AMERICAN SHARIA – Of Comedy, Action and Sharia-compliant.
American Sharia is an action-comedy film that is Sharia-compliant movie. Produced by Omar Regan Production, this movie aims in shedding a more positive and constructive role of Muslims and in the end, roles that Muslims in general can relate to; And being entertaining for the whole family.
This movie is about a police man name Mohammed, nicknamed "Momo" who keeps his faith to himself, who is paired up with a Detective who proudly shows his religious values. Together, they have to solve a case involving the disappearance of several Muslims as well as a respectable Muslim leader who is charged with an assault arrest. In this comedy-humour police procedural movie, lies the very principles of Islam: a movie that aims to be humorous and respects the boundaries of Islam. There are not foul languages or cussing present in the trailer, unlike contemporary American Police movies where cussing is a must.
Omar Regan, the producer and an actor in this movie, was once a singer in the hip-hop/rap group called Slaves of Allah. Later in life, Omar, who plays the Detective Mohammad, is an actor and a stand-up comedian. He once doubled as Chris Tucker in the movie "Rush Hour 2" and has performed stand-ups in major events around the world, notably including the Global Peace and Unity event in London and in 2012's Mercy Malaysia's Twins of Faith event. The actor/director's wealth of experience is set to make this movie a movie to be watched.
Baba Ali is also an actor in the movie, portraying as Detective Abdullah, the detective who gladly embraces the elements of a Muslim and very much more "traditional" than Momo. Baba Ali was once in part of the rap group Soldiers of Allah. He is also a comedian from the YouTube channel, Ummah Films, mimicking Bill Maher in his satirical, dead-pan but realistic uptake on the world. Baba Ali is also the creator of the game board Medina to Mecca, an-Islamic themed trading board game and the Kaalimat, the game about common knowledge and memory.


Our Moon on April 22nd through April 25th, 3.5 hours before sunrise.
Our morning sky from April 22nd through April 25th, 30 minutes before sunrise.
Venus started pretty high in the sky in November and December, but now (in April), it isn't quite as high. Why? Watch the animation above to find out!


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Patients want more control of where any how they receive healthcare as well as access to information to help them make
informed healthcare decisions. Together, patients and providers can access care options can help reduce costs in a
real and tangible way as the industry moves forward in this era of reform towards better patient outcomes.
Organizations that advocate for health care reform at the national level.
This is an organization of concerned physicians committed to the establishment of a health care system that preserves the sanctity of the doctor-patient relationship, promotes quality of care, supports affordable access to all Americans, and protects patients' freedom of choice. Patient Friendly Providers urges patients and physicians to get involved with this organization in order to preserve the good qualities of our healthcare system, address the problems, while preventing its bureaucratic destruction.
American Association of Retired Persons. AARP is a nonprofit membership organization dedicated to addressing the needs and interests of persons 50 and older. Through information and education, advocacy and service, we seek to enhance the quality of life for all by promoting independence, dignity, and purpose.
The American Federation of State, County, and Municiple Employees (AFSCME) has over 1.3 million members - public service and health care workers - who have built the most active and powerful union in the Labor movement for one single purpose: to make sure that each and every member of AFSCME gets a fair deal from the boss and from the politicians.
AFTRA
The American Federation of Television and Radio Artists (AFTRA) is a national labor union representing over 70,000 performers, journalists, and other artists working in the entertainment and news media.
The Alliance for Justice is a national association of environmental, civil rights, mental health, women's, children's, and consumer advocacy organizations. Since its inception in 1979, the Alliance has worked to advance the cause of justice for all Americans, strengthen the public interest community's ability to influence public policy, and foster the next generation of advocates.
The mission of the American Academy of Pediatrics is to attain optimal physical, mental, and social health and well-being for all infants, children, adolescents, and young adults. To this purpose, the AAP and its members dedicate their efforts and resources.
The American Public Health Association (APHA) is the oldest and largest organization of public health professionals in the world, representing more than 50,000 members from over 50 occupations of public health.
Americans for Democratic Action
Americans for Democratic Action (ADA) is the nation's oldest independent liberal political organization, dedicated to individual liberty and building economic and social justice at home and abroad. Since 1947, we have led public opinion and coalitions by taking early, principled stands on a broad range of domestic, foreign, economic, military, social, and environmental issues.
Asian and Pacific Islander American Health Forum
The Asian and Pacific Islander American Health Forum (APIAHF) is a national advocacy organization dedicated to promoting policy, program, and research efforts for the improvement of health status of all Asian American and Pacific Islander communities.
Association of Asian Pacific Community Health Organizations
The Association of Asian Pacific Community Health Organizations (AAPCHO) is a national association representing community health organizations dedicated to promoting advocacy, collaboration, and leadership that improves the health status and access of Asian Americans & Native Hawaiians and other Pacific Islanders within the United States, its territories, and freely associated states, primarily through our member community health centers.
Center for Policy Analysis
The Center for Policy Analysis is an independent organization dedicated to protecting human health and expanding access to health care, water, and other vital human services.
Child Advocate
The Child Advocate and Child Mental Health are devoted to children and the parents and professionals that work with them and advocate for them. The Child Advocate Network is a national network. All resources and contributions go directly to supporting children, families and professionals through the website and internet support.
Child Welfare League of America
The Child Welfare League of America (CWLA) is the nation's oldest and largest membership-based child welfare organization. We are committed to engaging people everywhere in promoting the well-being of children, youth, and their families, and protecting every child from harm.
Children Now
Children Now is a research and action organization dedicated to assuring that children grow up in economically secure families, where parents can go to work confident that their children are supported by quality health coverage, a positive media environment, a good early education, and safe, enriching activities to do after school.
Children's Defense Fund
The mission of the Children's Defense Fund is to Leave No Child Behind, and to ensure every child a Healthy Start, a Head Start, a Fair Start, a Safe Start, and a Moral Start in life and successful passage to adulthood with the help of caring families and communities.
The Children's Partnership
The Children's Partnership is a national nonprofit, nonpartisan organization whose mission is to inform leaders and the public about the needs of America's 70 million children, and to engage them in ways that benefit children. The Partnership undertakes research and policy analysis, publishes reports and multimedia materials, and forges new alliances among parents, policymakers and the private sector to achieve tangible gains for children.
Coalition on Human Needs
The Coalition on Human Needs (CHN) is an alliance of national organizations working together to promote public policies that address the needs of low-income and other vulnerable populations. The Coalition's members include civil rights, religious, labor and professional organizations and those concerned with the well being of children, women, the elderly and people with disabilities.
Coalition for Asian-American Children and Families
The Coalition for Asian American Children and Families advocates for social policies and programs which support Asian American children and families, empowers Asian Americans to advocate for change, and gives service providers culturally sensitive training and resources.
Common Cause is a nonprofit, nonpartisan citizen's lobbying organization promoting open, honest, and accountable government. Supported by the dues and contributions of over 200,000 members in every state across the nation, Common Cause represents the unified voice of the people against corruption in government and big money special interests.
Community Catalyst is a national advocacy organization that has been giving consumers a voice in health care reform for more than a decade. They provide leadership and support to state and local consumer organizations, policymakers and foundations that are working to guarantee access to high-quality, affordable health care and health coverage for everyone.
Community Voices: Health Care for the Underserved is a group of community-based demonstration projects dedicated to finding real-life ways to provide greater access to quality health care to the underserved and uninsured people in America.
Consumers Union
Consumers Union, publisher of Consumer Reports, is an independent, nonprofit testing and information organization serving only consumers. We are a comprehensive source for unbiased advice about products and services, personal finance, health and nutrition, and other consumer concerns.
Cover the Uninsured
Cover the Uninsured, a project of the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation, is a national effort to highlight the fact that too many Americans are living without health insurance and to demand solutions from our nation's leaders.
The Democracy Center
The Democracy Center was founded in San Francisco in 1992 to strengthen the advocacy work of nonprofit and community groups in California, as well as NGOs in a variety of countries around the world. Since then, the Center has provided advocacy training, counseling, strategy planning, and other assistance to hundreds of groups and thousands of people.
Families USA
Families USA is a national nonprofit, nonpartisan organization dedicated to the achievement of high-quality, affordable health and long-term care for all Americans. Working at the national, state, and community levels, Families USA has earned a national reputation as an effective voice for health care consumers for over 15 years.
Foundation Aiding The Elderly
For over 28 years the Foundation Aiding The Elderly has assisted over 3000 families fighting the abuse of loved ones in Nursing Homes, Assisted Living, and Acute Hospitals. We do not charge anyone for our services.
Gray Panthers
Gray Panthers is an intergenerational advocacy organization. From ages 9 to 93, we are Age and Youth in Action; activists working together for social and economic justice. Our issues include universal health care; jobs with a living wage; the right to organize; preservation of Social Security; affordable housing; access to quality education; economic justice; environment; peace; and challenging ageism, sexism, and racism.
MALDEF
The Mexican American Legal Defense and Educational Fund (MALDEF) is the leading nonprofit Latino litigation, advocacy, and educational outreach institution in the United States. MALDEF's mission is to foster sound public policies, laws, and programs to safeguard the civil rights of the 35 million Latinos living in the United States, and to empower the Latino community to full participate in our society.
National Association of Public Hospitals and Health Systems
The National Association of Public Hospitals and Health Systems (NAPH) represents over 100 hospitals and health systems that together comprise the essential infrastructure of many of America's largest metropolitan health systems. Since its inception in 1980, NAPH has cultivated a strong presence on Capitol Hill, with the executive branch, and in many state capitols. Our association has made significant strides in its twenty-year history in educating federal, state, and local decision makers about the unique needs of and challenges faced by member hospitals and the nation's most vulnerable populations.
National Association of State Budget Officers
The National Association of State Budget Officers (NASBO) serves as the professional membership organization for state finance officers. The major functions of the organization consist of research, policy development, education, training, and technical assistance. These are achieved primarily through NASBO's publications, membership meetings, and training sessions.
National Black Child Development Institute
Since 1970 The National Black Child Development Institute (NBCDI), a nonprofit organization, has provided and supported programs, workshops, and resources for African American children, their parents, and communities in areas suich as early health and education, health, elementary and secondary education, child welfare, and parenting
National Coalition for the Homeless
The National Coalition for the Homeless mission is to end homelessness. We focus our work in the following four areas: housing justice, economic justice, health care justice, and civil rights. Our approaches are: grassroots organizing, public education, policy advocacy, technical assistance, and partnerships.
Council of La Raza
The National Council of La Raza (NCLR) is a private, nonprofit, nonpartisan, tax-exempt organization established in 1968 to reduce poverty and discrimination, and improve life opportunities for Hispanic Americans.
National Health Care for the Homeless Council
The mission of the National Health Care for the Homeless Council is to help bring about reform of the health care system to best serve the needs of people who are homeless, to work in alliance with others whose broader purpose is to eliminate homelessness, and to provide support to Council members.
National Health Law Program, Inc.
The National Health Law Program (NHeLP) is a national public interest law firm that seeks to improve health care for America's working and unemployed poor, minorities, the elderly, and people with disabilities. NHeLP serves legal services programs, community-based organizations, the private bar, providers, and individuals who work to preserve a health care safety net for the millions of uninsured or underinsured low-income people.
National Network for Immunization Information
The mission of the National Network for Immunization Information (NNII) is to provide the public, health professionals, policy makers, and the media with up-to-date, scientifically valid information related to immunization to help them understand the issues and to make informed decisions.
The Robert Wood Johnson Foundation was established as a national philanthropy in 1972 and today is the largest US foundation devoted to improving the health and health care of all Americans.
The Service Employees International Union (SEIU) is an organization of 2 million members united by the belief in the dignity and worth of workers and the services they provide, and dedicated to improving the lives of workers and their families and creating a more just and humane society.
Stand For Children
Stand for Children is America's only nationwide grassroots voice for children. Our members take action at the national, state, community, and neighborhood levels. From early childhood education and the schools to after-school programs and health services, we take on the issues affecting our kids.
US Action
US Action is the nation's largest progressive activist organization, dedicated to winning social, racial, and economic justice for all. We join together from different backgrounds around an issue of common concern: to take our democracy back from the corporate elite and the well-heeled special interests that dominate the political process today.

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Home / World View / Fortune / Superstition / What Does It Mean When a Person Has a Longer Second Toe Than a Big Toe?
What Does It Mean When a Person Has a Longer Second Toe Than a Big Toe?
By Staff WriterLast Updated Mar 25, 2020 8:29:51 AM ET
A second toe longer than the big toe has been associated with dependability, conservative views and keeping one's emotions in check. It is commonly called "Morton's toe" after the American orthopedic surgeon, Dudley Joy Morton. However, it is also known as "Greek toe."
It was considered a standard of beauty among the ancient Greeks, Romans and Renaissance masters, who all idealized it in their art and sculptures. The Statue of Liberty in New York also has a Greek toe.
Its supposed prevalence among the Celts too is explained by the myth of 'Tuatha de Danaan', which tells of the Ancient Greek Danaoi settling in Ireland, Wales and Scotland. Greek toe is contrasted with Roman feet (first three toes seeming to be of even length) and the much more common Egyptian, where toes diminish in size from the first.


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Armchair Journey: 9 Travel Memoirs for a Mental Escape
Great stories transport you to a different world. They can take you back in time, through different regions or even to a fictional universe. Especially travel memoirs will introduce you to exotic cultures and customs.
But a good travel memoir doesn't just bring you on an imaginative trip around the world – it also reflects on how those experiences took the writer on transformative journey inwards. You won't just get insights about tourist landmarks, foreign traditions and cuisines, but also about who you are and your place in this ever-changing world.
If you loved reading Eat Pray Love or Into The Wild, which other books could offer a mental escape? Take a look at this mix of classic and recent travel memoirs to take you on an armchair journey.
If you feel inspired to buy any of these travel memoirs through the link below, not only will you support The Health Sessions through your purchase, but Better World Books also donates a book to someone in need for every book you buy. All at no extra cost to you! Pretty cool, right?
1. The Limey Project by Adam Stones (2020)
In The Limey Project, two comically underprepared young Brits set off on a cycling odyssey into the heart of the USA – and into themselves. During their 4,500 mile pedal-powered road trip, they travel through deserts, mountains and forests with nothing but paper maps and overloaded bikes. The two friends encounter Hollywood millionaires and homeless dreamers, get pursued by gun-loving rednecks and their food is stolen by wild animals.
This witty coming of age adventure offers an intimate portrait of a country at an incredible time of its history. But more than anything, The Limey Project is an ode to the extraordinary power of the humble bicycle.
2. A Walk in the Woods by Bill Bryson (1998)
Longing to explore the great outdoors? Then go on a vicarious adventure with A Walk in the Woods – from the comfort of your couch.
In this humorous travelogue, Bill Bryson and his friend Stephen Katz set out to hike the longest foot path in the world: the Appalachian Trail. Over 2000 grueling miles long, the trail winds through 14 states, across majestical mountains, dense forests and poverty-stricken backlands.
A Walk in the Woods is not just a tale of two not-so adventurous, forty-something men who face hunger, tiredness and the dangers of the wild. Packed with historical trivia, environmental lessons and cultural insights, this New York Times bestseller opens a window to "an America that millions of people scarcely know exists."
3. All the Way to the Tigers by Mary Morris (2020)
This moving memoir weaves two journeys into one: Morris's recovery from a severe injury and her following trip to India in search of tigers.
On the eve of a long-awaited sabbatical, Mary shatters her leg in an iceskating accident. Doctors wonder if she will ever walk again. During this time, Mary's mind keeps going over the words of the classic novel 'Death in Venice': "He would go on a journey. Not far. Not all the way to the tigers."
That's the start of a three-year odyssey, filled with surgeries and extensive rehabilitation as Mary is determined to see the elusive tiger in the wild. As a woman traveling the world solo, Morris connects deeply with the solitary big cat.
In short chapters going back and forth in time, All The Way to the Tigers reflects on wanderlust, solitude and how the broken pieces inside shape who you become.
4. The Year of Living Danishly – Helen Russell (2015)
Would you love to get more hygge at home? Then this is the book for you.
When her husband is offered a dream job at Lego, burnt-out magazine writer Helen Russell packs up her London life and emigrates to Denmark. Investigative by trade, Helen decides to find out what makes Denmark – despite its cold, dark winters – one of the happiest countries in the world.
Through a combination of interviews, research and reflections, Russell tries to uncover the secret formula of happiness. Each chapter takes place during a different month of the year, focusing on a different aspect of Danish living.
The Year of Living Danishly is a light-hearted, humorous record of Helen's expat journey, that shows how you could benefit too from living a bit more Danishly yourself.
5. Dark Star Safari – Paul Theroux (2003)
In Dark Star Safari, world-renowned travel writer Paul Theroux takes you across the vast, magical and complex content of Africa. Traveling overland from Cairo to Cape Town by train, chicken bus, canoe and cattle truck, Theroux paints an intimate portrait of the social and political landscape of Africa. He unravels the downsides of the aide system and the dependency it's created.
As part of the trip, Paul revisits the Peace Corps school he helped establish almost forty years earlier and is shocked to see its current state. This sentimental journey ties into his musings of his looming 60th birthday, and the confrontation of losing his youth.
Dark Star Safari offers a sharp observation of humanity, which lets you ride along the spine of Africa from the comfort of your own home.
6. The Good Girl's Guide to Getting Lost – Rachel Friedman (2011)
In an attempt to escape making life decisions, Rachel Friedman surprises everyone – including herself – when in a spur of the moment she books a trip to Ireland. Traveling alone for the first time in her life, Rachel has to step outside her comfort zone. She meets Carly, a travel addict who invites Rachel back to her home country Australia. And that turns out to be the start of their journey across three continents.
This coming-of age memoir portrays how sometimes you have to wander off the beaten path to find yourself. The Good Girl's Guide to Getting Lost is a celebration of friendship, (inner) exploration and living in the moment.
7. The Sweet Life in Paris – David Lebovitz (2011)
Warning: This memoir will have you craving croissants, chocolate and cheese!
After twelve years of working as a pastry chef at the famous Chez Panisse, David Lebovitz decides to move Paris, without knowing the language or culture. Like a true cook, he explores his new city through food. Through colorful descriptions, David depicts his culinary adventures in boulangeries and cafes. But becoming "un vrai parisien" turns out to be more challenging than he'd anticipated…
Alternating amusing anecdotes with mouth-watering recipes, The Sweet Life in Paris reads like a start-over story and an insider's guide to Paris wrapped up into one.
8. All Roads Lead to Austen – Amy Smith (2012)
In All Roads Lead to Austen, professor of literature Amy Smith combines her love for Jane Austen with her passion for Latin America. With a suitcase packed with novels, she sets off on a year-long quest to discuss Emma, Sense and Sensibility, and Pride and Prejudice in a traveling book club.
Starting at a Spanish language school in Guatemala, Amy visits six countries to find out if readers everywhere can connect to Austen's famous characters across space and time. Besides the literary sessions, Smith chronicles the friends she makes along the way, cultural misunderstandings and battling a tropical disease. And the question is, will she meet her own Mr. Darcy during this adventure?
All Roads Lead to Austen is a breezy travelogue that celebrates the simple joy of sharing a good book with good friends.
9. What I Was Doing While You Were Breeding – Kristin Newman (2014)
Although she's attended plenty of weddings and baby showers, sitcom writer Kristin Newman doesn't feel like settling down herself. Instead, she got bit by the travel bug, exploring the world through weeks-long "vacationships" each year.
In What I Was Doing While You Were Breeding, Newman takes you on an armchair journey to Iceland, Australia, Israel and beyond, falling for a Finnish power players, a Russian bartender and sexy Bedouin along the way. Her memoir does not contain any philosophical breakthroughs, but rather reads like an entertaining chronicle of her worldwide adventures.
What I Was Doing While You Were Breeding serves as a refreshing reminder that 'happily ever after' looks different for everyone.
Which travel memoir offered you a welcome mental escape?
If you enjoyed reading this article, you might also like:
Bibliotherapy: How Reading Fiction Can Make You Feel Better
28 Things to Do When You're Bored and Sick at Home
Why You Need a Coping Box (+ How to Create Your Own)
5 Ways a Chronic Illness Will Affect a Relationship
5 Tools to Ease Sore Muscles
boredom, Reading Guide
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The 200-page ebook contains in-depth ideas on how to support restoration, replenish your body, rebuild your strength and regain your mental focus.
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For this assignment, your code should be in a folder called precisely assn3-map, and you should include "assn3" in your commit message.
I'd like you to design an interactive page with a Google map. The theme can be whatever you like, but something like "My neighborhood," or "My travels" would be appropriate.
It should use some web form or navigation widgets (buttons, pills, drop-downs, check-boxes) to manipulate features of the map. Also, the map should contain two or more markers that have some effect on the page when clicked.
See a demonstration of my assignment 3 solution in this short video.


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Journal of Tourism Insights
Home > JTI > Vol. 3 (2013) > Iss. 1
Jamaica's Tourism: sun, sea and sand to cultural heritage
Copeland A. Stupart, University of Waterloo, OntarioFollow
Robert Shipley, University of Waterloo, OntarioFollow
Traditionally, Jamaica has been seen and promoted as a sun, sea and sand, winter get-away with foreign-owned, multinational corporations (MNCs) having a controlling interest. Coupled with this, the policies adopted by the state to encourage tourism infrastructural development protected the interests of the MNCs and were seen by many Jamaicans as not being in the best interest of their country. As a result, high levels of resentment existed and at times boiled into open conflict between tourists and the Jamaican working class who viewed tourists as "confused white people." While efforts were made to promote Jamaica's tourism internationally, little was done to promote its benefits locally. Now, Jamaica's tourism industry is at a watershed for even the innovative, largely indigenous and successful "all-inclusive" concept has failed to market Jamaica other than as a sun, sea and sand destination. If Jamaica is to participate actively in global tourism and continue to make its presence felt in the tourism marketplace of the 21st century, indigenous and 'authentic' cultural heritage has to become a part of the tourism product. Also, the tourism industry has to continue to develop avenues through which the Jamaican working class can participate and derive meaningful benefits.
Jamaica, tourism, multinational corporation, all-inclusive, cultural heritage
Stupart, Copeland A. and Shipley, Robert (2013) "Jamaica's Tourism: sun, sea and sand to cultural heritage," Journal of Tourism Insights: Vol. 3: Iss. 1, Article 4.
Available at: https://doi.org/10.9707/2328-0824.1028
Available at: https://scholarworks.gvsu.edu/jti/vol3/iss1/4
Tourism Commons
All Issues Vol. 11, Iss. 1 Vol. 10, Iss. 1 Vol. 9, Iss. 1 Vol. 8, Iss. 1 Vol. 7, Iss. 1 Vol. 6, Iss. 1 Vol. 5, Iss. 1 Vol. 4, Iss. 1 Vol. 3, Iss. 1 Vol. 2, Iss. 2 Vol. 1, Iss. 1


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This page documents the costliest tornadoes during 2022. Damage totals for tornadoes in the United States are published by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). Generally, two departments of NOAA can publish damage statistics for tornadoes: the National Centers for Environmental Information and the National Weather Service.

Yearly

All damage totals are in US dollars, unadjusted for inflation. Data from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration's National Centers for Environmental Information (NOAA NCEI).

January

The National Centers for Environmental Information recorded that tornadoes during January 2022 caused $15,270,000 in damage.

February

The National Centers for Environmental Information recorded that tornadoes during February 2022 caused $50,000 in damage. Only one tornado during the month received a damage total from NOAA. However, an EF2 tornado struck Sawyerville, Alabama, killing one person and injuring eight others, so it has been marked with an incomplete damage total.

March

The National Centers for Environmental Information recorded that tornadoes during March 2022 caused $303,158,000 in damage.

April

The National Centers for Environmental Information recorded that tornadoes during April 2022 caused $52,880,000 in damage.

May

The National Centers for Environmental Information recorded that tornadoes during May 2022 caused $67,823,000 in damage.

June

The National Centers for Environmental Information recorded that tornadoes during June 2022 caused $26,804,000 in damage.

July

The National Centers for Environmental Information recorded that tornadoes during July 2022 caused $6,483,500 in damage.

August

The National Centers for Environmental Information recorded that tornadoes during August 2022 caused $4,235,000 in damage.

September

The National Centers for Environmental Information recorded that tornadoes during September 2022 caused $2,575,000 in damage.

October

The National Centers for Environmental Information recorded that tornadoes during October 2022 caused $1,257,000 in damage.

November

The National Centers for Environmental Information recorded that tornadoes during November 2022 caused $64,649,000 in damage.

December

The National Centers for Environmental Information recorded that tornadoes during October 2022 caused $600,000 in damage. Only two tornadoes during the month received damage totals from National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

See also
 Weather of 2022
 Tornadoes of 2022

Notes

References

2022 meteorology
Tornadoes of 2022

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AIMS Environmental Science, 2018, 5(4): 273-293. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2018.4.273.
The status of geo-environmental health in Mississippi: Application of spatiotemporal statistics to improve health and air quality
Swatantra R. Kethireddy, Grace A. Adegoye, Paul B. Tchounwou, Francis Tuluri, H. Anwar Ahmad, John H. Young, Lei Zhang
1 Department of Natural Sciences and Environmental Health, Mississippi Valley State University, 14000 Highway 82 W, Itta Bena, MS 38941, USA
2 College of Science, Engineering and Technology, Jackson State University, 1400 John R Lynch St., Jackson, MS 39217, USA
3 Office of Health Data and Research, Mississippi State Department of Health, 570 East Woodrow Wilson Avenue, Jackson, MS 39215, USA
Data enabled research with a spatial perspective may help to combat human diseases in an informed and cost-effective manner. Understanding the changing patterns of environmental degradation is essential to help in determining the health outcomes such as asthma of a community. In this research, Mississippi asthma-related prevalence data for 2003–2011 were analyzed using spatial statistical techniques in Geographic Information Systems. Geocoding by ZIP code, choropleth mapping, and hotspot analysis techniques were applied to map the spatial data. Disease rates were calculated for every ZIP code region from 2009 to 2011. The highest rates (4–5.5%) were found in Prairie in Monroe County for three consecutive years. Statistically significant hotspots were observed in urban regions of Jackson and Gulf port with steady increase near urban Jackson and the area between Jackson and meridian metropolis. For 2009–2011, spatial signatures of urban risk factors were found in dense population areas, which was confirmed from regression analysis of asthma patients with population data (linear increase of R2 = 0.648, as it reaches a population size of 3,5000 per ZIP code and the relationship decreased to 59% as the population size increased above 3,5000 to a maximum of 4,7000 per ZIP code). The observed correlation coefficient (r) between monthly mean O3 and asthma prevalence was moderately positive during 2009–2011 (r = 0.57). The regression model also indicated that 2011 annual PM2.5 has a statistically significant influence on the aggravation of the asthma cases (adjusted R-squared 0.93) and the 2011 PM2.5 depended on asthma per capita and poverty rate as well. The present study indicates that Jackson urban area and coastal Mississippi are to be observed for disease prevalence in future. The current results and GIS disease maps may be used by federal and state health authorities to identify at-risk populations and health advisory.
Keywords: environmental health; GIS; spatial analysis; asthma; air quality; regression analysis; spatiotemporal statistics; kriging; geocoding
Citation: Swatantra R. Kethireddy, Grace A. Adegoye, Paul B. Tchounwou, Francis Tuluri, H. Anwar Ahmad, John H. Young, Lei Zhang. The status of geo-environmental health in Mississippi: Application of spatiotemporal statistics to improve health and air quality. AIMS Environmental Science, 2018, 5(4): 273-293. doi: 10.3934/environsci.2018.4.273
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14. D'Amato G, Cecchi L, D'Amato M, et al. (2010) Urban air pollution and climate change as environmental risk factors of respiratory allergy: an update. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 20: 95–102.
15. World Health Organization, Health is the key in motivating to solve environmental problems. World Health Organization, 2014.
16. Davenhall B (2013) Geomedicine. Redlands, CA: Environmental Systems Research Institute, 32. Available from: http://www.esri.com/library/ebooks/geomedicine.pdf
17. Davenhall B (2010) The Missing Component. ArcUser, 10–11. Available from: http://www.esri.com/news/arcuser/0110/files/geomedicine.pdf
18. CDC (2010) Asthma's Impact on the Nation, Data from the CDC National Asthma Control Program, 1–4.
19. McLafferty S (2003) GIS and health care. Annu Rev Public Health 24: 25–42.
20. MSDH (2011) 2011–2015 Mississippi State Asthma Plan.
21. Roy SR, McGinty EE, Hayes SC, et al. (2010) Regional and racial disparities in asthma hospitalizations in Mississippi. J Allergy Clin Immunol 125: 636–642.
22. Carter LM, Jones JW, Berry L, et al. (2014) Climate Change Impacts in the United States: The Third National Climate Assessment.
23. Portier CJ, Thigpen TK, Carter SR, et al. (2010) A Human Health Perspective on Climate Change: A Report Outlining the Research Needs on the Human Health Effects of Climate Change. Research Triangle Park, NC: Environmental Health Perspectives and the National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
24. NRDC (2012) Toxic Power: How Power Plants Contaminate Our Air and States. Natural Resources Defense Council Environmental News.
25. McMillin N, Listen to the lungs-The Daily Mississippian. The Daily Mississippian.
26. Geography UCB, Guide to State and Local Geography-Mississippi, 2014. Available from: https://www.census.gov/geo/reference/guidestloc/st28_ms.html
27. The National Science and Technology Council, Air Quality Observation Systems in the United States, 2013. Available from: https://obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/sites/default/files/.../air_quality_obs_2013.pdf
28. U.S. Census Bureau (2008) A Compass for Understanding and Using american Community Survey Data: What General Data Users Need to Know. Washington DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.
29. U.S. Census Bureau (2008) How Poverty is Calculated in the ACS.
30. Kurland KS, Gorr WL (2012) GIS Tutorial for Health. Fourth edi. Redlands: Esri Press.
31. MDEQ, Monitoring Network Plan-2014, 13.
32. ESRI (2003) The principles of geostatistical analysis. In: ArcGIS 9 Using ArcGIS Geostatistical Analyst. Redlands, CA: Esri Press, 49–78.
33. Environmental Systems Research Institute I. How Kriging works-Help | ArcGIS for Desktop, 2016. Available from: http://desktop.arcgis.com/en/arcmap/10.3/tools/3d-analyst-toolbox/how-kriging-works.htm#
34. Susanto F, de Souza P, He J (2016) Spatiotemporal Interpolation for Environmental Modelling. Sensors (Basel) 16. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27509497
35. Mukaka MM (2012) Statistics corner: A guide to appropriate use of correlation coefficient in medical research. Malawi Med J 24: 69–71.
36. The Economist explains, Why are so many people leaving the Mississippi Delta? 2013. Available from: https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2013/10/economist-explains-12
37. Malik HU, Kumar K, Frieri M (2012) Minimal difference in the prevalence of asthma in the urban and rural environment. Clin Med Insights Pediatr 6: 33–39.
38. USA Today. Miss. coast shows modest population gains post-Katrina, 2011. Available from: http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/news/nation/census/2011-02-03-census-mississippi%7B_%7DN.htm
39. CDC(2013) Introduction to Hotspot Analysis.
40. Valet RS, Perry TT, Hartert TV (2009) Rural health disparities in asthma care and outcomes. J Allergy Clin Immunol 123: 1220–1225.
41. Luvall J, Quattrochi D, Rickman D (2015) Boundary Layer (Atmospheric) and Air Pollution. In: North GR, Pyle J, Zhang F, editors. Encyclopedia of Atmospheric Sciences. 2nd edition. Elsevier Ltd, 310–318.
42. Sears MR (2008) Epidemiology of asthma exacerbations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 122: 662–668.
43. Sears MR, Johnston NW (2007) Understanding the September asthma epidemic. J Allergy Clin Immunol 120: 526–529.
44. Minnesota Department of Health, Asthma Hospitalizations Peak in September, 2008. Available from: http://www.health.state.mn.us/asthma/documents/08asthmahosppeaksept.pdf
45. Federal Register (2013) National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Particulate Matter. 40 CFR Parts 50, 51, 52, 53 and 58 United States of America, 3086–3287.
46. Rona RJ (2000) Asthma and poverty. Thorax 55: 239–244.
47. Zheng J (2011) Shacks in the Mississippi Delta. Arkansas Rev AJ Delta Stud 42: 30–33.
48. Eudy RL (2009) Infant Mortality in the Lower Mississippi Delta: Geography, Poverty and Race. Matern Child Health J 13: 806–813.
49. Abrokwa A, Chan A, Ha M (2010) Coverage Is Not Enough: Health Care Reform through the Lens of the Mississippi Delta. Kennedy Sch Rev. Available from: https://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-247740034.html
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West Coast Conference
Gonzaga Falls in Overtime at No. 3 Arizona 66-63
The Zags and Wildcats are the two best programs out west, but this was just their sixth ever meeting. While the Wildcats have a strong hold on the series, they've provided some very memorable overtime games. Today's meeting in Tucson was no different.
By Will Maupin@willmaup Dec 6, 2014, 5:28pm PST
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Casey Sapio-USA TODAY Sports
Like the 2003 NCAA Tournament, Gonzaga and Arizona played a great game that needed overtime to decide. And, like that meeting, Arizona came out on top.
The No. 9 Zags went into the house of the No. 3 Wildcats and showed, despite the loss, that they were more than capable of hanging with the top teams in the country. Arizona held the Zags to a season low in points, and effectively forced Gonzaga to play the Wildcats' game. Still, the Zags led for the vast majority of regulation.
A brutal ending marred what was an otherwise excellent game. Could we have an encore in March, please?
Neither Arizona nor Gonzaga were able to shoot the ball well in the first half, with both teams hovering around the 30 percent mark. Surprising for the Zags but not so much for the still developing offense of Arizona.
Brandon Ashley hit his first two three pointers of the season as the Wildcats lived behind the arc in the first.
The Zags' defense, which has been unspectacularly solid for the past two seasons, kept the Wildcats quiet inside the arc. Arizona made 9 of 28 field goals in the first half but five of those came from three point range.
Gonzaga took a 16-15 lead with 8:12 to play in the first half. They wouldn't give the lead back in regulation. They also wouldn't pull away.
Coming out of halftime Gonzaga looked like a team they rarely have in the past. The Zags were playing angry, like they were the big boys on the court.
The crowd at the McKale Center was incensed when the Zags got away with two could-have-been over the backs. First Kyle Dranginis somehow snagged an offensive rebound in traffic then, on the next possession, Domantas Sabonis tied up and tackled Brandon Ashely, winning a jump ball.
Sabonis, who started the half in place of Kyle Wiltjer, picked up his third foul just over five minutes into the half. He was able to defend Arizona's athletic forwards better than Wiltjer.
Arizona pulled within one point shortly after Sabonis went to the bench. He would pick up his fourth foul almost immediately upon returning moments later.
Wiltjer contributed 8 of his 15 points in the second half, more than making up for his defensive shortcomings.
Just as the Wildcats started to close the gap Gonzaga's most overlooked weapon came to the rescue. Gary Bell Jr. knocked down an off-balance three late in the shot clock. On the other end he came up with a steal and drew a foul driving to the lane in transition.
The Wildcats never let the Zags pull away, however, and it made for one heck of a finish.
An 8-2 Arizona run in the final minutes tied it up at 60 all with 1:30 left. Brandon Ashley knocked down back-to-back, wide open mid range jumpers to cap the run.
There would be no more scoring in regulation. The refs didn't call a clear foul on Sabonis — maybe it was karma for letting him get away with a couple earlier — with seconds left that forced an inbounds play with 1.4 seconds to play. Wiltjer's three bounced off the back iron.
Overtime.
Arizona scored the first four points of the extra period. Actually, T.J. McConnell scored the first four. It took over three minutes for the Zags to score. Kevin Pangos hit a three to pull them within one point of Arizona.
Domantas Sabonis double-dribbled with the shot clock turned off, forcing the Zags into a must-foul situation.
T.J. McConnell missed the second free throw but the Wildcats somehow tipped the ball back out to him. He missed the second free throw on his next trip to the line as well. Sabonis secured the rebound and with 16 seconds left to play, the Zags looked for a three to tie things up.
Arizona did exactly what you're not supposed to do in that situation, or any situation, and fouled Byron Wesley. He went to the line for three shots.
Wesley missed the final shot on purpose, only because he missed the first two unintentionally. Final: 66-63 Arizona.


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Our religious education is enquiry based and encourages children to make comparisons to the Christian faith whilst also teaching about other world religions.
Although the word refers to humans standing firm in the face of hardship, persecution or scorn, it is important to note the constant assurance in the Bible that God's love, mercy, faithfulness and righteousness endure forever.
'Compassion' and 'sympathy' have much in common and both are stronger in meaning than simply 'feeling sorry for' someone.
The words have their roots in the idea of 'suffering with' someone, putting yourself in someone else's shoes and experiencing what they experience. This leads to a desire to act, to do something.
Thankfulness has always been at the centre of the life and worship of God's people. 'Songs of thankfulness and praise…' are at the heart of Christian worship. Thankfulness is directed towards God who gives and sustains life. Seeing the world as God's creation underpins the way we approach everything in life, seeing it as a gift and not as a right.
Forgiveness is fundamental to the character of God. Throughout the Bible, God is described as slow to anger, abounding in love and forgiving sin.
Justice also means giving all people – particularly the poor and oppressed – what it is right and fair for them to have: life, health, freedom and dignity. It is about acting out of a concern for what is right and seeing right prevail.
Hope is a universal human phenomenon. Where hope is lost there is despair and disintegration. Hope generates energy and sustains people through difficult times. For some people, hope is so strong that it inspires self-sacrifice to turn hope into reality. True hope is much more than a general idea that things will get better. It is more than a belief in progress, which sees the world and people as getting better all the time, growing away from violence, ignorance and confusion.


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Brazil suspends Amazon dam project
A Brazilian judge on Wednesday suspended the preliminary license for the Belo Monte hydroelectric dam, a controversial project in the heart of the Amazon rainforest, citing "danger of irreparable harm," reports the Amazon Watch, an NGO that has been campaigning on the issue. The move comes just days after a high-profile visit by James Cameron, director of the box office hit Avatar, and Sigourney Weaver, one of the stars of Avatar, to indigenous communities potentially affected by the dam. Judge Antonio Carlos de Almeida Campelo also cancelled the construction auction for the project scheduled for April 20 and ruled that IBAMA, Brazil's environmental agency, refrain from issuing a new license for the project.


2018-05-03· Zenith Ball Mill,Ball Mill Machine For Sale. Zenith Ball Mill,Ball Mill Machine For Sale, Find Complete Details about Zenith . The ball mill sale is used to grind many kinds of mine and other materials, or to .
Ball Mill by Saraswathi.B - Pharmainfo NET. A ball mill is a type of grinder or mill used to mill the materials into fine powder.This ball Ball mill is one type of milling machine BALL MILL Basic parts.
You'll first need the correct tools in order to machine hard materials. Typically, machinists must choose from three tools–ball end, bull nose, and square end mills–and probably combine them for different stages of the manufacturing process.


Many men tend to wear clothes that have a functional purpose. That is, they may desire to be fashionable but often they choose clothes that are designed to do a job (cover, protect, keep warm, etc.). Many men's clothes were designed in this way for many years, leaving little room for fashion sensibilities… especially on the job. Today's man, though, has many more options and men's fashion is a growing industry allowing for men to look great and enjoy functionality in their clothes.
One item that should be in the fashionable man's wardrobe is the mens cashmere scarf. While the stereotype might be that real men don't wear scarves, the reality is that it can be cold and men need to stay healthy and warm no matter what the weather. The result? Gorgeous scarves that look great on men.
Sitting somewhere between the ankle-skimming maxi and the knee revealing mini is the midi dress – a style which is so versatile it suits all heights and body shapes and can be dressed up or down, making it an ideal length choice for everything from work-wear to wedding outfits.
The trick to getting the most out of a midi dress is to style it to suit your body and the occasion.
As the midi sits halfway down your calf, a long coat can be tricky to pull off with it, so go for waist-length styles instead. If the weather is suitable, you could also just get a little extra warmth from a shawl, wrap, or a cardigan.
Fashion is usually the concern of women…at least that is the way it has been for more than a hundred years, up until the beginning of the noughties. Now, men are increasingly concerned with their appearance, wanting to look good and keep up with fashion trends just as much as women. When it comes to men's clothing, every man should own a few basic essentials.
Here, we will discuss each item at length. Therefore, if you are a man, and you want to look good, but do not know where to start, this article will help you.
An essential item of men's clothing that should feature in every wardrobe. These versatile shoes match almost any outfit, teamed with jeans, chinos, suits, etc they look great. They are the perfect shoe for men who are scared of making fashion faux pas because you just cannot go wrong with them – the only exception to the rule is never to wear them with shorts.
Even though men's fashion is more understated than women's fashion, it is still very important. You may not hear about it as much, or see as many ads with men as the fashion models, but fashion IS a man's world too, especially in the realm of hip hop.
Men's clothing has changed over the years, but there are a few staples that have not really changed. The b-boys know what they are. Baseball caps, under tees, t-shirts, loose fitting jeans and white sneakers seem as if they will never go out of style.
Of course, as with anything (especially fashions) even the most classic things get updated. New color schemes and textures come into play. Right now you see a lot of bright, almost neon colors, whereas in the early 90's it was blacks, reds, and greens, and other muted primary color, a tribute to the colors of Africa. In the 80's, the beginning of hip hop, it was black and leather.
For a long time I have thought that handbags were for ladies. However, men also need them. Especially in these years, men's handbag has been on hot sale. More and more men love to buy handbags because of their convenience, function and so on. Owning a handbag is very beneficial. Let me show you the benefits.
First of all, it is very necessary. For instance, you will go out to attend a meeting and you have to carry some very important files. Will you carry them with your hands? No, because that would be easily lost. Every one would like to have a bag to hold the important files. Of course, they want the bag as fashionable as possible. As a result, you need a gorgeous handbag. That will make you handsome and respectable. And you won't lose the important files unless you lost your bag. But that's nearly impossible. It's very functional, too. Right?
The monogrammed cuff links have a small monogram engraved on them. This monogram is mostly the wearer's name's initials or at times some other symbol or name. This is a personalized ornament that can be worn on special days or occasions.


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Speakers AppManagEvent 2023
In 2022 we enjoyed the speakers who shared their vision & technical insights. Below outlines our confirmed speakers for 2023 which will grow to approximately 25 as the event-date comes nearby.
To get an impression of event speakers in 2022 - please click here.
If you wish to become a speaker and have interesting content for AppManagEvent: let's talk and contact us at: events@pds-site.com or call: +31 88 5588 400.
Join as speaker
Sami Laiho
Sami Laiho is one of the world's leading professionals in the Windows OS and Security. Sami has been working with and teaching OS troubleshooting, management, and security since 1996.
In 2019 Sami was chosen by TiVi-magazine as one of the top 100 influencers in IT in Finland. He is the 11th most followed person in his field in Finland.
At Ignite 2018, Sami's "Behind the Scenes: How to build a conference winning session" and "Sami Laiho: 45 Life Hacks of Windows OS in 45 minutes" sessions were ranked as #1 and #2 out of 1708 sessions!! This was the first time in the history of the conference that anyone has been able to do this.
Paula Januszkiewicz
Paula Januszkiewicz is the Founder and CEO of CQURE. She is having a deep belief that high quality and positive thinking are key to success. In CQURE she devoted herself to her passion: Security Consulting – both for Management and IT Engineers, Penetration Tests, Architecture Consulting, Trainings (Authored), Seminars. She did hundreds of security projects, including those for governmental organizations.
She is also is also a top speaker at many well- known conferences including Microsoft Ignite (she was rated No 1 Speaker among 1100 other Speakers), TechEd North America, TechEd Europe, TechEd Middle East, RSA, TechDays, CyberCrime, etc., and is often rated as number- one speaker.
Paula is engaged as a keynote speaker for security related events and she writes articles on Windows Security. She holds multiple Microsoft certifications, besides being familiar with and possessing certifications in other related technologies. Paula is passionate about sharing her knowledge with others. In private, she enjoys researching new technologies, which she converts to authored trainings. She has access to a source code of Windows..
Tim Mangan
Tim Mangan - "The Kahuna" at his own company, TMurgent Technologies, Tim is recognized as a 15 year MVP by Microsoft and over 10 years as a "CTP Fellow" by Citrix.
As the guy who brought Application Virtualization to your vocabulary he built the original version of what you know of as App-V today, and has been eyebrow deep into MSIX since even before it was announced by Microsoft.
Author of books, including MSIX Fundamentals for IT Pros and the upcoming Developer's Guide to MSIX, his company is well known both for their tools for IT Pros and their world renowned training classes.
You can follow him on Twitter (@TimothyMangan), check out his personal blog.
Kent Agerlund
Kent Agerlund - As an author, speaker, trainer, evangelist, Principal architect, and founder of CTGlobal , I specialize in Microsoft solutions.
My technology background has given me an in-depth knowledge and expertise to understand the needs of many diverse enterprises. I'm probably best known for using "Real World" scenarios to demonstrate solutions and ability to reach the core issue.
Talk to me about: Cloud Computing, Cloud Architecture & Strategy, Microsoft Enterprise Mobility +security, Microsoft Azure, Office 365, and Endpoint Manager.
Mikael Nyström
Mikael Nystrom is a Microsoft MVP and Principal Technical Architectat TrueSec, with an extremely broad field of competence.
He has worked with all kinds of infrastructure tasks, in all kinds of environments, enterprise to small business. He is currently building Private Cloud solutions based on Hyper-V, System Center and Windows Azure pack as well as building deployment solutions for client OS as well as Server OS.
Mikael is a very popular instructor and is often used by Microsoft for partner trainings as well as to speak at major conferences such as TechEd, MMS, etc. Mikael has been deeply engaged in the development of Windows 10 and Windows Server 2016/2019 as part of TAP. Currently Mikael is a part of the Truesec CSIRT Computer Security Incident Response Team, helping customers world-wide to recover from cyberattacks.
Peter Daalmans is a Principal Workplace Consultant / Architect and Microsoft Certified Trainer at Daalmans Consulting with a primary focus on the Microsoft Endpoint Manager Configuration Manager and Enterprise Mobility. Peter is awarded every year as a Microsoft Enterprise Mobility MVP (Configuration Manager/Microsoft Intune/Enterprise Mobility Suite) since 2012.
Peter writes blogs and sharing his knowledge on his blog ConfigMgrBlog.com. Peter is also one of the founders and leads of the Windows Management User Group Netherlands.
Author of Mastering System Center 2012 Configuration Manager, Mastering System Center 2012 R2 Configuration Manager and the just in 2017 released Mastering System Center Configuration Manager, books from Sybex. Peter also released last year a book called: Microsoft Enterprise Mobility Suite, Microsoft Enterprise Mobility Suite: Planning and Implementation.
Peter speaks at local and international group meetings, conferences like Microsoft Ignite, Microsoft TechEd (Australia / New Zealand), IT/Dev Connections, Techmentor, Techorama Belgium, Midwest Management Summit (MMS), BriForum (London, Denver and Boston), TechDays Netherlands and ExpertsLive Netherlands. More about Peter here
Toms Knostenbergs
Toms Knostenbergs is a co-founder at Master Packager Ltd.
He started working in the application and desktop deployment field in 2012. By creating the most complicated application packages for more than 200 customers worldwide while working with a highly professional and motivated team he became an expert in application packaging and enterprise deployments.
He has built a team of professionals at Master Packager company and is building the best software that helps solve application packaging and deployment challenges.
Speaker Liquidware


The Block NZ has entered its final stages of the show with the final renovation area and as expected the team's purse strings are extremely tight. OceanWeave have helped to relieve the pressure with the opportunity to win $8,000 of luxury rattan outdoor furniture.
The Block NZ has been airing on TV3 for five weeks as it follows four teams who have been competing to renovate a 1980's townhouse into a modern home. Located in Meadowbank of East Auckland, the four townhouses are direct neighbours and the teams are certainly in direct fierce competition with each other to make the most profit.
The final brief for the contestants is to complete all outdoor areas, exterior of their house and any unfinished indoor work. Contestants have been specifically tasked with creating a lush, native outdoor area. The Block host Mark Richardson commented that kiwis love to entertain and that teams should make sure that they had some some good outdoor seating.
To support the outdoor week renovations, the teams were presented with a challenge that would see one winning team receive $8,000 worth of OceanWeave premium outdoor furniture. With budgets depleted and some teams in the red, this prize is a welcomed opportunity which would ease the financial pressure.
The Block challenge host Shelley Ferguson orchestrated the teams with a designer paving challenge where they had to create a paving design that would add impact to any outdoor space. Teams were able to select from a variety of resources including pavers, stones and grass, and were given one hour to create a winning paver design. The winners of designer paving challenge were the blue team made up of Emma and Courtney from Dunedin.
Emma and Courtney visited the OceanWeave showroom where they were able to help discuss their requirements and what furniture would suit their design theme. Renovating a townhouse property meant the girls had limited to space to work with and needed to be careful not to overfill their outdoor area. With their prize money Emma and Courtney were able to select an outdoor dining furniture set and an outdoor lounge.
When asked by the NZ Herald about their inspiration for their renovation on The Block, Emma and Courtney shared "We really like the clean, simple lines of Scandinavian style. We also wanted to make sure that it would appeal to all sorts of buyers, from professional couples to families." Both the lounge furniture and dining set from OceanWeave have a simple contemporary style that will be appreciated by many different types of buyers.
The Venice outdoor dining set selected by the girls is a sleek modern design that will complement a wide variety of décor styles. Emma and Courtney chose the 6 seater table in whitewash, with coal coloured cushions. The white and grey combination is a clean neutral style which will appeal to many buyers. Comfort, function and durability are all important components of the Venice set, with the sturdy armrests giving more comfort to the individual dining chairs.
Emma and Courtney chose the Paris modular outdoor furniture set which has a classic design and offers great flexibility. The modular pieces allow customers to select their own configuration to adjust the set to fit into their given outdoor space. In this instance the girls selected two corner pieces to create a couch, and a footstool to add comfort and luxury. The Paris lounge set is one of OceanWeave's most popular sets with its ability to create both very large and small lounge suites and anything in between. The quality craftsmanship of OceanWeave's furniture means they are ready for use immediately, without any assembly or stress.
The Block contestants Emma and Courtney have designed a stylish modern home and OceanWeave's furniture complements their style well, offering both beauty and excellence. OceanWeave's outdoor furniture has been made with the highest quality of materials, allowing the furniture to remain outside all year long irrespective of the weather. New Zealand has a particularly harsh sun environment so it has been crucial that OceanWeave's furniture be made with superior materials to withstand the strong UV rays.
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text:
Analysis of the Supreme Court's Reasoning in Cherry/Miller (No 2)
Info: 4228 words (17 pages) Example Law Essay
Published: 18th Nov 2020 in Example Law Essay
The Supreme Court in the prorogation case of Cherry/Miller (No 2)1upheld its "constitutional duty"2 to advocate the constitutional principles of the Rule of Law and Parliamentary Sovereignty. The court's stance is in ad equation with the Westminster vision, recognizing that "the UK constitution is based on a number of constitutional principles that ensure that Parliament is 'the senior partner'. Those principles, despite not codified and subject to legislative interference, are nonetheless fundamental and capable of being enforced in court"3. Relying on the adversarial Whitehall vision, which recognizes an "executive dominance model of governance"4, it was argued by some critics that the Court's decision was entirely political since it had no constitutional right to scrutiny the government's decision to prorogue parliament. However, arguments favoring this position ultimately reveal an underlying weakness; they alter the constitutional settlement of the United Kingdom. Indeed, while the decision blurred the line between law and politics, the intervention was entirely appropriate from a constitutional perspective. The Constitution has evolved from recent case law and provides a system of checks and balances between the branches of power under a recognized sovereignty of Parliament, not the Executive. The approach reflects Bagehot's idea of the constitution as arising from power fusion rather than separation and legitimizes Westminster advocates in Cherry/Miller (No 2)5. [1]
This essay will attempt to demonstrate that the Supreme Court's reasoning upheld key constitutional principles in line with the Westminster view. Despite at times crossing the boundaries between legality and politics, since constitutional law cannot be completely abstracted from a political vision on how power shall be constrained and liberty of citizens preserved, the court's decision was not a political act. It's ruling derives from the modern British partial separation system.
Providing an analysis of the Westminster vision against the Whitehall perspective, the essay will justify the former's appropriateness in the Supreme Court's judgment, looking particularly at the three issues which are at the heart of the disagreements on this ruling: justiciability, parliamentary sovereignty and parliamentary accountability. Firstly, because contrary to what Whitehall's defenders might argue, the court was legally right to interfere as the issue was justiciable. It simply complied with its duty, and did not intervene for political reasons. Secondly, the court was protecting parliamentary sovereignty which is central to the UK constitution. Thirdly, parliamentary accountability might have been interpreted as a principle more than a convention but it has been central in judicial review. While, accepting that the judgement might have interpreted this convention in a novel way, it does not necessarily follow that it is a political act. [2] [3]
Justiciability and the Judicial Power to Prorogue
Justiciability
The Supreme Court in Cherry/Miller (No 2)6, opposing the Divisional Court, ruled that the prerogative to prorogue Parliament could be justiciable because its boundaries are to be determined "by the fundamental principles of our constitutional law", therefore, "every prerogative power has its limits, and it is the function of the court to determine, when necessary, where they lie"7. On the issue of justiciability, the court has not politically assigned itself a role which did not legally have, rather simply imposed limits over prerogatives in accordance with what the Constitution empowers it to do through the rule of law: acting as a scrutinizer to avoid abuse and unconstitutional power exercise from the executive.
In accordance with the Westminster vision, within a mixed power separation framework such as that of the United Kingdom, it would be unrealistic to accept that only because the issue concerns an executive power's prerogative, courts are automatically exempted from questioning it. Instead, the Supreme Court invoked the existing principle of legality in a novel way by applying it to prerogatives. The mere fact that a question is political "in tone or context"8 cannot render the matter non-justiciable. The question for the court did not concern the substantial issue of whether prorogation was an executive prerogative or not (its lawfulness), but whether the executive was reasonable when deciding to employ it. This is a stricter but appropriate, procedural scrutiny which ensures that whilst the government has a prerogative, it does not prevent courts from scrutinizing how the prerogative has been exercised and whether it could have been employed in the first place. [4]
[5] From the Whitehall's perspective, the Court omitted to distinguish between constitutional laws, considered justiciable, and constitutional conventions, non-justiciable.
Tierney prioritized the sovereign nature of prerogatives when explaining that we "need to categorize certain prerogative powers (including that of prorogation) as the 'prerogatives of sovereignty' which capture the legal dimension of sovereignty within our constitution"9. Moreover, Finnis argued that the Courts' approach of illegitimately appointing themselves the"guardians of Constitution"10, radically altered the stability of the UK constitutional settlement, allowing for a convention to be turned into law and treated accordingly without a reasonable explanation. The arguments advanced seem to suggest the need for the executive to retain some independency against the regular constitutional procedure of scrutiny within branches. However, this approach is likely to induce power exploitation by implying that the Court should make an exception for prerogatives and allow the executive some independence, yet without any exhaustive justification.
Power to Prorogue
The Court further ruled that the prerogative to prorogue "will be unlawful if the prorogation has the effect of frustrating or preventing, without reasonable justification, the ability of Parliament to carry out its constitutional functions"11. The test was to identify the presence of an unreasonable justification, not engaging with the legitimacy of the act itself. It was the court's constitutional duty to assess whether the executive was unreasonable in the use of its prerogative. While nevertheless agreeing with the Whitehall vision that it gives the judiciary extensive scrutiny power, there is however a distinction to be made between a power to check if decisions are taken reasonably and a power to strike down unwanted decisions, amounting to a political act.
[6] The Westminster approach supports a defense by the courts of key Constitutional features. Prorogation of Parliament constitutes an ordinary and relatively uncontroversial custom, which, in a mixed power separation system, can be scrutinized by the Courts when alleged to have been used unreasonably. In this case, the exceptional circumstances in which the issue arose, constituted a further reason legitimizing the need for intervention. Prorogation "had the effect of preventing parliament from performing its constitutional role at a time when the UK was about to undergo a fundamental and irreversible constitutional change"12. It cannot be that because an action is customary, it is impossible for its exercise to be conducted unlawfully. Part of the test the court used to assess the reasonableness of the executive's decision, was to check whether the Prime Minister's conduct was intended to enhance his own purposes rather than those of the Government. The Court did not interfere to prevent unwanted political decisions, but to ensure those decisions were taken without undermining constitutional principles and were not used for the Prime Minister's personal interests.
Whitehall supporters criticized the Supreme Court's lack of reasonable justifications to legitimize its intervention, perceiving the judgment as entirely political. It was argued that the court applied a "strict or anxious scrutiny review"13 test to establish itself as "forum of constitutional principle"14. Finnis described this approach as a "card-shuffle"15 because defining "power's legal limits and boundaries"16 inevitably includes examining the mode of exercise, contrarily to what the Court alleged. The Whitehall critics perceived this scrutiny as coming from a substantive approach to the rule of law against a mere procedural attitude. The Whitehall arguments fail to acknowledge a melded constitutional framework, which empowers Courts to examine closely other branches' exercise of power to avoid abuse, tyranny and ensure efficiency. This supports Barber's vision of power separation that "having decided that a particular goal ought to be striven after in a society, the doctrine [of power separation] then focuses our attention on the manner by which it may be achieved"17. The court's scrutiny did not come from a substantive approach to the rule of law, it merely applied a procedural vision of the rule of law in not holding the decision illegal by its content or purpose but rather by how it was taken. The Whitehall arguments fail to conceal their attempted power exploitation by downplaying fundamental constitutional principles of their value. [7]
Parliamentary Sovereignty and Parliamentary Privilege
The Supreme Court ruled that Parliamentary Sovereignty would be undermined "if the executive could, through the use of the prerogative, prevent Parliament from exercising its legislative authority for as long as it pleased"18. The legal application of Parliamentary Sovereignty implies that the prorogation privilege is limited when it is not reasonably justified and the suggestion that this interpretation constitutes only a reason for the court to hinder the executive lacks impartiality.
Although the UK constitution recognizes the existence of prerogative powers, their exercise must fall within the boundaries established by a partial separation system which unifies under Parliamentary Sovereignty. It would be paradoxical to allow prerogatives to restrain the limitless authority of Parliament and equally"incompatible with Parliamentary Sovereignty for the executive to have legally unfettered authority to prorogue parliament"19. This could disintegrate the UK Constitution's defining principle, entailing a domino effect as to the integrity of fundamental constitutional principles that evolved from it, such as Parliamentary accountability. Accordingly, as Westminster supporters sustain, "untrammeled executive power to prorogue parliament would render the Sovereignty of Parliament a dead letter"20 nullifying everything that derives from it.
The arguments opposing the Westminster approach seem to annihilate the rooted concept of Parliamentary sovereignty and overlook the Diceyan recognition of limitless legal authority. Whitehall supporters allege that proroguing Parliament "does not depart from Parliamentary Sovereignty, regardless of the nature and reason of prorogation"21, and no part of the UK Constitution requires the houses to have "plenary authority"22 over their will imposed on Government. However, this reveals an underlying intention to misconstrue the principle by impliedly erasing its essential feature of sovereignty to accommodate an unconstitutional conception of the executive as sovereign and the parliament deferential to it. [8]
[9] Parliamentary Privilege
The Supreme Court proposed that Article 9 of the Bill of Rights23 would not extend to the prorogation of Parliament because it was imposed "from outside"24. The judgment relied on the protection of Parliamentary Sovereignty to argue that the executive 's prerogative should not conflict with parliamentary sovereignty. This clearly illustrates that the court relied heavily on constitutional principles and was not acting politically.
The Supreme Court acted as upholder of the rule of law and acknowledged that "Article IX does not provide a shield for the effects of prorogation. The wrongful act occurred outside parliament, the fact that it's inevitable consequences reached into parliament does not save those consequences from the taint of unlawfulness"25.
Whitehall supporters such as Finnis relied on R (Barclay) v Lord Chancellor26, ruling that "the Queen in Parliament is sovereign and its procedures cannot be questioned in the courts"27, to suggest that the court acted inconsistently with political intentions and frustrated the literal meaning of Article 9 to make it fit with its argument. However, the truthfulness of this conclusion is hardly proven given that the case involved international law and Human Rights issues which substantially differed from Cherry/Miller (No 2)28. The proposition of Parliamentary Sovereignty is a compelling argument in favor of the Supreme Court's judgment that allowing for prerogatives to undermine sovereignty would hamstring the UK Constitution by rendering its core constitutional proposition a "dead letter"29.
Parliamentary Accountability
The Supreme Court recognized the accountability of Government to Parliament as a distinct principle, establishing an additional legal standard of assessment. The judgment explains that the longer"Parliament stands prorogued, the greater the risk that responsible government may be replaced by unaccountable government"30, thus "the same question arises as in relation to Parliamentary sovereignty"31. By equating the notions of Parliamentary Sovereignty and Parliamentary Accountability, the court protected fundamental constitutional principles rather than impose a political judgment. Parliamentary Accountability is a key function that Parliament is constitutionally able to exercise and judiciary intervention was uniquely seeking to defend this aspect of its supremacy.
The Westminster vision's morally-focused approach, expressly rejects Whitehall's unconstitutional attempt to isolate the executive from scrutiny and confer it unfettered power, supporting Barendt's conclusion that power separation "amounts to a constraint on legislative supremacy"32 and precise power allocation is irrelevant whenever it is rational.
For long, British politics has been perceived as dominated by the executive because "Parliament and government look united, making it easy to slip into an assumption that government is the one in charge, and parliament the junior partner"33. However, "in reality the power of parliament is very significant, but multifaceted, complex and often hidden."34. It is, therefore, neither unsettling nor ambiguous, for the judiciary to have recognized parliamentary accountability as a "constitutional principle"35 over which could legitimately intervene. [10][11]
This reinforces the point that it is not "possible to regard such questions as being purely 'legal' and to be entirely divorced from political judgments"36. Applying constitutional principles can be associated with encouraging a particular ideal from political philosophy on how to best limit arbitrary power. It would be inappropriate to conceive their existence as utterly separated from political issues. For the partial power separation system of the UK to guarantee scrutiny, it is essential to accept interventions of this nature. Indeed, the Court has no role in policy making and in determining political decisions, however it does have a role of scrutiny on politicians and political bodies' conduct. Preventing such a practice may comply with the American system of pure power separation, however, it would be unrealistic to impose it on the British model.
[12] Counter to the Supreme Court's decision, it was further contended that the judgment transformed Parliamentary accountability from an historical to a legal principle for fear of "hypothetical and extreme abuse"37, always considered "preventable"38. Tierney argued that Parliament alone should demarcate its sovereign relationship with the Crown: Parliament could have reacted by placing limits but chose not to do so. He relied on the Fixed-Term Parliaments Act39 as an example of Parliament constraining the prerogative to dissolve Parliament. The intention is clearly to promote some independence to be retained among branches, as opposed to the established need for scrutiny. The refusal to acknowledge the constitutional reality of the United Kingdom which is not pure in power allocation, reveals a lack of reasonable grounds for opposition. Judiciary scrutiny advocated by the Westminster view, appreciates a vision of the Constitution in its entireness and defeats the conception of Cherry/Miller (No 2)40 as a political judgment which the Supreme Court should not have undertaken.
This essay attempted to demonstrate that the decision of Cherry/Miller (No 2)41did not constitute a political act but a demonstration of the court exercising its constitutional duty to protect Parliamentary Sovereignty as upholder of the rule of law, endorsing the Westminster vision. The debate arises out of the tension for dominance between the Executive and Parliament in the UK. The judiciary acted within its power's limits as defender of the constitutional recognition of Parliamentary Sovereignty and whilst the court cannot make political decisions, its rulings can certainly have an impact on political outcomes.
Although the judgment blurred the apparent neat line between politics and legality, it ensured that the "Westminster view is now the legal reality"42. Despite constituting an unprecedented decision formulating milestone principles in a novel light, the judgment clearly acted to protect key constitutional notions which inevitably have at times involved the discussion of political issues and ideals of how a polity should be governed. It ultimately reveals rational to conceive the Constitution as deriving from power fusion, making it unrealistic to foist a neat distinction between political and legal issues in the UK. Naturally "when the constitution is under strain from all sides, it is normal that Parliament and the judiciary are asked to make decisions on questions of constitutional interpretation which are inherently political"43.
Whitehall view that only because an issue concerns a constitutional matter which will have repercussions on governance and the balance of power between the different branches, it should automatically prevent both the Parliament and the Judiciary from questioning it, undermines the essence of democracy. Only when all the three power branches succeed in co-existing under a system of checks and balances as the key to grant control of a country which developed from this concept, constitutional values are expressed in their absoluteness.[13]
[14]+
R (Barclay & Anor) v Secretary of State for Justice and Lord Chancellor & Ors [2014] UKSC 54, [2014] 3 WLR 1142
R (on the application of Miller) v The Prime Minister; Cherry and Others v Advocate General for Scotland [2019] UKSC 41, [2019] 3 WLR 589
Table of legislation
Bill of Rights (Act) 1689 (c 2)
Fixed-Term Parliaments Act 2011
Barber N W, 'Prelude to the Separation of Powers', (2001) [60] CLJ 59
Barendt E, 'Separation of powers and Constitutional Government' [1995] PL 599
Caird J S, 'The Supreme Court and Parliament: The Constitutional Status of Checks and Balances' (UK Constitutional Law Association Blog, 27 September 2019) accessed 17 February 2020
'The politics of constitutional interpretation in the UK' (Policy Exchange, 1 October 2019) accessed 27 February 2020
Ekins R, 'Parliamentary Sovereignty and the Politics of Prorogation' (Policy Exchange, 16 September 2019) accessed 17 February 2020
Elliott M, 'The Supreme Court's judgment in Cherry/Miller (No 2): A new approach to constitutional adjudication?' (Public Law for Everyone, 24 September 2019) accessed 17 February 2020
Finnis J, 'The Unconstitutionality of the Supreme Court's prorogation judgment' (Policy Exchange, 28 September 2019) accessed 17 February 2020
Fowles S, 'Cherry/Miller: What's Next?' (UK Constitutional Law Association Blog, 26 September 2019) < https://ukconstitutionallaw.org/2019/09/26/sam-fowles-cherry-miller-whats-next/> accessed 17 February 2020
Glazebrook S, 'Comment: Mired in the past or making the future?' (Policy Exchange, 2 February 2018) < https://judicialpowerproject.org.uk/justice-glazebrook-comment-mired-in-the-past-or-making-the-future/> accessed 26 February 2020
Loughlin M, 'The Case of Prorogation: The UK Constitutional Council's ruling on appeal from the judgment of the Supreme Court" (Policy Exchange, 25 October 2019) accessed on 17 February 2020
Russel M, 'The Supreme Court ruling in Cherry/Miller (No 2) and the power of parliament' (The UK in a changing Europe, 27 September 2019) < https://ukandeu.ac.uk/the-supreme-court-ruling-in-cherry-miller-no-2-and-the-power-of-parliament/> accessed 17 February 2020
Tierney S, 'Prorogation and the Courts: A Question of Sovereignty' (UK Constitutional Law Association Blog, 17 September 2019) accessed 17 February 2020
1[2019] UKSC 41, [2019] 3 WLR 589.
2Jack Simson Caird, 'The Supreme Court and Parliament: The Constitutional Status of Checks and Balances' (UK Constitutional Law Association Blog, 27 September 2019) accessed 17 February 2020.
3ibid.
5Cherry (n 1).
7ibid [38].
8Mark Elliott, 'The Supreme Court's judgment in Cherry/Miller (No 2): A new approach to constitutional adjudication?' (Public Law for Everyone, 24 September 2019) accessed 17 February. 2020.
9Stephen Tierney, 'Prorogation and the Courts: A Question of Sovereignty' (UK Constitutional Law Association Blog, 17 September 2019) accessed 17 February 2020.
10Susan Glazebrook, 'Comment: Mired in the past or making the future?' (Policy Exchange, 2 February 2018) < https://judicialpowerproject.org.uk/justice-glazebrook-comment-mired-in-the-past-or-making-the-future/> accessed 26 February 2020.
11Cherry (n 1) [50].
12Sam Fowles, 'Cherry/Miller: What's Next?' (UK Constitutional Law Association Blog, 26 September 2019) accessed 21 February 2020.
13Martin Loughlin, 'The Case of Prorogation: The UK Constitutional Council's ruling on appeal from the judgment of the Supreme Court" (Policy Exchange, 25 October 2019) accessed on 21 February 2020.
14ibid.
15John Finnis, 'The Unconstitutionality of the Supreme Court's prorogation judgment' (Policy Exchange, 28 September 2019) accessed 21 February 2020.
17Nicholas William Barber, 'Prelude to the Separation of Powers', (2001) [60] CLJ 59, 71-72.
19Elliott (n 8).
21Richard Ekins, 'Parliamentary Sovereignty and the Politics of Prorogation' (Policy Exchange, 16 September 2019) accessed 21 February 2020.
231689 1 Will and Mar (Sess 2) c 2.
25Fowles (n 12).
26[2014] UKSC 54, [2014] 3 WLR 1142.
27ibid [48].
32 Eric Barendt, 'Separation of powers and Constitutional Government' [1995] PL 599, 604.
33Meg Russel, 'The Supreme Court ruling in Cherry/Miller (No 2) and the power of parliament' (The UK in a changing Europe, 27 September 2019) < https://ukandeu.ac.uk/the-supreme-court-ruling-in-cherry-miller-no-2-and-the-power-of-parliament/> accessed 17 February 2020.
36Jack Simson Caird, 'The politics of constitutional interpretation in the UK' (Policy Exchange, 1 October 2019) accessed 27 February 2020.
37Finnis (n 15).
392011 c 14.
40Cherry (n 1).
42Caird (n 2).
All Answers ltd, 'Analysis of the Supreme Court's Reasoning in Cherry/Miller (No 2)' (Lawteacher.net, January 2021) <https://www.lawteacher.net/example-essays/analysis-of-the-supreme-courts-reasoning-in-cherrymiller-no-2-6729.php?vref=1> accessed 19 January 2021
Teacher, Law. (November 2013). Analysis of the Supreme Court's Reasoning in Cherry/Miller (No 2). Retrieved from https://www.lawteacher.net/example-essays/analysis-of-the-supreme-courts-reasoning-in-cherrymiller-no-2-6729.php?vref=1
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LawTeacher. November 2013. Analysis of the Supreme Court's Reasoning in Cherry/Miller (No 2). [online]. Available from: https://www.lawteacher.net/example-essays/analysis-of-the-supreme-courts-reasoning-in-cherrymiller-no-2-6729.php?vref=1 [Accessed 19 January 2021].
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