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Hindu, Hinduism and Hindustan: Part LIV
by Dr. Jaipal Singh
Danam [Charity]
Continued from Part LIII
In the modern age, the introduction of Thomas Babington Macaulay's Education in 1835 in British India could be discerned as the watershed moment in the Indian history paving way for teaching of a Western curriculum with English as the language of instruction overlooking the interests of millennia old and rich Indian languages such as Sanskrit and Pali, or so to say consciously demoting them for the colonial selfish interests, along with Persian introduced by Mughals during the medieval period. This move eventually established English in India as the official communication language in the Indian government and educated elites rather than merely remaining the native tongue of the colonial rulers. This trend, however, continued after independence as well because it suited best to the Indian elite class that were true inheritors of the power and legacy of the British after independence.
No wonder the same protectionist culture has prevailed till now and the Indian traditional elite and intellectual classes continue to derive inspiration from the West very often looking down at everything viz. literature, culture and religion, which is native in origin even without taking little pain to learn and understand real facts. In the recent years, the electronic social media has emerged as the most powerful medium to express and influence masses through proactive debate and dissemination of viewpoints and narratives on almost every discipline of life. Therefore, this author did not find it surprising when in an ongoing exchange of views on charity at one such forums, an elite and perhaps well-read gentleman, consciously or unconsciously, glorified a certain prophet of one of the Abrahamic religions who supposedly ruled that even the simple act of smiling was charity, a gift to another, if he has no money to give.
Probably it is the same legacy and misconception that inspires many trending Indian intellectuals and elites to say "Kalidasa is the Shakespeare of India", without pondering or caring about the worthiness of remark because both of them were great poet, playwright and dramatist of their genre but the former preceded the latter nearly by 1,200 years. It is difficult to infer if it is the inferiority syndrome in the sub-conscious inflicted by Macaulay's Education i.e. everything Western or British is superior or the ignorance of own languages and culture but a sensible person would find it painful when people conveniently overlook over five thousand years of glorious cultural heritage and endowment, while solely acknowledging and thereby promoting alien and exotic precepts on the cost of own culture and religion. As all this is coming and being mentioned in the context of charity, the author proposes to explore the concept of Danam (Charity or Alms giving) in this part with refererence to Hindu scriptures and texts.
The Concept of Danam
Danam (or Dana) is both a Sanskrit and Pali word that connotes the virtues of charity, generosity, donation or alms giving in Indian culture and traditions. The ancient Indian society was intertwined with the four orders of life or the ashramas, i.e. Brahmacharya or the student life, Grihastha or the householder's life, Vanaprastha or the retired life, and Sanyasa or the devotional life; and it was a mandatory duty of the householders to give away a portion of their earnings as charity or alms to the needy persons in the society, who could be Brahmins/sanyasins, or any human being in distress or need. Other Indian religions such as Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism, which evolved as offshoots of Hinduism or independently in the sub-continent, too cultivated the practice of Danam generously. The available historical records suggest that Danam flourished as an essential ancient socio-religious tradition in Vedic and post-Vedic periods in Bharatvarsha (India).
Many ancient Hindu texts suggest the concept of Paropakara, the verbatim meaning of which is benevolent deed or doing good to others. Apart from the need-based donation or charity to the needy or destitute and alms (Bhiksha) to Brahmins and sanyasins, the system of ritual based charity was also prevalent which householders would liberally give on various social and religious occasions such as Upanayana or Yagnopavita samskara, weddings, death, shradh of ancestors, Hindu temple ceremonies, Hindu community celebrations, and so on. The tradition of Paropakara and associated Danam practiced in the Sanatana Dharma in the form of charity, gifting, alms giving, and so on, has continued unabated among the Hindu households in the modern age too, many of whom still consider it their pious duty to share a part of their earnings for the charitable cause. The usual concept is that the Danam should only be made with the money left over after fulfilling the needs of the householder and it should not become a cause of hardship to the benefactor's family.
According to a technical definition, the Danam is an act of conscious, voluntary and willing giving away of the possession and ownership of something to a willing recipient, who consciously accepts it to become next owner. In Hinduism, the Danam is also considered to be a pious and purifying act of the seekers of the spirituality. The various components of the Danam are a person who is a willing giver, a person who is a keen receiver, some money or item to be given, an occasion with or without reason, the place of transaction, associated rituals, good intention of the giver and receiver, sacred mantras or chants often associated with the charity act, and the accrued benefit(s), if any, to the giver and receiver. Another important aspect about it is that the person should be non-possessive, egoless and unselfish to qualify the realm of charity.
In Hindu Puranas and Epics such as Ramayana and Mahabharata, one could find many legendary tales illustrating the glory and significance of charity in the Hindu way of life. Such was this glory and significance in the Sanatana Dharma in the ancient India that there were instances when the giver did not shy away in giving even when he knew the crafty designs of the recipient as also that the charitable act might cause his own ruin; For illustration, King Harishchandra, son of Trishanku of Ikshvaku dynasty and an icon of truth and charity, gave away his kingdom, family and all other possessions to Sage Vishvamitra true to his reputation without caring for own imminent ruin in store. Similarly, the great warrior and son of Sun god, Karna gave away his armour (Kavacha and Kundala) to Indra in disguise while knowing well that with this act he was endangering his own life in the ensuing war with Arjuna in Kurushetra during the Mahabharata war.
The concept of Danam was considered so significant in Hinduism in ancient age that one could find many illustrations from the Indian mythology too. One such significant tale is about the Asura King Bali and Lord Vishnu in Vamana Avatar. Devas and Asuras were two dominant tribes in the ancient age in constant conflict with each other. Though both tribes had good and bad beings but Asuras were more powerful, greedy and hegemonistic compared to Devas who were relatively peaceful and prosperous with benevolent nature. Once Asura King Bali conquered three lokas (worlds) paathaala (netherworld), earth and swarga (higher world); now Devas's leader Indra sought intervention and assistance of Lord Vishnu to restore his kingdom. Lord Vishnu went to Bali in disguise of Vamana and sought three steps of land from him. Once granted by generous Bali, Vamana expanded his size phenomenally and scaled all worlds in three steps to restore status quo ante.
According to this mythological legendary tale, Sage Sukracharya who was the guru and advisor of Asuras had already cautioned King Bali about Vamana's true nature but the king consciously decided to stick to his commitment to Danam (charity) because he had never refused to give to any seeker. While on one hand, the saga explores the nobility and generosity of the Asura king, the act of Vamana too is justified because God's key functions included the protection of the righteous, destruction of the evil and establishment of Dharma. Scholars and Indologists have attempted to explore, analyse and allegorize this puranic mythical tale in various ways but the saga of the Asura King Bali and Vamana Avatar in Satyuga undoubtedly establishes the significance and glory of charity in Hinduism in unequivocal terms.
Hindu Scriptures on Danam
The Vedic age was essentially based on an agrarian economy and, accordingly, the Dana was prevalent in the Vedic society in terms of giving away gifts and donation in the forms of land, cow, horse, goat, grains, food, clothes, etc. to the Brahmins, sanyasins, and other needy, and it was considered a mandatory and pious duty of the householders. While Danam was an essential part of the social and spiritual rituals, it was also considered by some scriptures as one of the ways of balancing and liquidating sins and inappropriate behaviour committed earlier. In fact, some scriptures even tasked the householders of the higher class with an obligatory duty to carry out five daily sacrifices by offering food to gods, ancestors, seers and sages, needy humans and other creatures. These Vedic practices are still followed by many devout Hindu households, fully or partially. Manu Smriti provided it obligatory for every Kshatriya and Vaishyas to offer sacrifices and charity to the deserving subjects. It also listed the articles like gold, silver, cow, food grains, vehicle, coinage, land and water for the construction and maintenance of temples as a charity measure.
According to Vedas, which are the earliest Hindu scriptures and also the ones considered immutable, the Danam is glorified as means of self-purification almost as potent and effective as the Yajna (sacrifice) and Tapas (penance). The Rigveda is the earliest scripture and precursor of all Vedas and Upanishads that discusses Danam relating it to Satya (truth) and linking it to the guilt one would feel by not giving to those who are in need. The relevant part of a hymn from the Rigveda as translated by the British Indologist Ralph Griffith is reproduced here for reference:
"The Gods have not ordained hunger to be our death: even to the well-fed man comes death in varied shape,
The riches of the liberal never waste away, while he who will not give finds none to comfort him, The man with food in store who, when the needy comes in miserable case begging for bread to eat, Hardens his heart against him, when of old finds not one to comfort him.
Bounteous is he who gives unto the beggar who comes to him in want of food, and the feeble, Success attends him in the shout of battle. He makes a friend of him in future troubles, No friend is he who to his friend and comrade who comes imploring food, will offer nothing…."
(Rigveda, Mandala 10, Hymn 117)
In yet another hymn in the Rigveda, Danam is glorified in the following way:
Shathast samaharah sahastra hast sam kir.
(Earn with hundreds of hands and donate with thousands of hands.)
(Rigveda: Mandala 3, Hymn 24.5)
The Brihadaranyaka Upanishad is one of the ten Principal Upanishads, among the early Upanishadic scriptures of Hinduism and the oldest treatise of Hinduism compiled following the Vedas. At one place, it lists out three primary characteristics of a virtuous person namely self-restraint, compassion for all life and charity.
Tadetattrayam shichchhed damam danam dayamiti.
(Learn three cardinal virtues - self-restraint, charity and compassion for all life.)
(Brihadaranyaka Upanishad, 5.2.3)
The Chandogya Upanishad is another Principal Upanishad that insists on the qualities of asceticism (tapas), charity (Danam), straightforwardness (Arjava), non-violence (Ahimsa) and truthfulness (Satyavachana) for a virtuous life.
The Taitreya Upanishad addresses Danam in one verse as under:
Gifts should be given with faith; they should never be given without faith; they should be given in plenty; with modesty and with sympathy. Let there also be agreement in opinion when gifts are offered.
(Taitreya Upanishad, 1.11.5)
The Bhagavata Purana is among the most followed and widely acknowledged religious text among the Hindus and some people even refer it as the "Fifth Veda". At some places, it is mentioned that the Srimad Bhagavatam represents the essence of the entire Vedanta literature. Through the dialogue of the Asura King Bali and Guru Sukracharya, the act of charity is aptly explained in this Purana:
Na taddanam prashansanti yen vrittirvipadyate,
Danam yagyastapah karma loke vrittimatoh yatah.
Dharmay yashseharthay kamay swajanay cha,
Panchdha vibhajanvittamihamutra cha modate.
(Wise men do not admire charity that does not leave anything for the moderate living of the donor. Only the person who leads own life well, can perform the acts of charity, sacrifice, penance and benevolent deeds in this world. The person who divides his wealth into five parts; some for Dharma, some for fame, some for further investment, some for enjoyment and some for own people, he remains happy in this world and the other world.)
(Bhagavad Purana, 8.19.36-37)
In the following verses in the same Purana, Sukracharya quoted from the Rigvedic hymns that agreeing to give someone is the path of Satya (truth) and refusal is Asatya (untruth). But every person must remember that this body is like a tree and truth is its useful product; therefore, in the absence of body, the truth becomes irrelevant. Hence retaining a part of wealth for own moderate living is recommended for all donors. Other Puranas too teach that the charity must be done in such a manner that it does not threaten and disable own livelihood as also his dependents in family. The Bhagavad Purana even explains how the wealth of a householder should purposefully utilized.
The Skanda Purana has recommended that from the wealth one earns by rightful means, one-tenth of it should be taken out as a matter of righteous duty and given it to charity for the pleasure of God.
The Hindu Epic Mahabharata is yet another text that has commentaries well nigh on all life situations through illustrations and narratives. In Adi Parva, Chapter 91 (King Yayati and Astaka dialogue), it provides that a person must acquire wealth by employing only honest means, then he should spend it in charity; he should be hospitable to those who come to his house; he should never use any thing without shareing a portion of it with others that he consumes. In the Vana Parva, Chapter 194, Vaishampayana recommends that a person must conquer the mean by charity, the untruthful by truth, the wicked by forgiveness, and dishonest by honesty. Following the eighteen days Mahabharata war between the feuding cousins, King Yudhisthira sought advice of elders and seers on a range of disciplines including philosophy of life and duties of a righteous king. The Anushasana Parva provides such details including on charity for the public utilities such as the building of drinking water tanks, giving cattle to people for livelihood, lamps for lighting dark public places, plantation of public orchards with such trees that give fruits and shade, all the aforesaid acts falling under the benevolent charity.
Manu Smriti contain many verses dedicated to charity with reference to food, horse, cow and money, and so on in the context of the different categories of benefactors and beneficiaries, including what should be done and what not. For many reasons, this Hindu text is treated controversial in the modern age; one of the reasons being its bias and hierarchical treatment of various classes, and being more kind to Brahmins and Kshatriyas. Notwithstanding, it sets rigorous norms for being a true Brahmin and declares that a non-compliant Brahmin is not entitled for the charitable acts of the donors.
Nashyanti havyakavyani naranaavijantam,
Bhasmibhuteshu vipreshu mohaddattani datribhih.
(When ignorant people make mistake of giving gifts to unrighteous Brahmin with deluded mind, their virtuous acts following the oblation and ancestors' rites are destroyed.)
(Manu Smriti, 3.97)
Besides the Hindu scriptures in Sanskrit and Pali, similar texts in other Indian languages too attach great significance to the charitable acts. For example, the "Tirukkural", written by Thiruvalluvar nearly 2,400 years ago, is one of the most cherished classical text on Hinduism written in Tamil language. The Chapter 23 of Book 1 of this treaty deals with charity and positive attributes associated with it. The book recommends charity as an essential instrument for a virtuous life and lasting happiness. At one place, it says, "Giving to the poor is true charity, all other giving expects some return…Great, indeed, is the power to endure hunger, greater still is the power to relieve other's hunger…Giving alms is a great reward in itself to one who gives". In Chapter 101, Thiruvalluvar writes, "Believing wealth is everything, yet giving away nothing is a miserable state of mind…Vast wealth can be a curse to one who neither enjoys it nor gives to the worthy".
Adi Shankara in his stotram praising Annapurna, the goddess of plentiful food, says:
"Annapurne sadapurne sankara-pranavallabhe gyanavairagya siddhyartham bhiksham dehi cha Parvati."
(Annapurna Devi, goddess of plentiful food, you are Lord Shiva's eternal consort, give us alms together with wisdom."
Hindu Puranas attach great value to Annadana (giving food). The Taittriya Purana says, "Do not send away anyone who comes to your door, without offering him food and hospitality." The Varaha Purana holds, "One who gives food, gives all that is worrth giving in this world."
There is a popular Sanskrit verse "Daridra Narayana" (God dwells in the poor person), which states:
"Donating 1000 elephants and horses, donating 10 million cows, donating any number of vessels of silver and gold, donating the entire land till sea, offering the entire services of the clan, helping in the marriage of 10 million women, all this is never ever equal to Annadanam, the feeding of hungry and needy."
Even during the medieval period, Sant Tulsidas had discussed the value of benevolence in the following Doha (couplet):
Pragata chari pada dharma ke kali mahun ek pradhan,
Jena kena bidhi dinhe dana karai kalyana.
(Dharma has four popular legs viz. truth, compassion, penance and charity; out of them, in Kaliyug only one leg is prevalent as charity. In whatever form given, the charity carries only well-being of the benefactor.)
(Ram Charit Manas, 1.7.103)
The aforesaid contextual references and quotes are only illustrative and not all inclusive as no other surviving culture and religion in the world has such a vast and varied collection of scriptural and textual knowledge on variety of disciplines including charity.
What Bhagavad Gita Says
There is a reason why the Srimad Bhagavad Gita has not been clubbed here with the other scriptures and texts. The reason being that Gita contains the essence of all Vedas and can be easily recognised as an epitome of all the scriptures. It would not be exaggeration if it is recognized as condensed depository of all scriptural knowledge. Yet another and for more significant reason is that the knowledge of Gita has emanated from the lips of the manifested God Himself.
Shree Krishna (Chapter 18, Verses 5-6) tells Arjuna that the acts of sacrifice, charity and penance should never be abandoned and must be performed because these acts are true purifiers. Further, they must be performed without attachment and expectation of any reward. The Bhagavad Gita has identified three grades of the acts of charity on the scales of gunas i.e. Sattva (pure), Rajas (passionate) and Tamas (inert); quality and preference wise in the same descending order. In some Puranas and other texts, the act of charity or giving has been linked with the achieving grace by pleasing gods or purging of sins, etc., but the Bhagavad Gita clearly establishes that such benevolence shall be done without any attachment or expectation with an equanimous mind.
Accordingly, the Bhagavad Gita describes various forms of Danam in verses 17.20 to 17.22. It defines the one without expectation of return or reward to a worthy person as sattvic or pure(17.20); the one with the expectations of return or desire for some fruit or result as rajasic or passionate (17.21); and the one given with grudge or contempt or to the unworthy person(s) as tamasic or ignorant charity (17.22). Of the three forms, the sattvic Danam is best and most desirable, the rajasic Danam is mediocre and less desirable and the tamasic Danam is bad and avoidable.
Datavyam iti yad danam diyate 'nupakarine,
Deshe kale cha patre cha tad danam sattvikam smritam.
(Charity given to a worthy person simply because it is right to give, without consideration of anything in return, at the proper time and in the proper place, is stated to be in the mode of sattvika or goodness.)
(BG: Chapter 17, Verse 20)
Yat tu pratyupakarartham phalam uddishya va punah,
Diyate cha pariklishtam tad danam rajasam smritam.
(But charity given with reluctance, with the hope of a return or in expectation of a reward, is said to be in the mode of rajasica or passion.)
Adesha-kale yad danam apatrebhyash cha diyate,
Asat-kritam avajnatam tat tamasam udahritam.
(And that charity, which is given at the wrong place and wrong time to unworthy persons, without showing respect, or with contempt, is held to be of the nature of tamasica ignorance.)
There could not be a better classification or explanation of the charitable acts as defined in the aforesaid Gita verses. The charitable acts could be categorised as virtuous or ignorant, appropriate or inappropriate, and superior or inferior, as narrated by Shree Krishna in the aforesaid verses. Shree Krishna also said (BG: 17.28) that the donation done, a gift given, an austerity practised, and whatever good deed is performed, if it is without faith, it is equivalent to nought i.e., 'asat'; therefore, it is of no avail here or hereafter.
The act of charity in sattvic mode for the righteous cause or right person bestows many unintended benefits. It decreases the attachment of the giver toward material objects, enhances the spirit of service and fosters the feeling of compassion for others. All these factors contribute to the higher spiritual progress. On the other hand, the charity in tamasic mode does not serve any good to the giver or recipient. For instance, if money is donated to an alcoholic or drug edict, he might buy and consume stuff to get inebriated, in turn, he might even commit a crime or punishable offence, for which even the giver would be held answerable.
One could find numerous tales in the Indian texts about the virtuous act of charity and some of classic illustrations come from the Epic Mahabharata itself, in which the Bhagavad Gita is embedded as part of the Bhisma Parva. Both Karna and Yudhistira are considered benevolent and kind-hearted but only the former is remembered as Danveer, and there are reasons behind this. Apart from his armour giving act, Shree Krishna Himself tested his selfless generosity on two occasions. Once on a rainy day, Krishna disguised as a Brahmin asked Yudhisthira for some dry wood. Due to heavy rains, there was no chance of fetching dry wood from outside; hence Yudhisthira politely turned down his request. However, in a similar quest Karna cut down some door frames of his palace to fulfil the need of the Brahmin. Similarly, when Karna was breathing last with injuries inflicted by Arjuna, Krishna again approached him in disguise; there, remembering his one tooth was artificial comprised of gold, Karna happily gave it to the alms-seeking Brahmin.
Danam (Charity) – Why, Whom and How!
The first and foremost question is why a person should indulge in charitable acts. Various Hindu scriptures have aptly explained it as an essential and virtuous deed. The Rigveda, the oldest and most revered scripture, says as quoted in the earlier paragraphs: "Earn with hundreds of hands and donate with thousands of hands." Many Principal Upanishads are even more specific in declaring charity as one of the cardinal virtues of life. Brihadaranyaka Upanishad recommends that every wise person must cherish self-restraint, charity and compassion for all life. The Chandogya Upanishad has prescribed penance, charity, straightforwardness, non-violence and truthfulness for a virtuous life. Shree Krishna Himself insisted that every person should practice sacrifice, charity and penance because they are pious and purifier virtues. The significance of charity could be well nigh understood from the fact that the charity stands as a common virtue stressed in scriptures and by the manifested God himself.
The Vedic civilization was essentially an agrarian economy and, accordingly, scriptures provided for the gifts and donation in the forms of land, cow, horse, goat, grains, food, clothes, and so on. With the passage of time and civilization, this list of items as well as beneficiaries kept growing and expanding by including items such as costly metals such as gold and silver, money, and so on. The essence of what should be charitable is "the apt donation for the apt beneficiary". For example, if the person is hungry, he should be given food, if he is scantly and shabbily dressed, he should be given appropriated clothes, and so on. If he is poor or destitute, he should be provided with the items such as grains, clothes, utensils and money. Contributing for the orphanage, temple, education, land, automobile, cow, gold, etc. is considered as superior or major donation, while giving food, clothing, garden, horse, utensils, wood, umbrella, shoe, etc. shall be treated as medium to minor donations.
In Hinduism, Danam is also used in the context of many rituals and some of these are considered carrying great virtue and merit with social and emotive appeal. For instance, in Hindu wedding, Kanyadana refers to the father giving his daughter's hand in marriage to the prospective groom, after asking him to pledge that he will be sincerely committed to her in his pursuit of Dharma (righteous duty), Artha (wealth) and Kama (love). Some other illustrated charities include Bhudana for the donation of land, Godana for the donation of cow, Vidyadana for imparting knowledge and skills, Annadana for giving food grains to poor and someone other in need, Aushadhadana for taking care of the sick and diseased, Jeevandana (sparing the life) an old tradition of Hinduism of granting life to an opponent or enemy defeated in war, and Abhayadana taking a pledge to protect or giving asylum to someone in trouble.
For the charitable cause, only worthy subjects should be considered. For instance, if money is donated to an alcoholic or drug addict, he will only misuse it and in some cases causing serious problems for the donor as well. Manu Smriti categorically recommends that an unrighteous Brahmin should not be considered for charity. The Katha Upanishad says that the donation which does not give pleasure to the beneficiary, cannot bring happiness to benefactor either. The following verse of the Manu Smriti conveys somewhat similar message:
Yena Yena tu Bhaven yaddyadanan prayachchhati;
Tattattenaiva bhaven prapnoti pratipujitah.
(The kind of emotions, the donor has in mind while doing charity work, he receives a reward commensurate with the same emotions.)
(Manu Smriti, 4.236)
Charity is a virtuous act and it does not require any auspicious time or mode as already explained in the Bhagavad Gita that it should be carried out with the eligible subject without any attachment or desire for a return or reward. However, Hinduism is not based on one single scripture or holy book as in case of Abrahamic religions and many Shastras and other texts have even identified the auspicious occasions like twelve Sankranti, the Makar Sankranti being most auspicious, Akshaya Triteeya, solar and lunar eclipses, and so on. Such details can be found in the Hindu calendar/panchang or from the qualified priests. According to old traditions of Hindu Astronomy, the sky is divided into 27 Nakshatras (constellations of stars) and 12 zodiac signs. These Nakshatras have been linked with various donations and some of them are also recommended to placate the planets like Saturn, Rahu and Ketu. In addition, giving away for the charity cause at the holy places of pilgrimage is also in vogue.
Afterthought Titbits
Now what beyond doubt is that Hinduism is the oldest surviving culture and religion in this world, which regards Danam (charity) as a noble and virtuous deed to be practiced by all without seeking any return or reward. Every person practicing a religion must be aware of the basic tenets of that religion while there is no harm in acknowledging virtues of all religions. However, one also needs to realize the harsh realities of the major religions of the world: While the Sanatana Dharma (Hinduism) talks and promotes the precepts of "Sarva Dharma Sambhav" and "Vasudhaiva Kutumbakam", other two major religions (or so to speak, radicals and ultra-orthodox elements who dominate) of the world evolved during the last two millennia actively pursue the division of the humanity under the concepts of "faithful (momin) and unfaithful (kafir)" and "I am the only true religion", respectively. Even beyond the religious complacency, the cultural legacy of the land which we belong to is reflected in the following popular aphoristic Sanskrit verse (translation) in the context of charity.
Living creatures get influenced through danam,
Enemies lose hostility through danam,
A stranger may become a loved one through danam,
Vices are killed by danam.
Other Indian religions such as Buddhism, Jainism and Sikhism too have somewhat similar traditions and views on charity. Buddhism believes in giving without seeking any return leads to greater spiritual wealth. In Jainism, Danam is described as a virtue and duty to be performed with no desire for material gains. It is called Vand Chhako in Sikhism that entails sharing of a part earnings with others; selfless service and langar by Sikhs are best example.
The author would like to conclude with quotes of the Persian historian Abu Rayhan Al-Biruni, an Iranian scholar and polymath, who visited and lived in India for about 16 years in eleventh century (around 1017 AD). In his book Tarikh Al-Hind (History of India), Chapter LXVII on "Alms, And How A Man Must Spend What He Earns", he wrote as under:
"It is obligatory with them (Hindus) every day to give alms as much as possible… After the taxes, there are different opinions on how to spend their income. Some destine one-ninth of it for alms. Others divide this income (after taxes) into four portions. One fourth is destined for common expenses, the second for liberal works of a noble mind, the third for alms, and the fourth for being kept in reserve."
Continued to Part LV
More by : Dr. Jaipal Singh
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Yusuff Moshood/With agency reports The Guild of Medical Directors, a body of owners of private hospitals in Nigeria, has reacted to video claims by...
How I control my blood sugar with diet, medication –87-year-old man who has lived with diabetes for almost 50 years
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Diabetes, according to the World Health Organisation, is a chronic, metabolic disease characterised by elevated levels of blood sugar which leads over time to...
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Health insurance should cover more than two scans for pregnant women —Experts
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Terry Teachout has dug out this wonderful Peter Brook conversation with Sir Thomas.
"Although a musician with an international reputation, he was born and raised in St Helen's". Ha! Awful old-fashioned prejudice.
I'm somewhat ambivalent about Beecham, who sounds like something of a bully to his players. But he got things done and had broad musical interests. He did, however, create rather too many orchestras, and we're having to deal with that legacy to this day!
Yes, but Beecham paid for them personally . Are there any conductors today who do that?
I played a concert a few years ago in an orchestra which was put together much like Beecham did it, conductor casting a net for the best players he could wrangle. It was great — except he didn't possess Beecham's fortune, and folded the group after one concert. I cheered him up by pointing out that if he divided the sum he was out of pocket by the number of hours he had spent on the project, the hourly cost wasn't too unreasonable!
During the rehearsals, one of the players commented to me that she was having a great time, the group was really fine, but she couldn't understand how he was going to make it an ongoing proposition — so she was taking care to enjoy every minute!
I have it on pretty good authority that the majority of musicians, singers, and choristers adored him, especially in his later life.
Prigs in music? I assume he included himself in that?
I loved Brooks' nervous giggle after the 'psychiatrist' comment at c.15'20… his brother was one.
I like his comments on rehearsal technique. Quite a bit of the rest comes off as Old Man Yelling at Clouds alternating with telling kids to get off his lawn.
I rather think that Beecham bought his career.
We don't heah thet narratah's accent any moah, do we?
No, it has been replaced by estuary English (even by the queen).
No time to watch the interview now, but I agree with the quote in the headline — or rather, if it's true, then I'm glad to find out that other professions have fewer of them.
I read the autobiography of Beecham decades ago; I cannot remember whether he could actually play a musical instrument.
Not to any great standard. That did not prevent him becoming a remarkable conductor though. Whatever he was as a man, he left us some marvellous recordings.
He also saved Furtwängler's Jewish secretary from certain death by appointing her as his own secretary when she no longer could work in Germany. She left very interesting memoirs: B Geissmar, 'The Baton and the Jackboot'.
Not certain death. She had other options and plenty of time still to get out. But Beecham made it easy for her.
"He doesn't stop us every 5 bars, agitate us every 10 bars with some idiotic movement".
Beecham was a pompous old git.
For a time in the 1940s, Beecham was music director of the Seattle Symphony.


text:
Inside Publishing
Marketing & Publicity
Self-Published? So Were These Authors. They Translated Their Books and Saw Their Sales Go Through the Roof
by Ulatus
Bowker | Tue Feb 19, 2019
Self-published authors have a unique responsibility; along with focusing on writing exceptional content, they also have to pay attention to the details and work involved with publishing and marketing their books. Although the responsibility might seem huge, several writers have experienced higher sales with self-publishing than they would have with traditional publishers. Much more so, when they've decided to have their books translated to reach international markets as well. In fact, self-published books tend to receive 5.5 times more readership in non-English countries.
Here are some self-published authors who have been successful with their translated works:
Read more about Self-Published? So Were These Authors. They Translated Their Books and Saw Their Sales Go Through the Roof
For Foreign Authors Looking to Succeed in the American Market, the Importance of High Quality English Translation Cannot Be Overstated
Bowker | Tue Feb 5, 2019
It goes without saying that to sell literature in any market, it needs to be made available in the local language. But for foreign authors the American market can be a different kind of beast altogether. Run-of-the-mill English translation won't suffice. It needs to be meticulous, contextual and above all, professionally done. Without it, their chances for success are greatly diminished.
American Book Market: How to Be Successful
Read more about For Foreign Authors Looking to Succeed in the American Market, the Importance of High Quality English Translation Cannot Be Overstated
In Translation, Machines Have Their Role, but Not Without Human Intelligence
Bowker | Tue Dec 18, 2018
Machine Translation (MT) has become a vital part of the language industry, but that does not mean that human translation will become obsolete. On the contrary, there is a strong need for human translators to work in conjunction with machine translators to achieve first-rate results.
MT (Machine Translation): An Overview
With roots dating back to the seventeenth century, MT was launched in the 1950s, when research funded by the U.S. government first garnered global interest in the concept. During the machine translation process, content is automatically transferred between languages through the following methods:
Read more about In Translation, Machines Have Their Role, but Not Without Human Intelligence
Easier Said than Done: How to Navigate Literary Translations
Bowker | Tue Oct 23, 2018
Read more about Easier Said than Done: How to Navigate Literary Translations
Self-publishing Essentials: Hybrid Authorship
by Ellie Marney
Bowker | Tue Oct 9, 2018
The publishing industry has gone through big changes in the last few years — and perhaps the biggest change has been the emergence of a new model of authorship.
What is a hybrid author?
A hybrid author is a writer who is published both traditionally and independently. Some of their work (books, articles, poetry, screen or stage works, critique) is released through traditional means, and some is self-published.
You're allowed to do that?
Read more about Self-publishing Essentials: Hybrid Authorship
Self-publishing Essentials: the Purpose of Publishing
When planning to self-publish, the first questions that most people ask usually relate to process. How do I turn a document into an ebook? What do I do about distribution? Who do I contact about ISBNs?
Before that stage, however, there are a couple of essential questions about purpose that an author needs to consider in order to work out which self-publishing path is the right one to take. Figuring out the answers to these questions will give you a stronger understanding of what you're doing and how to handle the production process for your book — and it will give you a greater chance of success.
Why did you write this book?
We write for all different reasons — and not all books are written with the intention of hitting the New York Times bestseller list.
Read more about Self-publishing Essentials: the Purpose of Publishing
Translations that Changed the World: 9 Most Translated Texts
Bowker | Tue Sep 4, 2018
When considering the translation of your documents, did you ever wonder what their long-term impact might be? Have you thought about what others decades, centuries, even millennia from now might say about your original production and its translations? Have you wondered about where your works might fall in the great scheme of famously translated materials? If you have, you may be surprised by what you find below.
Read more about Translations that Changed the World: 9 Most Translated Texts
Translation Essentials: Why Literary Translation Matters
Bowker | Tue Aug 21, 2018
Technically, almost any writing may be called literature. However, literature is more commonly recognized as a work that displays superior written artistry of lasting value. These are not mere books or poems, these are writings that open our eyes and allow us to see a world beyond our own. Literature brings history to life, along with the lives and adventures of the men and women who went before us. It challenges our thinking, helps us read between the lines, and teaches us to identify themes and find hidden meanings. Other cultures may be explored and better understood. We are allowed to get a glimpse into the spiritual and political minds of people who are not like ourselves and experience the forces that drive them.
Read more about Translation Essentials: Why Literary Translation Matters
Eight International Bestsellers that Found Success in Translation
Bowker | Tue Jun 19, 2018
While many in the publishing industry bemoan the fact that only about 3% of books published in English are translated, the ones that do break through to the English-language market sometimes become international sensations.
Read more about Eight International Bestsellers that Found Success in Translation
The Who's Who of Book Translation: 7 Important Players You Should Know About
Translating a book into another language exposes it to an entirely new market. This is extremely valuable for both the publisher and the author: it both increases the book's potential revenue and extends its reach to a global audience. Publishing a book in English makes it accessible to 360 million native speakers, plus the billion people who speak it as a second language; but publishing a translation to Mandarin, for example, exposes it to an additional potential audience of 955 million!
Read more about The Who's Who of Book Translation: 7 Important Players You Should Know About
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text:
Indian alchemy
The oldest Indian writings, the Vedas (Hindu sacred scriptures), contain the same hints of alchemy that are found in evidence from ancient China, namely vague references to a connection between gold and long life. Mercury, which was so vital to alchemy everywhere, is first mentioned in the 4th- to 3rd-century-bc Artha-śāstra, about the same time it is encountered in China and in the West. Evidence of the idea of transmuting base metals to gold appears in 2nd- to 5th-century-ad Buddhist texts, about the same time as in the West. Since Alexander the Great had invaded India in 325 bc, leaving a Greek state (Gandhāra) that long endured, the possibility exists that the Indians acquired the idea from the Greeks, but it could have been the other way around.
It is also possible that the alchemy of medicine and immortality came to India from China, or vice versa; in any case, gold making appears to have been a minor concern, and medicine the major concern, of both cultures. But the elixir of immortality was of little importance in India (which had other avenues to immortality). The Indian elixirs were mineral remedies for specific diseases or, at the most, to promote long life.
As in China and the West, alchemy in India came to be associated with religious mysticism, but much later—not until the rise of Tantrism (an esoteric, occultic, meditative system), ad 1100–1300. To Tantrism are owed writings that are clearly alchemical (such as the 12th-century Rasārṇava, or "Treatise on Metallic Preparations").
From the earliest records of Indian natural philosophy, which date from the 5th–3rd centuries bc, theories of nature were based on conceptions of material elements (fire, wind, water, earth, and space), vitalism ("animated atoms"), and dualisms of love and hate or action and reaction. The alchemist coloured metals and on occasion "made" gold, but he gave little importance to that. His six metals (gold, silver, tin, iron, lead, and copper), each further subdivided (five kinds of gold, etc.), were "killed" (i.e., corroded) but not "resurrected," as was the custom of Western alchemy. Rather, they were killed to make medicines. Although "the secrets of mercurial lore" became part of the Tantric rite, mercury seems to have been much less important than in China. The Indians exploited metal reactions more widely, but, although they possessed from an early date not only vitriol and sal ammoniac but also saltpetre, they nevertheless failed to discover the mineral acids. This is the more remarkable because India was long the principal source of saltpetre, which occurs as an efflorescence on the soil, especially in populous tropical countries. But it lacks the high degree of corrosivity of metals possessed by the vitriols and chlorides and played a small part in early alchemy. Saltpetre appears particularly in 9th- to 11th-century-ad Indian and Chinese recipes for fireworks, one of which—a mixture of saltpetre, sulfur, and charcoal—is gunpowder. Saltpetre first appears in Europe in the 13th century, along with the modern formula for gunpowder and the recipe for nitric acid.
Hellenistic alchemy
Western alchemy may go back to the beginnings of the Hellenistic period (c. 300 bc–c. ad 300), although the earliest alchemist whom authorities have regarded as authentic is Zosimos of Panopolis (Egypt), who lived near the end of the period. He is one of about 40 authors represented in a compendium of alchemical writings that was probably put together in Byzantium (Constantinople) in the 7th or 8th century ad and that exists in manuscripts in Venice and Paris. Synesius, the latest author represented, lived in Byzantium in the 4th century. The earliest is the author designated Democritus but identified by scholars with Bolos of Mende, a Hellenized Egyptian who lived in the Nile Delta about 200 bc. He is represented by a treatise called Physica et mystica ("Natural and Mystical Things"), a kind of recipe book for dyeing and colouring but principally for the making of gold and silver. The recipes are stated obscurely and are justified with references to the Greek theory of elements and to astrological theory. Most end with the phrase "One nature rejoices in another nature; one nature triumphs over another nature; one nature masters another nature," which authorities variously trace to the Magi (Zoroastrian priests), Stoic pantheism (a Greek philosophy concerned with nature), or to the 4th-century-bc Greek philosopher Aristotle. It was the first of a number of such aphorisms over which alchemists were to speculate for many centuries.
In 1828 a group of ancient papyrus manuscripts written in Greek was purchased in Thebes (Egypt), and about a half-century later it was noticed that among them, divided between libraries in Leyden (the Netherlands) and Stockholm, was a tract very like the Physica et mystica. It differed, however, in that it lacked the former's theoretical embellishments and stated in some recipes that only fraudulent imitation of gold and silver was intended. Scholars believe that this kind of work was the ancestor both of the Physica et mystica and of the ordinary artist's recipe book. The techniques were ancient. Archaeology has revealed metal objects inlaid with colours obtained by grinding metals with sulfur, and Homer's description (8th century bc) of the shield of Achilles gives the impression that the artist in his time was virtually able to paint in metal.
Democritus is praised by most of the other authors in the Venice–Paris manuscript, and he is much commented upon. But only Zosimos shows what had become of alchemy after Bolos of Mende. His theory is luxuriant in imagery, beginning with a discussion of "the composition of waters, movement, growth, embodying and disembodying, drawing the spirits from bodies and binding the spirits within bodies" and continuing in the same vein. The "base" metals are to be "ennobled" (to gold) by killing and resurrecting them, but his practice is full of distillation and sublimation, and he is obsessed with "spirits." Theory and practice are joined in the concept that success depends upon the production of a series of colours, usually black, white, yellow, and purple, and that the colours are to be obtained through Theion hydōr (divine or sulfur water—it could mean either).
Zosimos credits these innovations mainly to Maria (sometimes called "the Jewess"), who invented the apparatus, and to Agathodaimon, probably a pseudonym. Neither is represented (beyond Zosimos' references) in the Venice–Paris manuscript, but a tract attributed to Agathodaimon, published in 1953, shows him to be preoccupied with the colour sequence and complicating it by using arsenic instead of sulfur. Thus, the colour-producing potentialities of chemistry were considerable by the time of Zosimos.
Zosimos also shows that alchemical theory came to focus on the idea that there exists a substance that can bring about the desired transformation instantly, magically, or, as a modern chemist might say, catalytically. He called it "the tincture," and had several. It was also sometimes called "the powder" (xērion), which was to pass through Arabic into Latin as elixir and finally (signifying its inorganic nature) as the "philosopher's stone," "a stone which is not a stone," as the alchemists were wont to say. It was sometimes called a medicine for the rectification of "base" or "sick" metals, and from this it was a short step to view it as a drug for the rectification of human maladies. Zosimos notes the possibility, in passing. When the objective of alchemy became human salvation, the material constitution of the elixir became less important than the incantations that accompanied its production. Synesius, the last author in the Venice–Paris manuscript, already defined alchemy as a mental operation, independent of the science of matter.
alchemyAn illustration depicting an alchemist combining the philosopher's stone with gold to produce new gold. Photos.com/Thinkstock
Thus, Greek alchemy came to resemble, in both theory and practice, that of China and India. But its objectives included gold making; thus it remained fundamentally different.
Nature and significance
The chemistry of alchemy
Regional variations
Chinese alchemy
Arabic alchemy
Latin alchemy
Modern alchemy
Assessments of alchemy
Interpretations
Catholic Encyclopedia - Alchemy
LiveScience - What is Alchemy?
alchemy - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11)
alchemy - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up)


text:
What Tear Gas Does To Its Victims
Robert Sorokanich
Published 7 years ago: August 15, 2014 at 12:00 pm -
Filed to:crowd control
fergusonferguson missouririotstear gas
Tear gas is banned for use in warfare by the Geneva Convention. It's allowed, however, to be used by police as "domestic riot control", as seen in protests in Turkey, Bahrain, and now Ferguson, Missouri. Here's what you need to know about tear gas: What it is, and what it does to the human body.
What's in it?
The term "tear gas" is a bit of a misnomer: The canisters in a police department's arsenal contain a solid powered chemical, rather than a gas. When activated, the chemical is aerosolised, creating a dense plume of crystallised chemicals that hang in the air.
Almost universally, those clouds contain one of two chemicals. Oleum capsicum (OC) tear gas is made of chilli pepper oil, the same ingredient used in pepper spray. CS gas uses a chemical called 2-chlorobenzalmalononitrile as its active ingredient, with a couple of variations that range in potency.
Various forms of tear gas have been in use since World War I, some of which are now banned due to toxicity. The ones that remain are said to be nontoxic and — when used appropriately — nonlethal. But it wasn't until just a few years ago that we fully understood how tear gas works.
Exposure to tear gas causes a trademark set of symptoms: severe burning of the eyes, mouth, throat, and skin. Victims cough, choke, and retch, with tears and mucous streaming uncontrollably from their eyes, noses, and throats. In response to the pain, victims' eyelids snap shut. Some report temporary blindness.
Depending on the type of tear gas used, symptoms come on nearly instantly. CS gas kicks in within 30 to 60 seconds, causing irritation to the skin, eyes, and breathing passages. Pepper-based OC gas sets in even more swiftly, and can even incapacitate its victims.
Tear gas is so viciously effective because, again, it's not a gas; it's a substance that binds and reacts to moisture. The aerosolised crystals glom on to the wet surfaces of a person's eyes, mouth, skin, and breathing passages. The body's defence mechanisms go into overdrive, trying to flush the chemicals away with tears and mucus. The pain and panic, combined with the body's swift reaction, can incapacitate or disorient a victim.
If a victim can escape the tear gas and get to open air, the symptoms usually wear off within one hour, though burning eyes and skin, dizziness, and disorientation can last much longer. While researchers are studying ways to block the chemicals' effects, currently there's no cure for victims other than getting away into open air.
Ever since tear gas saw its first use in WWI, scientists assumed it acted as a simple irritant. But recent research shows that the chemicals used today aren't just aerosolized itching powder: They're actually nerve agents.
Sven-Eric Jordt is a professor of pharmacology at the Yale University School of Medicine. Dr. Jordt's research team focuses on the nerve pathways of pain. In 2006 and 2009, the Jordt lab published papers explaining for the first time the neurological basis of how tear gas works. As Dr. Jordt explained to National Geographic in 2013:
Tear gases are nerve gases that specifically activate pain-sensing nerves. Spelled out like that, people can better compare them to other nerve agents out there. That's the major discovery we made, that they are not benign or just irritants. The receptors are designed to warn a human or animal about exposure to a noxious chemical, so the animal removes itself from the exposure. They increase survival.
In other words, they're not just there to incapacitate. They act directly to cause pain.
When it goes wrong
Tear gas is meant to work long enough to subdue a crowd, then dissipate with no permanent repercussions. A 2003 study states that there is "no evidence that a healthy individual will experience long-term health effects from open-air exposures to CS". But that's not always how it goes.
Reports from demonstrations in Egypt in 2013 state that 37 people died of asphyxiation after a tear gas canister was fired into the vehicle carrying them. Others have been blinded, maimed or killed by tear gas canisters shot from close range. The War Resisters League reports on deaths caused by exposure to tear gas in closed spaces, miscarriages and stillbirths after exposure to the chemicals. People with respiratory diseases like asthma are especially susceptible to tear gas, sometimes requiring long-term hospitalisation. Overexposure can cause burns to the skin or eyes, the latter frequently causing blindness.
Tear gas is meant to be a non-lethal crowd dispersing agent. But to its victims, and the people who study it, that distinction isn't always so clear. As Dr Jordt told National Geographic, the legacy of tear gas doesn't always live up to that non-lethal claim:
There are enough examples where people suffered severe injury and burns, especially in enclosed environments or city streets with several-story buildings. Residents who live near Tahir Square in Cairo that have gotten a lot of tear gas have had long-term exposure, leading to respiratory problems. Long-term exposure is very problematic.
People with asthma or other conditions can have very severe reactions. Tear gases are very serious chemical threats. I think it is very problematic to use them.
When asked by National Geographic if tear gas should be used on civilians, Dr Jordt's response was telling:
Tear gas under the Geneva Convention is characterised as a chemical warfare agent, and so it is precluded for use in warfare, but it is used very frequently against civilians. That's very illogical.
It's unknown how many canisters of tear gas have been fired in Ferguson, Missouri. Media reports have been limited, but by all accounts the Ferguson police are relying on it extensively to control and subdue protestors. Given the mixed history of this weapon, and its potential for injury or death, it makes an already unstable situation even more troubling.
Picture: Police advance through smoke, Wednesday, Aug. 13, 2014, in Ferguson, Mo. (AP Photo/Jeff Roberson)


text:
Glonn is a river in Bavaria, Germany.

Its source is in Glonn in the Ebersberg district and it flows in the south-east direction via Beyharting (Tuntenhausen) to Bad Aibling, where it flows into the Mangfall.

The Glonn has a length of about . Its name originates from "Glana", "the clear one" (female) in Celtic languages.

See also
List of rivers in Bavaria

References

External links

Rivers of Bavaria
Rivers of Germany

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
NZ Linear Parcels
Survey & Title
This dataset was last updated on LINZ Data Service on 03 Feb 2023.
b884d5bc-0f08-3270-6ebf-1ee8c06074af
Individual Name
omit
resourceProvider
urn:ogc:def:crs:EPSG::4167
This layer provides all linear parcels (e.g. Centreline easements) and their associated descriptive data as a single layer to facilitate their use independently of the all polygon parcels.
**NOTE**: This layer contains [primary](http://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/772) and [non-primary](http://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/782) approved, current or historic linear parcels (see status flag descriptions for more information).
In conjunction with the [Parcels](http://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/1571-nz-parcels), this layer provides the easiest way to create a relationship with associated tables such as [Parcel Title Association List](http://data.linz.govt.nz/table/1569-nz-title-parcel-association-list), [Parcel Statutory Actions List](http://data.linz.govt.nz/table/1565-nz-parcel-statutory-actions-list) and [Survey Affected Parcels List](http://data.linz.govt.nz/table/1568-nz-survey-affected-parcels-list).
This layer contains spatial and non-spatial (without geometry) parcels. The Landonline system which manages the data maintains non-spatial parcels for many different reasons. The non-spatial parcels can only be accessed via WFS or as a full layer file download. No layer clips can be used. The most common reasons for non-spatial parcels are:
1. Flats and unit survey plans will create non-spatial parcels for referencing property rights. This is because the Landonline system has not yet been designed to support the spatial definition of these plans.
2. Titles which were not linked to a spatial parcel during the Landonline title conversion project created non-spatial parcel references. As titles are spatially linked many of these non-spatial parcels will be made historic or will be merged with the associated spatial parcel.
Parcels within this layer contain the following status flags:
- Approved: The definition of a survey-defined parcel that has been processed and authorised as correct in terms of the survey network.
- Current: A parcels that has been registered or the parcel is made current by a statutory action against a Legalisation plan.
- Survey Historic: A parcel that has been extinguished from the primary cadastral network but still exists in live Title estates.
- Historic: A parcel that has been extinguished from the primary cadastral network and no longer exists in live Title estates or has an current recorded statutory action. Typically this happens when a parcel is subdivided or merged, and new titles or actions are registered against the replacing parcels. Note: Only parcel made historic since the beginning of Landonline operations (2002) are included. See this [page](http://www.linz.govt.nz/survey-titles/landonline-data/landonline-bde/related-datasets/dcdb-datasets) for the actual dates when Landonline operations started.
The Linear parcels within this layer has a nominal accuracy of 0.1-1m in urban areas and 1-100m in rural areas. For more detailed information about parcel accuracies please refer to the [Survey Boundary Marks](http://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/774-nz-survey-boundary-marks) layer which contains accuracies for each parcel node.
The originating data for parcel/title associations includes some non-official sources where the official data does not support a link. For more information [see](https://www.linz.govt.nz/products-services/data/types-linz-data/property-ownership-and-boundary-data/types-lds-property-ownership-and-boundary-data).
In conjunction with the All Parcels, this layer provides the easiest way to create a relationship with associated tables such as Parcel Title Association Parcel Statutory Actions and Affected Parcel Surveys.
Data Manager - Customer Systems
Resource Maintenance
Maintenance And Update Frequency
Maintenance Frequency Code
Descriptive Keywords
Keyword Type Code
Thesaurus Name
ANZLIC Jurisdictions
Edition Date
http://asdd.ga.gov.au/asdd/profileinfo/anzlic-jurisdic.xml#anzlic-jurisdic
Cited Responsible Party
ANZLIC the Spatial Information Council
Crown copyright reserved
Released under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International with:
Following Disclaimers:
1. This data is made available through the LINZ Data Service and is based on information contained with Landonline (New Zealand's Official Title and Cadastral System)
2. Not to be used for defining legal parcel boundaries.
Following Attribution:
If you publish, distribute or otherwise disseminate this work to the public without adapting it, the following attribution to Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand should be used:
'CC BY 4.0 Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand'
If you adapt this work in any way or include it in a collection, and publish, distribute or otherwise disseminate that adaptation or collection to the public, the following attribution to Toitū Te Whenua Land Information New Zealand should be used:
'Contains data sourced from the LINZ Data Service and licensed for reuse under CC BY 4.0.'
If "attribution stacking" problems exist then the requirement to display the above attribution statements is waived and in lieu the attribution statement is to be made in any terms or conditions associated with the work/ product/ application/ etc.
planningCadastre
167.615777383178.33533235-46.4493637833-35.1982230667
https://data.linz.govt.nz/layer/51570-nz-linear-parcels/
LINZ and its predecessors have been responsible for cadastral data in New Zealand for more than a hundred years.
National mapping of parcels was undertaken as part of the maintenance and indexing roles with scales ranging from 1:396 (50 links to an inch) to 1:50,000. The predominant scales in urban areas were 1:792, 1:1000, 1:1584 and 1:2000. Predominant rural scales were of 1:7920 and 1:10,000.
The first digital data was created in the late 1980's (along with the creation of the Department of Survey and Land Information) by hand digitising the department's cadastral record maps into the digital cadastral database (DCDB). The DCDB provided the graphical index to survey records throughout New Zealand until the implementation of Landonline (2000-2002). As Landonline was rolled out to each Land District, that district's DCDB data was converted into the Landonline database (also known as the Core Record System or CRS) and then decommissioned. The survey conversion project scanned survey plans and converted them to 1.4 million electronic files. Additionally, boundary dimensions for a total of 1.4 million parcels were captured from around 300,000 surveys. This involved the capture of some 13 million observations and the adjustment of five million geodetic survey marks.
Unlike the prior systems that subsequently mapped cadastral records, Landonline is 'live' amd reflects realtime transactions as it enables surveyors, lawyers and other land professionals (including Territorial Authorities) to search and lodge title dealings and survey data digitally. New parcel shapes is therefore survey accurate. However as the change to parcels (attributes or shape) is mainly driven by the subdivision process, only a small portion of the parcels dataset will be changing at any given point of time.


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text:
George Gilder's Moonshots
The George Gilder Report
Gilder's Millionaire Circle
Gilder's Daily Prophecy
Introducing China's IoT Golden Age
By George GilderPosted October 10, 2019
IoT - The internet of things. You've undoubtedly heard of IoT by now… IoT refers to a broad range of internet-connected devices that are capable of communicating with other devices and networks. They can perform a variety of functions but...
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The George Gilder Report is a monthly newsletter dedicated to uncovering little-known investment opportunities that are tied to emerging technology trends.
The founder of the letter, George Gilder, has an uncanny ability to predict technology megatrends years before they became mainstream news — along with the companies best positioned to benefit.
Now, while this newsletter was founded recently (in June 2019), it actually boasts quite a fascinating history.
You see, Gilder is no stranger to the newsletter industry.
In the '90s, he published a similar letter called the Gilder Technology Report, where he used his predictive talents to help readers position themselves in advance of these upcoming trends.
Well, lucky for us, George has decided to return.
In the pages of The George Gilder Report, he wants to once again provide his wisdom and predictive abilities to readers.
And he's more excited than ever about the megatrends he's identifying, and the investment opportunities that are emerging alongside them.
Publishing Schedule:
Monthly issues are delivered via email and published online once a month. Portfolio updates are sent via email and published online on a weekly basis.
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George Gilder is the most knowledgeable man in America when it comes to the future of technology — and its impact on our lives.
He's an established investor, writer, and economist with an uncanny ability to foresee how new breakthroughs will play out, years in advance.
And he's certainly no stranger to the financial newsletter...
View More By George Gilder
The Battle for AI Supremacy
By George GilderPosted November 21, 2019
Today, there's more venture funding going into artificial intelligence (AI) than ever before.
China's Growing Contribution to the World Economy: Part 1
By George GilderPosted December 5, 2019
There is a shift underway in the global economy — an important shift that requires careful consideration given the enormous economic, financial, and investment implications.
Alibaba Pushes the RISC Curve
By George GilderPosted August 1, 2019
You may have never heard of Alibaba. That's alright. We've got you covered here.
Qualcomm Dives Deeper into 5G
Broadband wireless communications technology — 5G being the latest generation — is reshaping the way we live, work and play.
The Tech Titans of China
China is becoming the leader in several emerging technologies…
IoT in the 5G Age: Another Telecosmic Revolution in the Making
By George GilderPosted September 26, 2019
The penetration of the internet of things (IoT) has been nothing short of breathtaking. No emerging technology has penetrated the US economy as fast as IoT…
© 2020 Gilder Press, a division of Laissez Faire Books, LLC.


Congratulations to Mr Ziebeck and his partner Zoe who just beat Mr Horsley and his partner Finn in an outstanding final to be crowned the KS3 House badminton champions 2017 this evening.
The victory ensures Hedoncrofte maintain their remarkable record of six wins from six and will keep the trophy for a 3rd year running!!
A massive thank you to everyone who either participated in or supported tonight's KS3 House badminton competition.
Once again the atmosphere was fantastic and although it was very competitive was played in the right spirit and was thoroughly enjoyable to watch.


Eggs sold at Foodstuffs' supermarkets New World, Pak'nSave and Four Square will be will be 100 per cent cage free by 2027. Countdown supermarket has already promised to sell only barn-raised and free-range eggs by 2025. Changes to animal welfare laws late last year mean that battery egg farming will be phased out by 2022.
We love eggs. They taste good, they keep us satisfied and they're an inexpensive source of protein and other nutrients such as carotenoids, vitamin D, B12, selenium and choline. Forget pairing them with fatty bacon or rich hollandaise sauce, though; all that saturated fat is so last century and has given eggs a bad rap.
How do they produce eggs?


Gamers should be considered happy! And why is that? Maybe because ASUS launches the most important feature yet ever seen: a notebook that uses NVIDIA3D for those real gamers, those that feel really happy by hearing this news! What's this product named? Yes, most of you maybe already know the name, it's the ASUS Republic of Gamers (ROG) G51J 3D, especially designed for all the gamers that really want to live and enjoy a beautiful gaming experience with the help of the special designed 3D glasses that give an unique experience!
This nice notebook has great capacities and offers great moments for those that are really for gaming! For instance, the already mentioned 3D glasses that offer the NVIDIA 3D Vision qualities, 1 GB DDR3 video memory( you have adrenaline pumping all over your body and you can enjoy these features everywhere you are, because you have a notebook and it's not heavy)! Other important features regarding this product are the CMSS and EAX that regard the audio part, which is tremendously good and you'll enjoy every sound heard, feeling in that world, in that environment! Let's not mention the Intel Core i7 processor that confers great technological proprieties and make the gamers enjoy every little time of gaming without any problems!
What's so special about those 3 D glasses? Well, those glasses cope with an infra-red thingy that makes you see things in another dimension, you see everything really clear, it's like you're a part of that world with the help of those glasses! Just think of games like Resident Evil, Batman: Arkham Asylum, Star Trek, Borderlands or World of Warcraft that can be played everywhere you like! These games can be placed easily into the ASUS G51J 3D notebook and make you feel like a character from that game!
Just think how many games you can play and the technical features really help you to enjoy every sound of that experience: with the EAX Advanced HD 4.0 3D audio propriety (great scenarios and environments with 3D effect, it gives up to 64 additional sound effects, with real effects and makes you feel like a part of that world) and the CMSS that confers the surrounding sound.
With the help of the Intel Core i7 Processor, this notebook offers the great experience of multitasking without problems, so you can browse easily in your folders, while you take a few seconds from your great game!
The new ASUS G51J 3D can not be compared to any notebook on the market! It's a gaming notebook firstly, which permits the buyers to take advantage of a new experience and with the help of those 3D glasses they certainly feel new experiences, which can not resemble any other "feelings"! This gadget will certainly please the gamers section and certainly they won't be disappointed of its features! More importantly, this notebook will be available soon and it has a starting price of $1699.99. So, you draw the conclusions….


DES PLAINES, Ill. — On a cold and wet afternoon, those who knew and worked with Chicago Police Officer Samuel Jimenez braved the weather to pay their respects in the northwest suburbs Sunday.
A large white tent was set up as an overflow area outside the Oehler Funeral Home, as an outpouring of support was expected from both law enforcement and the public. Cook County Sheriff Tom Dart was one of the first to arrive, joined by Chicago Fraternal Order of Police President Kevin Graham.
Officer Jimenez was killed in the line of duty during an exchange of gunfire outside Mercy Hospital Monday afternoon. The shooter, Juan Lopez, also shot and killed his ex-fiancé Dr. Tamara O'Neal, and pharmacy resident Dr. Dayna Less.
The tragedy has shaken those who knew the rookie officer. Former classmate Tvonne Iman said she attended the wake to show her support for Jimenez's family, especially his wife.
"I was really shocked knowing it was somebody my age, having to go through something like that, it was really difficult," Iman said Sunday. "It really hurts for all of our classmates to see someone we knew we loved and always saw happy had to go through something like this."


The 2nd Rizal Arts Festival proved to be a showcase of Rizal Province's best artists. Organized by famed artist Nemi Miranda of the Nemiranda Arthouse Gallery and SM City Taytay, the exhibit was opened in February 24 at the mall's event center and will run until March 13, 2010. Gracing the launching and ribbon cutting of the arts festival was Rizal's First Lady and supporter of the Rizal Artists Group, Andrea Bautista-Ynares, and Taytay Mayor Joric Gacula.
Featured Rizal artists in this festival include Nemiranda's ART CAMP, the Rizal Bonsai Club, the Eastern Rizal Photographers guild, Taytay couturiers Gener Gozum and Merlino Cruz, the Neo Angono Artists, and tattoo icon Butch Bautista.
March 1 - 5 (Monday to Friday), 4 PM at the Event Center.
Participants should bring own art materials (drawing paper, craypas/oil pastel, and pencil/charcoal).
February 26-28, March 5-7, March 12-14 (Friday and Saturday)during Mall hours at the Event Center.
Materials are available at the venue.
February 26-27 (Friday and Saturday), 3 PM at the Event Center.
March 6 (Saturday), 3 PM at the Event Center.
March 6 (Saturday), 4 PM at the Event Center.
Hi Maui! Am Ding from Palawan. Just dropped to take a closer look of your blog. It's awesome! Ang galing naman...Sana kasing galing mo ko magsulat. Thanks and sure I'll be back.


text:
Phyllis Smith (Lemay, Missouri, 1951. július 10.–) amerikai színésznő.

Filmográfia

Filmek

Televíziós szerepek

Jegyzetek

További információk

Amerikai színészek
1951-ben született személyek
Amerikai nők
Élő személyek


text:
Erica Lynn Reed
Memorial Websites / All Memorials / Reed, Erica
Nickname: TinkerBell
Ohio, United States of America
West Virginia, United States of America
Cheerleading and Dancing
This site is dedicated to Erica Lynn Reed.
Reed, Erica Lynn, age 15, of New Martinsville, WV, formerly of Allegan County, MI, died Monday, September 26, 2011 as the result of an auto accident.
She was born June 14, 1996 in Warren, Ohio.
Erica was a freshman student at Paden City High School; a cheerleader; and attended Immanuel Baptist Church in New Martinsville.
She was preceded in death by her paternal grandparents, Bruce V. Sr. and Janie Marie Reed; maternal great grandparents, Edward Sr. and Lucille Laws; and a great aunt, Barbara Morell.
Survivors include her mother, Amy Owens; a sister, Sabrina Reed, both of New Martinsville; a brother, Brandon J. Dean of Ashtabula, Ohio; a sister, Mercedes Reed of Otsego, MI and a sister, Janie Marie Garland of Ohio; her maternal grandmother, Jessica Jankowiak and her husband, Edward, of Otsego, MI; maternal grandfather, Bobby Dell and his wife, Sylvia Moss of Arkansas; and several aunts, uncles and cousins.
A freshman at Paden City High School was killed in a head-on collision Monday morning.
Erica Reed was the passenger in a blue Mustang driven south by her mother, Amy Owens, on state Route 2 south of the road's intersection with state Route 180. When traffic was stopped for a vehicle waiting to turn left into Talkington's Gun Shop's parking lot, Owens attempted to avoid a rear-end collision by veering left. It was then that the Mustang struck, head-on, a silver Trailblazer driven by Joseph Moore of Paden City. Both Reed and Owens are of New Martinsville.
Reed died in the crash while Moore was transported to Sistersville General Hospital and Owens to Wetzel County Hospital. Both were treated and released.
Cpl. C.J. Lantz of the Paden City Detachment of the West Virginia State Police investigated the incident. He was assisted by the Wetzel County Sheriff's Department and numerous emergency medical squads and fire departments. The road was closed for about an hour.
PCHS Principal Jay Salva said the school is feeling the loss. There was no general assembly to talk of the incident, but he said, "It was taken care of in small groups." Bereavement counseling is available to the students. "They've used it and we have some extra counselors here," said Salva. PCHS's guidance counselor is Donna Jones.
www.teenmemorywall.com
www.findagrave.com
www.grisellfuneralhome.com
Brandon Dean
(Brother)
"I miss you sis, Mom does not talk to me no more and I have nothing to with our sister sabrina. I am practically alone. But I just wanted to stop by and say I Still think about you. Your still in my heart. Hope the afterlife is treating you well. LI've your bub, Brandon Dean."
"I miss you..
Amy Schultz
(Mother)
"Mom loves and misses you so much baby girl! xoxox"
Sabrina Reed
(Big Sister)
"Sissy,
there are no words to describe how much i miss you. Everyday is rough on me but the past week have been extremely rough. I think it has alot to do with me getting married. And i also think it has to do with getting to know our older sister Janie. Im taking it hard knowing that there wont be any pictures of you standing right next to me at the alter. Id give anything to have you standing next to me to where i can see you. I love you with all my heart. and i cant WAIT TO SE YOU AGAIN! Love always your big sister Sabrina (Carebear)"
Dale Frank
"Erica i wish we coulda met before this happened to u"
Amanda Forrester
(BFF / sister)
"It was like yesterday we were playing in the dirt at school when we first met in 2nd grade. We became great friends spending everyday together during the summer days. We whent through another friends death together. U whent threw everything with me. I keep you jacket that u left at my house close to me. Your lil nephew never got to see you but I tell him about u everyday. I feel so lonely in the world now. I got no friends to tell stuff too and getting bullied everyday about having a baby to young but u told me that my baby would be cute and strong and he is. I am waiting for the day to join u and be close again bc that day u left. I passed the road that was closed off and never thought go had taken my best friend away. I will be with u again. Least you are with Timmy now. I miss u sis it so hard without you. "
Tara Lewis
(Best friend)
"Today, I went though my dresser only to find the shirt you had signed.
You and i were two of a kind! Words can't describe how I feel at this moment in time! The only thing that comes out is I love and miss you!
ILL SEE YOU SOON BUT NOT SOON ENOUGH! I'll still pray to you every night and continue to dream bout all our GOOD memories! I love you Erica Lynn Reed! Always and forever! It seems like yesterday we said we were friends till the end... I jus didn't kno the end was so soon! <\3"
Tara Wright
(friend and more)
"Dear Erica lynn, i miss you more and more each day i cant help but cry myself to sleep when i think about you. i wish i could have changed what had happened i wish there would have been a way. i just want you to know you were and still are loved and missed by so many people. your mom and sister really are going through a rough time they bother wish you were still here as do i. i love you babygirl i just wish i could hear your sweet innocent voice say it back <3"
angela haring
(aunt)
"I miss you my dear niece, love you very much"
Anita Lang Walch
"Erica,
I've been touched by your short life. Though we never met, I heard your mom and sister's cries for a message that you are ok and felt their broken hearts all the way in Jersey. I know they will see little signs that you are just fine and watching out for them always especially butterflies everywhere and certain songs on the radio. You clearly touched the hearts of many. May you rest in peace sweet angel.
Anita"
I miss you sis, Mom does not talk to me no more and I have nothing to with our sister sabrina. I am practically alone. But I just wanted to stop by and say I Still think about you. Your still in my heart. Hope the afterlife is treating you well. LI've your bub, Brandon Dean.
Brandon Dean (Brother)
I miss you..
Brandon (Brother)
Mom loves and misses you so much baby girl! xoxox
Amy Schultz (Mother)
Sissy,
there are no words to describe how much i miss you. Everyday is rough on me but the past week have been extremely rough. I think it has alot to do with me getting married. And i also think it has to do with getting to know our older sister Janie. Im taking it hard knowing that there wont be any pictures of you standing right next to me at the alter. Id give anything to have you standing next to me to where i can see you. I love you with all my heart. and i cant WAIT TO SE YOU AGAIN! Love always your big sister Sabrina (Carebear)
Sabrina Reed (Big Sister)
Erica i wish we coulda met before this happened to u
Dale Frank (cousin)
By: Amy Schultz
Contact Amy
"Mommy loves and misses you baby girl. .."
Amy Owens
"I am sorry for your loss. Rest in Peace, and God bless."
Wyatt Weeks
"I miss and Love you babygirl <3"
"rip"
Heather Schreiber
"I'm so sorry for your loss...May God bless you and keep you and your family....."
Becky Howard
"I love you BabyGirl!"
Erica Reed's Memorial is currently a Free Account and has reached the maximum usage for this feature.
By sponsoring Erica Reed's site, the memorial will receive these additional features:
Photos -- Up to 100
Candles -- Unlimited
Stories -- Unlimited
Videos -- Included
Timeline -- Included
Sponsoring this memorial is a lasting gift and will be appreciated by family and friends of Erica Reed. You can sponsor this memorial in your name, someone else's name or anonymously.
http://www.ilasting.com/ericalynnreed.php


Not a great deal has been written about Ruby Hill, but this small mining camp was active for many years and produced close to $200,000. The initial location was the Cow and Calf Mine discovered in 1871. The Ruby Hill Mining District was officially organized in July of 1872. By August, Ruby Hill reached its peak with a population of around 150. The town had two restaurants, two stores, a bar, and a boardinghouse that made up the business district. By fall, all the smaller mines had played out and only the four largest mines were still producing. Unfortunately, legal problems forced the mines to close and emptied the once bustling camp. It wasn't until the early 1880s that some mines were reopened. But that didn't last long and by 1885 there were only two residents left in Ruby Hill. There was much on again off again activity during the years until 1928 brought an end to all mining activity at Ruby Hill. Because the camp was active for only a few years at a time, few permanent buildings were ever constructed. Most of the mines are high in the mountains, and access is extremely difficult. Though the ruins are not extensive, Ruby Hill is worth the trip, primarily because of its beautiful setting, nestled high in the spectacular Schelbourne Mountains.


34 HOBART PL is Block 8, Lot 1 in Garfield City, Bergen County.
. See sales information for 34 Hobart Pl back to 2000.
The Deed for 34 Hobart Pl is filed with the County Clerk in Book 3014 on Page 1572.
To view the flood hazards around this property, create a FEMA "Firmette" Map of the area around 34 HOBART PL.
View the list of properties within 200 feet of 34 HOBART PL. Useful for determining certified mailing lists when applying for a variance or permit.


text:
CCAD test pilots judge school competition, encourage student creativity, entrepreneurialism
By Quentin JohnsonApril 5, 2019
1 / 6 Show Caption + Hide Caption – Skyler Stevens, a 5th-grade student at Kolda Elementary School, Corpus Christi, Texas, presents his product or brand "Get Hooked" to a panel of judges during the 2nd Annual Kolda Elementary School Entrepreneur Quest competition, March 28. Stevens was one of 11 students competing to win the competition and a chance to win $100 towards the marketing of their idea. (Photo Credit: Quentin Johnson) VIEW ORIGINAL
2 / 6 Show Caption + Hide Caption – Yvonne Hein, elementary math specialist for the Corpus Christi Independent School District, Corpus Christi, Texas, reviews "The Be Kind Project" during the 2nd Annual Kolda Elementary School Entrepreneur Quest competition at Kolda, March 28. The product or brand, created by 5th graders Samuel Pyle, 10, and Luis Torres, 11, is a clothing-line concept to promote anti-bullying. The competition is an opportunity for the students to present a creative and new product concept they have created to a panel of judges for the chance to win $100 towards the marketing of their idea or brand. (Photo Credit: Quentin Johnson) VIEW ORIGINAL
3 / 6 Show Caption + Hide Caption – Talen Silvas, 11, peels cellophane off his product "The Good Stuff" - individual, homemade peanut butter and jelly slices - during the 2nd Annual Kolda Elementary School Entrepreneur Quest competition at Kolda, March 28. Silvas was the grand prize winner of $100 dollars to help market and sell his product. The competition is an opportunity for the students to present a creative and new product concept they have created to a panel of judges for the chance to win $100 towards the marketing of their idea or brand. (Photo Credit: Quentin Johnson) VIEW ORIGINAL
4 / 6 Show Caption + Hide Caption – Army Chief Warrant Officer 3 Paul Crandall, test pilot, Corpus Christi Army Depot, Texas, tries on the "Cool Cap," a hat with a gel ice pack inserted inside, during the 2nd Annual Kolda Elementary School Entrepreneur Quest competition at Kolda, March 28. The "Cool Cap" product was designed by 5th-grade students Lilliana Bean and Adrianna Cantu. The competition is an opportunity for the students to present a creative and new product concept they have created to a panel of judges for the chance to win $100 towards the marketing of their idea or brand. (Photo Credit: Quentin Johnson) VIEW ORIGINAL
5 / 6 Show Caption + Hide Caption – Army Chief Warrant Officer 4 Andrew Gardner, test pilot, Corpus Christi Army Depot, Texas, shakes hands with 11-year-old Talen Silvas to congratulate Silvas on winning the 2nd Annual Kolda elementary Entrepreneur Quest competition at Kolda, March 28. Silvas won for his product "The Good Stuff" - individual, homemade peanut butter and jelly slices. The competition is an opportunity for the students to present a creative and new product concept they have created to a panel of judges for the chance to win $100 towards the marketing of their idea or brand. (Photo Credit: Quentin Johnson) VIEW ORIGINAL
6 / 6 Show Caption + Hide Caption – Josie Alvarez, principal, Kolda Elementary School, Corpus Christi, Texas, poses with the 5th-grade students who participated in the 2nd Annual Kolda Elementary School Entrepreneur Quest competition at Kolda, March 28. The competition is an opportunity for the students to present a creative and new product concept they have created to a panel of judges for the chance to win $100 towards the marketing of their idea or brand. (Photo Credit: Quentin Johnson) VIEW ORIGINAL
CORPUS CHRISTI, Texas - Representatives from the Corpus Christi Army Depot had a unique opportunity to participate in the Kolda Elementary School Entrepreneur Quest competition at Kolda, March 28.
Three CCAD pilots were guests as part of a five-judge panel for the annual competition where 5th-grade students present a creative and new product concept they have created, said Josie Alvarez, Kolda principal. The competition resembles the entrepreneurial-themed reality show, Shark Tank®.
This year, 11 students presented brand ideas from fishing tackle jewelry to custom-created hats with built in sunglasses in hopes of winning the grand prize of a $100 donation to help start their business, said Alvarez. Each project was vetted for age level and appropriateness.
Alvarez said the competition is more than just winning the grand prize, but a learning tool for the students to incorporate school subjects they have been taught for the past 4 years.
"Each design encompassed how (the student) integrated subjects such as math, science, writing, and reading," said Alvarez.
Another benefit of the competition is a creative outlet for students to learn how to work with others, learn authentic business practices and put themselves into their product.
"I enjoy being creative, and I wanted to see how far I could go with my ideas," said Talen Silvas, 11, who won the competition with his product - individual, homemade peanut butter and jelly slices.
Silvas said Alvarez, his teacher and others students were very supportive of his idea, which he calls "The Good Stuff."
"Other students have been very encouraging, my teacher is supportive and my principle even gave me a few ideas on packaging the product," said Silvas.
Silvas said he was most thankful to the judges and to all the members from CCAD who help support Kolda at different events.
Army Chief Warrant Officer 4 Andrew Gardner, test pilot, CCAD, and frequent Kolda volunteer, said he enjoys being able to support the school and see how creative students can be.
"I was honored to be here and help the children out," said Gardner. "The (projects) were crazy. The 'Good Stuff' idea blew my mind."
Gardner said he was there to encourage the students, but ended up finding himself encouraged as most of the products developed where about giving back to campaigns such as anti-bullying, cleaning up state parks and donating to wounded warriors.
"I'm glad these children think about others," said Gardner. "I think it is great schools are teaching our children about giving back and charitable organizations."
Each student was encouraged to continue their pursuit of marketing and selling their products, even if they didn't place in the competition. This includes expanding their brand or creating new ideas.
"Don't ever give up... run with your ideas and keep expanding," said Gardner.
July 12, 2019Relationship with allies key to maintaining competitive edge, says SF commander
July 1, 2019Day 5: 2019 XVIII Airborne Corps NCO and Soldier of the Year Competition
June 27, 2019A Day in the Warrior Competition
June 27, 2019Academics and leadership highlight national JLAB competition
June 17, 2019Acquisition writing competition showcases workforce talent and creativity


Literacy is about more than reading or writing – it is about how we communicate in society. It is about social practices and relationships, about knowledge, language and culture. Those who use literacy take it for granted – but those who cannot use it are excluded from much communication in today's world. Indeed, it is the excluded who can best appreciate the notion of "literacy as freedom".


Saltburn's X Factor winner James Arthur said he was 'concentrating on his music' after reports that he had been dropped from Simon Cowell's record label.
The singer was reportedly dropped by Syco after it emerged his song Follow The Leader included the lyric "I'm gonna blow up your family like I'm a terrorist".
A spokeswoman for Syco declined to comment and James tweeted to defend the song, which he insisted was "not promoting terrorism".
As far as I know I am still with syco but I am exclusively signed to Sony. People look too deeply into the media circus. It's about music.
Saltburn's James Arthur has denied speculation that he was dropped by Simon Cowell's label Syco. It has been reported that The X Factor winner was sacked because of controversial lyrics.