text:
HIAS, Inc.
Tax ID no.
13-5633307[1]
501(c)(3) nonprofit organization[1]
To rescue people whose lives are in danger for being who they are; to protect the most vulnerable refugees, helping them build new lives and reuniting them with their families in safety and freedom; to advocate for the protection of refugees and assure that displaced people are treated with the dignity they deserve.[1]
Silver Spring, Maryland, United States[2]
Mark Hetfield[3]
Chair of the Board
Dianne F. Lob[3]
Charitable Remainder Unitrust[1]
Revenue (2014)
Expenses (2014)
Employees (2014)
Volunteers (2014)
www.hias.org
Formerly called
Hebrew Sheltering Aid Society;
Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society;
Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society;
United HIAS Service, Inc.;
Association for the Protection of Jewish Immigrants
HIAS (founded as the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society[4]) is a Jewish American nonprofit organization that provides humanitarian aid and assistance to refugees. It was established in 1881 to aid Jewish refugees. In 1975, the State Department asked HIAS to aid in resettling 3,600 Vietnam refugees.[4] Since that time, the organization continues to provide support for refugees of all nationalities, religions, and ethnic origins. The organization works with people whose lives and freedom are believed to be at risk due to war, persecution, or violence. HIAS has offices in the United States and across Latin America, Europe, Africa, and the Middle East. Since its inception, HIAS has helped resettle more than 4.5 million people.
2.2 Between the wars
2.3 World War II and the Holocaust
2.4 Jewish displaced persons
2.5 Evacuation of Jews from Muslim countries; Hungary; Cuba; Czechoslovakia; Poland; Ethiopia
2.6 The Soviet Jewry exodus
3 HIAS today
4 HIAS archives
According to HIAS, the acronym HIAS was first used as a telegraphic address and eventually became the universally used name of the organization. A 1909 merger with the Hebrew Sheltering Aid Society resulted in the official name Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society, but the organization continued to be generally known as "H.I.A.S." or more usually as "HIAS",[5][6] which eventually became the official name.
HIAS was founded in 1881[4][a] in response to the late 19th- and early 20th-century exodus of Jewish emigrants from Imperial Russia. It merged with the Hebrew Sheltering House Association, founded in New York the same year.[7] Lawrence J. Epstein writes that the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society was founded in 1904;y[8] several other sources give a date of 1902.[9][10][11][12] The Baltimore Sun mentioned the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society in an article published in 1882.[13] HIAS reported its date of formation as 1881 on its annual return with the Internal Revenue Service.[1]
In 1904, HIAS established a formal bureau on Ellis Island, the primary arrival point of European immigrants to the United States at that time.[5][14][15]
In March 1909, the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society merged with the Hebrew Sheltering House Association to form the Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society,[6][16] which continued to be widely known as HIAS. By 1914, HIAS had branches in Baltimore, Philadelphia,[17] Boston, and an office in Washington, D.C.
In 1891, Jewish residents of Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Kiev were expelled and many came to America;[7] beginning in 1892, Ellis Island was the point of entry for most of these new arrivals. In the half-century following the establishment of a formal Ellis Island bureau in 1904, HIAS helped more than 100,000 Jewish immigrants who might otherwise have been turned away. They provided translation services, guided immigrants through medical screening and other procedures, argued before the Boards of Special Enquiry to prevent deportations, lent needy Jews the $25 landing fee, and obtained bonds for others guaranteeing their employable status. The Society was active on the island facilitating legal entry, reception, and immediate care for the newly arrived.
HIAS also searched for relatives of detained immigrants in order to secure the necessary affidavits of support to guarantee that the new arrivals would not become public charges. Lack of such affidavits and/or material means impacted a large number of immigrants: of the 900 immigrants detained during one month in 1917, 600 were held because they had neither money nor friends to claim them. Through advertising and other methods, the society was able to locate relatives for the vast majority of detainees, who in a short time were released from Ellis Island.
Many of the Jews traveling in steerage on the steamship lines across the Atlantic refused the non-kosher food served on their journeys and arrived at Ellis Island malnourished and vulnerable to deportation on medical grounds.[citation needed] In 1911, the Society installed a kosher kitchen on the Island.[7][18] Between 1925 and 1952, HIAS' kosher kitchen provided more than a half million meals to immigrants; in the peak year, 1940, 85,794 meals were served.[citation needed] The Society also provided religious services and musical concerts at Ellis Island.[18] It ran an employment bureau and sold railroad tickets at reduced rates to immigrants headed for other cities.[18]
In the summer of 1911, HIAS set up an Oriental Department to meet the growing needs of immigrants from the Balkans and Near East, who began arriving in the U.S. in considerable numbers. Between 1908 and 1913, approximately 10,000 Jewish emigrants left the Middle East for the U.S.
During this period, resettlement of Jewish immigrants included assistance in obtaining U.S. citizenship. For this a rudimentary knowledge of English and familiarity with American institutions were mandatory. In addition to classes given at its own building, HIAS arranged educational courses for the immigrants through a network of local Jewish organizations. From 1909 to 1913, HIAS helped more than 35,000 new immigrants become naturalized citizens.
The outbreak of World War I in 1914 brought the largest influx of Jews from Eastern Europe to date: 138,051 in that year alone.[19] However, when the North Atlantic became a battle zone and German submarines seriously impaired overseas passenger traffic, immigration numbers plunged. The war made it increasingly difficult for American-based families to maintain contact with their scattered family members behind enemy lines. To address this, HIAS sent one of its operatives to Europe to establish communications. He succeeded in securing permission from the German and Austro-Hungarian High Command for residents of the military zones to write short messages to their families to be distributed by HIAS in New York. HIAS also accepted and delivered messages sent by the zone's non-Jewish population. By war's end, HIAS had transmitted a total of 300,000 communications on behalf of separated families.
The Russian Revolution of 1917 – and the following civil war, famine, and pogroms that left about 50,000 Jews dead – created another surge of emigration from the former Russian Empire. HIAS continued to help these immigrants find safe haven despite growing anti-immigration sentiments in the U.S.
In 1918 HIAS sent a representative, Samuel Mason, on a mission to Japan, Manchuria and Vladivostok on behalf of thousands of European immigrants stranded in the Far East by the World War and the Russian Revolution. He established HIAS offices and international post offices and succeeded in helping both Jews and non-Jews on their journeys to new homes in the USA and other countries.[6] He also established The Central Information Bureau for Jewish War Sufferers in the Far East which worked with HIAS to help Jewish refugees in Shanghai through the end of World War II.[20]
Between the years 1909 and 1919, HIAS registered 482,742 immigrants arriving in the U.S. HIAS' Ellis Island Bureau interceded with 28,884 held for special inquiry, of whom 22,780 were admitted based on second hearings, with only 6,104 deported. During this period HIAS facilitated the naturalization of 64,298 immigrants.
Between the wars[edit]
HIAS Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society, 1925
The dislocation and turmoil following World War I led to acts of anti-Semitism throughout the former war zone, especially in Poland, Romania, Russia, and Hungary. While other Jewish agencies, most notably the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee ("The Joint"), supplied Jews in the affected countries with food, clothing, and medical supplies, HIAS created a worldwide network of Jewish organizations to provide assistance in immigration to the U.S., Canada, South America, Australia, and China.
The establishment of HICEM in 1927 proved critical to the later rescue operation that saved thousands of Jewish lives during World War II.[21]
HICEM resulted from the merger of three Jewish migration associations: New York-based HIAS (Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society); Jewish Colonization Association (JCA), which was based in Paris but registered as a British charitable society; and Emigdirect (United Jewish Emigration Committee), a migration organization based in Berlin. HICEM is an acronym of these organizations' names.[21]
The agreement between the three organizations stipulated that all local branches outside the U.S. would merge into HICEM, while HIAS would still deal with Jewish immigration to the U.S. However, Emigdirect was forced to withdraw from the merger in 1934, and British wartime regulations later restricted the JCA from using its funds outside Britain. Thus, for a while, HICEM was funded exclusively by HIAS and could be considered as its European extension.[21]
In 1923, HIAS established the HIAS Immigrant Bank at 425 Lafayette Street in the East Village neighborhood of Manhattan. The bank was licensed by the State of New York.[22] Its sole purpose was to facilitate remittance or money transfers to and from immigrants' families abroad, which was then a service not offered by most U.S. banks.[23]
World War II and the Holocaust[edit]
By the time World War II broke out in September 1939, HICEM had offices throughout Europe, South and Central America, and the Far East. Its employees advised and prepared European refugees for emigration, including helping them during their departure and arrival.[citation needed]
HICEM's European headquarters were in Paris.[24] After Germany invaded and conquered France in mid-1940, HICEM closed its Paris offices. On June 26, 1940, two days after France capitulation the main HIAS-HICEM Paris Office was authorized by Portuguese ruler António de Oliveira Salazar to be transferred from Paris to Lisbon. According to the Lisbon Jewish community, Salazar held Moisés Bensabat Amzalak, the leader of the Lisbon Jewish community in high esteem and that allowed Amazlak to play an important role in getting Salazar's permission to transfer from Paris to Lisbon the main HIAS European Office in June 1940.[25][26]
The French office reopened in October 1940, first in Bordeaux, for a week, and finally in Marseilles in the so-called "free zone" Vichy France.[24] Until November 11, 1942, when the Germans occupied all of France, HICEM employees were at work in French internment camps, such as the infamous Gurs. HIAS looked for Jews who met U.S. State Department immigration requirements, and were ready to leave France. At the time of the German invasion of France, there were approximately 300,000 native and foreign Jews living in France; however, the State Department's policies curbing immigration meant that the number of applicants to America far exceeded the number allowed to leave.[citation needed]
When all legal emigration of Jews from France ceased, HICEM began to operate clandestinely from the town of Brive la Gaillarde.[27] It had an office in the upper level of the building of the Synagogue led by Rabbi David Feuerwerker, the Rabbi of Brive. Here a small group of HICEM employees – establishing contact and cooperation with the local underground forces of the French resistance – succeeded in smuggling Jews out of France to Spain and Switzerland. Twenty-one HICEM employees were deported and killed in the concentration camps; others were killed in direct combat with the Nazis.[citation needed]
During this period, HICEM in France worked closely with HICEM in Lisbon.[27] Lisbon, as a neutral port, was the path of choice for Jews escaping Europe to North and South America. Many of these fled from the Netherlands and Belgium and through France, or else started directly in France, and then were smuggled and climbed over the Pyrenees with "passeur" guides to Barcelona, and then by train through Madrid and finally to Lisbon. From Lisbon many refugee Jewish families sailed to America on the Serpa Pinto or its sister ship the Mouzinho.[28]
In the main, HICEM (HIAS) helped intact or semi-intact families to flee. But, often together with Œuvre de secours aux enfants (OSE) or with the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee" ("the Joint," it also helped unaccompanied children to flee without their parents. At French concentration camps, such as the notorious Gurs, many of these children were officially allowed by the Nazis to leave but required to leave their parents in the camps. Those unaccompanied children who were forced to leave their parents behind, and who fled directly to the United States are part of the group known as the One Thousand Children (OTC) (which actually numbers about 1400). Nearly all the OTC parents were murdered by the Nazis.[citation needed]
Other rescue organizations also moved their European offices to Lisbon at that time, including "the Joint" (the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee). They also included (the American Friends Service Committee (the Quakers) (see History of the Quakers).[29]
From 1940 onward, HICEM's activities were partly supported by the Joint. Despite friction between the two organizations, they worked together to provide refugees with tickets and information about visas and transportation, and helped them leave Lisbon on neutral Portuguese ships, mainly, as already stated above, the Serpa Pinto and the Mouzinho. In all, some 40,000 Jews managed to escape Europe during the Holocaust with HICEM's and the American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee (the Joint's or JDC's) assistance.[citation needed] HICEM was dissolved in 1945; HIAS continued its work in Europe under its own name.[24]
Jewish displaced persons[edit]
In the wake of World War II, HIAS assumed its most massive job to date – assisting with the emigration needs of the approximately 300,000 Jewish displaced persons throughout the former war zone. Nearly every surviving Jewish family in Central and Eastern Europe had been separated, with parents and children scattered throughout many countries. Reuniting them so they could emigrate as a unit was one of the primary tasks for HIAS workers in the field. Obtaining documents required for emigration was difficult as throughout the war people had fled from one place to another, escaped from concentration camps to hide in villages and forests, then reappeared under assumed names. Identity papers were destroyed; false papers, fabricated papers, or, most often, no papers at all, were common. HIAS operations set up for DP work in Germany and Austria at the end of 1945 were the largest in the history of the organization in any one country, and they kept growing with the flood of refugees streaming out of Poland and Romania.
HIAS offices functioned in Hoechst, Frankfurt, Munich, Foehrenwald, Stuttgart, Berlin, Bremen, Hanover, Regensburg, Baden-Baden, Vienna, Linz, and Salzburg, with HIAS representatives stationed in the camps themselves. Besides Germany, HIAS worked in France, Italy, and Eastern European countries such as Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Romania, and Bulgaria. HIAS functioned in Shanghai until 1950, helping refugees who had escaped eastward from Nazi-occupied Europe to immigrate to Australia, the Americas, and Europe.
From 1945 to 1951, HIAS sponsored and assisted a total 167,450 emigrants: 79,675 of these immigrated to the U.S.; 24,049 to the British Commonwealth; 24,806 to Latin America; and 38,920 to Israel and other countries.
Evacuation of Jews from Muslim countries; Hungary; Cuba; Czechoslovakia; Poland; Ethiopia[edit]
Since 1950, HIAS' activities have closely mirrored world events. In 1956, HIAS helped relocate Jews fleeing the Soviet invasion of Hungary, and evacuated the Jewish community of Egypt after their expulsion during the Sinai Campaign. During the Cuban Revolution, HIAS set up operations in Miami to relocate the Jews of Cuba.
During the 1960s, HIAS rescued Jews from Algeria, Tunisia, and Libya and arranged with Morocco's King Hassan for the evacuation of his country's huge Jewish community to France and, eventually, Israel. Of almost one million Jewish refugees from Muslim countries, about 80,000 were resettled by HIAS.
In 1965, HIAS was instrumental in the passage of an immigration law that finally replaced the National Origins Quota, eliminating decades of ethnic admission policies for the US. In 1968, HIAS came to the aid of Czechoslovakia's Jews after the suppression of the "Prague Spring," and to Poland's Jews after Communist Party factions started an internal fight using an anti-intellectual and anti-Semitic campaign, whose real goal was to weaken the pro-reform liberal party faction and attack other circles (1968 Polish political crisis).
In 1975, following the fall of Saigon, HIAS was asked by the State Dept to aid in resettling 3600 Vietnam refugees.[4]
It was at that time that HIAS broadened its mission, Since that time, the organization has continued to provide support for refugees of all nationalities, religions, and ethnic origins. This has been stated as: "Originally HIAS helped Jewish refugees; now HIAS is Jews helping all refugees."
In 1977, HIAS helped evacuate the Jews of Ethiopia, which culminated in several airlifts to Israel. However, in 1981, the Jewish Defense League protested the "lack of action" to rescue Ethiopian Jews by taking over the main offices of HIAS in Manhattan.[30]
In close coordination with Israel, HIAS played a central role in rescuing Jews from Syria and Lebanon. In 1979, the overthrow of the Shah in Iran precipitated a slow but steady stream of Jews escaping the theocracy of that country, home to one of the world's oldest Jewish communities.
The Soviet Jewry exodus[edit]
Beginning in the mid-1960s, HIAS returned to the work initiated at its founding – assisting immigrants escaping Russia with their arrival and resettlement needs in the U.S. Close to a century later, a new Jewish exodus from the previous Russian Empire – now the USSR – started with a trickle of departures. Throughout the entire era of Soviet Jewish exodus, HIAS' operations centered around two beliefs: 1) Israel is the homeland for the Jewish people and 2) emigrants have the right to live together with extended family in their country of choice.
On December 3, 1966, Premier Alexei Kosygin said in Paris that "if there are some families divided by the war who want to meet their relatives outside of the USSR, or even to leave the USSR, we shall do all in our power to help them, and there is no problem." In stark contrast to the premier's words, the Soviet authorities did everything in their power to prevent Jews from leaving the country, implementing anti-Semitic, anti-emigration campaigns that included harassment, economic pressure, and an increasingly bureaucratic visa-application process. These methods deterred many would-be applicants, who abandoned the process once their initial applications were denied.
During the early years of exodus, the number of departures depended largely on the status of the United States-Soviet relationship and on financial pragmatism. In hopes of achieving economic benefits from the US, the Soviet government sporadically opened its emigration gates, sometimes even in contradiction of its own legislation. Thus, despite the "Diploma Tax" that was instituted in December 1972 and required exiting Jews to pay for the higher education they received in the USSR, the government allowed two groups of 900 persons each to leave shortly thereafter without paying. By March 1973, the tax was revoked in the face of extreme pressure from the international public community and the Soviets' fear of not being awarded Most Favored Nation status by the U.S. In December 1973, the Jackson-Vanik Amendment, which linked trade agreements with the USSR to freedom of its citizens to emigrate, was passed in the U.S. Congress by a landslide. This legislation was an indicator of the degree to which the Soviet Jewry struggle had won the moral support of the West and had spurred the American Jewish community into action. The Soviet authorities were now subject to criticism not only from scattered groups of dissidents and refuseniks, but from tens of thousands protesting in front of Soviet embassies and consulates around the globe. Over time, these combined factors impacted the numbers of the Jews leaving the Soviet Union.
HIAS was involved from the beginning of the Jewish exodus from the USSR. In December 1966, HIAS organized a campaign to encourage American Jews to invite their Soviet relatives to join them in the U.S. The Soviet Union initially allowed limited exit visas to the U.S., though eventually, regardless of their final destination, Soviet Jews who received permission to emigrate were granted exit visas only to Israel.
Early on, Vienna became the first stop for all Jews exiting the USSR. There they were greeted by a representative of the Jewish Agency for Israel (JAFI) and by HIAS, and were asked to determine their final destination. Those who were going to Israel were assisted by JAFI; those headed for the U.S. or elsewhere were processed by HIAS. After a short stay in Vienna, those destined for the U.S. were transferred to Rome, where they were processed by the U.S. Immigration and Naturalization Service (INS).
In August 1972, HIAS obtained U.S. parole status for hundreds of Russian refugees waiting in Rome, cutting their transit time from six months to six weeks. Parole made immigration possible without delay for all members of a family unit reunifying with their relatives in the U.S., who were formally considered their "sponsors."
In an effort to alleviate the financial burden on communities accepting increased numbers of Russian refugees, HIAS negotiated with the U.S. State Department a one-time $300 per-capita grant for Russians who emigrated from Europe to the U.S. after January 1974. HIAS passed along the full amount to each resettlement agency.
In the late 1980s and early 1990s, the years of perestroika and glasnost, the political face of the Soviet Union changed, as well as the course of Jewish history. Jews were now free to assemble, to worship – and to leave the country. But as the number of emigrants swelled in Rome, significant backlogs developed and the time between arrival in Rome and the HIAS interview grew to three weeks. By the summer of 1989 overall processing time took 70–80 days. This situation was further aggravated by the denial of refugee status by the INS for an increasing number of Soviet Jewish applicants.
In Washington, then-Attorney General Richard Thornburgh announced a new policy of unilateral review of all previously denied cases, using "the most generous standards for that review." The effect was immediate: INS began its review of the denied caseload in October, resulting in the overturning of more than 95 percent of the previous denials. As a result, the percentage of denials dropped from 40 to 2, eliminating the backlog.
Parallel activity was taking place in Congress, as this issue was brought to members' attention by HIAS and the Council of Jewish Federations (the precursor to the United Jewish Communities). In November 1989, President George H.W. Bush signed into law the Morrison-Lautenberg Amendment, which established that a member of a category group "may establish a well-founded fear of persecution on account of race, religion, nationality, membership in a particular social group, or political opinion […] by asserting a credible basis for concern about the possibility of such persecution." This amendment, which has been renewed a number of times, is still in force today and greatly facilitates processing for refugees from the FSU, Indochina, and Iran.
In late September 1989, the State Department announced a major change in processing refugee admission for Soviet applicants. With a decreasingly hostile environment inside the USSR, the U.S. instituted a system that allowed Soviet Jews to apply and remain in country while waiting for notification of status. From autumn 1989, those seeking family reunification in the U.S. applied for immigration processing at the U.S. Consulate in Moscow.
In 1994, HIAS opened an office in Moscow and, in 2003, one in Kiev. Today, these offices closely monitor conditions in the former Soviet Union (FSU) and assist refugees bound for resettlement in the U.S. and other countries.
Overall, during the 40 years of Soviet Jewish emigration, HIAS assisted more than 400,000 Soviet Jews to immigrate to the U.S.
Among the recipients of HIAS aid was Sergey Brin, who at the age of six immigrated to the United States from the Soviet Union with his family, and later became the multi-billionaire co-founder of Google. Brin later became a benefactor of HIAS, joining its board and donating $1 million to the group.[31]
HIAS today[edit]
HIAS makes reference to Jewish tradition, values, and texts that call on Jews to help the stranger and to "repair the world," (tikkun olam, in Hebrew).
Thus, since 1975, and even more so since 2000,[4] HIAS as a matter of policy has directed its resources to assist refugees and immigrants of all religions, ethnicities, nationalities, and backgrounds. It has helped many such refugees and immigrants to reunite with their families, and to resettle in the United States. In 2018, the very large majority of such refugees both recently and currently have been non-Jewish.
HIAS also advocates in the United States Congress on policies affecting refugees and immigrants.
HIAS has a presence in 12 countries across the globe. The organization's staff work with refugees living on the margins of foreign cities or in refugee camps. Depending on location, HIAS services can include trauma counseling, art therapy, legal advice, and humanitarian assistance, among others. Working with the U.S. government, the government of Israel, the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, and a host of non-governmental organizations, HIAS assists refugees with U.S. resettlement and follows through with immigrant integration and citizenship programs. In 1968, HIAS sold HIAS Immigrant Bank to what is known today as IDB Bank, which operated the acquisition as Israel Discount Trust Company, a member of the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation.
As of 2017, HIAS operates in the following places.
In the United States, HIAS helps resettle refugees from around the world through a national affiliate network of Jewish agencies. It coordinates resettlement services, provides extensive integration and citizenship programs for Russian speaking refugees and immigrants, and gives scholarships to refugees. HIAS also advocates for immigration laws with a network of Jewish, interfaith, and other partners in Washington, DC and nationwide. Additionally, HIAS promotes educational initiatives that encourage Jewish communities to engage in refugee aid and services. As of 2017, HIAS initiatives include:
National Rabbinic Letter: HIAS organized an open letter urging elected officials to continue accepting refugees into the U.S. The letter was signed by 2,001 rabbis as of May 2017.
HIAS Welcome Campaign: More than 430 synagogues participate in this campaign to support newly resettled refugee families in their communities.[32]
Legal Action: In February 2017, HIAS initiated a legal challenge against U.S. President Trump's executive order entitled "Protecting the Nation from Terrorist Entry into the United States." The lawsuit was filed in the U.S. District Court for the District of Maryland, Southern Division on February 7, 2017.
In Vienna and Kyiv, HIAS helps Jews and others from 43 countries receive protection and seek asylum or resettlement. In 2016 HIAS opened an office on the Greek island of Lesvos to provide legal services for refugees arriving by sea, predominantly from Syria.
In the Middle East, HIAS helps Jewish and other religious minorities from Iran come to the U.S. In Israel, HIAS provides scholarships for those who have recently immigrated to the Jewish state and assists African asylum seekers. The organization also supports the resettlement of refugees of the Syrian Civil War in Jordan.[33]
In Chad, HIAS provides trauma counseling and social services in 12 of that country's camps for refugees from the Darfur region of Sudan and facilitates relocation for those who need additional protection. In Kenya, HIAS' trauma counseling and resettlement operations focus on the needs of the most vulnerable of the 250,000 people displaced by conflicts in Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Rwanda, Sudan, and the Democratic Republic of the Congo.
In Latin America, HIAS provides full-service counseling, legal services, and humanitarian assistance for Colombian refugees fleeing to Ecuador and Venezuela. It also facilitates the resettlement and integration of refugees in Argentina and Uruguay. HIAS opened its newest Latin American office, in Costa Rica, in February 2017.
HIAS archives[edit]
Some records of HIAS from 1900 to 1970 (415 linear feet and 851 reels of microfilm) are currently held by YIVO Institute for Jewish Research and are available for research.[34] Other records (more than 1,800 linear feet) are held by the American Jewish Historical Society (AJHS) and are currently being processed.[35][36] The bulk of these records span from the late 1940s to the 1990s but some records (such as the meeting minutes of the Board of Directors) go back as far as 1912. These records will be available for research in late 2018.[35]
^ Up to 2013, HIAS's web site gave no founding date but stated that the organization was operating in 1891: "In 1891, Jewish residents of Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kiev were expelled and many came to America. Ellis Island was the place of entry for these new arrivals. The Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society was there to facilitate legal entry, reception and immediate care for them."[5] The site now gives the foundation date of 1881.[4]
^ a b c d e f g h i j k "Form 990: Return of Organization Exempt from Income Tax" (PDF). HIAS Inc. Retrieved December 31, 2014 – via GuideStar.
^ "Financials". HIAS. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
^ a b "Staff". HIAS. Archived from the original on May 23, 2016. Retrieved May 15, 2016.
^ a b c d e f "History". HIAS. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
^ a b c "The Early Years". HIAS. Archived from the original on December 19, 2013. Retrieved December 18, 2013.
^ a b c "Samuel Mason, 71, Ex-Aide of H.I.A.S.". Obituary. The New York Times. January 25, 1950. p. 25.
^ a b c Irwin, Tim (February 3, 2011). "Q&A: Jewish agency in US marks 130 years of protecting the persecuted". UNHCR. Retrieved December 19, 2013.
^ Epstein 2007, p. 40. "HEAS Agents were notorious in their mistreatment of immigrants at Castle Garden. The group — not to be confused with HIAS, the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society — ceased functioning in 1884. The work of HEAS was taken over by United Hebrew Charities ..."
^ "The Jewish Migration Problem: How It Has Been Met, by Albert Rosenblatt, Vice President, Hebrew Sheltering and Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS), 1924," reproduced in Jacob Rader Marcus, The Jew in the American World: A Source Book (1996), Wayne State University Press, ISBN 0-8143-2548-3. p. 371.
^ Cohn-Sherbok 1992.
^ ""HIAS Offers Aid to New Arrivals"". Archived from the original on November 6, 2001. Retrieved August 29, 2017. CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown (link) in "The Golden Land, 1654–1930s". Heritage: Civilization and the Jews. 1984. PBS.
^ Karesh & Hurvitz 2005, p. 201.
^ "Alleged Clubbing of Immigrants: Was This a Police Outrage". The Baltimore Sun. June 14, 1882. p. 1. "The New York Herald states that two Russian Hebrew immigrants were subjected to very severe usage by a policeman in that city Monday, their offense consisting in having complained of ill treatment by the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society when asked for assistance. It is stated, on the authority of an eye witness, that a policeman became angry because of a request from one of the immigrants to be allowed to go into an office of the society in a basement, and dealt the immigrant a powerful blow with a club, the blood spurting from a terrible gash and pouring in streams over his face and neck."
^ Epstein 2007, p. 40.
^ "Family Split By Law". The New York Times. July 30, 1905. p. 12. A contemporary reference to the group.
^ "Schiff Would Check Jewish Immigrants". The New York Times. January 24, 1910. p. 16.
^ Levy, L. E. (1915). "Correspondence of the President's Office, January–March 1915". 001Verso. Retrieved November 1, 2018 – via Temple University. Correspondence addressed to Levy in Philadelphia "as President of the Association for the Protection of Jewish Immigrants (currently known as HIAS Pennsylvania)."
^ a b c Epstein 2007, p. 42.
^ "Table XII: Number of Jewish Immigrants and Total Number of Immigrants Admitted to the United States, 1899–1920," American Jewish year book, Volume 23 (1921), American Jewish Committee, Jewish Publication Society of America. p. 294.
^ "Far Eastern Jewish Central Information Bureau for Emigrants (DALJEWCIB)". web.nli.org.il.
^ a b c "HICEM" (PDF). Shoah Resource Center (Yad Vashem). Retrieved December 13, 2013.
^ "Israel Discount Bank Buys Hias Immigrant Bank; Fiscal Statement Gives Details". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. January 12, 1968. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
^ Janine Veazue (June 15, 2018). "More than just a pretty facade: HIAS at Lafayette Street". American Jewish Historical Society. Retrieved December 16, 2019.
^ a b c "Guide to the Records of the HIAS-HICEM Offices in Europe 1924–1953". YIVO Institute for Jewish Research. Retrieved December 17, 2013.
^ Levy, Samuel. "Moses Bensabat Amzalak" (in Portuguese). Israeli Community in Lisbon. Archived from the original on September 23, 2015. Retrieved August 6, 2014.
^ Goldstein 1984.
^ a b Marrus 1995, p. 310.
^ "Children on the deck of the Mouzinho en route to America". United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. Retrieved October 27, 2014.
^ Weber 2011, p. 171.
^ "Jdl Stages Protests at Hias, Jewish Agency Offices, Claiming 'lack of Action' to Rescue Falashas". Jewish Telegraphic Agency. New York. September 9, 1981.
^ Stephanie Stromoct, Billionaire Aids Charity That Aided Him, New York Times (October 24, 2009).
^ "Welcome Campaign Congregations"HIAS.org website
^ "Jewish groups sending aid to Syrian refugees in Jordan." Jewish Journal. July 25, 2013. July 25, 2013.
^ "HIAS Archive: HIAS and HICEM Main Office, New York". Guide to the YIVO Archives. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
^ a b "HIAS Collection I-363". AJHS. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
^ "Search the HIAS Client Database". AJHS. Retrieved October 31, 2018.
Cohn-Sherbok, Dan, ed. (1992). The Blackwell Dictionary of Judaica. Oxford: Blackwell Reference. ISBN 978-0-631-18728-8. Extract at the Wayback Machine (archived August 6, 2016).
Epstein, Lawrence J. (2007). At the Edge of a Dream: The Story of Jewish Immigrants on New York's Lower East Side, 1880–1920. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 978-0-7879-8622-3.
Goldstein, Israel (1984). My World as a Jew: The Memoirs of Israel Goldstein. Associated University Presses. ISBN 978-0-8453-4780-5.
Karesh, Sara E.; Hurvitz, Mitchell M. (2005). "Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society". Encyclopedia of Judaism. Part of the Facts on File library of religion and mythology. Infobase Publishing. ISBN 0-8160-6982-4.
Marrus, Michael Robert (1995). Vichy France and the Jews. Stanford University Press. ISBN 0-8047-2499-7.
Weber, Ronald (2011). The Lisbon Route: Entry and Escape in Nazi Europe. Lanham: Ivan R. Dee. ISBN 978-1-56663-876-0.
Bazarov, Valery. "Racing with Death: HIAS (HICEM) Lisbon Files (1940–1945)." Avotaynu, 20, no 4 (2004): 23–7.
_______ "Out of Trap: HIAS French Files." Avotaynu, 21, no 3 (2005): 18–21.
_______ "Schmolka and Steiner: Return of the Heroes." In The 120 HIAS Stories, ed. Kathleen Anderson, Morris Ardoin and Margarita Zilberman, 275–79. New York: HIAS, 2006.
_______ "In the Cross-Hairs." Passages, The Magazine of HIAS, Spring 2007: 22–27.
_______ "HIAS and HICEM in the system of Jewish relief organizations in Europe, 1933–1941." East European Jewish Affairs, 39, no 1, April 2009: 69–78.
Lazin, Fred A. The Struggle for Soviet Jewry in American Politics. New York: Lexington Books, 2005.
Sanders, Ronald. Shores of Refuge: Hundred Years of Jewish Emigration. New York: Henry Holt & Co.: 1988.
Schulze, Kristen. The Jews of Lebanon: Between Coexistence and Conflict. Second revised and expanded edition. Portland, Oregon: Sussex Academic Press: 2009.
Spiegel, Philip. Triumph Over Tyranny. New York: Devora Publishing: 2008.
Szulc, Tad. The Secret Alliance: The Extraordinary Story of the Rescue of the Jews Since World War II. New York: Farrar, Straus & Giroux: 1991.
Wischnitzer, Mark. To Dwell in Safety: The Story of Jewish Migration Since 1800. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society of America: 1948.
_________ Visas to Freedom: The History of HIAS. New York: The World Publishing Company: 1956.
HIAS official website
HIAS Help web site
American Jewish Historical Society HIAS institutional records archival processing project
On The Rescuefront: AJHS' HIAS archival processing blog
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=HIAS&oldid=934393123"
Migration-related organizations based in the United States
Jewish-American political organizations
Jewish refugee aid organizations
Jewish charities based in the United States
Jewish Federations of North America
The Holocaust and the United States
1881 establishments in New York (state)
Charities based in Maryland
1882 establishments in Pennsylvania
Opposition to antisemitism in the United States
CS1 maint: BOT: original-url status unknown
CS1: Julian–Gregorian uncertainty
CS1 Portuguese-language sources (pt)
Use mdy dates from November 2018
Use American English from November 2018


Elliott-McElwee has been servicing and installing quality heating and air conditioning system to thousands of homes and business' in South Jersey since 1980. As a Bryant Factory Authorized Dealer Elliott-McElwee can help you be more comfortable with the very best in heating and cooling equipment.
At Elliott-McElwee we service what we sell. Our fleet of well stocked service trucks and trained technicians are ready to provide our customers with prompt, courteous service. We service most all brands of central air conditioning, heat pumps, geo thermal heat pumps, and gas heaters. We offer Planned Service agreements to help you protect you investment in your home. Our planned service customers enjoy peace of mind that their comfort systems are well maintained and if the need arises we will be there to provide emergency service.


text:
Real may get their man - but it will cost them a fortune
Sid Lowe
Ferguson can demand a record fee or refuse to sell as Spaniards play dangerous game
@sidlowe
Last week Real Madrid's president, Ramón Calderón, told the club's board of directors that their work was done and the ball was in Cristiano Ronaldo's court. Last night the Portuguese returned it with interest by making his long-awaited public declaration of intent. But although Calderón appeared to have brought matters to the perfect point, there is still a third party to consider: Manchester United. Like many a soap opera the ending may be predictable but the plot has some way to run. Its denouement will require a huge fee that could climb to €98m (£78m).
When Calderón spoke to the board, he informed them that Real had spoken to the agent Jorge Mendes about signing his client. An agreement was close, now all they could do was wait - and brief the Madrid press, who fostered a climate they considered conducive to his signing. The sports daily As happily claimed it had "created" a "state of excitement" that was "useful to the player and to Madrid". Its counterpart Marca, the newspaper attacked by Sir Alex Ferguson, would second that. The truth may prove to be rather different.
Yesterday, the wait for Ronaldo finally ended. With his admission that he wanted to join Real Madrid "if it's true that they are eager to pay me and United what they have said", his departure from Old Trafford drew nearer. He took the next step along the familiar path Madrid trod in signing Zinedine Zidane, Brazil's Ronaldo and David Beckham: speak to the player, leak to the press, encourage the player to speak out and force an unwilling seller into a corner.
The process has reached its endgame and Madrid can afford to be satisfied for now. But it may yet be the Spanish club who find themselves forced into a corner - certainly if the threats of Ferguson and Carlos Queiroz are not empty. Both sides are playing a risky game. Dealing with a furious Ferguson will be difficult and negotiating with a player whose only public condition was to insist that Madrid match the dizzying figures being bandied about will not be cheap.
Ultimately, Ronaldo's public desire to depart is likely to be the deciding factor but Ferguson is not the wounded prey Madrid would like. Nor is he the willing seller they could count upon in the past. Ferguson claimed last week that United sold Ruud van Nistelrooy and Beckham to Madrid "because they wanted to" and there was an element of truth in that. This time he has no intention of selling. Unless the price is colossal.
Madrid's position is not so strong as on previous occasions under the former president Florentino Pérez. Madrid allowed Juventus, Internazionale and United to believe that they could walk away from deals if needs be. Now, unlike before, it is United who apparently stand to gain from a collapsed deal. Ferguson has already answered the threat of being lumbered with an unhappy player by insisting he will leave Ronaldo in the stands if necessary.
Stung by Ferguson's recent evocation of General Franco and Queiroz's rekindling of Iberian border disputes, Calderón took a step back. On Monday, he insisted that "not signing Ronaldo would not be a failure". The problem is that a failure is exactly what it would be. And United know it. Having missed out on his electoral promises, Kaka and Cesc Fábregas, having laid so much on the line for Ronaldo, and given his perpetual search for legitimacy after winning a disputed election, Calderón simply cannot fail to get his man. Whatever the cost.
All the more so as he has already spoken to creditors about financing the deal and his right-hand man at Real has publicly insisted: "We have the money to sign any deal we want." There have been suggestions of a fee as high as €98m or an offer involving players as significant as Sergio Ramos and Robinho and a salary almost twice that earned at Old Trafford. The figures may only be rumours but by insisting that he would go "if" his suitors matched the kind of figures being thrown about "for me and United", Ronaldo last night effectively forced them to do exactly that.
United will surely do likewise. Madrid may get their man, but it could be a Portuguese and a Scot who are laughing all the way to the bank.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Good for diarrhoea and intestinal problems. Good for babis as a semi solid food.food for diabetic people.
Used for intestinal problems like gas trouble, indigestion, abdominal pain, piles, ulcer etc.
Gastrovan is an ethnic medicine formulated from the traditional home remedies and is a rare combination of 18 herbs naturally available. This pill is used for all the intestinal problems like gas trouble, indigestion, abdominal pain, piles, ulcer etc.
Freshly harvested and cabin dried, higienically processed Moringa oleifera leaf powder.
Perfect food supplement for children, good for patients with diarrhea problems and ulcer related stomack disorders. Can be taken along with milk and hot water as a porridge.
Dosage Mix one table spoon full with one glass of milk or hot water. Add sugar for taste or can be used as porridge.
Complete food for diabetic patients, children and old people who can not take solid food. High calorie food with low carbohydrate. Taken along with milk or hot water as a porridge.


text:
Welcome to St George's C of E Primary School
Church of England Primary School
Sports and Cluster events for selected pupils
All other letters
Founded in 1863, St George's Church of England Primary School is situated in the centre of Great Bromley village adjacent to the Church. We are a happy, friendly school at the heart of the community. Please explore our website to find out more about us! St George's C of E Primary School respects you and your child's privacy and we are committed to protecting your privacy and complying with privacy legislation. Copies of our privacy notices can be found under the 'Key Info' button – policies – privacy notices.
All website content copyright © St George's Church of England Primary School
Web Site Design by PrimarySite


NEW YORK: Call it Cute Bowl.
Adorable is the name of the game this year as Super Bowl advertisers try to grab your attention. That means lots of �cute� story lines, including a family that�s expecting a new baby and a horse that forms a long-lasting bond with a puppy.
The saccharine spots are partly a result of more family-friendly brands like Cheerios and Heinz advertising this year. At the same time, fewer startups that tend to have more provocative commercials are in the advertising game this year.
The trend also is a sign of the times. After widespread criticism of more racy or gross-out ads in recent years, companies are being more careful not to offend the more than 108 million viewers who are expected to tune in on Sunday. That�s increasingly important given their large investment A 30-second Super Bowl spot goes an estimated $4 million.
�People want nostalgia and fun and escape,� said Barbara Lippert, a columnist at Mediapost, trade publication for the media industry.
(1) Anheuser Busch�s �Puppy Love� ad shows its iconic Clydesdales bonding with a cute Labrador puppy. The two try desperately to reconnect with each other after their first meeting.
(2) Cheerios is showcasing the same biracial little girl and her parents that were in another ad that debuted last year. The company faced racist comments online when last year�s ad was rolled out, but says the overwhelming response was positive.
So Cheerios is bringing the family back in its first Super Bowl ad. In the spot, the father tells his daughter that they�re going to have an addition to the family, a baby boy. Then, the little girl strongly suggests they also get a puppy.
�We just fell in love with this family and the big game provided another opportunity to tell a story about family love,� says Camille Gibson, vice president of marketing for Cheerios.
(4) Toyota enlists a carful of Muppets singing a �We Ain�t Got No Room for Boring� to promote its Highlander SUV.
(5) One of Coca-Cola�s two Super Bowl ads features a boy who makes a surprise play in a little league football game and runs to make a touchdown. He then keeps running until he gets to Lambeau Field, where the Green Bay Packers play. A groundskeeper offers him a Coke.
�We go with the story that feels the best for Coke at the right time,� says Katie Bayne, Coke�s president, North America Brands.


Designer King Comforter Sets Red Luxury Bedding Set Bedspreads Cotton Silk Sheets 17. Designer King Comforter Sets Elegant Onyoustore Com 0. Designer King Comforter Sets 5 Piece Cynthia Rowley Paris Eiffel Tower FULLQUEEN SIZE 14.
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text:
Q: Using Mobius inversion to determine coefficients. Suppose we have a fixed positive integer $n$ and three functions $f:\mathbb N \longrightarrow \mathbb N$ and $g:\mathbb N\times \mathbb N\longrightarrow \mathbb N$ and $a:\mathbb N\rightarrow \mathbb N$ with the relation:
$$\text{for each}\;k\in \mathbb N,\;f(k)=a(1)\,g(1,k)+a(2)\,g(2,k)+\cdots+a(n)\,g(n,k)$$
can we apply Mobius inversion theorem to determine the coefficients $a(i)$ in terms of the functions $f$ and $g$?
I know that over $(\mathbb N,\leq)$ the Mobius function has a simple expression, that is, $\mu(i,i)=1$ and $\mu(i-1,i)=-1$ and all the other $\mu(j,i)=0$ for $j\not = i$ and for $j\not = i-1$.
but i could not see how to use this invesion in my situation. Thanks for your help!

A: In general, you can not determine each $a(i)$ if $f$ and $g$ are known. For example, let $n = 2$ and let $g(i,j)= 1$ for all $ i = 1, 2$ and all $j = 1, 2, \ldots$. Then for all $k$ we have $f(k) = a(1) + a(2)$ (in particular $f$ must be constant). If we knew, for example, that $f(k) = 3$ for all $k$ then we could not determine whether $[a(1), a(2)] = [1,2]$ or $[a(1), a(2)] = [2,1]$.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Das sechste  1000-km-Rennen von Paris, auch 1000 km de Paris, Montlhéry, fand am 16. Oktober 1966 auf dem Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry statt. Das Rennen zählte zu keiner Rennserie.

Das Rennen

1962 und 1964 war das 1000-km-Rennen von Paris ein Wertungslauf der Sportwagen-Weltmeisterschaft. Seit ihrem Bestehen gab es auf dem gefährlichen und bei vielen Fahrern gefürchteten Autodrome de Linas-Montlhéry immer wieder fatale Unfälle. 1964 verunglückten bei einer Kollision während des Rennens Peter Lindner und Franco Patria tödlich. 1965 erhielt die Veranstaltung keinen Weltmeisterschaftsstatus mehr und wurde abgesagt. 1966 fand das Langstreckenrennen wieder statt, allerdings zählte es in diesem Jahr zu keiner Rennserie.

Drei französische Teams brachten Werkswagen nach Montlhéry. Matra Sports meldete zwei MS620, die von Jean-Pierre Jaussaud, Henri Pescarolo, Jean-Pierre Beltoise und Johnny Servoz-Gavin gefahren wurden. Beide Wagen fielen durch einen Zündungsschaden und einen Unfall früh im Rennen aus. Alpine meldete einen A210 und einen M64 sowie Ford France einen GT40 für Jo Schlesser und Richard Attwood. Zwei weitere Werkswagen kamen aus Großbritannien; die British Motor Corporation brachte zwei MGB an die Strecke.

Nach dem Ausfall der beiden Matura und der drei im Rennen befindlichen GT40 gab es eine sichere Führung und einen überlegenen Sieg von David Piper und Mike Parkes auf einem Ferrari 250LM.

Ergebnisse

Schlussklassement

1 zurückgezogen

Nur in der Meldeliste

Zu diesem Rennen sind keine weiteren Meldungen bekannt.

Klassensieger

Renndaten

 Gemeldet: 33
 Gestartet: 32
 Gewertet: 17
 Rennklassen: 4
 Zuschauer: unbekannt
 Wetter am Renntag: unbekannt
 Streckenlänge: 7,784 km
 Fahrzeit des Siegerteams: 6:31:24,000 Stunden
 Gesamtrunden des Siegerteams: 129
 Gesamtdistanz des Siegerteams: 1004,136 km
 Siegerschnitt: unbekannt
 Pole Position: David Piper – Ferrari 250LM (#26) – 2:49,400
 Schnellste Rennrunde: Mike Parkes – Ferrari 250LM (#26)
 Rennserie: zählte zu keiner Rennserie

Literatur

 Peter Higham: International Motor Racing – A Complete Reference from Formula 1 to Touring Car. Guinness Publishing Ltd., London 1995, ISBN 0-85112-642-1.

Weblinks

 Ergebnisse bei Racing Sports Cars

1000-km-Rennen von Paris
Motorsportveranstaltung 1966

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Clap if you want the red team to win!
tremendous BOOM: it was not only figurative, but really weird.
The sheep went 'baaarf' — also unusual, on the surface.
Dad released a pit from the belch of his stomach.
can you clap your hands and say 'clap' with your hands?
The clanging pots and pans awoke the babe.
Beth crinkled up her paper and ___ in the trash can.
'Grand Uncle' crapped his mouth shut.
Darryl flushed the toilette and the wounded soldier groaned.
Hail pattered on the tin gutter.
The excited lunch lady plopped a dollop of mashed potatoes on [object].
Subject did [verb] to objections.
*Bobby will cry if you [conditional] pop his balloon.
Our peaceful dinner was interrupted by a ringing in the ears.
Reuben shrieked like a woman sandwich.
What sound would you recommend for a fire engine?
What sound would you recommend for electronic sounds?
when the ATM shuffles your money.
Those are not real sounds, those are skeuomorphic sounds.
now THAT is a real sound, a really good, true sound!
since dreams and trances are not always so interesting.
The crowd clapped so hard the bridge was resurrected with a MOOB!
Clap clap clap! Clap clap clap! Paint paint paint!
Hush, said 'Grand Uncle.' Hushhhhh.


Cordless handheld mini vacuum cleaner.
To clean computers, dolls houses, model railways, architectural models etc.
With this convenient, cordless compact battery powered mini super cleaner, you can remove dust and dirt from those hard to reach gaps.
It is only a small vacuum cleaner which is intended to pick up dust and fluff and not heavy material such as gravel ballast on a model railway layout.
Requires 2 AA batteries (2 x EB10002).


text:
import * as React from 'react';
import Box from '@material-ui/core/Box';
import Slider from '@material-ui/core/Slider';

function valuetext(value) {
  return `${value}°C`;
}

export default function DiscreteSlider() {
  return (
    <Box sx={{ width: 300 }}>
      <Slider
        aria-label="Temperature"
        defaultValue={30}
        getAriaValueText={valuetext}
        valueLabelDisplay="auto"
        step={10}
        marks
        min={10}
        max={110}
      />
      <Slider defaultValue={30} step={10} marks min={10} max={110} disabled />
    </Box>
  );
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


My favourite part of my job is that it feels like I treat friends all day long. I love to hear about your families, workout routines, new challenges you are facing at work, trips you are planning, and activities you are participating in. I enjoy treating patients of all ages, and hearing the giggles of children after getting adjusted, working with a pregnant mom and then meeting her new baby, and listening to the stories of my "snow birds" who have returned from a winter of golfing down South.
Knowing how important chiropractic care is to my health, I continue to be adjusted every week, so I can continue to play competitive water polo, keep up with my very active dog (Wattson, an Airedale), golf, learn how to play hockey, take time out to relax and enjoy my husband's company, and function at my best.
When I'm not at the office or the pool, I volunteer with Rotary International, working directly with international youth exchange students, helping them learn our Canadian culture, and appreciate all that Canada has to offer. For those patients who speak French, I am also bilingual, and would really appreciate being able to practice my French, so please challenge me to do so!


Classic country living in the Cariboo! Located in the desirable 150 Mile area. Easy five minutes to first class elementary school, post office & corner store plus an easy 15 minutes to city center. Absolutely spotless, tastefully updated &move in ready. This hard working home has three bedrooms on the main with guest room down & a wonderful 20x11 screened porch overlooking the backyard pond & fire pit! Get ready for an action packed evening with popcorn, movies & friends as you nestle into the basement theatre space. Any man will love the detached three bay 30x24' garage ideal for a monkey wrenching man cave. Along with a small barn, this gem is a perfect piece of paradise in an amazing resale location.


text:
Rising Waters…What Should Be Done?
June 19, 2017 bonniebraceysutton Leave a comment
How can we embrace the rising sea and create better lives in an urbanized world? Look here!
The hardest part is not to control the flow of water, but the flow of decisions.
Who will take leadership and legal ownership to the problem?
How can we cross organizational boundaries that reflects the cross-cutting nature of rising waters?
How do we educate the public and involve the students who are inheriting the problem?
What citizen science projects help in a community in a sustainable way?
In the news?
Tangier Island, Virginia
If you stand at the end of the dock in Crisfield, Maryland, and gaze out over the water, you might not catch the tiny shape of a water tower barely visible on the horizon. And when you look at a map you can just as easily miss the tiny island that the tower sits on, 12 miles from either coast in the middle of the Chesapeake Bay. Largely unknown, Tangier Island, Virginia, is one of the most isolated and extraordinary places in the continental U.S.
It's also in danger of disappearing. In 50 to 100 years, the water tower in the center of town may be all that's left of the place.
The isolation of the island, an hour-and-a-half ferry ride from the coast, and largely closed off from the rest of the world, makes it unique. Some islanders go years without seeing the mainland, getting the supplies from the trusty mail boat that arrives in the harbor every day, rain or shine.
Tangier, Disappearing Island ( Business Insider, Slate article)
The men on the island, virtually all of whom work as commercial crabbers and oyster fishermen, or "watermen," pack their catch on a separate boat that makes daily trips to the mainland, further reducing the need to leave.
Just 1.2 square miles in all, Tangier Island is home to more than 500 full-time residents whose families have known one another for decades. "You don't have to worry about traffic jams and murders, child molesters, rapist, and thieves," Laird says. "You can leave your doors open. You don't have to lock anything.
They have something to worry about. Rising Sea levels.
download large image (386 KB, PDF)
Rising or falling sea level can reshape the world's coastlines and affect some of the most densely populated areason Earth. Not surprisingly, scientists want to understand sea level as thoroughly as possible. They have discovered that the ocean's behavior is not uniform all over the world; neither are the factors that affect sea level. When sea level rises, it can do so for a few reasons. It can rise due to thermal expansion—the tendency of warm water to take up more space than cooler water. It can rise due to the addition of water, for instance from melting glaciers. It can also rise due to changes in salinity; fresh water is less dense than salt water and therefore takes up slightly more space than an equal mass of salt water.
Besides understanding the causes of sea level changes, scientist want to accurately gauge the rate of sea level rise. Relying on data from satellites and floats (mechanical devices drifting in the ocean), a group of oceanographers announced in June 2006 that sea level rose, on average, 3 millimeters (0.1 inches) per year between 1993 and 2005. This graph shows the increase in mean sea level, measured in millimeters. Researchers attributed about half of that increase to melting ice and the other half to thermal expansion as the ocean absorbsexcess energy.
To measure sea level, oceanographers at NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory relied on satellite measurements of sea surface height (which increases as temperature increases) taken by TOPEX/Poseidon and later by Jason-1.Complementing the Jason-1 satellite data were temperature and salinity measurements from the Argo float program. By using measurements from a variety of sources, oceanographers can form a clearer picture of the ocean's behavior in different parts of the world.
Another tool useful in the study of sea level is NASA's Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE). GRACE precisely measures surface height not only of the world's ocean, but also the giant bodies of ice that feed it. If ice mass height drops and ocean level rises, GRACE can measure both changes simultaneously. GRACE observations determined that from 2002 to 2005, Antarctic ice lost enough mass to raise global sea level by 1.5 millimeters (0.05 inches).
President George W. Bush long ago, declared June 4-10, 2006, National Oceans Week, encouraging Americans to learn more about the ocean and sustain it for future generations.
Jet Propulsion Laboratory. (2006). What's Up with Sea Level? Accessed: June 8, 2006.
Sea Level Change from the University of Colorado-Boulder. Accessed: June 8, 2006.
The Waters are Rising On NASA's Shores
acquired 1888 – 2014
This Image of the Day is an excerpt from our feature story: Sea Level Rise Hits Home at NASA.
As the ocean has warmed, polar ice has melted, and porous landmasses have subsided, global mean sea level has risen by 8 inches (20 centimeters) since 1870. For more than 130 years, hundreds of tide gauges have been used to measure sea level around the world; satellite measurements now complement that historical record. What they both show is that the rate of sea level rise is faster now than at any time in the past 2,000 years, and that rate has doubled in the past two decades.
A rise of a few inches over a few decades does not sound like much. But sea level does not rise evenly; it piles up more in some places because of natural wind and current patterns. And turbulence matters. Imagine a bathtub with a child sloshing around in it. Waves can roll up one side and then the other, sometimes splashing over the brim. The higher the flat-water line (sea level), the greater the chance that the water will slosh out of the basin when it is stirred up by storms and winds.
Sea level also matters in a horizontal direction. A rule of thumb is that 1 inch of vertical change in sea level translates into 100 inches of horizontal loss on a flat beach or marsh. In this way, a little bit of sea level rise can translate into a lot of water moving inland when there are storms or abnormally high tides. "Sea level is important because it gradually moves the high-tide line farther up the beach and closer to buildable land," said John Jaeger, a coastal geologist from the University of Florida. "It also allows storm surges to penetrate farther inland."
acquired January 28, 2015download large image (9 MB, JPEG, 4950×3300)
The high-tide line has been moving landward for some time at Kennedy Space Center (KSC) in Florida. NASA's most famous center covers more than 66 square miles (170 square kilometers) and holds about 20 percent of the agency's constructed assets. Most of KSC is built on coastal marshland that stands about 5 to 10 feet above sea level. Conservative climate models project that the seas off Kennedy will rise 5 to 8 inches by the 2050s, and 9 to 15 inches by the 2080s. If the ice sheets in Greenland and Antarctica continue to melt as quickly as current measurements indicate, those numbers could become 21 to 24 inches by the 2050s and 43 to 49 inches by the 2080s.
"We consider sea-level rise and climate change to be urgent," said Nancy Bray, spaceport integration and services director for Kennedy.
Based on historical records and aerial photos, the beach in front of Kennedy has thinned and moved inland by as much as 200 feet (60 meters) since the 1940s. The losses have been most acute and persistent along a stretch near the center's two most prized launch pads, Complex 39A and 39B. The Atlantic Ocean stands less than a quarter mile from both.
In response to the persistent storm damage, Kennedy facilities managers enlisted Jaeger and his University of Florida colleague Pete Adams to figure out why sand dunes near Complexes 39A and B are so persistently being washed away. For five years, Jaeger, Adams, and graduate students pulled GPS mapping gear up and down 6 miles of beach at least once a month—more often in the wake of storms. They found that the beaches were retreating due to the shape of the seafloor just offshore, where gaps between the sandbars channel wave energy toward certain areas. But they also found sand piling up (accreting) in other areas, mostly near Launch Complex 41. The beach is migrating south, even if NASA's infrastructure is not.
In the aftermath of Hurricane Sandy in 2012, Kennedy Space Center crews piled up 90,000 cubic yards of sand to create a 1.2-mile-long dune. So far, it has provided protection against storm and wave inundation. In the longer run, Bray and colleagues are working on what they call a "managed retreat." They are building up the shore defenses, while also earmarking land farther inland for additional launch infrastructure should the demand materialize.
acquired July 25, 2015download large image (18 MB, JPEG, 6000×6000)
The sea level concerns at Kennedy Space Center are the most visible, but the issue touches most NASA centers. Wallops Flight Facility, carved out of coastal marshland on the eastern shore of Virginia, is most like Kennedy in its vulnerability.
In the past 15 years, Wallops has been redeveloped for launching NASA and commercial rockets, with at least $1 billion in new spaceflight infrastructure being set up along Atlantic shores. But the facility sits amidst a barrier beach system, and those sand bars want to move. Erosion and beach migration have been reshaping the surrounding barrier islands. Assateague has been losing 10 to 22 feet (3 to 7 meters) of beach per year; Wallops Island has been losing about 12 feet.
Situated near the third largest seaport in the United States and the nation's largest naval base (Naval Station Norfolk), NASA's Langley Research Center has to fight both rising seas and sinking land. Scientists have found that sea level around the Chesapeake Bay has been rising at 0.13 inches (3.4 millimeters) per year, twice the global average of 0.07 inches (1.7 mm) per year. Studies have shown that the landforms around the Chesapeake are sinking as a result of processes that started during the last Ice Age.
NASA Article
We in the Chesapeake Bay area have a big concern.
Here is an infograph to think even bigger about the problem.
That brings us to Norfolk, Va.
The Norfolk area is prone to flooding. No seawall will contain that huge Naval Base.
The Washington Post article.
Projected exposure to coastal flooding
The base's exposure to coastal flooding is projected for the years 2050, 2070, and 2100 based on the National Climate Assessment's midrange or "intermediate-high" sea level rise scenario (referred to here as "intermediate") and a "highest" scenario based on a more rapid rate of increase.
Tidal flooding, land loss, and storm surge from hurricanes were all modeled. In this analysis, land inundated by at least one high tide each day is considered a loss. This is a conservative metric: in reality, far less frequent flooding would likely lead to land being considered unusable.
The results below outline potential future flooding scenarios for NS Norfolk, assuming no new measures are taken to prevent or reduce flooding.
Certain locations could flood with each high tide. Today, tidal flooding in the Norfolk area affects low-lying areas nine times per year on average. But in the intermediate scenario, such areas in and around the station flood about 280 times per year and spend 10 percent of the year underwater by 2050.
The reach of flooding during extreme high tides will expand. In the intermediate scenario, extra-high tides would expose roughly 10 percent of the station's land
area to flooding by 2100; in the highest scenario, exposure reaches nearly 60 percent.
Land loss at NS Norfolk is possible. In the highest scenario, roughly 20 percent of NS Norfolk's land floods daily, becoming part of the tidal zone, by 2100.
Sea level rise exposes previously unaffected areas of NS Norfolk to storm surge flooding. In the intermediate scenario, the area exposed to flooding resulting from a Category 1 storm more than triples by 2070.
Higher sea levels allow lower-intensity storms to produce greater surge. In the intermediate scenario, storm surge flooding resulting from a Category 1 storm hitting in 2100 affects a greater area than does surge flooding resulting from Category 2 storms today.
Sea level rise exposes NS Norfolk to deeper, more severe flooding. Today, a Category 4 storm exposes about 80 percent of the station to flooding, and that flooding is less than 10 feet deep. In the highest scenario, a Category 4 storm hitting in 2100 exposes 95 percent of the base to flooding more than 10 feet deep.
It is Not Just The Places we have Talked About.
Even in the absence of something very nasty, coastal cities face a twofold threat: Inexorably rising oceans will gradually inundate low-lying areas, and higher seas will extend the ruinous reach of storm surges. The threat will never go away; it will only worsen. By the end of the century a hundred-year storm surge like Sandy's might occur every decade or less. Using a conservative prediction of a half meter (20 inches) of sea-level rise, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development estimates that by 2070, 150 million people in the world's large port cities will be at risk from coastal flooding, along with $35 trillion worth of property—an amount that will equal 9 percent of the global GDP. How will they cope?
We need to involve students in the study of the environment .
Teachers need resources to share with the students and the community.
For nearly a thousand years the Dutch have been reclaiming land from the sea—and occasionally losing some. A catastrophic flood that killed more than 1,800 people in 1953 spurred the country to develop the world's most elaborate and sophisticated system of dikes and other defenses. The most critical structures are built to withstand a 1-in-10,000-year storm
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Kids in a Network Learning Science, Geography, GIS, Computational Thinking and all of that Jazz ..it worked!! →
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Q: Method cannot be a member of an @objc protocol because its result type cannot be represented in Objective-C I am getting "Method cannot be a member of an @objc protocol because its result type cannot be represented in Objective-C" error while making this method
 @objc public protocol ShareSecurityQuestionProtocol {
 func setResultofSecurityQuestion(valueSent: [NSMutableDictionary]) -> (success: Bool, error:  NSString)
 }

A: Tuples cannot be represented in Obj-C, so you cannot make your function return a tuple. Create an Obj-C type that holds both fields you want to return and return that type instead of a tuple.
@objc public class ShareSecurityQuestionResult: NSObject {
    let success: Bool
    let error: String

    init(success: Bool, error: String) {
        self.success = success
        self.error = error
    }
}

@objc public protocol ShareSecurityQuestionProtocol {
    func setResultofSecurityQuestion(valueSent: [NSMutableDictionary]) -> ShareSecurityQuestionResult
}


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Popular Sports Stories
UA to Break Ground on New Baseball, Track Facilities
A Deeper Look: Razorbacks in the Super Bowl
Author Evin Demirel
This year's big game includes former Razorbacks Trey Flowers, Bret Bielema, Brandon Allen and others.
For most of the 21st century, quarterback Tom Brady, his coach and the New England Patriots have ruled the NFL. Their dynasty has come in multiple parts, though.
Chapter I kicked off 17 years ago in a close Super Bowl XXXVI win against the Rams. The latest chapter of three straight Super Bowl appearances, partly fueled by a group of former Razorbacks, again involves the Rams. The Patriots and Rams will play in Super Bowl LIII this Sunday night.
Trey Flowers
The Hog playing the largest role in these new-look Patriots' dominance is Trey Flowers. The defensive end broke through on the national stage two years ago with 2.5 sacks in a Super Bowl win against Atlanta.
He's only improved since then.
This season, Flowers has tallied 7.5 sacks, 22 quarterback hits and 33 hurries — good enough to be rated by Pro Football Focus as the NFL's third best edge defender. That same outlet named Flowers as a second-team All-Pro.
"Nobody works harder than Trey," Patriots head coach Bill Belichick said. "His toughness, his durability, his consistency, and his ability to play the running game and play it in different positions — you don't see a lot of guys on the defensive line [do that] but he's done it well."
Flowers has done it so well, in fact, that's he in line for a huge payday this spring when his four-year contract expires. If he gets the franchise tag for defensive ends, he projects to make more than $17 million.
Deatrich Wise, Jr.
Joining Flowers on the Patriots' defensive line is the younger Deatrich Wise, Jr. As teammates at Arkansas, they had what Wise described to NBC Sports as an "older brother type relationship." The mentoring has continued in New England. Wise, in his second NFL season, tallied 4.5 sacks, 30 tackles and 16 quarterback hits — similar numbers to his rookie year.
An ankle injury has kept him out of the playoffs so far, but Wise may return for the Super Bowl.
The Patriots could use him. His position coach Brendan Daly told 247 Sports this year Wise has gotten much better at learning "to press the blocker while he's locating the ball, maintaining good pad level and playing good team defense… by helping to cancel gaps with the blocker's body and then get off once the ball carrier commits."
Bret Bielema
Daly isn't the only defensive-minded Patriots coach focusing on scheming for the Rams. Bret Bielema, who coached Flowers and Wise at Arkansas, is now on the New England staff as a consultant to Bill Belichick.
In stark contrast to his more bombastic days as Arkansas' head coach, Bielema's been fairly mum on details about his new gig. But Belichick provided some details this fall on the Boston radio station "98.5 The Sports Hub." He said Bielema focuses on helping the defensive ends and tackles. "He's also been somebody that I've used and has helped me with some overall head-coaching-type responsibilities — planning and team management and things like that," Belichick added.
Bielema, reportedly, has claimed he'll be promoted to the New England defensive coordinator job after the Super Bowl. If so, the pay raise would be good news for Arkansas. The more the Patriots pay him, the less Arkansas must pay him through the end of 2020, according to his UA coaching buyout clause.
Other former Razorback players will also be part of the Super Bowl, though they likely won't have on-field roles.
Cody Hollister
For sure, Cody Hollister won't.
Hollister, a former Arkansas wide receiver, spent the 2017 season on New England's practice squad. Entering this season, he underwent back surgery that sidelined for the entire 2018 season.
It didn't hamper his singing voice, however. Hollister recently brought a particularly sassy sportscaster to tears with a soulful rendition of Ed Sheeran's "I See Fire."
Dan Skipper
The final Razorback Patriot also happens to be the tallest player in the NFL: 6'10" Dan Skipper. The offensive lineman joined New England's practice squad a few weeks ago after suiting up for Denver in the regular season.
What about the Los Angeles Rams?
Brandon Allen
Brandon Allen is the Rams' lone Arkansas representative. One of the most prolific passers in Hogs history, Allen has yet to take a regular season snap in his three NFL seasons. That's not getting the Fayetteville native down, though.
On the sideline and in the film room, Allen is soaking up everything he can from Sean McVay, the Rams' 33-year-old head coaching prodigy. In many ways, McVay represents the future of the NFL. His sophisticated, explosive offense portends where the league is headed.
Brandon Allen is charged with helping McVay and the Rams' young starting quarterback, Jared Goff, prepare to knock off the elder statesmen from New England.
If they do, a Rams-Patriots Super Bowl could again usher in a new NFL dynasty.
Photos courtesy of Razorback Communications Dept.
A little about Evin Demirel.
Little Rock native Evin Demirel is the author of African-American Athletes in Arkansas: Muhammad Ali's Tour, Black Razorbacks and Other Forgotten Stories. Follow him on Twitter @evindemirel.
Read more stories by Evin Demirel
Visit Evin Demirel's Website


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A large and unusual nodder in four sections giving very lifelike movement. Obviously patterned after an Indian Diety, it is made of composition and the detailing is very complex.


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Snapchat source code leaks onto Github right as second quarter results are announced
Snap tries to just sweep the issue under the rug
By Greg Synek on August 8, 2018, 8:24
Why it matters: Leaked source code can lead to the discovery of vulnerabilities in software. Snap claims that no damage to its community has been done, but it is far too soon to know who has carefully crawled through the code to perform a proper analysis.
An update to the iOS Snapchat app has caused some source code to be leaked and subsequently uploaded to GitHub. Although Snap has done its best to patch the leak, security researchers and hackers alike have already had time to download and share the code.
Snap has confirmed that the source code leaked is actually legitimate and filed a DMCA takedown request over the offending files. "An iOS update in May exposed a small amount of our source code and we were able to identify the mistake and rectify it immediately," said a company representative.
Even though Snap claims that the leak has not in any way impacted end users, code leaks often present experts with new ammunition to find potential vulnerabilities. It could be several months before it is actually safe to say that there has been no impact on the community.
Aside from the fact that one of Snap's employees felt it necessary to write the takedown request in all caps, there is little useful information available. The leaker's name and website have been redacted for privacy reasons and the GitHub repository hosting the leaked code has now been removed.
The leak of source code was revealed within hours of second quarter financial results. Investors in Snap saw increased overall revenue and increased revenue on a per-user basis during the announcement of second quarter results. However, waning interest following a poorly executed redesign of the app is going to be a long term problem.
Snapchat's redesign has resulted in just over two percent of daily active users abandoning the platform over the last quarter. Notoriously bad optimization for Android phones aside from the Google Pixel line will also make it difficult to enter any emerging market where flagship devices are more of a rarity than the norm.
Snapchat rolls out 'Snap Games,' an in-app social gaming platform
Google Translate's instant camera translation has a new look and an upgraded AI
Spotify Lite launches for Android in 36 countries
SwiftKey adds AR emojis feature to its Android app
Wiggling the mouse in Windows 95 made the operating system faster
Top chess grandmaster admits to cheating by using smartphone
Having problems downloading Tor browser
Looking for Password Generator
Custom software required for my clinic
Whatsapp video calls