text:
Georgia and NATO: A Small Country in Search of Security
Friday, September 4, 2020 | Download PDF in English
The world has rarely changed so rapidly and so profoundly as at the end of the 1980s and the beginning of the 1990s. These changes were felt most intensely in Central and Eastern Europe. Within a few years, the Cold War ended, Germany reunited, the democratic velvet revolutions swept away the Communist regimes in the Soviet bloc, and the Soviet Union itself collapsed. During 1985, Georgia was hopelessly stuck under Soviet rule and the Cold War was still in full swing. Even though the collapse of the Soviet system caught many by surprise, it was clearly the result of its own economic incompetence and flawed ideology. Crucially, like its predecessor the Russian Empire, the Soviet Union was doomed by its hypertrophied geopolitical ambitions that were not matched by its economic abilities. Georgia's independence had its own logic, too. Contrary to the widespread cliché, Georgia was not some "newly independent state" that was born in 1991 out of the collapse of the USSR. Rather, that was the year when the Georgian people regained the independence of their ancient state,[1] which had been taken twice by our giant northern neighbor. Without understanding its history, it would be impossible to determine why Georgia strives to join NATO, and why it has not succeeded so far.
Georgia's Predicament as a Déjà Vu
Unfortunately, Georgia was not to fully benefit from the opportunities created by the end of the Cold War and the demise of the bipolar world order. While most Central and Eastern European nations freed from Soviet domination, and the Communist regimes set themselves on the path toward building democratic, political, and economic systems in line with European standards—which were later enshrined in the Maastricht Treaty and the Copenhagen criteria—Georgia encountered a whole different set of obstacles, both internal and external. Internally, the 70 years of the Soviet rule had its effect on society; civil society was weak, and democratic and statehood traditions were largely forgotten. Central and Eastern European nations, whose statehood was not totally wiped out and had preserved a limited autonomy under the Kremlin's watchful eye, faced the task of rebuilding democracies and reforming their economies. But Georgians had the additional challenge of rebuilding their statehood, lost as a result of the Bolshevik invasion and annexation in 1921. Even the three Baltic nations, annexed by the Soviet Union nearly 20 years later than Georgia, had an advantage, as the generation which had experienced independence was still alive and had preserved some institutional memory.
Without understanding its history, it would be impossible to determine why Georgia strives to join NATO, and why it has not succeeded so far.
The political and diplomatic inexperience of Georgia's new political elite, mostly the nationalist leaders who fought against the Communist oppression and declared independence on 9 April 1991, does not excuse the mistakes that were made during the first months of the first democratically elected government. As we soon found out, Moscow had not accepted the end of history—at least not for our part of the world—and had different ideas about the degree of freedom that should be afforded to its former fellow republics. Even though Georgia and the Baltic nations had already declared their independence, they were not the real culprits responsible for the demise of the Soviet Union. The real death knell for the USSR rang when Boris Yeltsin, the new Russian leader, simply outmaneuvered Mikhail Gorbachev by creating an alternative union, called the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), with the leaders of Ukraine and Belarus. By December 1991, all of the former Soviet republics had joined the CIS with the noticeable exception of the three Baltic nations and Georgia. What followed was painfully familiar to many Georgians.
In the early 1920s, as soon as the Bolsheviks consolidated power in Russia and won the civil war, despite their internationalist slogans, the new Communist government launched wars with nearly all its neighbors in order to recover lost imperial possessions. Only eight months after signing the Treaty of Moscow,[2] by which Soviet Russia recognized the independence and the borders of the Democratic Republic of Georgia (DRG) on 7 May 1920, the Red Army invaded Georgia in 1921. Despite the fierce resistance by Georgian defense forces, the Bolsheviks occupied the country, crushed its democratic institutions, and set up a Communist regime. The annexation was complete when Georgia was declared a part of the newly created Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, a Communist reincarnation of the Russian empire. The conquest of Georgia by Bolshevik Russia was largely ignored by the international community and the totally dysfunctional League of Nations—whose impotence in the face of aggression would soon become its trademark as well as the guarantee that the new European order was doomed.
The destruction of the DRG is also considered a loss for democracy in the inter-war period. In the words of one of the greatest scholars of Georgia of that period, Professor Stephen Jones of Indiana University: "[The Democratic Republic of Georgia] was, at the time, a genuine beacon of hope (a beacon of liberty, too) among social democrats such as Emile Vandervelde, Karl Kautsky, and Ramsay MacDonald, all of whom visited the republic and wrote about it as a viable democratic alternative to other authoritarian and more statist models."[3] He praises the universal suffrage, which Georgia had introduced ahead of most European nations (it is worth mentioning that despite being a predominantly Orthodox Christian country, Georgia was the first nation ever to elect a Muslim woman into office),[4] political pluralism, and free and fair elections which resulted in strong democratic institutions. He concludes:
[T]he First Republic was an outstanding achievement. Civil rights and dissent were recognized and, on the whole, legally protected. Society gained autonomy from the state. It preserved the two cardinal institutional guarantees of democracy—the right to participate and the right of public contestation—which includes freedom of expression, freedom to form and join organizations, the right to vote, and the existence of free and fair elections.[5]
The Second Republic, born in 1991, thankfully, did not end as abruptly as the first; however, the pattern was recognizable. Like the Bolsheviks—who claimed to be anti-imperialist but conducted a foreign policy that the Tzars would have approved—Yeltsin, the leader of the supposedly democratic Russia, kept the former Soviet republics under its control by the most brutal means. He made an ultimatum to the Georgian government to sign the CIS treaty by 21 December 1991 when the first Commonwealth summit was scheduled in Almaty, Kazakhstan.[6] Georgia refused and was immediately punished for its defiance. On 22 December, armed militias attacked the government office in Tbilisi, starting what is often referred to as a civil war, but also a coup fully supported by Russia. By 6 January 1992, the democratically elected government was deposed, and its leader was forced into exile. Ironically, while Georgians were busy fighting on their capital's main avenue, they missed the historic moment of the official dissolution of the Soviet Union, which was formally completed by the resignation of its last leader, Mikhail Gorbachev, on 25 December 1991.
While Soviet authorities decided to entice and use the ethnic conflicts in Georgia as a deterrent against its independence ambitions, the new rulers in the Kremlin utilized them to prevent Georgia from escaping its orbit.
After the ensuing chaos, Eduard Shevardnadze, the former Soviet Foreign Minister (1985-1990) and also the long-time Communist leader of the Georgian SSR (1972-1985), returned from Moscow and assumed power. But the Kremlin was apparently not satisfied, as it carried on with its subversion against Georgia. While Soviet authorities decided to entice and use the ethnic conflicts in Georgia as a deterrent against its independence ambitions, the new rulers in the Kremlin utilized them to prevent Georgia from escaping its orbit. In 1992-1993, a disastrous war followed in Georgia's Black Sea region of Abkhazia, where separatists received full military, political, and economic support from Moscow, resulting in the ethnic cleansing of nearly all of the Georgian population, which, before 1993, constituted by far the largest ethnic group in the region. Even after the total surrender, the accession to the CIS, and accepting a Russian-nominated cadre as ministers nothing much changed. However, as soon as Shevardnadze started putting his house in order, he curbed the reign of the militias that had ousted his predecessor, introduced a new constitution, and started cooperating with international partners on energy projects, ultimately becoming a target of an assassination attempt. His own Minister of Security, Igor Giorgadze, an ex-KGB officer nominated by Moscow, was the prime suspect, but he fled to Russia where he lives to this day.
As in the 1920s, the West, consumed—and also tired—by the euphoria of the end of the Cold War had very little appetite for intervening into what was wrongly perceived as yet another ethnic conflict, fueled by "ancient hatreds" or "primitive nationalisms" in a faraway country of which they knew little.[7] As a result, the UN and the Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe [now known as the OSCE] subcontracted the conflict resolution efforts to Russia, which itself was a party to the conflict. It was hard not to notice that Russia was not only an interested party, but was also actively involved in both Abkhazia and South Ossetia by enticing separatism, arming rebels, and fighting on their side. This was either ignored or condoned by the West, which preferred to avoid confronting Russia regarding its aggression against Georgia, in the hopes that once Yeltsin secured power, Russia would turn into a real partner. After all, he had claimed that under his leadership Russia was going to transform itself into a proper democracy. As a result, both the supporters of Realpolitik and the idealists chose to disregard Russia's malign behavior in its "near abroad",[8] and thus ensured that the new European order (based on the self-determination of nations) was never complete; Georgia, once again, found itself on the geopolitical fault-line, or even on the frontline, of history.
Not everyone was naïve about Yeltsin's motives and his increasingly authoritarian style. There were warnings from the most authoritative sources that the ill-conceived Realpolitik could backfire. In the early 1990s, Henry Kissinger, a well-known proponent of Realpolitik himself, voiced such a warning loud and clear: "…Russian reform will be impeded, not helped, by turning a blind eye to the reappearance of historic Russian imperial pretensions."[9] This warning proved to be prophetic—by the end of 1999, Yeltsin had built a deeply flawed political system that was neither democratic nor effective. He left Russian society deeply disappointed in the very idea of democracy. His ultimate legacy was not just poverty and lawlessness, but Vladimir Putin, to whom he personally handed over power on New Year's Eve, which Putin has not relinquished since.
If Putin's background as a KGB operative was not enough to ground for alarm, his first steps as the new leader should have given Western observers an idea of what was to come. Together with his KGB comrades, he energetically consolidated (rather grabbed) both political and economic power into what he himself described as a "power vertical,"[10] restored the Stalin-period Soviet anthem (quite a clue), and, finally, declared the dissolution of the Soviet Union as the "greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the twentieth century."[11] Hence, his ideological preferences deserve particular mention.[12] In other words, he directly challenged the outcome of the end of the Cold War and started taking steps to reverse it.
This, in my view, was the beginning of the end of the post-Cold War era. And again, the warnings were ignored: when Edward Lucas, the then Senior Editor at the Economist, published his book, entitled The New Cold War in February 2008, many did not take it seriously or angrily labeled him as a warmonger. Even when in August 2008 Russia's subversion and proxy attacks against Georgia culminated in an open war, many Western leaders chose appeasement. Some of them felt it was more convenient to blame the victim—Georgia—for "poking the bear" or at least tried to spread the blame between both sides. The result was Russia's further aggression but this time much closer to the European borders—in Ukraine, just as I had warned in my interview with Al Jazeera in London in August 2008: "Russia is on a collision course with the West and the longer it takes to react, the deeper this collision will occur inside European territory and the more painful it will be."[13]
Russia's aggression in Ukraine displayed many elements of the so-called Gerasimov Doctrine[14] and Russian meddling in the US election and elsewhere, changing perceptions and demonstrating that the Kremlin indeed was engaged in a Cold War-style behavior against the US, Europe, and their collective security structures. Now, the demise of the post-Cold War era is more or less a universally acknowledged fact. Interestingly, the post-Cold War era failed even to secure its own name. I really hope that posterity will not know this era as the "inter-war" period like the ill-fated post-WWI era that also failed to create a stable and just world order.
Georgia and NATO: A Close Partnership with Humble Beginnings
Meanwhile, against this historical backdrop, Georgia made its first modest steps toward cooperation with NATO in 1992, when it joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (since 1997, known as the Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council). In 1994, Georgia joined NATO's Partnership for Peace program. But it was not until 2002 that Georgia declared its desire to join the organization as a full-fledged member.
In November 2003, the Shevardnadze era ended. At the beginning of his rule, he was forced to reverse Georgia's vector back toward Russia but gradually developed stronger ties with the West. Together with Georgia's international partners, he laid the ground for the country's international geopolitical and geo-economic function as a bridge connecting the Black Sea and the Caspian Sea regions. However, he failed to curb systemic corruption in the country, and after a highly contested election in November 2003, was forced to resign as a result of the peaceful protests known as the Rose Revolution.
In 2004, Georgia became the first country for which NATO established the Individual Partnership Action Plan (IPAP).
The new Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili and his Western-educated team of reformers first tried to sort out Georgia's troubled relationship with Russia. During his first official foreign trip, Saakashvili paid a visit to Putin, who even refused to name the terms under which Russia would consider changing its attitude toward Georgia. However, according to Saakashvili, Putin advised him to keep Shevardnadze's security minister, a fellow former KGB officer. From then on, Georgia reinvigorated its pro-Western drive. In 2004, Georgia became the first country for which NATO established the Individual Partnership Action Plan (IPAP). NATO opened IPAPs to countries that had the "political will and ability to deepen their relationship with NATO."[15] In the same year, the Georgian government decided to send troops to Iraq, and joined the NATO-led operation in Afghanistan. By the time they were withdrawn in August 2008 (during the Russian invasion), Georgia had 2,000 combat troops fighting along with the international coalition in Iraq. This was the third largest contingent after the US and the UK. In the same period, Georgia increased the number of its troops in Kosovo, where they had been deployed since the 1990s, to 160. In Afghanistan, Georgia still has 870 combat troops, constituting the largest non-NATO contingent (without caveats).
On 10 May 2005, during his visit to Tbilisi, President George W. Bush once again hailed Georgia as "a beacon of liberty."[16] In an ironic twist of history, however, while Georgia's First Republic (DRG) was highly praised by the leaders of the European Center-Left (Social Democrats), Georgia, with its liberal economic reforms after the Rose Revolution, had become the darling of the Center-Right. Tbilisi turned into a Mecca for Western politicians who wanted to see with their own eyes the effects of reducing bureaucracy, eliminating red tape, police[17] and public service reforms,[18] and the Laffer Curve in action.[19] However, the sympathy of the Bush administration and some European politicians created some unexpected complications. While there is no way to deny that there were genuine reasons for concern about the rule of law in Georgia, the Bush and the "NeoCon" association was enough for some European leaders to develop mistrust toward Saakashvili and his government.
The same year, NATO sent its first liaison officers to Georgia.[20] Georgia's next step on the path toward NATO came in 2006, when NATO Foreign Ministers launched the so-called Intensified Dialogue, which envisaged consultations on political and security matters, conflict resolution, defense, economy, and other issues.
The most crucial moment came in April 2008, when after the successful implementation of the previous commitments, Georgia was expected to be given the Membership Action Plan (MAP) at the Bucharest summit. However, Georgia's MAP encountered resistance by a few NATO members led by Germany. Some observers pointed out that Angela Merkel had personal "disgust" toward Saakashvili.[21] Whether it is true or not, this was definitely not the only, or even most important, factor behind Germany's opposition. It was made quite clear that Germany believed that a Georgian MAP would be viewed in Russia as a provocation, giving Putin a pretext for countermeasures. In my view, as uncomfortable as it is to say, German leaders at the time were more concerned with their bilateral relations with Russia than about Georgia's record or NATO interests. Die Russland-Versteher traditionally spoke about "Russia's grievances" as a result of the perceived "NATO encirclement"—a ridiculous perception given that out of the 60,932 kilometers (!) of Russia's borders (of which 22,125 km are land borders) only 1,215 km are shared with NATO countries. This school of thought was not new or limited to Germany. Back in the 1940s, former US Vice President Henry Wallace justified Stalin's aggressive behavior after the war by the "capitalist encirclement" of the Soviet Union. Before WWII, this was called a policy of appeasement. As a result, despite much efforts from the Bush administration, Germany remained adamant, and the Bucharest summit did not give Georgia a much deserved MAP. Instead, it promised Georgia (and Ukraine) admission into NATO without specifying any timeline or mechanisms of accession.
Putin interpreted the disunity of NATO as an opportunity. It turned out that what really provoked Putin was NATO's visible weakness and its preference for appeasement. Back in February, he had already issued a threat that Russia was prepared to retaliate in the case of Kosovo was recognized.[22] In fact, Putin had planned an attack on Georgia before as well; Putin acknowledged in a 2009 interview that he had instructed the General Staff of the Ministry of Defense to prepare an operation back in 2006.[23]
In other words, Putin planned to use force against Georgia, which by that time had transformed itself from a failing state into a successful alternative to his political model. The recognition of Kosovo gave him a pretext,[24] and the Bucharest summit showed that this was an opportune moment, as it displayed NATO's disunity. Putin's calculation proved him right. After his aggression in August 2008, there were no meaningful sanctions introduced and, in a couple of months, the West, consumed with the global financial crisis, returned to business as usual. This only emboldened Putin, who a few years later invaded Ukraine.
Without sending a clear message to Russia that its provocations will not stop Georgia's progress toward NATO, Moscow will always be tempted to create instability.
The war was a huge setback, but this was not the end of Georgia's NATO aspirations as Putin and his team hoped. In August 2008, NATO Foreign Ministers established the NATO-Georgia Commission (NGC), which serves as a forum for political consultations and oversees the practical cooperation between Georgia and NATO. Since 2008, Georgia submits an Annual National Program (ANP) to NATO allies with a wide range of reform objectives to support its Euro-Atlantic aspirations. Based on the ANP, NATO provides focused and comprehensive advice toward Georgia's reform goals, both in civilian and military frameworks.[25]
On 7 December 2011, Georgia was officially recognized as a NATO aspirant country. At the 2014 NATO Wales Summit, Georgia was recognized as the "most interoperable partner" and given the status of an Enhanced Opportunity Partner together with Australia, Jordan, Finland, and Sweden. The summit also elaborated on the Substantial NATO-Georgia Package (SNGP), which aims to strengthen Georgia's defenses and ability to work side-by-side with NATO forces, as well as to help Georgia advance in its preparations for membership in the Alliance.[26] One major initiative from the SNGP is the NATO-Georgia Joint Training and Evaluation Center (JTEC). Inaugurated in Tbilisi in August 2015, the center assists Georgia in reforming, modernizing, and strengthening its security and defense sectors. It offers multi-national training and exercise opportunities, fostering cooperation between forces from Georgia, NATO, and interested partner countries. Through regional training opportunities, the center also contributes to promoting stability in the Black Sea and Caucasus region.[27] The JTEC regularly hosts joint military exercises with the participation of 21 NATO allies and 3 partner nations.
Now what remains is the political will to move to the next stage. Without sending a clear message to Russia that its provocations will not stop Georgia's progress toward NATO, Moscow will always be tempted to create instability. Georgia-skeptics within NATO, as well as those who caution against further "expansion," should understand that the NATO membership of its neighbors does not threaten Russia's security, but only limits Russia's ability to bully and destabilize them. Russia's vehement objections against what it calls the "NATO expansion"—which, in reality, means its former colonies and vassals gaining a security shield, only exposes Russia's intentions. Furthermore, Russia's interests would be best served by a stable, friendly, and prosperous neighborhood (the one which the EU is trying to facilitate on its eastern borders through its Eastern Partnership initiative). However, the Kremlin does everything to achieve the opposite and prevent a success story of an alternative political system, and justifies this with the chimera of the lost empire and stories of Russia as a "besieged fortress"—all of which leads to the necessity of keeping Putin and his team of tough guys in power.
Georgia does deserve membership in NATO. It is a European nation which, despite many setbacks and mistakes, is progressing on the path of building a European democracy. Through reforms and substantial contributions to NATO missions for many years, the country has proven that it is a determined and faithful partner of the Atlantic Alliance.
Georgia as a NATO member would not only enhance the security of the Black Sea region, but much improve the stability of the energy and transportation routes connecting the Greater Caspian region with Western markets, ensuring the energy security and economic interests of the West. For Central Asia, surrounded by Russia and Iran from the west (and China from the east), Georgia is the only alternative gateway connecting it with the Black Sea region and the West.
But Georgia's membership in NATO would not only do justice to the determination and the sacrifices of the Georgian people, but would also benefit the security and stability of the region as well as the economic interests of Georgia's neighbors. It would ensure that the world will not go back to the Cold War realities and the spheres of influence. But should this still happen, would anyone judge Georgians for wanting to be on the right side of history?
[1] For the history of Georgia, see: Oliver Wardrop, The Kingdom of Georgia, Notes of Travel in a Land of Women, Wine, and Song (London: Simpson Low, Marston, Searle, & Rivington, 1888); W.E.D. Allen, History of Georgian People - From the Beginning Down to the Russian Conquest in the Nineteenth Century (London: Keagan Paul, Trench, Trübner and Co. Ltd., 1932); Ronald G. Suni, The Making of the Georgian Nation (Indianapolis: Indiana UP, 1994); Donald Rayfield, Edge of Empires, A History of Georgia (London: Reaction Books Ltd., 2012).
[2] "Treaty of Moscow," Matiane, 7 May 1920, https://matiane.wordpress.com/2010/03/01/treaty-of-moscow-1920/
[3] "Stephen Jones on the 90th anniversary on the DRG," Matiane, 30 August 2009, https://matiane.wordpress.com/2009/08/30/stephen-jones-on-the-90th-anniversary-of-the-democratic-republic-of-georgia/
[4] William Dunbar, "The First Democratically Elected Muslim Woman Was From Georgia," Eurasianet, 8 March 2018, https://eurasianet.org/the-worlds-first-democratically-elected-muslim-woman-was-from-georgia
[5] "90th Anniversary of the DRG."
[6] CIS, "On December 21, 1991 in Kazakhstan, the heads of eleven sovereign states adopted the Alma-Ata Declaration," 21 December 1991, http://cis.minsk.by/news/7264/21-dekabra-1991-goda-v-kazahstane-glavy-odinnadcati-suverennyh-gosudarstv-prinali-alma-atinskuu-deklaraciu
[7] This is a reference to Neville Chamberlain's justification of the Munich deal by which they allowed Nazi Germany to grab Sudetenland from Czechoslovakia in 1938. See: "Chamberlain addresses the nation on peace negotiations," BBC Archive, https://www.bbc.co.uk/archive/chamberlain-addresses-the-nation-on-his-negotiations-for-peace/zjrjgwx
[8] William Safire, "On Language; The Near Abroad," New York Times, 22 May 1994, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/22/magazine/on-language-the-near-abroad.html
[9] Henry Kissinger, Diplomacy (New York: Simon & Schuster, 1994), p.818
[10] Andrew Monaghan, The Russian Vertikal, The Tandem, Power and The Elections (London: Chatham House, 2011)
[11]"Vladimir Putin - 20 tumultuous years as Russian President or PM," Reuters, 9 August 2019,
https://www.reuters.com/article/us-russia-putin-timeline/timeline-vladimir-putin-20-tumultuous-years-as-russian-president-or-pm-idUSKCN1UZ185 O (2019)., of Lords, June 11,an, the heads of eleven sovereign states adopted the Alma-Ata Declaration
[12] Timothy Snyder, "Ivan Ilyin, Putin's Philosopher of Russian Fascism," The New York Review of Books, https://www.nybooks.com/daily/2018/03/16/ivan-ilyin-putins-philosopher-of-russian-fascism/
[13] "Giorgi Badridze Interview August 2008," Al Jazeera, 2 March 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cPvd2aLUONc
[14] Technically there is no such a doctrine. It is a term coined by journalist Mark Galeotti based on General Gerasimov's speech in 2013 but, as it turned out, Russia used it as a practical guideline for its hybrid warfare.
[15] NATO, "Individual Partnership Action Plan," 9 June 2017, https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natolive/topics_49290.htm
[16] "Bush: Georgia 'Beacon of Liberty,'" CNN International, 11 May 2005, https://edition.cnn.com/2005/WORLD/europe/05/10/bush.tuesday/
[17] "Revolutionary Tactics: From Georgia to Ukraine?" 27 June 2014, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eQ4SbZ4-Ybs
[18] "Discussion about Georgian Public Service Halls in the House of Lords," 11 June 2012, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DX3MPRjuQe8
[19] Georgian government dramatically reduced the taxes which resulted in significant increase of the tax collection.
[20] The NATO Liaison Office in Tbilisi was established five years later.
[21] Andrew Cockburn, "The Bloom Comes off the Georgian Rose," Harper's Magazine, 31 October 2013, http://harpers.org/blog/2013/10/the-bloom-comes-off-the-georgian-rose
[22] "Putin: 'u nas est' domashnie zagotovki na sluchay priznaniya nezavisimosti Kosova [Putin: we have a contingency plan in case of recognition of Kosovo's independence]," Vesti, 14 February 2008, https://www.vesti.ru/article/2213296
[23] "Zayavlenie Putina o plane operatsii v Yuzhnoy Osetii ne udivilo Gruziyu [Putin's statement on the plan of operation in South Ossetia did not surprise Georgia]," RT Na Russkom, 9 August 2012, https://russian.rt.com/inotv/2012-08-09/Zayavlenie-Putina-o-plane-operacii
[24] It should be noted that this is despite the vast difference between the two cases: In Kosovo, the West supported the victims of ethnic cleansing; In Georgia, Russia supported the ethnic cleansing.
[25] NATO, "NATO-Georgia Relations," October 2019, https://www.nato.int/nato_static_fl2014/assets/pdf/pdf_2019_10/20191002_191002_Media_Backgrounder_Georgia_en.pdf
[26] "NATO-Georgia Relations."
Giorgi Badridze
Giorgi Badridze is a Senior Fellow at the Georgian Foundation for Strategic and International Studies. During his diplomatic career, Badridze served as the Georgian Ambassador to the UK (2009-2013), the Director of the American Department at the Georgian MFA (2004-2006), and a Minister at the Georgian Embassy in Ankara (1999-2002).


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Sweetener settlement knocks ADM profits
01-Aug-2004 - Last updated on 13-Mar-2017 at 23:51 GMT
Related tags: High-fructose corn syrup, Adm
US ingredients giant ADM saw double-digit sales growth for the year
but overall profits were dragged down by a recent payout of
millions of dollars to leading food and beverage manufacturers to
settle a lawsuit linked to the popular sweetener high fructose corn
syrup.
Sales for the Decatur, Illinois-based firm leapt 18 per cent for the year to $36.1 billion, but the agricultural processor saw fourth quarter results slip to a loss of $103 million due to the $400 million (€333m) settlement in the anti-trust case that claimed the US firm conspired to fix the price of the food sweetener high fructose corn syrup used expansively in food and soft drink products.
Ignited in the early 1990s the settlement has its roots in a law case filed by over 20 plaintiffs, including soft drink giants Coca-Cola and PepsiCo, who accused the agribusiness group of linking up with other manufacturers to fix prices of the sugar substitute, also known as isoglucose in Europe.
"In light of the potential exposure inherent in litigation, the board of directors concluded that it was in the best interests of the company to dispose of this matter," G. Allen Andreas, chairman of ADM, said last month.
The class-action lawsuit filed in 1995 alleged that ADM's actions cost them $1.6 billion. The case had been scheduled for a September jury trial and ADM could have faced damages three times this amount at nearly $5 billion, as jurors could have tripled any award if they found the company guilty.
In addition to the payout ($252 million after tax), ADM said in a statement announcing its year-end results that the year had been marked by "extreme volatility and difficult business conditions for global agribusiness". Loss of business from China particularly hit the core oilseed processing unit of the group.
ADM said the oilseed processing business sustained a $15 million operating loss after Chinese soybean producers who had over-purchased soybeans defaulted on agreements to buy more when soymeal demand in China collapsed, the result of price rationing and avian flu. The company said that caused a dramatic drop in soybean prices, which also prompted a loss in its South American operations.
But all other major segments - cocoa, corn processing, food and feed ingredients - of the business recorded improvements. Corn processing operating earnings rose to $150 million, boosted by increased volumes and selling prices of alcohol and lysine products that more than offset higher net corn costs. But the higher corn costs pushed earnings from sweetener and starch products lower.
CEO G. Allen Andreas said the legal settlement took care of the company's remaining significant litigation exposures. Net earnings for the fiscal year came in at $494.7 million, or 76 cents a share, compared with $451.1 million, or 70 cents a share, a year earlier.
ADM is one of the world's largest processors of soybeans, corn, wheat and cocoa. The ingredients side of the business supplies an extensive product range, to include vegetable oils and fats, lecithins, xanthan gum and acidulants, emulsifiers and thickeners.
Cereal starch sweetener industry hit by sugar reform
ADM upgrades cocoa processing in Brazil
Asymptote discovers potential solution to sugar bloom

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Fleming, Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Castile (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018)
Jessica Lee Minieri
Binghamton University, US
Profiles:
Review of Gillian B. Fleming, Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Castile (Cham: Palgrave Macmillan, 2018).
How to Cite: Minieri, J.L., 2020. Fleming, Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Castile (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018). Royal Studies Journal, 7(2), pp.154–155. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21039/rsj.250
Published on 14 Dec 2020.
Minieri, J.L., 2020. Fleming, Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Castile (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018). Royal Studies Journal, 7(2), pp.154–155. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21039/rsj.250
Minieri JL. Fleming, Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Castile (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018). Royal Studies Journal. 2020;7(2):154–5. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21039/rsj.250
Minieri, J. L. (2020). Fleming, Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-Century Castile (Palgrave Macmillan, 2018). Royal Studies Journal, 7(2), 154–155. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21039/rsj.250
Minieri JL, 'Fleming, Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-century Castile (palgrave Macmillan, 2018)' (2020) 7 Royal Studies Journal 154 DOI: http://doi.org/10.21039/rsj.250
Minieri, Jessica Lee. 2020. "Fleming, Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-century Castile (palgrave Macmillan, 2018)". Royal Studies Journal 7 (2): 154–55. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21039/rsj.250
Minieri, Jessica Lee. "Fleming, Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-century Castile (palgrave Macmillan, 2018)". Royal Studies Journal 7, no. 2 (2020): 154–55. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21039/rsj.250
Minieri, J. L.. "Fleming, Juana I: Legitimacy and Conflict in Sixteenth-century Castile (palgrave Macmillan, 2018)". Royal Studies Journal, vol. 7, no. 2, 2020, pp. 154–55. DOI: http://doi.org/10.21039/rsj.250
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Published by Winchester University Press


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We studied the linguistic profile and neurolinguistic organization of a 14-year-old adolescent (EB) who underwent a left hemispherectomy at the age of 2.5 years. After initial aphasia, his language skills recovered within 2 years, with the exception of some word finding problems. Over the years, the neuropsychological assessments showed that EB's language was near-to-normal, with the exception of lexical competence, which lagged slightly behind for both auditory and written language. Moreover, EB's accuracy and speed in both reading and writing words and non-words were within the normal range, whereas difficulties emerged in reading loan words and in tasks with homophones. EB's functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) patterns for several linguistic and metalinguistic tasks were similar to those observed in the dominant hemisphere of controls, suggesting that his language network conforms to a left-like linguistic neural blueprint. However, a stronger frontal recruitment suggests that linguistic tasks are more demanding for him. Finally, no specific reading activation was found in EB's occipitotemporal region, a finding consistent with the surface dyslexia-like behavioral pattern of the patient. While a lone right hemisphere may not be sufficient to guarantee full blown linguistic competences after early hemispherectomy, EB's behavioral and fMRI patterns suggest that his lone right hemisphere followed a left-like blueprint of the linguistic network.
Is a lone right hemisphere enough? Neurolinguistic architecture in a case with a very early left hemispherectomy
Danelli L;Cossu G;BERLINGERI, MANUELA;Bottini G;Sberna M;Paulesu E.


My parents drove up to Rochester Hills to pick Ryan and I up from Ryan's sister's house so that we could go down to Temperance and celebrate Christmas with the Padot side. We played a lot of Phase 10, Bananagrams, Scrabble, ate sweets, and enjoyed time with one another. While down 'south' we did dinner with my mom's parents for Christmas Eve and then went to my dad's mom's house on Christmas.


Junior middle-hitter Amanda Teppo led the St. Lawrence University volleyball team with a season-high ten kills and three blocks, as the Saints topped Bard 3-0 for their first Liberty League win of the season on Saturday afternoon in Annandale-on-Hudson, New York.
Second to Teppo, who ranks 17th nationally with 1.12 blocks per set, first-year Annika Kreppein recorded six kills, while Grace Kelly, Natalie Piper and Julia Wagner each totaled four. Maddy Bishop and Ally Good each tallied 13 assists, while Reagan Collier-Hogan posted a team-best 14 digs.
The Saints swept the three-set match by scores of 25-18, 25-13 and 25-13.
Bard opened the first set with a 5-3 lead over the Saints, but a kill from Kreppein tied the set at seven and an attacking error from Lauryn Colby gave the Saints a 10-9 advantage. A kill from Piper and a service ace from Bishop increased the Saints lead to 17-12. A 5-1 run increased the Saints lead to 23-17 and another Raptors attacking error sealed the first set for the Saints.
In the second set, Bard opened with another 5-3 lead over the Saints, but the Scarlet and Brown quickly regained control taking an 11-7 lead over the Raptors after six consecutive points and posting a 14-3 run to secure the second set win.
St. Lawrence jumped out to a 10-3 advantage in the third set with a kill from Kreppein. Mac Barnes then increased the Saints lead to 15-9 off the set from Good. Courtney Benson successfully completed her attack to give the Saints a 19-12 edge and a 6-1 run and a service ace from Madison Amico finished the set for the Saints.
"After a disappointing night last night it was good to have a fun, productive win today," said head coach Shelly Roiger. "Once again all players did a great job of being ready to make contributions. Our block continues to be outstanding and birthday girl Amanda Teppo had her best match of the season. We have a busy week coming up with four matches on the road this coming week and I'm looking forward to seeing the team practice with their highest intensity of the season."
Bard was led by Mikala L'Hote with five kills, while Jewel Smith recorded 18 assists and Lia Taus added 12 digs for the Raptors.
The Saints held a 33-22 advantage in kills and topped the Raptors in service aces (4-3), blocks (8-2), assists (27-21) and matched Bard in digs (35-35).
With the win, the Saints improved to 13-7 on the season and 1-4 in conference play, while the Raptors fell to 6-12 and 0-4.
St. Lawrence will travel to neighboring SUNY Potsdam for a 7 p.m. match on Wednesday, October 10.


I've asked this before, but the question is still very relevant – you see, the thing is, GSK has paid out millions in compensation to patients (and their children) in the USA who have been damaged by Seroxat/Paxil – but not a penny in the UK… I'm confused, is GSK admitting Paxil is a dangerous drug in America with the potential for terrible side effects, but saying Seroxat in the UK is completely safe and not dangerous at all?
And there's me, thinking they were the same pills!
But of course, the answer to the question "Why not pay compensation in the UK as well?" has nothing to do with drug safety or patients' suffering and everything to do with profits and business.
In the USA cases like this are heard before juries and lawyers will take cases on a 'no win, no fee' basis and settlements can be very high, so the drug companies are running scared. Because of this, most cases in the USA are settled out of court and Confidentiality Agreements ensure none of the truth ever comes to light (see below).
However, in the UK, cases are heard before a single High Court Judge, any settlements would be much lower than in America and funding is much harder to find – certainly Legal Aid is no longer an option in 2016.
So in the UK, GSK might use a legal firm, perhaps like Addleshaw Goddard, to obfuscate and ensure litigation drags out for years and years, to the point where many claimants just give up or are scared off or the momentum of the case simply grinds to halt – it's a war of attrition and has nothing to do with justice or patient safety.
Behind the scenes it seems there are other pressures that can be brought to bear to ensure that big business has a better chance of winning. Business and government are far too close – but more of that on another day.
Certainly,this has been going on far too long in the UK – I wrote this in 2009 (and 2007): Given the fact that Glaxo is currently on trial in Philadelphia (and will be in the High Court in London next year), [sic] I thought this repost (from March 2007) might of interest to you.
Drug companies usually favour the out of court settlement – they don't like the public scrutiny that court cases bring – not to mention the previously secret information that all too often comes to light.
But along with the settlement comes the confidentiality 'agreement'. The message the drug companies send out is "we pay up – you shut up" – while all the while never admitting any blame (for anything).
I'm not sure – are Glaxo admitting they're settling Paxil (Seroxat) cases in the USA?
What I find ironic is that Glaxo, being an English company, is prepared to open its cheque book in America, but not in the UK.
Why won't you settle in the UK?
Why won't you help the thousands of people in the UK who have suffered because of Seroxat?
Haven't you made enough money from the drug?
Why are we having to slug it out with you in the High Court?
Links to the Philadelphia trial details are here, here and here.
…since 2002 GSK have paid out compensation to victims of Seroxat, including over 3,000 people who became addicted to Seroxat, over 800 women whose children were born with serious heart defects because of Seroxat, and also being found guilty of Seroxat causing, in part, the death of Donald Schell and his family members.


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Ein Windstoß ist ein deutscher Spielfilm aus dem Jahre 1941. Unter der Regie von Walter Felsenstein war Paul Kemp "der Unfrieden in einem Mietshaus stiftende Pedant" Emanuele Rigattieri, eine von Kemps sehr seltenen Filmhauptrollen.

Handlung
"Ich erweise keine Gefälligkeiten und erwarte auch keine" – so lautet der Wahlspruch des Kunst- und Antiquitätenhändlers Rigattieri, mit dem er sich rasch bei seinen Mitbewohnern im Mietshaus unbeliebt gemacht hat. Der Tag, an dem sich alles in seinem Leben und dem seiner Nachbarn ändert, beginnt damit, dass eines Sonntags ein Windstoß seine Haustür zuschlägt, als er im Treppenhaus steht, um dorthin etwas Sand aus seiner Wohnung zu kehren. Nun steht er im Hausflur, mit nichts anderem bekleidet als einem Nachthemd. Keiner seiner Mitbewohner ist sonderlich geneigt, ihm aus der Patsche zu helfen, ist er doch als Nörgler und Meckerer berüchtigt und aus Prinzip nicht hilfsbereit. Als er dann auch noch das Nachbarsmädchen ersuchen will, einen Schlosser zum Öffnen der Tür zu holen und ihr dafür etwas Geld verspricht, vermutet die Mutter der Kleinen nichts Gutes: Nämlich, dass Rigattieri, nur im Nachthemd bekleidet, auch noch ein Sittenstrolch ist.

Die ideale Gelegenheit, es dem alten Miesepeter einmal so richtig heimzuzahlen. Ehe sich Rigattieri wirklich verteidigen kann, wenden sich die Mitmieter unisono gegen ihn, und der Verdacht, dem Kind unsittlich begegnen zu wollen, liegt unverrückbar in der Luft. Es kommt zu einer Gerichtsverhandlung, und Emanuele Rigattieri wird, da er seine Unschuld nicht belegen kann, zu 15 Monaten Haft verurteilt. Nach Einlegung eines Einspruchs kommt er immerhin wieder auf freien Fuß, bis das Berufungsgericht endgültig entscheidet. Doch nun traut er sich nicht mehr nach Hause, hat er doch all seine Mitmieter in der Gerichtsverhandlung gesehen und weiß, dass ihn daheim ein Spießrutenlauf erwarten würde. Und so begibt er sich in seinen Antiquitätenladen. Gedankenschwer und seelisch ziemlich am Boden, sieht er am Ponte Vecchio ein junges Mädchen, das sich in selbstmörderischer Absicht in den Arno stürzen will.

Emanuele bewahrt diese Frau namens Angelina vor ihrer Verzweiflungstat, ausgelöst durch einen ehrlosen Verführer, der sie verlassen hat, und nimmt sie zu sich mit nach Hause. Er erfährt, dass es sich bei dem jungen Mann um den Sohn des Berufungsrichters Campini handeln soll. Sofort wittert Rigattieri die Chance, aus diesem Wissen Nutzen für seine anstehende Verhandlung ziehen zu können. Doch offensichtlich ist Angelinas Verflossener nicht nur ein Charakterschwein, sondern auch noch ein Betrüger: der Sohn Campinis ist gerade einmal elf Jahre alt und somit nicht mit Angelinas Verflossenem identisch. Angesichts dieses miesen Verhaltens dem jungen Mädchen gegenüber zeigt Emanuele zum ersten Mal Herz und bietet Angelina eine Unterkunft in seiner Wohnung an. Als sie dann auch noch in Ohnmacht fällt und Emanuele sich nicht zu helfen weiß, springt er sogar über seinen Schatten und bittet die Nachbarin um Hilfe. Bald weiß das ganze Haus von der guten Seite des Griesgrams, und die Mieter beschließen, sich mit einer positiven Eingabe ans Gericht zu wenden. Rigattieri erweist sich in der Berufungsverhandlung als reuiger Sünder und wird freigesprochen. Erst jetzt erkennt er, wie gut ihm ein freundlicher Mensch wie Angelina an seiner Seite tut.

Produktionsnotizen
Ein Windstoß, basierend auf einer Vorlage des Italieners Giovacchino Forzano, war die erste Kinofilmregie des Theatermannes Walter Felsenstein. Für dieses Debüt hatte er sich ein vollkommen unpolitisches Stück ausgesucht, das zugleich die politische Achse Berlin-Rom während des Zweiten Weltkrieges betonte. "Diese liebenswürdig-skeptische Komödie von der Wandlung eines Griesgrams zum Menschenfreund", wie Bogusław Drewniak schrieb, fand seine deutsche Theatererstaufführung am 12. Juni 1940 im Staatlichen Schauspielhaus von Dresden. Erich Ponto spielte dort die Kemp-Rolle.

Für 17.500 RM erwarb die Tobis die Filmrechte (auf zehn Jahre). Die Dreharbeiten begannen am 15. September 1941 (Außenaufnahmen in der Umgebung von Florenz) bzw. am 3. Oktober 1941 (Atelieraufnahmen). Die Uraufführung fand am 9. Juli 1942 in drei Berliner Kinos statt. Die Kosten betrugen moderate 801.000 RM, eine Summe, die rasch wieder eingespielt wurde: Bereits im April 1943 betrugen die Einnahmen 1.858.000 RM.

Für die 15-jährige Sonja Ziemann, in den 1950er Jahren ein Top-Filmstar, war die Rolle der Gina ihr erster Filmauftritt. Rudi Schuricke sang in diesem Film den Titel Lasset die Mandolinen erklingen.

Die Filmbauten stammen von Otto Erdmann und Franz F. Fürst, Herstellungsgruppenleiter Fred Lyssa übernahm auch die Produktionsleitung. Die Liedtexte stammen aus der Feder von Hans Fritz Beckmann. Die Produktion wurde mit dem Prädikat "volkstümlich wertvoll" bedacht.

Ein Windstoß wurde bereits 1935 in Frankreich unter dem Titel Coup de vent und im darauf folgenden Jahr in Italien unter dem Originaltitel Un colpo di vento verfilmt.

Kritiken
Bogusław Drewniak schrieb in 'Der deutsche Film 1938–1945' enttäuscht: "Aus dem filmisch guten Stoff entstand ein etwas zusammenhangloser und langweiliger Film. Walter Felsenstein war es nicht gelungen, die drei Stileinheiten: italienisches Lustspiel, deutsche Inszenierung und Charakterstudie von Paul Kemp, zusammenzubringen. Nur die positiven erzieherischen Akzente wirken im Film ziemlich stark".

Horst Knietzsch kam zu einem völlig anderen Schluss: "In dieser Zeit des großen offiziellen Kunstgeschreis konnte schon ein Film mit einer kleinen menschlich sauberen Handlung, abseits von der faschistischen Ideologie, wie eine Oase wirken. Walter Felsenstein schuf mit Ein Windstoß (1942) ein heiter-besinnliches Lustspiel um einen Junggesellen (Paul Kemp), der sich gegen die Tücken des Lebens und die Aufdringlichkeiten neugieriger Nachbarn zur Wehr setzen muß."

Die Online-Version des Lexikons des Internationalen Films nannte den Film eine "gutmütige Charakterkomödie."

Siehe auch
 Liste der während der NS-Zeit im Deutschen Reich uraufgeführten deutschen Spielfilme

Weblinks

Einzelnachweise

Filmtitel 1942
Deutscher Film
Schwarzweißfilm
Filmkomödie
Literaturverfilmung

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Kuiling JME, Klaassen F, Hagenaars MA. Memory 2019; ePub(ePub): ePub.
Department of Clinical Psychology , Utrecht University , Utrecht , The Netherlands.
Tonic immobility (TI; state of motor inhibition during threat) has been implicated in the onset of intrusive trauma memories, while controllability was associated with reduced anxiety. The present study investigated the interaction between TI and control in the development of intrusive memories of an analogue trauma. Sixty-four participants watched negative pictures while being allowed to close their eyes (InControl) or not (NoControl). They completed measures for spontaneous TI afterwards and recorded intrusive memories of the pictures in a diary in the subsequent week. Bayesian analyses were used to test informative hypotheses. Spontaneous TI during picture viewing was positively associated with increased intrusion frequency. Intrusion frequency did not differ for InControl versus NoControl. Moderation (control x TI) and non-moderation (main effect of TI only) were both adequate models, with no preference. Our results confirm the importance of TI in PTSD development. Implications of the findings regarding control merit more research.


I heard a lot about taking references and recommendations. I asked my friends and family to give me the names of suitable roofing contractors. Fortunately, the local roofer preferred by me was also recommended by my family. When it comes to securing the home, you must settle for the best. Finally, I got in touch with the roofer and asked him to give the details in writing. I was quite happy with the work and the pricing. All throughout the roofing work, the contractor stayed in touch with me.


The leader of the Long Tan Dental Program in Vietnam, Colin Twelftree OAM, is retiring. Colin is seeking a Fellow to take over coordination of the program. Please contact Colin to find out more about the role: twelftree@internode.on.net.
The Long Tan Dental Project led by Colin Twelftree in Vietnam has provided dental care and oral health education for the Long Tan community for over 20 years. The program operates out of the Australian Vietnam Volunteers Resource Group Dental Clinic in the village of Long Tan. An airconditioned bus equipped as a dental surgery is used for school and orphanage visits. Treatment is given by teams of volunteer dentists, therapists, hygienists and dental assistants who visit regularly. Treatment is mainly provided to young children in the form of ART restorations; extractions for adults and aesthetic anterior fillings for adolescents are also offered where needed.
Type of treatment: general dental treatment, mainly for children. ART restorations and some extractions.
Facilities: Air conditioned bus equipped with a dental unit, portable units in schools and orphanages and one fixed clinic.
It is with great sadness that the Board of Section VIII has been advised of the passing of one of the Section's longest continuous Fellows, Dr Sydenham Dobbin AM, MICD of Yass, New South Wales. Syd provided leadership within the Section and at international Council level.
Sydenham Dobbin served on the Section VIII Board from 1985 to 2001 in positions as Regent, Treasurer, Vice-President, President and International Councillor. In 1998 he was elected as Council Vice-President and subsequently served as Council President-Elect in 1999 and Council President in 2000. He was the second Section VIII Fellow elected as President of the International Council.
Syd joined the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) at the age of 18 and trained as a pilot. He shipped to England during WWII where he personally experienced bombings in London. Late in the war, Syd flew spitfires.
In 1956 Yass became the first town on the Australian mainland to be fluoridated due to the leadership of Syd Dobbin and one of the town's medical practitioners, Dr David Graham, who was also on Yass Council. Syd joined and served on the Yass Council for thirty years - seven years as Mayor. Yass became known as the "Good Teeth Town" with a 60% reduction in caries in 5 year old children. Syd is considered to be the "Father of Fluoridation" in New South Wales. In recognition of his determined efforts, he was awarded an Order of Australia in 1986 for services to the community, particularly in the field of dental health.
Syd continued his passionate advocacy for water fluoridation throughout his later years as evidenced by an article in the The Daily Telegraph dated 2 September 2013. As quoted in the article, "He helped Australia become a nation proud to flash its pearly whites and 60 years on Dr Syd Dobbin is still fighting for fluoride. Yesterday the retired dentist joined the chorus of experts calling for Northern Rivers councils to adopt fluoridated water, citing 60 years of healthy teeth in his hometown of Yass."
A memorial service for Syd was held at St Augustine's Catholic Church, Yass, on Friday, March 8th. Syd's passing was preceded by his beloved wife, Trish. He is survived by his two sons, Michael and David, and his two daughters, Jenny and Shane. At the memorial service Jenny and David recounted Syd's personal life and his life of service to the community. Fellow Stephen Daymond spoke of Syd's remarkable contribution to the dental profession. CLICK HERE for the tribute given by Stephen.
Syd's presence and influence will be missed within Section VIII and within our profession.
The International College of Dentists will celebrate its 100th anniversary in 2020. All Fellows worldwide will be invited to a gala function, including an international induction ceremony, which will be held on Friday, 13 November 2020 in Nagoya, Japan. New Fellows who have not yet been inducted may elect to be inducted at this special international induction ceremony.
Closer to home, there will be 2020 centennial events in Melbourne and in New Zealand, including induction ceremonies for our Section. Our local functions will be scheduled so as not to conflict with the international functions in Japan in November.
Details about the international events and about our Section events will be advised as arrangements are finalised. Invitations will be sent to all Fellows.
The International College of Dentists is a leading honorary dental organisation dedicated to the recognition of outstanding professional achievement and meritorious service and the continued progress of dentistry for the benefit of all humankind. All members of the College regardless of their native language or country of residence, adhere to one universal motto, Recognizing Service and the Opportunity to Serve.
All Fellows are encouraged to nominate dentists who are deserving of the recognition of ICD Fellowship. Nomination forms can be downloaded from this website. Enquires: admin@icdsectionviii.org.
Masters are Fellows in good standing who at the time of their nomination have rendered extraordinarily conspicuous and outstanding service to the College. The awarding of the status of Master is considered a rare distinction. The numbers admitted to this status are such as not to lessen the honour so conferred. Approval of the International Council or its Executive Committee must be obtained before Mastership is awarded having received prior nomination from the Section.
Dr Clive Ross CNZM, NZ - with the passing of Syd Dobbin AM, Clive Ross CNZM is now the only Master Fellow in Section VIII.
Honorary Life Members are Active or Retired Fellows in good standing who have made an outstanding contribution to the College and to the profession. Honorary Life Membership is only conferred after careful investigation has revealed a Fellow to be fully worthy of such a high honour.


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How Boston Teamsters allegedly bullied Padma Lakshmi and the 'Top Chef' staff
'Top Chef' host Padma Lakshmi arrives Monday at the John Joseph Moakley Courthouse in Boston. Pat Greenhouse / The Boston Globe
By Nik DeCosta-Klipa
Padma Lakshmi, the celebrity author and host of Bravo's Top Chef, says she was "terrified" during a 2014 encounter with a group of Boston union members outside a local restaurant where her cooking reality show was being filmed.
In court Monday, Lakshmi testified that one of the four Teamsters on trial for allegedly attempting to extort her and her show seemed to threaten her with violence.
"Oh looky here, what a pretty face," she recalled being told by a man outside her car window, according to the The Boston Globe.
"What a shame about that pretty face."
Five Teamsters from the Charlestown-based Local 25 were arrested in 2015 for their alleged attempt to intimidate Top Chef producers, including Lakshmi, after the show hired non-union drivers for an episode at a number of Boston-area restaurants.
Four of the defendants have pleaded not guilty to federal charges of conspiracy to extort, as well as aiding and abetting, in a trial that began last week at Boston's Moakley Courthouse. A fifth agreed to a plea deal last September.
A number of the defendants and their lawyers (carrying bags) arrive Monday at Moakley Courthouse in Boston.
According to a trial brief filed by prosecutors last month, the group of Teamsters picketed the Top Chef set at Steel & Rye restaurant in Milton on June 10, 2014, as they had at several other filming locations that month. The show had "scrambled" before settling on the Milton restaurant after the Omni Parker House hotel canceled on them out of fear of being picketed by the Teamsters.
Prosecutors say all five defendants arrived on Steel & Rye around 9 a.m that day as Top Chef production staff were unloading equipment. Walking lockstep, they allegedly entered the production area and began forcefully bumping into staff with their chests — before a police officer on detail at the restaurant escorted them back to the sidewalk.
The threatening behavior continued throughout the day, prosecutors said:
Defendants continued to act in a threatening manner and threatened to cause physical harm to the production staff and crew if they entered [Steel & Rye]. The production crew was scared, threatened, and intimidated by defendants' actions. The Teamsters blocked entry to the set and tried to prevent trucks from getting through. At one point, when a production assistant came to help, a Teamster bumped him so forcefully that he was pressed up against the hood of the vehicle. At this time, the police officer again came over and broke up the incident.
According to the documents, the Teamsters also continually swore at production staff, at times using a number of racist and homophobic slurs.
When Lakshmi arrived at the restaurant, prosecutors say the protesting union members blocked her minivan's entrance, before confronting the host and her driver.
Prosecutors say one of the defendants, John Fidler, stuck his arm through the minivan window and referred to Lakshmi's driver using the homophobic slur "pickle." (During the trial Monday, the driver brushed off the insult, joking, "I've been called worse before.")
"Lookie what we have here," Filder said, according to the documents, before allegedly threatening Lakshmi.
"I'll smash your pretty little face," he allegedly said.
One of the men also called the driver a "scab," according to the Globe's report Monday.
Lakshmi recalled feeling her heart pounding.
"I felt he was bullying me," she said in court Monday. "I felt he was saying 'I might hit you.'"
Lakshmi testified that she looked to the police officer on detail for help.
"I expected a police officer to say, 'Hey, get away from her car,' or 'don't put your hand in her car,' or 'move away,''' she said, according to the Globe. "There was a lot of yelling, felt like really serious school yard bullying."
According to prosecutors' trial brief, Lakshmi told her driver to back out and find another way to enter the parking lot.
During that morning, the group also allegedly tried to block food delivery to the set. According to court documents, at least nine vehicles belonging to the production company had their tires slashed and were vandalized.
"It drastically affected the whole production, not just that day," Lakshmi reportedly testified Monday.
In addition to Fidler, 53, of Holbrook, the three other Teamster members on trial are Daniel Redmond, 49, of Medford; Robert Cafarelli, 47, of Middleton; and Michael Ross, 62, of North Billerica. Their lawyers have argued they were lawfully exercising their right to demonstrate in support of fair wages, better working conditions, and the hiring of union workers.
However, prosecutors say the group was attempting to shut down the Top Chef filming unless the show hired additional drivers from among members of Local 25. Prosecutors also pointed out that four of the five protesting Teamsters were already employed as drivers for filming of the movie Black Mass.
If convicted, the four defendants could each face up to 20 years in prison.
John Fidler outside court Monday.
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Your reactions say a lot about you and your chances for living a content and satisfied life. Your reactions have little or nothing to do with what actually happens and all or almost everything to do with your choices.
In order to come to a place inside of you where you are capable of choosing a reaction rather than being reactive, or reacting blindly, it is of prime importance to be aware of yourself. Without awareness, it is almost impossible to be in a position to choose.
Imagine for a moment leaving your home 10 minutes later than you should have, and so reacting by becoming more and more stressed. Your commute is on a crowded freeway, you are obviously in a hurry to get to work, and some asinine idiot in front of you almost provokes an accident. Add now to your already stressed frame of mind, your anger at this person's carelessness...your logical reaction to a typical driving situation.
So, stressed and angry, you now head for the Starbuck's just around the corner from your place of employment to get the large lowfat latte so that at least with that you have a moment of respite, but a new employee is being trained, and so your wait time is double what it normally is, and your impatience bubbles up as you pay and make a less than polite comment about the lack of efficiency of the management of the place to be training new personnel at such a time of day.
Stressed, angry, and impatient, you now arrive in your office, and your secretary tells you that your immediate superior has been asking for you for ten minutes...and of course, you are ten minutes late due to all of the above. As it is the second time you've been late this week, and as unfortunately your supervisor became a witness to it the last time as well, you now add worry to your list of reactions that are causing your day to go rapidly downhill.
And it's only 8:40 in the morning.
How could this scenario - this very common scenario - look different with some awareness? (Remember, awareness allows choice).
As you leave the house ten late minutes and feel the stress rising, you could have a brief mental conversation with yourself. You could tell yourself that becoming stressed might put you into greater danger on the crowded freeway, that becoming stressed would simply raise your adrenaline levels and make you feel even worse, and that you do, in fact, have a choice about it. That you can choose an alternative to stress, and that is to accept the fact that you have left 10 minutes too late and that all you can do is go with the ride (apart from determining not to do this again tomorrow), listen to some soothing music, or a motivational CD by one of your favorite speakers (as I advocate in many of my articles), and get yourself to work as safely and in an as expedited manner as possible.
As the careless driver almost causes an accident, you again can choose your reaction. Is it necessary to get angry? Will things be better if you get angry? No, but wouldn't you get angry if someone were so careless on such a busy road? Isn't it natural to get angry? Well, it may be natural simply because that is the reaction of most people who are unaware, but it is not your best choice. And this article is about showing you how your choices make up your morning, your day, your week, your year, your life, and so if you can choose alternatives that contribute to your well-being rather than feeling awful, then wouldn't you say that those choices are wise and eminently effective? So in this case of getting angry, choose rather to be grateful that nothing did indeed happen, and that you can continue on your way to the office. Or choose to simply ignore the incident, saying to yourself that it is not worth losing your state of well-being over someone so careless. You see how this works?
Your impatience with the new employee (or the training personnel) who is valiently trying to get you your latte could be shelved in a similar way: what do I gain by becoming impatient? I feel worse and worse. Will it get me to my office more quickly? Obviously not. So what is the point? I might just as well be peaceful within myself and wait. (Careful - I am not advocating allowing others to trespass your boundaries. If something unacceptable happens, you will need to speak up. But speaking up still does not imply going to a place inside of you where you no longer feel good...it simply means respecting yourself enough to speak up about the situation...for more on this see articles about boundaries on my website.
Your reactions to things, events, words, actions of others, etc., determine the quality of your life. From a position of self-awareness choose those alternatives that contribute to your well-being, and that will therefore raise your energetic frequency, and improve the overall quality of your life.


You may or may not have noticed that on Friday Microsoft quietly released the long awaited Office Mobile for iPhone. I really expected there to be a lot of fanfare and excitement around it as it has been hyped so much and until recently was never even confirmed as something that might exist.
I will bring a better review in the near future but it looks pretty good as a first stab but bear in mind it is only for the iPhone and not the iPad at this point.
I am still not dead sure how many people will do serious document creation on a phone, that said, quick viewing of docs and a little edit here and there sounds like a fab thing to have at your fingertips and I am perosnally very excited to have the tool. Except there is one reason I haven't got my teeth stuck into it – I use Dropbox to store all my work and personal files and Office Mobile can only open files from either a company SharePoint, an Office 365 SharePoint or Skydrive. Now I have two out of three of those and recently started moving some OneNote data from Dropbox to Skydrive (for use with the separate OneNote app) but we had so many problems with the Skydrive sharing functions in the fact that the sharing just would not work properly we had to roll back our tests.
For me therefore a critical feature would be for Microsoft to add ways to open documents from other file systems and applications and not just their own. I understand however that they want to keep you within their "ecosystem" and Skydrive and SharePoint is part of that so whether I will get what "I want" remains to be seen. On the other hand they might add those features down the road.
As you need a fully paid up Office 365 plan I think Microsoft should allow you to pull in documents from other file systems and apps in the future as they will still be getting their pound of flesh so to speak. We shall see.
If you would like to try Office Mobile then it will work with Office 365 trial subscriptions and to set one up just click here for an Office 365 no credit card required E3 trial.
What is Microsoft Lync for Office 365?


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The Sturgis Celebration Lives On
Mix nitrous oxide with a healthy dose of tattoos and testosterone, then liberally apply the concoction to high-dollar motorcycles and men, and you have all the ingredients for a cocktail of drag racing, accompanied by clouds of smoke, roars of thunder, fist bumps and high-fives among grown boys with their toys.
The first-ever Buffalo Chip Street Drag Invitational proved to many that you can never have enough power, particularly when it's being delivered to a rear wheel.
"This isn't about money or trophies," one racer said. "It's all about pride and bragging rights for the next year, and some of these guys have egos bigger than the state of Montana."
Check out motorcycle drag racing legend Rick Ward nailing a holeshot on his awesome Harley. Ward says he won every race. Nice job Rick.
Kurt Peterson, a pro motorcycle drag racer with a shop in Perham, Minn., brought his hand-built "full-blown Street Fighter with a one-off chassis and a 117-cubic-inch engine," to Sturgis to compete on the Buffalo Chip's new one-eighth-mile strip that features a smooth 2-foot-thick asphalt overlay.
"It's time to burn some fuel," Peterson said before mounting his low-slung speedster. "Guys have been trash-talking all winter about what they built and now it's time to test 'em out."
"Big Ben" Smith, a burly 6-foot-4, 265-pound Minnesotan, pointed to his tricked-out Harley-Davidson and whispered, "Don't tell anyone around here, but I've got a stealth-mode surprise hidden on that bike — a 10-pound nitrous bottle that you can't even see."
That nitrous booster ramped his horsepower up to 185, enough that he left his first two challengers of the day in the dust. Obviously amped by his victories, the former Ohio State football player jumped off his motorcycle, laughed and declared, "It's just a geezer-glider," then slapped a reporter on the back so hard he nearly coughed up blood.
Jockey-sized Robbie Paster of Minneapolis, who drove limos for the recently deceased rock star, Prince, stood out on his lean and mean customized, sarsaparilla-colored rocket nicknamed "Root Buell." Despite a squirrely, fish-tailing start and a foot that dropped off a peg and tapped the track midway through the race, Paster easily shut down his opponent.
With giant hay bales serving as guardrails, and runs by two sleek nitromethane-powered, two-wheeled dragsters so loud they may have been heard beyond Meade County, the drag races soon attracted some 500 observers. Several dozen moto-cross riders waiting to compete in the Super Hooligan Races later in the day even joined the fray, pitting younger against older on Ducatis, Indians and vintage hand-shifted bikes racing against Kawasakis, Buells, Triumphs and Harleys.
Buffalo Chip owner Rod Woodruff said the drag races were his latest attempt to provide new entertainment options at his campground and concert venue, and he was surprised by the crowd.
"I just didn't have a better idea than this at the time," Woodruff said. "This won't really make me an extra dime, but my banker lent me the money so we did it, and everyone here has a big smile on their face. I think that's pretty good."
Tags Sturgis
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Brunson Grothus Wins Pro Extreme Motorcycle at Memphis PDRA


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Experts gather for Mental Health and Addiction European Summit
Experts from all over the world will gather for a major European conference on mental health and addictions at the University of St Andrews tomorrow (Friday 3 June 2016).
Leading lights in the subject will explore key emerging issues facing researchers, practitioners and policymakers under the three areas of the virtual world, ageing and migration.
The one-day event will involve around 100 specialists from 14 countries including Spain, Italy, France, Ireland, Poland, Greece, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Lithuania and the UK.
Organisers hope that by sharing different European perspectives of mental health and addictions, they can work out how best practitioners can work together in future prevention and treatments.
Topics to be discussed include mental health in relation to ageing, use of digital health tools to support individuals with mental health problems, digital life and bereavement, and self-harm in older people.
Other sessions will look at homelessness amongst older adults, the effect of migration on mental health, the use of film to enhance social connectivity and the consequences of a parent's mental ill-health to children.
Two St Andrews researchers, Juan Ye and Thomas Eddie, will deliver a session on mobile phone technology and the impact of their use in social situations, while Anne-Marie Mann from the University of Edinburgh will talk about a mobile application she developed to support those recovering from addictions.
The event will also include two sessions led by the Mental Health Foundation: David Crepaz-Keay will discuss the importance of involvement as a way of improving mental health in later life, while Chris O'Sullivan will look at how people can self-manage and support each other using personal health technology.
The conference has been organised jointly by ENTER (European Network for Training, Education and Research in mental health) and the Social Dimensions of Health Institute (SDHI), an interdisciplinary research partnership between the Universities of St Andrews and Dundee.
Conference convenor Alex Baldacchino, Professor of Medicine, Psychiatry and Addictions at the University of St Andrews said: "This conference will be the ideal environment to allow multidisciplinary and multiagency partnerships to work together to identify practical solutions to support these emerging vulnerable populations."
ENTER Mental Health and SDHI European Conference: 'Emerging priorities in mental health and addiction: The Virtual World, Ageing and Migration' takes place at the University of St Andrews' School of Medicine (pictured above) on Friday 3 June 2016.
Note to editors:
Abstracts on each session are available from the press office – contacts below.
Issued by the Press Office, University of St Andrews
Contact Gayle Cook, Senior Communications Manager, on 01334 467227/2530 or email gec3@st-andrews.ac.uk or proffice@st-andrews.ac.uk.
Ref: Mental Health conference 020616
Category Research
addiction European mental health mobile phones


I have been married to my wife, Diana for 22 years. We have three children, ages 21, 15, and 7! I began as Youth Director back in 2002 here at Evergreen. In 2007, I surrendered to the ministry and became a full time Student Pastor at Round Prairie Baptist Church in Fairfield, Texas in 2008. I was student pastor there at Round Prairie for seven (7) years. In only the work of God back in 2015 we found ourselves in Iola to stay. The Lord was giving us rest but we still had the desire and passion and knew God wasn't done writing our story…In June of 2016 I was hired on as part-time Student Pastor here at Evergreen where it all started years ago…being the hands and feet of God. In May 2017, Evergreen asked me to serve as the Interim Pastor and then on September 10th 2017 the church called me to be the full time pastor.
I grew up near Conroe, TX. I attended school at Texas A&M University graduating with a Bachelor's degree in Science. I have been married for 11 years. I have a 11 year old daughter Sierra. She attends school at Iola Elementary. We have lived in Iola most of her life. I help Sierra with her 4H and FFA projects outside of school. She raises cattle, pigs, and chickens. I enjoy animals, sports, camping, hunting and fishing. We have been a part of Evergreen for seven (7) years. About three (3) years ago I began as a teaching assistant for the Wonderkidz Class. In May of 2017, I became the Children's Director on Wednesday nights, teaching the Evergreen Preteen Ministry and preparing/assisting with the Evergreen Woderkidz Ministry. I enjoy watching and helping the Children's program grow. I have attended Summer Camp with the Preteens and have a blast guiding the kids and helping them learn and grow in Christ.


Not that you need anyone's affection or approval to be good enough.
The world can't seem to get enough of you.
Total strangers seem to see so much in you.
Every bit of you is beautiful.
Your cup runneth over with all types of beautiful.
the weird and the wonderful could hear your heart sing.
and see all types of beautiful.
Your inner glow is bright enough to make the songbirds sing.
you pay attention to the little things that make broken souls happy.
Your presence alone has been known to make souls happy.
You are much too much for one day.
I know you have everything within you to slay the day.


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Turkey's defense minister, Russian counterpart discuss ways to preserve cease-fire in Syria's Idlib
Updated 18.06.2019 17:40
National Defense Minister Hulusi Akar and his Russian counterpart Sergei Shoigu held phone call Monday evening to discuss measures to be taken in Syria a week after a cease-fire in Idlib fell through over the Assad regime's attack on a Turkish observation point in the province.
Russian news agencies, citing the Russian military, reported last week that Ankara and Moscow had brokered a complete cease-fire in Idlib between the Syrian regime and opposition forces, which had been applied to the Idlib de-escalation zone and led to a significant reduction in violence. However, the Bashar Assad regime carried out two attacks on Turkish posts, negating Russia's cease-fire claims.
In the phone call, Akar and Shoigu exchanged views on steps be taken to preserve the cease-fire and peace and ensure stability in the region, underscoring the importance of committing to the Astana and Sochi agreements.
The Sochi agreement was reached in September between Ankara and Moscow, envisaging the preservation of the cease-fire in Idlib, with the withdrawal of heavy arms and radicals from the region.
Earlier Sunday, Assad regime forces attacked a Turkish observation post in Idlib, Syria with no casualties; Turkey retaliated with heavy weapons, the Defense Ministry said in a statement. Regime forces also launched an artillery attack from Idlib region's Tall Bazan on Murak, where a Turkish observation post is situated, it added.
It was the second intentional attack by the regime, according to the Defense Ministry, as last week Turkey's 10th observation post was "deliberately" targeted in a mortar attack in which three soldiers were wounded.
Following eight months of calm provided by the Sochi deal, the regime intensified its attacks starting from April 26 under the pretext of fighting Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS) militants holed up in Idlib. The intermittent attacks and bombardments have killed, wounded and displaced many civilians.
Being an opposition last enclave, Idlib's prewar population of 1.5 million has swelled to around 3 million with new refugee waves after it was designated a "de-escalation zone" under the Astana agreement between Turkey, Russia and Iran in May 2017 to pave the way for a permanent political solution in Syria.
Previous in Diplomacy Ankara reiterates that it is the responsibility of Moscow and Tehran... Next in Diplomacy Defense Minister Hulusi Akar on Tuesday expressed Turkey's "discomfort"...


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Top-5 MVP Candidates Heading Into Week 18
By Adam Van Oort
(Chicago Sun-Times, Quinn Harris/Getty Images)
This year's MVP race has been one of the tighter ones that we've seen in recent years. While we've seen some great quarterback play this year, nobody has put together a 2007 Brady, 2013 Manning, or 2020 Rodgers type of season. This has allowed two non-QB's to join the MVP conversation, despite the fact that the award typically goes to the best quarterback. Here's a look at my top-5 MVP candidates as we head into the regular season finale.
5. Cooper Kupp, WR, Los Angeles Rams
Cooper Kupp has a chance to break both the single-season receptions and receiving yards records on Sunday against the 49ers. When asked about these possible milestones, Kupp said "We're playing 17 games of football a year, and a lot of the stuff that happened before that, those records hold a different weight, being that they were played in those 16 games." If that isn't the most humble statement a wide receiver has ever made, I don't know what is.
With 138 catches, Kupp needs 12 on Sunday to break Michael Thomas' record of 149 set back in 2019. Kupp's 1,829 receiving yards are 135 short of Calvin Johnson's 1,964 in 2012. With a monster game, Cooper Kupp could become the first player to reach 2,000 receiving yards in a season. The Pro-Bowler also leads the league with 15 receiving touchdowns and 84 receiving first downs. If he's able to have a record-breaking performance Sunday afternoon, Kupp's chances of getting some MVP votes would increase significantly.
Cooper Kupp continues to be a touchdown machine 🤖
(via @NFL)pic.twitter.com/SGOME8VCVI
— Sports Illustrated (@SInow) January 2, 2022
4. Joe Burrow, QB, Cincinnati Bengals
With nearly 1,000 passing yards, 8 touchdowns and a 145.6 passer rating over his last two games, Burrow has catapulted himself into MVP consideration. The second-year QB out of LSU leads all quarterbacks with an eye-popping 8.9 yards per attempt. He's also 2nd in passer rating (108.3) and is the only quarterback with a completion percentage above 70%.
Joe Burrow's stats across the last two games:
✈ 971 passing yards
🏈 8 passing yards
🙌 0 interceptions
📈 145.6 Passer Rating
📊 44 UF Points
⭐ 2x TOTW appearance
🔥 @JoeyB is ELITE.@Bengals | #RuleTheJungle pic.twitter.com/oP800TTn0O
— Ultimate Fan (@UltimateFanUSA) January 4, 2022
For the Bengals to go from being the laughingstock of the AFC North the last two years to winning the division in 2021 is quite remarkable. Yes, he's surrounded by elite offensive weapons and the defense has overachieved, but Joe Burrow is clearly the catalyst for this turnaround. He and his LSU buddy Ja'Marr Chase have put the rest of the AFC on notice, and they could be one of the best QB-WR duo's in the league for years to come.
3. Tom Brady, QB, Tampa Bay Buccaneers
With some key injuries (and sideline meltdowns) down the stretch, Brady's had to carry the load more than he had to last year. At 44 years young, TB12 is the only quarterback in the league with 40-plus passing touchdowns. With 4,990 passing yards, he'll easily surpass 5,000 yards for the second time in his career. Drew Brees is the only other QB with multiple 5,000-plus yard seasons.
Despite leading the league in passing yards and TD's, there's a couple reasons why I don't have him higher on this list. One, he's thrown the ball 68 more times than any other quarterback. Just looking at total yards can be deceiving, as Brady is just tied for 12th in yards per attempt (7.3). And two, he's had the best pass-protecting offensive line in the league and has been sacked a league-low 21 times. That said, Tom Brady's still had one heck of a season and has the Bucs in prime position to contend for another Super Bowl.
Tom Brady. Of course. pic.twitter.com/2j4ElnTAPG
— Barstool Sports (@barstoolsports) January 2, 2022
2. Jonathan Taylor, RB, Indianapolis Colts
There's absolutely no way the Colts would be in playoff contention if not for Jonathan Taylor. Everyone knows he's getting the ball, as he's the only running back with over 300 carries. Despite defenses stacking the box, he's averaging 5.5 yards per carry and has 1,734 yards on the ground. That's over 500 yards more than the number two rusher in the league. Taylor also leads the league in 20-plus yard rushes (13), rushing TD's (18), and rushing first downs (104). To put that into perspective, that's 43 more first down carries than any other running back.
JONATHAN TAYLOR. 67 YARDS. GOOD NIGHT.
📺: #NEvsIND on @NFLNetwork
📱: https://t.co/DL75sQUMR5 pic.twitter.com/V0jzema8xz
Taylor's having a very similar year that Henry had a season ago, and should at least win offensive player of the year. If he has another great game against Jacksonville and clinches a playoff spot for the Colts, he could become the second running back to win MVP in the last 15 years.
Week 18 NFL Power Rankings
1. Aaron Rodgers, QB, Green Bay Packers
Despite being the "biggest jerk in the league", Aaron Rodgers has been pretty dang good on the football field. Ever since the Packers Week 1 meltdown against the Saints, Rodgers has been lights out. The only other Packers losses were a 13-7 defeat in Kansas City when Rodgers was out and a 3-point loss in Minnesota in which Rodgers threw for nearly 400 yards and 4 touchdowns. He's led Green Bay to second straight first-round bye and has done so without Robert Tonyan for the majority of the year, without David Bakhtiari, and without arguably their two best defenders in Jaire Alexander and Za'Darius Smith.
Aaron Rodgers and Davante Adams make this look wayyyyy to easy😮💨 pic.twitter.com/D9EIVBFzop
— IKE Packers Podcast (@IKE_Packers) January 3, 2022
Rodgers' 35/4 TD/INT ratio is by far the best in football, and he's the only quarterback with a passer rating above 110. He also ranks in the top-5 with 7.8 yards per attempt and a 68.6 completion rate. With back-to-back MVP's on the horizon and a good chance at a second Super Bowl win, Aaron Rodgers has a great opportunity to significantly enhance his already-illustrious legacy.
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Browsing a bookstore, up to 40% of readers set aside a book after the first page. Agents and editors are just as tough. But the good news is, they all read the first page. Learn how to craft an opening that will plunge your readers irresistibly into your story. In this workshop, we'll look at dozens of first lines, first paragraphs, and first pages in a variety of genres, analyzing how they achieve their effects and developing the tools to assess your own first page.