text:
\section{INTRODUCTION}
\label{sec:intro}
Even with more and more sophisticated three-dimensional simulations of
the common envelope evolution (CEE) the community did not yet produce
the expected results of full envelope ejection (e.g., \citealt{LivioSoker1988,
RasioLivio1996, SandquistTaam1998, Sandquistetal2000, Lombardi2006, RickerTaam2008, TaamRicker2010, DeMarcoetal2011, Passyetal2011, Passyetal2012, RickerTaam2012, Nandezetal2014,
Ohlmannetal2016, Ohlmannetal2016b, Staffetal2016MN8, NandezIvanova2016,
Kuruwitaetal2016, IvanovaNandez2016, Iaconietal2017, DeMarcoIzzard2017, Galavizetal2017, Iaconietal2017a}).
These difficulties arise although in most cases the gravitational energy that is released by the in-spiraling binary system is larger than the binding energy of the common envelope (CE; e.g., \citealt{DeMarcoetal2011, NordhausSpiegel2013}). It seems that this is not a numerical problem, but rather there is a fundamental problem for the binary system to release the orbital energy when the orbital separation is small. The reason might be that there is only little envelope mass at small orbital separations \citep{Soker2013}.

To overcome the problem of envelope removal, it has been suggested that either the rotating envelope has an enhanced mass loss rate due to radiation pressure on dust \citep{Soker2004, Soker2017final}, or that extra energy sources exist.
One such extra energy source might be jets that are launched by the secondary star, being a main sequence (MS) star or a more compact object (e.g., \citealt{Soker2014, Shiberetal2016, MorenoMendezetal2017}).
This is supported in part by the finding of \cite{BlackmanLucchini2014} who deduce from the momenta of bipolar PNe that strongly interacting binary systems, probably in a CEE, can launch energetic jets. \cite{ArmitageLivio2000} and \cite{Chevalier2012} already studied the ejection of the CE by jets launched from a neutron star (NS) companion, but they did not extend the jet-mechanism to include other types of secondary stars.

Another extra energy source to remove the CE that has been proposed is the recombination energy of hydrogen and helium (e.g., \citealt{Nandezetal2015, NandezIvanova2016} for recent papers, and \cite{Kruckowetal2016} for a recent discussion of recombination and accretion extra energy sources ).
For efficient removal of the CE by recombination energy, it is required that there will be no time for radiation to escape and carry this energy out of the envelope. \cite{Harpaz1998} and \cite{SokerHarpaz2003} argued that the sharp reduction of the optical depth in the hydrogen recombination zone allows the radiation to escape, and hence the contribution of hydrogen recombination energy to the CE ejection is very small.
For example, if the recombination takes place at an optical depth of $\tau \approx 100-1000$
(e.g., \citealt{Ivanovaetal2015, NandezIvanova2016}), the photon diffusion time is much shorter
than the acceleration time of the wind, and most photons diffuse out. Some recent suggestions that the recombination energy is an important energy source (\citealt{NandezIvanova2016, IvanovaNandez2016}) to the removal of the CE do not confront these arguments.

In the present study we examine the time it requires for radiation and convection to carry recombination energy out of an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star, and from that put an upper limit on the efficiency by which the recombination energy can be used to expel the CE.
Giant stars, such as red giant branch (RGB) and AGB stars, have very strong convection. In general, however, three dimensional (3D) numerical simulations of the CEE do not include the energy that can be carried out by convection. The reason for this is numerical limitations.
Earlier calculations of the energy transport by convection during the CEE
(e.g., \citealt{MeyerHofmeister1979, Podsiadlowski2001, Ivanovaetal2015})
concentrated on the later CEE phases, and did not consider the removal of recombination energy. We here concentrate on removal of recombination energy.

\section{RADIATIVE COOLING OF RECOMBINATION LAYERS}
\label{sec:radiative}

To study the diffusion in a typical AGB star we conduct stellar evolution simulations using the \texttt{MESA} (Modules for Experiments in Stellar Astrophysics) code,
version 9575 (\citealt{Paxtonetal2011, Paxtonetal2013, Paxtonetal2015}).
We calculate stellar evolution from zero age main sequence (ZAMS) until the formation of a white dwarf (WD) for a star with a ZAMS mass of
$M_{1,\rm ZAMS}=2 M_{\sun}$ and with solar metallicity, $Z=0.02$.

The photon diffusion time out of a recombination zone at a depth of $\Delta R$ below the photosphere is
\begin{equation}
t_{\rm diff} \approx \frac{ 3 \tau \Delta R}{c} =
1.1
 \left( \frac{\tau}{2.5\times 10^5} \right)
  \left( \frac{\Delta R}{20 R_\odot} \right)
\label{eq:tdiff} ~\rm{yr},
\end{equation}
where $\tau$ is the optical depth from the recombination zone outwards, and $c$ is the speed of light.
We scaled the values of $\tau$ and $\Delta R$ with the typical quantities of the zone where the ionization fraction of hydrogen is $50 \%$ in our AGB model of mass of $M_{1,\rm AGB}=1.75 M_\odot$, and a radius of $R_{1}=220 R_\odot$.
We present the optical depth and diffusion time for this model in the upper panel of Fig. \ref{fig:t_diff,tau_Mi=2}.
In the lower panel we present the ionization degrees of hydrogen and helium.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\vspace*{-1cm}
\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\includegraphics[width=9.2cm]{t_diff_tau_Mi_2.pdf}
\vspace*{-0.8cm}
\caption{
Some profiles in the outer envelope of an AGB star of mass $M_{1}=1.75 M_\odot$ and a radius of $R_{1}=220R_\odot$.
Its zero age main sequence mass was $M_{\rm 1,ZAMS}=2M_\odot$.
Upper panel: The diffusion time $t_{\rm diff}$ (red) and the optical depth $\tau$ (blue).
Lower panel: The ionization degree of H$^0$, H$^+$, He$^+$, and He$^{++}$.
The gray lines are to guide the eye to the different ionization levels;  from left to right:
He$^{++}$ at 90\%, He$^{++}$ at 50\%, He$^{+}$ at 90\%, He$^{+}$ at 50\%, H$^{+}$ at 90\%, and
H$^{0}$ at 50\%.}
\label{fig:t_diff,tau_Mi=2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

The time scale to deposit energy into the envelope during its removal is
the plunge-in time of the secondary star plus the acceleration time of the envelope.
According to the results of, e.g., \cite{Passyetal2012} and \cite{Ohlmannetal2016}, the plunge-in time is a little below the orbital time on the surface of the giant $T_{\rm orb}$. We therefore take the envelope ejection time to be
$t_{\rm ej} \approx T_{\rm orb}={2\pi} R_1 /v_{\rm kep}$, where $v_{\rm kep}$ is the Keplerian velocity on the surface of the giant at radius $R_1$.

The ratio $F_\gamma$ of photon energy that is used to accelerate the gas is crudely given by
\begin{eqnarray}
\begin{aligned}
F_\gamma < & \left( 1+ \frac{t_{\rm ej}}{t_{\rm diff}} \right)^{-1}
 \\
= &  \left[ 1+  0.6
 \left( \frac{\Delta R}{0.1 R_1} \right)^{-1}
 \left( \frac{\tau}{2.5\times 10^5} \right)^{-1}
 \left(  \frac{v_{\rm Kep}(R_1)}{40 ~\rm{km} ~\rm{s}^{-1}} \right)^{-1} \right]^{-1},
\label{eq:Fgamma}
\end{aligned}
\end{eqnarray}
where we scale quantities according to the zone where the ionization degree of hydrogen is $50 \%$.
As the star expands, the diffusion time scale decreases and the expansion time increases. Therefore, the fraction $F_\gamma$ given above is an upper limit.

The value of $F_\gamma ({\rm H}^+)$ implies that a substantial fraction of the energy carried by hydrogen recombination photons ends in radiation rather than in mechanical energy of the envelope \citep{Harpaz1998}.

As evident from the high optical depth of the helium ionizations zones, the radiation by itself has no time to remove the energy from helium recombination if that zone expands on a dynamical time.

\section{CONVECTIVE COOLING OF RECOMBINATION LAYERS}
\label{sec:convective}

We now examine whether convection might carry the recombination energy to the photosphere, where it will radiate away. We present the relevant quantities, density and sound speed in the envelope, in the upper panel of Fig.  \ref{fig:rho,c_s_Mi=2} for our AGB model (see section \ref{sec:radiative}). In the lower panel we present again the ionization degrees of hydrogen and helium.
\begin{figure}
\begin{center}
\vspace*{-0.2cm}
\hspace*{-0.5cm}
\includegraphics[width=9.2cm]{rho_Cs_Mi_2.pdf}
\vspace*{-0.8cm}
\caption{
Upper panel: The profile of the density $\rho$ (red) and the sound speed $C_{\rm s}$ (blue) in the convective envelope of an AGB star with a zero age main sequence mass of $M_{\rm 1,ZAMS}=2M_\odot$.
It is the same model as presented in Fig. \ref{fig:t_diff,tau_Mi=2}, having a mass and radius of $M_1=1.75 M_\odot$ and $R_1=220R_\odot$, respectively.
Lower panel is as in Fig. \ref{fig:t_diff,tau_Mi=2}.
}
\label{fig:rho,c_s_Mi=2}
\end{center}
\end{figure}

\cite{Ohlmannetal2016} conducted 3D simulations of the CEE, and found instabilities that indicate the onset of turbulent convection.
They further noted that these can play a significant role in the energy transport on thermal time scales.
We here present a crude estimate and show that energy transport by convection cannot be neglected when the helium recombines.

Consider an envelope with a density profile of $\rho(r) = \rho_{\rm rec} (r/r_{\rm rec})^{-2}$,
which is rather a reasonable approximation for large AGB stars, i.e., radii of $R_\ast \ga 1~\rm{AU}$, in the helium ionization zone.
Let $r_{\rm rec}$ be the radius where the recombination takes place, i.e., ionization fraction is about 50 per cent.
The envelope mass inner to this radius is $M_{\rm env}(r_{\rm rec}) = 4 \pi \rho_{\rm rec} r^3_{\rm rec}$.
The energy that can be released by recombination of He$^{++}$ to He$^{+}$ of that mass is
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
E & ({\rm He}^{++}, r_{\rm rec})=   Y \frac{M_{\rm env}(r_{\rm rec})}{m_{\rm He}} 54.4 {~\rm ev}  \\
            =  & 6.1 \times 10^{45}
\left( \frac{\rho_{\rm rec}}{5 \times 10^{-7} ~\rm{g} ~\rm{cm}^{-3}} \right)
\left( \frac{r_{\rm rec}}{90 R_\odot} \right)^3 ~\rm{erg}.
\label{eq:Erec++}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
For these parameters the envelope mass inward to radius $r$ is $M_{\rm env}(r) = 0.776(r/r_{\rm rec}) M_\odot$.
We take a helium mass fraction of $Y=0.3$ and we scale quantities with their typical values in the zone where the ionization fraction of He$^{++}$ is 50 per cent.

For the maximum power that subsonic convection can carry we use the expression
given by \cite{QuataertShiode2012} and \cite{ShiodeQuataert2014}
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
L_{\rm max,conv}(r_{\rm rec}) = & 4 \pi \rho(r) r^2 c_s^3(r)                       = 1.7 \times 10^{6}
\left( \frac{\rho_{\rm rec}}{5 \times 10^{-7} ~\rm{g} ~\rm{cm}^{-3}} \right) \\
 \times &
 \left( \frac{r_{\rm rec}}{90 R_\odot} \right)^2
\left( \frac{c_s}{30 ~\rm{km} ~\rm{s}^{-1}} \right)^3 L_\odot,
\label{eq:lmaxconv1}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
If the entire He$^{++}$ in the mass $M_{\rm env}(r_{\rm rec})$ recombines, the convection can carry this energy out of the recombination region in a time of
\begin{equation}
\tau_{\rm min, conv} (r_{\rm rec})= \frac {E ({\rm He}^{++}, r_{\rm rec})}{L_{\rm max,conv}(r_{\rm rec})} =11
\left( \frac{r_{\rm rec}}{90 R_\odot} \right)
\left( \frac{c_s}{30 ~\rm{km} ~\rm{s}^{-1}} \right)^{-3} ~\rm{day}.
\label{eq:THe++}
\end{equation}

The time it requires for the convection to carry this energy out to
an optically thin region where it can be radiated away is much longer.
The convective cells need to move a distance  $\Delta R$
from the recombination zone to the photosphere.
They do it in an average sound speed $\bar c_s$.
The energy transport time is then
\begin{equation}
\tau_{\rm out, conv} \simeq  50
\left[ \frac{\Delta R({\rm He}^{++})}{130 R_\odot} \right]
\left( \frac{\bar c_s}{20 ~\rm{km} ~\rm{s}^{-1}} \right)^{-1} ~\rm{day},
\label{eq:Tout}
\end{equation}
The relevant time scale of recombination in the simulation of \cite{IvanovaNandez2016} is about 100-200 days. We therefore conclude that a large fraction, possibly more than half, of the recombination energy of the He$^{++}$ can be carried away by convection, and then radiated away.

The recombination of He$^{+}$ to neutral helium and of H$^+$ to hydrogen in their simulations lasts for a longer time than the recombination time of He$^{++}$ to He$^{+}$. In addition, the flow time of convective cells from the recombination zones of He$^+$ and H$^+$ to the photosphere is shorter than the convection motion from the recombination zone of He$^{++}$ to the photosphere.
It turns out that the fraction of the recombination energy of He$^+$ and H$^+$ that is radiated away is larger than that of the He$^{++}$ recombination energy.
Overall, less than a half of the total recombination energy of helium, and much less than half of the recombination energy of hydrogen, are available to eject the envelope.

We calculate the binding energy of the envelope for the density profile
$\rho(r) = \rho_{\rm rec} (r/r_{\rm rec})^{-2}$, as used in deriving equation \ref{eq:Erec++}.
Including the virial theorem, the binding energy of the envelope is taken to be about half the magnitude of its gravitational energy. Integration over spherical shells from an inner envelope radius of $R_{\rm env,in}$, which here we take to be about $1 R_\odot$, to radius $r$ gives the approximate expression for the binding energy of the envelope inner to radius $r$
\begin{equation}
\begin{aligned}
E_{\rm bin} (r) & \simeq  2 \pi G \rho_{\rm rec} r_{\rm rec}^2 \left[ M_{\rm env}(r_{\rm rec})\frac{r}{r_{\rm rec}} + M_{\rm core}
    \ln \left( \frac{r}{R_{\rm env,in}} \right) \right]
   \\  = & 5 \times 10^{46}
    \left( \frac{\rho_{\rm rec}}{5 \times 10^{-7} ~\rm{g} ~\rm{cm}^{-3}} \right)
\left( \frac{r_{\rm rec}}{90 R_\odot} \right)^2
   \frac{1}{3.18}  \\
 \times & \left[ 0.78 \frac{M_{\rm env}(r_{\rm rec})}{0.78 M_\odot}\frac{r}{r_{\rm rec}} +
    2.4 \frac{M_{\rm core}}{0.6 M_\odot}
    \frac{ \ln (\frac{r}{R_{\rm env,in}})}{4}  \right] ~\rm{erg},
\label{eq:Ebin}
\end{aligned}
\end{equation}
where $M_{\rm env}(r_{\rm rec})$ is the envelope mass inner to $r_{\rm rec}$; for the parameters used here $M_{\rm env}(r_{\rm rec})=0.776 M_\odot$.

The model we simulated using \texttt{MESA} as described in section \ref{sec:radiative} and presented in the figures there, has a core radius of $r_{\rm core}=0.03 R_\odot$, a radius of 50 per cent He$^{++}$ ionization fraction of $r_{\rm rec} = 88 R_\odot$, an envelope mass inward to this radius of $M_{\rm env}(r_{\rm rec})= 0.63 M_\odot$, and a core mass of $M_{\rm core} = 0.55 M_\odot$. We find the binding energy of the mass inward to radius $r_{\rm rec}$ and down to $R_{\rm env,in}=10\cdot r_{\rm core} =0.3 R_\odot$  to be $E_{\rm bin} = 2 \times 10^{46} ~\rm{erg}$.

Overall, we find that the total energy that can be liberate by the recombination of He$^{++}$ to He$^{+}$ (in the entire region inward to $r_{\rm rec}$) is a small fraction of the envelope binding energy, $E ({\rm He}^{++}, r_{\rm rec}) \simeq 0.25 E_{\rm bin} (r_{\rm rec})$. When we consider the removal of abut half of this energy by convection and then radiation, and that the envelope leaves with positive energy (and not zero energy), we conclude that the recombination of He$^{++}$ might at most contribute about 10 per cent of the envelope removal energy.

We conclude that most of the recombination energy is radiated away. The radiation is added  to the luminosity of the event, which might be classified as an intermediate luminosity optical transient (ILOT) event, that is expected at the beginning of the CEE (e.g. \citealt{RetterMarom2003, Retteretal2006, Tylendaetal2011, Tylendaetal2013, Nandezetal2014, Zhuetal2016, Soker2016GEE, Galavizetal2017}).

\section{ENERGY DEPOSITION BY JETS}
\label{sec:jets}
\subsection {Preface}
\label{subsec:preface}
Based on section \ref{sec:convective}, we argue that in many cases the energy carried by convection during the CEE reduces the efficiency by which the energy released by recombination and the spiraling-in process can be used to eject the envelope.
The entropy of the rising convective cells in the envelope is not much higher than the entropy of their surrounding, and eventually they reach a radius where they deposit their energy and mix with the surrounding envelope.

When considering a common envelope of a giant star with a main sequence companion, the situation is likely to be different. As the secondary accretes mass it launches two opposite jets.   When the gas in the jets hits the envelope and passes through a shock wave it inflates bubbles. Jets are launched at velocities of about the escape speed from the secondary star, whether a MS star, a WD or a NS. For MS stars the jet velocity is then $v_j \simeq 500 ~\rm{km} ~\rm{s}^{-1}$. As long as the secondary star is not too close to the core of the giant star,  e.g., it is at an orbital separation of $a \ga 5 R_\odot$, the jets' velocity is much higher than the relative velocity of the secondary star and the envelope, and much larger than the velocity of the convective cells.
When the gas in jets is shocked it inflates high-temperature bubbles, with a typical temperature of $T_{\rm bub} \approx 3 \times 10^6 ~\rm{K}$.
The entropy of the inflated bubbles is much higher than that of the envelope.

The hot bubbles are expected to rise buoyantly and accelerate envelope gas outwards.
The expanding jets and the rising bubbles carry mostly kinetic energy. In the recombination process, on the other hand, most of the energy is thermal, and convection can carry a large fraction of it outwards (section \ref{sec:convective}).

To study the processes described above, we perform a 3D simulation of a MS star that orbits inside the envelope of a giant star and launches jets.

\subsection {The numerical scheme}
\label{subsec:scheme}

We run the stellar evolution code \texttt{MESA} to obtain a spherical AGB model with ZAMS mass of $M_{1, \rm ZAMS}=4 M_{\sun}$. We let the star evolve until it reaches the AGB stage after $3\times10^8 ~\rm{yr}$. At that time the stellar mass is $M_{1}=4 M_\odot$, its radius is $R_{1}=100\,R_{\sun}$, and its effective temperature is $T_{1, \rm eff}= 3400 ~\rm{K}$.
This stellar model is the same one we have used for our simulations of instantaneously energy injection simulations \citep{Hilleletal2017}.
We then import the spherical AGB model, namely, the profiles of density and pressure, into the three-dimensional (3D) hydrodynamical code {\sc pluto} \citep{Mignone2007}.
The full 3D Cartesian grid is taken as a cube with side lengths of $400\,R_{\sun}$. The center of the AGB star is placed at the center of the grid at $(x,y,z)=(0,0,0)$.
We employ an adaptive mesh refinement (AMR) grid with four refinement levels.
We use an equation of state of an ideal gas with adiabatic index $\gamma=5/3$.
The base grid resolution is $1/48$ of the grid length (i.e., $8.33 R_{\sun}$), and the highest resolution is $2^3$ times smaller (i.e., $\sim 1 R_{\sun}$). The refinement criterion is the default AMR criterion in {\sc pluto} v. 4.2, based on the second derivative error norm \citep{Lohner1987} of the total energy density, which effectively tracks the secondary star and the perturbed regions.
In one test we have reduced the number of AMR refinements levels from 4 to 3. The results of the simulation were similar to those of the productive run.
At this point our computer resources do not allow us to increase the AMR refinements levels from 4 to 5.

We do not simulate the spiraling-in of the secondary star,
but rather let the secondary star orbit at a constant orbital separation of $a=50\, R_{\sun}$ inside the envelope, where the density is $\rho_{50} = 1.06 \times 10^{-5} ~\rm{g} ~\rm{cm}^{-3}$.
The mass of the AGB star inwards to $r=50\, R_{\sun}$ is $M_{1,50}=2.7 M_{\sun}$, the Keplerian velocity at that radius for a very low mass secondary star is $v_{\rm Kep,50} = 102 ~\rm{km} ~\rm{s}^{-1}$ and the orbital period is about 25 days.
The Bondi-Hole-Lyttleton (BHL) accretion radius for these parameters is $R_{BHL} \simeq 2GM_2/v^2 \simeq 10 R_{\sun}$, where here $v=(v^2_{\rm rel} + c^2_s)^{1/2}$, $v_{\rm rel}$ is the relative velocity of the secondary star and the envelope, $c_s$ is the sound speed in the envelope, and we substituted $M_2=0.3 M_{\sun}$. Since the envelope is expected to rotate, $v_{\rm rel}<v_{\rm Kep}$.
The BHL mass accretion rate for $M_2=0.3 M_\odot$ and our AGB model at $a=50 R_{\sun}$ is
$\dot{M}_{\rm BHL} \simeq \pi R_{BHL}^2 v \rho = 2.7\,M_{\sun}/yr$.

As numerical calculations show that the accretion rate in the envelope is lower than the BHL value (e.g. \citealt{RickerTaam2012, MacLeodRamirezRuiz2015}), and disk formation might be inefficient (e.g., \citealt{MurguiaBerthieretal2017}), we take the actual accretion rate to be only
$\dot M_{\rm acc}= 0.05 \dot M_{\rm BHL}=0.135 M_{\sun} ~\rm{yr}^{-1}$.
We assume that the mass outflow rate in the two jets is
$\dot M_{2j}=0.1 \dot M_{\rm acc} = 0.005 \dot M_{\rm BHL}$.
The power carried by the jets in our simulation is therefore
$\dot{E_{2j}} = 0.005 \dot{M}_{\rm BHL}\cdot v^2_j/2
=1 \times 10^{39} ~\rm{erg} ~\rm{s}^{-1}$.

This power is super-Eddington. However, we note that the flow into and out of the secondary star is not spherical. Mass inflows from the equatorial plane direction, and mass and energy are lost along the polar directions. Actually, the jets are likely to carry all the extra energy released by the accreted mass. As the power for the accretion rate found above is $\dot E_{\rm acc} \simeq 8 \times 10^{39} ~\rm{erg} ~\rm{s}^{-1}$, we could do with an accretion rate as low as about $0.01 \dot M_{\rm BHL}$.

Due to limitations in the numerical resolution we cannot launch jets and follow the formation of hot bubbles by the shocked jets' gas (for the dynamics of jets in the CEE see \citealt{MorenoMendezetal2017}).
The reason for this limitation is that when the outflow from the secondary star is not spherical, we need to take care of the equatorial region around the secondary star where there is no outflow. This requires some more resolution, hence it demands more computing resources, in particular for the simulated cases when the secondary moves through the envelope (i.e., the ambient gas is not static).
Instead, we insert isotropic wind that is immediately shocked and forms a hot bubble. The wind is injected from a sphere of radius $R_{\rm inj}=3R_{\sun}$ about the location of the secondary star as it orbits inside the envelope. The hot bubble that we insert can be considered as the cocoon that the jets form (as found by \citealt{MorenoMendezetal2017}).

We do not change the orbital separation during the simulation. We do not include the gravity of the secondary star, nor do we include the changing gravity due to the deformation of the envelope mass distribution. The gravitational field remains that of the unperturbed AGB star throughout the simulation.

We end the simulation after about 100 days, when the secondary star has completed about four orbits, as some of the assumptions made here, like a constant orbital separation and the omission of the gravity of the secondary star, become too crude. By the end of the simulation the secondary star has accreted about 2 to 10 percents of its initial mass (depending on the efficiency of accretion energy that is carried by the jets). A low-mass secondary star as assumed here becomes fully convective, and is likely to survive as a MS star.

\subsection {Results}
\label{subsec:results}

We focus on the effects that the hot bubbles have on the envelope and on the mass loss process. For that we will present the flow properties, density, velocity and temperature. When we present the results in the equatorial (orbital) plane, the compact companion moves counterclockwise around the center of the giant star that is located at the center of the grid.
The large black dot is the initial location of the secondary star.
In all panels the axes are from $-200\, R_{\sun}$ to $200\, R_{\sun}$.

Fig. \ref{fig:XYslices} presents the density in the equatorial
plane $z=0$ at six times. In panels (a) and (b) we see the formation and initial growth of the bubble. The bubble is the tail behind the secondary star (the small dot at the front of the bubble). In all panels we see that the bubble is unstable and breaks to many small bubbles. At late times we see that after the bubbles break out of the surface they eject mass from the grid.
\begin{figure}
\centering
{\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{fig1a.jpg}}
\hskip 0.17 cm
{\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{fig1b.jpg}}
{\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{fig1c.jpg}}
\hskip 0.17 cm
{\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{fig1d.jpg}}
{\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{fig1e.jpg}}
\hskip 0.17 cm
{\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{fig1f.jpg}}
\caption{Density maps in the orbital plane $z=0$ at
six times of (a) $t=4$,
(b) $12$ (the first half round),
(c) $46$, (d) $64$, (e) $85$,
and (f) $100 ~\rm{day}$ (after four rounds),
from top to bottom and from left to right. The colourmap is in logarithmic scale as indicated by the colourbars and in units of $~\rm{g} ~\rm{cm}^{-3}$. A yellow asterisk marks the center of the AGB star at the center of the grid.
A large black dot indicates the initial location of the secondary star.
The dashed-dotted white line marks the initial surface of the AGB star,
and the small black dot is the location of the secondary,
which is orbiting inside the envelope (counterclockwise).
The orbital period is $\approx 25 ~\rm{day}$.
The last panel shows the density map after four Keplerian orbits.
Units on the axes are in $R_{\sun}$.}
\label{fig:XYslices}
\end{figure}

To further follow the hot bubble and its break-up we present in Fig. \ref{fig:XYtemperature} the temperature in the equatorial plane.
During the first 30 days there is an effect that results from our initial conditions. We start to inject the outflow from the secondary star when the secondary star is already inside the envelope, rather than follow the entire evolution (due to numerical limitations). This results in a shock that propagates through the very low density region outside the giant, as seen by a red loop in panel (a). This is an artifact that has no influence on the results. The most prominent feature is the hot broken bubble (in red) that trails the secondary star, buoyantly rises through the envelope and ejects mass out of the surface.
Signatures of the broken bubble are seen as filaments hotter than their surrounding on the left hand side of the star in panel (b).
The ejection of mass along the orbit results in a spiral pattern, as seen in panels (c) and (d). The immediate temperature of the shocked jets' gas is $\approx 4 \times 10^6 ~\rm{K}$. But the gas is further compressed by the orbital motion, and temperatures rises to $\approx 10^7 ~\rm{K}$.
 Eventually the bubble cools adiabatically due to expansion, but always stays much hotter than the envelope, unlike convective cells that eventually merge with the envelope.
\begin{figure}
\centering
{\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{fig4a.jpg}}
\hskip 0.0 cm
{\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{fig4b.jpg}}
{\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{fig4c.jpg}}
\hskip 0.0 cm
{\includegraphics[width=0.22\textwidth]{fig4d.jpg}}
\caption{Temperature maps in the orbital plane and at times of
(a) $t=6$,
(b) $t=26$,
(c) $t=46$,
and (d) $t=100 ~\rm{day}$, colour-coded in a logarithmic scale and in $~\rm{K}$. }
\label{fig:XYtemperature}
\end{figure}

In Fig. \ref{fig:XYvelocity} we present the density and velocity structure at $t=40~$day in the equatorial plane ($z=0$; upper panel) and the meridional plane ($y=0$; lower panel).
This meridional plane cuts the equatorial plane seen on the upper panel through a horizontal line at the center of the grid which is the center of the giant. The arrows present a complicated flow structure above the stellar surface, including outflows and vortices. The two large arrows represent the injection of the gas that is immediately shocked. Due to the sparse sampling of grid points for arrows, we see only the injection backward, but we inject gas in all directions. As the envelope becomes more disrupted the velocity field becomes more turbulent.
\begin{figure}
\centering
{\includegraphics[width=0.40\textwidth]{Companion_lowres_V_t0_110.jpg}}
{\includegraphics[width=0.40\textwidth]{Companion_lowres_XZ_V_t0_110.jpg}}
\caption{Density and velocity maps at $t=40 ~\rm{day}$. The top panel is in the orbital plane $z=0$, and the lower one in the meridional plane $y=0$.
The presented density values are from $6\times 10^{-9}$ (blue)
to $6\times 10^{-5}{\rm \, g\,cm^{-3}}$ (red), and in a logarithmic scale.
The velocity field is annotated by arrows, whose length is proportional to the velocity. The maximum velocities are $555$ and $116\,~\rm{km}~\rm{s}^{-1}$, in the upper and lower panels, respectively. Units on the axes are in $R_{\sun}$.
}
\label{fig:XYvelocity}
\end{figure}

In Fig. \ref{fig:UnboundMass} we present the mass that has sufficient energy to escape the gravitational barrier (total positive energy) as a function of time. The blue line depicts the total unbound mass in the grid, while the magenta line depicts only the unbound mass outside a radius of $100 \,R_{\sun}$.
At about $t=40~$day a noticeable amount of unbound mass starts to leave the numerical grid,
as seen here, and in Figs. \ref{fig:XYslices} and \ref{fig:XYvelocity}. Overall, from this graph we deduce an average mass loss rate of $\approx 0.1 M_{\sun} ~\rm{yr}^{-1}$. This is much larger than the mass injection rate into the wind from the secondary star, of $0.0135 M_{\sun} ~\rm{yr}^{-1}$. We also note that the envelope mass leaves the grid in a stochastic manner. This behavior is attributed to the instabilities that break the hot bubble.
\begin{figure}
\centering

{\includegraphics[width=0.4\textwidth]{unbound_mass.jpg}}
\caption{The unbound mass as function of time. The upper blue line is the entire mass in the grid with positive energy, while the lower magenta line is the mass with positive energy outside a radius of $100 R_\odot$ (the initial radius of the star). }
\label{fig:UnboundMass}
\end{figure}

The main result of this section is that jets alone, before the orbital energy is added, can eject mass about ten times the mass in the jets, for the model used here. Again, this is not sufficient to explain the CEE, but we did not consider here the energy released by the in-spiraling binary system. We also note that here we studied an AGB star with a relatively small radius and high mass.
On the upper AGB the star will be much larger and will lose some envelope in a regular wind. The escape speed from an upper AGB star is lower than in our model, and the jets will be more efficient even in removing envelope gas.

\section{SUMMARY}
\label{sec:summary}

We studied the effect of hot gas in the CEE. First we examined the suggestion that the recombination energy of hydrogen and helium removes the common envelope.
In section \ref{sec:radiative} we showed that the optical depth from the hydrogen recombination zone to the photosphere is low, such that a large fraction of the recombining photons diffuse out in a time shorter than the envelope ejection time \citep{Harpaz1998}.
In section \ref{sec:convective} we used simple arguments to claim that the convection can carry a large fraction of the recombination energy of helium to the surface, where it is radiated away (section \ref{sec:radiative}).
In reality, the envelope expands and its density drops as a result of energy deposition by the spiraling-in process and by jets if launched by the companion. This on the one hand reduces the photon diffusion time outwards, but on the other hand the lower density makes convection less efficient. The overall effects of jets activity and the spiraling-in process on the fraction of the recombination energy that does not escape in radiation, should be studied by numerical simulations that include all processes, including radiative transfer.

Overall, we concluded in sections \ref{sec:radiative} and \ref{sec:convective} that the recombination energy does not contribute much to the removal of the envelope. The recombination energy is mainly radiated away, adding to the luminosity of a transient event that might be observed (i.e., an ILOT).

In light of our finding and in light of other difficulties in removing the envelope encountered in simulations of the CEE (section \ref{sec:intro}), there is a need to consider other extra energy source(s). We here studied the possible effects of jets launched by the secondary star (section \ref{subsec:preface} and review by \citealt{Soker2016Rev}).
Due to numerical limitations we injected an isotropic wind instead of jets (section \ref{subsec:scheme}). We described our results in section \ref{subsec:results}.

We summarize the main results of our 3D simulation as follows.
Unlike convective cells that rise a limited distance and merge with the envelope, the hot bubble that is formed by the secondary star rises all the way to the surface, heavily disturbs the envelope, and ejects some envelope mass.
The bubble itself breaks-up to many small bubbles that lead to a complicated behavior of the flow and mass ejection. For our specific model and omission of the orbital gravitational energy, the jets eject about ten times their own mass.
The energy that is released by the in-spiraling binary system causes a huge envelope expansion (see references to relevant numerical simulations in section \ref{sec:intro}).
Had we included the gravitational energy of the spiraling-in binary system, the ejected mass would be much larger. This is a topic of a future study.

More generally, our results point out that it is crucial to include energy transport by convection during the common envelope process.

\section*{Acknowledgments}
We thank an anonymous referee for very helpful comments.
We thank Michael Refaelovich for his assistance.
This research was supported by the Prof. A. Pazy Research Foundation.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaArXiv


text:
American Baby is a new non-fiction book about the history of closed adoption in the United States that takes a critical look about adoption in America. The book has received high praise and has been reviewed widely. The New York Times Book Review described it as "a singular story to tell a universal truth." But I wanted to review the book from the perspective of an adoptee. Because I have been reading and writing about adoption for years, I was curious what we, the adoption constellation, would think of the book.
First of all, I was surprised to find that the author, Gabrielle Glaser, is not part of the adoption triad herself. Most of the books I've read about adoption were written by adoptees. A notable exception is The Lost Child of Philomena Lee, which was written by a journalist who helped a mother find the child that the Church had forcibly taken from her and sold into adoption. Glaser was inspired by the story, and curious about how what similarities that adoption in America might have had.
In American Baby, Glaser uses the story of an adoptee she had befriended and his original parents as a jumping off point to illustrate the bigger story of the history of the adoption in the United States.
While recounting the tragic story of his birthmother who was forced to relinquish and the horrible treatment she received from the adoption agency and her family, Glaser interweaves the history of adoption in America throughout the book. She focuses on the baby-scoop era—a term and period that still isn't well-known to people outside of the adoption community. She reveals how the history of sealed birth records was based on a woman who was intentionally hiding the identities of the mothers so she could steal and sell the babies to rich adoptive parents. She not only validates the trauma to the adoptees and the birthmother, but also reveals that the agencies who pitched adoptions as a noble act that's best for everyone involved also knew of the emotional damage it caused.
What was perhaps the most inspiring, is that Glaser makes a strong case for the adoptees civil right to have their original birth certificates. And finally, she makes the connection of children of sperm donors to being faced with similar issues to the children of closed adoption. By the end of the book, I was convinced that she is a true ally. She wasn't speaking over us or taking away from our voices, she was just telling our story in a historical context. She was putting the facts out naked and exposed for the reader to judge for themselves.
There were a few things that were missed. She didn't mention that adoptees attempt suicide four times more than people who weren't adopted, a statistic that haunts me and that seems like the most obvious case for open records. I would have also liked to hear more about the experience of the adoptee at the center of the book, her friend David. While she does mention his curiosity about his first family and some of the challenges he faced, the story of his birthmother was so tragic that it overshadowed his experience. But I wonder if maybe he himself ever got to fully realize the impact that adoption had on him. And her stories about the adoption reform movement implied a mainstream presence, when I feel like they are still very much under the radar of general society.
For me, as an adoptee, it was the anecdotes about the adoption industry that I found the most interesting—and chilling. Without protection, relinquished children were easy objects for experimentation. Glaser wrote of one study where researchers shot rubber bands at newborns' feet. In another, they separated twins (or, in some cases, triplets like in Three Identical Strangers) to study them for reasons that are hidden and unobtainable. Another use for babies was as living dolls in college Home Ec classes.
While anyone reading about these situations would be horrified, reading it from the perspective of an adoptee made them very personal. What had I experienced? Had I been experimented on, neglected, abused? There were weeks (or was it months?) between when I was born and when I went to my adoptive home. I don't know where I was or who took care of me. It's a life in limbo where you are most vulnerable and utterly alone.
Looking at a picture of me as a baby, I'm struck by how much I look like my son when he was the same age. I'm relieved to know that he will never have to wonder where he was, what happened to him. His history is complete.
It struck me that perhaps having someone from outside the adopted constellation can tell our story in a way where people are more able to listen. For her, it's not personal, it's just horrific.
Cathy Heslin is a reunited adult adoptee of closed domestic adoption in New Jersey. She is a freelance writer with a focus on adoption and reunion. Her most recent work has been in a joint project with her birthmother called Kathleen~Cathleen that includes a memoir (in process), songwriting, music and performance.
Posted by Text
"Better Times Will Come" (Janis Ian), by an Adoptee and Birthmother
This song is "Better Times Will Come," by Janis Ian, sung by my birthmother and myself. Janis Ian wrote the song at the beginning of the pandemic. One article described it, "For those of us who are losing sleep, worrying about the death count and financial concerns—and feeling restless from the isolation of social distancing—the song is a welcome relief." The artist shared the song with the world, encouraging others to sing it and share it. She shares the many renditions on her Facebook page. It's been covered by famous artists, out-of-work musicians, and people like us just needing to feel hope right now.
The feelings of isolation, yearning to connect with family, and the hope for better times resonated with us as a birthmother and adoptee in reunion.
About once a week, my birthmother and I play music together. We've been in reunion over thirty years, since I was eighteen. We now live in the same town, only a few miles apart. Although people on the outside may see our relationship as the ideal of reunion because we are part of each others families and integrated into each other's lives, the truth is that our reunion has been—and will continue to be—a struggle throughout our lives. Reunion means coming to terms with the loss and trauma that is so carefully hidden away in the adoption and relinquishment stories we are told.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


19 But I trust in the Lord Jesus to send Timothy to you shortly, that I also may be encouraged when I know your state. 20 For I have no one like-minded, who will sincerely care for your state. 21 For all seek their own, not the things which are of Christ Jesus. 22 But you know his proven character, that as a son with his father he served with me in the gospel. 23 Therefore I hope to send him at once, as soon as I see how it goes with me.
Paul looked around his spiritual table and saw in Timothy a heart that was faithful, available and teachable. Paul saw a heart in Timothy that noticed the unnoticed of the world. Paul was confident in Timothy that he truly was a man that could see the invisible of the world and love them with the love of Christ.
When you first read this portion of scripture it looks like ordinary traveling plans, but when you lift the hood and look into the engine that actually drives this passage you see the heart of God that is undivided beating inside Timothy. Timothy didn't seek his own interest first; he first looked after the things of God. Paul said, "I have no one like-minded…" In other words, when he looked for an undivided heart around his table he found Timothy.
Let me ask you a question today. If you were sitting around Paul's table would he have picked you? At first, it's easy to answer yes, but don't be to quick to pat yourself on the back-myself included. We are called to see the unnoticed and to respond with the love of Christ. In order to see them and love them with action, we must have an undivided heart of obedience.
Have you ever noticed a person that is outside your circle and alone? You see them and know in your heart they need someone to reach out to them but instead of taking a few moments to encourage them, you pass on by. Has that ever happened to you? You know God is leading you to talk with them, but you go in another direction, thus untimely saying no to God.
I'm always amazed at how demons obey God; nature always obeys God, but man struggles with it. I challenge you today to make a commitment to obey God and notice the unnoticed of the world around you. I challenge you today to see the invisible and love them with the love of Christ. I challenge you because I challenge myself to do the same also. It's just too easy to walk on by, and as Christ followers we must change that quickly.
God is looking around His table for an undivided heart. He is looking of a heart for the invisible. Will He choose you today? Will you obey?


I've been approached by one owner several times about Hunt.... he's currently offered his '20 1st for Hunt. I told him no and he said he was shocked by that. What do you guys think?
It's dynasty ppr and I have the RB depth where I don't feel like I have to make a move unless it's worth it. Roster below... what do you think?
Hunt will most likely be suspended most if not all of the 2019 season and will then have to go though reinstatement with the NFL. So, the earliest he will see action is probably 2020 and his value would really depend on what team takes a shot on him. I guess what I'm trying to say is that it is pretty tough to put a value on him at this moment with so much uncertainty surrounding him. With your depth, you could hold but if you got an offer that helps you now, it's worth pulling the trigger IMO.
I don't see hunt playing until 2020. Will he stay in shape? Where will he play? Will he be a huge stud outside of KC?
I'm on the other side. I think Hunt plays at least 8 games in 2019 (barring injury). He is a difference maker on the field and worth waiting for. A mid-1st is not enough for me.
As I stated above.... I would move him for something that helps you now IMO.
So you think he's only getting an 8 game suspension in 2019?
could be 2-4-8-16 games, could linger into 2020, could be a career ender..... Its anyone's guess with Goodell in the commish office?!?!?
It's really unfair to Hunt when they basically already banned him half this year, by placing him on the commissioner exempt list.
It was 6 weeks of regular season plus playoffs. But whatever the case, the video is stupid. He shoves her a little. Shoves the guy quite a bit, who falls into her and causes her to fall. And the "kick"??? Give me a break. If he gets a year ban, I may seriously consider switching back to following NCAA and just be done with the NFL.
I'm not disagreeing about how severe it was, but this is what the NFL does now.
Let me preface this by saying under no circumstance should a man place hands on women in any heated exchange. Watching the video I really didn't have the same OMG feeling as watching the ray Rice video and when the news broke I was actually expecting more bad then I saw. They just don't feel like the same situation. But. By definition he assaulted a female. Not good. I agree with godfather and feel he sits year. PR best case and worst case scenarios playing out dictates him sitting in my opinion. Everyone loves 2nd chance stories but you'd think the NFL would just want hunt to go away.
@Smitty this said, would you trade him for a late '20 1st? Or would it have to be more?
What do you other guys think? Hold or sell in this case?
But those 5 games are not him being suspended. He got paid for those 5 games while he was on the Commish Exempt List.
Thanks @lukeb5301 & @Whos_Ur_Doggie, did not think he got paid because he was cut first by the Chiefs.... learned something else today.
I didn't think he was paid either. However, I don't see him being out the whole season. I think with the news of the Bears talking to him hasn't really seemed to create a bunch of buzz, which might have been the reasoning behind a team saying they talked to him, to see how much of a backlash it would be.
Yep, I too failed to think about his release from the Chiefs, lol. I just read an article that stated Hunt lost salary in the amount of $135,353.00 when they released him. That said, his suspension hasn't even began and I believe he won't play in 2019.
So by all of this, I'm thinking that most of you would move Hunt for a future 1st?? I'm not saying that's what I am going to do but when I told the other owner no, he started questioning a bunch of stuff so I wanted to see what you guys thought on it.
If you think that 1st helps you, I would very much consider it. That said, would he move a player that would help you now?
Yeah, exactly my thoughts as well.... it's just hard to gauge his value right now.
Jan 17th..... no rush, I have Hunt on several teams and at this point am waiting to see what I might get for a 2019 1st, willing to add an upside guy to get an early 1st, time will tell. I do agree with @smitty, doubt we see him much if at all in 2019.
Then some team will have to take a leap of faith to sign him.
Personally, I'd take a 2020 1st for him straight up.
I don't think Hunt was a bad RB by any means, but I do think he was a "good" RB that landed in an elite offensive situation (see undrafted, hadn't done much before, Damien Williams). I'm also in the mindset that we won't see much, if any, of Hunt in 2019.... so if/when he does return it will most likely be on a poor team desperate for any type of offensive play maker and willing to absorb any type of PR drama that comes with the signing.
EDIT: Also, with gaining an additional 2020 1st you may be able to better position yourself in this years or next years draft via trade with your new draft collateral.


text:
Home » » Creator each-way value in Kentucky Derby
Creator each-way value in Kentucky Derby
David Metcalf | May 6, 2016
Creator has plenty goiung for him in Kentucky Derby
Creator is improving at a rate of knots looks cracking each-way value in the 142nd running of the Kentucky Derby at Churchill Downs on Saturday, May 7th (23:34, UK time).
The Steve Asmussen trained colt won his maiden three starts back in runaway style by 7 1/4 lengths at Oakland, and backed that up with a solid staying on third in a Grade 2 at the same venue.
Creator then took his form to a new level when last seen in action in the Grade 1 Arkansas Derby, again at Oakland, and beating Suddenbreakingnews by 1 1/4 lengths.
After being held-up in the last duo , the three-year-old had to be angled out by jockey Ricardo Santana to get a run before scything through the pack to win going away at the line.
Fearless run-style a big plus
Creator was fearless , showing a tremendous attitude to squeeze between horses and clocking a good time in the process, and that is a great attribute to have in this 20-runner line-up.
The son of the brilliant Tapit is a closer, meaning that he will be looking to pick up the pace at the end of the race, but he is one that looks sure to get every yard of the 1m 2f trip.
Another plus is that Creator has been putting in some scintillating workouts at the track, which have left work watchers in awe, and he goes into the race on a serious upward curve and in the form of his life.
Nyquist a class act
Nyquist heads the betting and is bidding to become the third favourite in a row to win the Run for the Roses.
The colt is unbeaten in seven starts and represents the trainer/jockey team of Doug O'Neill and Mario Gutierrez who landed the valuable prize back in 2012 with I'll Have Another.
Like I'll Have Another, Nyquist has had two preps runs ahead of the first leg of the Triple Crown.
In the last of those in a Grade 1 over 1m 1f at Gulfstream Park, Nyquist made all to win comfortably by 3 1/4 lengths.
However, the son of Uncle Mo did drift out alarmingly inside the final furlong before being straightened up to get the job done and that raises the questions as to whether his stamina was running out.
Step up in trip a concern
Nyquist is all about speed and his previous win this season had come over 7f at Santa Anita.
He is undoubtedly a class act, but whether he is crying out for the step up to 1m 2f is highly debatable.
It could be that Nyquist was just idling and losing concentration when hitting the front at Gulfstream; and if that is the case, then he looks a worthy favourite given that he brings the strongest form into the contest and has an unblemished record.
There will, however, be no hiding place in this big field contest which looks sure to be run at a searching pace and, at the odds on offer, siding with the improving closer Creator, who boasts a rock solid profile, could be rewarding as he appears to have sneaked under the radar.
For more horse racing betting tips, check out our dedicated section.
Coral's top tip: Nyquist is a class act but, with doubts about him getting the trip, the thriving Creator looks well worth an each-way wager in a wide-open renewal of the Kentucky Derby.
« Luke Morris has a sprinter to the forefront of his mind this weekend and one that he can't wait to ride!
Now Or Never, Custom Cut and Shogun set to star at Leopardstown »
Cheltenham Festival 2015 news round-up
Kieren Fallon | 21.06.2017
The Fallon Factor: "You can't beat a horse that loves to win and he's got that attitude"
Harvey Mayson | 13.12.2013
Royal Irish Hussar leads Henderson's Doncaster team


My wife, like many loving wives, wants her husband healthy. She had been encouraging me to get back on the treadmill. I enjoy walking, especially throughout the spectacular trails interwoven through our local community. But I had a lot of prejudice towards the idea of spending time on a seemingly never-ending treadmill at the local gym.
Even though I don't want to be controlled by my wife, I do want to be healthy. So I took the 'plunge' and became a 'convert' regarding the benefits of Rec Centre treadmills. As a result, I feel healthier, stronger, and more peaceful inside. I actually look forward now to doing the very thing that I once dreaded. Lifting weights, maybe. Stretching, perhaps. But working out on the treadmill, never!
Part of what changed my mind was being 'reared ended' by a taxi. I started going for various treatments to loosen up my neck and shoulders, but nothing seemed to really last. The neck spasms and headaches had a nasty habit of sapping a lot of my energy needed for work and family. Finally Dr. Paul Wiggins, while adjusting my aching back, said to me: 'You need a personal trainer'. My immediate reaction was to try to graciously change the subject. Paul however is very persistent in a kindly way, and the next thing I knew, I was meeting with a personal trainer at the local Rec Centre. I have been involved in many sports and exercise programs over the years. Sooner or later I usually would push it too far and too fast, and injure myself. Once injured and 'humbled', I often thought twice before 'getting back in the ring'.
Thanks to six sessions with a personal trainer, I have finally learned how to pace myself, and as a result, I have only injured myself once since getting back to the gym. I have learnt that the secret to virtually all the gym equipment is going 'one step at a time'. Patience, while not my strongest characteristic, is definitely a virtue in the weight room!
Sometimes the daily routines of life like work, taking our children to school, etc, can seem like a never-ending treadmill. Many suffer from exhaustion and feel like crying out: 'Stop the treadmill! I want to get off.' Those of us who work out on Rec Centre treadmills know how dangerous it can be to get off a treadmill before it actually stops. As I was working out this morning on a Rec Centre treadmill, I sensed that perhaps there are two different treadmills in our lives: treadmills of life and treadmills of death. Treadmills of life bring strength, encouragement and renewed hope. Treadmills of death bring weariness, discouragement, and monotony. Many medieval treadmills were even designed as punishment for prisoners who would be given no rest.
What helps me keep going on the Rec Centre treadmill is the practice of silently lifting up names of people I care for. Rather than worry about these people, I have been learning how to give them back to the Lord, and trust that they are safe in his hands. Working out on the treadmill teaches me that I am not called to worry about tomorrow, but rather to just take one step at a time, one day at a time. Even though it may feel like my time on the treadmill is endless, experience has taught me that sooner or later it comes to an end. So too, the treadmill of life is over far more suddenly than many of us expect. Every funeral that I attend reminds me that even the best vitamins, the best sports workout, the best vacations can only delay temporarily the inevitable day of my last step on the treadmill of planet earth.
Jesus dismantled the treadmill of death by his death and resurrection on Good Friday and Easter Sunday. As a result, I no longer am chained to that 'medieval treadmill' of decay. I choose to take 'one step at a time' on the treadmill of life, life that is abundant, exciting, and eternal. See you at God's Gym!
– In order to obtain a signed copy of the prequel book Battle for the Soul of Canada, please send a $18.50 cheque to 'Ed Hird', 102-15168 19th Avenue, Surrey, BC, Canada V4A 0A5. For mailing the book to the USA, please send $20.00 USD. This can also be done by PAYPAL using the e-mail ed_hird@telus.net . Be sure to list your mailing address. The Battle for the Soul of Canada e-book can be obtained for $4.99 CND.
Categories: exercise, gym, health, Uncategorized | Tags: aching back, Anglican Coalition in Canada, Anglican Mission in the Americas (Canada), Battle for the Soul of Canada, daily routines, death, Dr Paul Wiggins, Easter, Easter Sunday, Good Friday, headaches, healthier, healthy, husband, I want to get off, Jesus, lifting weights, local gym, loving wife, neck spasms, peaceful, personal trainer, rearended, Rec Centre, resurrection, Rev Ed Hird, St. Simon's Church North Vancouver, stop the treadmill, stretching, stronger, taxi, treadmill, weight room, wife | Permalink.
How are your knees feeling today? Are you fit enough for The Knee Knackering North Shore Trail Run, a challenging 30-mile foot race along the Baden-Powell Centennial Trail from Horseshoe Bay to Deep Cove? Running Wild magazine has recognized the Knee Knackering race on the North Shore of Vancouver, BC as one of the 25 toughest races in North America, as it involves some 16,000 feet of vertical climb and descent.
What started as a group run with 8 participants in 1989 has quickly grown into the biggest ultramarathon race in Canada. Since 1994, there has been so much interest that the Northshore Ultra Trailrunning Society (N.U.T.S.) has been forced to use a lottery to select a maximum slate of 175 runners. Raising over $10,000 for various charities since its inception, the Knee Knackering race has benefited the North Shore Search and Rescue team.
Knee Knackering however is not just limited to the North Shore Mountains. Because of the increased emphasis on physical fitness, knee injuries are becoming more common among athletes and the general population. According to the California Podiatric Medical Association, out of the more than 100 million North Americans who will visit the emergency room this year, almost 13 million will be treated due to sports-related injuries. More than 4.1 million people seek medical care each year for a knee problem. James M. Fox MD says 'The annual cost of these knee injuries, including hospital bills, physical therapy sessions, and hours lost from work exceeds 40 billion dollars!
There is a hit song being played on the local radios these days which gives the advice: 'Be good to your knees; you are going to need them later'. It's so true. I remember when I used to jog a mile and a half every day. Some days I forgot to warm up properly and would sometimes injure my knees. I would be in agony trying to crawl up the stairs, only to go out jogging the next day if I felt better. Very few of us, when we are young, think about the long-term damage that we may be doing to our long-term knee joints.
Dr. Richard Villar, a specialist hip and knee surgeon, holds that the knee is the most commonly injured joint in the body. In San Francisco, a sports medicine clinic reviewed 10,000 recreational injuries, and nine activities – basketball, dance, football, gymnastics, running, skiing, tennis, soccer, and figure skating – accounted for three-fourths of the injuries. What part of the anatomy was number one on the hit parade? Knees.
The injured knee is also particularly unforgiving. Knee injuries account for more time lost from competition by young athletes than any other type of surgery. Knee injuries end more athletic careers and disable more athletes in later years than any other sports injury. A severely injured knee is often at risk when an athlete returns to competition, even after surgery.
One in four high-school football players will suffer some kind of knee injury. According to a National Athletic Trainers Association study, about fifteen thousand high-school football players require knee surgery every year—almost 70 percent of all operations performed on high-school football players. A nine-year study showed that 70 percent of all football players had knee surgery by the age of twenty-six, including half of all running backs and virtually every quarterback.
When a knee is injured, it is vital to get evaluation from a medical expert as soon as possible. The best treatment for injury is prevention, which is why we have many recreational therapists available to guide us in strengthening our knees through exercise at our local Rec Centres.
Immediate treatment of minor sports injuries is called RICE after its four components: rest, ice, compression, and elevation. Arthroscopic 'keyhole' surgery allows doctors using miniature cameras to repair damaged knee cartilage, resulting in a dramatically reduced recovery period. Up to a million 'keyhole' surgeries are done each year. Up to 200,000 knee joints are surgically replaced each year. There are now dozens of websites offering sports braces to reduce and allegedly prevent knee damage. Even the snowboarder websites are offering custom designed knee braces for the active boarder.
As we strengthen our knees physically, it is also vital that we strengthen our knees spiritually. In both the Old and New Testament, we are encouraged to strengthen our tired arms and our weak knees (Isaiah 35:3, Hebrews 12:10). The Concise Oxford Dictionary defines being weak-kneed as 'the inability to stand firm, the want of resolution'. There can be a danger in our gentle Canadian culture that we may fail to take a stand when a stand needs to be taken. Only passionate persistent prayer in Jesus' name can free us from morally weak knees.
Categories: exercise, health, knee, Uncategorized | Tags: Anglican Coalition in Canada, Anglican Mission in the Americas (Canada), Arthroscopic, Baden Powell Trail, Battle for the Soul of Canada, Canadian Podiatric Medical Association, Deep Cove, Dr Richard Villar, Horseshoe Bay, James Fox MD, keyhole surgery, knee, Knee Knackering, knees, N.U.T.S., National Athletic Trainers Association, North America, North Shore, North Shore Search and Rescue Team, North Vancouver, Northshore Ultra Trainrunning Society, R.I.C.E, race, Running Wild magazine, St. Simon's Church North Vancouver, ultramarathon, West Vancouver | Permalink.


SIR – "Would a Constitution save us from the European Arrest Warrant?" asks Philip Johnston. Plenty of countries with written constitutions and powerful constitutional courts, such as France and Germany, fully apply it. They do so because, like Britain, they see how it helps to keep the public safe.
Each year more than 100 suspects are returned to Britain to face justice for serious crimes. In some cases, this is only possible at all because of the Arrest Warrant. The Latvian Ignas Judins was brought back to Britain to face charges of human trafficking and sexual exploitation. Latvia only extradites its own nationals under the European Arrest Warrant; without it, Mr Judins, who was jailed for 20 months, would still be a free man. We owe it to the victims of such terrible crimes to use all available means to bring those responsible to justice.
But Philip Johnston is right that we must protect the traditional rights and liberties of British subjects. That is why this Government has changed the law so that British subjects cannot be extradited for trivial offences or for conduct which took place in Britain but was not criminal here. We have also made changes to make sure people will not be extradited under an Arrest Warrant then left to spend years overseas waiting to be charged or tried.
With the safeguards we have introduced, which come into effect this month, the Arrest Warrant can continue to be an important tool to protect the British people and their freedom.
SIR – Hannah Betts's article on "Size 000" was worrying. But I have noticed the opposite trend occurring. When I first started buying clothes in the Sixties, we bought according to our measurements, a ratio of bust: waist: hips. An average size for a young lady was considered to be about 34in: 24in: 36in (Marilyn Monroe was the icon at 36in: 23in: 36in, Jane Russell a "voluptuous" 38in: 24in: 36in).
Since the arrival of numbered sizes, their scope seems to have steadily increased. Apparently a size 16 is now considered average, which tends to encompass a bust of 40in and hips of 42in. This is an average increase of 6in in all areas. Visual evidence tells me that the same is true for men.
At this rate of expansion, I am glad that I won't be around to experience rush-hour travel in 100 years' time.
SIR – Last year, when our buddleia bushes were in full bloom, we had hundreds of butterflies on the flowers. This year I have only seen one small tortoiseshell.
Have they all gone down south?
SIR – Our friend's tortoise (Letters, July 8) comes to the back door and knocks on it until it is opened and fruit or vegetables offered. He especially likes apples.
SIR – I had a tortoise, Peter, when I was a child. His movements were restricted to the rose bed because he had a passion for fallen rose petals.
SIR – As entrepreneurs in the hospitality, catering, entertainment and tourism industries, we are excited about the potential indirect economic benefits from onshore energy industry in the North West.
We believe we can play an invaluable role by providing accommodation, entertainment and hospitality for a growing onshore energy industry. This will raise local standards, boost local revenues, and lower local unemployment.
The accommodation and food services sector already provides more than 215,000 jobs across the North West. A recent analysis by PwC shows it is the thriving energy sector that has revamped Aberdeen's hotels – making them now "second only to London". We call on party leaders to get behind this unique opportunity.
SIR – Might I add to my original letter, which brought forth such a howl of anguish from pensioners?
I am proposing that we combine the NHS with social care. Pensioners would contribute towards the social care element of the new package. Currently social care is offered after a means test, which often involves the sale of the pensioner's house. This insurance scheme would prevent that, at least for those that have cover.
Those pensioners who do not wish to opt in can continue to rely on the old means-tested assistance.
It is into this fund that the contributions would be paid and not into the general NHS fund which, as your readers point out, they have been paying into for many years.
SIR – Recently my granddaughter was stung on her legs by nettles, so I bathed them with a solution of bicarbonate of soda, which successfully soothed the pain and stemmed the tears.
However, I later discovered that what I actually used was cornflour. Perhaps this is a medical breakthrough; on the other hand, it may be of interest to my own doctor regarding the state of my eyesight.
SIR – In response to Andrew Campbell's letter, I can confirm that the National Archives' collection is free to search online and to view onsite in Kew. However, as the cost of digitising records is considerable, we are required to recover the full cost of the digital download service from our customers.
We will continue to digitise key First World War records throughout the centenary.
SIR – I cannot disagree more strongly with Andrew Campbell about the cost of downloading service records from the National Archives website.
Previously, family history research meant an expensive journey to the Archives by car or by train, in addition to the costs of parking or getting from the railway station to Kew, refreshments during the day and then the journey home.
For little more than the value of a cup of coffee, we can now have the documents delivered to us in the comfort of our home.
SIR – While I sympathise to some extent with Mr Campbell's views, I feel I should point out that the ability to download these archives to my own computer has revolutionised my research work. There is no longer any need to travel to Kew for expensive photocopies, or to hazard a guess as to what might be useful and pay the staff to send the copies. The only odd thing about the pricing is that some documents come in annual chunks, so you have to buy five separate files to cover a military unit's period for the whole of the First World War, whereas for other units a single file covers the entire war.
This is one of the few instances where a government service has reduced its charges. The documents were £3.36 in the first instance, and Mr Campbell mentions that they are now £3.30.


April 17, 2000 (Kentfield, Calif.) -- For all our fantasies of winning the lottery, sudden fortune can cause remarkable stress.
Therapist Stephen Goldbart, PhD, of Kentfield, Calif., says the newly rich "feel cut off from their friends and family. They're suspicious of investment counselors, afraid their kids will grow up spoiled or crippled by the money. And they suffer from an identity crisis because at the ripe old age of thirty-something they no longer have to go to work."
You feel uncomfortably different from your friends and you're afraid to tell them how you feel about your new status.
Being wealthy makes for more guilt than pleasure.
Instead of feeling powerful and decisive, you feel paralyzed and unable to decide how to spend your money.
You can't stand the envy of friends and acquaintances -- you find yourself becoming more isolated.
You feel like you don't quite deserve the money and you can't believe it's really yours.
You suffer from "ticker shock" and become obsessed with watching the stock market.
You're afraid that you'll lose your money and your good fortune will simply vanish overnight.
(Compiled by Kentfield, Calif., therapists Stephen Goldbart, PhD, and Joan Di Furia, MFT, owners of the Money, Meaning, and Choices Institute).
Valerie Andrews has written for Intuition, HealthScout, and many other publications. She lives in Greenbrae, Calif.


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Bautista Agut Denies Medvedev for Miami Semifinal Spot
Roberto Bautista Agut ended Daniil Medvedev's ambitions of winning his first title at the Miami Open presented by Itaú with a convincing 6-4, 6-2 victory in the last Men's Singles quarterfinal.
The Spaniard was backed by a 2-0 lead in the head-to-head, while Medvedev came from reaching the World No. 2 ranking and being crowned in Marseille two weeks ago.
It seemed that things would be different this time, as the Russian began controlling all actions on court. However, that changed in the ninth game, when Bautista Agut broke his serve. Before the changeover, Medvedev smashed his racket into the ground. The Spaniard then held his serve to take the match lead.
"Well, at that moment I was very focused on me, on the things I had to do on the next game. Of course, if he broke the racquet, it's because he lost his patience. I think I did some great things to put him under pressure and to feel like this," explained the Spaniard after the match.
In the second set, Bautista Agut was dominant from the beginning: he broke Medvedev's serves in the first and fifth games. The Russian was clearly impatient during the points – he even hit a one-handed backhand, not his usual move, in one of them.
Bautista Agut kept his consistency and needed one match point while serving at 5-2 to seal the victory in one hour and 32 minutes.
The key to the Spaniard's win was his consistent performance. In the end, the Russian had 29 unforced errors, against 15 from his rival.
"Well, I think I did a lot of things well, no? To beat Daniil in two sets it's because I played great tennis. I was very solid and I could play with a lot of rhythm, make him work a lot."
Bautista Agut plays 19-year-old Jannik Sinner for a place in the Miami Open final. The Italian prevailed 6-4, 3-6, 7-5 in their first meeting, in Dubai, two weeks ago.
"Sinner is a great player, among the best in the world. He beat me two weeks ago in a hard match in Dubai. I'm feeling good, in good form, and now it's getting some rest and ready for this next match."
The other two quarterfinals will happen this Thursday at Hard Rock Stadium. At 1 p.m., Greece's Stefanos Tsitsipas plays Poland's Hubert Hurkacz. Not before 7 p.m., Bradenton's Sebastian Korda faces Russian Andrey Rublev, the No. 4 seed.


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MIND WISE: Subtitle is Entertaining & Creative Mentalism by Richard Mark with commentary by Marc Salem - Book
Product Type: Book
Mind Wise is creative and entertaining Mind-bending Mentalism from psychic entertainer and award winner, Richard Mark, author of Mind Warp, Mind Work and co-author of Maurice Fogel, In Search of the Sensational. Marc Salem's comments enrich the material. 35 audience-tested methods, presentations and much more.
You can influence and control audience thoughts and actions proven with a statement written before your performance and held by a volunteer.
Mentally receive and describe not just a word from a book, but an entire paragraph -- and then give the book away.
Prove that an audience volunteer can mentally receive an image that you have drawn and was never viewed by them.
Perform a chair test that is direct and easy to accomplish but extraordinarily deceptive, and a practical and direct Q and A that will deceive and entertain your audience.
Comments from two America's Got Talent performers and a prominent reviewer.
"Mind Wise by Richard Mark is an absolute treasure trove of amazing mentalism. Richard runs the gamut from close-up to parlor and stage with methods that range from classic to new age. His close friend and associate, Marc Salem, has provided his own commentaries, giving readers an even more detailed look into these mysteries. Richard has published superb writings for mentalists for several decades now. His newest work revisits some of his finest work and updates them with fine results, but that is only part of the book., There are so many new routines and ideas here. These routines and concepts are not pipe dreams...this is real material for the working world and if you don't find something here to add to your own repertoire, you didn't actually read the book. My favorite part of the book is Chapter 4 - Psychic Entertainment and the Psychology of Power. With Richard's background as a Psychiatrist, he has given the world of mystery entertainers an amazing tool to analyze and develop your performing persona and enable you to better communicate with your audiences. Bravo Richard!"
- Marc DeSouza
"Richard Mark, one of mentalism's most prolific and thoughtful creators, has published a book that is packed with the type of entertaining and mystifying routines that will keep wise mentalists delighted for years. Among my favorites are a deliciously clever routine in which the spectator successfully duplicates a target design that the performer has given him in a sealed envelope, a new and very clean chair test, and a Maurice Fogel-based Russian roulette which is both harrowing and completely safe. The analysis of performance psychology cannot fail to help improve your presentation of Psychic Entertainment. Furthermore, the great Marc Salem has provided insightful afterthoughts and commentaries to many of the routines.You really can't go wrong reading Mind Wise, not when two very wise minds have created it for you."
- Bob Baker
"If you're looking for practical methods for mentalism, Richard Mark's Mind Wise certainly delivers with new techniques as well as updates to his previously published ideas. But where this book really shines is in its fresh take on presentational hooks that bring new life to mentalism plots we may have grown accustomed to. Richard reels in the audience quickly and succinctly with an interesting and creative premise to get them on board, leaving room for the performer to focus on delivering wonder. Throughout the book, Marc Salem's commentaries provide additional presentational ideas to further fuel the fire of your own creative exploration. Inside, you'll also find Richard's in-depth look at the psychological relationships between the performer and the audience to learn how these relationships can be exploited or subverted for maximum effect. It would be certainly be wise of you to check out Mind Wise!"
- Eric Dittleman


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Khirbat al-Minya (Ayn Minyat Hisham) és un antic palau omeia localitzat a la part oriental de Galilea, Israel, a 200 metres del punt nord del llac Tiberíades. Inclou palau, mesquita i sala de bany, seguint el patró dels palaus omeies. Fou construït pel califa al-Walid I (705-715) segurament pel seu fill Umar ibn al-Walid que va ser governador de Tiberíades en el regnat del seu pare, i va caure en desgràcia sota el següent regnat de l'oncle Sulayman ibn Abd-al-Màlik. Era el centre regional del govern d'al-Urdunn i el punt de contacte amb les tribus àrabs del desert. Hauria servit també de caravanserrall i residència d'hivern del governador de Tiberias (Tiberíades) o residència d'estiu del governador de Baysan. Fou abandonat en època desconeguda potser cap al 750, i fou després habitat altre cop als segles  i . Un kan fou construït al nord i usat al , utilitzant en part material del palau.

El palau fou explorat el 1932 per l'alemany A.E. Mader. Després ha estat excavat altres vegades. El 2000 fou proposat com Patrimoni de la Humanitat. El govern israelià el va declarar parc nacional.

El palau propi és rectangular de 66 x 73 metres amb torres rodones als angles i torre semicircular a la meitat de cada paret excepte l'occidental on era l'entrada monumental. Al centre un pati amb escales d'accés a la segona planta. Les habitacions inclouen mosaics i un tron. La mesquita està al sud-est. Segueix el model d'altres palaus com el Kasr al-Heer al-Gharbi al desert de Síria i el Khirbat al-Mafjar prop de Jericó. La zona residencial estava al nord.

Bibliografia
 à Khirbet el-Minyeh In Early Islamic Art, 650-1100, volume I, Constructing the Study of Islamic Art, 2005, originalment publicat per Israel Exploration Journal, (1960).

 .
 O. Puttrich-Reignard, 1938, Die Ergebnisse der dritten und vierten Ausgrabungskampagne auf Chirbet el Mije bei Tabgha]
 O. Puttrich-Reignard, 1939 Die Palastanlage von Chirbet al-Minje|publisher=Palestinahefte des Deutschens Vereins vom Heilige Lande]
 .

Enllaços externs

 Khirbet Minya  Archnet Digital Library.

Edificis d'Israel
Omeies

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Research ArticleArticles
Bioethics in Practice: Dr Alton Ochsner's Ethics
John L. Ochsner
Ochsner Journal September 2017, 17 (3) 223;
Chairman Emeritus, Department of Surgery, Ochsner Clinic Foundation, New Orleans, LA
The principle by which a man lives usually determines his character. My father was a complex man with profound integrity. People who did not know him well could easily misinterpret his beliefs and/or his moral qualities. The complexity of his character was defined by his extreme work habit, which allowed him knowledge of many subjects and philosophies.
He was often dogmatic on a subject but would change his opinion if situations or notable persuasion convinced him differently. I viewed him as a human chameleon. My father thought of himself as a raging bull, and cancer was a red flag. His approach to all cancer was to radically excise the tumor and surrounding area. For years, he championed a radical pneumonectomy as the treatment for any cancer of the lung. Some years later, Dr Richard Overholt of Boston claimed that one needed only to remove the lobe in which the tumor resided. Dad was happy to perform a study in which both methods were used, and when the results showed there were no differences in the outcome, he immediately stated that he was wrong in his rigid view.
My father was very conservative, yet often his actions were pioneeringly liberal. He and his partners founded the first major group practice in the South despite reluctance from the local medical community. The local medical doctors tried to block their progress with a vengeance. Each of the 5 founders, on Holy Thursday night, April 13, 1941, received a leather pouch containing 30 silver dimes with a note that read, "To help you pay for your clinic. From the physicians, surgeons and dentists of New Orleans"—the implication being that the founders were Judases. Another example of his liberality is that when the Ochsner Foundation Hospital opened, it was entirely racially integrated. My dad was adamant that "God did not intend for the infirmed to be treated differently by race." It was the first hospital in the South to be completely integrated.
Dad wrote his creed which contained 6 beliefs. In the creed were "Be honest with others and with yourself" and "Be loyal." Loyalty is one of the finest attributes, and it is found so infrequently. Both can be viewed as ethical ideology.
In my childhood, if there was a question as to whether I did something improper, I soon learned to be truthful despite the wrong because deceiving always led to my father's wrath. I can assure you that was not a pleasant experience.
My dad believed in egalitarian principles. He felt it was an honor to be a physician, and one should not play god nor charge inappropriate fees. He was always disappointed when a doctor took advantage of his professional status to make money. He believed that all clinic physicians should contribute financially to this clinic to allow continued improvements. Dr DeBakey once told me that my father could have been extremely wealthy, but he never charged an unsuitable fee. Dr DeBakey said presidents of countries and wealthy people would come from Europe and Central and South America aboard private planes for an office visit. Dad's fee would be $5.00. He did not waiver from this principle.
He never had monetary wealth but never complained. He died with only minor financial assets; nevertheless, he lived a righteous and happy life.
You are going to email the following Bioethics in Practice: Dr Alton Ochsner's Ethics
Ochsner Journal Sep 2017, 17 (3) 223;
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Welcome Home and Welcome to the Healthcare Team at Ochsnera
Letter to the Editor: Bicuspid Aortic Valve–Family Screening and Indications for Intervention


This is a brief post related to the proper maintenance of zippers and snaps on marine canvas. Many of the repair work that we do involves broken zippers or missing or damaged snaps. Many of these repairs could be avoided, and much stress could be avoided if the owner simply maintained the zippers and snaps properly.
Frustration aside, these boats and covers needed extensive repair or replacement due to lack of maintenance.
Maintaining your snaps and zippers is easy. Start by keeping things clean. The hardware on the boat can be washed and polished just like everything else and a toothbrush can be used to clean the crud around them. You can also use some metal polish to clean and brighten them up. If they are rusty or just wore out, get them replaced. Most are snap on or screw in and are available at most marine retailers or in our shop for the do it yourselfers.
Once they are cleaned, a small amount of zipper and snap lubricant will make them easy to put on and off. This should be applied once per year as a general maintenance item. I have heard of many snake oil remedies people use to lube the snaps, but for about $10 you can buy a good proven commercial product. We stock and recommend IOSSO Ez-Snap Lubricant pictured below. This can be bought online through many marine retailers or in our shop for about $10.
To apply to studs on the boat simply place small mount on your index finger and rub it on the shoulder of the stud. You can usually do 3-4 studs before needing to reapply the lubricant. To apply to zippers the same principal applies, rub along one side of the zipper and then connect and work the zipper back and forth a few times. The result will be zippers than work better than new!
Contact us for additional details or to purchase snaps, lubricant or to have repairs done to your boat or canvas. Happy Boating!


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Antonio Caccia ist der Name folgender Personen:

* Antonio Caccia der Ältere (1806–1875), Schweizer Schriftsteller
 Antonio Caccia der Jüngere (1829–1893), Schweizer Schriftsteller


Change your life in seven days! Come join us for cardio strength training, HapKido martial arts, fitness and kickboxing. A super value for just $1 a day!
World class supportive and professionally certified instructors. Half of our instructors are women each with over a decade of experience (ten to twenty five years of training).


valuable substances from the wastewater. Their products combine economic progress with environmental responsibility.
Paques is a leader in the field of anaerobic purification plants. The company has a strong position in the brewing and food industries and in the paper sector, but their solutions are applied all over the world in diverse sectors: from the water industry, the mining/metals industry to the (petro)chemical, fermentation and pharmaceutical industries.
Even though the Paques' technologies are mainly built on economic grounds, significant environmental advantages are reached with their reference base for example, Daily 9 million kg of organic pollution treated with their anaerobic installations; A staggering 3.2 Mt CO2 reduction, equaling 25% of the reduction commitment of the Netherlands according to the Kyoto treaty.
36.5 million kg SO2 is prevented from being emitted into air, comparing to 75% of the emission limit for the Netherlands conform the Kyoto protocol.
Paques has built up an extensive international network. In more than forty countries, professional partners and licensees are ensuring that our knowledge and technology are available internationally.
Paques has become an established name in the field of biological industrial purification. Our network of licensees is supported from our offices in Balk (the Netherlands) and Shanghai.


Again, today I wasted some 5 hours on internet without knowing what I learnt, observed or understood. It's not the only day it happened; it happens too often. And it's only now I understood what at the heart of the problem is. It's a "Focus problem. It's a problem of not knowing what actually you are looking for; what point do you want to get to? I bet you start anything without knowing your focus and you will end up without knowing your achievement. The reason is you do not know what to do; which activity should precede or follow which one. You just fling arrows in the air with the hope of hunting. The possibility of getting something solid with this approach is that much as getting a bird hunted with an arrow hurled blindly in the open air.
Last week Faisal (My MS class fellow) told me that he had gone to library in the morning with the hope to read a lot. He said that he could not go beyond the several opening paragraphs of four books. When asked why he told that he did not understand what to do as there were many books and scores of chapters in each book. "I cannot read all the books and all the chapters"…. "What topic to study first?"… "Which book is important one to be studied first? These questions arose in my mind. "Then knowing my limitation that I cannot read all the things at once (which of course is everyone's limitation), my interest started to fad", he said. At the end, he said he got nothing.
The above example of Faisal suggests that going too ambitious without knowing your objective (Focus) will lead you nowhere. Starting too many things at same time is an example of losing your focus. One should first point out to himself that this is the specific thing he is going to do. Tell yourself "I will first read and understand this specific topic and then go to the next.
One great advantage of learning from a teacher is that he gives us a focus. No matter the teacher is effective or not in teaching, he establishes our focus on topics. Any topic he touches upon seems important to us and then we try to understand it. If you are given all the books that are taught in MBA and given the same time as any MBA graduate have for the completion of MBA, it will be a lot harder for you to get the same knowledge level as others will get with the help of a teacher. This is not to say that we cannot create focus without a teacher. The only purpose of saying this here is to tell ourselves that what role focus plays in our lives; to tell ourselves that we have to get it with/from any source.Remember, if you do not know where you are going, any way will lead you there.


Welcome to Episode 4 of Reduce by Half: Beef Month with Angie Horkan! May is Beef Month in Wisconsin, and we wanted to get an expert's perspective on what beef means to Wisconsin. Angie Horkan, the Director of Marketing for the Wisconsin Beef Council, and an active cattlewoman herself, was kind of enough to join the podcast, and she provided lots of information about beef farming in Wisconsin, shared how you can enter to win a beautiful grill from the Wisconsin Beef Council and gave us an amazing recipe. Listen to the episode by using the player below, or click here to listen on iTunes. You'll find beef facts, Angie's Grilled Tequila Steak Pizza recipe, and a chance to win a $100 beef package from LGCM below, so listen and keep scrolling!
Angie Horkan, Director of Marketing at the Wisconsin Beef Council, cattlewoman, fabulous podcast guest and cool person!
Did you know these facts about the beef industry in Wisconsin?
Wisconsin, even though we're known as the Dairy State is also in the top 12 of beef producing states.
There are more than 14,800 beef farms in Wisconsin.
The average size of a herd in Wisconsin is just 18 head of cattle per herd.
Nationwide, 97% of beef farms are family owned, and many cattlemen and women have other full time jobs in addition to tending their herds.
Wisconsin's beef industry puts $2.1 BILLION into our economy and supports 35,000 jobs!
Get more information about beef farming in Wisconsin and meet some of our local beef farmers on the Wisconsin Beef Council's website.
Angie shared this awesome mashup between tacos and pizza that you can make on the grill. I made it at home and absolutely loved it, give it a try! You can read the full recipe here.
Win a $100 Beef Package!
The Wisconsin Beef Council is giving away an awesome grill this May, and we wanted to join in the giveaway fun! Enter below to win a $100 beef package featuring burgers and steaks that are perfect for the grill. You need to enter the codeword we mentioned on the episode to enter, so make sure you listen to get the codeword! We'll pick one random person who entered before June 1st as the winner and announce the winner on Episode 5 of Reduce by Half.
Thank you for listening to this episode! We hope you'll subscribe to this podcast on iTunes – we'd really appreciate your support! You can subscribe to Reduce by Half on iTunes by following this link. We'll see you soon at Lake Geneva Country Meats!


Trovagene management team will provide an update on the Company's clinical development program and associated financing, key milestones, and collaboration and partnering activities. The Webcast will take place on Wednesday, October 24th at 8:30 am EDT. To join the conference call and webcast please click on the following link: https://services.choruscall.com/links/trov181024.html. The webcast will be available on the investor page of the Trovagene website www.trovagene.com for 90 days following the webcast presentation.


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Media City Film FestivalMCFF 2022
25th Anniversary Navigation
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About MCFF
ThousandSuns Cinema
Chrysalis Fellowship
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Festival Catalogues
Now Pretend (1991)
L.Franklin Gilliam
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Now Pretend L.Franklin Gilliam USA16mm > digital10 min 1991
Now Pretend is an experimental investigation into the use of race as an arbitrary signifier. In just ten minutes, this film quickly cycles through a diverse bank of images. Drawing on language, personal memories, and the 1959 text Black Like Me, it deals with Lacan's "mirror stage," ideologies of the beautiful, and the movement from object to subject. Now Pretend is a look at how totalizing definitions function for/against women of colour—a visual and sonic effort to re/collect the self. – Courtisane Festival
The restoration and new digitization of Now Pretend was completed by Cinenova as part of their preservation project The Work We Share. Funding provided by Arts Council England.
This film is available to stream globally.
This film is co-presented with Cinenova.
Image credits: all artworks, stills, and portraits courtesy of the artist © L.Franklin Gilliam and Cinenova Distribution.
L.Franklin Gilliam (USA) is an American filmmaker and media artist born in Washington, DC in 1967, whose creative practice is research-based and multidisciplinary. Their father is noted African-American Color-field painter and lyrical abstractionist, Sam Gilliam. Their mother Dorothy Pearl Butler Gilliam is an activist and journalist who became the first African-American female reporter at The Washington Post. Their parents were both instrumental in exposing them to cultural production early in life. Gilliam received a BA in Modern Culture and Media from Brown University (1989), an MFA in Film and Twentieth Century Studies from the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee (1992), and a Masters in Professional Studies, Games and Interactive Media Design from New York University (2008). Gilliam has completed 10+ films, videos, interactive installations, and games since 1992. Their work has been widely exhibited at festivals, museums, and galleries internationally, including the Whitney Museum of American Art, Institute of Contemporary Arts (London), New Museum of Contemporary Art, International Short Film Festival Oberhausen, Thread Waxing Space, Festival panafricain du cinéma et de la télévision de Ouagadougou, and New York Underground Film Festival. They have taught at the School of the Art Institute of Chicago, the University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Vermont College of Fine Arts, and held various positions at Bard College, including Director, Integrated Arts Program (2003–2006); Chair, Division of the Arts (2004–2006); Faculty, Masters Fine Arts Program (2005–2006); and Associate Professor, Electronic Arts (2002–2007). Gilliam is the recipient of a Creative Capital Emerging Field Award (2000), and the New Visions Video Award from the San Francisco International Film Festival. They are former Vice President for Education, Strategy & Innovation at Girls Who Code, are presently Senior Strategy and Design Officer at Lambent Foundation, and Board President at Out in Tech, the world's largest non-profit community of LGBTQ+ tech leaders, with over 40,000 members worldwide. Gilliam will be an artist in residence at the Center for Afrofuturist Studies in Iowa in 2022. They live and work in New York.
MEDIA CITY FILM FESTIVAL
Media City Film Festival is an international festival for film and digital art presented in Windsor, Ontario and Detroit, Michigan since 1994.
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