text:
Exploring Factors Associated With the Motivation of Clinical Pharmacists: A Focus on the South African Context
Lucille Crafford*, Anouk Wouters, Elmien Bronkhorst, Andries G.S. Gous, Rashmi A. Kusurkar
Introduction: Pharmacy practice in many middle to low-income countries has slowly transitioned from being product-focused to a more patient-focused clinical practice. Lack of motivation is one of the factors contributing to the scarcity of pharmacists in the wards. As little is known about motivation in clinical pharmacists, this study aimed to obtain insight into the quantity and quality of their work motivation and factors associated with it. Methods: Self-determination Theory, used as the framework, describes autonomous motivation as being generated from within or through personal endorsement and controlled motivation as originating from external factors. An online questionnaire including the Academic Motivation Scale to measure autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation, was sent to clinical pharmacy graduates from 2000 to 2020 across South Africa, followed by interviews to explain some results. Independent t-test was used to analyze differences in motivation of clinical pharmacists to perform clinical services based on personal and environmental factors. Interview data were transcribed and analyzed to explain significant quantitative findings. Results: Higher amotivation was found in graduates who are currently not practicing in dedicated clinical pharmacist positions, as well as in graduates who do not receive additional financial benefits for clinical services. We found no significant differences in the work motivation of clinical pharmacists based on their gender, age, current practice setting, work experience and additional training received. The interviews revealed that relatedness and autonomy are the most important factors for clinical pharmacists' work motivation. Discussion: Overall participants had a high mean autonomous motivation, a high mean controlled motivation and low mean amotivation. In line with Self-determination Theory literature, considering the basic psychological needs for relatedness and autonomy could assist with designing interventions, like creating a supportive work environment, to optimize motivation. This could improve professional wellbeing, service implementation and prevent possible adverse events. Future research is necessary to understand barriers and facilitators of clinical pharmacists' work motivation.
Frontiers in Medicine
https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.747348
Academic Motivation Scale (AMS)
Self-determination Theory (SDT)
10.3389/fmed.2021.747348
Dive into the research topics of 'Exploring Factors Associated With the Motivation of Clinical Pharmacists: A Focus on the South African Context'. Together they form a unique fingerprint.
Pharmacists Medicine & Life Sciences 100%
Personal Autonomy Medicine & Life Sciences 17%
Pharmacy Medicine & Life Sciences 13%
South Africa Medicine & Life Sciences 7%
Income Medicine & Life Sciences 5%
Clinical Studies Medicine & Life Sciences 4%
Crafford, L., Wouters, A., Bronkhorst, E., Gous, A. G. S., & Kusurkar, R. A. (2021). Exploring Factors Associated With the Motivation of Clinical Pharmacists: A Focus on the South African Context. Frontiers in Medicine, 8, [747348]. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.747348
Crafford, Lucille ; Wouters, Anouk ; Bronkhorst, Elmien et al. / Exploring Factors Associated With the Motivation of Clinical Pharmacists : A Focus on the South African Context. In: Frontiers in Medicine. 2021 ; Vol. 8.
@article{6280dfa9b2574f36b5bc9fd383846bfa,
title = "Exploring Factors Associated With the Motivation of Clinical Pharmacists: A Focus on the South African Context",
abstract = "Introduction: Pharmacy practice in many middle to low-income countries has slowly transitioned from being product-focused to a more patient-focused clinical practice. Lack of motivation is one of the factors contributing to the scarcity of pharmacists in the wards. As little is known about motivation in clinical pharmacists, this study aimed to obtain insight into the quantity and quality of their work motivation and factors associated with it. Methods: Self-determination Theory, used as the framework, describes autonomous motivation as being generated from within or through personal endorsement and controlled motivation as originating from external factors. An online questionnaire including the Academic Motivation Scale to measure autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation, was sent to clinical pharmacy graduates from 2000 to 2020 across South Africa, followed by interviews to explain some results. Independent t-test was used to analyze differences in motivation of clinical pharmacists to perform clinical services based on personal and environmental factors. Interview data were transcribed and analyzed to explain significant quantitative findings. Results: Higher amotivation was found in graduates who are currently not practicing in dedicated clinical pharmacist positions, as well as in graduates who do not receive additional financial benefits for clinical services. We found no significant differences in the work motivation of clinical pharmacists based on their gender, age, current practice setting, work experience and additional training received. The interviews revealed that relatedness and autonomy are the most important factors for clinical pharmacists' work motivation. Discussion: Overall participants had a high mean autonomous motivation, a high mean controlled motivation and low mean amotivation. In line with Self-determination Theory literature, considering the basic psychological needs for relatedness and autonomy could assist with designing interventions, like creating a supportive work environment, to optimize motivation. This could improve professional wellbeing, service implementation and prevent possible adverse events. Future research is necessary to understand barriers and facilitators of clinical pharmacists' work motivation.",
keywords = "Academic Motivation Scale (AMS), Self-determination Theory (SDT), clinical pharmacy, motivation, pharmacist",
author = "Lucille Crafford and Anouk Wouters and Elmien Bronkhorst and Gous, {Andries G.S.} and Kusurkar, {Rashmi A.}",
note = "Funding Information: The authors would like to thank all clinical pharmacists who participated in this study. The authors acknowledge M. Pharm student, Nkhensani Shirindza, who assisted with data collection. The authors thank the Department of Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, for helping with the Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The authors also acknowledge that a bigger project (Dirisana+) that this study was a part of was co-funded by Dirisana+, 618489-EPP-1-2020-1-ZA-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP an Erasmus plus funding opportunity of the EU. Publisher Copyright: Copyright {\textcopyright} 2021 Crafford, Wouters, Bronkhorst, Gous and Kusurkar.",
doi = "10.3389/fmed.2021.747348",
journal = "Frontiers in Medicine",
Crafford, L, Wouters, A, Bronkhorst, E, Gous, AGS & Kusurkar, RA 2021, 'Exploring Factors Associated With the Motivation of Clinical Pharmacists: A Focus on the South African Context', Frontiers in Medicine, vol. 8, 747348. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmed.2021.747348
Exploring Factors Associated With the Motivation of Clinical Pharmacists : A Focus on the South African Context. / Crafford, Lucille; Wouters, Anouk; Bronkhorst, Elmien et al.
In: Frontiers in Medicine, Vol. 8, 747348, 23.11.2021.
T1 - Exploring Factors Associated With the Motivation of Clinical Pharmacists
T2 - A Focus on the South African Context
AU - Crafford, Lucille
AU - Wouters, Anouk
AU - Bronkhorst, Elmien
AU - Gous, Andries G.S.
AU - Kusurkar, Rashmi A.
N1 - Funding Information: The authors would like to thank all clinical pharmacists who participated in this study. The authors acknowledge M. Pharm student, Nkhensani Shirindza, who assisted with data collection. The authors thank the Department of Biostatistics, Amsterdam UMC Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, for helping with the Confirmatory Factor Analysis. The authors also acknowledge that a bigger project (Dirisana+) that this study was a part of was co-funded by Dirisana+, 618489-EPP-1-2020-1-ZA-EPPKA2-CBHE-JP an Erasmus plus funding opportunity of the EU. Publisher Copyright: Copyright © 2021 Crafford, Wouters, Bronkhorst, Gous and Kusurkar.
N2 - Introduction: Pharmacy practice in many middle to low-income countries has slowly transitioned from being product-focused to a more patient-focused clinical practice. Lack of motivation is one of the factors contributing to the scarcity of pharmacists in the wards. As little is known about motivation in clinical pharmacists, this study aimed to obtain insight into the quantity and quality of their work motivation and factors associated with it. Methods: Self-determination Theory, used as the framework, describes autonomous motivation as being generated from within or through personal endorsement and controlled motivation as originating from external factors. An online questionnaire including the Academic Motivation Scale to measure autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation, was sent to clinical pharmacy graduates from 2000 to 2020 across South Africa, followed by interviews to explain some results. Independent t-test was used to analyze differences in motivation of clinical pharmacists to perform clinical services based on personal and environmental factors. Interview data were transcribed and analyzed to explain significant quantitative findings. Results: Higher amotivation was found in graduates who are currently not practicing in dedicated clinical pharmacist positions, as well as in graduates who do not receive additional financial benefits for clinical services. We found no significant differences in the work motivation of clinical pharmacists based on their gender, age, current practice setting, work experience and additional training received. The interviews revealed that relatedness and autonomy are the most important factors for clinical pharmacists' work motivation. Discussion: Overall participants had a high mean autonomous motivation, a high mean controlled motivation and low mean amotivation. In line with Self-determination Theory literature, considering the basic psychological needs for relatedness and autonomy could assist with designing interventions, like creating a supportive work environment, to optimize motivation. This could improve professional wellbeing, service implementation and prevent possible adverse events. Future research is necessary to understand barriers and facilitators of clinical pharmacists' work motivation.
AB - Introduction: Pharmacy practice in many middle to low-income countries has slowly transitioned from being product-focused to a more patient-focused clinical practice. Lack of motivation is one of the factors contributing to the scarcity of pharmacists in the wards. As little is known about motivation in clinical pharmacists, this study aimed to obtain insight into the quantity and quality of their work motivation and factors associated with it. Methods: Self-determination Theory, used as the framework, describes autonomous motivation as being generated from within or through personal endorsement and controlled motivation as originating from external factors. An online questionnaire including the Academic Motivation Scale to measure autonomous motivation, controlled motivation and amotivation, was sent to clinical pharmacy graduates from 2000 to 2020 across South Africa, followed by interviews to explain some results. Independent t-test was used to analyze differences in motivation of clinical pharmacists to perform clinical services based on personal and environmental factors. Interview data were transcribed and analyzed to explain significant quantitative findings. Results: Higher amotivation was found in graduates who are currently not practicing in dedicated clinical pharmacist positions, as well as in graduates who do not receive additional financial benefits for clinical services. We found no significant differences in the work motivation of clinical pharmacists based on their gender, age, current practice setting, work experience and additional training received. The interviews revealed that relatedness and autonomy are the most important factors for clinical pharmacists' work motivation. Discussion: Overall participants had a high mean autonomous motivation, a high mean controlled motivation and low mean amotivation. In line with Self-determination Theory literature, considering the basic psychological needs for relatedness and autonomy could assist with designing interventions, like creating a supportive work environment, to optimize motivation. This could improve professional wellbeing, service implementation and prevent possible adverse events. Future research is necessary to understand barriers and facilitators of clinical pharmacists' work motivation.
KW - Academic Motivation Scale (AMS)
KW - Self-determination Theory (SDT)
KW - clinical pharmacy
KW - motivation
KW - pharmacist
U2 - 10.3389/fmed.2021.747348
DO - 10.3389/fmed.2021.747348
JO - Frontiers in Medicine
JF - Frontiers in Medicine
Crafford L, Wouters A, Bronkhorst E, Gous AGS, Kusurkar RA. Exploring Factors Associated With the Motivation of Clinical Pharmacists: A Focus on the South African Context. Frontiers in Medicine. 2021 Nov 23;8:747348. doi: 10.3389/fmed.2021.747348


text:
2010 Tour of Utah Stages and Dates Announced
By Jason Mitchell on	 March 9, 2010 0 Comments
The 2010 Tour of Utah continues with more of the same as "America's Toughest Stage Race." The Queen Stage (Park City to Snowbird) will once again pass right by my house for the whole family to enjoy. Looking forward to the August 17 start.
SALT LAKE CITY – March 8, 2010 – Steve Miller, president of the 2010 Larry H. Miller Tour of Utah cycling race, confirmed that August 17-22 are the official dates of the USA Cycling sanctioned pro race. In addition, Zions Bank is returning as presenting sponsor of the Tour for the fourth year (2006, 2008, 2009, 2010). Dubbed as America's Toughest Stage Race, the tour will consist of a prologue and five stages covering some of this country's most breathtaking terrain throughout central and northern Utah.
"I am pleased to be able to confirm the August 2010 dates for this year's race," said Steve Miller. "We had such an enthusiastic response to the 2009 event that local communities along the course are excited to see the Tour return, and last year's participants have provided feedback on how to make the race even tougher. In addition, based on last year's success, all existing sponsors have chosen to return making increased commitments to the race through cash, trade, advertising and marketing."
Once again, the Tour of Utah is on the official National Racing Calendar (NRC). The six-day stage race will begin with The Salt Lake Convention and Visitors Bureau Prologue on Tuesday, August 17 and end Sunday, August 22 with the legendary Park City to Snowbird Ski and Summer Resort "Queen" stage.
The remaining five stages will include the University of Utah Health Care Ogden to Research Park road race, the Heiden Davidson Orthopedics criterium in downtown Park City, the teamgive time trial at Miller Motorsports Park, and the XANGO Thanksgiving Point to Top of Mt. Nebo road race. Race route details will be announced soon.
Additional sponsors include: Utah Toyota Dealers Association, KJZZ 14, 1320 KFAN, POWERADE, Glacéau vitaminwater, FFKR Architects, Bingham Cyclery, First Endurance, Canyon Bicycles, PROBAR, I.J. and Jeanne' Wagner Jewish Community Center, Sheraton Downtown Salt Lake City, Edge Composites, City of Ogden, and Shimano.
"The support we receive from Zions Bank, as well as the rest of our sponsors, is important to the success of the Tour of Utah," continued Miller. "Zions Bank has a long legacy of participation in our community and its name is synonymous with hard work, commitment and success, which are the same values Tour participants embody."
"Zions Bank is committed to the communities in which we do business," said Rob Brough, executive vice president, marketing/communications Zions Bank. "The Tour of Utah is one of our country's premier cycling events which showcases this great state, our culture and our people. Zions Bank is proud to take part in this spectacular event."
The Tour of Utah will also include a non-competitive ride for enthusiast cyclists the Saturday before called "The Ultimate Challenge." Detailed information for The Ultimate Challenge will be released soon.
For more information about the Tour, please visit www.tourofutah.com.
About the 2010 Larry H. Miller Tour of Utah
Deemed "America's Toughest Tour," the 2010 Larry H. Miller Tour of Utah presented by Zions Bank, is a six-day, seven-stage, 300-mile plus professional bicycle road race along the Rocky Mountain's Wasatch Range through some of Utah's most beautiful and challenging landscapes. Scheduled to take place August 17-22, 2010, the Tour of Utah will attract 17 professional cycling teams totaling 136 cyclists competing for a cash/prize purse of $45,000. The 2010 Tour of Utah will be accompanied by a colorful, rolling festival celebration that will take place at the finish line of each stage. More than 30,000 spectators are expected to line the racecourse and attend the festivals in Ogden, Park City, Provo, Salt Lake City and Tooele, and 60,000-plus race fans are expected to follow online.
tour of utah
A Seattle native, Jason developed a love for the outdoors and a thing for mountains. That infatuation continues as he founded this site in 1999 -- sharing his love of road biking, mountain biking, trail running and skiing. That passion is channeled into every article or gear review he writes. Utah's Wasatch Mountains are his playground.
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text:
Sound & Light Equipment
March 26, 2011	| 7:00 PM
Fundamental Forces + Iron Kim Style
Guitarist Rik Wright's group Fundamental Forces is a revolving consortium of players whose explorations center around a set number of loosely defined charts and guidelines. Stylistically, all preconceptions are out the door. Iron Kim Style is an explosive Seattle-based jazz-rock improvisational quintet who gleefully blend structure and abstraction, lyrical melodies and scalding noise, wicked funk and weightless balladry, jazz phrasing and bracing experimentalism.
Each month, Nonsequitur and a community of like-minded organizations and artists present ten concerts of adventurous and experimental music in the gorgeous Chapel Performance Space at the Good Shepherd Center (which sits on the traditional homelands of the Duwamish people): contemporary/post-classical composition, free improvisation and the outer limits of jazz, electronic/electroacoustic music, new instruments, phonography, sound art, and other innovative musics. Watch a video clip about us on the Seattle Channel.
In the Chapel Performance Space on the fourth floor of the Good Shepherd Center.
4649 Sunnyside Ave. N.
Seattle WA, 98103
(SW corner of 50th & Sunnyside in Wallingford. Nearest Metro bus stops: 62, 44, 26)
© 2021 Wayward Music Series


text:
Q: Token Attributes I have written simple lexical analyzer. And I understand the need to provide each recognized token with attribute. Let's see what I got:
public sealed class Token
{
    public enum TokenClass
    {
        Identifier,
        StringLiteral,
        NumberLiteral,
        Operator,
        PunctuationSeparator,
        Bracket,
        Parenthesis
    }
    public TokenClass Class { get; internal set; }
    public String     Value { get; internal set; }
}

In lexer I enqueue tokens setting up thier value & class. But what about attributes? How should I design the feature relative to my existing token class?
First tought came into my mind was:

*

*Declare private abstract classes of "ambiguous-entities" (I mean that Number could be Integer and Real and so on) inside token class;

*Then declare inherited classes e.g.
public class Comma : PunctuationSeparator {};

*Add Property Object Attribute {get; private set;};

*Then create method like private void ApplyAttribute();

*Call ApplyAttribute() when token is instantiated and properties are set;

*Use something like this inside ApplyAttribute().
switch(this.TokenClass)
{
case this.TokenClass.Number:
    {
        this.Attribute = (Int32.TryParse(this.Value))? new Integer() : new Real();
    }
}

In parser it would be easy to write something like that if(CurToken.Attribute is Integer).
One thing that stops me from doing like that is number of classes I should create. Is this solution acceptable?

A: The attributes I'd use for a token? Probably something along the lines of
public class Token
{
  public TokenType Type { get ; private set ; }
  public string    Text { get ; private set ; }
  public int       LineNumber { get ; private set ; }
  public int       Column     { get ; private set ; }
}

public enum TokenType
{
  Keyword : 1 ,
  Integer ,
  String  ,
  Whitespace ,
  Comment ,
  ...
}

I disagree, though, with the previous poster regarding conversion of the token's text into a 'value'. IMHO, that is the domain of the parser and the nodes of the parse tree. Until the parser has placed the tokens in context WRT the grammar, the token is just a piece of text with a label attached to it. The lexical analyzer doesn't know (and should care) what's happening downstream -- for all it know, the took is pretty-printing the source text (in which case, you want to leave the individual tokens alone).
You might want to take a look at Terrance Parr's book(s):

*

*Language Implementation Patterns: Create Your Own Domain-Specific and General Programming Languages

*The Definitive ANTLR Reference: Building Domain-Specific Languages

A: Instead of
public String Value { get; internal set; }

just use
public object Value { get; internal set; }

and then store integer or floating-point values in there as an integer or floating-point value. Then in your parser you can just say
if (token.Value == null)
{
    // blah
}
else if (token.Value is int)
{
    // work with (int) token.Value
}
else if (token.Value is double)
{
    // work with (double) token.Value
}
else if (token.Value is string)
{
    // work with (string) token.Value
}

or alternatively:
int? integer;
double? floating;
string str;

if (token.Value == null)
{
    // blah
}
else if ((integer = token.Value as int?) != null)
{
    // work with integer.Value
}
else if ((floating = token.Value as double?) != null)
{
    // work with floating.Value
}
else if ((str = token.Value as string) != null)
{
    // work with str
}

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text:
Q: Can anyone tell me more about this measure of asymmetry I have a measure of asymmetry (Q ranging from $-1$ to $1$) between two paired variables (x,y; both positive integers) and would like to know more about where this equation comes from, where it's been applied and what math one could do with it. Sorry for this vague question and Thank you!
Q = $\frac{x-y}{x+y}$


Actually, it would take 6 times as much pressure to do any damage. The technique is called pinch-induced behavioral inhibition (PIBI), or "clipnosis," and there's even a patent-pending product made specifically for this purpose. 30 of the 31 cats in the study showed a positive response, and some even started purring after the clip was in place.... 15/10/2010�� I get my Persian a lion cut and she and I both love her silly haircut-it really hurts them to be so matted but unless you brush your cat daily it cannot be prevented. I take my Persian to a private groomer who charges me about $35-40 bucks. If you find a groomer who will come to you it will cost about $60. I get her cut every 3 or 4 months, sometimes less.
My cat was sooooo much happier in the summer with her lion cut. Now if they were dying the cats hair different colors, or something like that, I would say your accusations would have some merit. Now if they were dying the cats hair different colors, or something like that, I � how to cut out door for mortise hinge Actually, it would take 6 times as much pressure to do any damage. The technique is called pinch-induced behavioral inhibition (PIBI), or "clipnosis," and there's even a patent-pending product made specifically for this purpose. 30 of the 31 cats in the study showed a positive response, and some even started purring after the clip was in place.
A lion cut is the fur style given to long-haired cats where the body of the cat is clipped nearly down to the skin. There are a few variations on the cut, but the basic look leaves the cat with very short fur on his body and legs, while his face and neck are left alone.
To a lion, the cat's a snack. Felines have no concept of speciation or the human definition of genetic families. A lion can recognize another LION and won't eat IT, but a cat isn't a lion, so it's food.
10/04/2011�� Our vet suggested a lion cut, charge $100 Well, but that includes anesthesia, a heart monitor, and monitoring afterward. She said sometimes skin actually grows into the mats, and they can get infected, so we need to do something.
Cats have very flexible and thin skin and it is very easy for a pet groomer to accidentally cut your cat simply by using the same tools and grooming routine as they would for a dog. Please never attempt a lion trim at home, and find a certified master cat groomer in your area.


Representatives from MCC are in Student Services today to advise students for spring semester PSEO/online classes. If you would like to see them please stop in Student Services.
PE lockers will be cleaned out at 10:00 AM on Friday, December 19. Any items remaining in the lockers after 10 AM on Friday will be donated to Goodwill.
The Muskie Band's Annual Nut Fundraiser is coming to an end! To make a purchase contact any MHS band student or email mclark@machlink.com.
You can also make a purchase by stopping by the band's retail store front location, "The Nut House" at 1700 Park Ave. (southwest corner of the Vision Center PC building). Hours will be Tuesday evening from 6-7:30 pm and Saturday, 10 am till noon. Saturday December 20 will be our last day, so buy now while we have a selection available! Nuts may also be purchased at O'Donnell Ace Hardware, 1420 Park Ave., during regular store hours.
Welding students will be selling "Snowmen" again this year for $25.00. We made 20 and they usually sell very fast! They are 2 ft high and 10″ across is the largest snowball. Please contact Paul Hein @ paul.hein@mcsdonline.org to get yours personalized today! See photos — Before & All Dressed Up!
French students considering traveling to France in Spring 2016 are invited — along with their parents — to an informational meeting this Wednesday, December 17 at 7:00 pm in Room 201. Please let Mme Paulsen know if you are planning to attend.


The MusicWorx Toolbox course Group Music Therapy Interventions Strategies and Techniques for Music Making and Song Writing / Lyric Analysis focuses on strategies for creating, writing, and analyzing music in a variety of ways. This resource adapts to an array of populations for group or individual work. Use the sessions as they are, then experiment with instrumentation or genre selections to fit specific goals—an engaging process for both therapist and client.
References to items on the Board Certification Domains are based on the Practice Analysis Study of 2014. Those registered for the MusicWorx Toolbox course Group Music Therapy Interventions Strategies and Techniques for Music Making and Song Writing / Lyric Analysis will develop or improve their abilities to help others express themselves through active music-making, writing songs, and by analyzing lyrics. Participants will learn these skills for group settings and individual work.
Write ten process–oriented songs for lyric analysis.
Create at least three fill–in–the–blank–style songwriting strategies to be used with patients.
List three common goals correlating with active music.
Describe how both songwriting and lyric analysis are used as forms of self–expression.
I really enjoyed this MusicWorx Toolbox. A lot of songwriting session plans and activities that can be adapted to any population. I encourage anyone who needs CMTE's at an affordable price to take any one of these toolbox courses. This is the 5th one that I have taken.
I'm enjoying your MusicWorx Toolbox books! They come in so handy when you need an idea at the last minute!


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