President Muhammadu Buhari has dismissed the endorsement of former Vice-President Atiku Abubakar by ex-President Olusegun Obasanjo.
Abubakar, who is Buhari's main opponent in 2019, visited Obasanjo on Thursday afternoon alongside some clerics and top members of the Peoples Democratic Party (PDP).
Obasanjo had said though he was not on the same page with Abubakar over some undisclosed reasons, he had forgiven him based on the apology tendered by his former deputy.
The elder statesman said the race to dislodge Buhari from Aso Rock is tough and that Abubakar is a better leader than the incumbent president.
But speaking through Garba Shehu, his spokesman, Buhari vowed not to be distracted by the alliance of his opponents.
"In the first place, we dare to say that a pompous statement from the former President advising Nigerians on a vote against President Buhari is the best recommendation that can come at this time. It also betrayed a lack of understanding of today's politics, which is about good governance.
"The country voted for change in 2015 and a leader that ensures good governance which only President Buhari and the APC can provide. Bent on these laudable goals, we will not allow ourselves to be distracted.
"Nigerians trust President Buhari in this effort because they are convinced he is not in government for personal financial benefits, or for an ego trip. It is just eleven years ago that the former President and Vice President in their ugly fight for power accused each other of corruption. Nigerians are yet to forget all that," the statement read.


text:
Carriera

- Campionati Italiani

In carriera ha partecipato per 10 volte ai Campionati Italiani Assoluti individuali, ottendendo come miglior risultato il 3°posto per 2 volte, nel 2013 a Trieste e nel 2016 a Roma.
A squadre invece parteciperà ad 8 edizioni della massima serie, il Campionato Italiano a squadre A1, riuscendo a vincerlo per 2 volte nel 2017 a Gorizia e nel 2018 a Milano, queste due vittorie sono arrivate con un club cittadino, quindi non una forza armata, lo Scherma Cariplo Piccolo Teatro Milano, ha disputato 2 edizioni con il Club Scherma Legnano, ottenendo il 4° posto come miglior risultato per due volte, nel 2008 e 2009, le restanti edizioni le ha disputate con l'Esercito.

-Gare Internazionali

Nel 2007 esordisce in Coppa del Mondo U20 a Budapest dove otterrà il 63° posto finale e nello stesso anno esordisce anche in Coppa del Mondo Assoluti a Legnano ottenendo il 71° posto, in totale parteciperà a 10 prove di Coppa del Mondo U20 dal 2007 al 2009 ottenendo due podi, il 2° posto ad Udine nel 2007 e un 3° posto a Bratislava l'anno successivo.
Nel 2008 vince la medaglia di bronzo ai Campionati Europei U20  individuali e l'oro a squadre ad Amsterdam e l'anno successivo trova il successo al Campionato del Mondo U20 a squadre a Belfast.
Nel 2010 partecipa al Campionato Europeo U23 individuale di Danzica, ma non va oltre il 51° posto finale e nel 2011 è convocato per le Universiadi di Shenzhen in Cina, otterrà un 5° posto individuale e un 7° posto a squadre.
Nel 2012 vince una tappa di Circuito Europeo a Busto Arsizio.
In carriera in Coppa del Mondo assoluta disputerà 22 prove, ottenendo come miglior risultato un 23°posto a Parigi nel 2009, l'ultima prova disputata risale al 2017 sempre a Parigi.

Palmares

CAMPIONATO DEL MONDO U20
 Campionato del Mondo Under20 a squadre (2009) Belfast

CAMPIONATO EUROPEO U20
 Campionato Europeo Under20 Individuale (2008) Amsterdam
 Campionato Europeo Under20 a squadre (2008) Amsterdam

COPPA DEL MONDO U20
 Udine (2007)
 Bratislava (2008)

CIRCUITO EUROPEO
 Busto Arsizio (2012)

CAMPIONATI ITALIANI
 Campionato Italiano Assoluti individuale Trieste (2013)
 Campionato Italiano Assoluti individuale Roma (2016)
 Campionato Italiano Assoluti a squadre A1 Gorizia 2017
Scherma Cariplo Piccolo Teatro Milano

 Campionato Italiano Assoluti a squadre A1 Milano (2018)
Scherma Cariplo Piccolo Teatro Milano

Note

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


One of the things that I like about this interview with Jim Butcher is his humble attitude. He recognizes that it is possible to write well for fun and with the objective to entertain. Thanks so much to Miquel for discovering this author!
I remember listening to an interview to him at The Geek's Guide to the Galaxy (a great, great, great sci-fi podcast. The best one, if you ask me) in which he was asked whether he intended to put and end the Dresden Files novels (the 14th novel has been published this week, precisely) and his answer was: "WHAT!? I have kids to send to college! I can't possibly end that series!". And he was completely honest, you could tell. It's a fun guy, I think you may enjoy his novels. Although the cavalier attitude in some of his characters (Harry Dresden, notably) may jar (and it has jarred, indeed) some feminist sensibilities, I think that it is because of an deliberate effor to make them somewhat old-fashioned.
I would be curious to know what you think of Furies of Alera or Storm Front, the first novel in the Dresden Files series.


People who have uncertain, insufficient, or inadequate access to food are twice as likely to develop type 2 diabetes, according to Canadian researchers.
Statistics show 3.2 million people in Canada live in food-insecure households. This means financial restraints impact what they buy to eat and the way in which they buy food.
Researchers from the Dalla Lana School of Public Health at the University of Toronto say the healthcare system should introduce an intervention helping to reduce food insecurities in a bid to reduce diabetes rates.
Speaking to Reuters news agency, lead author Dr Christopher Tait said: "Increasingly, food insecurity is being recognised as a significant social and health problem in Canada, but there isn't a great deal of evidence that has linked food insecurity to the risk of future chronic diseases, such as type 2 diabetes." To further investigate, researchers used data from a 12-year study involving 4,739 people which looked at several variables including nutritional and dietary consumption, alongside income.
The participants of the survey were asked how they felt about buying food, whether they ever missed meals because of affordability and whether they understood which foods were rich in nutrients.
The researchers labelled participants as either 'household food secure' or 'household food insecure', depending on their answers. They also took into account race, gender, physical activity, alcohol consumption, smoking status, and BMI. Young, white women with lower incomes were found to be more likely to be food insecure. The researchers then matched these people to a national diabetes database.
They found those who were in the food insecure group were twice as likely to develop the condition than those in the other group, meaning food insecurity was associated with increased risk of type 2 diabetes.
Dr Tait said: "Our findings also emphasise the need to continue to monitor this important marker of economic deprivation. This is particularly relevant given Statistics Canada's decision to make food insecurity measurement optional at the provincial-level as of 2013, which may be a missed opportunity moving forward."
The results have been published in the PLOS ONE journal.
On the Forum: Cost of food now?


Join Potomac River Running for our newest 10K! If you are lucky you might find a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow! All pre-registered runners will receive an awesome Pot O' Gold 10K shirt and all finishers will receive a one-of-a-kind medal! Awards will be given to overall winners as well as age group winners. After the race enjoy tasty refreshments!
For complete race details or to register online, click HERE!


DVD Shrink is software to backup DVD disks. You can use this software in conjunction with DVD burning software of your choice to make a backup copy of any DVD video disk. The output from DVD Shrink is saved as files on your hard drive, which you can then burn to a DVD-R using separate burning software, such as the software provided with your DVD-R drive.
@swexpert - As far as I can see the 2012 version of DVD Shrink is a commercial product, priced at $28.95 (USD). Would be willing to pay that amount if the product was really that much better. Is it?
i have dvd shrink 3.2 since long time but this year i upgraded to this dvd shrink 2012 version here http://www.official-dvdshrink.org , there is in the software a conversion tool plus it's compatible with windows 7 and vista, much better version than this!
Never had any problem with it. Works flawlessly. Thank you guys for making it.
Its a old app compared with new ones that are out today. But it does what it should do and does it perfect. If you find a DVD it can't backup. Use DVDFab HD Decrypter to rip to the hard drive then use this program on the output files and you will be good to go.
Awesome program but losing its edge as it has been discontinued. DVDFab decrypter is better.
linkdup: do not use this excellent piece of software for decrypting *your original* DVD resources for backups.
Use it just to "put them on DVD5". As it has the best compresion algorithm and picture results (using deep analyze + error compensation - sharp) it'll be the main "shrinking" app for many years to come (it is still better than Nero Recode for me).
I wish they would update this software for current copy protection schemes. It's an awesome program but lately I've been finding quite a bit of them that wont copy.
I would rate it a 5 but they need an update BAD.
Good Stuff every burner should have it at the ready.
You can output it as .ISO!
It could be perfect if I could have the output as image file also... too bad that option is not there.
Hi to all!! I'm a newbie to everything (I'm from the dinosaur age BEFORE computers)and have recently used this program. Have not had any trouble with it in windows or linux, although in linux it doesnt like to copy the subtitles or the menus...but ultimately the movie is what I am after, so I'm not really upset about that. Am looking forward to newer versions and am hoping there will soon be one specifically for linux thanks all!! And to those of you who are feeling negatively towards each other...there seems to be no need to be brutal here...just have fun!!
Holy cow. This program rocks.
Easy to use and one exellent feature is that you can rip just a portion of a chapter like in some dvd's you just want a certian 20 second clip or so-I love that!


text:
The Federal and State Governments, Welfare and Marriage Issues
Testimony Welfare
May 21, 2001 14 min read
Patrick Fagan
Former William H.G. Fitzgerald fellow
Former William H.G. Fitzgerald fellow in family and cultural issues at The Heritage Foundation.
In beginning my testimony I must stress that the views I express are entirely my own, and should not be construed as representing any official position of The Heritage Foundation, with that understanding, I am honored to be asked by the Committee on Ways and Means, Subcommittee on Human Resources, to testify today on Welfare and Marriage Issues.
The family is the fundamental building block of society and predates the state and even the societies it builds. This is very easily seen in the history of the United States where the societies before the Union was formed had their own very recent histories. All the states were clearly preceded by families uniting to form communities and these communities in turn becoming commonwealths and states. Even as the Union expanded this pattern was repeated again and again.
At the heart of the family is the mother and father who bring their children into existence. Each child comes, not seeking to be brought into the world, but coming as a response to the sexual union of its father and mother. To grow to adulthood each child thrives best when raised in a married family where his or her father and mother are permanently devoted to each other and to their children. The social science data has always supported this common-sense and ancient insight but recently the avalanche of research makes this conclusion incontrovertible. And almost to a piece these studies are produced by politically liberal academics, not by conservatives. The implication of this research is that every child has the right to the married love of the father and mother that brought it, unasked, into existence.
Today however only 28 out of every hundred children conceived in the United States will reach age 18 having the marriage of the biological father and mother intact. Only 40 out of every 100 American children born reach age 18 with the marriage of their biological father and mother intact. The level of alienation and rejection between fathers and mothers has reached such astronomical proportions that one can only conclude that America is a very dangerous place for a child to come into existence. Despite all our rhetoric of concern for children we have so far refused to give them that which they most desire and want: the love of their parents for each other. It is time to begin to redress this disastrous cultural drift. Not only the welfare of the nation needs it, the welfare of children cries out for it.
To help Congress in its deliberations for the last round of Welfare Reform The Heritage Foundation reviewed the literature on the effects of out of wedlock births. 1 The conclusions still stand and have only been amplified by time, and the further review of others.
Out of Wedlock Births increase the national incidence of
lowered health for newborns and increases their chances of dying;
retarded cognitive, especially verbal, development of young children;
lowered educational achievement;
lowered job attainment as young adults;
increased behavior problems;
lowered impulse control (aggression and sexual behavior) ;
increased anti-social development. Together all these effects help change their communities from being a support to being a danger to the development of families and their children, and increases the crime rate in their community.
Last year I and my colleague Robert Rector reviewed the literature on the effects of divorce on children2, and from the social science literature we can clearly state that divorce increases the national incidence of
Decrease the Capacity to Learn
Decrease the Graduation Rates
Lower Income and Higher Incidences of Poverty
Adult and juvenile suicide
Harmful Mental and Physical Health Effects
Furthermore within family life divorce has the effect of increasing the incidence of
Weaker parent-child relationships;
Destructive ways of handling conflict within the family;
Diminished social competency with peers;
A diminished sense of masculinity or femininity in adolescence;
Troubled courtships;
Increased premarital teenage sexual activity, number of sexual partners during adolescence, and out-of-wedlock childbirths;
Higher numbers of children leaving home earlier, as well as higher levels of cohabitation for these children; and - keeping the cycle expanding -
Higher rates of divorce for the children of divorced parents.
What States have not done
As others have testified and The Heritage Foundation has reviewed 3 the states response to the breakdown of marriage has been minimal. Outside those who have testified before this panel virtually nothing else has been attempted by state legislatures or governors.
If we include all the monies spent or budgeted by the states that have moved on this issue they amount to less than one cent spent to shore up marriage for every thousand dollars spent to support single parenthood though welfare.4
This pattern of spending is a guaranteed way to expand the need for a bigger and bigger safety net as marriage continues to break down more and more. And is hardly the response Congress desired when in the TANF reform it urged states to strengthen marriage and family life:
How the Welfare Reform Act of 1996 Encourages Marriage
Public Law 104-193, which block grants Temporary Assistance to Needy Families funds to the states, encouraged the states to strengthen marriage and reduce out-of-wedlock births by stipulating that:
The purpose [of this legislation]…is to increase the flexibility of States in operating a program designed to:
provide assistance to needy families so that children may be cared for in their own homes or in the homes of relatives;
end the dependence of needy parents on government benefits by promoting job preparation, work, and marriage;
prevent and reduce the incidence of out-of-wedlock pregnancies and establish annual numerical goals for preventing and reducing the incidence of these pregnancies; and
encourage the formation and maintenance of two-parent families.5
What Federal Government can do to guide the states
This level of family breakdown is totally new in human history and learning how to restore marriage is going to be one of societies biggest tasks this coming decade, this coming century.
One overriding common sense rule is that all forms of penalty against marriage, penalties put in place by the federal government over decades, need to be substituted over time with marriage bonuses, particularly for the poor. Marriage by the poor has been penalized by this body, unjustly and to great national detriment, and the injustice needs to be reversed.
More concrete regulation of the states is in order on this issue. Just as clear and unambiguous federal rules created the welfare reform miracle that we have seen in this cycle, so too, unambiguous and clear guidelines are needed to strengthen marriage and help discourage or minimize the desire for divorce.
A set proportion of TANF monies or a separate TANF budget for the rebuilding of marriage among the poor or near poor needs to be appropriated by Congress and then its spending needs to be guided in much the same fashion as happened with TANF.
However lessons from Congress's efforts to reward states that reduced out of wedlock birth need to be incorporated. By rewarding those states that had the greatest drop in out of wedlock births without requiring a plan of action to bring about the reduction Congress has rewarded some states that have done nothing to deserve the rewards. They just happened to be the lucky recipients of demographic changes that had nothing to do with policy initiatives. In experimental psychology the behavior induced by rewarding in this fashion is called `superstition', much as a gambler who wins big on number `26' at the roulette table continues thereafter to play `26' on his big bets.
New Offices of Marriage Initiatives.
The federal government should move to create in each federal social policy department (Health and Human Services, Education, Housing and Urban Development, and Justice) an Office of Marriage Initiatives. It would make sense for these offices to coordinate with each other, because the main work of many of their sub-agencies is increased by the breakdown of marriage: ill health, poverty, crime, and addictions. The good news is that with success in figuring out how to promote marriage and stabilize families the demand for services and the cost to the taxpayer will drop over time. This is one of the few instances where the success of a government social agency would cause a decrease in the need for government.
For instance for the HHS Office of Marriage Initiatives I propose the following:
A new office within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services would coordinate the Administration's efforts to make all federal social programs more marriage-friendly; bring attention to the positive effects that increasing stable marriages will have on decreasing demand for federal entitlements (which merely deal with the effects of the breakdown of the family); and initiate ways to foster marriage and decrease divorce, particularly among welfare recipients. It would be funded by transferring monies from the following entitlement programs: Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF), the Child Support Enforcement Program, and Family Planning Programs.
Recommended Action:
Create a new Office of Marriage Initiatives within the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services' Administration for Children and Families (ACF) to target TANF, Child Support Enforcement, Family Planning, and other program dollars to pro-marriage initiatives with the specific objective of reducing the rate of divorce and out-of-wedlock births each by 30 percent, especially among welfare recipients, within the next decade. Merge the Office of Adolescent Pregnancy and Title V Office (abstinence programs) with this new Office so that their programs contribute to the effort to rebuild the culture of marriage. Allocate about 10 percent of the ACF budget for personnel and discretionary programs to the new Office.
The cost to society from the breakdown of marriage is substantial. According to one federal estimate, the cost of "faltering child development" approaches $1 trillion a year.6 Much of this can be attributed to the breakdown of marriage, since out-of-wedlock births and divorce have been shown to feed the demand for welfare services and to contribute to a multiplicity of social problems, including poverty, crime, addiction, poor health, lower education achievement, job instability, depression, and suicide.
The thinking and culture behind today's federal social programs must be made more marriage-friendly. A sound social policy that targets a portion of the federal budget to programs that reduce illegitimacy and divorce would decrease the future demand for federal assistance and entitlements. Setting aside at least 10 percent of the ACF budget to help increase stable marriages and reduce the demand for federal assistance is reasonable. This would leave 90 percent of the ACF's funding for programs that deal with the effects of family breakdown.
Specifically, the new Office of Marriage Initiatives would:
Identify successful pro-marriage programs in operation and disseminate its findings;
Design demonstration projects based on those findings;
Advise states on how to use surplus TANF monies to increase marriage and decrease out-of-wedlock births and divorce;
Stimulate results-oriented curricula on marriage and sexual abstinence in high school, with follow-up evaluations of their effectiveness;
Rebuild a federal-state system for gathering hard data and statistics on marriage and divorce; and
Design research so that data are used to analyze how much the increase in out-of-wedlock births and divorce over the past 30 years has cost the government, including the decrease in revenue resulting from the effects of family breakdown.
Child Support Enforcement Programs
One federal program exists solely because of the breakdown in marriage, the child support enforcement program.
The federal government has taken an increasingly large role in the Child Support Enforcement system to locate absent parents, establish paternity, obtain court orders for child support or modifications of existing court orders, promote medical insurance for children under the absent parent's plan, collect child support from non-compliant parents, and enforce interstate payments of child support.
Total federal administrative expenditures for Child Support Enforcement have increased steadily from $236 million in 1978 to $2.04 million in 1994.7 The total net federal cost of these programs by FY 2001 is almost $2.22 billion.8 Payments to the states for Child Support Enforcement are authorized under Titles I, IV-D, X, XI, and XVI of the Social Security Act.9
Recommended Actions:
Transfer 10 percent of the Child Support Enforcement budget ($140 million in FY 2000) to the new Office of Marriage Initiatives to fund efforts-including initiatives to reduce divorce and increase stable marriages-that will reduce the future need for child support enforcement.
Dedicate a portion of the remaining Child Support Enforcement funds to training mediators in how to obtain more robust joint agreements to ensure that both parents continue supporting their children and to reduce the need to take delinquent parents to court, with special attention to the track record of the Focused Thinking Mediation program now in use in Southern Michigan's family courts.
Many other aspects of HHS functioning have parts that really ought to be carried out in a marriage friendly office. The gathering and rebuilding of the national statistics on marriage and divorce is one such project that has always been the neglected program of the two agencies that have housed it: The Bureau of the Census and then the National Center for Health Statistics within the Center for Disease Control.
Child and adult domestic abuse, foster care, and adoption all have many correlates to marriage as the best situation in which to achieve the desired ends. Yet marriage receives little to no attention in the agencies that direct these programs.
The Department of Justice captures nothing, anywhere, in its statistics gathering, on the relationship between family structure and crime, not for juveniles or adults, despite the clear link of rates of abuse and of crime, particularly juvenile crime, to different family structures. The married family, we know from research other than that from DOJ is the safest and best at raising children to avoid crime. Similar patterns of data gathering hold for the Department of Education10, for HUD and likely for Interior as well.
As backing for these conclusions and recommendations I offer as Appendix background a recent short study of the reviewing the activities of states, localities, and private secular and religious efforts to encourage marriage and discourage divorce:
See: "Encouraging Marriage and Discouraging Divorce."
http://www.heritage.org/library/backgrounder/bg1421.html
The following charts describe the national family picture, particularly for children.
1 For that review of the literature see: Patrick F. Fagan, "Rising Illegitimacy: American Social Catastrophe" June 29, 1994, The Heritage Foundation, FYI #19, 1994
2 Patrick F. Fagan and Robert R. Rector, "The Effects of Divorce on America" The Heritage Foundation,Backgrounder # 1373, June 5, 2000
3 Patrick F. Fagan, "Encouraging Marriage and Discouraging Divorce" The Heritage Foundation,Backgrounder # 1421, March 26, 2001.
4 Total spent out on all TANF: average of $400 billion per year for the last four years. The total amount spent to increase marriage or reduce divorce in all 50 states over this period amounts to about $ 13 million.
5 Public Law 104-193, Section 401, Block Grants to States for Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (emphasis added).
6 Lackqueline L. Teague, Judy Thorne, Heather B. Luckey, and Thomas J. Hoeger, "Social Costs of Faltering Child Development, Final Report," prepared by the Research Triangle Institute for the Centers for Disease Control, April 1999.
7 1998 Green Book: Background Material and Data on Programs Within the Jurisdiction of the Committee on Ways and Means, WMCP-105-7,[Report No. WMCP-105-7? Committee Print No. WMCP-105-7?] U.S. House of Representatives, 105th Cong., 2nd Sess., May 19, 1998, p. 549.
8 Office of Management and Budget, Budget of the United States Government, Fiscal Year 2001: Appendix, p. 463.
9 See P.L. 104-35 for the latest authorizations.
10 Though this department has recently released a study that confirms, in education outcomes, the superior contribution of married family life for children. See: Christine Winquist Nord and Jerry West, `Fathers and Mothers Involvement in their Children's Schools by Family Type and Resident Status' National Center for Education Statistics, Department of Education, May 2001.
The Heritage Foundation is a public policy, research, and educational organization recognized as exempt under section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. It is privately supported and receives no funds from any government at any level, nor does it perform any government or other contract work.
The Heritage Foundation is the most broadly supported think tank in the United States. During 2013, it had nearly 600,000 individual, foundation, and corporate supporters representing every state in the U.S. Its 2013 income came from the following sources:
Individuals 80%
Foundations 17%
Corporations 3%
The top five corporate givers provided The Heritage Foundation with 2% of its 2013 income. The Heritage Foundation's books are audited annually by the national accounting firm of McGladrey, LLP.
Members of The Heritage Foundation staff testify as individuals discussing their own independent research. The views expressed are their own and do not reflect an institutional position for The Heritage Foundation or its board of trustees.
Read Full Testimony
Encouraging Work Lifts People Out of Poverty. The Green New Deal Won't Do That.
Heritage Explains: Why People Should Want to Work
Trump's Budget Reaffirms Commitment to Work-Based Welfare Policy

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


With an increasing amount of scams on the internet posing as legitimate home businesses it is becoming more and more difficult to find a business opportunity that is not going to take your money and run.
Proven Business System - Is there a proven successful business system you can tap into and get up and running very quickly? You don't want to spend all of your time reinventing the wheel or trying to make a bad home business system work.
Length of Time in Business - I would not invest my time, money, and resources into any home business opportunity that has not been successfully in business for at least five years. Most scams, schemes, and other bad business opportunities will not make it to the five year mark. Therefore, you can greatly increase your chances of finding a legitimate home business by staying away from those that have not successfully been around for at least five years.
No Hyped Guarantees - Every home business wants you to think that theirs is the best, so some fluff and hype can pretty much always be expected. However, you need to watch out for the business opportunities that overdue it.
For example, any home business that "guarantees" you will make hundreds, thousands, or even millions of dollars, in any amount of time, is flat out lying to you. There is no way that any business can guarantee you will earn that much and they certainly can't know how long it will take you to do it, if it even is possible.
Credibility – I would not join a business opportunity unless it is in good standing with the Better Business Bureau and other credible organizations. Plus it should have a good reputation with current and previous members. I suggest asking around at forums or doing a search for the name of the business to get some feedback on what others are saying about the company.
Product(s) – Is the product something that people will actually want and use often? Look for a business opportunity with products that are used regularly. This will help you tremendously in getting new customers as well as repeat business from previous customers.
Free to Join – Not every legitimate home business is free. In fact, many are not, but it is definitely a good sign if they at least let you check it out for free to see if it is for you. It is nearly impossible to build a successful home business without some monetary investment, so you will probably have to break into your piggy bank at some point. However, I would definitely be much more skeptical of an opportunity that does not let you have a free trial.
Free Website - You will definitely need to get your own website sometime in the future but when you are just beginning you probably won't have one yet. So the business that you are joining should provide free websites for you to use. Chances are that you won't be able to make changes to these or get them into the search engines, but you can at least send prospects to them.
Compensation Plan – When evaluating the compensation plan of a prospective business opportunity ask yourself these questions; How hard is it to get in profit? Can you earn a full time income with them? Are the income expectations reasonable (not full of hype)? There should be a clear compensation plan and you should earn commissions from your very first sale.
Lead Generation System - Until you get more experienced at marketing it will be very difficult for you to bring in very many leads on your own. Good business opportunities will have a way for you to purchase high quality targeted leads for a fair price.
Resources and Training – Every good home business opportunity should have a resource center that members can go to for support, training, and resources to help them succeed with their home business.
Your questions should be answered quickly and accurately and there should be more than one means to get help. Members should have two or more of the following available to them at all times; upline members, email support, phone support, live chat, or a forum.
Well, there you have it… some very good criteria to help you in selecting a legitimate home business opportunity. Use the above information as well as your own instincts when selecting a home business and you should never get scammed again!


Win Movie Tickets to "Thomas & Friends" !
U Family is running a series of day camps for primary school children this June holidays and we need your opinions!
The Campus Arete programme will run on selected weekdays , from 9am to 6pm, during the June holidays.
Campers can look forward to learning confidence, leadership and study skills through a specially designed programme by experienced trainers. All materials needed for the camp (including food) will be provided.
Give us your opinions on Campus Arete and stand a chance to win a family package (4 tickets + 4 small popcorn) to watch "Thomas & Friends" at the movies. We have 2 family packages to be given away!
Thank you for your support and participation. The survey is now closed.
Please keep a look out for the announcement of the 2 winners of the family packages shortly!
This contest / survey is open to U Family members only.
Only 1 entry per respondent is allowed.
Entries with incomplete or inaccurate details will be voided.
Organizer shall reserve the right to amend the contest / survey at any time. Any entries received outside the stated period shall be disqualified.
Prizes are neither transferable nor exchangeable with cash. U Family reserves the right to substitute the prizes with one of equivalent value.
By submitting your entry, U Family has the right to use your entry on U Family's channels.
All participants of this contest / survey will receive future correspondence from U Family.


The UIHint attribute as the name itself suggest gives the Asp.net MVC run time the name of a template to use when rendering output with the templated helpers like (DisplayFor and EditorFor).
The UIHint attribute accepts the name of the Editor template to use to render the content on UI.
We have a view model where I have Gender property. I do not want gender property to be of type list. I want gender property to be of type string or bool. We are going to use EditorForModel to render the form. So, Editor for model, will not create radio button for string or bool property. It will create textbox for string and checkbox for bool.
But we want to render two radio buttons. We will use EditorTemplate to render RadioButtons and will use UIHint to indicate which template to use.
We have a Gender property of type string. We have used UIHint DataAnnotation attribute to indicate MVC to use EditorTemplate named Gender to render controls.
We have created a EditorTemplates folder inside shared folder. We have created a new View named Gender.
On View we have used EditorForModel to render controls for our ViewModel.
The EditorForModel renders controls for all the properties in the View model. It uses the Gender EditorTemplate to render controls for Gender property.
The two Radio buttons are rendered for Gender property as expected.


text:
The Retreat at Charleston National
IN BEAUTIFUL CHARLESTON National Country Club, "As you like it" refers to more than a Shakespearean play. At The Retreat, a community of 130 custom town homes, it means you design your living space to suit your personality and needs.
Just a 20-minute drive from historic downtown Charleston and 10 minutes from the pristine beaches of Isle of Palms, the Retreat excels both in flexibility of design and location.
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4K Action
'Underworld: Blood Wars' 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray Review: Kate Beckinsale is back in black — leather, that is
April 21, 2017Ben MK
When the first Underworld movie debuted in 2003, who would have thought that the bloody feud between vampires and Lycans would still be raging on nearly a decade and a half later? Yet, here we are, five films deep into the ongoing saga; and the odds of the franchise ending anytime soon are probably as likely as its central protagonist, Death Dealer Selene (Kate Beckinsale), ditching her black leather ensemble for ripped jeans and a t-shirt.
Picking up after the events of 2012's Underworld: Awakening, Blood Wars finds Selene hunted and on the run (again). This time, however, it's not just her former Death Dealer brethren who want to punish her for the slaughter of respected vampire elders. The Lycans — led by new alpha wolf Marius (Outlander's Tobias Menzies) — are tracking her as well, in the hopes that she will lead them to her half-vampire, half-Lycan daughter, Eve, whose unique, hybrid blood may help them emerge victorious in the centuries-old conflict between the two species.
The plot thickens when the leader of one of the two remaining covens, Semira (Lara Pulver), extends an invitation to Selene, offering her clemency in exchange for her much needed help in training a new generation of Death Dealers to battle the growing Lycan threat. As Selene quickly discovers, though, there's an ulterior motive and a coven power struggle afoot. And it isn't long before she and fellow vampire David (Theo James) find themselves caught in the crossfire of yet another tooth-and-nail showdown between the vampire and Lycan clans.
Suffice to say, the film itself offers little more than more of the same, which isn't necessarily bad news, so long as you're an Underworld fan looking to indulge in another round of glowering staredowns and CGI-infused battle sequences. For more discerning audiences, however, director Anna Foerster and screenwriter Cory Goodman seem disinterested in setting this sequel apart from the ones that have come before. The result is a followup on autopilot; so if the last installment was meant to be an awakening, then this one is best described as a power nap.
Movie quality aside, Underworld: Blood Wars' 4K presentation registers as quite enjoyable, falling in line nicely with what fans have come to expect from the series. The image is razor-sharp, from the Lycans' grimy industrial hideout, to the vampires' Gothic castle abode, which has been retrofitted with all manner of high-tech gadgets; black levels are altogether absorbing; and the familiar blue-and-black color palette is rendered robustly. Similarly, the sound design is one of the best aspects of the film; and the 4K disc's Dolby Atmos sound mix is an absolute blast, whether it's the sounds of gunfire, the roar of motorcycle engines, the clanging of swords or ferocious howls.
Sony's two-disc Ultra HD Blu-ray release includes no special features on the 4K disc. However, the following extras can be found on the Blu-ray copy of the film:
The Evolution of Selene (8:09) - Director Anna Foerster, star Kate Beckinsale and the filmmakers give viewers a taste of Selene's journey throughout the franchise so far, and where the character could go from here.
Old & New Blood (6:15) - A look at the fates of Underworld: Awakening characters Thomas (Charles Dance) and David, the introduction of Northern Coven characters Vidar (Peter Andersson) and Lena (Clementine Nicholson), and the contrast between the featured Eastern and Northern Covens.
The Evil Evolved (6:07) - A look at the vampire characters of Cassius (James Faulkner), Semira, Varga (Bradley James) and Alexia (Daisy Head), as well as the Lycan character of Marius.
Building a Blood War (12:03) - A look at Foerster's contribution to the film, the visual effects, and the production and costume design.
Underworld: Blood Wars Graphic Novel - A digital presentation of Darkstorm Comics' 79-page graphic novel adaptation, written by Kevin Grevioux and drawn by Agustin Padilla, Mario Guevara and Roberto Castro.
Underworld: Blood Wars is available from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment as of April 25th, 2017. The 4K Ultra HD Blu-ray features English Dolby Atmos, French DTS-HD Master Audio 5.1 and English Dolby Digital 5.1 Descriptive Audio tracks. The film is presented with English, English SDH and French subtitles. The total runtime is 1 Hr. 31 Mins.


This entry was posted in Cross-Stitching, Crown of Thorns, SAL, Uncategorized and tagged cross-stitch, Crown of Thorns, SAL by marymargaretripley. Bookmark the permalink.
Wow! You've done amazingly well to stitch so much in similar shades. It's looking fabulous and you sound really motivated to stitch on this one.
So beautiful, I've never stitched a face but you have done a wonderful job.
Wow I would not have imagined it could look so real. Brilliant progress.
Thank you! I didnt think it would either but I really had to get all of the colors finished in that area first and then I sat back and said wow!
OH My! That is truly an amazing piece of design work. You are doing a fabulous job!
You have made soooo much progress. Beautiful work! I cannot wait to see how this looks in your next update.
Very beautiful ! It is a complicated model.Happy stitching !
That really is excellent progress. In the past, I have worked on a monochrome portrait of my husband in shades of black and grey. It's surprising how much a stitch out of place in the wrong colour shows up when the colour palette is so limited, but as your work demonstrates, it does produce spectacular results.
Wow, amazing progress – you have really been busy!
Thank you! It has gone pretty smoothly since my first week of mis-stitches.
Thanks for the welcome. Wow, this face is emerging and is so beautifully rendered in stitches. What a job you are doing!!
Thank you Jocelyn! Emerging is a wonderful way to describe it!
This is amazing! So many color changes. I can't wait to see your progress next time.
Great progress, and it looks so beautiful! I have a chart for a "greenscale" close-up of the Statue of Liberty's face but always felt it would be too hard to do so many close-color stitch changes. This will be magnificent when you finish it!
Oh, his looking so real. What a beautiful embroidery!!!!
Beautiful, it looks almost serene.
My goodness. You've certainly made good use of your time! I imagine this is quite difficult to stitch, but it is looking incredible. It is indeed a very haunting image.
Great progress! This is a beautiful project.


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PAF1 regulation of promoter-proximal pause release via enhancer activation
Fei Xavier Chen1,
Peng Xie2,
Clayton K. Collings1,
Kaixiang Cao1,
Yuki Aoi1,
Stacy A. Marshall1,
Emily J. Rendleman1,
Michal Ugarenko1,
Patrick A. Ozark1,
Anda Zhang3,
Ramin Shiekhattar3,
Edwin R. Smith1,
Michael Q. Zhang2,4,
Ali Shilatifard1,5,*
1Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
2Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
3Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
4MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division and Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, TNLIST, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
5Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
↵*Corresponding author. Email: ash{at}northwestern.edu
Science 22 Sep 2017:
DOI: 10.1126/science.aan3269
Fei Xavier Chen
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
ORCID record for Fei Xavier Chen
Peng Xie
Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.
Clayton K. Collings
ORCID record for Clayton K. Collings
Kaixiang Cao
ORCID record for Kaixiang Cao
Yuki Aoi
ORCID record for Yuki Aoi
Stacy A. Marshall
ORCID record for Stacy A. Marshall
Emily J. Rendleman
ORCID record for Emily J. Rendleman
Michal Ugarenko
ORCID record for Michal Ugarenko
Patrick A. Ozark
ORCID record for Patrick A. Ozark
Anda Zhang
Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Human Genetics, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA.
ORCID record for Anda Zhang
Ramin Shiekhattar
ORCID record for Ramin Shiekhattar
Edwin R. Smith
ORCID record for Edwin R. Smith
Michael Q. Zhang
Department of Biological Sciences, Center for Systems Biology, University of Texas at Dallas, Richardson, TX 75080, USA.MOE Key Laboratory of Bioinformatics, Bioinformatics Division and Center for Synthetic & Systems Biology, TNLIST, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
Ali Shilatifard
Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL 60611, USA.
ORCID record for Ali Shilatifard
For correspondence: ash@northwestern.edu
Multitalented enhancers
Productive transcription from DNA demands initiation, elongation, and termination. Enhancers are DNA sequences that loop with promoters to initiate transcription. Chen et al. show that enhancers also regulate gene expression by modulating transcription elongation. PAF1, a RNA polymerase II–associated factor, sits on enhancers. This prevents the full activation of the enhancer required for the release of paused polymerase at promoters to achieve successful transcription elongation.
Science, this issue p. 1294
Gene expression in metazoans is regulated by RNA polymerase II (Pol II) promoter-proximal pausing and its release. Previously, we showed that Pol II–associated factor 1 (PAF1) modulates the release of paused Pol II into productive elongation. Here, we found that PAF1 occupies transcriptional enhancers and restrains hyperactivation of a subset of these enhancers. Enhancer activation as the result of PAF1 loss releases Pol II from paused promoters of nearby PAF1 target genes. Knockout of PAF1-regulated enhancers attenuates the release of paused Pol II on PAF1 target genes without major interference in the establishment of pausing at their cognate promoters. Thus, a subset of enhancers can primarily modulate gene expression by controlling the release of paused Pol II in a PAF1-dependent manner.
Promoter-proximal pausing by RNA Pol II is found at the majority of actively transcribed and developmentally regulated genes in metazoans. The most-studied example has been the induction of HSP70 gene expression during heat shock, but even highly transcribed genes exhibit some degree of pausing (1). The direct regulation of pausing relies on factors physically associated with Pol II, including negative elongation factor (NELF), DRB sensitivity–inducible factor (DSIF), Gdown1, and PAF1 (1–3). Release from pausing requires positive transcription elongation factor b (P-TEFb) and P-TEFb–containing complexes such as the super elongation complex (SEC), which physically and functionally associates with the Integrator complex (4–7). In addition, transcription factors such as Myc, PARP1, and KAP1 can act as hinges between signaling pathways and gene expression by communicating with the direct regulators of pausing (8–10).
Previously, we found that PAF1 depletion leads to a substantial release of paused Pol II into productive elongation, which suggests that PAF1 functions in the maintenance of the paused state (3). To further explore the relationship between PAF1 and paused Pol II genome-wide, we conducted PAF1 chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing (ChIP-seq) and compared its distribution to Pol II and several histone modifications. Unexpectedly, we found that PAF1 occupies not only active promoters marked by a high level of H3 Lys4 trimethylation (H3K4me3) but also can be found at active enhancers marked by the presence of histone H3 Lys27 acetylation (H3K27ac) and H3 Lys4 monomethylation (H3K4me1) (Fig. 1A). Global analysis reveals a widespread distribution of PAF1 at both active promoters and enhancers (Fig. 1B). The relative occupancy of Pol II is much greater at active promoters than at active enhancers, whereas the occupancy of PAF1 at active enhancers is similar to its occupancy at active promoters (Fig. 1, A and B, and fig. S1A).
Fig. 1 PAF1 regulates transcriptional activity of enhancers.
(A) Representative genome browser track examples of Pol II, PAF1, H3K27ac, H3K4me1, and H3K4me3 ChIP-seq in HCT116 cells. The y axis represents normalized read density in reads per million (rpm). Gray and peach boxes indicate the promoter and putative enhancer regions, respectively. (B) Heat maps of the occupancy of Pol II, PAF1, H3K27ac, H3K4me1, and H3K4me3 at active promoters and enhancers. Color-scaled intensities are in units of rpm. (C) Box plots showing the ratio of PAF1 to Pol II occupancy at promoters and enhancers. P < 2.2 × 10–16. (D) Metaplots of H3K27ac occupancy in cells transduced with nontargeting (NONT) or PAF1 shRNA (shPAF1) at enhancers. (E) Genome browser track examples at the loci of activated enhancers after PAF1 depletion. (F and G) Metagene analysis of Pol II occupancy at intergenic enhancers with increased H3K27ac (F) and with no significant change of H3K27ac (G) by PAF1 knockdown. (H and I) Empirical cumulative distribution function (ECDF) plots measuring eRNA levels at intergenic enhancers with increased H3K27ac (H) and with no significant change of H3K27ac (I) by PAF1 knockdown. P values were calculated by the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
The higher ratio of PAF1 to Pol II at enhancers than at promoters suggests that PAF1 could also have a role in regulating enhancer activity (Fig. 1C). To test this hypothesis, we performed PAF1 knockdown and H3K27ac ChIP-seq. Knockdown of PAF1 leads to decreased protein levels of other PAF1 subunits (fig. S1B). Increased levels of H3K27ac were seen at active enhancers (Fig. 1D) but not at active promoters upon PAF1 depletion (fig. S1C). Enhancers with significantly increased H3K27ac (~35% of active enhancers) tended to exhibit a corresponding increase in Pol II occupancy and enhancer RNA (eRNA) transcription (Fig. 1, E, F, and H, and fig. S1D). The decreased occupancy of PAF1 at enhancers after PAF1 knockdown was confirmed by ChIP–quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) (fig. S1F). Active enhancers without a significant change of H3K27ac (~54% of active enhancers) had higher levels of Pol II occupancy and eRNA transcription before knockdown, which suggests that these enhancers were already fully activated (Fig. 1, G and I, and fig. S1E). Together, these findings indicate that PAF1 could repress the activity of a subset of enhancers.
To examine the relationship between the activation of enhancers and their nearby genes in response to PAF1 depletion, we first divided the intergenic active enhancers (abbreviated as enhancers hereafter) into "activated enhancers," which exhibit increased eRNA in addition to increased H3K27ac, and "stable enhancers," which are unchanged for eRNA and H3K27ac levels upon PAF1 knockdown. We found that the relative occupancy of PAF1 is much higher on activated enhancers (fig. S2A), suggesting a direct role in attenuation of enhancer activity by PAF1. To examine expression changes of nearby genes, we purified total RNA, performed ribosomal RNA depletion, and then separated polyadenylate [poly(A)]–depleted and poly(A)-enriched fractions using oligo(dT) beads, representing mostly nascent RNAs and mature RNAs, respectively. Genes within 80 kb of activated enhancers, but not genes farther than 100 kb, showed the greatest up-regulation of the nascent RNA-enriched fraction (Fig. 2A). In contrast, genes near or distant from stable enhancers were relatively unchanged (Fig. 2B). Analysis of the mature mRNA-enriched fraction also revealed that genes within 80 kb of activated enhancers are more likely to be up-regulated (Fig. 2, C and D). To further validate this analysis, we separated genes into three groups according to their distance from enhancers and confirmed that genes within 80 kb of activated enhancers show the strongest increase in both poly(A)-depleted RNA (Fig. 2E and fig. S2B) and poly(A)-enriched RNA (Fig. 2F and fig. S2C); this result was also recapitulated by GRO-seq (3) (fig. S2D), an alternative way of measuring nascent transcripts, and by total RNA mainly containing mature RNA (fig. S2E).
Fig. 2 Enhancer activation correlates with transcription up-regulation and pause release of nearby genes.
(A and B) Box plots showing log2 fold change (FC) of poly(A)-depleted transcripts of genes nearby activated (A) and stable (B) enhancers by PAF1 depletion. (C and D) Box plots showing log2 fold change of poly(A)-enriched transcripts of genes nearby activated (C) and stable (D) enhancers by PAF1 depletion. (E and F) Box plots showing log2 fold change of poly(A)-depleted (E) and poly(A)-enriched (F) transcripts of genes nearby activated and stable enhancers using fewer groups. (G and H) Metagene analysis of Pol II occupancy for genes within 80 kb of activated (G) and stable (H) enhancers. The y axis represents reads per base per gene. TSS, transcription start site; TTS, transcription termination site.
Enhancer activation could induce gene expression by promoting different steps in the transcription cycle such as initiation, release of paused Pol II, or productive/processive elongation. To determine which step(s) within the transcription cycle at promoters bearing paused Pol II is primarily controlled by PAF1-regulated enhancers, we performed metagene analysis of Pol II occupancy for genes within 80 kb of activated and stable enhancers (Fig. 2, G and H). Our analysis indicates that genes nearby activated enhancers display a substantial release of paused Pol II but not a detectable induction of initiation (Fig. 2G), whereas genes around stable enhancers do not demonstrate an increase of this magnitude in pause release (Fig. 2H). These data show that enhancer activation is correlated with pause release and up-regulation of nearby genes.
To examine the specific function of activated enhancers for pause release and the induction of their nearby cognate promoters, we searched for enhancers proximal to genes that exhibit pause release upon PAF1 knockdown that would be amenable to CRISPR/Cas9-mediated deletion without disrupting the putative linked gene or neighboring gene. Of the several enhancer-gene pairs attempted, we were able to obtain two independent clones each with homozygous deletions of putative enhancers for IER5 and SERPINE2 (Fig. 3, A and B, and fig. S3, A and B). We validated two independent homozygous clones for each deletion by PCR and Sanger sequencing (fig. S4, A and B). Enhancer knockouts exerted a marginal effect on the establishment of paused Pol II and PAF1 occupancy at promoters in NONT cells (Fig. 3, C and D, and fig. S5, A and B). In contrast, the release of paused Pol II was severely impaired at the putative target gene of the deleted enhancers in the PAF1-depleted condition, indicating that PAF1 plays an essential role in regulating pause release through modulating enhancer activity (Fig. 3, C and D, and fig. S6, A to C). Other PAF1 target genes unrelated to the deleted enhancers were unaffected by the IER5 and SERPINE2 enhancer deletions (fig. S6, D and E).
Fig. 3 Enhancer knockout mitigates the effect of PAF1 depletion on the release of paused Pol II.
(A and B) Genome browser track examples of Pol II ChIP-seq, H3K27ac ChIP-seq, and GRO-seq at the loci of IER5 (A) and SERPINE2 (B). Pink boxes are enhancer regions targeted by a pair of single guide RNAs (sgRNAs) for deletion. (C and D) Genome browser track examples of Pol II ChIP-seq in wild-type (WT) HCT116 cells, two clones of IER5 enhancer knockouts, and two clones of SERPINE2 enhancer knockouts transduced with NONT or shPAF1 at the loci of IER5 (C) and SERPINE2 (D). (E) Analysis of 4C-seq with the SERPINE2 promoter as the viewpoint (black arrows) in NONT and shPAF1 cells. The red box indicates the enhancer region activated by PAF1 depletion. Purple arrows indicate increased contact between the promoter and enhancer after PAF1 depletion. The median line and 20th and 80th percentiles of a sliding 5-kb window indicate the main trend. The color scale represents enrichment relative to the maximum median value at a resolution of 12 kb. (F and G) Gene expression changes in IER5 enhancer knockouts (F) and SERPINE2 enhancer knockouts (G) relative to WT, measured by RNA-seq. (H and I) Gene expression changes when comparing IER5 and SERPINE2 enhancer knockout cells for genes on chromosome 1 (H) and chromosome 2 (I). The x axis indicates the chromosome position. Gray boxes indicate 5 Mb surrounding the deleted enhancers.
A direct interaction between the SERPINE2 promoter and its enhancer was confirmed by circularized chromosome conformation capture (4C) combined with high-throughput sequencing (4C-seq) (Fig. 3E). Interestingly, PAF1 depletion led to increased interaction between the enhancer and promoter (Fig. 3E), which could contribute to the observed release of paused Pol II. The enhancer for IER5 was within the promoter-proximal contact domain, and its interactions with the promoter could not be resolved by 4C because of the paucity of suitable restriction enzyme sites in this region. RNA-seq experiments showed that with a similar knockdown efficiency of PAF1, enhancer deletion blocks the induction of nearby genes but not more distal genes (Fig. 3, F and G, and fig. S7, A and B). To further confirm the specific regulation of nearby target genes by the deleted enhancers, we compared the expression profiles of the enhancer knockout cells. IER5 and SERPINE2 were the only significantly affected genes within 5 Mb of the deleted enhancers on chromosomes 1 and 2, respectively, indicating that they are directly regulated by these enhancers (Fig. 3, H and I). Of note, the differential expression of IER5 and SERPINE2 was evidently more significant in the PAF1-depleted condition (Fig. 3, H and I), which suggests that enhancer-bound PAF1 is required for gene activation through pause release. Overall, these data suggest that the activation of enhancers promotes the release of paused Pol II at a subset of genes.
It was previously suggested that PAF1's role in regulating pausing might be cell type–specific, with PAF1 promoting the release from pausing in THP1 cells (11). However, when we performed Pol II ChIP-seq and gene expression analysis in THP1 cells in the presence and absence of PAF1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA), our results suggest that PAF1 functions in the maintenance of the paused state of Pol II in these cells as well (fig. S8, A to C).
Studies of PAF1 are complicated by its acting as a platform for multiple cotranscriptional processes, including transcription elongation and termination of Pol II (12–15). To help disambiguate roles for PAF1 in the maintenance of promoter-proximal pausing, we turned to the heat shock response. During the heat shock response, heat shock–responsive genes are rapidly induced through increased release of paused Pol II while many transcribed genes exhibit increased pausing (16). To investigate the role of PAF1 in regulating the dynamics of pausing in response to heat shock, we performed ChIP-seq of Pol II and H3K27ac in cells transduced with shPAF1 or NONT before heat shock or after 90 min of heat shock at 43°C (Fig. 4A). K-means clustering of Pol II ChIP-seq confirmed that a large number of genes exhibit increased pausing, whereas heat shock–responsive genes exhibit release from pausing (fig. S9A). PAF1 depletion led to release of paused Pol II for more highly paused genes but not less-paused genes (fig. S9A). To investigate the role of enhancer activity in regulating gene activation during heat shock, we profiled Pol II occupancy on genes within 80 kb of the top 1000 heat shock–repressed (Fig. 4, B and C) or heat shock–induced enhancers (fig. S9, B and C). A decrease in the release of paused Pol II was observed for genes nearby repressed enhancers (Fig. 4, B and C), whereas for genes nearby induced enhancers, heat shock promoted pause release accompanied by an induction of initiation (fig. S9, B and C). We therefore focused on the heat shock–repressed enhancers and their nearby genes mainly representing an increase in pausing.
Fig. 4 PAF1 is required for the accumulation of paused Pol II driven by the heat shock response.
(A) Experimental design. HCT116 cells were transduced with NONT or shPAF1 for around 3.5 days and then cross-linked for ChIP-seq with or without 90 min of heat shock (HS). (B) Metagene plot of H3K27ac occupancy in cells before or after HS for the top 1000 HS-repressed enhancers. The y axis represents reads per base per gene. (C) Metagene plot of Pol II occupancy in cells before or after HS for genes within 80 kb of the top 1000 HS-repressed enhancers. (D to G) Genome browser track examples of H3K27ac occupancy at enhancers [(D) and (F)] and Pol II occupancy at nearby genes [(E) and (G)] in cells with or without HS in NONT and PAF1-depeleted cells. (H) Metagene plot of H3K27ac occupancy on HS-repressed enhancers in cells with or without PAF1 depletion during HS. (I) Empirical cumulative distribution function plot of the promoter-release ratio (PRR) distribution in cells with or without HS in NONT and PAF1-depleted cells.
At many genes such as NABP1 and VCL, PAF1 depletion prevented not only the repression of nearby enhancers (Fig. 4, D and F) but also an increase in pausing (Fig. 4, E and G) during heat shock. Genome-wide analysis of H3K27ac revealed that PAF1 knockdown cells were defective in repression of enhancers during heat shock (Fig. 4H and fig. S9D). In addition to the failure to fully repress enhancers during heat shock, we also observed defects in pausing of nearby genes in PAF1 knockdown cells (Fig. 4I). A direct role of PAF1 at enhancers in this process is suggested by the observed relative increase of PAF1 compared to Pol II at enhancers repressed during heat shock (fig. S9E), as well as the corresponding decrease in the PAF1–Pol II ratio at enhancers activated by heat shock (fig. S9F). Together, these data suggest that pausing and the release from pausing at these genes are both regulated by the activity of nearby enhancers in a PAF1-dependent manner.
Acute depletion strategies have recently been developed as an alternative to multiday knockdown of proteins by RNA interference (RNAi), and some have led to different conclusions for protein function from the prior RNAi studies (17, 18). To determine the effect of acute depletion of PAF1 on pause release, we used CRISPR/Cas9 to introduce the auxin-inducible degron (AID) tag at the C terminus of the endogenous PAF1 locus in DLD-1 cells expressing the TIR1 protein from Oryza sativa (fig. S10A). As soon as 60 min after addition of auxin, PAF1 was largely depleted from the DLD-1 cells (fig. S10B) and release of Pol II from promoter-proximal pausing could be observed (fig. S10, C to I). Therefore, the effects we report for the role of PAF1 on promoter-proximal pausing appear to be a direct consequence of loss of PAF1 function and not an indirect effect from several days of knockdown.
A study in Drosophila reported the surprising finding that promoters, but not enhancers, play a central role in setting up the paused state of Pol II (19). Our data from mammalian cells are in agreement with the conclusion that promoters are sufficient for the establishment of the paused state. We found that enhancer activation plays a pivotal role in mediating pause release in a PAF1-dependent manner. Numerous studies have used genome-wide analysis of histone marks and eRNA transcription to classify enhancers into various states such as inactive, poised, active, or super-enhancers (20–22). Our finding, that PAF1 restrains full activation of less active enhancers and consequently hinders the release of paused Pol II, reveals an additional layer of enhancer regulation that directly connects enhancer function with the control of gene expression at the level of transcription elongation.
www.sciencemag.org/content/357/6357/1294/suppl/DC1
Figs. S1 to S10
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Acknowledgments: We thank all the members of the Shilatifard laboratory, J. Yu, J. Crispino, J. Wang, and D. Taatjes for helpful discussions during the course of this work; I. Cheeseman for the gift of the OsTIR1-expressing DLD-1 cell line; M. Kanemaki for the gift of the pMK286 (mAID-Neo) and pMK287 (mAID-Hygro) plasmids; M. Mendillo and S. Takagishi for suggestions about CRISPR/Cas9; and L. Shilatifard for editorial assistance. ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, and 4C-seq data have been deposited at the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) under accession number GSE97527. Supported by NIH grant MH102616 and Natural Science Foundation of China grant 31671384 (M.Q.Z.); NIH grant CA211428 (E.R.S.); NIH grants GM078455 and GM105754 and the University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center (R.S.); a JSPS Research Fellowship for Young Scientists (Y.A.); a Eugene McDermott Graduate Fellowship (P.X.); and a Robert H. Lurie Comprehensive Cancer Center–Lefkofsky Family Foundation/Liz and Eric Lefkofsky Innovation Research Award (A.S.). Transcriptional elongation studies in the Shilatifard laboratory are supported by National Cancer Institute grant CA214035 (A.S.).
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You are going to email the following PAF1 regulation of promoter-proximal pause release via enhancer activation
By Fei Xavier Chen, Peng Xie, Clayton K. Collings, Kaixiang Cao, Yuki Aoi, Stacy A. Marshall, Emily J. Rendleman, Michal Ugarenko, Patrick A. Ozark, Anda Zhang, Ramin Shiekhattar, Edwin R. Smith, Michael Q. Zhang, Ali Shilatifard
Science 22 Sep 2017 : 1294-1298
Full activation of a subset of enhancers modulates the release of RNA polymerase II at promoters in a PAF1-dependent manner.


text:
Column: The energy sector needs to focus on the public
March 27, 2018 1:39 PM Glen Schmidt
The energy sector has too often made a bad assumption; focusing on politicians and opponents as intermediaries to garner public support. A better choice would be active, broad, regular and direct engagement with the public. Who better than the public, as the counter party to energy, who receives its benefits and can directly agree with balancing the impacts, it's the public that is the best choice to engage.
In political contests political parties benefit by attracting marginal voters, those single issue voters, who may change support on that single issue. Dr. Thomas Sowell, Economist at Stanford University, notes all politicians oppose special interests, those that support their opponent, while they embrace supporters who embrace them. Supply management in Canada is a voting block that in particular is an example of special interests accruing benefits that harm all others but receive these benefits by being astute in applying political pressure. In the US, the NRA is a current extreme case.
The energy sector has made the mistake of repeatedly seeking ENGO support. ENGO's have skillfully played the energy sector with ever increasing demands, but with no compromise. Tzeporah Berman, the ex-Co-Chair of the oil sands advisory council, who post the establishment of the Alberta Carbon Tax and Carbon cap, resigned as co-chair, to continue to oppose pipelines, a poster child and example of negotiate, take what's offered, then demand more.
The Pembina Institute is another example who often declares neutrality, yet always opposes the energy sector in public releases. During the Royalty review Pembina advocated for harsh terms. As BC moves to LNG, Pembina opposes exports. These two examples of many show how the energy sector has been wasting their efforts and has forgone the natural partnership with the public.
The public, who looks for outside information, becomes confused where the industry and government have legitimized positions and claims by ENGO's vs. opposing them. The sad examples of claims on the Trans Mountain pipeline that it is unsafe, tankers materially put the coast at risk, dilbit is dangerous, are nonsense. Yet the industry and governments have allowed such misinformation to be legitimized by legitimizing the ENGO's who spread the misinformation.
An emerging example is methane regulation, of course only targeting the energy sector. Legitimizing environmental defence as some neutral party has led to the federal liberal's and Alberta NDP to pandering both to the special interest and legitimizing the direct foreign interference of a foreign ENGO in the design of a Canadian policy. As Dr. Tombe an economist at the University of Calgary has noted, the volume targeting of ENGO designs is bad policy. Applying the value of mitigation as the governor of the costs of a policy, is disregarded by environmental defence who prefers targets which are a form of taxation without control. In the case of methane regulation estimates are $125/tonne CO2 equivalent for environmental defence's view of handicapping Canadian energy, well above the carbon tax level set at $50/tonne, this is simply not reasonable.
What the energy sector needs to address is a continuous and broad program of communication of facts, support for academic research and discussion, as well as investment in communities. Reaching out directly is a better path to success for the energy sector. Actively engage with the public and educational institutions they are the natural partners of the industry. Stop engaging with and legitimizing ENGO's, hostage payments simply lead to new hostage payments.
Glen Schmidt is President of GCS Resource Management Ltd., an oil and gas technical and business advisory services company in Calgary, AB
Advocacy Carbon Tax Column LNG Trans Mountain pipeline


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This chart comparing higher end CPUs is produced employing thousands of PerformanceTest benchmark final results and is updated everyday. These are the higher end AMD and Intel CPUs are generally those found in newer computer systems. The chart beneath compares the overall performance of Intel Xeon CPUs, Intel Core i7 CPUs, AMD Phenom II CPUs and AMD Opterons with several cores. Intel processors vs AMD chips – uncover out which CPUs functionality is greatest for your new gaming rig or server!
Clearly today's processors are going to be more quickly than those that are nearly a decade old. What we really feel is of interest is finding out just how much faster they are in contemporary applications such as Photoshop CC, x264 HD encoding, and Excel workloads. We'll also appear at gaming efficiency, albeit with an unrealistically strong discrete GPU that we could've only dreamed of a decade ago.
So is there a way about Intel's lockdown on overclocked non-K chips? Properly, conceivably, you could acquire the required Z170 motherboard now, install the existing BIOS update and leave it like that – Intel or the board manufacturer cannot force you to update the BIOS. Nonetheless, it is probably that new motherboard launches will come with the locked-down BIOS, and there will be no downgrade selection. The only query mark now issues what happens if you downgrade an overclock-compatible board back to the older BIOS. Does some thing of the update stay on the board or in the OS that keeps the lock in impact? We're speaking to board specialists about this and will report back when we can.
All round, the outcome has been upheaval for the silicone industry's primary players. Significantly less than a decade ago, Intel and AMD had the globe at their feet. Intel's distinctive audio logo rang out wherever laptops were sold and AMD's future was considerably bright thanks to its 2006 acquisition of graphics powerhouse ATI. These chip giants have not very kept up with the occasions, even though. The tech landscape is quickly changing and Intel and AMD's apparent slowness to switch concentrate to mobile computing has permitted other chip producers – most notably ARM but also the likes of Through and Qualcomm – to dominate this enormous new market.
Even though Intel is formally launching Skylake chips today, it will be a staggered rollout like usual. The desktop chips have actually already been out for weeks, but we're hearing that it may well take yet another month for the 1st Skylake mobile PCs. And although Intel says it expects to have a lot of Skylake systems on the market this vacation season, whole swaths will have to wait for 2016—including the mobile Xeon, lower-finish Pentium and Celeron chips, processors with vPro, and all of the new chips with Iris and Iris Pro graphics.


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