viscosity of intestinal contents, decreased water consumption and improved litter quality.
Dosage Up to 150 g/ton of feed.
Precautions Inhalation of dust particles and contact with skin should be avoided because allergic reactions may occur in certain sensitive individuals. Use gloves and dust mask. Store in a dry, cool place (20ºC). The package should be carefully sealed again after partial amounts have been withdrawn.
Available Forms 20 kg bag in box.
Thermostable endo-xylanase units (TXU) at least 5600/g and thermostable endo-glucanase units (TGU) at least 2500/g.
For swine and poultry feed containing high levels of corn, wheat and wheat by-products to improve nutrient digestibility resulting in improved feed conversion and faster weight gain, reduction of viscosity of intestinal contents, decreased water consumption and improved litter quality.
Up to 150 g/ton of feed.
Inhalation of dust particles and contact with skin should be avoided because allergic reactions may occur in certain sensitive individuals. Use gloves and dust mask. Store in a dry, cool place (20ºC). The package should be carefully sealed again after partial amounts have been withdrawn.
20 kg bag in box.


The phrase "long-term care" refers to a spectrum of care services that people may need — sometimes including skilled nursing/medical care, but often non-medical help with the basic self-care responsibilities of everyday life, also known as activities of daily living (ADLs). This type of long-term care, also called assisted living, may include things like bathing, dressing, eating, and/or using the toilet. A broader definition of long-term care even encompasses so-called instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) like housework, paying bills, and/or shopping for and preparing meals.
According to the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 70 percent of people turning 65 eventually will require some type of long-term assistance. And a recent poll from the Associated Press and the National Opinion Research Center revealed that over three-quarters of seniors would prefer to receive that care in their own home, versus in an assisted living community setting. But the price tag on receiving care in the home from a paid caregiver may be more cost-prohibitive than people realize. In fact, some are surprised to learn that it could ultimately cost more than living in a long-term care community, depending on the level of need.
>> Related: What, Exactly, is Long-Term Care?
So what sort of expense are you looking at should you or your loved one require some level of long-term care in a private home setting? The costs of hiring caregivers can vary greatly depending on both your location and the amount of care required.
According to the Genworth 2017 Cost of Care Survey, the national median cost for 44 hours a week (around six hours a day) of "homemaker services" in a private home setting is around $4,000 a month, or $48,000 a year. The cost of a home health aide for 44 hours per week is roughly the same.
Obviously, more hours of assistance per day would increase the cost, as would living in a high-priced geographic area where the annual cost could easily reach into the six-figure range. And don't forget that this is an expense on top of your other standard living expenses for your private residence such as rent/mortgage payments, utilities, home maintenance, groceries, etc.
The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services has a useful cost estimator tool on their website to help you understand what sort of long-term care expense you might be looking at in your state, based on the level of care being provided.
>> Related: So I'll Probably Need Long-Term Care, But for How Long?
It's also crucial to understand that Medicare does not cover long-term care costs for assistance with activities of daily living if that is the only type of care required. However, it will cover some of the cost of skilled nursing care, which includes medically necessary needs such as wound care, IVs, and drug administration, if those services are delivered by a Medicare-certified provider.
Medicaid, however, will typically cover the cost of assisted living services, as well as skilled nursing care, for those who qualify financially and if such services are delivered by a Medicaid-certified provider.
So, in short, unless your assets and income are below the federal poverty level, most long-term care costs will be private pay, meaning a cost you have to cover out of your own pocket or that are paid by your long-term care insurance policy, if you have one.
>> Related: Long Term Care: How Much Does Medicare Actually Cover?
Can you afford the care you need?
As you can see from the Genworth figures above, it can be expensive to receive long-term care services in your own home.
Today's Social Security recipients receive, on average, around $1,400 a month in benefits, or just under $17,000 per year. In the case of a couple receiving double the average benefit, that still only equates to an average of $34,000 a year.
Yet according to statistics that were recently released by the Insured Retirement Institute (IRI), nearly one-third of Baby Boomers say they will need an income of $45,000 to $75,000 a year during retirement. When you consider that, according to the Bureau of Labor Statistics, the typical senior couple spends around $10,000 per year just on traditional healthcare costs (copays, prescriptions, etc.), even $45,000 to $75,000 in income won't cover a luxurious retirement lifestyle. The addition of the cost of in-home long-term care services, which again, average around $48,000 a year, would dramatically increase the average retiree's expenses, potentially blowing their budget.
Also according to IRI data, 70 percent of Baby Boomers are confident they can live exclusively off of Social Security if they exhaust their savings, but reality shows that Social Security payments will at best replace about 40 percent of the typical person's pre-retirement income. As the dollar figures above reveal, most retirees need roughly twice the amount of their Social Security check in order to live comfortably (and that is without the large added expense of long-term care services).
If you are concerned about how you will pay the high cost of long-term care, especially on a fixed retirement income, there are several possibilities you may want to consider (in addition to traditional retirement savings).
LTC insurance (LTCi) policy with home care coverage: LTCi policies are expensive, but they can quickly pay for themselves should you need long-term care services. As an experienced financial adviser noted in a recent Financial Planning article, "Fourteen years of premiums that [one] couple paid for their LTC insurance were recovered in about six months of benefits." In addition to traditional LTC policies, more people are turning to hybrid policies, which combined long-term care insurance with annuities or life insurance.
Life insurance cash value: Depending on your policy's terms and value, it is possible for some life insurance policies to be converted into an income stream to help fund your long-term care needs.
Home equity: For most people, their house is their largest investment. A reverse mortgage could potentially provide you with a source of untaxed monthly cash advances. reversemortgage.org has a calculator to help you determine how much cash you may be able to get out of your home. Make sure you understand the fees and interest rates, as well as other stipulations attached to this option.
Selling your home: But I want to STAY in my home, you're thinking. One tactic is to sell your larger house and purchase a less expensive home, but there's another option you may want to consider. You could sell your home to an adult child and then pay them rent, OR if finances permit, the child could gift you the value of the rent, up to $15,000 per year, with no tax ramifications.
Of course, as with any financial decision, always consult with a trusted financial planner and an accountant, who can help you consider your unique situation, but it's good to understand that there are outside-the-box ways to help pay for long-term care if and when you need it.
>> Related: I'm Moving to a CCRC: Should I Keep my Long-Term Care Insurance?
For those looking at their senior living options and considering how they will pay for long-term care, talk with your family and talk with your trusted advisers, but also consider utilizing the financial calculator available through myLifeSite.
This tool generates easy-to-use and understand reports based on your input of numerous financial variables. It can help you tabulate the costs specific to your retirement living and long-term care situation, and it also can provide the answers to many of your concerns and questions about your ability to afford long-term care services, either in your home or in a senior living community.


text:
APARTMENT PRICING
THE SANCTUARY ON BARDSTOWN
Steps away from restaurants, shops, and nightlife, the Sanctuary on Bardstown offers unique high-end apartments in a fully restored historic church. Take advantage of all the character that the heart of the Highlands has to offer and make the Sanctuary your new home.
PROPERTY OVERVIEW
Originally built in 1927, the Calvary Lutheran Church served the Highlands community for over 85 years. NCS Properties purchased the building in 2016 and, aiming to preserve the iconic building, obtained historical landmark status for the property. Renamed the Sanctuary on Bardstown, the building houses nine apartment units -- including two and one-bedrooms as well as studios -- anchored by a retail space.
The Sanctuary on Bardstown apartments incorporate modern comforts with unique historical touches such as original stained glass art windows, ornately detailed woodwork, and vaulted ceilings. Located on the corner of Bardstown Road and Roanoke Avenue, the property offers all the amenities of the popular Highlands neighborhood.
We hope you enjoy the beauty of the Sanctuary as much as we do!
Total Floors/Stories
2 per unit
1838 Bardstown Road Louisville, KY 40205
FIND YOUR DREAM HOME.
Explore the building and the neighborhood.
Check out the unique floor plan for each unit.
See all that the Sanctuary on Bardstown has to offer.
NCS PROPERTIES
NCS Properties is a family-run business. We've been managing commercial real estate in the Louisville area for fifteen years. As Louisville natives, we're excited to restore this Highlands landmark and transform it into something the whole community can enjoy.
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Millennium Park is not only one of the most beautiful parts of the city, but also the largest rooftop garden in Chicago. That's right, rooftop garden.
With a maze of a parking lot beneath its' grounds, Millennium Park is technically on the roof of a parking garage. The park is arguably most well-known for "Cloudgate", or as most people refer to it, The Bean. Still, the 24.5 acres of open space offer more than just a spectacular view of the skyline. Between Lurie Garden, Jay Pritzker Pavillion and Crowd Fountain (with the faces), its easy to spend a few hours strolling the grounds and enjoying your favorite city.


Even with the best of algorithms, your website still gets gauged by what the link spread propensity is. It's only natural that people share what they perceive as useful, so it is equally natural for search engines to depend on the number of links to evaluate the usefulness of your content.
You need not be a Blackhat professional to start building links. In fact I advise not to head towards that direction at all – DO NOT build automated links until you understand the risks and have some exposure on how.
As is the smart thing to do for anything new – start small.
You can start building links to the website, or your product using the following three well-proven, really easy methods – perfectly legitimate, and nothing illegal (although it does border on spam if you don't have a good product). People click on these links, and slowly start coming towards your website.
The plot thickens thereon, and soon you should have a steady stream of traffic (in theory, it needs lot of work amigo).
If you don't understand the power of Q&A forums, you have to start looking there. There are lot of keywords out there for which you can easily be in the first page of Google within a span of 4-12 hours.
Take this example of a simple keyword phrase. I know these kind of keywords have lot less competition, but was trying to find a rather harmless example.
You can do the same with Quora as well. But, do include better description in Quora, lest your answers be pulled out due to "your answer having the sole purpose of promoting a third party website".
Comments are the next best thing to being featured in editorial content. The only problem is there are a trillion bytes of content being pumped out every day, and monitoring them is next to impossible.
Behold Google Alerts – your new best friend.
Create alerts in Google Alert for your favourite topic and keywords.
Not quite new, you would have seen a lot of people already recommending Google alerts to stay on top of the topic that you are monitoring. We can quite easily use that monitoring to serve a dual advantage.
When you find the topic written by someone else, you seize that opportunity to go and comment on the blog.
Since the websites sent by Google Alert are already indexed by Google, and are fairly respected, you can be sure that getting your link out there will help gain some traffic towards your website – both from a Search Engine perspective, as well as from the people who visit the website on which you had commented on.
The trick is to make this activity regular. Get up in the morning, monitor Google Alerts, comment, and rinse/repeat. Be the first to reach an article, and you can be sure to get quite a number of people towards your website.
Ah. Reddit. The place to be for nerds, internet junkies, time wasters and everyone in between.
Just join/subscribe a few groups that are revolving around your topic of interest. From time to time, introduce your links that are relevant to the topic of interest.
See at least a few people taking interest, and following your link.
Again, don't spam reddit. The communities are much tighter knit than some forums, and they can easily throw you out. It is always a good idea to be a good community member, take part in conversations, comment and know what goes or frowned upon in the community, and start creating your own posts.
There you go, folks. Three simple ways for no-sweat link building that is sure to increase traffic for your site.


text:
FAQs/Admissions in Class XI
Online Admission Enquiry
Class Strength
Rules and Regulation
Holiday Homework
BSGS in Media
Brahmpur, Jaganpura, Bypass, Kankarbagh,
Patna- 800027, BIHAR
Mobile No:9471003549,7061717784
Class Room Teaching
The conventional classroom teaching of board and duster will be accompanied by SMART CLASS. All the Classroom are equipped with the interactive smart class board of Educomp.
The Science laboratories of the School are equipped with the latest equipment to enhance the practical knowledge of the student in Physics, Chemistry and Biology. In Computer Lab all PCs are connected via LAN and equipped with internet and multimedia provisions. Language lab caters to indian language as well as foreign language. Communicative English is taught with the help of audio-Visuals. Group Discussion and Personal interview for the senior classes are taught by a role play method and the concept of language training is an essential part of english lab. The Mathematics laboratory is equipped with the latest aids to help the ypung mathematicians to understand the concept of mathematics and strategy.
Library Cum Resource Centre
The well equipped library with books ranging from encyclopedia to novels and comics will be a daily feature in the life of our students. Reference Books, News Papers, Magazines, CDs and computer Periodicals will be available to both the junior as well as the senior students of the school.
Music, Dance & Theatre
Music is an integral part of life emphasis on both indian and western music will be laid and students will be given training in the various form of music dance and drama.
A multipurpose Hall built inside the campus is to bring about the music talent of the students musical plays, Dramatics, Debates, Group Discussion, movies and parental inter action willo take place on a platform that will give the students an advantage over Media and Entertainment.
A V Room
A separate AV room constructed to seat about a hundred students will be used for video conferencing and watching movies.
The students of the institution will be trained in the art of toy making, needle work, embroidery and applique work. Book binding, Pottery and sculpture will be a part of the art and craft class along with the various forms of painting.
Group Discussions and Personality development
Regular group discussions and personality development classes will be held in the campus, training the children to bring out their best in fields of debating, Recitation and Public speaking.
Atheletics & Sports
Trained personnel will be conducting organised games such as throwball, Basket ball, Table Tennis, lawn Tennis after school hours. Student will be trained in atheletics to enhance them and instill in them sportswoman ship. Annual Functions, Sports day and celebrations held on 15th of August and 26th of january, will be compulsory for every student to participate.
Home | About Us| Notice | Admissions | News | Facilities | Results | Careers | Faq's | Contact Us


I'm an event planner located in Santa Fe, NM, and had to hold an event in Miami, FL. Eggwhites was recommended to me by someone who had not used them, but who had heard great things about them. IT WAS ALL TRUE! Not only are they a dream to work with – especially with more than 1,000 miles between us — their menu was perfect for our guests and the venue; their preparation, presentation, attention to detail and service were all impeccable. I wish they were located in Santa Fe, I'd use them all the time!


Shipping, Returns, & Warranty | Gramercy Supply Co.
Orders will be processed and shipped within 1-3 business days of the order date. If we anticipate any potential delays in processing, we will notify you within 48 hours of your order. Our shipping carriers include DHL, TNT, FedEx, UPS, and EMS.
Our shipping options include a $12 standard flat rate or a $25 expedited flat rate.
The average arrival time for standard shipping is approximately 8 – 12 days. Expedited shipping arrival times are 1 – 5 days. Tracking information is sent to the email associated with the order.
If you have not received your purchase after 30 business days, please contact us and we will resolve the issue for you.
In the unlikely event that your order is not received within 45 days of purchasing, you will be entitled to a full refund of the non-received items.
Our bags are made from nothing but genuine full grain leather sourced from Italy and the USA. We use marine-grade thread and solid brass hardware. Our line of bags represents many months of research and product testing. Our bags are built to stand the test of the time – and they've done just that for many customers already.
If your product breaks due to normal wear and tear, we will fix or replace it no problem. And by normal wear and tear, we mean everyday usage.
An important thing to remember is that, while our bags are built to last, they're not indestructible. If the bag was run over by the 6 train, we can't cover that. But, if something breaks while just sitting on the 6 train, you're covered. It's that simple.
We value honesty and hope that our customers will work truthfully with us. We'll be sure to do the same!
If you would like a refund or exchange for your purchase, please fill out the form below.
We allow general returns within 30 days of purchase. The returned product must show no signs of wear and must still include original tags and packaging.
If you are returning your bag because of a defect or breakage from normal use, please include several photos of the bag to give us a better understanding of the issue.
Buyer must pay return shipping and the original shipping charges are non-refundable.
Once your return is received and inspected, we will send you an email to notify you that we have received your returned item. We will also notify you of the approval or rejection of your refund or ship out your exchange.
If you are approved for a refund, then your refund will be processed, and a credit will automatically be applied original method of payment within 10 business days.
Embossed items are not returnable or refundable unless there was a mistake in the embossing.


30 White Vanity Comfy Virtu USA Bailey Single Bathroom Set In Gloss Intended For 14 | Footyflash.com 30 white vanity with sink. cheap 30 white bathroom vanity with top. 30 white vanity with carrara marble top.


To dear and loving wife, dwelling house in which I now live and my two closes adjoinyng it and one close called Guns Close and one quartern land that I purchased of , during her natural life.
And because I would have a sufficiency and live as my afore my decease I do also will and bequeath to her ten pounds of goods and lawful money. I will and appoint my son Thomas as my executor ansassign him to pay to her every half year by equal halves.
Thereafter the death of my wife, house, closes to my grandson John Pirson, and Gun close to my grandson William Pirson.
I give and bequeath to my loving wife all my stock and cattle to her wholly.
But my household goods I give the use of them only for and during her natural life and after her decease said household goods I give to my son Thomas, if he be then living, if not to his son William.
Then it is my will that my wife during her life shall make no mcapt either in Gun Close or in the house and Hompad or closes adjoinyng in cutting down or stocking timber but only the Cap I allow as is usual to tenants.
Lastly I do make my dear wife my executrix.


Discussion in 'Other Disney Collectibles' started by Stitch2814, Jan 31, 2012.
Uh Oh ... more dolls . I want Mother Gothel . Thank You Stitch !
Looks like a sneak peek of the 17" Wedding Rapunzel ElleB told us about in the doll release thread!
I'm so excited to see the full thing!
Yes, the TDS facebook post mentioned this was a "sneak peek" of the next LE doll, so this would be the one ElleB mentioned before. I'm afraid that demand may be high for this doll for several reasons (she's a high-end short brown hair Rapunzel doll & the increased visibility of Disney dolls thanks to the Designer collection). Thankfully for those that do get this doll, it's supposed to be pre-orders.
Is there an official announcement yet on when and how to pre-order?
Oh Disney store, you should have learned by now. I think the whole problem with the designer dolls was the fact that they posted about them on facebook. When people saw the excitement surrounding them on facebook people freaked and it led to the resellers that probally weren't even fans of Disney.
From what we can see, the doll and her outfit look gorgeous. I can't wait to see pictures of the entire doll!
Oh, man...I totally need this doll. I've been thinking about how cool it would be to have Rapunzel merchandise with her short choppy 'do. Can't wait to see the whole doll!
I just hope we don't have to make tedious & innecesary lines outside the mall in the morning to make our preorders on this doll. But totally looking forward for it !!!
I sooooo want this doll to go with my other 17" Rapunzel one, I keep hoping it will be available to pre-order in the UK ... any news ?
Update with pictures and release date!
She is really pretty! I love how detailed her crown is.
By the way, she's a LE 8000, so there should be plenty to go around!
But the facemold is the same of the first limited edition Rapunzel doll, isn't it?
Amen! I really hope this release doesn't get as crazy as the Designer Dolls!
I might have to break my no-more-dolls-after-Designer-Dolls-rule! LOL I just can't resist! If I am successful in getting her, this will be my first 17" doll.
No doubt the head sculpt is the same. There was no reason for Disney to design a new head for this Rapunzel doll (that just costs more money - you know, bottom-line).
Well, she is pretty anyway and especially is a brunette like in the short movie!
hhmmm.... She is pretty, but I am not crazy about her. The Designer Princess Dolls were much more attractive. I don't know if I am going to collect this one.
I've never done a preorder before, can anyone tell me how it works?
She's stunning! I don't think I'll end up getting her though. I can't afford her and Cinderella later this year, and since I got designer Rapunzel, I'll go for Cinderella instead.


Our first priority target is good quality, keeping of delivery terms and satisfaction of our customers.
All the company processes and management are checked yearly according to requirements ČSN EN ISO 9001:2000.
This professional certificate for the foundry and pattern shop has been obtained in February 2006.