text:
Wellposedness of the Keller-Segel Navier-Stokes equations in the critical Besov spaces
Least energy solutions for an elliptic problem involving sublinear term and peaking phenomenon
November 2015, 14(6): 2431-2451. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2015.14.2431
Regularity and nonexistence of solutions for a system involving the fractional Laplacian
De Tang 1, and Yanqin Fang 1,
School of Mathematics, Hunan University, Changsha, 410082, China
Received March 2015 Revised July 2015 Published September 2015
We consider a system involving the fractional Laplacian \begin{eqnarray} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} (-\Delta)^{\alpha_{1}/2}u=u^{p_{1}}v^{q_{1}} & \mbox{in}\ \mathbb{R}^N_+,\\ (-\Delta)^{\alpha_{2}/2}v=u^{p_{2}}v^{q_{2}} &\mbox{in}\ \mathbb{R}^N_+,\\ u=v=0,&\mbox{in}\ \mathbb{R}^N\backslash\mathbb{R}^N_+, \end{array} \right. \end{eqnarray} where $\alpha_{i}\in (0,2)$, $p_{i},q_{i}>0$, $i=1,2$. Based on the uniqueness of $\alpha$-harmonic function [9] on half space, the equivalence between (1) and integral equations \begin{eqnarray} \left\{ \begin{array}{ll} u(x)=C_{1}x_{N}^{\frac{\alpha_{1}}{2}}+\displaystyle\int_{\mathbb{R}_{+}^{N}}G^{1}_{\infty}(x,y)u^{p_{1}}(y)v^{q_{1}}(y)dy,\\ v(x)=C_{2}x_{N}^{\frac{\alpha_{2}}{2}}+\displaystyle\int_{\mathbb{R}_{+}^{N}}G^{2}_{\infty}(x,y)u^{p_{2}}(y)v^{q_{2}}(y)dy. \end{array} \right. \end{eqnarray} are derived. Based on this result we deal with integral equations (2) instead of (1) and obtain the regularity. Especially, by the method of moving planes in integral forms which is established by Chen-Li-Ou [12], we obtain the nonexistence of positive solutions of integral equations (2) under only local integrability assumptions.
Keywords: Kelvin transform., moving planes in integral forms, nonexistence, integral equations, equivalence, Fractional laplacians.
Mathematics Subject Classification: Primary: 35R11; Secondary: 35A01, 35B5.
Citation: De Tang, Yanqin Fang. Regularity and nonexistence of solutions for a system involving the fractional Laplacian. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2015, 14 (6) : 2431-2451. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2015.14.2431
J. Betoin, Lévy Processes,, Cambridge Tracts in Mathematics, (1996). Google Scholar
H. Berestycki and L. Nirenberg, On the method of moving planes and sliding method,, \emph{Bol. Soc. Brazil. Mat. }(N. S.), 22 (1991), 1. doi: 10.1007/BF01244896. Google Scholar
G. Bianchi, Non-existence of positive solutions to semilinear elliptic equations in $R^N$ and $R_{+}^N$ through the method of moving plane,, \emph{Comm. PDE.}, 22 (1997), 1671. doi: 10.1080/03605309708821315. Google Scholar
K. Bogdan, The boundary Harnack principle for the fractional Laplacian,, \emph{Studia Math.}, 123 (1997), 43. Google Scholar
X. Cabré and Y. Sire, Nonlinear equations for fractional Laplacians, I: Regularity, maximum principles, and Hamiltonian estimates,, \emph{Ann. I. H. Poincar\'e-AN.}, 31 (2014), 23. doi: 10.1016/j.anihpc.2013.02.001. Google Scholar
X. Cabré and J. Solà-Morales, Layer solutions in a half-space for boundary reactions,, \emph{Comm. Pure Appl. Math.}, 58 (2005), 1678. doi: 10.1002/cpa.20093. Google Scholar
L. Caffarelli and L. Silvestre, An extension problem related to the fractional Laplacian,, \emph{Comm. in PDE.}, 32 (2007), 1245. doi: 10.1080/03605300600987306. Google Scholar
L. Cao and W. Chen, Liouville type theorems for poly-harmonic Navier problems,, \emph{Disc. Cont. Dyn. Sys.}, 33 (2013), 3937. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2013.33.3937. Google Scholar
W. Chen, Y. Fang and R. Yang, Liouville theorems involving the fractional Laplacian on a half space,, \emph{Advances in Mathematics}, 274 (2015), 167. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2014.12.013. Google Scholar
W. Chen and C. Li, Regularity of solutions for a system of integral equation,, \emph{Comm. Pure Appl. Anal.}, 4 (2005), 1. Google Scholar
W. Chen and C. Li, Methods on Nonlinear Elliptic Equations,, AIMS. Ser. Differ. Equ. Dyn. Syst., 4 (2010). Google Scholar
W. Chen, C. Jin, C. Li and J. Lim, Weighted Hardy-Littlewood-Sobolev inequlaities and systems of integral equations,, \emph{Discrete Contin. Dyn. Syst.}, (2005), 164. Google Scholar
R. Cont and P. Tankov, Financial Modelling With Jump Process,, Chapman and Hall/CRC Financial Mathematics Series, (2004). Google Scholar
G. Duvaut and J.-L. Lions, Inequalities In Mechanics and Physics,, Springer-Verlag, (1976). Google Scholar
Y. Fang and W. Chen, A Liouville type theorem for poly-harmonic Dirichlet problems in a half space,, \emph{Adv. Math.}, 229 (2012), 2835. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2012.01.018. Google Scholar
P. Felmer and A. Quaas, Fundamental solutions and Liouville type properties for nonlinear integral operator,, \emph{Adv. Math.}, 226 (2011), 2712. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2010.09.023. Google Scholar
M. Moustapha Fall and T. Weth, Monotonicity and nonexistence results for some fractional elliptic problems in the half space,, Available online at \emph{http://arxiv.org/abs/1309.7230}., (). Google Scholar
M. Moustapha Fall and T. Weth, Nonexistence results for a class of fractional elliptic boundary value problems,, \emph{J. Funct. Anal.}, 263 (2012), 2205. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2012.06.018. Google Scholar
R. Metzler and J. Klafter, The random walk's guide to anomalous diffusion: A fractional dynamics approach,, \emph{Phys. Rep.}, 339 (2000), 1. doi: 10.1016/S0370-1573(00)00070-3. Google Scholar
E. Milakis and L. Silvestre, Regularity for the nonlinear Signorini problem,, \emph{Adv. Math.}, 217 (2008), 1301. doi: 10.1016/j.aim.2007.08.009. Google Scholar
A. Quaas and B. Sirakov, Existence and nonexistence results for fully nonlinear elliptic systems,, \emph{Indiana Univ. Math. J.}, 58 (2009), 751. doi: 10.1512/iumj.2009.58.3501. Google Scholar
A. Quaas and A. Xia, Liouville type theorems for nonlinear elliptic equations and systems involving fractional Laplacian in the half space,, \emph{Calc. Var. Partial Differential Equations}, 52 (2015), 641. doi: 10.1007/s00526-014-0727-8. Google Scholar
T. Kulczycki, Properties of Green function of symmetric stable processed,, \emph{Probability and Mathematical Statistics}, 17 (1997), 339. Google Scholar
L. Silvestre, Regularity of the obstacle problem for the fractional power of the Laplace operator,, \emph{Comm. Pure Appl. Math.}, 60 (2007), 67. doi: 10.1002/cpa.20153. Google Scholar
Y. Sire and E. Valdinoci, Fractional Laplacian phase transitions and boundary reactions: a geometric inequality and a symmetry result,, \emph{J. Funct. Anal.}, 256 (2009), 1842. doi: 10.1016/j.jfa.2009.01.020. Google Scholar
Dongyan Li, Yongzhong Wang. Nonexistence of positive solutions for a system of integral equations on $R^n_+$ and applications. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2013, 12 (6) : 2601-2613. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2013.12.2601
Stanisław Migórski, Shengda Zeng. The Rothe method for multi-term time fractional integral diffusion equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2019, 24 (2) : 719-735. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2018204
Natalia Skripnik. Averaging of fuzzy integral equations. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - B, 2017, 22 (5) : 1999-2010. doi: 10.3934/dcdsb.2017118
Wu Chen, Zhongxue Lu. Existence and nonexistence of positive solutions to an integral system involving Wolff potential. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2016, 15 (2) : 385-398. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2016.15.385
Dorina Mitrea and Marius Mitrea. Boundary integral methods for harmonic differential forms in Lipschitz domains. Electronic Research Announcements, 1996, 2: 92-97.
William Rundell. Recovering an obstacle using integral equations. Inverse Problems & Imaging, 2009, 3 (2) : 319-332. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2009.3.319
Changlu Liu, Shuangli Qiao. Symmetry and monotonicity for a system of integral equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2009, 8 (6) : 1925-1932. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2009.8.1925
Wenxiong Chen, Congming Li. Regularity of solutions for a system of integral equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2005, 4 (1) : 1-8. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2005.4.1
Patricia J.Y. Wong. Existence of solutions to singular integral equations. Conference Publications, 2009, 2009 (Special) : 818-827. doi: 10.3934/proc.2009.2009.818
Roman Chapko, B. Tomas Johansson. Integral equations for biharmonic data completion. Inverse Problems & Imaging, 2019, 13 (5) : 1095-1111. doi: 10.3934/ipi.2019049
Xiaohui Yu. Liouville type theorems for singular integral equations and integral systems. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2016, 15 (5) : 1825-1840. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2016017
Wei Dai, Jiahui Huang, Yu Qin, Bo Wang, Yanqin Fang. Regularity and classification of solutions to static Hartree equations involving fractional Laplacians. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 2019, 39 (3) : 1389-1403. doi: 10.3934/dcds.2018117
Zupei Shen, Zhiqing Han, Qinqin Zhang. Ground states of nonlinear Schrödinger equations with fractional Laplacians. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - S, 2019, 12 (7) : 2115-2125. doi: 10.3934/dcdss.2019136
Yanqin Fang, Jihui Zhang. Nonexistence of positive solution for an integral equation on a Half-Space $R_+^n$. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2013, 12 (2) : 663-678. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2013.12.663
M. R. Arias, R. Benítez. Properties of solutions for nonlinear Volterra integral equations. Conference Publications, 2003, 2003 (Special) : 42-47. doi: 10.3934/proc.2003.2003.42
Diogo A. Gomes, Gabriele Terrone. Bernstein estimates: weakly coupled systems and integral equations. Communications on Pure & Applied Analysis, 2012, 11 (3) : 861-883. doi: 10.3934/cpaa.2012.11.861
Nakao Hayashi, Tohru Ozawa. Schrödinger equations with nonlinearity of integral type. Discrete & Continuous Dynamical Systems - A, 1995, 1 (4) : 475-484. doi: 10.3934/dcds.1995.1.475
De Tang Yanqin Fang


The Thames Water Infrastructure Alliance (IA) is a partnership initiative with responsibility for delivering water networks and developer services.
They were moving the joint venture to a portfolio and programme management (PPM) formalised structure, with a central project management office (PMO). The scope encompassed 14 programmes and over 30 projects for the PMO office to support and track over the 3 years left in the current asset management period (AMP) cycle.
The IA was in the process of mobilising an in-house PMO, and lacked capacity to initiate all the programmes. They had an ambition to develop this internal capability, and asked Moorhouse to help.
We used our best practice experience to support the mobilisation of the central PMO. Moorhouse worked alongside the IA team to create a bespoke initial reporting structure. We also developed the overall governance, structured plans and formulated templates.
This helped shape the PMO and gave the IA team tools and structure to develop their capability. Our support extended to training, guidance, and workshops - making sure that the internal team were well-equipped to eventually manage and run the PMO without our support.
Within the context of the multi-stakeholder environment, we were able to help the client with stakeholder management, communications and ways of working that were conducive to forging mixed, collaborative teams.
Moorhouse positioned the IA PMO for ongoing success. We mobilised the central reporting and Governance events, helped to upskill new joiners and shared content, while ensuring assets were intuitive and reusable. These critical artefacts have enabled programme benefits management and reporting for the programme's lifetime.


Our extra large 3D printed bell mouth couplers are suitable for use on our 7/8 scale wagon kits and are included as standard in the 7/8 Trefor Quarry wagon kits. These home builder packs include a pair of buffers ; two "T pins"; a link bar and 4 self tapping screws. I.e. enough for one wagon.
They are based on "Bell Mouth" couplers as supplied by the likes of Hudsons of Leeds; Orenstein & Koppel and Decauville. As in the prototype, the modeller couples the wagons by first inserting a "link bar" into one coupler mouth and dropping a "T pin" down through a hole in the body to trap the link. The link bar is then inserted into the bell mouth on the next wagon and the other link pin is inserted. This allows the wagon to be both pushed and pulled round tight bends.
To provide compatibility with other makes of coupler; the new Bole Laser Craft coupler may be connecting with a traditional three link chain looped over the top of the "T pin".
The couplers are made from Selective Laser Sintered nylon with an attractive "charcoal black" finish. An engineering grade nylon is used to give a tough and compact coupler.
The couplers are simply screwed to your buffer beam with the supplied No 2 (i.e. very small) self-tapping screws. Alternatively if you are a "hex head fan" they can be bolted on with 8BA nuts and bolts (not supplied).


[ic] adding field to products?
Previous message: [ic] adding field to products?
Next message: [ic] adding field to products?
>Im using interchange-5.4 how do I add fields to the products using mysql?
prefer the above running on an intranet Linux server.


The Customer Service Phone Number of Aegon Religare Life Insurance is: 18002099090.
Corporate Office (Headquarters): Aegon Religare Life Insurance, Building No. 3, Third Floor, Unit No. 1, Nesco IT Park, Western Express Highway, Goregaon (East), Pincode (Mumbai- 400063.).
General Helpline To Call at: Yo can call at 18002099090 to get help from Aegon Religare Life Insurance.
What is Aegon Religare Life Insurance?
Aegon Life Insurance Company Limited is officially recognized as Aegon Religare Life Insurance came into being in the year of 2008, and implementing a diverse content dealing policies with a divine intent to assist people to build outstanding strategies in order to create flawless future. Aegon Religare Life Insurance is a multinational supplier of life insurance, pensions and wealth management and Bennett, Coleman and Company, India's dominant press amalgamate work in collaboration to produce Aegon Life Insurance.
The workplace of Aegon Religare Life Insurance renders accurate and dazzling experience and remain lively twenty-four hours to evaluate all grievances and intricacies with utmost confidence and assurance.


Non-fans may never understand it, but Star Wars is a really big deal to those who love the franchise. Chances are, you may know one (or more than one) enthusiast personally, and if you are still reading, then you are obviously on the hunt for a unique gift to give to that person. But with all the Star Wars stuff you can get, how can you even choose? And worse, what if you get something they might already have?
After all, we are talking about a real fan here. Well, we are here to tell you that we found a truly out-of-this-world present worthy even for the biggest of fans – presenting the Star Wars Suitcase. Although they cannot travel the outer space just yet, going around the world with this suitcase will at least make them feel a part of the Star Wars universe.
Available in four of the most iconic characters in Star Wars – Darth Vader, R2-D2, a Stormtrooper and the newest addition to the family BB8, you will surely get to pick the best fit for your loved one. You can finally go in Yoda mode and say "Already know you that which you need" as you hand off this incredibly useful gift. We are pretty sure your special someone will be stunned, especially if you are not even a Star Wars fan yourself.
Inside the suitcase is a roomy 28 inches in height, almost 21 inches in length and 13 inches in width, which is great for travel and vacation as long as 2 weeks. You can fit a good amount of clothes, some shoes, laptops and even souvenirs to bring home in a suitcase as big as the Star Wars suitcase.
Once you get this cool travel suitcase, the Star Wars fan in your life will never use plain, boring suitcases ever again.
The Star Wars suitcase has a hard outer case and spinner wheels to ensure easy navigation and even has Star Wars zipper pulls and pull handle that really helps make the theme all come together.


HomeArticlesAre there 5,100 new homes coming soon to a site near you...?
From now until late 2016 Tauranga City and Western Bay District are priority cities for housing development. With the signing of the Housing Accords with the Government expected to occur later this month both can recommend Special Housing Areas (SHA's) to the Minister of Housing, resulting in the fast tracking of development of new lots and homes using the HASHAA process rather than the RMA. The HASHAA approach is intended to end the traditional sport of NIMBY- style objecting to intensification or rural land change that has been a much-loved (or derided) part of the planning landscape for some time now.
Although there has been public consultation on the Accord, it's up to the respective Councils to determine where the new SHA's will be. Approximately 40 blocks of land, including that owned by Council, ranging in size from 1.4ha to 70ha, are being investigated for suitability. The sites are scattered around. If the Auckland example is anything to go by it may include land outside of the urban growth areas set out in the Regional Policy Statement, and may challenge the timing of some of the settled urban growth areas and timeframes.
Apparently, projected growth requires 1300 new homes be built here a year, but only 800 per year have been built in the past 5 years. Based on this we can expect the Accord to aim for at least somewhere in the order of 5,100 new homes by the end of 2016 – a rapid step up from 800 a year to around 2,050 per year for the next two years. The target will be agreed in the Accord, and may differ from this projection.
The new homes may be different from the current housing offer – higher and closer to one another. Also quicker and quieter to arrive: SHA developments won't necessarily be notified and can be either a combination of a plan change and resource consent application, or consent application in an already zoned area.
Notification of adjoining neighbours may occur, but this is not mandatory. Even so there is no right of appeal against developments of up to three storeys in height, only those between 4-6 storeys can be appealed and then only by those who made a submission.
The SHA process will be combined with the new Development Contributions regime which is anticipated to make the development process less costly: there will be a narrower range of infrastructure funded this way and more private provision of infrastructure through development agreements is encouraged. One big change is the ability to object to the contributions imposed, through a new channel of independent commissioner hearings, which will be like a specialist tribunal. This is an improvement from the old "judicial review" route that set a high bar for any challenge.
The purpose of the contribution is now explicitly linked to the creation of a requirement for the territorial authority to provide new or additional assets of increased capacity and recognises the capacity life of the assets. Non-residential developments no longer have to pay for reserves – this is a change from the approach that recognised office workers as users of public spaces, but which effectively double-counted the residents working nearby, which is one of the foundations of the "live work play" SmartGrowth approach.
Perhaps by the time of going to press the Accord will be released and we will know where the SHA's are and the agreed yields per year that are to be achieved. One thing is certain – by the end of 2016 there will be a much larger supply of new lots (and hopefully of houses too) in the Bay and then it will be time to take stock and see if supply side economics has resulted in more affordability. It will also have brought the opportunity for more innovative housing options than traditionally supplied here: it will be time to test the truth of the refrain that the market just doesn't want smaller sections and more intensive home design.
Helping you see the bigger planning policy and legislation framework: Our Resource Management Team can help you through the maze of plans and policies and to manage change.


The experience of horseback riding in Central Park in New York City is once in a lifetime! Caroline Maffry explains why.
Whether you have ever dreamed of riding a horse one day or if you are already a seasoned equestrian who competes for a living, everyone would agree that New York City's Central Park is visually one of the most breathtaking settings to enjoy on horseback. Autumn is a beautiful time of year to visit NYC, and it is also a great opportunity to attend the Central Park Horse Show and ride in the park.
The great thing about the Central Park Horse Show is that even casual spectators with no knowledge of the equestrian world can enjoy this thrilling event, set just a short walk from the south end of the Park by Manhattan's iconic 5th Avenue.
Located at the famous Wolverine Skating Rink, this show offers five days of events and expos, with backdrops of beautful views of the city skyline. With the show only in its third year, this opportunity to see an outdoor horse show in Central Park still remains a novelty and one to consider attending next year.
For those interested in NYC horse activities beyond that of a spectator, Central Park has more to offer. With the renovations of Central Park's six miles of bridle paths, the goal was to restore the park back to its original design, including the bridle paths that horses once frequented daily. With trail riding on horseback available again, the horse and rider can once again enjoy the park for the first time since 2007. NYC locals and visitors alike can continue this 150 year old pastime of seeing the park on horseback.
Noted as the first public park in the U.S., Central Park not only serves as a peaceful oasis to its visitors but it is also is a stopping point for migratory birds each year. With over 50 fountains, monuments, and sculptures, and 36 bridges and arches, my NYC weekend would not be complete without this "ultimate park experience" for myself.
Our guide Kara, and the horses from the Chateau Stables met us on the west side of the park, and we departed from outside Tavern on the Green Restaurant on the bridle path toward the Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis Reservoir. We were welcomed by families out for a morning walk, and tourists snapping photos, all excited too see our horses also out enjoying a fall stroll. As we looped around the Reservoir and the 1.7 miles of bridle paths that encircle it, being on horseback allowed us to be just high enough above the ground to see across the Reservoir. This provided dramatic views of the city surrounding us and it was clear that the parks original design was with merit.
Our guide was very friendly and knew the park well. A former Central Park Police Officer, it was comforting to have her as our guide, as she was quite knowledgable about the park itself, as well as the do's and don't's while being on a horse in the park. She explained as we walked along, that we had the right of way with the horses, but it did not seem to be an issue, as our mounts, Sophie, Black Jack, and Puzzle were all well mannered and accustomed to sharing their bridle path with pedestrians on the ground. However, there were a few tentative joggers who gave us a wide berth as they passed.
We spoke about the horse's care and daily routine, and I was happy to learn that the horses get three to five months vacation outside of the city each year and that they only trail ride for a few hours each day. As we completed the loop and headed back to our starting point at the Tavern on the Green, we thanked Kara (and our horses of course) for the personal tour, her warmth and friendliness, photos we were able to stop and take, and a beautiful day in the horseback riding in the park.
Although there seem to be various operators offering rides to visitors in Central Park, our guide noted that Chateau Stables is the only authorized operator for now, with bookings possible through Central Park Sightseeing or through the Stables directly. Our booking was easy straightforward online through Central Park Sightseeing, with two options from which to pick--the hour ride up and back along the west side or the two hour ride that loops the Reservoir.
So whether you want to enjoy horses in Central Park as a spectator or try it out for yourself and trail ride the 150 year old bridle paths, add riding in Central Park to you list of musts in your lifetime!


Sterling silver evil eye pendant set with a rainbow moonstone cabochon. Ancient tradition suggests that by wearing this piece of powerful symbolic jewellery it will help provide protection and ward off bad luck. Approx width 22mm. Choose from either Rainbow Moonstone or Amethyst cabochons below.


text:
Комодор 64 (-{Commodore 64}-), такође понекад називан "кутија за хлеб" или "дебељко" због свог облика, је кућни рачунар са 64 килобајта примарне меморије који је био популаран осамдесетих година 20. века. Представљен од стране фирме Комодор Бизнис Машин (-{Commodore Business Machines}-) августа 1982. године по цени од 595 долара, Комодор 64 је понудио солидне звучне и графичке перформансе у поређењу са ондашњим стандардом. Током живота Комодора 64 (између 1982. и 1993) укупна продаја је премашила 22 милиона примерака. Према Гинисовој књизи рекорда, Комодор 64 још увек остаје најпродаванији рачунар свих времена.

За разлику од рачунара који су били дистрибуирани само преко овлашћених посредника, Комодор се продавао и у продавницама са играчкама. Рачунар се могао директно прикључити на телевизор, дајући тиме много дражи обичних конзола за видео-игре као што је Атари 2600. Цена Комодора 64 се сматрала као главни разлог за слом видео-игара 1983.

Приближно 10.000 програма је написано за Комодор 64 (у ово спадају развојне апликације, канцеларијски алати и игре). Комодор 64 је такође заслужан за популаризацију компјутерске демо-сцене. Иако оригинални хардвер данас користе само хобисти, емулатори дозвољавају сваком са модерним рачунаром да покреће ове програме на свом рачунару (са различитим степеном успеха и функционалности).

Историја

Порекло

Јануара 1981. године, МОС Технолоџи (-{MOS Technology}-), Комодорово под-одељење за дизајнирање интегрисаних кола, започело је пројекат дизајнирања графичких и звучних чипова за следећу генерацију конзола за видео-игре. Посао око дизајнирања чипова је завршен новембра 1981. године. Пројекат конзоле се првобитно звао Ултимакс, који је осмислио Јаши Теракура из Комодора Јапан. Овај пројекат је на крају отказан.

У исто време, половином 1981, Роберт Расел (системски програмер и архитекта -{VIC-20}-) и Роберт Јанес (творац -{SID}- чипа) су били критички раположени према ондашњој производној политици Комодора, која је била за наставак Комодор -{PET}- линије чији су циљ били пословни корисници. Уместо тога, они су предложили, уз подршаку Ала Карпентијеа (инжењера -{VIC-II}-) и Чарлса Винтербла (менаџера МОС Технолоџија), истински јефтиног наследника -{VIC-20}- Комодоровом директору Џеку Трамелу. Трамел је условио да машина треба да има 64 килобајта -{RAM}- меморије. Иако је цена 64 килобајта -{RAM}- меморије била 100 долара у то време, Трамел је знао да цена -{DRAM}--а опада и да ће пасти на прихватљиви ниво пре него што крене пуна производња. Трамел је такође поставио крајњи рок, тако да буде готов пре зимског салона потрошачке електронике прве недеље јануара 1982.

Пошто је састанак био у новембру, инжењери су имали два месеца да развију употребљиви прототип.

Производ је имао шифру -{VIC-40}-. Тим који га је конструисао су чинили Роберт Расел, Роберт Јанес и Дејвид Зембицки. Дизајн, прототипови и нешто софтвера је завршено на време, након што је тим радио и за време празника. Када је производ представљен, -{VIC-40}- је преименован у Комодор 64 (Ц64) да би попунио Комодореову пословну понуду коју су чинили -{P128}- и -{B256}-.

Комодор 64 је имао импресивни "деби", како се сећа инжењер Дејвид Зембицки: "све што смо видели на нашем штанду су били људи из Атарија који су говорили: "Како можете да урадите то за 595 долара?" Одговор, који је он дао, је био вертикална интеграција; захваљујући Комодоровом власништву над производним погонима МОС Технолоџија, сваки Комодор 64 је коштао отприлике 135 долара.

Побеђивање у тржишној утакмици

Комодор 64 се суочио са великом конкуренцијом кућних рачунара по свом представљању у августу 1982. Захваљујући импресивно ниској цени уз напредни хардвер Комодора 64, он је брзо надвисио многе своје ривале. У САД, највећи ривали су му били -{Atari 800}- и -{Apple II}-. -{Atari 800}- је био веома сличан са технолошког аспекта, али је био скуп за производњу, што је ускоро натерало Атари да пребаци своју производњу на Далеки исток. То је такође натерало Атари да редизајнира своје машине како би биле ефикасније, што је резултовало -{600XL/800XL}- линијом. Времешни -{Apple II}- није био раван са графичким и звучним могућностима Комодора 64, али је био врло проширив уз помоћ унутрашњих слотова за проширење, што Комодор 64 није имао.

У Уједињеном Краљевству, највећи ривали Комодора 64 су били британски -{Sinclair ZX Spectrum}- и -{Amstrad CPC}-. Издан неколико месеци пре Комодора 64 и продајући се за скоро дупло мању цену, -{Spectrum}- је убрзо постао тржишни лидер. Комодор 64 ће бити ривал -{Spectrum}--у у другој половини осамдесетих, кад ће можда престићи -{Spectrum}- (чија је производња обустављена 1992)

Један од разлога успеха Комодора 64 је била Комодорова агресивна кампања. Комодор се није продавао само у ланцу овлашћених продавница, већ и у дисконтима и продавницама играчака. Пошто је на излазу имао могућност приказивања композитног видеа и ТВ модулатор, Комодор 64 није захтевао специјалан монитор, па је могао бити прикључен на антенски улаз телевизора. Ово му је омогућило (као и његовом претходнику -{VIC-20}-) да се директно бори против конзола као што су -{Atari}- 2600.

Наследници Комодора 64

1984. Комодор је избацио -{SX-64}-, преносну верзију Комодора 64. -{SX-64}- је имао част да буде први преносни рачунар са монитором у боји. Основна јединица се сатојала од -{CRT}- монитора дијагонале 5 инча и интегрисаног 1541 дискетног уређаја. Иако су га критичари поздрављали, због своје значајно више цене од стандарног Комодора 64, мање од 10.000 комада је продато, пре него што је производња обустављена 1986.

1984. године, Комодор је избацио Комодор Плус/4. Иако су многи критичари посматрали као покушај замене Комодора 64, он је био заправо замена за -{VIC-20}-. Плус/4 је понудио монитор са више боја, бољу имплементацију бејсика и претходно инсталиран софтвер. Али, иако је он био замена за ВИЦ-20, а не за Комодор 64, критичари су сматрали да је Комодор начинио велику пословну грешку направивши га некомпатибилним са већином програма писаних за Комодор 64. Као најважније, Плус/4 није хардверски подржавао спрајтове и имао је много лошији звук, чак лошији и од ВИЦ-20, озбиљно подбацујући у два подручја у којима је Комодор 64 бриљирао. Даље, ниједан од Комодореових екстерних периферних уређаја осим за монитор и већине џојстика нису били компатибилни са Плус/4, а обећана дискетна јединица није била доступна прва три месеца док је Плус/4 био у продавницама. Погрешно схваћена нова машина није успела, ни на чије изненађење осим самог Комодора, док је потражња за Комодор 64 повећана јер су старе залихе биле уклоњене да би се направило место за оно што је тобоже требало да буде напреднија замена.

Комодор је одлучио да не направи исту грешку и побринуо се да потенцијални наследници Комодора 64, Комодор 128 и 128Д буду 100% компатибилни са оригиналом и да понуде дуго тражена унапређења (као што што су структурирани бејсик са графичким и звучним командама, излазом за монитор који је подржавао 80 редова и пуну ЦП/М (-{CP/M}-) компатибилност). Основа за Комодор 128, Комодор Б-128 се већ успешно продавао у северноевропским и скандинавским земљама. Како су Комодор 128 и напреднији рачунари других произвођача улазили на тржиште, Комодор је одредио Комодора 64 као рачунар за почетнике, смањујући цену по потреби.

1986. Комодор је издао Комодор 64Ц, који је функционално био идентичан оригиналу, али је спољашњи дизајн подржавао дух Комодора 128. У САД, Комодор 64Ц је често долазио заједно са оперативним системом базираним на ГЕОС графичком оперативном систему.

1990. године, Комодор 64 је био реиздан у облику играчке конзоле Ц64ГС. То је у основи била плоча за Комодор 64 модификована да прима кертриџе одозго. Модификовани РОМ чип је заменио бејсиков интерпретер са поздравним поруком током учитавања која је тражила од корисника да убаци кертриџ. Није потребно рећи да је Ц64ГС био још један комерцијални неуспех за Комодор и никад није продаван изван Европе.

Током 1990/1991. године направљен је прототип наследник Комодора 64, Комодор 65 (такође познат и као "C64DX"), али он никад није био пуштен у продају. Требало је да има супериорне графичке и звучне могућности у односу на Амигу, мада са слабијим процесором и мање меморије, као и уграђену дискетну јединицу од 3½" капацитета 1 мегабајт, али проблеми са хардвером су били превелики и рад је обустаљен.

У лето 2004. након одсустовања са тржишта више од 10 година, произвођач персоналних рачунара Тулип Компјутерс БВ (власник имена Комодор од 1997) је издао -{C64DTV}-, конзолу у облику џојстика засновану на Комодору 64 са 30 игара снимљених у -{ROM}-. Дизајнирала га је Џери Елсворт, самоука дизајнерка рачунара. -{C64DTV}- је био слична у концепту осталим мини-конзолама заснованим на конзолама -{Atari}- 2600 и -{Intelvision}- које су имале успеха у протеклој деценији. -{C64DTV}- је продаван у САД за време божићних празника 2004. Неки корисници су инсталирали 1541 дискетни уређај, хард дискове, друге џојстике и тастатуре овим рачунарима, што им је дало скоро све могућности оригиналног Комодора 64.

Ентузијасти и даље развијају нови хардвер, укључујући Етернет картице, специјално прилагођене хард-дискове и интерфејсе за флеш картице.

Активна демосцена

У време представљања, графичким и звучним могућностима Комодора 64 могли су да парирају само рачунари из Атаријеве осмобитне фамилије. То је било време када су IBM-ови персонални рачунари имали графичке карте намењене исписивању текста, мониторима са зеленим екранима и звуком који је могао да генерише само најосновније звуке на малом неквалитетном звучнику.

Захваљујући напредној графици и звуку, Комодору 64 се често приписује започињање рачунарске поткултуре знане као демо-сцена. На крају миленијума, он се активно користи као демо-машина, посебно за музику (његов звучни чип се чак користи на посебним звучним картицама за ПЦ). Ипак, за све остале, осим за најупорније ентузијасте, Комодор 64 је изгубио своју позицију на демо-сцени када су шеснаестобитни Атари СТ и Комодор Амига уведени средином осамдесетих.

Демо-сцена је далеко од мртве више од 20 година након изума Комодора 64. Нове игре се још увек развијају. Вредна помена је -{Enhanced Newcome}-, која је узела скоро 10 година развоја.

Разлике између PAL и NTSC Комодора 64 су биле узрок некомпатибилности између америчке и верзије за већину других земаља. Већина демоа ради само на ПАЛ машинама.

Хардвер

Графика и звук

Комодор 64 је користио осмобитни 6510 процесор МОС Технолоџија (близак рођак 6502 са додатним унутрашњим улазно/излазним портом који је у Комодору 64 коришћен у две сврхе: за укључивање и искључивање РОМ рачунара и да ради са касетофоном) и имао је 64 килобајта -{RAM}--a, од којих је 38 килобајта било доступно за уграђени Бејсик 2.0.

Графички чип -{VIC-II}-, који је подржавао осам спрајтова, скролујуће могућности и два мода. Стандарни текстуални мод је подржавао 40 колона, као и већина Комодорових ПЕТ модела. Програмери видео-игара и демо-програмери су убрзо открили како да искористе грешке у чиповима да би добили додатне могућности, успевајући да добију више од 8 спрајтова.

Звучни чип -{SID}- је имао три канала са неколико различитих облика сигнала. Он је такође био изузетно напредан за своје време. Дизајнирао га је Роберт Јанес, коју је касније основао фабрику за производњу синтисајзера Енсоник. Јанес је критиковао звучне чипове других ривалских рачунара као "примитивне, очигледно дизајниране од стране људи који не знају ништа о музици". Познати композитори музике за игре на Комодору 64 су били Роб Хауард, Бен Даглиш и Мартин Галвеј. Године 1999. шведска компанија Електрон је произвела СидСтејшен синтетизаторски модул, изграђен око -{SID}- чипа користећи његове преостале залихе. Неколико музичких група користи овај уређај.

Ревизије хардвера

Смањивање трошкова производње је био водећи разлог ревизија матичне плоче Комодора 64. То је било од виталног значаја за Комодоров опстанак током тржишног рата и надолазеће ере шеснаетобитних рачунара. Оригинална матична плоча Комодора 64 је прошла кроз две веће и неколико мањих ревизија мењајући позицију -{VIC-II}-, -{SID}- и -{PLA}- чипова. У почетку велики део трошкова је смањиван смањивањем броја коришћених дискретних компоненти као што су отпорници и диоде.

Чип -{VIC-II}- је произвођен у 5-микрометарској НМОС технологији, радећи на 8 мегахерца. На тако високој фреквенцији рада, стварао је много топлоте, принудивши МОС Технолоџи да користи керамичка паковања, која су била скупља од пластичних, али су боље одводили топлоту.

Након редизајна из 1983, -{VIC-II}- је био запакован у пластично -{DIL}- кућиште, које је значајно смањило трошкове, али није решило проблем загревања. Без керамичког паковања, -{VIC-II}- је захтевао употребу плочице која би одводила топлоту. Да би се избегли додатни трошкови, метални РФ штит је искоришћен као плочица за хлађење -{VIC}- чипа, иако нису сви рачунари били опремљени овим типом заштите. Већина Комодора 64 у Европи је било опремљено картонским РФ штитом, прекривеним слојем металне фолије. Ефикасност картона је била под великим знаком питања, а још горе, деловала је као изолатор који је блокирао проток ваздуха заробивши топлоту коју су стварали -{SID, VIC}- и -{PLA}- чипови.

-{SID}- је прављен користећи НМОС на 7, а у неким подручјима 6 микрометара. Прототип -{SID}- чипа и неки рани произведени модели су имали керамичко кућиште, али за разлику од -{VIC-II}-, они су били у много мањем броју од -{SID}- чипова који су били у пластичном кућишту када је производња започела у раној 1982.

1986. Комодор је избацио последњу верзију класичне матичне плоче Комодора 64. Иначе је била скоро идентична дизајну из 1984, само што је сада користила два 4 × 64 килобитна -{DRAM}- чипа у односу на оригиналних осам 1 × 64 килобитних.

Након издавања Комодора 64Ц, МОС Технолоџи је почео да прилагођава чипсет Комодора 64 ХЦМОС технологији. Главна корист употребе ХЦМОС-а је та што је он захтевао мањи напон за управљање интегрисаним колом, што је за последицу имало мање стварање топлоте. Ово је повећало поузданост -{SID}- и -{VIC}- чипова.

1987. године, Комодор је избацио Комодор 64ц са тотално редизајнираном матичном плочом, уобичајено познатом као кратка плоча. Нова плоча је користила нови ХЦМОС чипсет, са додатком новог 64-пинског -{PLA}- чипа. Нови -{SuperPLA}- како је био назван, интегрисао је многе дискретне компоненте и TTL чипове. 2114 колорни РАМ је интегрисан у последњу ревизију -{PLA}- чипа.

Проблеми са напајањем

Комодор 64 је користио спољно напајање. Док је то ослобађало драгоцен простор у кућишту рачунара, само напајање је било једва довољно за захтеве Комодора 64 и повремено је отказивало због прегревања. Неки корисници су куповали напајања других произвођача. Касније су напајања других произвођача постала од изузетног значаја када су радили заједно са периферијама фирме Криејтив Микро Дизајнс.

Спољашњи хардвер

Периферије:

-Датасет(dattasset) 1530c2n-спољашњи читач дата касета, најпознатији датасет је 1530 модел који, при коришћењу обичних компакт-касета, даје 170 kB меморије

-флопи диск 1541II- 5'1/4 дискете од 170 kB

-флопи диск 1581 -3'1/2 дискете од 720 kB

-Флопи дидк 1010 (познатији код амиге)-3'1/2 амига дискете од 880 kB и ПЦ дискете од 720 kB

-модем(аутомодем)

-штампачи (MPS 801-803)

-CP/M модул

-комодор миш

Спецификације

Унутрашњи хардвер
 Микропоцесор: МОС Технолоџи 6510-8500 (6510/8500 је био модификован 6502 са интегрисаним шестобитним улазним/излазним портом)
 Фреквенција рада (клок): 1.023 -{MHz}- (-{NTSC}-) или 0.985 -{MHz}- (-{PAL}-)
 Видео: МОС Технолоџи ВИЦ-II 567/8567 (-{NTSC}-), 6569/8569 (-{PAL}-)
 Битмапна графика: 320x200 (2 боје у сваком 8x8 блоку тачкица), 160x200, у 3 боје + позадина
 Текстуални мод: 40×25 карактера
 8 хардверских спрајтова
 хардверско померање екрана
 Звук
 3-канални синтисајзер
 8 октава
 Генератор таласа и шумова
 4 програмибилна филтера
 РАМ
 64 килобајта (65 536 бајтова) од чега је 38 килобајта минус 1 бајт (38 911 бајтова) било доступно програмима за бејсик
 прошириво до 320 килобајта
 РОМ
 20 килобајта (9 килобајта бејсик, 7 килобајта КЕРНЕЛ, 4 килобајта генератор знакова)

Улазно-излазни портови и напајање
 Улазно-излазни портови
 Осмопински ДИН конектор који је укључивао композитни видео излаз и звучни улаз/излаз
 Серијски порт за Комодорове штампаче и дискове
 Паралелни порт за модем
 Прикључак за касетофон
 Улаз за напајање (5 волти једносмерне и 9 волти наизменичне струје из спољашњег напајања, који се прикључивао преко седмопинског женског улаза.

Занимљивости
 Уводни екран Комодора 64 је коришћен у уводној секвенци игре -{Grand Theft Auto: Vice City}-.
 Бејсик В2, програмски који је долазио инсталиран уз рачунар, могао је бити оборен наредбом PRINT""+-[x] (где је х било који цео број) или покушајем креирања бејсик-програма са бројем почетне линије близу 350800)

Види још
 Комодор ПЕТ
 Комодор ВИЦ-20
 Комодор 128

Спољашње везе

Емулатори
 -{VICE}- - емулатор Комодора 64 и осталих Комодорових рачунара за разне оперативне системе
 -{Win64}- – емулатор за Мајкрософт Виндовс платформу

Портали са линковима
 -{c64.com}- – каталог наслова са Комодора 64 који се могу играти преко интернета
 -{Open Directory Project}- – велика колекција линкова за емулаторе и хардверске пројекте

Историја
 -{Chronology of the Commodore 64 Computer}- – од Кена Полсона
 -{Commodore 64 memories and memorabilia}- – успомене које су написали корисници Комодора 64

Архиве
 -{c64.ch}- - архива демоа за Комодор 64
 -{The Digital Dungeon (TDD)}- - ФТП сајт који садржи стари и скорашњи софтвер за Комодор 64 -
 -{C64 Walkthrough Site}- - решења и шифре за авантуре са Комодора 64

Музика
 -{Press Play on Tape}- – дански бенд који изводи песме из игара са Комодора 64
 Ц-64 носталгија

Остало
 -{PROTOVISION - Creating the Future}- – група ентузијаста која још увек прави и дистрибуира нове игре и хардвер за Комодор 64
 -{Emulation Galaxy}- – домаћи сајт посвећен емулацији старих рачунара и конзола

Играчке конзоле
Рачунарство
Информатика
Осмобитни рачунари

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The landscape of Northern India is paradise on earth for every mountain lover. From the dense tropical jungles of Sikkim, through the slopes of Kumaon adorned by rhododendron trees, to the rugged landscapes of Ladakhi deserts. This is the destination for those who wish to explore one of the highest mountains in the world.
Day 5: Climb the summit of Stok Kangri & climb down to B.C.


text:
Bishop Peggy Johnson of E. Pennsylvania and Pen-Delaware Conferences
The Disability Ministries Committee leads the United Methodist Church to include people with disabilities in worship, leadership and ministry. Through advocacy, education and empowerment, we can produce results.
"It has been my goal to interject people with disabilities and disability awareness into as many places as I can, " says Bishop Peggy Johnson.
DMC members represent geographic jurisdictions in the USA. We work with disability liaisons, churches, annual conferences, United Methodist Boards, and passionate volunteers. We provide resources on spirituality and disabilities, as well as support, and advocacy resources.
For more information about our work, check our list of frequently asked questions.
Key results and contributions:
Book of Discipline – instrumental in allowing United Methodists with disabilities to participate in ministry and worship in a church setting.
Book of Discipline – provides provisions for Annual Conferences to have a Disability Concerns Committee. It also advocates for accessible buildings and non-discrimination based on disability.
Grants – UMCOR Advance #3021054 has helped to distribute and monitor over $50,000 in grants to churches and groups to increase access.
Information and Consultations -Provides resources such as accessibility building audits, camping practices, Find-A-Church, ramps, and ADA accommodations.
United Methodist Women – Two Year Disability Study, including manual assistance and nationwide workshops on leadership.
Ushers and Greeters- have shared best practices with training and materials for churches.
Worship and Education – Disability Awareness and Mental Health Sunday resources, site visits, curriculum for people with autism and intellectual disabilities and more.
The Committee is a ministry partner of the General Commission on Religion and Race. We join GCORR's equity, vital conversations and intercultural competency work. We provide practical resources and support to help churches reach people with disabilities. At the same time, we make disciples of Jesus Christ for the transformation of the world. Our resources are free and many volunteer hours provide them. Your gifts are a primary source of funding. Donations help provide grants, a part-time staff and expenses for trainings and workshops.
The United Methodist National Task Force on Developmental Disabilities started in 1992. Reverend Kathy Reeves and the Health and Welfare unit of UMCOR responded to a request from Pat Cook of Leavenworth, Kansas. Their goal was to ensure that people with developmental disabilities and their families were included and nurtured in the worship community. In 2009, the committee expanded to include partnerships with people affected by all types of disabilities. In 2012, the UM General Conference voted to make it a standing committee. The Committee was renamed "Disability Ministries Committee of The United Methodist Church," and was placed under the umbrella of the General Board of Global Ministries until 2018. In 2019, Bishop Peggy Johnson represented the committee at the Council of Bishops. On January 1, 2020, the committee became a unit of GCORR.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


What's more romantic than kayaking along one of the most beautiful river systems in New South Wales with your newlywed? You and your loved one will be amazed by the range of wildlife, birds, turtles and fish as you leisurely paddle down the stunning Brunswick River. All of our tours are guided by local nature enthusiasts, who love to share stories of history and Aboriginal culture. Our tours are always taken at your pace and can be tailored to suit your special getaway. With sunrise tours, nature tours and even full moon tours, Go Sea Kayak Brunswick River has something you both with love. We can meet you in Brunswick Heads or happily pick you up and drop you off in Byron Bay.
Romantic seclusion, privacy and an exquisite natural backdrop make Crystal Creek Rainforest Retreat the ideal setting for an intimate and memorable luxury rainforest honeymoon. That's why luxury honeymoon packages are one of our specialties.
At Crystal Creek Rainforest Retreat we've seen a lot of couples in love - you could say we are very experienced in romance. We have a few special tricks up our sleeve that can make a stay at the Retreat not only memorable but absolutely unforgettable.


No need to register to attend as you may purchase tickets on site.
Visit the Whitewater Chamber of Commerce for recommendations.
Gameday parking: Parking Lot 24 is reserved for preferred season ticket holders. Parking Lot 11 costs $10. All other parking lots are considered general parking and cost $5. Cash only for parking permits. For more information, please see Warhawk Athletics parking information.


Discussion in '3DS - ROM Hacking, Translations and Utilities' started by Convivencia, Oct 10, 2018.
I randomized my ultra moon cartridge using pk3ds, but all random encounters are either lv. 1 or lv. 100. My starter is also lv. 1, and won't level up. Any idea how to fix this?
I had the same issue. To fix it I deleted my save, redumped the cart, rerandomized the game, and started the game up. Worked perfectly then.
What dumping method did you use, actually? I'm pretty sure I just used gm9, but different randomisers I looked at had different methods. I remember hearing that the old braindump app dumped things differently, too.
That sounds like an anti-piracy menthod from 4th gen. Weird that it is a bug in your game now.
I used GM9 to dump the game.
Also, what did you use to randomize the game?
It's not. It's actually gen 5 that has that AP, but the 3DS games don't have AP like that.
pk3ds, I followed this guide.
I used that same guide, so I know that it works. I guess you could try just redoing everything.


Home Coastal Pet Collar 3/8" Leather Brass 12"
The handcrafted Circle T Latigo Leather Town Dog Collar with Solid Brass Hardware offers a touch of natural beauty for the well-dressed dog. Available in 3/8" x 12"; 5/8" x 14", 16"; 3/4" x 18", 20"; and 1" x 22", 24". Great for use in cold weather. With age, this strong and extremely durable leather dog collar will become more supple and comfortable to use while maintaining its rich, natural coloring and beauty.


Merry Christmas Everyone from ScentedLeaf Team!
Did you hang up a stoking on your wall? Santa Claus is coming to town!
Just wanted to wish you and all yours a very happy Holiday.
Santa Claus was coming early to Vancouver this year ... on December 5th.
Did you attend such an event before? Believe me, the spirit of Christmas was nurturing in everyone during that happy and festive hour of parade with a fantastic reaction of people to the beauty and joy, no matter what cultural or religious background they had.
The main sponsor of this event was Rogers, but was a real pleasure to see all teams who were featuring the Santa's Parade 2011 to Vancouver (the pictures proved this) : Vancouver Police, Vancouver Community Policing Centres,Toys4us, Worksafe BC, Kijiji, Naden Band from Victoria BC, Vancouver Fire and Rescue Services, Vancouver Ambulance, FALUN DAFA Organization, Purdy's Chocolate, Genesis Security, International Vancouver Airport, Eagle West, WAR AMPS, Vancouver Aquarium, Gingerbread Lane, Scouts Canada and Spartans.
The Spirit of Giving is in the air. Stay around for Santa Claus' return on Christmas Eve and join to Santa's and ScentedLeaf Giveaway 2011.
You better watch out ... this "SCENTsational" Giveaway from ScentedLeaf!
He's making a list ... Ok, Pack of 10 seeds of Apple scented Pelargonium seeds ... Check!
And checking it twice ... hmmm, there's more: 5 packs of Apple scented Pelargonium seeds!!!
Santa Claus is coming to town ... Told Ya So!
He sees you when you're sleeping ... Hurry up ... only couple of days left!
He knows when you're awake ... Don't just sit here reading and singing ... enter this Giveaway!
He knows if you've been bad or good ... That's easy, follow us ... or even better, ebay from us!
So be good for goodness sake! ... C'mon click already!!!
O! You better watch out! ... What I'm gonna do with you ?!
You better not cry ... Ok, take it easy ... there will be be other chances ... soon.
Better not pout ... Thank you for visiting.
I'm telling you why ... Merry Christmas!
Santa Claus is coming to town ... Merry Christmas!
Santa Claus is coming to town ... We wish you Merry Christmas ... and a Happy New Year!
Planting a tree is an unforgettable practical experience for any kids. We keep our children attuned to many little gardening projects we do. Few days ago, when we've packed the outdoor bonsai and the seedlings in insulated packs for outside wintering, we started to talk again about the changing colors of autumn leaves (one of our preferred themes those days).
Then the discussion did take a new direction: what poems and songs they know about trees.
We had fun reciting or singing together many pieces. This one was our favorite.
In years ahead, I'll grow so tall!
And I'll grow more bark outside!
Long time ago I was listening Stevie Wonder's album 'Journey through the Secret Life of Plants'. Also, I have watched again 'The Secret Life of Plants' documentary realized in 1979, for some time now. This documentary, directed by Walon Green, was based on " The Secret Life of Plants" book by Peter Tompkins and Christopher Bird.
Well, I saw it on TV for the first time and remains one of my favorite documentary. Thanks to Joetuuper to share it on his youtube channel. If you have some time, you should see it by yourself.
I'm still in awe, after years and years...I'm sure you're really gonna enjoy it, too.


As a quality driven Registered Training Organisation (RTO), Access seeks to employ the best and the brightest. Access has high calibre staff, committed to quality and continuous improvement. All Access staff are encouraged to think in an innovative way, always questioning the status quo.


Many years ago Alan McLoughlin scored a goal on a night in November that meant an awful lot to an awful lot of people as Jack's Army celebrated a second coming on the biggest soccer stage of them all.
It was, of course, the Windsor Park goal that sent Ireland all the way to the 1994 World Cup finals and that never to be forgotten day against Italy at the Giants Stadium in New Jersey.
A week or so after he silenced the Windsor Park boo boys and sent the Green Army to Manhattan, McLoughlin was in Dublin for the sort of earner so beloved of our leader Jack Charlton.
Alan, then with Portsmouth, got a few hundred Irish pounds to open a shop on Fairview Strand in Dublin, and he was delighted to get it.
At a time when his 15 minutes of fame was approaching the 15th minute, he was thrilled to earn as much in a day in Dublin as he did in a week with Portsmouth.
He was also -- and this is important -- delighted to get the chance to share the glory of that Belfast goal with real football fans in a city he only knew through the parentage rule.
Like so many of his peers, McLoughlin was a proud Irish footballer who never lost touch with the common man or the ordinary fan, mostly because he qualified on both counts himself.
So did most of the team that Jack built. With the odd exception, very odd in some cases, they were all decent men who wore the green shirt in those days, men who knew the value of a pound and how hard the ordinary man had to work to earn it.
That's why the Irish soccer team was the team of the people from '88 to '94 as we tripped the light fantastic with Charlton.
By 2002 the link with normality was disappearing, not helped by one player's obsession with big seats on airplanes and five star comforts away from home. Today the link is lost forever.
Ireland played Northern Ireland on Tuesday night, just hours after this column was written. On Monday, at a golf function in the wonderful Killeen Castle that will host the Solheim Cup in September, I asked my three playing partners if they were going to the Ireland match.
Only one of them knew what I was talking about -- and he had to think about it.
The same man had been in Cardiff on Saturday when 20,000 Leinster fans cheered their team from the jaws of defeat to the greatest victory in their province's history.
The sights at the Millennium Stadium as the 12 counties of Leinster celebrated a most incredible win were so similar to the sights and sounds of the Charlton era, only the color of the flags and jerseys was different.
The Leinster and Munster rugby teams still connect with their fans. The Irish soccer team have long lost touch with the common man.
That's why the likes of Anthony Stokes thinks he can withdraw from an Ireland game because he's tired, as he did on Saturday night.
That's why James McCarthy thinks he can get away with ignoring a call–up to the squad for the forthcoming games against Northern Ireland, Scotland, Macedonia and Italy.
That's why Stephen Ireland behaved as he did when he tried to bury his two grannies, but succeeded only in burying any respect we may have had for him.
The majority of the current Ireland squad do care for their country and will continue to turn up through thick and thin, but unfortunately they have been tarred by the Stephen Ireland-James McCarthy-Anthony Stokes brush.
That's why not many people here at home care anymore if we qualify for the European Championships or not.
That's why people weren't even aware that Ireland were playing 24 hours later when I asked the question on Monday night.
The game of the people has lost touch with the people and it may never be the same again as long as Messrs Ireland, McCarthy and Stokes put themselves before their country.
SOCCER: The regular reader in the Bronx will know the pitfalls encountered by journalists who deal with Giovanni Trapattoni's use of the English language on a regular basis. On Monday, Trap was at it again when he discussed the absence of a huge number of players for Tuesday's Carling Nations Cup match against Northern Ireland. Unsure as to exactly who was going to be available to play, Trap said, "Just like the Irish waiter, it is unpredictable." The penny eventually dropped -- he meant it is as unpredictable as the Irish weather!
RUGBY: Jonathon Sexton emerged as an Ireland captain in waiting on Saturday when he delivered the halftime speech that inspired the most incredible comeback in the history of Irish rugby. Sexton used Liverpool's 2005 European Cup final revival as his inspiration, and his words were wisely chosen. Considering the likes of Brian O'Driscoll and Gordon D'Arcy were hanging on his every word, it really was the changing of the guard.
GAA: The Meath camp is in disarray after the return of the 38-year-old Graham Geraghty and the resignation of selectors Liam Harnan and Barry Callaghan, and that's bad news for Kildare. A Meath team in disarray is the last thing Kildare will want to meet in Croke Park on Sunday. Such a crisis always brings out the best in the Royals so many another Leinster title is possible for Banty's Boys after all.
SOCCER: Words can't describe the drama in the final 20 minutes of the Premier League season on Sunday as Birmingham and Blackpool joined West Ham in the Championship next season but I have to congratulate Mick McCarthy on keeping Wolves up, even if it was by the skin of their teeth. He deserved it.
THE Leinster rugby team were dead and buried when they trailed Northampton by 22 points to just six at halftime in Saturday's Heineken Cup final. Or so we thought. Inspired by the words of Sexton in the halftime dressing room and the actions of Eoin Reddan, when he hit the ground running at the start of the second half, they were like men possessed as they orchestrated the most incredible comeback ever witnessed in European club rugby. It was brilliant.
ANTHONY Stokes pulled out of the Irish squad on Saturday night because he's tired after a long hard season with Celtic. That's the same Anthony Stokes who has played 38 times for the Bhoys this season, including nine times as a sub and earned well over $2 million in the process. All his country wanted was another two weeks of his valuable time to get us through the Carling Nations Cup games against Northern Ireland and Scotland, the Euro qualifier in Macedonia and the friendly against Italy, but Stokes is too tired for his country. Sometimes you have to wonder if some of the Irish players really care about their national team any more, or are they all Stephen Irelands?


From Pelugo or Spiazzo Rendena up the eastern slopes of Carè Alto, the Borzago Valley welcomes visitors who like to abandon the destinations of mass tourism to discover enchanting places where time passes slowly, following the rhythm of the seasons.
From the state road 239, which crosses Spiazzo Rendena, follow the road on the left for Val Borzago – Rifugio Carè Alto to Pian della Sega. Here you can park and start along the path to the Carè Alto hut.
The Borzago Valley detaches laterally from Val Rendena on the hydrographic right. Its origin is glacial and the signs of the subsequent modeling made by the action of the stream are evident. It is crossed by the Rio Bedù di Pelugo and develops east-west up to the glaciers of Carè Alto.
The lower part of the valley is characterized by woods alternating with wide meadows and pastures, interrupted by scattered huts and small settlements that testify to the typical alpine activities. Higher up we find the ancient abandoned pastures that mark the passage from the pastures and the conifer woods to the roughness of the rocks and glaciers.
At an altitude of 2450 m stands the Rifugio Carè Alto, built in 1912 by a group of Rendena mountaineers, in a panoramic position on Val Rendena and the Brenta Dolomites.


text:
Caloplaca epiphora är en lavart som först beskrevs av Taylor, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av C. W. Dodge. Caloplaca epiphora ingår i släktet orangelavar och familjen Teloschistaceae.   Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Orangelavar
epiphora


text:
El pollo chijaukay (o chi jau kay) es un plato de cocina chifa muy popular en el Perú.

Descripción
El pollo chijaukay se elabora con muslos del pollo sin huesos, salsa mensi y harina de chuño. Antes de servir la carne se corta en trozos y se rocía una salsa hoisin y sésamo, después se adorna con cebollita china. Se sirve con arroz blanco o arroz chaufa como guarnición.

Véase también
Gastronomía del Perú

Referencias

Enlaces externos

 Receta

Platos de pollo de Perú
Chifa


text:
Full Article (536)
African Literatures (4)
Asian Literatures (55)
British and Irish Literatures (17)
Latin American and Caribbean Literatures (89)
North American Literatures (536)
Oceanic Literatures (14)
Western European Literatures (3)
Ancient Literatures (before 500) (1)
Middle Ages and Renaissance (500-1600) (1)
Enlightenment and Early Modern (1600-1800) (8)
19th Century (1800-1900) (37)
20th and 21st Century (1900-present) (146)
Cultural Studies (81)
Film, TV, and Media (27)
Literary Theory (46)
Non-Fiction and Life Writing (45)
Print Culture and Digital Humanities (16)
Theater and Drama (21)
1-20 of 536 Results for:
North American Literatures x
1234567 ... 2627
Academic Novels
Rob Morris
The academic novel answers two questions: What happens on a college campus? and What is college for? To answer the first question, the academic novel takes the form of high-spirited realism or mean-spirited satire. Its source material is the actual condition of living and working on a college campus at a certain time in a certain era. It wears the fashions of the day and is easily dated. The answer to the second question follows the answer to the first. The purpose of a college education varies from era to era, sometimes from year to year. In the academic novel, the college—the institution and the idea of college—is always in crisis. The purpose of college is shown to be warped, compromised, or ill-defined.
Accents and Asian American Representation in Contemporary Culture
Shilpa S. Davé
The study of accent is related to word and language pronunciation that can be linked to a social class, a nationality, a part of the world, or a historic time period. Accent can be characterized as an "identifier" based on sound and sound production rather than visual cues. Accent is thus linked to fields such as linguistics and pronunciation, language education, drama, literature and performance, sound studies, disability studies (communication disorders to hearing to speech), as well as to sociology and global studies (how do people speak and understand each other in different parts of the world and across geographical borders), to nationalism (how does language bring communities and societies together), and to media (how is communication presented and how is language received). Phonetic literacy (as studied by socio-linguists) involves subcategories such as speech and accent (from access to learning English by non-native speakers to the ability to speak English), dialect (variations of English based on geography), and slang. A cultural and interdisciplinary study of accents allow for inquiries about national community that move beyond legal and geographical forms of community and identity. Looking at accents emphasize the linguistic and sonic components of American global cultural values that are present in media representation, performance, and the politics of social relations. In particular, the study of Asian American accents in popular culture lies at the intersection of interpretations of text and sound where standard American English (the language taught in American schools) is positioned as the normative mode of communication and the criterion that non-native speakers are often judged upon in American culture. An accent is both a phonetic and visual means of interpreting the assimilation of immigrants in general, and Asians, more specifically, in relation to themes of American citizenship. Focusing on accent allows for a linguistic and narrative composition of how racial difference goes beyond a visual physical difference and is embedded in the systemic nature of how race and privilege operate in culture. Asian American and South Asian American vocal accents and other kinds of cultural "accents" offer an alternative approach to discuss American racial and ethnic performances because the notion of an accent is also inherently comparative. Accents appear only in comparison to what is considered normal or accepted universal speech, such as Standard American English. An accent can mark or distinguish someone or something in relation to something else or a prevailing norm. An accent can create contrast by its very difference. For Asian Americans, identifying how speech and communication is represented and produced in media and culture is a primary means of characterizing what is not only considered different but also what is seen to be foreign or outside definitions of American national identity. The media representations of Asian Americans exaggerate physical differences from a white American mainstream identity and dwell on alternative cultural values and behaviors that include accent and language.
Edward Halsey Foster
Henry Adams's paternal great-grandfather and grandfather were, respectively, the second and sixth presidents of the United States. His father, Charles Francis Adams, was among the distinguished diplomats of his time, serving as American ambassador to Great Britain during the Civil War. Henry Adams himself, however, did little public service. He published several books, was a distinguished editor and college professor, and spent most of his life at the center of Washington's social world, living in an elegant mansion almost as close to the White House as he could get without actually living in it. To the general public, however, he was far better known for his name than for who he was.
Agee, James
Donna Seaman
For James Agee, night was the most enchanting and blessed part of the day, and he often wrote about its hushed, starry beauty and the wonder of being awake when nearly everyone else was under the strange and necessary spell of sleep. Agee also loved movies, another form of magic that takes place in the dark, and both of these passions are manifest in the opening pages of his best-known work, the posthumously published, Pulitzer Prize–winning novel, A Death in the Family (1957). Although Agee completed few books over the course of his somewhat frenetic, all-too-brief writing life—one volume of poetry, two works of fiction, and the provocative prose lyric Let Us Now Praise Famous Men (1941)—he wrote scores of ardent, impeccable, and far-reaching movie reviews and ultimately left behind a highly concentrated yet remarkably innovative and profoundly influential oeuvre.
Agriculture and Asian American Literature
Sarah D. Wald
Agriculture is a significant yet understudied theme in Asian American literature. Representations of farming in Asian American literature often respond to and engage with agriculture's important role in Asian American history. As farmers and as farm laborers, Asian Americans have been pivotal to US agriculture, and this agricultural experience was foundational to the formation of Asian American communities in the period prior to World War II. Additionally, literary representations of agriculture in Asian American literature navigate racialized traditions of American pastoral and Jeffersonian agrarianism. They have often done so in ways that highlight the systems of racial and economic exploitation at work in US society and position US agribusiness in relationship to US colonialism and neo-colonialism. Consequently, Asian American literature's representations of farming can expose the assumptions around race, property, and citizenship at work in the agrarianism of the 21st-century US alternative food movement. The writings of Carlos Bulosan, Hisaye Yamamoto, and David Mas Masumoto provide case studies of these trends.
Aiken, Conrad
Arnold E. Sabatelli
Conrad Potter Aiken (1889–1973) epitomized the well-educated intellectual, scholar, and writer. Like his contemporary, friend, and fellow Harvard University graduate T. S. Eliot, he was one of the most admired and respected writers of his time. Given that he was so prolific in several genres (poetry, essays, critical analysis, fiction) and so popular during his life, it is surprising that he is not as well known today as he was in his time.
Albee, Edward
Victoria D. Sullivan
When Edward Albee broke upon the American theater scene in 1960 with The Zoo Story, he was immediately recognized as a brilliant and exciting young voice. Critics, magazine editors, and the public all welcomed this handsome, somewhat morose young man into the world of serious art. In fact he was the first recognized American absurdist, tapping into the post–World War II European tradition of Samuel Beckett, Eugène Ionesco, and Jean Genet. A loud chorus of critical praise met his early works, including The Sandbox (1960) and The American Dream (1961), in addition to The Zoo Story (1959). When Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf? opened on Broadway in 1962, his fame was sealed. But that was also, in some rather American sense, the beginning of the end. It was, certainly, the end of the uncritical adulation.
Angela M. Garcia
Long recognized only for her children's books, Louisa May Alcott also wrote adult novels, Civil War hospital sketches, and at least fifty pieces of much-publicized "sensation" fiction, but her most popular legacy remains that curiously modern portrait of family life, Little Women (1868). Although the author mocked herself as providing mere "moral pap for the young," her audience in America, and later worldwide, responded enthusiastically to its edifying and entertaining truths. Readers have remained absorbed by and even enamored with Alcott's story; by the end of the twentieth century, several million copies had been sold in dozens of translations, and film and television adaptations continue to be produced.
Alfaro, Luis
Paul Allatson
Emerging in Los Angeles in the late 1980s and early 1990s as a queer Chicano performance artist, playwright, and writer, Luis Alfaro quickly established himself as an influential contributor to wider cultural debates about the intersections between gender, sexual, ethno-racial, class, religious, and national affiliations in the United States. In his early career Alfaro was a key player in the solo performance movement, in which performance artists used their own bodies and lives as self performance: that is, as primary physical and lived matter for interrogating their identities within a broader political questioning of US multicultural discourses. That questioning coincided with the prominence of Chicana feminist, queer, and AIDS activisms in California, all of which framed Alfaro's early performances. Much of Alfaro's work from the 1990s thus survives as historically significant chronicles of Chicana/o queer lives on the US West Coast. Alfaro consolidated his reputation in that decade with such classic solo performances as Downtown and Cuerpo Politizado, in which his body functioned as the prop onto and over which he articulated his queer memory work in relation to the Chicana/o neighborhoods of Central and East Los Angeles in which he grew up. Those neighborhoods anchor Alfaro's career-long engagements with the US national imaginary as a Chicano queer cultural producer committed to community engagement and service and to telling the stories of Los Angeles' heterogeneous Chicana/o communities. Since the 1990s Alfaro has refined his creative and critical praxis in solo performance work and plays that raise broader questions about national identity and belonging in the United States. Many of these plays have written back to and adapted works from Western theatrical and literary traditions—for example, Greek tragedies, Aesop, Spanish Golden Age theater, and Strindberg. The process of adaptation allows Alfaro to celebrate Chicanas/os and Latinas/os, and non-Latina/o immigrant communities, as cultural and ethno-racial epicenters of US national identity in the 21st century. Alfaro's post-2000 interventions into Western theatrical and literary traditions recast those traditions so that they register meaningfully, in audience terms, for Chicana/o and other communities of color grappling inevitably with historical discourses that demean immigrant and minority populations.
Alger, Horatio
Glen Hendler
Horatio Alger wrote approximately one hundred novels, as well as biographies of public figures, short stories, and poetry. Alger emerged from the same New England cultural milieu that produced major authors and intellectuals from Jonathan Edwards to Nathaniel Hawthorne, Ralph Waldo Emerson, and William and Henry James, but he came to exemplify the mass-produced popular fiction that such writers generally abhorred. In a related irony, Alger's stories of a virtuous boy or young man ascending into the middle class were widely accepted early in his career as appropriate for children, but by the end of his career many critics lumped them together with more sensationalistic and ambiguously moral books. Alger's reputation—along with the dominant interpretation of his fiction—took yet more turns after his death, as his books went through at least two different twentieth-century revivals. Any understanding of Alger should encompass not only his actual life and works but also the various meanings that "the Horatio Alger story" has accrued.
Algonquin Round Table
The Algonquin Round Table refers to a place, a group, a sensibility, and an era. The place was indeed a round table, near the center and toward the back of the Rose Room in the Algonquin Hotel, on West 44th Street in Manhattan, in New York City. The group was a rotating cast of writers, critics, actors, and hangers-on, most in their twenties and thirties, who for a decade or more met at the table for lunch, sometimes every day. The group's sensibility was witty, urbane, and sophisticated, but also depressive and parochial. The era was the twenties, the decade when America became the center of the world and New York City became the center of America.
Algren, Nelson
Bill Savage
Nelson Algren was born Nelson Ahlgren Abraham on 28 March 1909 in Detroit, Michigan, but was raised in Chicago. He died days after his election to the American Academy of Arts and Letters, his fiction out of print and largely forgotten, in Sag Harbor, New York, on 9 May 1981. Profound shifts in American political and literary culture shaped the trajectory of Algren's life and literary career. He was radicalized by the Great Depression and set out, like Mark Twain, Theodore Dreiser, and Walt Whitman before him, to depict America from the point of view of the outsider. His subjects were the disinherited of Texas jail cells; the wanderers of the New Orleans waterfront; and the petty thieves, strong-arm boys, hookers, and cops of Chicago's Polish-American ghetto. Like the modernist writers he admired, Algren wrote and rewrote and rewrote again, trying to create truth and beauty out of the language of shuttered barrooms and backroom card games, police lineups, and Chicago Avenue streetcars. Uniquely among American novelists, Algren melds the political eye of naturalism with the written craft of modernism and the vernacular voice of realism.
Alvarez de Toledo y Dubois, José
Nicolás Kanellos
José Alvarez de Toledo y Dubois (1779–1858) was either a freedom-fighter turned traitor to the cause of Mexican independence or a spy for the Spanish empire at a time of intense competition among European powers and the early American Republic for dominance over northern New Spain and what would become Texas. In the course of his assimilation or appropriation of liberal discourse and his inciting rebellions, he became a pioneer in the use of the printing press to generate propaganda to recruit troops and financing in advance of military action. His various proclamations and pamphlets exhorted New Spain and other Spanish colonies in America to separate from the motherland and establish republics; a more lasting contribution, however, may have been his being partially responsible for the introduction of the first printing press and publication of the first newspaper in Texas during the early 19th century,
Alvarez, Julia
Kathrine Varnes
Julia Alvarez, born in New York City on 27 March 1950, lived in the Dominican Republic until 1960, when her family sought political refuge in the United States. The shock of being transplanted from a tropical paradise amidst an extended and well-respected family to Queens, New York, where she and her family—mother, father, and three sisters—were viewed as outsiders, informs much of her writing. Often her work is autobiographical, but even when not, her characters are caught between worlds: cultural, lingual, economic, national, political, and familial. Equally essential to her work is the experience of what it means to be a writer. The author of eleven books, Alvarez has proved herself a talented and flexible writer and has won many prizes and awards, including a fellowship from the National Endowment for the Arts and a Josephine Miles/PEN award. She was also a finalist for the National Book Award. Alvarez lives in Vermont and the Dominican Republic, where she visits relatives and tends the shade-grown coffee farm she started with her husband, Bill Eichner, a cookbook author and ophthalmologist.
American and Japanese Self-Help Literature
Shunsuke Ozaki
"Self-help literature" was created in America, and its origin can be traced back to Benjamin Franklin. In 18th-century American society, where Puritan ethics held sway, Franklin was a rare sort of person, one who did not believe that personal ambition was a sin. Through his writings, in the form of Poor Richard's Almanac (1732–1757) and The Way to Wealth (1757), Franklin demonstrated the know-how needed for worldly success, and he used himself as an example of the effectiveness of this knowledge. According to Franklin's philosophy of success, anyone can achieve social success, regardless of their social position, if they only have the will to educate themselves. This was the beginning of the American dream of success, and themes appearing here for the first time became the basic themes of many self-help books that appeared later. Franklin's writings were composed in America during the latter half of the 18th century, a period when independence from England increased opportunities for upward social mobility. Similarly, the first self-help book to appear in Japan was published at the time of the Meiji Restoration in 1868, after the end of the Edo period. At this time, the traditional feudal class system was abandoned, and it became possible to succeed in life using one's own resourcefulness and efforts. This book Gakumon no Susume (An Encouragement of Learning, 1872–1876) was written by the well-known author and educator Yukichi Fukuzawa (1835–1901). This book holds that to create a modern state it is necessary for its people to first free themselves of apathy and laziness and become independent through practical study. The work was published in seventeen volumes, and 3.4 million copies were sold under this title. Its foundation was the declaration that "All men are created equal." It is clear that the inspiration for this writing was the American Declaration of Independence. Of all of the Founding Fathers, Franklin's ideas had the greatest impact on Fukuzawa, and through his self-help book, the Japanese people came into indirect contact with Franklin's philosophy of success. Additionally, The Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin (1771–1790) was widely read throughout the Meiji period. Thus, it is apparent that Franklin's ideas about self-help had a great impact on Japan around the end of the 19th century. However, British author Samuel Smiles's book Self-Help (1859) had an even greater influence on Japan as it underwent modernization. This book, which was also popular in America, sold more than a million copies in the forty-year period after it was translated into Japanese in 1871 by the philosopher of the European Enlightenment Masanao Nakamura (1832–1891). Moreover, this book was used as an ethics textbook in elementary schools from 1872 until 1880, so it played a particularly large role in planting the spirit of self-improvement in the Japanese youth of the time. The influence of Confucianism was a large part of the context in which these English and American self-help books were accepted in Japan during and after the Meiji period. Confucianism came to Japan from China at the beginning of the 6th century, and by the Edo period, in the 17th century, the religious aspects of Confucianism had faded. It had become a system of education in ethics that emphasized the five virtues of "compassion to others," "not being caught up in greed," "being courteous," "striving to learn," and "being sincere." Learning these virtues became a condition for success in life, particularly for the warrior class. We notice that these five virtues are very similar to Franklin's thirteen virtues; hence, it is easy to understand that familiarity with Confucianism made it easier for the Japanese to accept American and English self-help books. In other words, western European ideas about self-help were not completely novel values to the Japanese; these ideas were compatible with the Confucian ethical values that the Japanese held. Therefore, they were widely accepted very quickly. Later, after the beginning of the 20th century, Japan would greedily adopt self-help ideas from America. For example, the mind-cure techniques of Christian Science were introduced to Japan during the 1910s. "Reiki," which is a Japan-specific practice related to mind cure, was developed soon after. Yoga was also introduced to Japan around the same time through the writings of William Walker Atkinson (aka Yogi Ramacharaka). The Japanese religionist Masaharu Taniguchi (1893–1985) created his own religious group, known as Seicho no Ie (The House of Growth), in the 1930s. This group resonated with the religious movement known as New Thought, which gained popularity in the United States at the end of the 19th century, and Seicho no Ie is currently the world's largest New Thought group, with more than seventy thousand believers in Japan. The 1950s through the 1980s saw the popularity of American self-help books fall in Japan, partly because of World War II. At the beginning of the 1990s, the bubble economy in Japan burst; the "life-long employment system" and the "seniority wage system" that had supported Japan up to that point started to collapse. Thus, hiring fell, and an American-style competitive society was introduced in Japan in the form of models such as the "ability-based wage system." In a similar fashion, there was a demand for knowledge of how to survive in this new competitive society. This led to a sudden resurgence in the popularity of American self-help books. For this reason, it is currently difficult to find books by major American self-help authors, such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Prentice Mulford, Orison Swett Marden, Wallace D. Wattles, Charles F. Haanel, Ralph Waldo Trine, Dorothea Brande, Joseph Murphy, Norman Vincent Peale, Neville Goddard, Earl Nightingale, Spencer Johnson, Robert Kiyosaki, and Tony Robbins that have not been translated into Japanese. In particular, Stephen Covey's The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People (1989) has been very popular in recent years, and there are even primary schools that use this book as class material. Moreover, because comic culture is highly developed in Japan, there are many American self-help books that have been made into comic books. Of course, Stephen Covey's book has been made into a comic book, but there are several other authors whose books have a comic-book version in addition to the translation. Such works include Dale Carnegie's How To Win Friends and Influence People (1936), Napoleon Hill's Think and Grow Rich (1937), and works by the psychologist Alfred Adler and the management consultant Peter Ferdinand Drucker. These works are widely known as self-help books. Self-help literature has taken hold as a literary genre that has maintained a firmly rooted popularity in Japan, much like it has in America. It is frequently read by middle-class, white-collar, middle-aged men. However, there has been a backlash against the incredibly numerous self-help books that have been put on the market: since 2010, in Japan, stronger criticisms of self-help books have begun to be made. According to these criticisms, the harmfulness of these books comes from the fact that all of the failures in a person's life are attributed to the personal responsibility of the individual. For example, these critics say, these books state that people who belong to lower social classes are stuck in such positions because they have not been positive enough. However, at present, these critical voices are being drowned out by the huge waves of numerous new self-help books being published in rapid succession. There is no reason to doubt that self-help books will continue to thrive in America and Japan, as long as the tradition of the "American dream of success" is alive in America and the virtues of the "desire for self-improvement" and "hard work" are part of the Japanese national character.
American Detective Fiction in the 20th Century
Mary Hadley
It is hard to imagine a time when Britain and France did not have a police force and detectives whose job it was to solve crimes. But until the growth of criminal investigation in the form of Scotland Yard in London, and the Sûreté in Paris, there was no formal detection. The Sûreté (the French crime bureau) was created in the 1820s, followed in Britain in 1842 by a detective branch that was part of the Metropolitan Police of London. Detectives as part of the police forces in New York and other American cities came later still. Therefore, it is not surprising that the detective novel did not arise until 1841 with The Murders in the Rue Morgue by Edgar Allan Poe (1809–1849). Since the United States lagged behind Europe in its policing, Poe set his three detective stories not in New York but in Paris, a city he admired. He based his detective, C. Auguste Dupin, on Francois-Eugene Vidocq, a criminal turned private detective, whose memoirs were published in 1832
American Literature in Japanese Shojo Comics
Hisayo Ogushi
In the Meiji era, the modernization of Japan was achieved through the process of the westernization of political, military, and educational systems. Accordingly, the Japanese willingly acquired and learned Western thought by translating literary resources for Japanese readers: the works of writers such as Ralph Waldo Emerson, Edgar Allan Poe, and Nathaniel Hawthorne were frequently translated and introduced at this time. Concurrently, Japanese girls belonging to the urban middle class began to form their own institutionalized culture called shojo, through which they could communicate their interests in literature or art, and/or share aspects of their ordinary school lives. Shojo culture was supported by newly founded magazines targeting schoolgirls with names like Shojo Sekai, Shojo-kai, Shojo-no-tomo, and Jogaku Zasshi. In Japanese shojo, articles on American women and translated literary pieces written by American and European authors, including Frances Hodgson Burnett, were popular. The work of female American writers like Harriet Beecher Stowe, Louisa May Alcott, and Jean Webster was also translated as juvenile literature for Japanese children. Thus, American culture and literature significantly influenced the Japanese shojo culture. Nobuko Yoshiya, a well-known Japanese author of so-called girls' novels, stated that she followed Western female writers such as Alcott, Burnett, and George Eliot. The Japanese translations of American literature decreased considerably during World War II. After the war, this literary corpus was rediscovered and was widely translated for Japanese audiences under the supervision of the General Headquarters (GHQ) or the Supreme Commander for the Allied Powers (SCAP). In addition to novels for girls, comics for young female readers (shojo manga) also aroused readers' interest and became immensely popular. Some manga writers depicted Western settings in their narratives and innumerable "American girls" whose exotic and fashionable aura fascinated Japanese girls. These made-in-Japan "American girls" primarily represented the concept of liberty, autonomy, and abundance: qualities desired by Japanese schoolgirls. At the end of the 20th century, however, the representation of America in the genre of shojo manga gradually became more realistic and less enraptured.
American Nature Writing
Nature has, like love, been an essential topic for authors in every language and every literary form. The first thing to acknowledge about the term nature writing is that it conventionally refers to a distinctive category of nonfiction, not to the entire spectrum of literature about the natural world. The present survey is further restricted to American nature writing, though the genre has also developed in many other countries. The American lineage of nature writing has been especially influenced by the work of Henry David Thoreau (1817–1862), who combined journal-based descriptions of the New England landscape and knowledgeable appreciation of science with lyrical prose, receptiveness to nature's human and transcendent meanings, and a highly personal voice. Thoreau's own orientation to solitude, wildness, and the music of nature has also been complemented, however, and in some cases forcefully challenged, by subsequent writers focusing on urban landscapes; environmental justice; the impact of gender, class, and race on our visions of nature; environmental justice; food and agriculture; and material culture. Many literary scholars also now prefer to consider nature writing under the multi-genre and international rubric of "environmental literature." Nevertheless, this particular form remains a vital model for integrating imaginative literature with close observation of natural phenomena. Today's writers continue to find, with Thoreau, that books "with earth adhering to their roots" may blossom in the human spirit, revitalizing individual lives even as they also address the urgent environmental and cultural challenges we now confront.
American Nature Writing and Japan
Masami Yuki
Although largely disregarded since the humanistic turn of ecocriticism at the beginning of the 21st century, nature writing has continued to play an important role in nurturing trans-Pacific, and transnational, literary environmentalism. Euro-American traditions dominate this literary genre, but it nevertheless involves cross-cultural traffic of ideas and thoughts. Its trans-Pacific presence, mostly through American influences on works in Japan, demonstrates in three ways how American nature writing has been cultivating Japanese literary soil and has in turn been nurtured by it, albeit less conspicuously. First, Henry David Thoreau's influence on Japanese literary environmentalism, especially his philosophy of plain living and high thinking, helped engender a tradition of nature writing in Japan that began with Nozawa Hajime—often called the "Japanese Thoreau"—and has been developed by those who followed, including Ashizawa Kazuhiro and Takada Hiroshi. Second, interactions between pastoralism and a new mode of environmental awareness show that the seemingly American notion of "wild awareness" and the Japanese concept of aware have materialized as a new environmental sensitivity in Japan and in the United States, respectively, reflecting cross-cultural nurturing of environmental ideas, thoughts, and practices. Finally, there has been a subtle yet radical impact of American counterculture on Japanese nature writing, exemplified by Nashiki Kaho's literary hybridity, based on her integration of the traditional with the radical.