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Sam Bough. A signed and dated oil on panel - Continental harbour scene with fishing boats and many figures landing the catch, in an ornate gilt frame - 13in. x 16in.
Attributed to J.F. Herring. Oils on panel - Coaching scene, in an ornate gilt frame and glazed - 9 3/4in. x 7 1/2in.
T.B Hardy. A signed oil on canvas - Low Tide Oban, gilt framed - 7 1/2in. x 11 1/2in.
Levi. Two signed oils on canvas - Portraits of Rabbi's, gilt framed - 16in. x 12in.
A pair of 19th Century miniatures in roundels depicting Italian scenes, framed and glazed - 2 1/2in. dia.
S.P Berry. A signed oils on canvas - Landscape scene with river and deer watering, hills in the distance, gilt framed and glazed - 17in. x 35in.
W. Born 1920. A signed oil on board - Still life of fruit, blue vase and stoneware jug, in a silvered frame - 17in. x 22in.
A large oils on canvas - Abstract - 36in. x 61in.
Oils on board - Still life of flowers, in an oval Florentine style frame - 19in. x 15in.
A signed oil on canvas - Coastal scene with fishermen, boat and hut before cliffs, gilt mounted and framed - 14in. x 29in.
A Margaret Tarrant coloured print entitled 'The Elf To Tea', framed and glazed - 20 1/2in. x 17 1/2in.
A mahogany desk with red rexine writing surface, fitted drawers to each pedestal - 72in. x 42in.
A rectangular shaped wall mirror in a gilt scroll frame - 27in. x 40in.
A set of seven (including one carver) Edwardian mahogany finished dining chairs with pierced centre splats, on square tapered legs and an oak drawleaf dining table on square legs terminating in spade feet - 42in. x 54in.
An oak chest fitted two narrow and four wide drawers - 21in. x 35in. x 13in.
A Jacobean style oak chest fitted two narrow and three wide drawers with moulded decoration, on turned feet - 35in. x 33in. x 22in.


text:
Soccer Delights Tibetan Children in SW China
A group of students play soccer on the playground of Sinopec Primary School in Bange County, southwest China's Tibet Autonomous Region. The schoo...
Chongqing Girl Severely Burnt after Trying to Save Disabled Father from Fire
Over last weekend, the news of a young girl trying to save her disabled dad from a fire went viral online and her brave effort won a lot of prais...
Charitable Rural Couple Shelter Former-Tenants' Children for 13 Years
A rural couple from east China's Zhejiang Province have been caring for two young girls for 13 years after they were abandoned by their natural p...
Elderly Woman Aids 40 Disadvantaged People Within 12 Years
A 73-year-old woman from southwest China's Sichuan Province has dedicated herself to caring for more than 40 disadvantaged people including disab...
Old-Fashioned Cover Girls Bring Back Memories of 1980s
China Youth Daily recently published a series of images of cover girls who appeared on some of the country's early magazines dating back to the 1...
Female Chinese Doctor's 19-Year Battle Against Spread of AIDS
For almost 20 years, 43 year old rural doctor Yin Zuluan, has been on the frontline of the battle to control the spread of AIDS in Guangyi villag...
Wang Xin: Female Doctor of Psychology Becomes Guide Dog Trainer
A woman who received a doctorate in psychology after 10 years' study in Japan, chose an unusual career of training guide dogs for the vision-impa...
Astronaut Yang Liwei Hears Non-Causal Knock in Space
Chinese astronaut Yang Liwei said that he had heard a mysterious knock during his flight in space, China Central Television reported.
Young Woman Installs Charity Food Fridge Outside Bread Store
A bakery manager from east China's Zhejiang Province has been giving disadvantaged local people around 60 pieces of bread each day from a special...
408 hectares of parks and green areas added to Beijing
Beijing added an extra 408 hectares of parks and green areas in 2016, as a result of the city's environmental improvements.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
A ética econômica ou ética da economia combina economia e ética, unindo julgamentos de valor de ambas as disciplinas para prever, analisar e modelar fenômenos econômicos. Abrange os pré-requisitos éticos teóricos e os fundamentos dos sistemas econômicos. A escola do pensamento remonta ao filósofo grego Aristóteles, cuja Ética a Nicômaco explica a conexão entre  princípio econômico objetivo e a consideração da justiça. O direito natural e o direito religioso são evidentes na literatura acadêmica sobre ética econômica. A consideração da filosofia moral, ou a ideia de uma economia moral, por exemplo, é um ponto de partida na avaliação de modelos econômicos comportamentais. A ética apresenta um trilema para a economia, nomeadamente na criação de padrões, aplicação de padrões e quem devem ser os beneficiários do bem (por esses padrões). Isso, em conjunto com o pressuposto fundamental da racionalidade na economia, cria o elo entre ela e a ética, pois é a ética que, em parte, estuda os conceitos de certo e errado. Existe um consenso entre filósofos e economistas de que a desigualdade social, a guerra e a tortura fazem mal a economia.

História

Pensamento econômico antigo

O pensamento econômico indiano antigo centrou-se na relação entre os conceitos de felicidade, ética e valores econômicos, com as conexões entre eles constituindo sua descrição da existência humana. A ideia fundamental dos Upanishads de unidade transcendental, unicidade e estabilidade é uma dedução dessa relação. A filosofia e a metafísica da Índia antiga indicam uma compreensão de vários conceitos econômicos modernos. Por exemplo, sua regulamentação da demanda, quando excedia a oferta, como um meio de evitar a anarquia, alcançada na época em se enfatizando que bens não materiais eram a fonte da felicidade, é um reflexo do dito de Marshall sobre a insaciabilidade das necessidades. O Rig Veda ilustra alguma apreensão da desigualdade econômica de acordo com o capítulo X, 117, 1-6, que afirma que 'as riquezas do liberal nunca se esvai, enquanto aquele que nada dá não encontra consolo nelas', indicando que gerar riqueza pessoal não era considerado imoral, embora guardar essa riqueza para si próprio seja um pecado. O Artaxastra formulou leis que promovem a eficiência econômica no contexto de uma sociedade ética. O autor, Kautilya, postula que a construção de infraestrutura é um determinante essencial do crescimento econômico quando construída em um ambiente ético, que é de responsabilidade do rei.

Filósofos gregos antigos frequentemente combinavam ensinamentos econômicos com sistemas éticos. Sócrates, Platão e Aristóteles aderiram à ideia de que a felicidade é o bem mais valioso que os humanos podem lutar. A crença de que a felicidade não poderia ser alcançada sem prazer trazia complicações à relação entre ética e economia da época. Cálicles, por exemplo, sustentava que quem vive corretamente deveria satisfazer todos os seus desejos por meio de sua coragem e praticidade, o que apresentava uma anomalia para a questão da escassez e a regulação do consumo como resultado. Isso foi reconciliado pela divisão do trabalho, onde os desejos humanos básicos, como alimentos, roupas e abrigo, eram manufaturados com eficiência, uma vez que cada indivíduo limita sua produção à sua função mais produtiva, maximizando a utilidade. O Oeconomicus (Econômico) de Xenofonte, inspirado no conceito de eudaimonia de Sócrates, exige que, como virtude é conhecimento, deva-se entender como usar bem o dinheiro e a propriedade, em vez de apenas adquiri-la para ganho pessoal.

Era Medieval

A religião estava no cerne da vida econômica durante a Idade Média e, portanto, os teólogos da época usavam inferência de seus respectivos ensinamentos éticos para responder a questões econômicas e alcançar objetivos econômicos. Essa foi a abordagem também adotada pelos filósofos durante a Era do Iluminismo. A Igreja Católica Romana alterou sua interpretação doutrinária da validade de um casamento, a fim de, entre motivações alternativas, impedir que a concorrência ameaçasse sua posição monopolista de mercado. A usura era vista como uma questão ética na Igreja, com a justiça agregando valor em comparação à eficiência econômica. A transição de um estilo de vida agrário para o comércio baseado em dinheiro em Israel levou à adoção de interesse em empréstimos e empréstimos, uma vez que não era diretamente proibido na Torá, sob o ideal "que seu irmão morasse com você". O desenvolvimento econômico na Idade Média dependia das práticas éticas dos comerciantes, fundadas pela transformação em como a sociedade medieval entendia a economia da propriedade e da propriedade. O Islã apoiou essa ética anti-ascética no papel dos comerciantes, dado seu ensino de que a salvação deriva da moderação, e não da abstinência em tais assuntos.

Ilustração

A teoria do valor do trabalho sustenta que o trabalho é a fonte de todo valor econômico, que foi o ponto de vista de David Ricardo, Adam Smith e outros economistas clássicos. A distinção entre 'escravos assalariados' e 'escravos apropriados' nesta teoria, sendo ambos vistos como mercadorias, baseia-se no princípio moral, dado que os 'escravos assalariados' oferecem voluntariamente sua força de trabalho de propriedade privada a um comprador. por um preço negociado, enquanto 'escravos apropriados', de acordo com Karl Marx, não têm esses direitos. O mercantilismo, embora preconizado pela economia clássica, é considerado eticamente ambíguo na literatura acadêmica. Adam Smith observou que a política econômica nacional favorecia os interesses dos produtores às custas dos consumidores, uma vez que os bens produzidos internamente estavam sujeitos a alta inflação. A concorrência entre famílias domésticas e especuladores estrangeiros também levou a uma balança comercial desfavorável, ou seja, ao aumento dos déficits em conta corrente na balança de pagamentos. Escritores e comentaristas da época empregaram o conselho ético de Aristóteles para resolver esse dilema econômico.

Economia neoclássica

A filosofia moral de Adam Smith fundou a visão neoclássica do mundo na economia de que a busca da felicidade é o objetivo final da vida e que o conceito de homo Economicus descreve o comportamento fundamental do agente econômico. Uma suposição de que os indivíduos se interessam e é racional implica a isenção da ética coletiva. Sob a escolha racional e a adoção do atomismo newtoniano pela economia neoclássica, muitos comportamentos do consumidor são desconsiderados, o que significa que muitas vezes não pode explicar a fonte das preferências do consumidor quando não é restringido pelo indivíduo. O papel da ética coletiva na preferência do consumidor não pode ser explicado pela economia neoclássica. Isso degrada a aplicabilidade da função de demanda do mercado, sua principal ferramenta analítica, a fenômenos econômicos reais como resultado. Em princípio, os economistas evitaram, e continuam a evitar, as suposições dos modelos econômicos de abstrair os aspectos únicos dos problemas econômicos.

História contemporânea

Segundo John Maynard Keynes, a integração completa de ética e economia depende da taxa de desenvolvimento econômico. Os economistas foram capazes de agregar as preferências dos agentes, sob o pressuposto do homo oeconomicus, através da fusão da ética utilitarista e do institucionalismo. O Keynes partiu da visão atomista da economia neoclássica com sua perspectiva totalista da economia global, uma vez que "o todo não é igual à soma de suas partes... as suposições de um continuum uniforme e homogêneo não são satisfeitas". Isso reforçou a idéia de que um estado socioeconômico antiético é aparente quando a economia está em pleno emprego, para o qual Keynes propôs gastos produtivos como um mecanismo para retornar a economia ao pleno emprego - o estado em que também existe uma sociedade eticamente racional.

Influências

Religião
Os filósofos da tradição helenística se tornaram uma força motriz da visão gnóstica e na redenção do espírito através do ascetismo, que fundou o debate sobre o mal e a ignorância nas discussões políticas. A amálgama de filosofia grega antiga, logos e filosofia cristã primitiva nos séculos II e III AD havia levado crentes da época a se desviarem moralmente, levando à solução de que eles deveriam agir em seu melhor interesse próprio, dado motivo apropriado, para evitar a ignorância. O Antigo Testamento da Bíblia serviu como fonte de ética nas práticas econômicas antigas. O aviltamento da moeda foi proibido devido à sua natureza fraudulenta e consequências econômicas negativas, o que era punido de acordo com Ezequiel 22:18 – 22, Isaías 1:25 e Provérbios 25: 4-5. As relações entre literatura econômica e religiosa foram continuadas pelo Novo Testamento. Por exemplo, Tiago 1:27 declara, seguindo a tradição da lei judaica, que "cuidar de órfãos e viúvas angustiados e manter-se imaculado pelo mundo resulta em pura adoração sem manchas diante de Deus e Pai", o que apoia o argumento acadêmico de que o objetivo do processo econômico é aperfeiçoar a própria personalidade.

O conceito de avaliação de capital humano é evidente no Talmud. Por exemplo, um trabalhador ferido era considerado um escravo no mercado de trabalho enquanto, para fins de compensação, era avaliado seu valor antes e depois do ferimento, bem como um potencial declínio na renda e no consumo. A ideia de custo de oportunidade está fundamentada no conceito de 'S'kbar B'telio' (literalmente significa 'tempo perdido') na literatura talmúdica. No Israel antigo, um rabino não deveria ser pago por sua obra, pois implicaria que alguém está lucrando com a pregação e interpretação da palavra de Deus, mas compensado de outra forma pela obra concluída como rabino como meio de sobrevivência, dado que eles não estão envolvidos em nenhuma outra profissão.

O Alcorão e o Suna guiam a prática econômica islâmica há séculos. Por exemplo, o Alcorão proíbe ribā como parte de seu foco na erradicação de interesses, a fim de impedir que instituições financeiras que operam sob a orientação da economia islâmica façam lucros monopolistas. Zakat é em si um sistema para a redistribuição da riqueza. O Alcorão especifica que ele se destina unicamente a: os pobres, os necessitados, administradores zakat, aqueles cujos corações devem ser reconciliados, aqueles em servidão, aqueles endividados, aqueles que se esforçam pela causa de Deus e o viajante. O uso dos Esquemas de Empréstimo de Pensão (em inglês, PLS) e outros esquemas de microfinanças exercem esse ensino, incluindo o programa de microfinanças Hodeibah no Iêmen e as iniciativas Murabahah do PNUD em Jabal al-Hoss, na Síria.

Cultura
A ética econômica tenta incorporar a moralidade e as qualidades de valor cultural, a fim de explicar a limitação da economia, pois a tomada de decisão humana não se restringe à racionalidade. Esse entendimento da cultura une economia e ética como uma teoria completa da ação humana. A cultura acadêmica aumentou o interesse na ética econômica como disciplina. Uma maior conscientização das externalidades culturais das ações dos agentes econômicos, bem como a separação limitada entre as esferas da cultura, propositaram mais pesquisas sobre sua responsabilidade ética. Por exemplo, uma limitação de apenas retratar o valor instrumental de uma obra de arte é de que isso pode desconsiderar seu valor intrínseco e, portanto, não deve ser quantificado sozinho. Uma obra de arte também pode ser considerada um bem público devido ao seu valor intrínseco, dado o seu potencial de contribuir para a identidade nacional e educar seu público sobre o assunto. O valor intrínseco pode ser quantificado, dado que é incrementalmente valioso, seja sagrado por associação e história ou não.

Aplicação em outras metodologias

Economia experimental

O desenvolvimento da economia experimental no final do século XX criou uma oportunidade para verificar empiricamente a existência de ética normativa na economia. Vernon L. Smith e seus colegas descobriram inúmeras ocorrências que podem explicar as escolhas econômicas sob o véu da ignorância. As conclusões das experiências econômicas seguintes indicam que os agentes econômicos utilizam a ética normativa na tomada de decisões e, ao mesmo tempo, procuram maximizar seus próprios retornos. Por exemplo, em experimentos de honestidade, prevê-se que a mentira ocorrerá quando aumentar essas recompensas, apesar do fato de os resultados sugerirem o contrário. Verificou-se que as pessoas também empregam a regra '50 / 50 'na divisão de algo, independentemente da distribuição de poder no processo de tomada de decisão. Estudos econômicos experimentais do altruísmo o identificaram como um exemplo de comportamento racional. A ausência de uma explicação para esse comportamento indica uma antítese na economia experimental de que ela interpreta a moralidade como um fator endógeno e exógeno, sujeito ao caso em apreço. É necessária uma pesquisa sobre a viabilidade da teoria normativa como uma explicação para o raciocínio moral, com o desenho experimental focado em testar se os agentes econômicos sob as condições assumidas pela teoria produzem as mesmas decisões que as previstas pela teoria. Isso é dado que, sob o véu da ignorância, os agentes podem ser 'não-tuist' no mundo real, como sugere a teoria.

Economia comportamental

A ética na economia comportamental é onipresente, dada sua preocupação com a agência humana, com o objetivo de corrigir os déficits éticos encontrados na economia neoclássica, ou seja, falta de dimensão moral e falta de preocupações normativas. A incorporação da ética da virtude na economia comportamental facilitou o desenvolvimento de teorias que tentam explicar as muitas anomalias existentes na maneira como os agentes econômicos tomam decisões. Preocupações normativas em economia podem compensar a aplicabilidade de modelos econômicos comportamentais a fenômenos econômicos reais. A maioria dos modelos econômicos comportamentais pressupõe que as preferências mudam endogenamente, o que significa que existem inúmeras decisões possíveis aplicáveis a um determinado cenário, cada uma com seu próprio valor ético. Portanto, há cautela ao considerar o bem-estar como o mais alto valor ético da economia, conjecturado na literatura acadêmica. Como resultado, a metodologia também emprega a ética da ordem ao assumir que o progresso na moralidade e nas instituições econômicas é simultâneo, dado que o comportamento só pode ser entendido em uma estrutura institucional. Existem complicações na aplicação de inferências normativas com pesquisas empíricas em economia comportamental, dado que há uma diferença fundamental entre inferência e proposições descritivas e prescritivas. Por exemplo, o argumento contra o uso de incentivos de que eles forçam certos comportamentos nos indivíduos e os convencem a ignorar o risco é uma proposição descritiva que é empiricamente injustificada.

Economia ambiental

O bem-estar é maximizado nos modelos econômicos ambientais quando os agentes econômicos agem de acordo com a hipótese do homo oeconomicus. Isso cria a possibilidade de agentes econômicos compensarem o desenvolvimento sustentável por seus interesses privados, uma vez que o homo oeconomicus se restringe à racionalidade. A política de mudança climática, como resultado da inferência da economia ambiental, está sujeita a considerações éticas. A economia das mudanças climáticas, por exemplo, é inseparável da ética social. A ideia de indivíduos e instituições que trabalham de forma amigável no domínio público, como reflexo do homo politicus, também é uma ética apropriada que pode retificar essa preocupação normativa. Um problema ético associado à subdisciplina por meio do desconto é que os consumidores valorizam mais o presente do que o futuro, o que tem implicações para a justiça intergeracional. O desconto na análise marginal de custo-benefício, para a qual os economistas vêem como um preditor do comportamento humano, é limitado no que diz respeito à contabilização de riscos e incertezas futuros. De fato, o uso de medidas monetárias na economia ambiental baseia-se na instrumentalização de coisas naturais que são imprecisas no caso de serem intrinsecamente valiosas. Outros relacionamentos e papéis entre gerações podem ser elucidados através da adoção de certas regras éticas. A Comissão Bruntland, por exemplo, define desenvolvimento sustentável como aquele que atende às necessidades atuais sem comprometer a capacidade das gerações futuras de fazê-lo, que é um princípio libertário. Sob o libertarianismo, nenhuma redistribuição de bem-estar é feita, a menos que todas as gerações sejam beneficiadas ou não afetadas. O uso de um modelo iterativo de tomada de decisão, como um exemplo de racionalidade, pode fornecer uma estrutura para a política econômica em resposta às mudanças climáticas.

Economia política

A Economia Política é um assunto fundamentalmente baseado em protocolo normativo, com foco nas necessidades da economia como um todo, analisando o papel dos agentes, instituições e mercados, bem como o comportamento socialmente ideal. Historicamente, a moralidade era uma noção usada para discernir a distribuição desses papéis e responsabilidades, dado que a maioria dos problemas econômicos derivava do fracasso dos agentes econômicos em cumpri-los. A transição da filosofia moral de tal ética para a ética kantiana, bem como o surgimento de forças de mercado e direito da concorrência, sujeitou os valores moral-políticos da economia moral ao julgamento racional. A ética econômica continua a ser uma influência substancial para a economia política devido à sua natureza argumentativa, evidente na literatura sobre as respostas do governo à crise financeira global. Uma proposição sustenta que, como o contágio da crise foi transmitido por meio de sistemas financeiros nacionais distintos, futuras respostas regulatórias globais devem ser construídas com base no princípio da justiça distributiva. A regulamentação de casos particulares de inovação financeira, embora não considere críticas ao sistema financeiro global, normaliza funcionalmente as percepções sobre a distribuição de poder do sistema, de modo que diminui as oportunidades dos agentes de questionar a moralidade de tal prática.

Economia do desenvolvimento

A relação entre ética e economia definiu o objetivo da economia do desenvolvimento. A ideia de que a qualidade de vida de uma pessoa é determinada por sua capacidade de levar uma vida valiosa fundou a economia do desenvolvimento como um mecanismo para expandir essa capacidade. Essa proposição é a base da relação conceitual entre ela e a economia do bem-estar como uma disciplina ética e seu debate na literatura acadêmica. O discurso baseia-se na noção de que certas ferramentas da economia do bem-estar, particularmente o critério de escolha, não têm julgamento de valor e são paretianas, dado que as perspectivas coletivas de utilidade não são consideradas. Existem inúmeras questões éticas associadas à abordagem metodológica da economia do desenvolvimento, ou seja, o experimento aleatório de campo, muitos dos quais são moralmente equívocos. Por exemplo, a randomização beneficia alguns casos e prejudica outros, o que é racional sob suposições estatísticas e uma questão moral deontológica simultaneamente. Também existem implicações éticas relacionadas ao cálculo, natureza do consentimento, instrumentalização, responsabilidade e papel da intervenção estrangeira nessa abordagem experimental.

Economia da saúde

Na economia da saúde, o nível máximo de bem-estar sendo um fim último é eticamente injustificado, em oposição à alocação eficiente de recursos em saúde que aumenta o nível médio de utilidade. Sob essa abordagem de maximização da utilidade, sujeita ao libertarianismo, uma dicotomia é aparente entre saúde e liberdade como bens primários, dada a condição que é necessário ter para atingir o outro. Qualquer nível de acesso, utilização e financiamento da assistência médica é eticamente justificado desde que atinja o nível de saúde desejado e necessário. Os economistas da saúde instrumentalizam o conceito de uma necessidade como aquela que alcança um fim eticamente legítimo para uma pessoa. Isso, na íntegra, baseia-se na noção de que a saúde, como tal, não é intrinsecamente valiosa, mas é moralmente significativa pelo fato de contribuir para esse bem-estar geral. A metodologia de análise em economia da saúde, com relação a ensaios clínicos, está sujeita a debate ético. O desenho experimental deve ser parcialmente da responsabilidade dos economistas da saúde, dada a tendência de adicionar variáveis que têm potencial para serem insignificantes. Isso aumenta o risco de subestimar o estudo que, na economia da saúde, preocupa-se com a relação custo-benefício, tem implicações na avaliação.

Aplicação à política econômica

A literatura acadêmica apresenta inúmeras visões éticas sobre o que constitui uma política econômica viável. Keynes viu que boas políticas econômicas são aquelas que tornam as pessoas boas, em oposição àquelas que as fazem se sentir bem. O 'Verein für socialpolitik', fundado por Gustav von Schmoller, insiste que considerações éticas e políticas são críticas na avaliação de políticas econômicas. A teoria racional dos atores na arena de políticas é evidente no uso da otimização de Pareto, a fim de avaliar a eficiência econômica das políticas, bem como no uso da análise de custo-benefício (CBA), onde a renda é a unidade básica de medição. A literatura acadêmica também apresenta um raciocínio ético à limitação associada à aplicação da teoria do ator racional à escolha de políticas. Dado que a renda depende da escolha de políticas e vice-versa, a lógica dos modelos racionais na escolha de políticas é circular, daí a possibilidade de recomendações políticas erradas. Também existem muitos fatores que aumentam a propensão de se desviar das suposições modeladas da tomada de decisão. Argumenta-se, sob a teoria moral autodestrutiva, conforme descrita por Hubin, que mecanismos como o CBA podem ser justificados, mesmo que não explicitamente morais. As crenças contrastantes de que as ações públicas se baseiam nessas considerações utilitárias e de que toda a formulação de políticas é politicamente contingente justificam a necessidade de previsão, que por si só é um dilema ético. Isso se baseia na proposição de que as previsões podem ser alteradas para se adequar a uma ação ou política específica, em vez de serem objetivas e neutras. Por exemplo, o código de ética do Instituto Americano de Planejadores Certificados fornece suporte inadequado aos meteorologistas para evitar essa prática. Tais 'cânones', como os encontrados no Código de Ética e Práticas Profissionais da Associação Americana de Pesquisa de Opinião Pública, limitam-se a regular ou impedir esta convenção.

Conceito weberiano

Na sociologia, Max Weber chamou de ética econômica a moral da prática de ações no campo econômico influenciada pelo tipo de racionalismo da estrutura religiosa e social. Esse termo foi uma tradução do alemão Wirtschaftsethik, que também significa ética dos negócios ou ética empresarial, aparecendo na sua obra Wirtschaftsethik der Weltreligionen, como "Ética Econômica das Religiões Mundiais". A ética econômica interferiu no conceito de mão invisível de Adam Smith. e é algo que permeia a crítica às pesquisas no ramo, principalmente quando se entra na seara do debate sobre natureza humana.

Ver também

 Ética empresarial
 Ética das virtudes
 Economia política
 Filosofia da economia
 Economia normativa
 Socioeconomia
 Ideologia econômica
 Teoria da economia religiosa

Bibliografia

 DeMartino, G. F., McCloskey, D. N. (2016). The Oxford Handbook of Professional Economic Ethics. New York, USA: Oxford University Press.
 Luetge, C. (2005). Economic ethics, business ethics and the idea of mutual advantages. Business Ethics: A European Review, 14(2), 108 - 118. doi: 10.1111/j.1467-8608.2005.00395.x
Rich, A. (2006). Business and Economic Ethics: The Ethics of Economic Systems. Leuven, Belgium: Peeters Publishers.
Sen, A. (1987). On Ethics and Economics. Carlton, Australia: Blackwell Publishing.
Ulrich, P. (2008). Integrative Economic Ethics: Foundations of a Civilized Market Economy. New York, USA: Cambridge University Press.

Ética
Economia

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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UTD's CPS Teams Finish First in Statewide Competition
By Jenni Bullington •April 10, 2002
Two Creative Problem Solving (CPS) teams from The University of Texas at Dallas (UTD) finished in first place last weekend in a statewide competition in Houston put on by the Texas Creative Problem Solving Organization (TXCPSO).
The annual competition, which is designed to teach life skills and imagination-expanding exercises through team-based, problem solving activities, included teams from the elementary through university level from across the state.
UTD's two teams, made up of six and seven students each, rallied to win against six collegiate teams from five schools, including Eastfield College, Sul Ross State University, Texas Tech University, Texas A&M University and The University of Texas at Austin. The teams had been preparing for the event since last fall.
One team competed in the "It's Your Move" category, which involved creating an organized game and a vehicle that served as a game piece. According to Lana Sooter, team manager and assistant to the dean of undergraduate education at UTD, the problem was one of the most complicated at the competition and the UTD team was the only collegiate team to select the challenge.
The other UTD team competed in the "Art of Improv" category, which required research in various areas, including art objects and exploration. For this problem, students were randomly presented with a subject they researched and given 30 minutes to create a skit to convey the topic. U.T. Austin and Texas Tech placed second and third, respectively, in this category. Notably, UTD's "Art of Improv" team was made up entirely of freshmen, over half of whom had never competed in a CPS competition, much less against veteran teams.
Students from both groups also were required to participate in an instant challenge in which they were given three-to-five minutes to solve a mystery problem for which they had not prepared.
All teams chose topics from five categories, including StranDID, On Holiday, It's Your Move, Art of Improv and Dual DI-lemma.
"I am proud to support such an enthusiastic and ambitious group of students," Sooter said. "UTD has sponsored a creative problem solving team since 1997, and each year the students prepare themselves above and beyond to prove they can solve any dilemma."
One UTD team member, Nick Cowling, also helped coach Richardson's Brentfield Elementary School. That team was the only one from the Dal-Rich region to advance to the Destination ImagiNation Global Finals tournament to be held in May.
At the conclusion of the competition, which was held April 5-7, a senior from Garland High School, Megan Malone, was awarded a full scholarship to UTD based on her participation in CPS activities during all four years of high school. Megan plans to major in pre-med at UTD. The scholarship, which was donated by UTD, was awarded by TXCPSO.
The wins in Houston mean that the two UTD teams will advance to the Destination ImagiNation Global Finals to be held in Knoxville, Tenn., May 22-26, where they will compete against 20 other collegiate teams.
The UTD team plans to showcase its two wins with an encore performance on campus later this month.
UTD's 2002 teams are composed of freshmen Arron Brown of Fort Worth, Jessica Cassidy of Corpus Christi, Nicholas Cowling of Greenville, Jared Granberry of Alvin, Ben Lotzer of Dallas, Walter Voit of Mt. Pleasant, S.C., and Lesley Wilsker of Beaumont; junior Evan Fort of Houston; seniors Damon Armstrong and T.K. Armstrong of Carrollton, Judy Cook of Allen and Ted Skinner of Duncanville, and graduate student Veerdhawal Pande of India.
UTD has competed in regional, state and world competitions yearly since 1997. In 2001, UTD fielded one CPS team that placed second at Destination ImagiNation's Global Finals Tournament.
UTD has no football team, but the university consistently shines in games of the mind. For the second year in a row, UTD's chess team won the President's Cup at the "Final Four" chess championship in April, and the debate team is ranked among the best college teams in the country.
Media Contact: (972) 883-4431 [email protected] , or the Office of Media Relations, UT Dallas, (972) 883-2155, [email protected].
Tagged: Texas Creative Problem Solving Organization Two Creative Problem Solving TXCPSO


The highest mountain in the northeast, Washington was first climbed in 1642 by Darby Field and two native guides. There is a cog railroad running to the summit from the west and an auto road from the east. South of the peak is the AMC's Lakes of the Clouds hut. At the base of the east side is the AMC's Pinkham Notch Visitors Center. The highest surface wind ever recorded on earth was on the summit of Mt Washington, 231 MPH on April 12, 1934.
The summit is covered with several buildings, including the Sherman Adams Visitor's Center, TV and radio antennas, the Yankee Building and the Mt Washington Observatory. It is known for having the worst weather in the world, especially bad in the winter. There are many monuments to hikers who've died on the mountain, including this one to Lizzie Bourne. During the summer months, there is a cafeteria, museum, payphone, gift shop, and even a post office in operation. In winter, there is no access to any of the buildings. The Obs is staffed year-round by weather observers.
There have been several hotels on the summit. The original Tip-Top House was a simple stone building with a wooden extension. Later, a fancy wooden hotel was built, directly connected to the Railroad. It burned down and a new simpler hotel was built in the early 1900's. In recent years the wooden extension of the Tip-Top House was removed. You can tour the inside of Tip Top House during the summer months.
On the east side of the mountain are three major ravines; The Great Gulf, Tuckerman which is famous for its late spring skiing and Huntington, a rock and ice climber's playground. On the west side, the Ammoonosuc Ravine dominates. Just south of Lakes of the Clouds is Mt Monroe, and just north is Mt Clay, and a bit further is Mt Jefferson.
There are many options for hiking to the summit of Mt Washington. The most popular routes start at Pinkham Notch, on the east side of the mountain. Climbing from the east means that you are sheltered from the usual strong winds out of north and west for the majority of the hike. The main route is up the Tuckerman Ravine trail (4.1 miles) which goes straight from Pinkham to the summit, but the headwall of the ravine. On the south side of the ravine is the Boott Spur trail (5.4 miles) and the north side has the Lion Head trail (4.5 miles). Both are slightly longer than Tuckerman Ravine but also easier on the knees. The Huntington Ravine trail (5.1 miles) branches off the Tuckerman Ravine trail and climbs the bare slabs of Huntington Ravine. This is probably the most difficult trail in the White Mountains, and should not be attempt in bad weather or used for descent. From there, people usually take the Alpine Garden trail to Tuckerman Junction and continue to the top from there.
From the west side of the mountain, starting near the Marshfield Station of the Cog Railroad, there are two routes. The Ammonoosuc Ravine trail (3.9 miles) starts at a parking area just below the Cog parking lot and climbs up the Lakes of the Clouds hut. Hikers continue up on the Crawford Path to the summit. The Jewel trail (4.6 miles) leaves from the far side of the Cog Railroad parking lot (park at the Ammonoosuc Ravine trailhead) and climbs up to the ridge where it joins the Gulfside trail.
Pinkham Notch Visitors Center - Take Rt 16 north from North Conway, located about 10 miles north of Jackson. Parking in the main lot does not require a WMNF parking pass, parking in the overflow lots does. There are bathrooms, coin operated showers, food, some gear, and pay phones. Lodging is available with reservations.
Ammonoosuc Ravine - From Rt 302 in Bretton Woods, take the Base Road 6 miles to the trailhead parking area on the right, just before the Cog Railroad. A WMNF Parking Pass is required.


text:
(Adds Agrium Inc, Axis Bank, British utility, Anglo American, Essilor, Whitecap Resources; Updates Airtel)
Nov 7 (Reuters) - The following bids, mergers, acquisitions and disposals were reported by 2100 GMT on Tuesday:
** A Qatari investor plans to sell a 5 percent stake in top Indian telecoms carrier Bharti Airtel Ltd on Friday for about 95 billion rupees ($1.46 billion), adding to the Gulf nation's recent stake sales in foreign companies.
** India's Axis Bank will hold a board meeting on Friday to consider raising funds through a sale of shares or equity-linked securities, it said on Tuesday.
** Canadian fertilizer producer and farm supplier Agrium Inc said on Tuesday it will sell its Idaho phosphate production facility for $100 million to fertilizer company Itafos, to address concerns of U.S. regulators about its merger with Potash Corp of Saskatchewan.
** British utility SSE and German rival Innogy are in talks about merging their UK retail energy businesses to create a company that would challenge British Gas as the country's largest power supplier.
** Mining giant Anglo American is among several companies interested in buying commodity trader Louis Dreyfus's metals business, three trading and banking sources told Reuters.
** France's Essilor, the prescription lens maker, has asked U.S. regulators to bless its merger with Italy's Luxottica, the leading frame maker, to create a company that would produce everything from Ray-Bans to Giorgio Armani frames, and be the top U.S. eyeglass retail outlet as well as a leading provider of vision insurance.
** Canada's Whitecap Resources Inc and at least three other companies have submitted final-round bids for Cenovus Energy Inc's Weyburn oil facility in a deal that could fetch about C$1 billion ($782 million), people familiar with the situation said on Tuesday.
** Electric car maker Tesla Inc said on Tuesday it agreed to buy privately held Perbix Machine Co Inc, which designs automated manufacturing equipment.
** The board of the owner of Nykredit, Denmark's largest mortgage lender, has agreed with five Danish pension funds to sell a 10.9 percent stake in Nykredit for 7.5 billion Danish crowns ($1.17 billion) instead of seeking an initial public offer.
** Drug distributor McKesson Corp said on Monday it would buy drugstore operator CVS Health Corp's unit that provides various tailored services to pharma firms in a $735 million deal to expand the range of services it offers.
** Cloud-based software maker Salesforce.com Inc said on Monday it has entered into a partnership with Google's cloud platform G Suite, to support its rapidly growing global customer base.
** Canadian miner Centerra Gold Inc said on Tuesday it would buy smaller rival AuRico Metals Inc AMI.TO in a deal valued at C$310 million ($243 million).
** The head of Brazil's telecommunications watchdog, Anatel, demanded on Monday that debt-laden carrier Oi SA submit its latest restructuring proposal to the regulator before officially filing it with a bankruptcy court.
** Brazil's largest listed port operator Santos Brasil Participacoes SA said on Monday that it is looking for "strategic alternatives" for assets at the Port of Imbituba, that could include new partners or selling the assets.
** Germany's E.ON might have to pay as much as 1.5 billion euros ($1.7 billion) if a deal to sell its stake in Uniper to Finnish power group Fortum falls through, raising the bar for any rival to enter the auction.
** India's state-owned miner NMDC Ltd plans to bid for a $9 billion diamond project in the central state of Madhya Pradesh, three sources directly involved with the plan told Reuters, competing against resources conglomerates Adani and Vedanta.
** Deutsche Telekom ended talks on a merger between its T-Mobile US business and Sprint Corp because it would not have created value, CEO Tim Hoettges told staff after the deal collapsed at the weekend.
** Chinese investor Creat Group Corp has withdrawn and will rework its application for U.S. approval of a planned takeover of Biotest amid concerns over national security, the German blood plasma products maker said, sending its shares sharply lower.
** French bank Credit Agricole's Indosuez Wealth Management arm has agreed to buy a majority stake in Italy's Banca Leonardo, in a deal which it said would add 5.9 billion euros ($6.9 billion) to its assets under management.
** A planned sale of ACR Capital, the holding firm for a Singapore-based reinsurer, to a Shenzhen government-owned consortium has been called off after the consortium flagged it would not be able to close the deal this year, ACR's chief executive said.
** South African retailer The Foschini Group (TFG) will buy British womenswear brand Hobbs for an undisclosed sum, the company said.
** South African Finance Minister Malusi Gigaba said that many investors were interested in taking an equity stake in South African Airways (SAA), after the government appointed new board members to turn around the struggling national airline. (Compiled by Diptendu Lahiri and Vibhuti Sharma in Bengaluru)


text:
86-Day NFL Warning: Terrell Owens Finally Goes Away (Or So We Hope)
Streeter Lecka/Getty Images
by Robert Mays
What's that? You were wondering exactly how many days until the start of the NFL season? Well, you're in luck! We here at the Triangle are set to spend the next three and a half months providing a daily reason to get excited about pro football's return.
Late last week, semiprofessional bowler/popcorn baron/calligrapher Terrell Owens announced that, indeed, his football career may be over.
T.O.'s last down of regular-season NFL football came in 2010. Since that stint with the Bengals ended, he's split his time between a disastrous stretch in the Indoor Football League and every celebrity sporting event ever conceived, all the while holding out hope for one more NFL shot. He had a short-lived stay with the Seahawks last summer, but that appears to be the last interest anyone's shown. And if T.O. doesn't catch on this year, he says, he's calling it quits for good.
When I first heard this news, it seemed like cause for celebration. T.O.'s name deserves to be mentioned among the best wide receivers ever (no one not named Jerry Rice or Randy Moss has caught more touchdowns; he has 23 more than Cris Carter), but it does not deserve to be mentioned as it relates to current NFL football. If there was never another news blip about his offseason activities, or how great a shape he was in, we would all be better for it. And if not for our sake, then T.O. should go away for his. The sooner he's gone, the sooner we can forget the reality-show mess and remember that he was, for a considerable stretch, a 1,200-yard, double-digit touchdown machine.
That joy lasted until yesterday afternoon. It takes only one team to ruin this for all of us, and if we've learned anything in the past 24 hours, it's that that team exists. Bill Belichick's troll self has clearly developed its own consciousness, and I'm afraid the next Gollum-style conversation is going to involve the monster convincing him that the only thing left to do is bring T.O. to camp. Because I see no other explanation for the Patriots' personnel decisions this week, this will be my working theory until someone properly debunks it. Until then, I'm going to be left hoping that Belichick can fend off his demons through at least this season — because at least one of these conversations needs to be over.
Filed Under: New England Patriots, NFL, Robert Mays
Robert Mays is a staff writer at Grantland.
Archive @ robertmays
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Snap Judgment: The Pats Deflate the Colts in Indy October 19, 2015
NFL Week 6 Takeaways: What the Snapfu? October 19, 2015
See all New England Patriots
We Went There: Clippers-Mavs and DeAndre Jordan Night in Los Angeles October 30, 2015
No Messi, No Problem: Neymar Becomes a Superstar October 30, 2015
World Series Weekend: Five Questions for Three (or Two) Royals-Mets Games October 30, 2015
NBA Overnight: Where Was the Spark? October 30, 2015
NHL Grab Bag: Let's Get Spooky October 30, 2015
See all The Triangle
Ryan Howard Listens to Tyga, and Other Revelations Surrounding the At-Bat Music of the Phillies
Unpopular Opinion Alert: Defending Alex Rodriguez


text:
Beleaguered Russian Science Foundation Dynasty Delays Decision on Closure
Dmitry Zimin, Dynasty's founder
Beleaguered science organization the Dynasty Foundation, which has been grappling in recent days with whether or not to shut its doors, announced that a decision on the matter will be delayed to provide time to wrap up ongoing projects, the Kommersant newspaper reported on Monday.
Following its inclusion on Russia's list of foreign agents, speculation swirled that the organization, which hands out grants for scientific research in Russia, would close. Dmitry Zimin, Dynasty's founder and the man whose fortune funds the foundation, has said in the past he would shut it down before accepting the label of "foreign agent."
The organization is presently focused on finishing up several ongoing projects, Yevgeny Yasin, a member of Dynasty's board of directors, said in comments to Kommersant. A decision is expected to be made on the organization's future in two to four weeks.
"We have discussed the option of a full closure of the foundation, but we have not made a final decision," Yasin said, Kommersant reported.
Dynasty was placed on the foreign agents list in late May. Under Russian law, the Justice Department can place any NGO that receives foreign funding and that engages in loosely defined "political activities" on the list. The 2012 law was controversial among critics, as the term "foreign agent" carries a strong Cold War association with espionage.
In the case of Dynasty, the "foreign funding" comes from Russian national Zimin's foreign-based bank accounts. With regard to political activity, in addition to its many scientific projects, Dynasty also funds Liberal Mission — an NGO that provides a platform for debate among liberal-minded economists, political scientists and sociologists.
The decision to classify Dynasty as a foreign agent was met with widespread criticism from the science community.
Some 1,500 protesters rallied in Moscow over the weekend in defense of the Dynasty Foundation, The Associated Press reported.


text:
Ship Life
12/4/2018, 12:00am
SU students win prizes at winter wonderland bingo
By Chaela Williams
Dave Krovich Asst. Multimedia Editor
Big Red makes an appearance during the winter wonderland bingo on Friday night as part of the "Where's Big Red" weekend hosted by APB.
Shippensburg University students spent the evening playing rounds of bingo to win prizes at the Ceddia Union Building (CUB) Multipurpose Room (MPR) on Friday night.
SU's Activities Program Board (APB) hosted the winter wonderland-themed event, at which students were served Dunkin' Donuts while listening to Christmas music.
The prizes won during the night were Bath & Body Works gift baskets, gift cards and a flat screen TV.
During bingo breaks, the APB members played raffles that included winning a free month of boot camp and sports training. One of the most exclusive prizes of the night was two tickets to attend APB's Xperience concert featuring music artists Bazzi and Bryce Vine.
One of the participants, sophomore Megan Windall, regularly attends bingo night in hope of winning a flat screen TV.
"I get excited to play [bingo] even though I don't win anything," Windall said. "I think it's fun to go to this event and meet new people; it gives me something to do than being in my dorm."
Although the event was tense with competition, many believed the game should have been more entertaining, and thought that it went on for too long.
Within an hour, many students left due to the late hour and disappointment from not winning prizes.
"Don't get me wrong, I love playing bingo, but tonight it wasn't as interactive as it was in the past, like [with] breakfast bingo and homecoming bingo," Windall said. "It was a little boring."
SU's mascot, Big Red, made an appearance as part of "Where's Big Red" weekend.
Winter wonderland bingo was one of the last remaining activities for the end of the semester, including APB's movie showing of "Incredibles 2" and a "Relax with APB" event.
Loud and clear: What students can learn from campus demonstrations
By Jonathan Bergmueller
Recipe of the Week: Tuscan Butter Salmon
Sisters build community, create bonds
The Slate welcomes thoughtful discussion on all of our stories, but please keep comments civil and on-topic. Read our full guidelines here.
Central Pennsylvania craft breweries form Beer Trail across Cumberland Valley
By Austin Stoltzfus
'Molly Pitcher': Fact over fiction
Student-run radio station WSYC 88.7 FM brings variety of experiences to students
Behind-the-scenes of Shippensburg University's Sports Information Department
© Copyright 2020 The Slate


Ice collection: Presenting a défilé of extras, this down parka stuns with an understated horizontal quilting, diagonal stripes at the shoulders, stretchy hemlines, and black hardware. Detachable hood with fur trim option Fire + Ice, which may be ordered separately. Water-repellent. Regular fit.


Most stores probably wouldn't make a virtue of pandering to male vanity – should men be guilty of such a thing – but at Dolce & Gabbana the luxury fashion house has made a distinct feature of it. It has expanded its menswear flagship store on Corso Venezia, Milan and introduced its first atelier for bespoke clothes. A space where neoclassicism and luxury is displayed so well, that nothing got beyond its measure. Milan Design Agenda has the privilege to point you to the right. All the way through Corso Venezia!
Dolce&Gabbana has expanded its menswear flagship store in Milan on Corso Venezia 15 and inaugurated its first atelier for bespoke clothes. The new space, which is housed in the same 16th century neoclassical palazzo, which has been home to the men's flagship store, is the result of a meticulous restoration project of all the remaining rooms.
Celebrating male vanity, the rooms are the ideal place where the modern man can satisfy all his desires in terms of style. The floors are an alternation of five different types of marble with parquet floors in typical 19th century fashion.
Each floor is a variation on five different types of marble and parquet floors typical of 19th-Century interior fashion. Various design pieces, chosen for their uniqueness, decorate the rooms, including a bookcase designed by Gio' Ponti for a luxury hotel in Saint Tropez, a table by Ignazio Gardella and chairs by Gio' Ponti for Reguitti.
A masterpiece by Ercole Barovier illuminates the space. In the adjacent room is a unique piece: a majestic Palmengarten chandelier with 140 light bulbs arranged in a radial pattern reminiscent of the palms in the outdoor garden. Other rooms have works by Gio' Ponti: some were designed for Nino Zoncada and installed on luxury cruise liners, such as the recessed ceiling fixtures that sailed the seas before landing in Milan.
Several are from the Augustus cruise ship, while others come from the Conte Biancamano transatlantic ocean liner. You can see more about the Dolce & Gabbana Milan's new store at SWIDE, the official Dolce & Gabbana blog.


Design consultant Micheline Galoska said her design was inspired by other food services like the Common Ground.
It's for students like Catherine Payne, Comm '09, that a new food and entertainment facility has been proposed for the lower common room in Victoria Hall. Payne, who lives on main campus, said that although she doesn't plan on living in residence next year when the facility is scheduled to open, she thinks it's a neat idea.
"It could be a cool place for all underage students to hang out," she said.
The project, slated for groundbreaking on May 1 and opening next September, is currently in the design stages.
"The [facility's] feel is of a non-alcoholic pub," said Alexis Meyerman, MCRC president, who has been involved in the design process this year.
Meyerman said the facility, which has a planned capacity of 100, will include pool tables, televisions and booth seating.
She said the space would be run by Sodexho and also serve food.
Bruce Griffiths, director of residence and hospitality services, said the idea for the project came out of student surveys conducted over the past two years. He said two main issues emerged from the survey results.
Griffiths said the fact that about 90 per cent of students in residence are underage was also considered while deciding what to do with the space.
He said the project cost has risen from the initial estimate primarily due to the costs of ventilation.
Griffiths added that while the budget has increased, the project will be cancelled if the figures become too high.
"It has to be financially viable," he said.
Griffiths said the facility's location would benefit residence and hospitality services as well because it will bring in retail sales and be helpful during conference season in the summer.
Griffiths said the facility will use the cash equivalency program currently used in the West Campus dining hall at lunch time, but added the details haven't yet been worked out regarding how the meal equivalency program will work in the new facility.
Meyerman said the project will not replace the cafeterias or Rez Express, but instead offer a different food service.
Meyerman said the location of the new facility was decided by a committee assigned to the project but that "both residence councils lobbied for Vic Hall." She said details pertaining to the hours and security of the new facility haven't yet been finalized.
Micheline Galoska of Gansen Lindsay, the design consultants on the project, said her design came from a tour of other campus eating spaces, including the Mac-Corry Cafeteria, the Common Ground and the QP.
"[The space should have] flexibility to reconfigure the furniture, create anchors," she said in a meeting held on Tuesday afternoon to generate feedback on preliminary design concepts.
Galoska said her design, which she describes as having a Gothic and Renaissance theme, would be supplemented by lighting and music, something she noted from other on-campus establishments.
Paloma Supple, Sci '08, said she would have liked to have had the late-night food option when she was in first year.
After viewing the preliminary concept drawings, Meyerman said she approves.
Griffiths said the project will go out to tender in mid-January to meet the May start date.
Students are invited to a forum about the project on Dec. 6 at 1 p.m. in Victoria Hall, room A010.


text:
Putovanje kroz kulturnu povijest Grand Toura
Commitment to art
A journey through the cultural history of the Grand Tour
A new exhibition at Milan's Gallerie d'Italia offers a detailed look into the popularity of the Grand Tour, which drew Europe's nobility, artists and intellectuals to Italy in the 18th and 19th centuries. Many of the artworks are on loan to the Intesa Sanpaolo museum in Milan
Alastair Smart
"A man who has not been in Italy is always conscious of an inferiority, from his not having seen what it's expected a man should see."
So said the eminent British writer Samuel Johnson in the 1770s. Johnson, who never left his homeland, spoke with both honesty and authority. From the end of the 17th century to the start of the 19th, Italy was a supremely popular destination for young European nobles, aristocrats, artists and intellectuals.
They would stay for months, sometimes years, typically in the company of a guide-cum-tutor known as a cicerone. The Grand Tour became as essential a part of a well-born man's education as a university degree. It offered a chance to study the myriad splendours of classical culture, as well as those of the Renaissance, up close and in situ.
Art treasures
Grand Tour, Sogno d'Italia da Venezia a Pompei – a new exhibition at Gallerie d'Italia Piazza Scala, Intesa Sanpaolo's Museum in Milan – explores the phenomenon.
Among the highlights is a bronze statue of the seated god Mercury, from the town of Herculaneum, made in the 1st century AD. Now kept in the Archaeological Museum of Naples, from where it is rarely lent, the piece was described around the turn of the 19th century by the Italian sculptor Antonio Canova as "the most beautiful sculpture in the world".
Artists from across Europe moved in large numbers to settle in and around Florence, Venice, Naples and, especially, Rome
Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres
François-Marius Granet, 1807-1809
Olio su tela, 74,5 × 63,2 cm
Aix-en-Provence, Musée Granet
The exhibition features 130 artworks, some of them from Intesa Sanpaolo's own holdings, along with some from private collections and a number from major institutions including the Museo Nacional del Prado in Madrid, the Musée du Louvre in Paris, and the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York.
In his painting Veduta della Sala degli Animali dei Musei Vaticani (1786-92), the French artist Jacques-Henri Sablet captured a Grand Tourist left awestruck before a classical sculpture in the Vatican Museum's Hall of Animals. The image offers an interesting insight into how visitors reacted to the treasures Italy had to offer.
The German writer, Johann Wolfgang von Goethe, offered a similar opinion when he hailed Rome as "the First City of the World" and described his arrival there in the mid-1780s as ensuring that "all the dreams of my youth have come to life".
The first recorded use of the term "Grand Tour" was in 1670 in the guidebook The Voyage of Italy, written by the English travel writer and priest Richard Lassels. Two decades earlier, the signing of the Peace of Westphalia by various European powers had provided a geopolitical context in which international travel was made easier than ever.
As a souvenir from their travels, Grand Tourists liked to purchase classical sculptures as well as pictures of their favourite places. In the case of the latter, this generated high demand for painters of Italian landscapes and vedute (topographical views). It meant that artists from across Europe moved in large numbers to settle in and around Florence, Venice, Naples and, especially, Rome.
Pierre-Jacques Volaire
Eruzione del Vesuvio alla luce della luna, post 1774
Olio su tela, 260 × 385 cm
Maisons-Laffitte, Centre des monuments nationaux, Château de Maisons
Abraham Louis Rodolphe Ducros from Switzerland was one of them – and he is represented in the exhibition by two paintings. He had several important clients, including Grand Duke Paul of Russia (son of Catherine the Great and the future Tsar Paul I) and his wife Maria Feodorovna.
Ducros captured the couple twice on their trip to Italy in 1782: once in the Roman Forum in the centre of Rome and again at Neptune's Grotto in the ancient town of Tivoli, 20 miles away. The Grand Duke took both paintings back home with him to Pavlovsk Palace in St Petersburg, where – when not on loan to shows such as Grand Tour" – they can still be seen today. (The venue is now known as the Pavlovsk Palace Museum.)
The Grand Tour grew increasingly fashionable as the 18th century progressed
Corinna al capo Miseno, 1819-1821
Lione, Musée des Beaux-Arts
Like their forebears who went on the Grand Tour, visitors to the Gallerie d'Italia Piazza Scala can expect a fascinating journey
The most famous veduta painter of them all, Canaletto, is also represented in the show: by one of his classic picturesque views of Venice, which were hugely popular with Grand Tourists. Nowadays part of the collection of the National Gallery in London, Regata sul Canal Grande (1740) depicts the historic, yearly boat race along the Grand Canal known as the Regatta.
Along with vedute and landscapes, the most coveted paintings among visitors to Italy were portraits – especially those of subjects seen beside classical monuments and sculptures. The absolute master in this field was Pompeo Batoni, sitting for whom became pretty much a rite of passage for Grand Tourists in Rome. He painted the portraits of 200 British gentlemen – and five of these appear in the exhibition.
It tends to be said that the Grand Tour grew increasingly fashionable as the 18th century progressed. Two of the reasons for this are the writings of the influential German art historian Johann Joachim Winckelmann – who evangelised all things classical in books such as 1765's The History of Ancient Art – and the archaeological rediscovery of Pompeii and Herculaneum, two towns buried by the volcanic eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 AD.
The Grand Tour exhibition is being staged as part of Progetto Cultura, highlighting Intesa Sanpaolo's long-held policy of contributing not only to economic growth in society but to cultural richness, too.
The show harks back to a time when visitors from across the continent came together to soak up Italian culture and, in the words of the bank's President Emeritus Giovanni Bazoli, made a "decisive contribution to the creation of a European identity".
Like their forebears who went on the Grand Tour, visitors to the Gallerie d'Italia Piazza Scala can expect a fascinating journey.
Grand Tour, Sogno d'Italia da Venezia a Pompei is at the Gallerie d'Italia Piazza Scala in Milan until 27 March 2022
Cover: Giulio Carlini
La famiglia Tolstoj a Venezia, 1855
Olio su tela, 88 × 110 cm
San Pietroburgo, Museo Statale Ermitage
© The State Hermitage Museum, St. Petersburg, 2021
© 2021.RMN-Grand Palais /Dist. Foto Scala, Firenze
© Lyon MBA – Photo Alain Basset
© Reproduction Patrick Cadet / CMN
Paolo Scheggi: star of the 1960s now shining brightly
The wet rag reborn as a masterpiece
Tiepolo: undisputed master of rococo


A doctor finds himself a blackmail victim when he ignores the poisoning of a bullying husband by a dying woman.
A secretary disappears on her first day of work leaving two diamonds stuck under her desk with chewing gum. The fifty-first book in the Perry Mason series.
Contains 'The big smear' by W. Howard Baker.
Contains 'Walk in the shadows' by Rex Dolphin.
Contains 'Showdown in Sydney' by Desmond Reid.
Contains 'Courier for crime' by Jack Trevor Story.
Contains 'Safari with fear' by Rex Hardinge.


Last week, my next door neighbor (Boo-Dah-Washy) arranged a day trip for some Polish pottery shopping. This is a long day, since the drive is a little over 4 hours each way. But we were game, the shopping bug had bitten.
I didn't plan any of this excursion myself, I was along for the ride. I'm so glad Boo-Dah-Washy did her research. She came prepared with maps, GPS addresses, and store names. She even packed a picnic dinner! Her best source of information was Bavaria Army Wife Travelers. If you're headed to the pottery too, you should definitely check them out. The "file" section on their group page is an excellent resource for all kinds of travel through Europe, not just Polish pottery.
The ride may have been a little long, but the scenery was beautiful. After crossing the Polish border, we drove under several of these wildlife bridges, which allow animals to cross the highway without danger of being hit. I love these.
Our GPS addresses didn't quite work the way we expected, but after a bit of fumbling, we found the restaurant we were looking for. Our plan was to eat a nice lunch, then shop, shop, shop until the stores closed.
This cute restaurant had great food and was so inexpensive, we were shocked. The price was easily ⅔ less than what we normally see in Germany. Though Polish currency is the zloty, the restaurant and all the pottery outlets accepted our Euros.
I was so excited to try traditional pierogi, and I wasn't disappointed! We also enjoyed a variety salad and goulash. Everything was seriously good.
With full bellies (so we could make good decisions), we began our shopping spree at a strip of shops.
Some of the stores are neatly organized, and others are a complete free-for-all. We learned prior to travel about the ranking system. See, the pottery is ranked from 1 to 5, with 1 being the best and 5 being the worst. I've looked for an online guide that explains the ranking system better, but I haven't found one yet. I've been told to only buy quality 1 or 2, especially if you're using these items to cook in the oven.
Inside look at a few shops, plus a fun car!
The pottery all contained a sticker with the price, and another with the quality level. I fell in love with several patterns, but not all the patterns have every piece available for purchase. For example, I may have found a baking dish I LOVED, but the soup tureen in that same pattern wasn't there. Or I spied a great tea set, but there were no baking dishes.
I specifically wanted a large soup tureen and some baking dishes, so even when I found cute patterns I moved on if those items weren't available.
At the end of the day, I bought several gifts and a soup tureen (plus ladle and bread bowls!) for myself. The prices were right, though not as inexpensive as expected. We were all happy with our finds, and ready to head home.
We were pulled over by the cops!!!!
Luckily, between a little German and a lot of hand gestures, Boo-Dah-Washy only had to pay a small fine. This meant a quick trip to an ATM, but then we were on our way again. I guess now we can check 'get pulled over by cops in foreign country' off our bucket lists, ha!
I can't wait to head back for shopping again. I was conservative in my purchasing, and I already have a long wish list when I return.
Until next time, peeps, happy shopping!


Continuing The Times-Tribune's annual countdown of the top 15 Yankees prospects. I rank 20 prospects, Donnie Collins ranks 20 prospects, and then we average them together. The list takes into account ETA for the big leagues. You're going to find some guys who might not have ceilings as high as others, but who instead could be in a position to help the Yankees sooner. Since they're so new to pro baseball, 2018 draftees are not included on the list.
The 16th overall pick in 2017, Clarke Schmidt made it through his Tommy John rehab and made his pro debut last year. He has all the makings of a fast mover in the Yankees system.
Acquired: Selected by the Yankees in the first round (16th overall) of the 2017 draft out of the University of South Carolina.
Completed his Tommy John rehab and made his pro debut in the rookie Gulf Coast League before finishing up with two games at short-season Staten Island. Overall, pitched in eight games (seven starts) and had a 3.09 ERA with a .943 WHIP. In 23.1 innings, he struck out 30 and walked six.
Below, Donnie and I discuss why Schmidt lands at No. 6 on the list, what's good about him and what might need work.
CF: The Yankees liked this guy enough to take him in the first round knowing he'd need Tommy John surgery. Tommy John surgery fears aren't what they once were, but when you're picking at No. 16, there's a lot of talented non-TJ guys out there. So, they must've really been smitten with him. He finally completed the rehab last year and got into eight games and posted good numbers (11.6 K/9, 2.3 BB/9). Now, he's far too advanced for that competition to take too much from those numbers, but the biggest thing is he's back and healthy.
DC: You stole my best argument. He's a guy who entered the draft hurt and the Yankees scooped him up anyway. I guess you can say they were "Schmidten" with him. The Yankees know him well, as they have scouted the University of South Carolina well. (I believe they have four farmhands now who are former Gamecocks). His stuff is pretty good all around. Really a more transitional starter profile. Low 90s fastball he can run up to the mid-90s. Nice changeup. But really, it's his breaking ball that made him one of the best prospects in the '17 draft.
CF: I grabbed this from his Instagram a couple weeks ago.
CF: That's a 94-mph two-seamer followed by a 95-mph two-seamer. He seems to have a well-rounded arsenal of of pitches. There are guys who will throw harder. Guys who might have more consistent or more devastating breaking balls. But Schmidt has a chance to have four pitches that are at least average. And for those keeping score at home, you were partially correct with the four Gamecocks in the Yankees system. There's Schmidt and Jordan Montgomery. The other two, Taylor Widener and Dom Thompson-Williams, were traded. Widener in the Brandon Drury deal with Arizona; DTW in the James Paxton deal with Seattle. Oh, and Tyler Webb recently, too, but he's also gone.
DC: I remember coming out of college, everyone was raving about the slider. But the difference with him and the other RHP prospects in the organization is that, yes, I do think his secondary pitches all have a really good chance to be usable in the majors. Really didn't hear much about his curveball, but a lot of video shows him dropping that pitch and getting really weak swings or just stares. I like the changeup. And that fastball has classic two-seam movement. He'd be a really good prospect this year, 10 years ago, 20 years ago.
CF: I think another big thing that separates him from some of the other RHP prospects is Schmidt seems to have an idea of where his pitches are going. Good walk numbers last year, sure, but he also had good walk numbers in college (65 in 229.2 innings).
DC: He's more refined. He's polished. He's not a guy running 98-99 mph fastballs up there and hoping it goes where he wants. Rich Dubee, the old White Sox and Phillies pitching coach who I got to know when he was pitching coach with the Red Barons, used to say a guy like Schmidt "had a knack" for getting hitters off balance, manipulating the strike zone and then putting guys away. I always thought that was a great way to put it. And Schmidt has a knack for pitching that is just a little bit different, better even, than the others in the system.
CF: I don't have much to base this hypothesis on, other than to say it's a gut call. I think Schmidt will be Attempt No. 2 (or Attempt No. 2.5 if you want to include Jacob Lindgren) by the Yankees to draft a polished college arm and just fly him through the system. You know they wanted to do it with James Kaprielian, but he couldn't stay healthy with them — still hasn't been able to stay healthy — and they eventually shipped him away for Sonny Gray. There's no reason to think he couldn't see SWB next year, or even late late late this year, to be honest. If they get aggressive and start him at High A (he was in that work group in spring, so take that for what it's worth), Moosic doesn't seem so far away. Just ask Mike King.
DC: Totally agree. I see him in Triple-A next year, health being the key factor. They just aren't going to slow-play it with the college guys. I think someone like Lindgren, they drafted him to get a big-league reliever soon. That didn't work. I think it has a better chance to work with true starters though, because of how the college pitchers are used.


text:
Report: Homeland Security network has problems
By Associated Press |
WASHINGTON — The replacement for the Homeland Security Department's computerized network for nationwide information sharing could be headed down the same path as its cumbersome original, said a government report released Wednesday.
The Homeland Security Information Network — known as HSIN — was launched in 2004 to provide a secure, Internet-based system to share terrorism information with federal, state and local agencies and the private sector. Last year officials stopped trying to improve the $91 million system, opting instead to replace it with a new and improved version, called HSIN Next Gen, which could cost as much as $62 million.
The original was criticized for limited capabilities and features that made the system hard for users to navigate. That was particularly true for users in critical areas such as transportation systems and food distribution. For example, the original system could not let users use one sign-in name and password, send and receive alerts through e-mail or cell phones, or support online meetings, the Government Accountability Office said.
GAO — Congress' investigative arm — found that plans for HSIN Next Gen are not clear, which could lead to delays and higher costs for the final product. And an internal department review of the original system found that HSIN had been developed without enough planning and management, GAO said.
The contract for the new system was awarded in June to Virginia-based General Dynamics. The first system was run by several contractors, including Raytheon Co. and Man Tech International Corporation.
The Homeland Security Department describes the new system as a "software upgrade," and defends the success of the original system among its law enforcement and emergency management partners. For instance, during Hurricane Katrina, when New Orleans 9-1-1 call system went down, the city was able to link up with the HSIN network to carry about 20,000 9-1-1 calls, said Homeland Security spokesman Russ Knocke.
Starting next May, the department plans to move its 26,000 users to the new system. The upgraded system will also consolidate the number of sites used in the HSIN program — from 60 down to a handful. The department hopes to complete that process by September.
The current system will cost $3 million to operate and maintain until all users are switched.
"I think the report is shocking," Knocke said. If the department were to take GAO's approach, he said, "We would do nothing until it was perfect and then begin to work with stakeholders." The department is already working with 2,000 users on the upgrade.
www.dhs.gov/xinfoshare/programs/gc—1156888108137.shtm
In the shadow of Tesla's car plant, truckers and the homeless converge
Though city officials suggest people living in RVs may eventually be swept out and parking could be restricted for truckers, they did not provide specific plans or a timeline.


she never did care for pie.
I read this quote a few days back and found it so true. It sums up every mother so well! And especially mine!
Happy Mother's Day mom! I hope you know how much you mean to me.
Love you and sorry for all the trouble I keep giving you!
You will always be the best human being for me.
Hope one day I can sacrifice my piece of pie for you. Till then, here's a whole bread for you!
This innovation- the word "recipe" does not do the technique justice- came from Jim Lahey, owner of Sullivan Street Bakery in NYC. Jim has created a way for home cooks (and not even ones who are serious bakers) to nearly duplicate an artisan bakery loaf, with a crackling crust, open-holed crumb, light texture, and fantastic flavor. All without kneading, fancy ingredients, or special equipments.
Bittman's description is bang on target. The beauty of this bread- it needs no kneading- you just mix everything together- sit it out in the refrigerator or outside if the temperatures are cool- take it out the next day, shape into a ball and let it bake! And you have a crusty, heavenly smelling bread. A wet dough, along with slow fermentation is the secret to its yeasty flavor and open crumb.
You do need to plan ahead for this bread. It is a 24- hour long process, but you would be in the kitchen for only 15 minutes working on it.
The method involves the bread to be baked in a covered pot in the oven. One could use a dutch oven but I do not own one. I used a crock pot. The crockpot website says that if the pot/crock is detachable you can use it in the oven. Instead of the lid I used aluminium foil. It worked for me but you should try it at your own risk!
True to myself, I goofed up while transferring the dough to the crock pot. But, you guys be careful and keep the seam up, to get a beautiful crack on the top of the bread. So that you can brag about how professional you have become at bread making!
I have made the basic version, which makes a fantastic bread, but of course, you can be more adventurous with the formula and use whole-wheat and other flours and different seeds to make it to your liking.
Combine the flour, yeast, and salt in a large bowl. Add the water and stir until blended. The dough will be sticky and that's how it should be(add a little more water if it seems dry). Cover the bowl with plastic wrap, or transfer the dough to another greased bowl, and turn the dough to coat with oil. Cover with plastic wrap.
Lightly flour a work surface, remove the dough and fold once or twice; it will be soft, but once sprinkled with flour, not terribly sticky. Cover loosely with plastic wrap, and let rest for about 15 minutes.
Using just enough flour to keep the dough from sticking, gently and quickly shape the dough into a ball. Generously coat a cotton (not terry cloth) towel with cornmeal. You can use silpat like I did. Put the dough seam down on the towel and dust with more flour or cornmeal. Cover with another cotton towel (or plastic wrap) and let risefor about 2 hours.
When it's ready, the dough will be more than doubled in size and won't spring back readily when poked with your finger.
At least half hour before the dough is ready, heat the oven to 450 F. Put a 3-to-4 quart covered pot (with the cover)- it may be cast-iron, enamel, pyrex, or ceramic- in the oven as it heats.
Let the bread cool for at least 30 minutes before slicing.
I love the no knead breads. I'll have to try this version. Such a gorgeous color.
This is really pretty bread…love the shape, it's super fun that way!
I'm so grateful for my AMAZING Mom too…it's so easy to take people for granted, but she's truly inspirational!