IRVINE, Calif. /California Newswire/ — What's blonde, blue-eyed, six-feet tall and looks like a leading actress? She's Aloha Wanderwell – the first woman to travel around the globe in a car; she was 16. And, AlohaWanderwell.com is dedicated to preserving her nitrate films, books and more.
It all started when Aloha read an ad in the Riviera edition of the Paris Herald: "Brains, Beauty and Breeches – World tour offer for lucky young woman wanted to join an expedition – Asia, Africa…."
She quickly set out to convince the expedition's leader, Captain Walter Wanderwell, that she was the one for the job.
"This true story of an incredible journey – the Wanderwell Expedition – took place in the 1920s. Over the years, it's been buried and now needs to be preserved and retold," says Richard Diamond, Aloha's grandson.
During this world tour, Aloha took thousands of feet of 35-millimeter nitrate film while driving though 43 countries on four continents in nearly eight years.
"These nitrate films have to be transferred to HD," says Diamond. "We need help now. This is a gold mine of material for any documentary or film producer. It would be a crime to let these historical films deteriorate. It's a rich part of history."
In addition, Diamond also possesses a 567-page manuscript written by Aloha that details the trip's many adventures; an array of collectibles; photos; and the original auto badges.
During the expedition, Aloha and Walter married. They continued to travel, to film and lecture together. In 1932, their story tragically ended with Walter's murder; it remains an unsolved cold case.
Aloha remarried and tended to her priceless collection of films, photos, journals and artifacts. Much of her work has been preserved in museums and educational institutions throughout the U.S. She passed away in Newport Beach, California on June 4, 1996.
"In addition to preserving these items, I believe that Ford has an amazing opportunity here," says Diamond. "Just imagine a modern-day Aloha retracing these steps in a Ford Explorer? It would be a wonderful way to pay homage to the very first 'Ford Challenge' – the intrepid 1918 Model T that Aloha referred to as her, 'Little Lizzie.'"
So, while the Model T that brought this couple together was not preserved, the story certainly can be.
AlohaWanderwell.com has partnered with CMG Worldwide: http://cmgworldwide.com/news/?tag=aloha-wanderwell to provide information about and licensing opportunities regarding the Wanderwell Expedition.
To learn more, watch the YouTube video: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g-PAVV8Kym0 – or visit www.AlohaWanderwell.com which is filled with hundreds of photos, more videos, a comprehensive trip timeline, biographical facts and much more – or check out Facebook: http://www.facebook.com/AlohaWanderwell .
Copyright © 2011 CaliforniaNewswire® and Neotrope®. California Newswire is a publication of the Neotrope News Network and a U.S. reg. TM of Neotrope.


text:
Inside, 'pillars of the school' are…
Inside, 'pillars of the school' are crumbling: High school athletes confront mental health issues
Jocelyn, Cervantes/ Mosaic
Francisco Martinez, club soccer player and student sits in the shade on campus at San Jose State University, in San Jose.
By Janet Zamudio | Mosaic
PUBLISHED: June 21, 2019 at 7:00 p.m. | UPDATED: June 23, 2019 at 6:01 a.m.
Editor's note: The annual Mosaic Journalism Workshop for Bay Area high school students is a two-week intensive course in journalism. Based at San Jose State University's Spartan Daily newsroom, Mosaic students report and photograph real stories under the guidance of professional journalists.
Ashley Diaz excels on the soccer field at San Jose's Luis Valdez Leadership Academy, but off the field she struggles with anxiety.
"It's really bad there," she said, referring to how she felt playing for her school.
Although she was captain on her team and a top player, the rising junior felt unsupported by her coach. If she failed to follow specific plays during a game, she wouldn't get playing time on the field.
She said her mental health suffered as a result.
"My support system was food, but I could rely on some of my teammates," she said.
Student athletes like Diaz are pillars of many high schools. They often are under enormous pressure to be star students and athletes, yet they are vulnerable to mental health issues.
In California, 30% of adolescents are at risk for depression, according to the 2019 Kids Count Profile released June 17 by the Annie E. Casey Foundation. In addition, 20% of teenagers suffer from mental health issues, according to TeenMentalHealth.org, a nonprofit that works to improve the mental health of young people.
Diaz said she understands that it can be difficult to be a student athlete, but when she comes to practice, she wants to do what she loves. She's not the only student athlete to feel this way.
The problem continues in college. Thirty percent of female athletes and 18% of male athletes in Division I schools suffer from depression symptoms, according to a 2016 study by researchers at Drexel University and Kean University who surveyed 465 athletes.
Francisco Martinez, who plays soccer for Santa Clara Sporting Club, also struggles with depression. During his junior year at Luis Valdez Leadership Academy, he had a difficult time balancing school, work, his social life and competitive and school soccer.
Although Martinez felt alone, he could rely on his club coach for support.
"Soccer is the way I cope with things, and when things conflict with soccer, I'm kind of in a difficult situation." he said.
It's even harder when coaches don't understand or aren't available to help their athletes.
David Jacobson, who was a longtime marketing communications leader with the Positive Coaching Alliance, said trust between coaches and students is important.
"If you say that you're there for the athlete – be there," said Jacobson, who coached youth basketball, softball and baseball teams on the Peninsula for 14 years. "If you show that you aren't there for them, they won't come to you when they need help."
Jacobson, who went on to found the Bay Area-based InkFlow Communications, said it can be hard for some athletes to accept that they need help. Coaches just have to be prepared to help when the students are ready.
Shelsy Perez, a volleyball player from Cristo Rey San Jose Jesuit High School, said she is one of the lucky ones because she was able to get help for her anxiety.
"I didn't feel like I would be able to finish my work. We had games, practice and homework, and I procrastinated a lot," Perez said. "I felt like I wanted to give up."
When her coaches and teachers noticed that she was no longer showing her bubbly personality, they approached her with the idea of going to a counselor.
"I was reluctant to get help," Perez said. "I denied it because I didn't think I needed it."
Perez thinks the fairly small size of her high school worked to her advantage. "I think it's ignored a lot like in big public schools," she said.
"It's [mental health] definitely a problem, and it's one of those things that's kept in silence," Martinez said.
Janet Zamudio
Janet is a 2019 staff writer for the annual Mosaic Journalism Workshop for Bay Area high school students.
15-year-old girl hit by stray bullet from shooting near Bay Area high school
Santa Clara woman arrested on suspicion of bringing drugs into Redwood City jail
City Politics |
San Jose Mayor's Inauguration: More cops and accountability. Less dillydallying.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Heteropoda striata är en spindelart som beskrevs av Anna Maria Sibylla Merian 1911. Heteropoda striata ingår i släktet Heteropoda och familjen jättekrabbspindlar.

Artens utbredningsområde är Sulawesi. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Jättekrabbspindlar
striata

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Home › Announcements, News, & Upcoming › Exhibition: Toyin Ojih Odutola at Barbican, London (Until 26 July)
Exhibition: Toyin Ojih Odutola at Barbican, London (Until 26 July)
By Africa in Words on 19 February , 2020 • ( 0 )
Toyin Ojih Odutola
"A Countervailing Theory"
Open now, and until 26 July 2020
Barbican Centre, London
The first-ever UK exhibition by Nigerian-American artist Toyin Ojih Odutola, this epic cycle of new work will explore an imagined ancient myth, with an immersive soundscape by artist Peter Adjaye.
Toyin Ojih Odutola, recognising the pen as a 'writing tool first', plays with the idea that drawing can be a form of storytelling. Working exclusively with drawing materials including pastel and charcoal, she approaches her process of drawing as an investigative practice.
"Introductions: Early Embodiment". Image courtesy of Ojih Odutola
Ojih Odutola proposes speculative fictions, inviting the viewer to enter her vision of an uncannily familiar yet fantastical world. Working like an author or poet, she often spends months creating extensive imaginary narratives, which play out through a series of works to suggest a structure of episodes or chapters. Drawing on an eclectic range of references, from ancient history to popular culture to contemporary politics, Ojih Odutola encourages the viewer to piece together the fragments of the stories that she presents.
The exhibition has been commissioned by the Barbican, London, using public funding from Arts Council England and with support from Jack Shainman Gallery.
This exhibition is free.
Find out more about opening times here.
The Curve,
Silk Street
EC2Y 8DS
Follow The Barbican on Twitter and Facebook @BarbicanCentre and Instagram @barbicancentre
‹ CFP: ASAUK Biennial Conference, 2020 (Deadline: 22 March)
Event: Time of the Writer Festival, Durban, KwaZulu-Natal (16–21 March) ›
Tags: African mythology, art, artists, barbican, contemporary art, drawing, Events, exhibition, London, Nigeria, Politics, Popular culture, Speculative fiction, Storytelling


text:
Q: Expect ssh and create directory I'm having some trouble with expect.
I'm trying to ssh onto another machine and then create a directory on that machine.
Right now this is what my code looks like:
spawn ssh username@ipAddress
expect "password"
send "password"
file mkdir directoryName

That code is giving me a "permission denied".
When I try replacing
file mkdir directoryName

with
send "mkdir directoryName"

There's no error, but it doesn't make a file.
Thanks.

A: This might help you :-
#!/usr/bin/expect
set timeout -1
spawn -noecho bash -c "ssh username@serveraddress 'cd /user/bill/work;<your=command>'"
expect {
-re "assword:"{
    send "mypassword/r"
}eof{
    wait
}

You must send the command inside ssh as it will run on remote machine.
Explanation for above script :-
set timeout -1will set this loop in infinite (but it will exit once spawn process is finished.
-re will match regex for assword:
eof will wait until spawn is finish.

A: After sending mkdir command, wait for eof to happen.
send "mkdir directoryName\r"
expect eof

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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text:
Organized Crime & Triad Bureau is a 1994 Hong Kong action crime thriller film produced and directed by Kirk Wong, starring Danny Lee, Cecilia Yip, Anthony Wong, Fan Siu-wong, Roy Cheung and Louis Koo in his debut film role. In 1996, Tai Seng Video Marketing made a concerted effort to introduce the film to American audiences, and it has developed a following among fans of action film. The film was selected to be shown in Anthology Film Archives in 2018.

Plot
Inspector Lee of the Organized Crime & Triad Bureau goes beyond the laws of Hong Kong in the hunt for a notorious robbery ring, led by Ho Kin-tung and Cindy.

Cast
Danny Lee as Inspector Rambo Lee Chun-san (李鎮山)
Anthony Wong as Ho Kin-tung (何建東)
Cecilia Yip as Cindy (阿詩)
Fan Siu-wong as Tak (阿德)
Roy Cheung as Inspector Lau Siu-chau (劉少秋)
Louis Koo as Tung's underling

Note

See also
 List of Hong Kong films

External links

1994 films
1994 action thriller films
1994 crime thriller films
1990s police procedural films
Hong Kong action thriller films
Hong Kong crime thriller films
Police detective films
1990s Cantonese-language films
Films set in Hong Kong
Films shot in Hong Kong
1990s Hong Kong films


Directions:South on College, left on Holly Tree, Right on Pine Grove, bear right onto Masonboro Loop Road, first Left onto Finian Dr into Windward Oaks, Right on Cazaux, go to end of cul-de-sac.
SchoolsClick map icons below to view information for schools near 7600 Cazaux Court Wilmington, NC 28409.
Home for sale at 7600 Cazaux Court Wilmington, NC 28409.
Description: The home at 7600 Cazaux Court Wilmington, NC 28409 with the MLS Number 100150070 is currently listed at $189,000 and has been on the Wilmington market for 68 days.
You are viewing the MLS property details of the home for sale at 7600 Cazaux Court Wilmington, NC 28409, which is located in the Windward Oaks subdivision, includes 0 bedrooms and 0 bathrooms, and has approximately 0 sq.ft. of living area.


A blow dryer can help to resolve any issues you might have with frozen pipes. Although a blowdryer provides a relatively low heat level which will make the task take more time, this avoids having to use a more hazardous method to unfreeze the pipe, and you won't have to call the local plumber. It's important to learn a bit about plumbing before there is an emergency. In addition, routine maintenance work can help prevent problems before they come up. Use the advice in the article above to maintain and fix your home's plumbing. Useful Tips For Mastering Plumbing Projects Taking the time to learn the proper methods of plumbing tasks can be extremely rewarding. It shows that you care about maintaining a proper home and that you want to keep things in working order. There is always room for improvement regardless of your skills. Read on to gain some handy advice. If a water pipe freezes, turn on the tap to the faucet nearest the pipe so that the water has somewhere to exit as the pipe thaws. This will relive some of the pressure, preventing further damage. More information about Trusted Kitchen Drain Installation Service Perry Hall MD.
If you are looking for Free Quote Bathroom Sink Repair Specialists Rosedale MD, sports tickets and theater seats at the best prices click here.
If your home runs on well water and you notice any orange or pink stains in your fixtures or tub, that is from iron in your water supply.


text:
3 months and 17 complaints before busy Pomeroy road fixed - and locals are very angry
The Limehill Road in Pomeroy lay in this condition for three months despite 17 complaints from locals
Shauna Corr
It took three months and 17 complaints before TransportNI got round to fixing a Pomeroy road so bad, the potholes in it couldn't be avoided.
And locals, along with Mid Ulster Councillor Cathal Mallaghan, are very angry about how bad Limehill Road was allowed to get.
Mr Mallaghan told the Mail he met with a local section engineer for TransportNI on November 26 and "drove him around Pomeroy, Rock and Kildress to report various faults with drainage and road damage".
But despite the Limehill Road faults being the standout feature of the tour, it lay untouched for a further three months because it was too bad to patch, he said.
Now Cllr Mallaghan said he has had over a dozen reports of cars being damaged on the unfit surface, two of which DRD have already received compensation claims forms for.
"The engineer agreed it was bad and recommended digging it up and strengthening the junction. Excellent public service I thought," Cllr Mallaghan stated.
"However on the 1st of February I saw some photos on social media that were just scandalous.
"The road was never fixed and looked like a meteorite hit it. By far the worst condition I have ever seen."
A concerned local resident also contacted the Mail about the road.
"This problem has been going on for a few months," she said. "My husband contacted them because he hit our car and damaged the rim. They have been contacted on numerous occasions and nothing has been done... except for them putting up signs saying slippery road and flood.
"It's absolutely atrocious. Rural roads definitely don't get the attention that they need. What's the point in paying your taxes?"
So angry is Cllr Cathal Mallaghan about DRD's inaction over the Limehill Road, he has submitted a motion calling for the care of roads to be transferred to council. "It doesn't matter that we pay our rates and taxes like everyone else," he said. "A few individuals in an office in Cookstown decide what they will fix, when they want to fix it.
"Zero accountability and zero input from the public.
"On Thursday [Feb 11] I asked the engineer what on earth was going on," he explained. "His reply was that it wasn't worth a temporary fix. The holes where to big to patch and they where under water so they couldn't get at them.
"However he says, we are going to put a sign up - Well hooray for a sign.
"Never mind that half the country has wrecked their cars but a sign will be a satisfactory response.
"When I told the engineer that I didn't think that was good enough," he added, "he said welcome to rural road management 2016. What a let down.
TransportNI said they have now fixed Limehill Road, having tasked engineers to the site late last week.
A spokesperson said: "All roads are routinely inspected with all safety related defects being prioritised for repair and there are dedicated teams of road inspectors in local section offices.
"The timescale for repairs to be undertaken depends on a number of factors including defect severity and traffic volumes. The service that can be provided ultimately depends on the available budget, with the highest priority defects targeted first."


text:
Badminton foresees positive outcome this season
Will Nacouzi, TSV Digital Editor|March 12, 2015
Will Nacouzi/The Skyline View
Assistant Coach Anna Nguyen giving advise to a Trojans player during the march 7 tournament between matches.
As March begins and the community college basketball season comes to an end, the Trojans badminton team begins their season, which, like many sports, includes training to prepare for the months and weeks leading up to the first game of the season, in addition to adjusting for weakness that were discovered during last season and finding solutions to them.
"It's been going well," said Jan Fosberg, Skyline badminton coach. "We've been emphasizing conditioning and strengthening this year to avoid injuries, and just to make us as strong as we can be on court."
This season, the badminton team sees the return of two veteran players from last season, MJ Phan and Emily Ly, while welcoming plenty of new freshmen to the team.
"We have a pretty young team," Fosberg said. "We have two returners. Our first returner is MJ Phan, who was our number one player last year, and last year she qualified for the state championship in both singles and doubles, so you know we're obviously working towards getting her back to that same spot. Our second returner is Emily Ly."
She added that while the rest of the team is made up of freshmen, some of whom are inexperienced, the team is working hard to keep that from being an issue.
This season's team is made up of nine players, including the two veteran players. For the freshmen, the March 7 tournament involving De Anza, Mission, Fresno, and Pasadena colleges was their first taste of badminton at the community college level and a chance to get some experience before they have first official match of the season on March 17.
Returning player, Emily Ly, is confident about the upcoming season.
"I'm looking forward to it," She said. "Let's see, we have two sophomores, me and MJ, and the rest are all new, but we have a good team this year and I believe we can do it."
MJ Phan, the teams other returning player, is looking forward to the upcoming tournament as a chance to find out what teams they will be playing against, and to get a feel for the upcoming season.
According to Emily Ly, the team began getting ready for the season in the first week of February. Since then, they've been practicing every evening in the gym Monday through Thursday from four to six without fail in order to get in shape and ready for the season.
Of course, players can always use the off-season to get ready for the next season. Freshman Karen Lai decided to begin her preparation last September by taking badminton classes at Skyline and going with a friend to Bintang Badminton Academy to practice.
According to Coach Jan Fosberg "our goals always involve getting people into the state championship" when she was asked about any overarching goals for the team as a whole. A goal that was achieved last season in spring 2014, when the team made it to the state championship with MJ Phan ranking sixth place in the single and fourth place in the doubles, with fellow teammate Clarisse Domingo.
So until March 17, the Trojans badminton team will continue to practice from Monday to Thursday in order to ensure that they are ready for the first official game of the spring 2015 season.
Update: badminton player MJ Phan last name was misspelt as "Pham" and a photo was added to the article. 11:22 a.m. 3/13/2015
Skyline Bandminton Pick Up First Home Win, Second Win Overall Against CCSF
Skyline succumbs to Fresno, two Trojans still shine
Skyline's badminton players qualify for State Conference
Spring sports recap: badminton and baseball
Women's badmintonAs the spring semester at Skyline College comes to a close so does our sports teams' seasons. It is time to review how the women's ba...
Skyline badminton team wins first conference game
Skyline college opened in a conference play of the Coast Conference with a victory against City College of San Francisco (CCSF). Skyline won the watch...
There's no shortage of franchise stars in the Bay Area
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Board of Trustees vote in favor of making Skyline College a smoke-free campus
International student's plight during Myanmar Coup
A student's guide to plowing through finals in one piece
The stigma facing creative majors
Food waste soars during the holiday season
Seasonal depression is a serious issue
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Genie+ is the friend you wish you never had


text:
Games and Gadgets: How I see them.
Rock Band for Wii, officially mentioned. February 4, 2008
Posted by stvchang in EA, gadgets, games, gaming news, Nintendo, tech news, tech stuff, Wii, Wii games.
EA's CEO John Riccitiello confirmed a Wii version of Rock Band is forthcoming during his third quarter conference call done on Jan 31, 2008. In it, he mentioned of a "coming launch" of the Wii version of Rock Band. This is in line with Harmonix CEO Alex Rigopulos' mention of a Wii-specific version of the title, way back in April 2007.
No pricing, song list, DLC support nor release date was mentioned.
Rock Band prices announced. October 1, 2007
Posted by stvchang in EA, games, Microsoft, ps2, PS2 games, PS3, PS3 games, Sony, Xbox360, Xbox360 games.
Rock Band, the game that will have you and two other friends making up a… errr… rock band, will be out on November 23rd in US, for a lower than expected price of USD$169.99 – for the PS3 and Xbox360 versions, while the PS2 version will be your for USD$159.99 come December 10th.
In the bundle will be the game disc, a guitar, a drum kit and a microphone, all the ingredients required for a jam session. Strangely, the Sony's PS3 and PS2 versions will get you a wireless guitar but not in the Xbox360 bundle.
EA's booth at CGA 2007 September 10, 2007
Posted by stvchang in EA, Game shows, games, games demo, PC games, PS3 games, Wii games, Xbox360 games.
EA had the biggest list of games on show, but it was a different list of titles shown on limited format. Some titles, like FIFA Online, Warhammer Online, Sims 2: Castaway, NBA Live 08, was not in the earlier list, while some titles like Half Life 2: The Orange Box and Rock Band was missing.
Here are the games (and the consoles they appeared on):-
Boogie (Wii)
EA Playground (Wii)
FIFA 08 (Xbox 360, Wii, PSP, DS)
NBA Live 08 (Wii, Xbox360)
Medal of Honor Airborne (Xbox 360)
Mercenaries 2: World in Flames (Xbox 360)
MySims (Wii, DS)
Sims 2: Castaway (Wii, PS2)
Need For Speed: ProStreet (Xbox 360)
The Simpsons (Xbox 360)
Skate (Xbox 360)
Tiger Woods PGA Tour 08 (Xbox 360)
Crysis (PC)
SimCity Societies (PC)
FIFA Online (PC)
Warhammer Online: Age of Reckoning (PC)
Asian version of UNCHARTED: DRAKE'S FORTUNE patched to V1.01, Trophies added.
Latest games in MY stores.
PS3 Officially Launches in Malaysia, on Sept 20th.
US Xbox 360 price cuts now official.
Eguide: Asia's Leading Directory
Games and Gadgets: How I See It!
games demo
PSN games
Xbox360 games


Keep in mind, these are only guidelines for when to call 911. There may be other circumstances where calling 911 is necessary and urgent. Please trust and use your best judgment.
Better equipment and more dispatchers are being added all the time, but having to dial 911 a second time does happen. Be prepared to do it.
Be ready to say if you need police, fire or medical aid. You may need to explain your problem to two different people to get the exact help you need.
Wireless calls, like those from cellular phones, cannot help the dispatcher pinpoint your location. You will have to know and be able to communicate where you are.
The dispatcher may ask you additional important questions or give you instructions regarding what to do until help arrives. This will not delay the arrival of help.
What if the situation is not a true emergency, but you still need medical attention right away?
Our Urgent Care Centers in Manhattan Beach, Redondo Beach, San Pedro and Torrance offer day, evening and weekend walk-in service, with extended hours, while providing high-quality, non-emergency medical care services in a timely and cost-efficient manner.


Thursday, February 28, 2019, 3:30 p.m. – 5 p.m.
Come and learn how you can use emotional intelligence to better your job satisfaction, career and have more meaningful conversations with your donors. This is a rebroadcast of the December 12, 2018 webinar presentation by Steve Goodner, CAP, EQAC, EQPC, VSCC of Goodner Strategic. Courtesy of National Association of Charitable Gift Planners.
Light refreshments will be served. There will be networking and a tour of the Food Bank after the presentation for anyone that is interested.


All through Northern Illinois Bel Rock Asphalt Paving Inc. has been an asphalt paving company that is relied on for all asphalt paving services to both residential and commercial clients. We provide only the greatest in asphalt paving products, services and skill to our Timberlane clientele. Bel Rock is familiar with how important the paved portions of your property or parking lot is, therefore our asphalt paver team is ready to help! Upholding your asphalt driveway or parking lot is imperative because it's a considerable investment and you want to preserve it as long as possible. For the most skilled asphalt pavers in Timberlane and the surrounding area give Bel Rock a call!
Timberlane is close to the Chicago Rockford International Airport and Interstate I-90. The small town in Illinois is located 75 miles west of Chicago with about 1,000 people that call it home. The residents of Timberlane enjoy the large metropolitan areas while living in a pleasant, friendly and small town community. Bel Rock wants to help the small community of Timberlane with their asphalt paver service needs because we are a committed asphalt paving company that cares. Bel Rock is a fully insured asphalt paving contractor that takes pride in helping our clients. Additionally, we like to always be on top of all the newest asphalt paving technology, so we go to trainings at the National Pavement Expo every year. We genuinely love what we do, and the residents of Timberlane benefit from it!
Now we are a productive customer based asphalt paving company who wants the people from Timberlane to employ us for their asphalt paving requirements. If your asphalt paving was correctly finished and also is maintained well, then it can last up to 15 years! From the scheduling to communicating Bel Rock's team of asphalt pavers' work resourcefully. Bel Rock is grateful for our Timberlane customers and quickly will get their asphalt paving finished, all at a price they will appreciate. Bel Rock has the most up-to-date construction equipment to get any sized asphalt paving project done with ease. Bel Rock Asphalt Paving Inc. is here waiting for you to call us today, here is the number to dial: (815) 547-5061!


text:
Tax affairs and criminal justice – hand in hand they go...
Péter Barta | 26 November 2021
related areas: TAX
Recently, the tax authority's audit practices have changed appreciably. While until recently, tax audits were mostly launched as fully standalone procedures, today the tax authority (NAV) is increasingly initiating criminal proceedings alongside its tax audits. This is particularly the case in bogus-invoice deals affecting VAT, as well as in excise-duty and certain customs matters. But what's behind this?
According to the latest statistics, in 2020 NAV launched some 9,000 tax audits, in which it determined a total tax difference of HUF 213 billion and imposed HUF 221 billion in fines. That in itself would be a respectable number. However, alongside its almost 10,000 tax audits, the tax office initiated criminal proceedings on suspicion of tax fraud in 1,823 cases, uncovering fraudulent offences – essentially, a tax shortfall – amounting to HUF 75 billion. It's clear that the tax difference determined during such criminal investigation procedures now accounts for considerable weight in the fight to "purify" the tax environment.
Why are parallel criminal proceedings launched?
The tax inspector has an obligation to report a suspicion of a criminal offence, which has long allowed NAV to launch criminal proceedings alongside the tax audit. However, while in the past this opportunity has always been somewhat of a hollow threat for NAV, in more recent years it has become a tool with some serious teeth.
The reason for this is partly that NAV can use a much wider range of tools in criminal proceedings than it can in the case of a "plain vanilla" tax audit. Thus, for example, during the criminal investigation, the use of so-called covert means such as wiretapping, concealed surveillance or undercover detectives become possible. In such cases, the tax inspectors conducting the tax audit also have the right to use the evidence obtained from these covert methods in their own, administrative, procedure. The only condition for doing so is that the tax inspector must fully assure the taxpayer that the relevant procedural guarantees are in place (e.g. the taxpayer will have full knowledge of the evidence, will be able to comment on it, etc.).
A final but no less important consideration is that when criminal proceedings are launched, the inspection (audit) opportunities of the tax authority also expand. While the limitation period for tax debts is five years (which, due to the special method of calculating the tax limitation period, is in effect six years), the limitation period for tax fraud, as a criminal offence, can be up to ten years depending on the amount involved. However, if a criminal offence is found to have occurred, the limitation period under the tax laws is extended to the maximum sentence that can be imposed for the offence, and thus the tax authority is free to investigate a longer period retrospectively.
What's changed in the way things happen?
The course of the inspection, too, is different in many respects if NAV initiates criminal proceedings alongside its tax audit. For a start, the investigation is not conducted by the tax auditors but by financial investigators, who can show up at the doorstep with a gun in their belts during the criminal proceedings.
And in principle, NAV's burden of proof in criminal proceedings is also different. While in the course of criminal proceedings one of the fundamental principles of criminal law, the presumption of innocence applies, the tax system does not recognise such a rule. In practice, however, this rarely means any actual difference. On the one hand, as is the case for the criminal authorities, in tax proceedings, it falls upon NAV to prove the facts. On the other hand, the presumption of innocence does not mean that the taxpayer can comfortably sit back and wait to see if NAV can prove the infringement. Although the accused company does have the option of remaining silent, from a tactical point of view it may be wise to make a statement at the start of the proceedings. Thus e.g. in a bogus-invoice case where someone has illegally pocketed the VAT at the end of the chain, it's a good idea, if you're the taxpayer under investigation, to distance yourself from the direct fraudsters from the outset – to emphasise that you don't know them, that you've never had any direct business dealings with them, etc.
Double or triple penalty?
Due to the parallel proceedings, it's quite possible that the tax authority finds a tax shortfall against the business while the criminal court orders a confiscation of assets against the taxpayer through the deduction of the sum of the unlawful enrichment (i.e. the tax benefit to which the taxpayer was not entitled). Does it follow from this that the same penalty must be paid twice?
The tax shortfall only has to be paid once, even in parallel proceedings: the courts take each other's decisions into account. However, this is not the case in all respects with regard to the related fines. In addition to the tax shortfall that must be made up, the tax laws allow for the imposition of a tax fine of 50% (and in exceptional cases, 200%). However, if criminal proceedings are also instituted, the criminal court may impose a fine of three times the tax shortfall on the company concerned. In addition, in the criminal proceedings, simultaneously with the imposition of sanctions on the company involved in the indictment, a monetary fine may also be imposed on the senior official of the company found guilty of the offence. Not to mention, of course, the fact that the same executive may even be sentenced to a term of imprisonment for the crime – a sanction that does not exist in the case of a simple tax audit.
Tags: criminal law, limitation period, tax procedure
Holiday homes and apartments at the company's expense?
Henrik Bereznai | 9 November 2021
Implementing private property investments using company assets is slowly becoming a national sport. While the approach seems tempting, it carries a lot of risk. And the tax authority, NAV, has this type of arrangement firmly in its sights.
The big, beautiful member's loan…
Anilla Gondi | 20 October 2021
The most common form of corporate financing among owners is still the member's loan. But many forget that while granting a member's loan is relatively easy, it hides several ticking time bombs – as a recent Supreme Court decision confirmed. Fortunately, there's already a risk-free capital contribution option.


Mainly because of the large scope of applications for single crystal and powder diffraction software; a way to think about how the CCP14 website is structured is to consider it as a large "Jeweller's Shop". However, unlike a Jeweller's Shop all the material is freely available for academic and student use.
You may or may not know what you are after exactly. Or only have a general idea of what your needs are. Given the wide scope of single crystal and powder diffraction; there are many options and possible pathways. The optimum pathway on choosing the most appropriate software to use could involve minor nuances in your research requirements.
If in any doubt, contact the CCP14 via Email (willb@ri.ac.uk) and ask for hints or recommendations based on the crystallographic problems that you need to help solve using the appropriate software. Much of the additional and modified material placed on the CCP14 website is guided by queries and problems that are reported via E-mail.
If your query has extra complications not encountered before, the type of response you may get might include not only links to relevant resources but also advice on which internet newsgroup or mailing list could be worth while to use.
If you are in a rush or uncertain about anything contacting the CCP14 can be the most time effective thing to do. If you have time to browse around, please consider that the CCP14 website has been added to in an organic fashion over time as new software and updated software has become available. Many of these packages have a very wide range of functionality that is still be developed and can be difficult to pigeon hole. The CCP14 project encourages a genetic diversity of software and methods so you may find a variety of software that has similar functionality; but may have specialist features beneficial in certain circumstances.
One recommendation is to try a variety of relevant programs to help generate your personal software toolset. Doing this as part of developing the computational and analytical resources of your laboratory can be very beneficial compared to just using the first software program that comes to hand. Many software programs with similar functionality can be complementary and enable cross validation of results.
The Graphical Site Map may help you find what you are after. It lists the main areas plus the most popular resources.
Free Text Site Search: The latest SWISHE search engine should be lightning fast to run. But then just scroll through the results.


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Africa's Natural Resources: Focus for Both Oil and Gas Sectors
by Robin Dupre
Rigzone Staff
Investors estimate that $1.25 trillion will be invested over the 2001 to 2030 period in African energy.
Africa's key oil producing countries are expected to continue to list among those countries expanding the fastest on the continent, according to KPMG's report "Oil and Gas in Africa". The continent is home to some of the world's fastest-growing economies with many of them buoyed by new oil and gas finds.
There are currently 500 oil companies exploring for natural resources in the continent, considering Africa's proven oil reserves have grown by nearly 120 percent in the past 30 years, from 57 billion barrels in 1980 to 124 billion barrels in 2012, according to U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA). The organization also estimated that at least another 100 billion barrels are offshore Africa, only waiting to be discovered.
In March, Repsol announced its plans to spend $95 million drilling its first well offshore Namibia, proving that exploration in the South Atlantic Coast will ramp up in speed from exploration and production companies. The company is willing to take this risk considering that last year, 11 out of the top 20 oil and gas discoveries made in the world occurred in Africa, according to the company's January 29 presentation.
Cairn Energy plc commenced drilling operations last month on the Fan-1 well offshore Senegal, making it the first deepwater well drilled off the coast and only the second and third deepwater wells along the central Atlantic margin of West Africa.
"It's a tremendous risk they are taking and one that raises hope for us," Petroleum Commissioner Immanuel Mulunga told Bloomberg, referring to Repsol's activity offshore Namibia. "It's a risk worth undertaking as we believe this block has oil."
Film Stills: Big Men
Africa's prospects and potential for further oil and gas finds remain exceedingly positive, stated KPMG. Their report noted that only 500 wells have been drilled in East Africa to date, while some 15,000 wells were drilled in West Africa.
"While new hydrocarbon finds boost the interest in and potential of East Africa, prospects of pre-salt discoveries across the Gulf of Guinea are significant," KPMG stated.
That statement is what has grabbed the attention of Asian investors looking to diversify from too deep a dependence on Middle Eastern oil, the report noted. It is projected that oil exports to China from Africa will increase over the medium- to long-term, with the International Energy Agency projecting that China will become the world's largest net-importer of oil by 2020.
"Robust demand from especially India and China over the past decade, fueled by strong economic growth in these countries, has started to change not only Africa's export profile, but also the continent's economic landscape."
A Regional Perspective
The Gulf of Guinea is a growing source of oil to world markets and continues to attract significant amounts of foreign direct investment targeted at Africa's hydrocarbons, KPMG noted; and recently, Ghana joined the ranks of West African oil producers in mid-December 2010. Ghana's annual overall economic growth rate has averaged about 6 percent in as many years, according to a report by the African Development Bank Group. The country is home to the Jubilee field, discovered in June 2007, which came online in 2010.
"This [development] helped the country to register one of the highest economic growth rates in the world in 2011 – when Ghana saw its first full year of oil production," KPMG noted.
Q&A with Big Men Director Rachel Boynton
The film premiered in Houston June 6 and ended its run Thursday, June 19. The film is set to premier in Nebraska, San Francisco and Boston.
Rigzone: You knew that you wanted to do a film about oil and initially you targeted Nigeria. But then you stumbled on the Ghana angle. How did that transpire?
Boynton: At the time that I approached Kosmos they were looking to be involved in Nigeria. To make a long story relatively short, after much effort, Brian Maxted, current Chief Exploration Officer of Kosmos Energy, invited me to their office to do a PowerPoint presentation and pitch them on the idea of a film.
I gave them several options. Option number one was, please let me film anything, because I really need to put together a reel to raise money. It's very hard to film on an oil rig, because no one will let you. Option number two was, let me follow you in Nigeria. I still had this idea in mind that I was going to do everything in Nigeria because I had spent an enormous amount of time there while conducting research.
Then, I learned that Kosmos had just drilled the first well in Ghana for the Jubilee field, and option number three was that angle. I told them it was a really great story, and potentially a good news story for the oil business, which is a rare thing, so I asked to follow that angle.
They said yes to option number three. But when that happened, I had to reconfigure my concept of the film.
So the end result of this film emerged by exploring, asking a lot of questions, a lot of seeking. I didn't go in this project with a specific idea or a specific point to prove. In a certain way it's more anthropological than that. I went in. I spent a lot of time listening and watching and learning about the things around me. Hopefully the film reflects that.
Rigzone: Kosmos endured a lot of setbacks in Ghana. From the lawsuit, to leadership changes, to Jubilee not producing as expected. Yet the company still seemed optimistic and hopeful. Was that your impression during the course of filming?
Boynton: The major thing that Kosmos has going for it is they've got really super-talented people. I had heard about Kosmos, while conducting research, through their experience and relationship with Triton Energy in the 1990s. They discovered resources off the coast of Equatorial Guinea. People knew who they were and were interested in what they were going to do, because they had a remarkable track record. No one discovers first oil in two different countries twice without being really good at what they're doing. Because they are really good, they have reason to be optimistic.
Also, Kosmos has changed a lot as a company since it started. It was a start-up created with the intention to sell. That's not what the company is anymore. It has a completely different structure. It's a publicly held company that's in it for the long haul.
Kosmos Energy placed Ghana's resources on the map, opening a new frontier for explorers. Proved crude oil reserves of the Jubilee field are 660 million barrels, as of January 2013, but given recent discoveries and further oil exploration, proved resources are expected to rise.
Jubilee is expected to produce 105,000 to 110,000 barrels per day (bpd) in 2014, versus a budgeted 100,000 bpd, the chief executive of Ghana National Petroleum Corporation told Reuters.
"It is expected that the field could produce an average of 100,000 barrels, which is budgeted for, but I am sure we will hit about 105,000 to 110,000 barrels in 2014," CEO Alex Mould told an investment conference in the Ghanaian capital. "The average oil production as of March 25 was about 104,000 barrels. We're currently (at) about 109,000 barrels."
Ghana has lifted about 20 percent of the crude produced from the time Jubilee came online, Mould said. Expansion of the Jubilee field continues with Jubilee Phase 1A expected to boost production further from 2015, and with this expansion comes additional investments in the country.
However, production has been troubled lately, in part because of delays in the construction of a pipeline to bring gas onshore.
In 2011, with the incorporation of Ghana Gas, the company launched plans to build an offshore pipeline, an onshore pipeline, a gas processing plant and an NGL export system. The gas processing plant, the Atuabo Free Port, being constructed at Atuabo in the Ellembele District of the Western Region of Ghana, will be able to monetize gas produced from several offshore fields.
The country expects to debut the production of gas in 2014, according to the 2014 Budget and Fiscal Policy Statement presented to Ghana's Parliament Nov. 19, 2013. Finance Minister Seth Tekper noted that the first two components of the gas infrastructure project, consisting of offshore and onshore pipelines were 95 and 90 percent complete, while the third component which is the gas processing plant was 55 percent complete.
Though Ghana has a "zero gas flaring policy," the Jubilee partners were recently given the green light to flare gas, so stakeholders are expected to keenly follow the construction process, demonstrating particular interest in the plant's completion deadline.
Ghana's burgeoning growth in the oil and gas sector has caught the attention of Swift Worldwide Resources and Eastern Nzema Stool community in the Atuabo region. The two have formed a joint venture, titled SOMINU, which will provide job opportunities for more than 2,000 individuals, mostly Ghanaians. The joint venture will provide contingent personnel to all clients providing services to the deepwater port project, with the construction phase lasting through 2017.
"The Atuabo Free Port Project will require more than 2,000 people, and this community partnership will continue long after the construction is complete," Swift CEO Tobias Read told Rigzone recently. "This joint venture is unique in the fact that its profits after cost recovery will be reinvested in training programs for the communities, which will allow Ghanaians to acquire the skills necessary for obtaining more technical positions."
Generated by readers, the comments included herein do not reflect the views and opinions of Rigzone. All comments are subject to editorial review. Off-topic, inappropriate or insulting comments will be removed.
Company: Kosmos Energy more info
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text:
List of mayors of New York City
Wikipedia list article
For a list of the Dutch Directors-General who governed New Amsterdam as part of New Netherland between 1624 and 1664, see Director-General of New Netherland.
The mayor of New York City is the chief executive of the Government of New York City, as stipulated by New York City's charter. The current officeholder, the 109th in the sequence of regular mayors, is Bill de Blasio, a member of the Democratic Party.
During the Dutch colonial period from 1624 to 1664, New Amsterdam was governed by the Director of New Netherland. Following the 1664 creation of the British Province of New York, newly renamed New York City was run by the British military governor, Richard Nicolls. The office of Mayor of New York City was established in 1665. Holders were appointed by colonial governors, beginning with Thomas Willett. The position remained appointed until 1777. That year, during the American Revolution, a Council of Appointment was formed by the State of New York. In 1821 the New York City Council – then known as the Common Council – began appointing mayors. Since 1834, mayors have been elected by direct popular vote.[1]
Before 1898, the city included little beyond the island of Manhattan. The 1898 consolidation created the city as it is today with five boroughs: Manhattan, the Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, and Staten Island. The first mayor of the expanded city was Robert Anderson Van Wyck.
The longest-serving mayors have been Fiorello H. La Guardia (1934–1945), Robert F. Wagner Jr. (1954–1965), Ed Koch (1978–1989) and Michael Bloomberg (2002–2013), each of whom was in office for twelve years (three successive four-year terms). The shortest terms in office since 1834 have been those of acting mayors: William T. Collins served a single day on December 31, 1925, Samuel B. H. Vance served one month (from November 30 to December 31, 1874), and Thomas Coman served five weeks (from Monday, November 30, 1868, to Monday, January 4, 1869).
Every mayor was white until the election of David Dinkins (1990–1993), to date the city's only African American to hold the office.[2] New York has not had a Hispanic or Latino mayor, with the possible exception of John Purroy Mitchel (1914–1917), who was of Spanish descent and whose grandfather was born in Venezuela.[3] New York City's mayors have been religiously diverse; the city has had Protestant, Jewish and Catholic mayors.[4] No woman has ever served as mayor of New York City.[5]
1 Colonial mayors
2 Pre-consolidation mayors
3 Post-consolidation mayors
4 Appendices
4.1 Mayoral terms and term limits in New York City since 1834
4.1.1 Interrupted terms
4.2 Mayors of the City of Brooklyn, 1834–1897
4.3 Mayors of Long Island City, 1870–1897
Colonial mayors
Before 1680, mayors served one-year terms. From 1680, they served two-year terms. Exceptions are noted thus (*). A dagger (†) indicates mayoralties cut short by death in office. (When the same man served more than one continuous term, his name is lightly shaded purely for clarity, but the tints have no other significance.)
No.[6]
Starting year of office
Ending year of office
1 Thomas Willett (1st term) 1665 1666
2 Thomas Delavall (1st term) 1666 1667
3 Thomas Willett (2nd term) 1667 1668
4 Cornelius Van Steenwyk (1st term) 1668 1671
5 Thomas Delavall (2nd term) 1671 1672
6 Matthias Nicoll 1672 1673
7 John Lawrence (1st term) 1673 1675
8 William Dervall 1675 1676
9 Nicholas De Mayer 1676 1677
10 Stephanus Van Cortlandt (1st term) 1677 1678
11 Thomas Delavall (3rd term) 1678 1679
12 Francis Rombouts 1679 1680
13 William Dyre 1680 1682
14 Cornelius Van Steenwyk (2nd term) 1682 1684
15 Gabriel Minvielle (*) 1684 1685
16 Nicholas Bayard (*) 1685 1686
17 Stephanus Van Cortlandt (2nd term) 1686 1688
18 Peter Delanoy
(only popularly-elected mayor before 1834) 1 1689 1691
19 John Lawrence (2nd term *) 1691 1691
20 Abraham de Peyster 1691 1694
21 Charles Lodwik 1694 1695
22 William Merritt 1695 1698
23 Johannes de Peyster 1698 1699
24 David Provost 1699 1700
25 Isaac De Reimer 1700 1701
26 Thomas Noell 1701 1702
27 Phillip French 1702 1703
28 William Peartree 1703 1707
29 Ebenezer Wilson 1707 1710
30 Jacobus Van Cortlandt (1st term) 1710 1711
31 Caleb Heathcote 1711 1714
32 John Johnstone 1714 1719
33 Jacobus Van Cortlandt (2nd term) 1719 1720
34 Robert Walters 1720 1725
35 Johannes Jansen 1725 1726
36 Robert Lurting † 1726 1735
37 Paul Richard 1735 1739
38 John Cruger † 1739 1744
39 Stephen Bayard 1744 1747
40 Edward Holland † 1747 1757
41 John Cruger Jr. 1757 1766
42 Whitehead Hicks 1766 1776
43 David Mathews 1776 1783
Peter Delanoy was the first and only directly-elected mayor of New York[7] until 1834. Appointed mayors resumed in the wake of Leisler's Rebellion.
† died in office
Pre-consolidation mayors
The mayor continued to be selected by the Government of New York's Council of Appointment until 1821, when Stephen Allen became the first mayor appointed by a local Common Council. Under the Charter of 1834, mayors were elected annually by direct popular vote. Starting in 1849, mayors were elected to serve two-year terms.
Term start
Term end
James Duane January 1, 1784 1789 5 None
Richard Varick 1789 1801 11 Federalist
Edward Livingston 1801 1803 2 Democratic-Republican
DeWitt Clinton (1st term) 1803 1807 4 Democratic-Republican
Marinus Willett 1807 1808 1 Democratic-Republican[8]
DeWitt Clinton (2nd term) 1808 1810 2 Democratic-Republican
Jacob Radcliff (1st term) 1810 1811 1 Federalist
DeWitt Clinton (3rd term) 1811 1815 4 Democratic-Republican
John Ferguson 1815 1815 1⁄2 Democratic-Republican
Jacob Radcliff (2nd term) February 13, 1815 1818 3 Federalist
Cadwallader D. Colden 1818 1821 3 Federalist
Stephen Allen 1821 1824 3 Federalist
William Paulding Jr. (1st term) 1825 1826 1 Democratic-Republican
Philip Hone 1826 1827 1 National Republican
William Paulding Jr. (2nd term) 1827 1829 2 Democratic-Republican
Walter Bowne 1829 1832 3 Democratic
Gideon Lee 1833 1834 1 Democratic
Cornelius Lawrence 1834 1837 3 Democratic
Aaron Clark 1837 1839 2 Whig
Isaac L. Varian 1839 1841 2 Democratic
Robert H. Morris 1841 1844 3 Democratic
James Harper 1844 1845 1 American Republican
William F. Havemeyer (1st term) 1845 1846 1 Democratic
Andrew H. Mickle 1846 1847 1 Democratic
William V. Brady 1847 1848 1 Whig
William F. Havemeyer (2nd term) 1848 1849 1 Democratic
Caleb S. Woodhull 1849 1851 1 Whig
Ambrose Kingsland 1851 1853 1 Whig
Jacob A. Westervelt 1853 1855 1 Democratic
Fernando Wood (1st term) 1855 1858 2 Democratic
Daniel F. Tiemann 1858 1860 1 Independent Party[9][10][11]
Fernando Wood (2nd term) 1860 1862 1 Democratic
George Opdyke 1862 1864 1 Republican
Charles G. Gunther 1864 1866 1 Democratic
John T. Hoffman1 1866 November 30, 1868 less than 1 Democratic
Thomas Coman 1 November 30, 1868 January 4, 1869 5 weeks Democratic
Abraham Oakey Hall 2 January 4, 1869 December 31, 1872 1 Democratic
William F. Havemeyer 3(3rd term) † January 1, 1873 November 30, 1874 less than 1 Republican
Samuel B. H. Vance 3 November 30, 1874 December 31, 1874 1 month Republican
William H. Wickham January 1, 1875 December 31, 1876 1 Democratic (Reform)
Smith Ely Jr. 1877 1878 1 Democratic
Edward Cooper 1879 1880 1 Democratic (Reform)
William R. Grace (1st term) 1881 1882 1 Democratic (Reform)
Franklin Edson 1883 1884 1 Democratic
William R. Grace (2nd term) 1885 1886 2 None
Abram Hewitt 1887 1888 1 Democratic
Hugh J. Grant 1889 1892 2 Democratic
Thomas F. Gilroy 1893 1894 1 Democratic
William L. Strong 4 January 1, 1895 December 31, 1897 1
(3 years) Republican
John T. Hoffman resigned after his election as Governor of New York state but before the end of his mayoral term.[12] Thomas Coman, President of the Board of Aldermen, completed Hoffman's term as acting mayor until his elected successor, A. Oakey Hall, took office.[13]
When Hall temporarily retired during the Tweed investigation, the Acting Mayor of New York City was John Cochrane, the President of the New York City Council.
William F. Havemeyer died during his last term of office. Samuel B. H. Vance, President of the Board of Aldermen, completed Havemeyer's term as acting mayor until his elected successor, William H. Wickham, took office.
William L. Strong served an additional year in office because New York City mayoral elections were changed to be held in odd-numbered years due to the impending consolidation of New York City.
Post-consolidation mayors
See also: New York City mayoral elections
The 1898–1901 term was for four years. The City Charter was changed to make the mayor's term a two-year one beginning in 1902, but after two such terms was changed back to resume four-year terms in 1906. George B. McClellan Jr. thus served one two-year term from 1904 to 1905, during which he was elected to a four-year term from 1906 to 1909.
The party of the mayor reflects party registration, as opposed to the party lines run under during the general election.
#[6]
Term in office
Previous office
Robert A. Van Wyck1
(1849–1918; aged 69) January 1, 1898
December 31, 1901 4 years Democratic Chief Justice of the City Court of New York[14]
Seth Low 2
December 31, 1903 2 years Republican 11th President of Columbia University
George B. McClellan Jr.
December 31, 1909 6 years Democratic U.S. Representative for New York
William Jay Gaynor 3 †
September 10, 1913 3 years, 253 days Democratic Judge of the New York Supreme Court
Ardolph L. Kline September 10, 1913
December 31, 1913 113 days Republican President of the Board of Aldermen
John P. Mitchel
December 31, 1917 4 years Republican U.S. Customs Collector of the Port of New York;
President of the Board of Aldermen
John F. Hylan 4,[15]
December 30, 1925 8 years Democratic County Judge in Brooklyn[16]
William T. Collins December 31, 1925[15] 1 day Democratic President of the Board of Aldermen[15]
Jimmy Walker 5
September 1, 1932 6 years, 244 days
(6 years, 8 months) Democratic New York State Senator
Joseph V. McKee
(1889–1956) September 1, 1932
December 31, 1932 121 days
(4 months) Democratic President of the Board of Aldermen
John P. O'Brien
December 31, 1933 1 year Democratic Surrogate of New York County[17]
Fiorello H. La Guardia
December 31, 1945 12 years Republican[18] U.S. Representative for New York
William O'Dwyer 6
August 31, 1950 4 years, 243 days
(4 years, 8 months) Democratic Brooklyn District Attorney
Vincent R. Impellitteri 6
(1900–1987; aged 86) August 31, 1950
November 14, 1950 75 days Democratic
(as acting mayor) President of the City Council
December 31, 1953 3 years, 48 days Experience Party
(as elected mayor) Acting Mayor
Robert F. Wagner Jr.
December 31, 1965 12 years Democratic 17th Borough President of Manhattan
John Lindsay
December 31, 1973 8 years Republican 8 U.S. Representative for New York
Abraham Beame
December 31, 1977 4 years Democratic 38th New York City Comptroller
Ed Koch
December 31, 1989 12 years Democratic U.S. Representative for New York
David Dinkins
December 31, 1993 4 years Democratic 23rd Borough President of Manhattan
Rudy Giuliani
(born 1944; age 76) January 1, 1994
December 31, 2001 8 years Republican United States Attorney for
the Southern District of New York
Michael Bloomberg
December 31, 2013 12 years Republican 9 CEO of Bloomberg L.P.
Bill de Blasio
Incumbent 7 years Democratic 3rd New York City Public Advocate
Randolph Gugghenheimer I (born 1846) served as acting mayor in 1900 while Robert A. Van Wyck was away.[19][20]
Seth Low previously served as Mayor of the City of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885.
William Jay Gaynor died September 10, 1913. Ardolph L. Kline, the unelected President of the Board of Aldermen, succeeded as acting mayor upon Gaynor's death, but then sought re-election as an alderman (successfully) rather than election as mayor. Kline has thus been the only mayor since 1834 never to win a citywide election (having been appointed Vice President of the Board of Aldermen by his colleagues and then succeeding to the presidency mid-term, rather than winning it by popular election at large).
John Hylan and Police Commissioner Richard Enright resigned December 30, 1925 to ensure that they received their city pensions, which they may not have been entitled to keep had they stayed in office for one more day. William T. Collins became acting Mayor for one day, prior to the inauguration of Jimmy Walker[15]
Jimmy Walker resigned September 1, 1932 and went to Europe, amid allegations of corruption in his administration. Joseph V. McKee, as President of the Board of Aldermen, became acting mayor in Walker's place, but was then defeated in a special election by John P. O'Brien.
William O'Dwyer resigned August 31, 1950, during a police corruption scandal, after which he was appointed Ambassador to Mexico by President Harry S. Truman.
Vincent R. Impellitteri, President of the New York City Council, became acting mayor when O'Dwyer resigned on August 31, 1950, and was then elected to the office in a special election held on November 7, 1950. He was inaugurated on November 14.
John Lindsay switched party affiliation from Republican to Democrat in 1971 and attempted unsuccessfully to run for the Democratic nomination for president in 1972.[21]
Michael Bloomberg was a lifelong Democrat before registering as a Republican in 2001 and running for mayor. He then registered as an Independent in 2007, and re-registered as a Democrat in 2018 in preparation for his unsuccessful bid for the Democratic nomination for president in 2020.[22]
Mayoral terms and term limits in New York City since 1834
Direct elections to the mayoralty of the unconsolidated City of New York began in 1834 for a term of one year, extended to two years after 1849. The 1897 Charter of the consolidated City stipulated that the mayor was to be elected for a single four-year term. In 1901, the term halved to two years, with no restrictions on reelection. In 1905, the term was extended to four years once again. (Mayors Fiorello La Guardia, Robert F. Wagner Jr. and Ed Koch were later able to serve for twelve years each.) [23] In 1993, the voters approved a two-term (eight-year) limit, and reconfirmed this limit when the issue was submitted to referendum in 1996. In 2008, the New York City Council voted to change the two-term limit to three terms (without submitting the issue to the voters).[24] Legal challenges to the Council's action were rejected by Federal courts in January and April, 2009.[25] However, in 2010, yet another referendum, reverting the limit to two terms, passed overwhelmingly.[26]
Mayor(s) affected
Unconsolidated City
1834 1 year (no limit) (unlimited) all from Cornelius Van Wyck Lawrence to Caleb S. Woodhull
1849 2 years (no limit) (unlimited) all from Ambrose Kingsland to William L. Strong 1
Greater New York (The Five Boroughs)
1897 4 years 1 term 4 years Robert A. Van Wyck
1901 2 years (no limit) (unlimited) Seth Low and George B. McClellan Jr.2
1905 4 years (no limit) (unlimited) all from George B. McClellan Jr.2 to David Dinkins 3
1993 4 years 2 terms 8 years Rudolph Giuliani 4
2008 4 years 3 terms 12 years Michael Bloomberg only 4, 5
2010 4 years 2 terms 8 years Bill de Blasio and his successors 6
Principal source: The Encyclopedia of New York City [27] especially the entries for "charter" and "mayoralty".
Mayor Strong, elected in 1894, served an extra year because no municipal election was held in 1896, in anticipation of the consolidated City's switch to odd-year elections.
George B. McClellan Jr. was elected to one two-year term (1904–1905) and one four-year term (1906–1909)
David Dinkins was not affected by the term limit enacted in 1993 because he had served only one term by 1993 and failed to win re-election.
The September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center in Manhattan coincided with the primary elections for a successor to Mayor Giuliani, who was completing his second and final term of office. Many were so impressed by both the urgency of the situation and Giuliani's response that they wanted to keep him in office beyond December 31, 2001, either by removing the term limit or by extending his service for a few months.[28] However, neither happened, the primary elections (with the same candidates) were re-run on September 25, the general election was held as scheduled on November 6, and Michael Bloomberg took office on the regularly appointed date of January 1, 2002.
On October 2, 2008, Michael Bloomberg announced that he would ask the city council to extend the limit for mayor, council and other officers from two terms to three, and that, should such an extended limit prevail, he himself would seek re-election as mayor.[29] On October 23, the New York City Council voted 29–22 to extend the two-term limit to three terms. (A proposed amendment to submit the vote to a public referendum had failed earlier the same day by a vote of 22–28 with one abstention.)[24]
In November 2010, yet another popular referendum, limiting mayoral terms to two, passed overwhelmingly.[26][30]
Interrupted terms
Mayors John T. Hoffman (1866–68, elected Governor 1868), William Havemeyer (1845–46, 1848–49, and 1873–74), William Jay Gaynor (1910–13), John Francis Hylan (1918–1925), Jimmy Walker (1926–32), and William O'Dwyer (1946–50) failed to complete the final terms to which they were elected. The uncompleted mayoral terms of Hoffman, Walker, and O'Dwyer were added to the other offices elected in (respectively) 1868, 1932, and 1950 [those three elections are listed as "special" in the table below because they occurred before the next regularly scheduled mayoral election; the "regular" mayoral elections of 1874 and 1913, on the other hand, were held on the same day that they would have happened had the mayoralty not become vacant.]
Interrupted terms of New York City's elected mayors since 1834
Elected mayor
Last elected
End of service
Interim successor † 1, 2
Elected successor 3
John T. Hoffman (D)
resigned 30 Nov. 1868 Thomas Coman (D) Dec. 1868 (special) A. Oakey Hall (D)
1 Wm Havemeyer (R)
died 30 Nov. 1874 Samuel B. H. Vance (R) Nov. 1874 (regular) William H. Wickham (D)
William Gaynor (D)
Nov. 1909
died 10 Sept. 1913 Ardolph L. Kline (R) Nov. 1913 (regular) John P. Mitchel (Fusion)
John F. Hylan (D)
resigned 30 Dec. 1925 William T. Collins (D) Nov. 1925 (regular) Jimmy Walker (D)
Jimmy Walker (D)
resigned 1 Sept. 1932 Joseph V. McKee (D) Nov. 1932 (special) John P. O'Brien (D)
William O'Dwyer (D)
resigned 31 Aug. 1950 Vincent Impellitteri (D) Nov. 1950 (special) Vincent Impellitteri
(Experience)
† Became acting mayor as the president of the board of aldermen or (in 1950) city council.
(D) = (Democratic)
(R) = (Republican)
Mayor Havemeyer was a Democrat who ran as a Republican against the Democratic Tweed Ring in 1872.
Acting Mayors Coman, Vance, Kline and Collins did not seek election as mayor.
Acting Mayors McKee and Impellitteri were Democrats who lost the Democratic primary to succeed themselves, but still ran in the general election as independents.
Elected Mayor Oakey Hall won re-election, while Mayor Wickham did not seek it. Mayors Mitchel and O'Brien lost attempts at re-election, while Mayor Impellitteri did not run for a full term in the 1953 regular general election after losing the Democratic primary.
Mayors of the City of Brooklyn, 1834–1897
See also: History of Brooklyn and Brooklyn borough presidents
Brooklyn elected a mayor from 1834 until consolidation in 1898 into the City of Greater New York, whose own second mayor (1902–1903), Seth Low, had been Mayor of Brooklyn from 1882 to 1885. Since 1898, Brooklyn has, in place of a separate mayor, elected a Borough President.
Mayors of the City of Brooklyn [31]
George Hall Democratic-Republican 1834 1834
Jonathan Trotter Democratic 1835 1836
Jeremiah Johnson Whig 1837 1838
Cyrus P. Smith Whig 1839 1841
Henry C. Murphy Democratic 1842 1842
Joseph Sprague Democratic 1843 1844
Thomas G. Talmage Democratic 1845 1845
Francis B. Stryker Whig 1846 1848
Edward Copland Whig 1849 1849
Samuel Smith Democratic 1850 1850
Conklin Brush Whig 1851 1852
Edward A. Lambert Democratic 1853 1854
George Hall Know Nothing 1855 1856
Samuel S. Powell Democratic 1857 1860
Martin Kalbfleisch Democratic 1861 1863
Alfred M. Wood Republican 1864 1865
Samuel Booth Republican 1866 1867
John W. Hunter Democratic 1874 1875
Frederick A. Schroeder Republican 1876 1877
James Howell Democratic 1878 1881
Seth Low Republican 1882 1885
Daniel D. Whitney Democratic 1886 1887
Alfred C. Chapin Democratic 1888 1891
David A. Boody Democratic 1892 1893
Charles A. Schieren Republican 1894 1895
Frederick W. Wurster Republican 1896 1897
Mayors of Long Island City, 1870–1897
Long Island City, now within the Borough of Queens, was incorporated as a city in her own right on May 4, 1870 and (like the City of Brooklyn) consolidated into the present Greater New York City on January 1, 1898.
1 Abram D. Ditmars (1st term) 1870 1872
2 Henry S. DeBevoise (1st term) 1872 1873 Sept.
(-) George H. Hunter (acting) 1873 Sept. 1874 April
2 Henry S. DeBevoise (1st term resumed) 1874 April 1875
3 Abram D. Ditmars (2nd term) 1875
(-) John Quinn (acting) 1876
4 Henry S. DeBevoise (2nd term) 1876 1883
5 George Petry 1883 1886
6 Patrick J. Gleason (1st term) 1887 1889
Patrick J. Gleason (2nd term) 1890 1892
7 Horatio S. Sanford 1893 1895
8 Patrick J. Gleason (3rd term) 1895 1897
Sources: James Bradley for The Encyclopedia of New York City (1st edition), edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and The New York Historical Society, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995, ISBN 0-300-05536-6); (p. 690, 3rd Column, under "Long Island City");
James Nevlus, Long Island City's Forgotten History (Curbed New York, November 16, 2018) https://ny.curbed.com/2018/11/16/18097555/amazon-hq2-long-island-city-nyc-history
Election results for Mayor of New York
History of New York City
History of Brooklyn
^ Lincoln, Charles Z. (1906). The Constitutional History of New York: From the Beginning of the Colonial Period to the Year 1905, Showing the Origin, Development, and Judicial Construction of the Constitution – Volume 2. Rochester, N.Y.: The Lawyers Co-operative Publishing Company. p. 6. Retrieved December 26, 2016.
^ Mollenkopf, John (2014) "The Rise of Immigrant Influence in New York City Politics" in New York and Amsterdam: Immigration and the New Urban Landscape (Foner, Nancy et al. eds.) New York:New York University Press, p.210
^ Roberts, Sam (May 7, 2013) Candidate Hoping to Be First Hispanic Mayor May Be 100 Years Too Late, The New York Times
Roberts, Sam (May 10, 2005) Today's Loneliest Political Minority? It's Probably the White Protestant, The New York Times: "New York's early mayors were mostly Protestant, but in the last 100 years the city has elected few Protestant mayors."
Binder, Frederick and Reimers, David (1995) All the Nations Under Heaven: An Ethnic and Racial History of New York City New York: Columbia University Press. p.243: "In 1963 Abe Beame became the first Jew to be elected mayor of New York City. In 1977 Ed Koch became the second Jewish mayor when he won election to the first of three terms."
Collins, Glen (May 15, 2008) Persecuted to Powerful: Exhibiting a History of New York's Catholics, The New York Times: "William R. Grace, who was elected in 1880 as the first Catholic mayor of New York City..."
^ Weatherford, Doris (2012) Women in American Politics: History and Milestones, Vol. 1. CQ Press p.262
^ a b "The Green Book: Mayors of the City of New York" Archived March 22, 2014, at the Wayback Machine on the official NYC website. When a former mayor serves again after a break in office, a new number is assigned to his resumed service. However, the six acting mayoralties are unnumbered.
^ Burrows, Edwin G. & Wallace, Mike (1999). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-195-11634-8. pp.99–100
^ Caldwell, John; Rogue, Oswaldo Rodriguez; Johnson, Dale T. (March 1, 1994). American Paintings in The Metropolitan Museum of Art. Vol. 1. Metropolitan Museum of Art. p. 256.
^ Mooney, James E. "Tiemann, Daniel F(awcett)" in Jackson, Kenneth T., ed. (2010). The Encyclopedia of New York City (2nd ed.). New Haven: Yale University Press. pp. 1314–15. ISBN 978-0-300-11465-2.
^ Burrows, Edwin G. & Wallace, Mike (1999). Gotham: A History of New York City to 1898. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 850–51. ISBN 0-195-11634-8.
^ Trager, James (2003), The New York Chronology, New York: HarperCollins, p. 113, ISBN 0-06-074062-0
^ Staff (November 17, 1868). "Local Intelligence — Board of Aldermen — Resignation of the Mayor". The New York Times. p. 2. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
^ Staff (January 5, 1869). "Municipal Affairs — Organization of the Common Council — The Mayor's Message — The City Budget for 1869 — Comparison of Taxation in 1868 and 1869". The New York Times. p. 2. Retrieved December 15, 2016.
^ Staff (November 7, 1897). "Robert A. Van Wyck". The New York Times Magazine. p. 2. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
^ a b c d Staff (December 31, 1925). "Hylan And Enright Out With Pensions; Last-Hour Shifts In Police Department; Walker Fills Important City Posts — Collins Mayor for a Day — Leach is the Active Head of the Police Force for the Last Day of 1925 — Hylan to Get $4,205 A Year — Retirement Voted by Board of Estimate, He Quits to Assure Pension — Enright to Draw $5,000 — Approval of His Retirement as Commissioner One of Hylan's Last Official Acts". The New York Times. p. 1. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
^ Staff (November 7, 1917). "How Hylan Reached The Mayor's Chair — Came Here from the Farm and First Worked as a Tracklayer — To School After Marriage — Long Active in Civic Affairs in Brooklyn — Mayoralty Said to Have Been His Ambition". The New York Times. p. 5. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
^ Staff (November 10, 1932). "O'Brien Will Stay on Bench Till Jan. 1 — Mayor-Elect Says, However, He Will Devote Spare Time to Study of City's Problems — Renews Economy Pledge — Silent on Protest Vote — McKee Among Thousands Who Send Congratulatory Messages". The New York Times. p. 5. Retrieved December 28, 2016.
^ Staff (November 5, 1933). "List of Candidates Who Will Be on Ballots in Municipal Election Nov. 7". The New York Times. p. N2. Retrieved August 19, 2016.
^ "Acting Mayor Boomed Long Branch Property by Buying Drexel Cottage". The New York Times. August 20, 1900. Retrieved February 1, 2018.
^ "Randolph Gugghenheimer". Jewish Encyclopedia. Guggenheimer acted as mayor of New York city during the absence of the incumbent.
^ "Lindsay the Democrat". The New York Times. August 12, 1971. Retrieved November 24, 2020.
^ Wise, Justin (October 10, 2018). "Bloomberg re-registers as Democrat". The Hill. Retrieved December 27, 2018.
^ For further details, see Third Term No Charm, Historians Say by Sewell Chan, The New York Times "City Room", published and retrieved on October 1, 2008.
^ a b Sewell Chan and Jonathan P. Hicks, Council Votes, 29 to 22, to Extend Term Limits, The New York Times, published on-line and retrieved on October 23, 2008.
^ Fernanda Santos: The Future of Term Limits Is in Court, The New York Times, New York edition, October 24, 2008, page A24 (retrieved on October 24, 2008), Judge Rejects Suit Over Term Limits, The New York Times, New York edition, January 14, 2009, page A26, and Appeals Court Upholds Term Limits Revision, The New York Times City Room Blog, April 28, 2009 (both retrieved on July 6, 2009). The original January decision by Judge Charles Sifton of the United States District Court for the Eastern District of New York (Long Island, Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island) was upheld by a three-judge panel of the United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit (Vermont, Connecticut and New York state).
^ a b Hernandez, Javier C. (November 3, 2010). "Term Limits in New York City Are Approved Again". The New York Times.
^ "The Encyclopedia of New York City (1st edition), edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and The New York Historical Society, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995, ISBN 0-300-05536-6 )
^ See, for example, these stories from The New York Times: "In Crisis Giuliani's Popularity Overflows City", by Jennifer Steinhauer, Sept. 20, 2001, "A Shift in the Ritual, and Meaning, of Voting", by Mirta Ojito, Sept. 26, 2001 and "Giuliani Explores A Term Extension Of 2 Or 3 Months", by Jennifer Steinhauer with Michael Cooper, September 27, 2001.
^ Sewell Chan, Bloomberg Says He Wants a Third Term as Mayor, The New York Times, published and retrieved on October 2, 2008.
^ "Term limits will land on city ballot in Nov". New York Post. August 12, 2010.
^ "The Encyclopedia of New York City (1st edition), edited by Kenneth T. Jackson (Yale University Press and The New York Historical Society, New Haven, Connecticut, 1995, ISBN 0-300-05536-6 ); (p. 149, 3rd Column.)
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text:
Published on Thursday, November 5, 2020
Red Bull Juniors Edgar and Crawford duel for the ADAC F4 Championship, Van Amersfoort Racing poised to take team title
It is a duel that has dominated the whole season, and it is about to culminate on the final weekend at Oschersleben (6th - 8th November) - Jonny Edgar (16, England) versus Jak Crawford (15, USA), two Red Bull Junior members of the Van Amersfoort squad in pursuit of the ADAC Formula 4 title. Edgar goes into this last fixture of the campaign leading the championship table by a 23-point margin and as clear favourite, but Crawford remains undaunted. So everything is set for a riveting conclusion to the sixth season of the ADAC High-Speed Academy. Racing at Oschersleben will go ahead without any spectators in attendance to comply with the biosecurity measures agreed between the ADAC GT Masters and the relevant authorities. Free-to-air TV channel SPORT1 will be showing the races from the High-Speed Academy, and they can also be watched online as a livestream on SPORT1.de, YouTube.com/adac, the Facebook page of ADAC Formula 4 and on adac.de/motorsport.
"I aim to give my best in all three races, and then the championship will be decided by Jonny's results," says Crawford, who feels comfortable in the role of challenger. He goes into the championship decider as the one without the weight of expectation on his shoulders. Furthermore, current form suggests that the Texan has momentum on his side: the 15-year-old has won two of the last four races, while Edgar came away winless from the Lausitzring last weekend and posted a couple of mediocre results for the first time this season.
On the other hand, Edgar is the master of his own destiny. However, he knows that he cannot afford any major blunders: "I don't have to fight too hard. As long as I finish ahead of Jak or directly behind him, everything should be fine. I'm hopeful of having a good weekend, and I'm absolutely determined to bring the title home." If Edgar does indeed 'bring the title home', he will be the fifth driver in the sixth year of ADAC Formula 4 to go on from winning the first race of the season to later also lift the championship trophy. The only exception came in 2019 when Theo Pourchaire won the title after Brazil's Gianluca Petecof secured victory in the opening race.
The strong performances from Edgar and Crawford have also ensured that Van Amersfoort Racing are poised to claim their first ever title in the team classification. There is still a mathematical chance that the Dutch outfit could be caught by US Racing. But in any case, the Germans from Kerpen, who finished both the 2018 and 2019 seasons as treble winners, have already had their moment of glory this year, with ADAC Sports Foundation protégé Tim Tramnitz (15, Hamburg), wrapping up the Best Rookie classification last weekend with two races to spare.
The youngster from Hamburg is fifth in the general classification, while the best-placed driver of the US Racing contingent is Elias Seppänen (17, Finland) The Finnish teenager also theoretically has a chance of winning the championship. However, with a deficit of 47 points to make up on the championship leader, Seppänen is dependent on slip-ups by the two Van Amersfoort drivers. In an ideal scenario, 75 points could be scored for a clean sweep of victories in the three races to be contested next weekend.
Comments (0)Number of views (265)
Author: Bart Luijkx
Tags: ADAC Formula 4 , Oschersleben , Van Amersfoort Racing , Jonny Edgar , Red Bull Junior , ADAC Formula 4 Championship , Jak Crawford


The pound has fallen by 2% since last Thursdays Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee meeting. Governor Mark Carney has tried to present a balanced view of the economy but traders prefer to focus on the 6-2 vote to leave interest rates unchanged. In purely arithmetic terms the market sees this as meaning a change in monetary policy is less likely than it had been following a 5-3 vote at the previous meeting.
Since a change is monetary policy is equally unlikely in the Eurozone, the performance of Sterling is a testimony to how Brexit is going to be far more difficult for the U.K. to contend with than it will be for the Eurozone. U.K. trade with the EU makes up close to 50% of total trade. Around 10% of EU exports are to the U.K. Those are significant numbers for both sides in the Brexit negotiations.
Sterling is now well established below the 0.9000 level and looks likely to continue to weaken. This will reignite inflation concerns and widen the gap between prices and earnings. The July inflation data is released next Tuesday and although it has been pre-empted a little by the Quarterly Inflation Report, analysts will be interested to see if June's fall was an anomaly.
Germany, the industrial powerhouse of the EU economy, saw a fall in exports fall in June driven by the effect of the strong Euro. Exports fell by 2.6% the largest month fall in two years. Imports were also lower reflecting an increase in trade with other EU states.
The rise in the Euro, close to 15% since January, will continue to have a negative effect on Eurozone exports as much as it positively affects inflation. The pace of price rises in Germany has started to fall. The region's largest economy had started to become concerned about rising inflation but those fears have now been dampened by the stronger currency.
The Eurozone economy is starting to grow close to expectation; Q2 was at 2.1% while inflation is a benign 1.3% across the region. Confidence reports are starting to show a real upturn in sentiment. A stronger currency is likely to be a by-product of this return of positivity which will be levelled out as a change in monetary policy gets pushed further into the future.
President Trump's demand for a strengthening of the Euro to counter "Germany taking advantage" to ship more goods to the U.S. has at least now been complied with.
A sudden increase in the rhetoric between the U.S. and North Korea has ratcheted up fears of a military engagement between the two nations and driven global risk indicators higher. The currency market has reacted in typical fashion buying the Japanese Yen and selling the Australian dollar.
New sanctions, approved recently by the U.N., have driven further threats by the North Korean regime who are now believed to have developed the technology to be able to equip its medium range missiles with a nuclear payload. The U.S. territory of Guam situated in the Pacific Ocean has now been threatened and any action will be met, according to President Trump, with "fire and fury".
China, North Korea's only ally and its sole provider of sufficient food exports to feed its people is struggling to keep its neighbour under control. The U.S. has troops stationed in South Korea and Japan which are within easy reach of the North's missiles but also close enough to perform a pre-emptive strike.