Unemployment and inflation are issues that are central to economic life of every developing country. This paper estimates the short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment for the Indian economy over the period 2009-2015, in order to know whether there is a tradeoff between inflation and unemployment. In short run there is inverse relationship of inflation with the unemployment, increase in inflation leads to decrease in unemployment and vice versa. This variable is subjected to Bi-variants regression analysis, with unemployment as its dependent variable in the first model, inflation in the second model and real GDP in the third model. The research outcomes proved the effective orientation of unemployment for the inflation and real GDP at statistically non-significance level. The findings proved the negative effect of unemployment for inflation and positive effect on real GDP. The unemployment is a continuously occurring phenomenon in all economies of developing countries where it is affecting highly the level of employment; price level, living standard of people, and real GDP. The findings proved the influential relationship between unemployment and inflation conditions, Unemployment and Real GDP conditions, but in our economic condition it is proved as non-significant. Consequently, the major policy implication of these results is that concerted efforts should be made by policy makers towards restructuring the economy, managing price instability and level of employment.


text:
The primary purpose of a symbol table is to associate a value with a key. The client can insert key-value pairs into the symbol table with the expectation of later being able to search for the value associated with a given key, from among all of the key-value pairs that have been put into the table.

Search is so important to so many computer applications that symbol tables are available as high-level abstractions in many programming environments, including Java—we shall discuss Java's symbol-table implementations in Section 3.5.

#### Definition

A symbol table is a data structure for key-value pairs that supports two operations: insert (put) a new pair into the table and search for (get) the value associated with a given key.

        application
        purpose of search
        key
        value

        dictionary
        find definition
        word
        definition

        book index
        find relevant pages
        term
        list of page numbers

        file share
        find song to download
        name of song
        computer ID

        account management
        process transactions
        account number
        transaction details

        web search
        find relevant web pages
        keyword
        list of page names

        compiler
        find type and value
        variable name
        type and value

Typical symbol-table applications

##### Generics

As we did with sorting, we will consider the methods without specifying the types of the items being processed, using generics. For symbol tables, we emphasize the separate roles played by keys and values in search by specifying the key and value types explicitly instead of viewing keys as implicit in items as we did for priority queues in Section 2.4.

##### Duplicate keys
We adopt the following conventions in all of our implementations:

* Only one value is associated with each key (no duplicate keys in a table).
* When a client puts a key-value pair into a table already containing that key (and an associated value), the new value replaces the old one.

##### Null keys

Keys must not be null. As with many mechanisms in Java, use of a null key results in an exception at runtime (see the third Q&A on page 387).

##### Null values

We also adopt the convention that no key can be associated with the value null. This convention is directly tied to our specification in the API that get() should return null for keys not in the table, effectively associating the value null with every key not in the table.

##### Deletion

Deletion in symbol tables generally involves one of two strategies: lazy deletion, where we associate keys in the table with null, then perhaps remove all such keys at some later time; and eager deletion, where we remove the key from the table immediately.

#### Shorthand methods

For clarity in client code, we include the methods contains() and isEmpty() in the API, with the default one-line implementations shown here.

##### Iteration

To enable clients to process all the keys and values in the table, we might add the phrase implements Iterable<Key> to the first line of the API to specify that every implementation must implement an iterator() method that returns an iterator having appropriate implementations of hasNext() and next(), as described for stacks and queues in Section 1.3.

##### Key equality

Determining whether or not a given key is in a symbol table is based on the concept of object equality, which we discussed at length in Section 1.2 (see page 102).

#### Ordered symbol tables

In typical applications, keys are Comparable objects, so the option exists of using the code a.compareTo(b) to compare two keys a and b. Several symbol-table implementations take advantage of order among the keys that is implied by Comparable to provide efficient implementations of the put() and get() operations.

##### Minimum and maximum

Perhaps the most natural queries for a set of ordered keys are to ask for the smallest and largest keys. We have already encountered these operations, in our discussion of priority queues in Section 2.4. In ordered symbol tables, we also have methods to delete the maximum and minimum keys (and their associated values).

##### Floor and ceiling

Given a key, it is often useful to be able to perform the floor operation (find the largest key that is less than or equal to the given key) and the ceiling operation (find the smallest key that is greater than or equal to the given key).

##### Rank and selection

The basic operations for determining where a new key fits in the order are the rank operation (find the number of keys less than a given key) and the select operation (find the key with a given rank).

##### Range queries

How many keys fall within a given range (between two given keys)? Which keys fall in a given range? The two-argument size() and keys() methods that answer these questions are useful in many applications, particularly in large databases.

##### Exceptional cases

When a method is to return a key and there is no key fitting the description in the table, our convention is to throw an exception (an alternate approach, which is also reasonable, would be to return null in such cases).

##### Shorthand methods

As we have already seen with isEmpty() and contains() in our basic API, we keep some redundant methods in the API for clarity in client code.

##### Key equality (revisited)

The best practice in Java is to make compareTo() consistent with equals() in all Comparable types.

##### Cost model

Whether we use equals() (for symbol tables where keys are not Comparable) or compareTo() (for ordered symbol tables with Comparable keys), we use the term compare to refer to the operation of comparing a symboltable entry against a search key.

#### Sample clients

While we defer detailed consideration of applications to Section 3.5, it is worthwhile to consider some client code before considering implementations.

##### Test client

For tracing our algorithms on small inputs we assume that all of our implementations use the test client below, which takes a sequence of strings from standard input, builds a symbol table that associates the value i with the ith string in the input, and then prints the table.

#### Performance client

FrequencyCounter (on the next page) is a symbol-table client that finds the number of occurrences of each string (having at least as many characters as a given threshold length) in a sequence of strings from standard input, then iterates through the keys to find the one that occurs the most frequently. This client is an example of a dictionary client, an application that we discuss in more detail in Section 3.5.

FrequencyCounter is surrogate for a very common situation. Specifically, it has the following characteristics, which are shared by many other symbol-table clients:

* Search and insert operations are intermixed.
* The number of distinct keys is not small.
* Substantially more searches than inserts are likely.
* Search and insert patterns, though unpredictable, are not random.

##### Sequential search in an unordered linked list

One straightforward option for the underlying data structure for a symbol table is a linked list of nodes that contain keys and values, as in the code on the facing page.

##### Proposition A

Search misses and insertions in an (unordered) linked-list symbol table having N key-value pairs both require N compares, and search hits N compares in the worst case. In particular, inserting N distinct keys into an initially empty linked-list symbol table uses ~![](http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?\frac{N^2}2) compares.

##### Corollary

Inserting N distinct keys into an initially empty linked-list symbol table uses ~![](http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?\frac{N^2}2) compares.

#### Binary search in an ordered array

Next, we consider a full implementation of our ordered symbol-table API. The underlying data structure is a pair of parallel arrays, one for the keys and one for the values.

##### Binary search

The reason that we keep keys in an ordered array is so that we can use array indexing to dramatically reduce the number of compares required for each search, using the classic and venerable binary search algorithm that we used as an example in Chapter 1.

This recursive rank() preserves the following properties:

* If key is in the table, rank() returns its index in the table, which is the same as
the number of keys in the table that are smaller than key.
* If key is not in the table, rank() also returns the number of keys in the table
that are smaller than key.

##### Other operations

Since the keys are kept in an ordered array, most of the order-based operations are compact and straightforward, as you can see from the code on page 382. For example, a call to select(k) just returns keys[k].

##### Analysis of binary search

The recursive implementation of rank() also leads to an immediate argument that binary search guarantees fast search, because it corresponds to a recurrence relation that describes an upper bound on the number of compares.

##### Proposition B

Binary search in an ordered array with N keys uses no more than lg N  1 compares for a search (successful or unsuccessful).

##### Proposition B (continued)

Inserting a new key into an ordered array of size N uses ~ 2N array accesses in the worst
case, so inserting N keys into an initially empty table uses ~![](http://latex.codecogs.com/gif.latex?N^2) array accesses in the worst case.

#### Preview

Binary search is typically far better than sequential search and is the method of choice in numerous practical applications.

#### Full implementation of Binary Search in Symbol Table

```
public class BinarySearch<Key implements Comparable<Key>, Value> {

    private Key[] keys;
    private Value[] values;

    public BinarySearchST(int capacity){
        keys=(Key[])new Comparable[capacity];
        values=(Value[])new Object[capacity];
    }

    public int size(){
        return N;
    }

    public Value get(Key key){
        if(isEmpty())
            return null;
        int i=rank(key);
        if(i<N&&keys[i].compareTo(key)==0)
            return values[i];
        else
            return null;
    }

    public int rand(Key key){
        int low=0,high=N-1;
        while(low<=high<N-1){
            int mid=low+(high-low)/2;
            int cmp=key.compareTo(keys[mid]);
            if(cmp<0)
                high=mid-1;
            else if(cmp>0)
                low=mid+1;
            else
                return mid;
        }
    }

    public void put(Key key, Value value){
        int i=rank(key);
        if(i<N&&keys[i].copareTo(key)==0){
            values[i]=value;
            return;
        }
        for(int j=N;j>i;j--){
            keys[j]=keys[j-1];
            values[j]=values[j-1];
        }
        keys[i]=key;
        values[i]=value;
        N++;
    }

    public void delete(Key key);

    public Key min(){
        return keys[0];
    }

    public Key max(){
        return keys[N-1];
    }

    public Key select(int k){
        return keys[k];
    }

    public Key ceiling(Key key){
        int i=rank(key);
        return keys[i];
    }

    public Key floor(Key key);

    public Key delete(Key key);

    public Iterable<Key> keys(Key low, Key high){
        Queue<Key> q=new Queue<Key>();
        for(int i=rank(low);i<rank(high);i++){
            q.enqueue(keys[i]);
        }
        if(contains(high)){
            q.enqueue(keys[rank(high)]);
        }
        return q;
    }
}
```

        algorithm(data structure)
        worst-case cost(after N inserts)
        average-case cost(after N random inserts)
        efficiently support ordered operations?

        search
        insert
        search hit
        insert

        sequential search(unordered linked list)
        N
        N

        N
        No

        binary search(ordered array)

        2N

        N
        yes

BinarySearchST costs

        underlying data structure
        implementation
        pros
        cons

        linked list(sequential search)
        SequentialSearchST
        best for tiny STs
        slow for large STs

        ordered array(binary search)
        BinarySearchST
        optimal search and space, order-based ops
        slow insert

        binary search tree
        BST
        easy to implement, order-based ops
        no guarantees space for links

        balanced BST
        RedBlackBST
        optimal search and insert, order-based ops
        space for links

        hash table
        SeparateChainingHashST
LinearProbingHashST
        fast search/insert for common types of data
        need hash for each type no order-based ops space for links/empty

Cost summary for basic symbol-table implementations

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


OPEN ME! This was requested SO many times, so when I had a free day, I decided to please the masses. I had a lot of fun doing it so I hope you enjoy watching.
I thought this would be a fun and different video to make! It's in a Day in the Life style so enjoy. PLEASE READ! I realize these dolls are NOT real children.
I'm not fully happy with how this came out, but I wanted to upload it for you guys anyway. I'm still feeling a bit sick. SHE DID NOT REALLY GO TO THE DOCTOR.
Gmail :[email protected] Fb :https://www.facebook.com/ngocson.won.tns.
prim's algorithm clear explanation with example.
02 それは僕たちの奇跡 / Ryu☆ feat.Prim EXIT TRANCE PRESENTS SPEED アニメトランス BEST 22.
Hope you guys enjoy. =) The song in the middle is The Way by Adil Laresh. It has been labeled as fair use.
Short example of Prim's Algorithm, graph is from "Cormen" book.


text:
News Releasessfiprogram2019-05-13T23:09:05-04:00
Brian J. Kernohan's Support For Forest Conservation Wins SFI Inc. Award For Conservation Leadership
The Sustainable Forestry Initiative Inc. (SFI) announced today that Brian J. Kernohan, Chief Sustainability Officer and Director of Policy at Hancock Natural Resource Group (HNRG) is the winner of the 2018 SFI Leadership in Conservation Award. This award, announced at the SFI Annual Conference, recognizes SFI Program Participants and individuals across the U.S. and Canada who drive conservation results through partnerships.
By sfiprogram|2019-01-21T02:18:14-05:00October 17th, 2018|News Release|
Bettina Ring Receives SFI President's Award
The Sustainable Forestry Initiative Inc. (SFI) announced the 2018 SFI President'sAward at the SFI Annual Conference today. Bettina Ring, Virginia Secretary of Agriculture and Forestry and an SFI board member, is this year's winner. Ring is being recognized for her commitment to encouraging diversity in the forest sector and for her leadership in advancing sustainable forestry.
Jay Jensen Wins The Dr. Sharon Haines Memorial Award For Innovation And Leadership In Sustainability
The Sustainable Forestry Initiative Inc. (SFI) announced the 2018 SFI Dr. Sharon Haines Memorial Award For Innovation and Leadership in Sustainability at the SFI Annual Conference today. Jay Jensen, Director of the Southern Regional Office at the National Fish and Wildlife Foundation (NFWF) is this year's winner.
South Carolina SFI Implementation Committee Wins Award For Strong Partnerships That Improve Sustainable Forestry And Promote The SFI Program
The Sustainable Forestry Initiative Inc. (SFI) announced today that the South Carolina SFI Implementation Committee is the winner of the 2018 SFI Implementation Committee Achievement Award. The South Carolina committee was selected for its ability to build strong partnerships in ways that improve sustainable forestry and promote the SFI Program.
K'ó moks and Qualicum First Nations will pilot SFI Module for Indigenous Peoples, Families, and Communities
Comox, BC: K'ómoks First Nation, in partnership with Qualicum First Nation, welcomed TimberWest, the Canadian Council for Aboriginal Business (CCAB), and the Sustainable Forestry Initiative Inc. (SFI) to the K'ómoks First Nation Band Office to announce that they will pilot the SFI Small-Scale Forest Management Module for Indigenous Peoples, Families, and Communities. This is to be implemented on Rosewall Forest Tenure Holdings Ltd, the jointly managed working forest of K'ómoks First Nation and Qualicum First Nation.
By sfiprogram|2019-01-21T01:22:07-05:00September 17th, 2018|News Release|
SFI Conservation and Community Partnerships Grant Program RFP Now Open
The Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) opened its annual request for proposals (RFP) for the SFI Conservation and Community Partnerships Grant Program today. Applications for the program will be accepted from eligible entities through October 9. Requirements for this year's program are available on the SFI website.
By sfiprogram|2019-01-21T01:18:06-05:00August 6th, 2018|News Release|
Government of Canada Connects Over 3,700 Students to Green Jobs
Building a strong middle class means giving Canada's youth the tools they need to find and keep good jobs, including in the green jobs sector, with employers that help reduce the consumption of energy and raw materials, limit greenhouse gas emissions, minimize waste and pollution and protect and restore ecosystems. Today at the Thunder Bay Centennial Botanical Conservatory, the Honourable Patty Hajdu, Minister of Employment, Workforce Development and Labour, highlighted funding of over $26 million through the Green Jobs in Green Spaces program, helping create 3,725 green student job opportunities across Canada.
By sfiprogram|2019-01-21T01:09:42-05:00July 18th, 2018|News Release|
PEFC-Certified Fashion at the United Nations Headquarters
Forest fashions take centre stage at the United Nations Headquarters in New York for the High Level Political Forum (HLPF) on Sustainable Development, starting today. As part of our Forests for Fashion initiative with UNECE/FAO, and a range of other partners such as the UN Forum on Forests, Cittadellarte Fashion B.E.S.T, PEFC Italy, PEFC Spain and SFI, we are highlighting the role of forests and forest products towards a sustainable fashion sector, throughout the HLPF.
By sfiprogram|2019-01-21T01:04:11-05:00July 9th, 2018|News Release|
New SFI Board Members Elected To Enhance Conservation Impact, Supply Chain Assurance And Community Engagement
The Sustainable Forestry Initiative Inc. (SFI) is pleased to announce the election of four new members to its Board of Directors: Mike Parr, President, American Bird Conservancy;; Jim Irving, Co-CEO, JD Irving Limited;; Lennard Joe, President, Nicola Tribal Association;; and Jaime Yraguen, President, Associated Oregon Loggers. These new members embody SFI's three pillars: supply chain assurance, conservation elevation, and education and community engagement.
By sfiprogram|2019-01-21T00:56:12-05:00May 3rd, 2018|News Release|
Project Learning Tree Canada To Place 600 Youth In Green Jobs Through The CPC Network
Project Learning Tree (PLT) Canada and the Canadian Parks Council (CPC) announced a partnership to place 600 youth in summer jobs in Canada's provincial and territorial parks in the summers of 2018 and 2019. PLT Canada has received approximately $4 million through the Government of Canada's Summer Work Experience program to offer a 50% wage-match to support summer green job placements for youth.
By sfiprogram|2019-12-05T14:05:12-05:00April 3rd, 2018|News Release|
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text:
Commandant Kramer, who was vilified in the British and American press as "The Beast of Belsen" and "The Monster of Belsen," was put on trial and then executed, along with chief physician Dr. Fritz Klein and other camp officials. At his trial, Kramer's defense attorney, Major T.C.M. Winwood, predicted: "When the curtain finally rings down on this stage Josef Kramer will, in my submission, stand forth not as 'The Beast of Belsen' but as 'The Scapegoat of Belsen'." /24
Prisoners on a death march from Dachau move towards the south along the Noerdliche Muenchner Street in Gruenwald, Germany, on April 29, 1945. Many thousands of prisoners were marched forcibly from outlying prison camps to camps deeper inside Germany as Allied forces closed in. Thousands died along the way, anyone unable to keep up was executed on the spot. Pictured, fourth from the right, is Dimitry Gorky who was born on August 19, 1920 in Blagoslovskoe, Russia to a family of peasant farmers. During World War II Dmitry was imprisoned in Dachau for 22 months. The reason for his imprisonment is not known. Photo released by the U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum. #
The whole corner where the barracks stand is enclosed by a high wire entanglement. The prisoners are warned that these are live wires, but this is a false alarm. This enclosed area is about 1,800 feet square, and contains a pool filled with muddy water, which, shrewdly photographed, appeared in the Munich Illustrierte Zeitung of July 16, 1933, as a swimming pool for the prisoners. From this enclosure leads a gangway, also protected by barbed wire and machine guns, to a spacious workshop, part of which is the kitchen and the other part drill-room and mess hall. Farther away are the guard houses, equipped with heating facilities. They are the officers' quarters and contain workshops for cobblers, cabinet-makers, etc.
^ "War nicht der 'Archipel Gulag' ursprünglicher als 'Auschwitz'? War nicht der 'Klassenmord' der Bolschewiki das logische und faktische Prius des 'Rassenmords' der Nationalsozialisten? Sind Hitlers geheimste Handlungen nicht gerade auch dadurch zu erklären, daß er den 'Rattenkäfig' nicht vergessen hatte? Rührte Auschwitz vielleicht in seinen Ursprüngen aus einer Vergangenheit her, die nicht vergehen wollte?"[477]
Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain paid a historic visit to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in June 2015. The Queen visited the camp on the last day of an official state visit to Germany to pay respects to the individuals exterminated there by the Nazis during the Holocaust. It was the first time that the 89-year-old Monarch had visited a concentration camp. The Queen met with British army veterans, who shared horror stories of their first impressions upon arrival at the camp in April 1945. Official sources reported that the Queen had a "personal and reflective" visit to the camp, accompanied by her husband, Prince Philip.
In early 1937, the SS, using prisoner labor, began construction of a large complex of buildings on the grounds of the original camp. Prisoners were forced to do this work, starting with the destruction of the old munitions factory, under terrible conditions. The construction was officially completed in mid-August 1938 and the camp remained essentially unchanged until 1945. Dachau thus remained in operation for the entire period of the Third Reich.
Kristallnacht was the night that German citizens smashed windows in Jewish shops and set fire to over 200 Jewish Synagogues throughout Germany, Austria and the Sudetenland in what is now the Czech Republic. Ninety-one people were killed during this uncontrolled riot which the police did not try to stop. That night, Hitler and his henchmen were gathered at the Bürgerbräukeller, a beer hall in Munich, celebrating the anniversary of Hitler's attempt to take over the German government by force in 1923; Hitler's failed Putsch had been organized at the Bürgerbräukeller.
A training center for SS concentration camp guards, Dachau's organization and routine became the model for all Nazi concentration camps. A new crematorium area was constructed in 1942 to dispose of the increasing number of casualties of typhoid, starvation, and executions. Dachau's prisoners were used as subjects of medical experiments and hundreds of prisoners died or were permanently crippled as a result of these experiments.
Some 28,000 prisoners died of disease and other causes in the weeks after the British army liberated the camp on April 15, 1945. The British were forced to bury thousands of corpses in mass graves hastily excavated on the site. Bergen-Belsen was the first major Nazi concentration camp to be liberated by the Western Allies, and its horrors gained instant notoriety. Forty-eight members of the camp staff were tried and 11 of them, including SS commandant Josef Kramer, the "Beast of Belsen," were sentenced to death by a British military court and hanged. After the war, Bergen-Belsen became the largest displaced-person camp in Germany. Most of its residents later immigrated to Israel.
Most of the survivors in the DP camp at Bergen Belsen were young people. They found themselves entirely alone, having lost their parents, spouses, children and siblings during the Holocaust. They commonly chose to establish a feeling of normality and fight despair by marrying in the DP camp. During the first year after liberation, in the Bergen Belden DP camp, there were often six weddings a day, and up to fifty weddings a week. During 1946, there were 1,070 weddings at Bergen Belsen.
The book's existence as something of a quasi-novel/biography serves the needs of Young Adult Readers in two very important ways. First, it makes factual accounts accessible and exciting. Rather than dispassionately seek the stark facts of The Holocaust and those who resisted it, readers are able to pathetically experience the suffering and moral conflict. Thus the faculties of imagination and empiricism are both equally engaged. This can lead to more exciting and productive discussions. Second, the reliability of this kind of novel in representing fact portrays the ethical difficulties inherent in The Holocaust. We Goeth as the monstrous sadist and mass murderer, but also as the companion, connoisseur, and host. We see Schindler as the philanthropist, but also as the womanizer and profiteer. The net result is that a Young Adult is presented with an ethical reality in which there are absolutes being encountered by fallible people, people who are not absolute.
In 1980, Australian author Thomas Keneally by chance visited Pfefferberg's luggage store in Beverly Hills while en route home from a film festival in Europe. Pfefferberg took the opportunity to tell Keneally the story of Oskar Schindler. He gave him copies of some materials he had on file, and Keneally soon decided to make a fictionalised treatment of the story. After extensive research and interviews with surviving Schindlerjuden, his 1982 historical novel Schindler's Ark (published in the United States as Schindler's List) was the result.[94]
After the joint conquest of Poland, by Germany and the Soviet Union, in September 1939, numerous Polish resistance fighters were imprisoned, including 1,780 Catholic priests. When the Catholic Church complained about the harsh treatment the priests received in the concentration camps, all the priests were moved to Dachau because it was the mildest camp of all. Dachau was designated as the main camp for Catholic priests who had been arrested on various charges, including child molestation, and a total of 2,720 from 19 different nations were sent there. The priests did not have to work in the factories and were given special privileges.
A prisoner, Furth, who later disappeared from camp, was found lying on the concrete floor of his cell, almost beaten to death. Commander Weckerle entered: "Why don't you stand at attention when I enter?" he asked. No answer. Thinking that the prisoner had attempted to commit suicide, Weckerle continued, "This man wants to get away before we're through with him, but he has to confess first." The prisoner was taken from his cell for medical attention, simply to restore him for additional torture. An attorney named Strauss, from Munich, was arrested because at one time he had a case against the Minister of Justice. A few days later this man, who had previously enjoyed good health, was transformed into a quivering white-haired old man. They compelled him to swim in ice-cold water while they lashed him with oxtails. After four days of torture he was shot.
The PORT Technology personal transit management was invented in 2009 to remove many of the existing constraints on interior layouts, thereby allowing architects greater creative freedom when designing the next generation of buildings. The technology consists of a standalone terminal (installed on the wall or on a standalone pillar) with an LCD monitor that used to choose a floor destination, similar to the Miconic 10. PORT is the successor of Miconic 10 and Schindler ID.
In the first few decades after the Holocaust, scholars argued that it was unique as a genocide in its reach and specificity.[476] This began to change in the 1980s during the West German Historikerstreit ("historians' dispute"), an attempt to re-position the Holocaust within German historiography. Ernst Nolte triggered the dispute in June 1986 with an article in the Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung: "Vergangenheit, die nicht vergehen will: Eine Rede, die geschrieben, aber nicht mehr gehalten werden konnte" ("The past that will not pass: A speech that could be written but not delivered"), in which he compared Auschwitz to the Gulag and suggested that the Holocaust was a response to Hitler's fear of the Soviet Union: "Was the Bolshevik murder of an entire class not the logical and factual prius of the 'racial murder' of National Socialism? ... Was the source of Auschwitz a past that would not go away?"[aa]
Each barracks consists of five connecting rooms, in each of which fifty-two prisoners are lodged. Each room is equipped with fifty-two berths, in tiers of three, rough tables and benches. The floor is concrete. The prisoners sleep on straw sacks covered with a sheet which is changed once in two months. The walls are only a few inches thick, and the ill fitting windows offer almost no protection against the icy cold, wind or rain. For each fifty-two men a small washstand is provided, and the time allotted for washing, for the whole group, is only twenty-five minutes.
"... Here over an acre of ground lay dead and dying people. You could not see which was which... The living lay with their heads against the corpses and around them moved the awful, ghostly procession of emaciated, aimless people, with nothing to do and with no hope of life, unable to move out of your way, unable to look at the terrible sights around them ... Babies had been born here, tiny wizened things that could not live ... A mother, driven mad, screamed at a British sentry to give her milk for her child, and thrust the tiny mite into his arms, then ran off, crying terribly. He opened the bundle and found the baby had been dead for days.
Men and women lived in separate barracks, but members of the same family were permitted to meet. Most of the prisoners in the "star camp" were Jews from the Netherlands. In the period from January to September 1944, eight transports from the Westerbork transit camp in the Netherlands arrived in Bergen- Belsen, made up of 3,670 persons who were classified as "exchange Jews."
Typhus, transmitted by body lice, which had been prevalent in the ghettos and death camps in occupied Poland throughout the war, now spread to the concentration camps in Germany. After January 1945, conditions in all of Germany and Austria, including the concentration camps, became intolerable due to the chaos caused by the intensive Allied bombing of civilian areas in all the major cities.
The first Dachau Memorial building was erected in 1960; it is a Catholic chapel in honor of the priests who were imprisoned at Dachau, including Dr. Johannes Neuhäusler, a Bishop from Munich, who was arrested for objecting to the policies of the Nazi government. With Neuhäusler's help, a Carmelite convent was opened in 1964 on the site of the gravel pit just outside the north wall of the camp; the convent has an entrance through one of the guard towers. In the same year, the dilapidated barracks buildings, by now vacated by the refugees, were torn down.
Although many people responded with obstructionism and doubt,  several rescue operations were run throughout Axis-controlled Europe. Some were the work of prominent individuals like Raoul Wallenberg and Carl Lutz who worked largely alone while other operations were far more complex. A network of Catholic bishops and clergymen organized local protests and shelter campaigns throughout much of Europe that are today estimated to have saved 860,000 lives. Danish fishermen clandestinely ferried more than 7,000 Jews into neutral Sweden while the French town of Chambon-sur-Lignon sheltered between 3,000 and 5,000 refugees.
Oskar Schindler, (born April 28, 1908, Svitavy [Zwittau], Moravia, Austria-Hungary [now in the Czech Republic]—died October 9, 1974, Hildesheim, West Germany), German industrialist who, aided by his wife and staff, sheltered approximately 1,100 Jews from the Nazis by employing them in his factories, which supplied the German army during World War II.
Compared to the appalling number of men, women and children killed at the Nazi extermination camps—places like Sobibor, Chelmno, Treblinka and others where, cumulatively, millions perished—the death toll at the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp in northwest Germany was (a horrible thing to say!) relatively small. More than a million people were killed at Auschwitz-Birkenau alone; at Belsen, by most estimates, fewer than 100,000 died—from starvation and disease (typhus, for example), as well as outright slaughter.
That February 28 decree had been used by the 50,000 brown-shirted SA storm troopers and black-coated SS men sworn in as auxiliary police to justify mass arrests of political opponents during Hitler's seizure of power. There were so many people in custody in the spring of 1933 that Germany's conventional prisons were quickly swamped. As a result, 'wild' prison camps sprang up like mushrooms.
Between the years 1933 and 1945, more than 3.5 million Germans were imprisoned in such concentration camps or prison for political reasons.[49][50][51] Approximately 77,000 Germans were killed for one or another form of resistance by Special Courts, courts-martial, and the civil justice system. Many of these Germans had served in government, the military, or in civil positions, which were considered to enable them to engage in subversion and conspiracy against the Nazis.[52]
When the wagons were forced open, a terrible sight was revealed. The Schindlers took charge of the 107 survivors, with terrible frostbite and frightfully emaciated, arranged for medical treatment and gradually nourished them back to life. Schindler also stood up to the Nazi Commandant who wanted to incinerate the corpses that were found frozen in the boxcars, and arranged for their burial with full Jewish religious rites in a plot of land near the Catholic cemetery, which he had especially bought for that purpose.
On the evening of November 9, 1938, carefully orchestrated anti-Jewish violence "erupted" throughout the Reich, which since March had included Austria. Over the next 48 hours rioters burned or damaged more than 1,000 synagogues and ransacked and broke the windows of more than 7,500 businesses. Some 30,000 Jewish men between the ages of 16 and 60 were arrested and sent to concentration camps. Police stood by as the violence—often the action of neighbours, not strangers—occurred. Firemen were present not to protect the synagogues but to ensure that the flames did not spread to adjacent "Aryan" property. The pogrom was given a quaint name: Kristallnacht ("Crystal Night," or "Night of Broken Glass"). In its aftermath, Jews lost the illusion that they had a future in Germany.
By July 1944, Germany was losing the war; the SS began closing down the easternmost concentration camps and deporting the remaining prisoners westward. Many were killed in Auschwitz and the Gross-Rosen concentration camp. Schindler convinced SS-Hauptsturmführer Amon Göth, commandant of the nearby Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp, to allow him to move his factory to Brněnec in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia, thus sparing his workers from almost certain death in the gas chambers. Using names provided by Jewish Ghetto Police officer Marcel Goldberg, Göth's secretary Mietek Pemper compiled and typed the list of 1,200 Jews who travelled to Brünnlitz in October 1944. Schindler continued to bribe SS officials to prevent the execution of his workers until the end of World War II in Europe in May 1945, by which time he had spent his entire fortune on bribes and black market purchases of supplies for his workers.
On January 30, 1933, Adolf Hitler, leader of the National Socialist German Workers (Nazi) Party, was named chancellor of Germany by President Paul von Hindenburg after the Nazi party won a significant percentage of the vote in the elections of 1932. The Nazi Party had taken advantage of the political unrest in Germany to gain an electoral foothold. The Nazis incited clashes with the communists and conducted a vicious propaganda campaign against its political opponents - the weak Weimar government and the Jews whom the Nazis blamed for Germany's ills.
For the last four days there has been no delivery [of food] from Hannover owing to interrupted communications, and I shall be compelled, if this state of affairs prevails till the end of the week, to fetch bread also by means of truck from Hannover. The trucks allotted to the local unit are in no way adequate for this work, and I am compelled to ask for at least three to four trucks and five to six trailers. When I once have here a means of towing then I can send out the trailers into the surrounding area ... The supply question must, without fail, be cleared up in the next few days. I ask you, Gruppenführer, for an allocation of transport ...
The survivors who lived in the DP camp at Bergen Belsen came extremely close to death. After the Nazis had killed their parents, spouses, siblings and children, the survivors' determination to continue, and start new families, provides the answer to the Nazis' attempt to annihilate European Jewry. Reflect on what you have learned about marriage and childbirth in Bergen Belsen. In your mind, what fact, testimony or picture most symbolizes this determination?
This is the true story of one remarkable man who outwitted Hitler and the Nazis to save more Jews from the gas chambers than any other during World War II. It is the story of Oscar Schindler who surfaced from the chaos of madness, spent millions bribing and paying off the SS and eventually risked his life to rescue 1200 Jews in the shadow of Auschwitz. In those years, millions of Jews died in the Nazi death camps, but Schindler's Jews miraculously survived.
Entering conquered Soviet territories alongside the Wehrmacht (the German armed forces) were 3,000 men of the Einsatzgruppen ("Deployment Groups"), special mobile killing units. Their task was to murder Jews, Soviet commissars, and Roma in the areas conquered by the army. Alone or with the help of local police, native anti-Semitic populations, and accompanying Axis troops, the Einsatzgruppen would enter a town, round up their victims, herd them to the outskirts of the town, and shoot them. They killed Jews in family units. Just outside Kiev, Ukraine, in the ravine of Babi Yar, an Einsatzgruppe killed 33,771 Jews on September 28–29, 1941. In the Rumbula Forest outside the ghetto in Riga, Latvia, 25,000–28,000 Jews were shot on November 30 and December 8–9. Beginning in the summer of 1941, Einsatzgruppen murdered more than 70,000 Jews at Ponary, outside Vilna (now Vilnius) in Lithuania. They slaughtered 9,000 Jews, half of them children, at the Ninth Fort, adjacent to Kovno (now Kaunas), Lithuania, on October 28.
For a long time, however, remembering Bergen-Belsen was not a political priority. Periods of attention were followed by long phases of official neglect. For much of the 1950s, Belsen "was increasingly forgotten as a place of remembrance".[30] Only after 1957 did large groups of young people visit the place where Anne Frank had died. After anti-Semitic graffiti was scrawled on the Cologne synagogue over Christmas 1959, German chancellor Konrad Adenauer followed a suggestion by Nahum Goldmann, president of the World Jewish Congress, and visited the site of a former concentration camp for the first time. In a speech at the Bergen-Belsen memorial, Adenauer assured the Jews still living in Germany that they would have the same respect and security as everyone else.[20]:42 Afterwards, the German public saw the Belsen memorial as primarily a Jewish place of remembrance. Nevertheless, the memorial was redesigned in 1960–61. In 1966, a document centre was opened which offered a permanent exhibition on the persecution of the Jews, with a focus on events in the nearby Netherlands – where Anne Frank and her family had been arrested in 1944. This was complemented by an overview of the history of the Bergen-Belsen camp. This was the first ever permanent exhibit anywhere in Germany on the topic of Nazi crimes.[20]:42 However, there was still no scientific personnel at the site, with only a caretaker as permanent staff. Memorial events were only organized by the survivors themselves.


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In all deer species (except the reindeer), only the male has antlers. Antlers are shed each Spring and immediately a new set starts to grow, taking 16 weeks to reach full size in August. Antlers are made of a type of dense and very solid bone and whilst growing they are covered with a hairy skin called 'velvet' which is shed when the antlers have reached their full size for that year.
The buck or stag uses his antlers to fight other males during the mating season, known as the rut, which lasts for three weeks in October. The 'rut' is the period of time when antlered ungulates mate. During the rut (also known as the rutting period), male ungulates often rub their antlers or horns on trees or shrubs, fight with each other and pursue estrus females by their scent.
Fallow deer (Dama dama) is a ruminant mammal belonging to the family Cervidae. They are now found throughout much of England and parts of Wales and locally in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Fallow deer were probably first brought to England by the Romans, however, the main introduction was by the Normans in the eleventh century for hunting purposes. Today, Fallow deer are easily tamed and are increasing in number and distributing slowly throughout the parks and forests of Britain. There are now more deer in the South East today than there were 500 years ago. The Fallow deer was a native of most of Europe during the last Interglacial. The population of Fallow deer pre-breeding season is estimated to be 128,000.
Fallow Deer Description
Male fallow deer (bucks) have 'palmate' antlers – a wider and flatter spread with less distinct tines than the red deer, these are broad and shaped like a shovel. Female fallow deer (does) do not have antlers. Young fallow deer are called 'fawns'.
Bucks measure around 140 – 160 centimetres in length, 90 – 100 centimetres in shoulder height and weigh around 60 – 85 kilograms. Does measure 130 – 150 centimetres in length, have a shoulder height of 75 – 85 centimetres and weigh 30 – 50 kilograms. Fawns are born in springtime and measure around 30 centimetres in height and weigh around 4.5 kilograms.
Fallow deer are very variable in colour, with four main varieties, 'common', 'menil', 'melanistic' and 'albinistic'. The common form has a bright chestnut coat with white mottles that are most pronounced in summer with a much darker, drab grey-brown coat in the winter. The albinistic is the lightest coloured, almost white. Common and menil are darker and melanistic is very dark, even black.
Most herds consist of the common form but have menil form and melanistic form animals amongst them. Fallow deer have yellow-white undersides, white spots and a black line that runs along the back to the tip of the tail. The spots become less prominent or disappear completely in winter.
Fallow Deer Habitats
Fallow deer are grazing animals. Their preferred habitat is mixed woodland and open grassland. Fallow deer typically occupy deciduous woodland with open patches. They are also kept semi-domesticated in parks.
Fallow Deer Diet
Fallow deer are grazers and pure vegetarians/herbivores. Their diet consists of grass, young shoots, leaves, bark, heather, sweet chestnuts, acorns, cereals, herbs, berries and acorns.
Fallow Deer Behaviour
During the rut, bucks will spread out and females move between them, at this time of year fallow deer are relatively ungrouped compared to the rest of the year when they try to stay together in groups of up to 150 individuals.
Fallow Deer Reproduction
When competing for access to females, males 'display' by groaning, thrashing their antlers and by walking alongside their opponent. Fighting occurs if both stags are evenly matched and involves wrestling and clashing of antlers.
Does give birth to a single fawn after a gestation period of 31 – 32 weeks (around 8 months). The Fallow doe usually leaves the herd to search for a private hiding place to give birth. After the fawn is born, usually in May or June, it remains in its hiding place (in bushes or undergrowth). The doe returns every four hours to feed it until it is about four months old, when it joins the herd. The fawn is weaned after 7 – 9 months. The life span of the Fallow deer is about 12 – 16 years.
Fallow Deer Conservation Status
The Persian fallow deer (Dama dama mesopotamica) is classified as Endangered, however, other subspecies are not considered to be at threat.
Muntjac Deer
Muntjac deer (Muntiacus reevesi), also known as Reeves Muntjac, Chinese Muntjac and Barking Deer, belong to the genus Muntiacus. Muntjac are the oldest known deer, appearing 15 – 35 million years ago, with remains found in Miocene deposits in France and Germany. Introduced into Britain from China in 1900, many escaped from their private estates and are now well established in southern England, where they colonize woodland and dense scrubland. Muntjac deer were introduced to Woburn Park, Bedfordshire and to parks in Hertfordshire and Northamptonshire.
Muntjac deer are of great interest in evolutionary studies because of their dramatic chromosome variations and the recent discovery of new species.
The pre-breeding season population of Muntjac deer is estimated 128,000 and increasing.
Muntjac Deer Description
The males, or bucks, have short backward curving antlers (maximum length 15 centimetres) which are shed in May or June and re-grow to full size by October or November. These are not used as weapons, however, the elongated, protruding tusk-like teeth of the male can be used for this purpose.
In common with all deer species except the reindeer, the female muntjac deer do not have antlers, they have tufts of hair in place of antlers.
Female Muntjac Deer have tusks, however, these are shorter than the males. Males also have a V-shaped marking running from their forehead to their nose.
The Muntjac deers body length can measure up to 90 centimetres in length, about the same size as an adult fox. They have a shoulder height of 45 – 52 centimetres and weigh around 12 – 15 kilograms. Muntjacs are small deer, with dark red-brown fur and white patches on the chin, throat and rump.
Muntjac Deer Habitats
The Muntjac deers preferred habitats are Woodland, scrub and undisturbed gardens.
Muntjac Deer Diet
Muntjac deers are browsing mammals and feed on shrubs, shoots, grass, fruit and shoots. They sometimes cause damage by stripping bark from trees.
Muntjac Deer Behaviour
Active by day or night, muntjac deer are mostly seen at dusk. They utter loud barks over prolonged periods and equally loud distress calls. They are mainly solitary animals, however, they may be seen in family groups.
Muntjac Deer Reproduction
Muntjac deer have no seasonal rut and mating can take place at any time of year. However, this behaviour is retained by populations introduced to temperate countries. The gestation period is 210 days and the fawn is weaned after 8 weeks. Muntjac deer have a life span of up to 19 years.
Muntjac Deer Conservation Status
This species of Muntjac deer is not considered to be endangered.
Red deer (Cervus elaphus), commonly called 'hart' in the United Kingdom, are Britain's largest native land mammal and, together with the roe deer, are our only native deer species. All other deer species have been introduced. A male red deer is called a 'Stag' and a female Red deer is called a 'Hind'. Although red deer are native to Britain, they can be found in many other parts of the world.
The Red Deer inhabits most of Europe, the Caucasus Mountains region, Asia Minor and parts of western and central Asia. It also inhabits the Atlas Mountains region between Algeria and Tunisia in northwestern Africa, being the only species of deer to inhabit Africa. Red Deer have been introduced to other areas including New Zealand and Argentina. In many parts of the world the meat (venison) from Red Deer is widely used as a food source.
Although at one time Red Deer were rare in some areas, they were never close to extinction. Reintroduction and conservation efforts, especially in the United Kingdom, have resulted in an increase of Red Deer populations, while other areas, such as North Africa, have continued to show a population decline.
In Britain the pre-breeding season population is estimated to be 316,000.
Red Deer Description
Red Deer are ruminants, characterized by an even number of toes on each hoof and a four-chambered stomach.The average male red deer has a body length of 210 centimetres, a shoulder height of 120 centimetres and weighs 295 kilograms (650 pounds).
A female Red deer is slightly smaller and more lightly built, measuring 107 centimetres at shoulder height.
A stag reaches its maximum size at the age of 6 – 7 years.
Red Deer tend to be reddish-brown in their summer coats. Male Red deer grow branching antlers and have long neck hair in their winter coat. The male deer of the British Isles and Norway tend to have the thickest and most noticeable neck manes, compared to the other subspecies.
Male deer of all subspecies, however, tend to have stronger and thicker neck muscles than female deer, which may give them an appearance of having neck manes. During the autumn, all Red Deer subspecies grow a thicker coat of hair which helps to insulate them during the winter. Autumn is also when some of the stags grow their neck manes.
By the time summer begins, the heavy winter coat has been shed. The Red deers are known to rub against trees and other objects to help remove hair from their bodies. Red Deer have different colouration based on the seasons and types of habitats, with grey or lighter colouration prevalent in the winter and a more reddish and darker coat in the summer.
Only the stags have antlers which start growing in the spring and are shed each year, usually at the end of winter. Antlers are made of bone which can grow at a rate of 2.5 centimetres (1 inch) a day. A soft covering known as 'velvet' helps to protect newly forming antlers in the spring.
Red Deer Habitats
The Red deer is essentially a forest animal, but mainly found in Britain on the moorlands of Scotland and Devon. Red Deer in Britain generally spend their winters in lower altitudes and more wooded terrain.
Red Deer Diet
Being a ruminant animal, the Red deer eats its food in two stages similar to camels, goats and cattle. The animal digests plant-based food by initially softening it within the its first stomach, known as the rumen, then regurgitating the semi-digested mass, now known as cud, and chewing it again. The process of again chewing the cud to further break down plant matter and stimulate digestion is called 'ruminating'. The Red deers main diet is grass, young heather shoots, moss, young leaves, shoots of trees and in the winter they will strip bark from trees.
Red Deer Behaviour
During the summer, red deer migrate to higher elevations where food supplies are greater for the calving season. Red deer are active both day and night, however, activity peaks at dawn and dusk.
Red Deer Reproduction
The gestation period for the female Red deer is 9 months (33 – 34 weeks). A single calf is born (very rarely twins) in May or June and lies hidden in the undergrowth, well camouflaged. The calf is weaned after 9 – 12 months and reaches sexual maturity after one and a half years. The life span of a red deer is 25 years.
Red Deer Conservation Status
Red deer are not considered to be endangered in the UK, and in some areas, they are over-populated and may be culled. Other red deer subspecies are listed on the 2000 Red List.
Shous (C.e.affinis)
Alashan wapiti (C.e. alashanicus)
MacNeill's red deer (C.e. macneilli)
Tibetan red deer (C.e. wallichi) are classified as Data Deficient.
Atlas deer (C.e. barbarus) are classified as Lower Risk.
Bactrian deer (C.e. bactrianus) are listed as Vulnerable.
Corsican red deer (C.e. corsicanus)
Kashmir red deer (C.e. hanglu)
Yarkand deer (C.e. yarkandensis) are listed as Endangered.
Roe deer (Capreolus capreolus), became extinct in most of England during the 18th century, however, during the 19th century they were reintroduced. Before 1960 they were treated as vermin due to the damage they cause to the forestry industry. Roe deer are found throughout Europe, but they are absent from Ireland, much of Portugal, Greece and large parts of England and Wales. They also inhabit Asia.
Sightings of Roe deer have become more common in back gardens in outer suburbs. One of the latest sightings of Roe deer was in a back garden in Brentwood, Essex.
The Roe Deer is quite a small deer, with a body length of 95 – 135 centimetres (3.1 – 4.4 feet), a shoulder height of 65 – 75 centimetres (2.1 – 2.5 feet) and weighing 15 – 30 kilograms (33 – 66 pounds).
The Roe Deer has rather short, erect antlers and a reddish body with a grey face. Its hide is golden red in summer, darkening to brown or even black in winter, with lighter undersides and a white rump patch.
The Roe Deers tail is very short (2 – 3 centimetres (0.8 – 1.2 inches) and barely visible. Only the males have antlers, which are lost during winter, but which re-grow in time for the mating season. The first and second set of antlers are unbranched and short (5 – 12 centimetres (2 – 4.7 inches), while older bucks in good conditions develop antlers up to 20 – 25 centimetres (8 – 10 inches) long with 2 or 3, rarely even four, points. When the males antlers begin to regrow, they are covered in a thin layer of velvet-like fur which disappears later, after the hairs blood supply is lost.
Males may speed up the process by rubbing their antlers on trees, so that their antlers are hard and stiff for the duels during the mating season. Roe Deer are the only type of deer that can regrow their antlers during winter.
When alarmed, a Roe deer will bark a sound much like a dog and flash out its white rump patch. Rump patches differ between male and female, with the white rump patches heart-shaped on females and kidney-shaped on males.
Roe Deer Habitats
The Roe Deer is primarily crepuscular (animals that are primarily active during twilight, at dawn and at dusk). Roe deer are very quick and graceful, living in woods, although it may venture to grasslands and sparse forests. They prefer woodland, particularly with open patches of ground and with access to the edges of fields.
Roe Deer Diet
Roe deer feed mainly on grass, leaves, berries and young shoots. It particularly likes very young, tender grass with a high moisture content such as grass that has received rain the day before. Roe deer will not generally venture in to a field that either has livestock in it such as sheep and cattle, this is because the livestock will make the grass very unclean.
Roe Deer Behaviour
Male roe deer 'bark' and make a low grunting noise or make a high pitched wolf-like whine when attracting mates during the breeding season, often luring multiple female Roe deer into their territory. Both male and female roe deer are solitary and are highly territorial, with clearly defined boundaries. Both male and female Roe deer scent mark. These scents give information about the sex, age and dominance of the individual.
Roe Deer Reproduction
Roe deer are polygamous which means they have more than one mating partner. Roe Deer males clash over territory in early summer and mate in early fall. During courtship, when the males chase the females, they often flatten the underbrush leaving behind areas of the forest in the shape of a figure eight called 'roe rings'. Males may also use their antlers to shovel around fallen foliage and dirt as a way of attracting a mate. Roebucks enter rutting during the July and August breeding season.
Female Roe deers are monoestrous (having only one breeding season a year, typically in spring) and after delayed implantation, usually give birth the following June, after a 10 month gestation period. They typically give birth to two spotted kids of opposite sexes. The kids remain hidden in long grass from predators until they are ready to join the rest of the herd. They are suckled by their mother several times a day for around three months.
Roe deer adults will often abandon their young if they sense or smell that an animal or human has been near it. Young female roe deer can begin to reproduce when they are around 16 months old. Roe deer have a life span of up to 10 – 12 years.
Roe Deer Conservation Status
Roe deer are not an endangered species, despite the fact that up to 90 per cent die during their first year. This is due to heavy predation on fawns by foxes and by lynx in mainland Europe. Starvation and respiratory infections also take their toll.
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We often expect our military heroes to come equipped with great athletic prowess and years of grueling training. A few ultramodern, nearly-magic gadgets and good looks don't hurt either. Josephine Baker showed up with one of the four.
On June 3, 1906, Freda Josephine McDonald was born in St Louis, Missouri. She was the daughter of a black American washerwoman, and, according to her foster son Jeanne-Claude Baker, her father may have been a white German-American for whom her mother had worked.
When Josephine was eight years old, she went to work for a wealthy white family as a washer girl. According to her biography, the women of the house purposely burned her hands for using too much soap on the laundry.
When Josephine was twelve, she quit school and became a homeless person. Josephine lived in cardboard boxes and scavenged food from trash to survive. Is it possible anyone who saw her scavenging for food in the alleys of St. Louis imagined that she would some day do great service to the Allied armies and the people of France during World War Two?
At age thirteen, Josephine obtained a job as a waitress, and she married one of her customers, Willie Wells. By the time Josephine was fifteen, she had earned a reputation as a talented dancer, and she was able to support herself. She left Wells and quickly rose to the top of the Vaudeville dance circuit, spending the next six years entertaining American audiences.
In 1921, Josephine married an American with the last name Baker. She kept that name for the rest of her life, though she divorced him.
In 1925, Josephine traveled to Paris to perform for enthusiastic Paris audiences. She was an instant celebrity. France fell in love with Josephine, and Josephine fell in love with France.
Josephine enjoyed greater integration in Paris than she could at home in the USA. She expanded her career to include movie acting, singing, and song writing. According to Ernest Hemingway, she was the most exciting woman in Paris.
In 1935, Josephine returned to the USA to tour with the Ziegfeld Follies stage show. She had grown accustomed to something close to racial equality in France, and when she failed to "keep her place" in the United States, she generated mixed reviews.
In 1937, Josephine returned to France. She soon married a Jewish French Industrialist named Jean Lion. By marrying Lion, she acquired French nationality.
As World War Two approached, France contacted Josephine and asked if she would report on any interesting information that she picked up while attending parties, including some at European embassies. Josephine agreed. She quickly developed a skill for charming many fascist big wigs, who were desperate to cultivate an appearance of culture by being seen with her.
When Germany invaded France, Josephine received brief emergency instruction in spy craft and was taught to use invisible ink and make safe information passes.
During the Nazi occupation, Josephine was a prized commodity for parties and events held by Nazi and Italian fascist big shots. She was allowed to travel in and out of Vichy, France, Nazi-occupied France, and neutral countries such as Portugal and Switzerland.
Josephine set up a theater and stage company in Marseilles, France and used it as a cover for a large espionage and sabotage organization. Refugees from Belgium and occupied France were taught to pose as stage artists, and the stage artists were taught to perform as spies. Her seemingly harmless musicians and actor types formed a valuable branch of the French Resistance.
In 1941, Josephine was stricken with a bad case of pneumonia. She and some of her recruits traveled to North Africa seeking a dryer, warmer climate. Free French leader General Charles De Gaulle and his staff felt that Josephine had done more than her share and encouraged her to remain safely in French Colonial Africa to recover her health. Josephine was highly committed to the cause of freedom, and instead of remaining safe, she traveled to Morocco and set up an expanded espionage operation.
From her base in Morocco, Josephine safely traveled back and forth to Spain to communicate with allied agents. She was able to assist the badly outnumbered US OSS agents in Europe in setting up improved communications. Josephine apparently was warned to keep her distance from the OSS because it was known that a mole was loose in their European operations. She had to know that she was taking a tremendous personal risk by working with both the multiple branches of the French Resistance and agents of the OSS. Whatever risk she sensed did not slow her down.
Josephine suffered a miscarriage and received an emergency hysterectomy due to infection. The recovery rate from emergency hysterectomies at the time was astonishingly low; however, Josephine survived. The Free French Government ordered that she be transported to England and to a desk job. She refused her evacuation and remained active in the field until the defeat of the Axis powers in 1945.
After the fall of the fascists, Josephine carried out one last, very personal mission. She traveled to Buchenwald and performed what must have been her single most important stage performance. She performed for the rescued death camp prisoners who were still too sick and weak to be moved.
For her long and distinguished service in the war against Nazi tyranny, Josephine was decorated for bravery on three occasions. She received the French Croix de Guerre, the Rosette de la Resistance, and a knighthood from General Charles De Gaulle as a member of the order, Legion de Honeur.
In 1951, when Baker was refused service at the Stork Club in Manhattan, Grace Kelly was in attendance and took exception. The future Princess Grace of Monaco took Josephine's arm, and they stormed out together, followed by the rest of Grace's party. Grace Kelly and Josephine became life long friends, and when Josephine and her large family of orphans faced financial trouble, Princess Grace gave her a palace and financial assistance.
In 1963, Josephine was the only female to speak at the Civil Rights March on Washington D.C. After the assassination of Martin Luther King, she was offered and declined the leadership of King's civil rights organization. She felt that her slew of young children needed her.
Ten years after the March on Washington, Baker opened a show in New York at one of the world's most prestigious venues, Carnegie Hall. Before the first note of the show could be performed, a packed house rose and gave her a very long standing ovation. The homeless orphan girl from the alleys of St. Louis had finally come home, and America had finally come home to her.
On April 12, 1975, Josephine died of a cerebral hemorrhage. She was the first American woman to receive a military funeral with full honors. Twenty thousand French, Europeans, and Americans who had not forgotten her extraordinary service in the liberation of France joined her funeral procession.
Without benefit of athletic prowess, much formal education, gadgetry, military or intelligence training, and armed with little more than her courage and commitment, the homeless girl from the alleys of St. Louis had made a difference in the world.
Piper Bayard is an author and a recovering attorney. Her writing partner, Jay Holmes, is an anonymous senior member of the intelligence community and a field veteran from the Cold War through the current Global War on Terror. Together, they are the bestselling authors of the international spy thriller, THE SPY BRIDE.
Watch for their upcoming non-fiction release, CHINA — THE PIRATE OF THE SOUTH CHINA SEA.
Keep in touch through updates at Bayard & Holmes Covert Briefing.
You can contact Bayard & Holmes in comments below, at their site, Bayard & Holmes, on Twitter at @piperbayard, on Facebook at Bayard & Holmes, or at their email, BH@BayardandHolmes.com.
Excellent, Piper! We need more stories like this.
Thank you! Good to see you. Thought of you the other day. My daughter has decided to double major in Geography and Religious Studies.
Wow, that's courageous! We really do need more people who understand religion. I was just posting on the topic on Goodreads this morning. This was a great post!


text:
Rusty Russ strikes again
March 24, 2016 March 24, 2016 by Ty Clevenger
The Hearne City Council is convening a special meeting on Monday, hoping to block a ballot initiative that would force a forensic audit of city hall finances. As I reported last Monday, such an audit could very well send some city officials to prison.
Enter City Attorney Bryan F. "Rusty" Russ, Jr. at stage right. According to the city charter, the city secretary was supposed to transmit the petitions in support of the initiative to the county for certification of voters' signatures. Instead, Mr. Russ intercepted the petitions and is holding them at his private office, thereby preventing certification.
That should not surprise anyone who knows Mr. Russ, a shameless white-collar criminal and a ringleader of the Booger County Mafia. I suspect he's trying to keep some of his Mafia allies out of prison, e.g., Mayor Ruben Gomez, City Manager Pee Wee Drake, Councilman Michael Werlinger, Councilwomen LaShunda White and Joyce Rattler, and City Judge Hazel Embra. And for all I know, he may be trying to keep himself out of prison.
Yesterday I sent an email to Mr. Russ asking why the petitions had not been submitted to the county. In a one-sentence reply, Mr. Russ demanded to know who I was representing, as if that mattered. I told him that I was representing former Mayor Milton Johnson, Councilwoman Shirley Harris, and council candidate Rodrick Jackson, who were (along with council candidate Martha Castelija) the organizers of the petition drive.
I also warned Mr. Russ that if his actions kept the initiative off the ballot, I would seek criminal charges and my clients could sue him in federal court. Unsurprisingly, Mr. Russ never answered my question about why he was holding the petitions in his office. Fortunately, Mr. Johnson kept file-stamped copies of all the petitions, and today he submitted those copies directly to the county elections office. Unfortunately, the initiative may not appear on the ballot until November, but I am awaiting a definitive answer from the Texas Secretary of State's Office.
So back to the special council meeting. According to the notice posted today, the council will meet in closed session "to discuss possible litigation regarding a petition submitted requiring the city to appropriate money for an audit and place auditing authority in the hands of the district attorney." Translation: Mr. Russ and his Mafia allies want to file a lawsuit to keep voters from deciding whether city finances should be audited. That is quintessential Booger County, and quintessential Rusty Russ.
Even if Mr. Russ and his Mafia allies succeed in postponing the initiative election until November or later, the voters are not without a say in the matter. Mafia candidates LaShunda White, Joyce Rattler, and Michael Werlinger are on the ballot in May. If they are tossed out by the voters, then the reformers will have a majority, and they can order the audit anyway.
This puts the Mafia candidates in a terrible political position, so keep a close eye on Monday's council vote. If the Mafia-aligned council members vote to block the petition, then they will have to answer to the voters in May. If they permit the election to proceed and the initiative passes, they could end up in prison. Is that a delicious dilemma or what?
Meanwhile, I am informed that Mr. Russ has a "for sale" sign in front of his house. One of my sources says he is looking to move to Colorado. I guess it's getting a lot harder to make a dishonest living in Robertson County these days.
Hearne voters may get to impose audit on City Hall
Protecting the guilty from embarrassment
2 thoughts on "Rusty Russ strikes again"
Mike Fleming
You are causing me problems. A&M basketball & baseball are on TV. I am channel surfing and reading/laughing at the same time. As for Mr Russ, perhaps he is moving to NYC to be your new neighbor?
Donna Husemann
SMH…shame, SHAME on you Mr. Clevenger. I suppose the next blog you post should be about the stock you purchased in the Charmin bathroom tissue company because you are full of shit!


Home > Biologico >Organic Fruit & Vegetable >Tuberi e Radici Bio >Organic Jerusalem artichokes (topinambour) " Almaverde Bio"
Organic Jerusalem artichokes (topinambour) " Almaverde Bio"
An extraordinary tuber low valued because of the look similar to the potato's and the flavour that reminds of the French artichocke's. It's a mine of sugars and fibres that improves the digestion and its richness in vitamins fight viruses and reinforce the sight. The high content of inulin and the modest amount of starch place it as a good food for people with diabetes.
It was used for its edible root, then it was supplanted by the potato. The tubers of Jerusalem artichoke (in Italy) are harvested in Autumn / Winter, they are very nutritious and the cooking is similar to the potatoes'. In the Piedmont's cuisine they are typical with Bagna Cauda and fondue.
Thanks to the content of inulin, it is a plant very suitable and indicated for the diet of people with diabetes, as inulin functions as a reserve of carbohydrates (replacing starch) regardless of insulin. Inulin is composed of a chain of fructose molecules ending with glucose. Depending on the season of harvesting, the length of the molecules of inulin varies and therefore their solubility. The Jerusalem artichoke passes through the stomach and the first part of the intestine without being digested, only in the last part of the intestine there are the " bifid " bacteria and lactobacilli that are able to break the long molecules of the helianthus tuberosus, whose fibrous characteristic has a very positive effect on the bacterial flora. The tuber is also rich in mineral salts and in particular potassium, magnesium , phosphorus and iron as well as zinc and selenium .
Caution: The information contained on fruttaweb.com are for information purposes only . For more information, please read the Disclaimer contained in the "Terms and conditions of use of fruttaweb.com ."
The sautéed Jerusalem artichokes are an outline little known but original and tasty , they are very simple to prepare , only seasoned with olive oil, garlic, salt, pepper and parsley, have a distinctive flavor that will be appreciated by all.
The sautéed Jerusalem artichokes are a perfect side dish to accompany meat or other vegetables, contain very few calories and are rich in inulin, soluble fiber that aids digestion .
To prepare the sautéed artichokes, start with cleaning the Jerusalem artichoke tubers. First, rub your hands with lemon juice, because Jerusalem artichokes, like artichokes , tend to blacken and to leave the fingertips blacks .
Also prepare a bowl of acidulated water ( with lemon juice) to dip once cleaned .
With a boxcutter scrape the skin of Jerusalem artichoke to remove the dirt and the hardest parts . Wash them well and dip in water acidulated to prevent blackening. Drain and rinse the artichokes , cut into thin slices about 2 /3 mm , using a sharp knife or a mandolin and prepare a pan where scalderete the extra virgin olive oil and you will fry the garlic cloves chopped .
Pour the Jerusalem artichokes in the pan. Add salt, mix to flavor and cook with the lid on for about 15 minutes , occasionally adding a ladle of broth to keep it from drying out too much.
A few minutes after the end of cooking, add the chopped parsley, a good grinding of pepper and mix well.
The Jerusalem artichokes should be cooked, but still quite crisp.
Serve piping hot Jerusalem artichokes sautéed as a side dish with meat or other vegetables.
The Jerusalem artichoke or Helianthus tuberosus is a plant belonging to the family of Compositae.
In Tuscany and also in other Italian regions there are only two species of the genus Helianthus: the sunflower Helianthus annuus cultivated all over the world, and the Helianthus tuberosus originating from North America that blooms in late Summer. This plant is very vital, almost weed, it prefers moist plots and conquers lands close to watercourses.


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Since 2007, GLJ Benefit Consultants (GLJ) has worked with the Association of Legal Administrators and its members to provide access to essential law firm resources with special member savings or benefits. With every addition to the GLJ family of resources, we seek to elevate the member experience and bring value to your membership and firm.
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text:
Current Residence: Haymarket, VA
Club: GMS Gymnastics Institute
Head Coach: Sergio Galvez
Chris is the son of Walter and Margaret Ford. He has an older sister, Amy, and an older brother, Jason.
About Christopher Ford
Nickname: Chris
Hometown: Haymarket, VA
Name of College: George Mason University
Degree/Major: Exercise science
Favorite Event: Tumbling
How did you get involved in gymnastics: I went to a friend's birthday party.
Favorite thing about gymnastics: Hanging out with friends from around the country.
What are your goals for gymnastics?: To medal at a world competition.
Names of parents/guardians/spouse: Walter and Margaret Ford
Names of sibling(s): Older siblings, Amy and Jason
Favorite school subject: kinesiology
Hobbies or favorite activities: Watching movies with friends
Favorite music: Maroon 5 and New Found Glory
Favorite book(s): Harry Potter series
Favorite TV show(s): Bones, Law & Order: SVU
2008 Visa Championships, Houston, Texas - 4th-TU
2008 U.S. Elite Challenge, Mobile, Ala. - 1st-TU
2008 Winter Classic, Tulsa, Okla. - 2nd-TU
2007 National Championships, Memphis, Tenn. - 3rd-TU
2007 U.S. Elite Challenge, Colorado Springs, Colo. - 3rd-TU
2006 U.S. Championships, Schaumburg, Ill. - 6th-TU
2006 U.S. Elite Challenge, Las Vegas, Nev. - 1st-TU
2005 U.S. Championships, Houston, Texas - 2nd-TU
2005 U.S. Elite Challenge, Phoenix, Ariz. - 3rd-TU
2005 Winter Classic, Fort Smith, Ark. - 1st-TU
2003 U.S. Championships, Sacramento, Calif. - 2nd-TU
2003 Winter Classic, Tampa, Fla. - 3rd-TU
2002 Carolina Classic, Greensboro, N.C. - 1st-TU (Jr. Div.)
2002 U.S. Championships, Cleveland, Ohio - 1st-TU (Jr. Div.)
2002 Elite Challenge, Indianapolis, Ind. - 3rd-TU (Jr. Div.)
2002 Circle of Stars, Indianapolis, Ind. - 1st-TU (Jr. Div.)
2001 U.S. Championships, San Antonio, Texas - 1st-TU (Jr. Div.)
2000 U.S. Championships, Cincinnati, Ohio - 1st-TU (Jr. Div.)
2007 World Championships, Quebec City, Quebec, Canada - 5th-Team (TU)
2007 World Cup, St. Petersburg, Russia -
2005 World Championships, Eindhoven, Netherlands - 5th-Team (TU); 11th-TU
2005 World Cup, Levallois, France - 7th-TU
2005 World Cup, Ghent, Belgium - 7th-TU
2003 World Championships, Hannover, Germany -
2003 Canada Cup, Oakville, Canada - 2nd-TU
2002 World Cup, Greensboro, N.C. - 1st-TU (Jr. Div.)
2002 Canadian Youth Cup, Edmonton, Alberta, Canada - 1st-TU (Jr. Div.)
2001 World Age Group Games, Odense, Denmark - 9th-TU
Videos of Christopher Ford


Good Dogs! (06-15-2015) #6040: Marcy from Avidog discusses the video going around the internet that shows Cesar Millan's provocation of a bite from a Labrador who was trying to eat in peace — and what's fundamentally wrong with this kind of no-win set up for a dog. Tracie asks about the old school idea temperament/personality testing of a puppy that involved flipping and holding a puppy down — and whether that is now discredited.


Disruptor. The final book in the Seeker Series. A series that I have followed closely, and have felt very protective of. It holds fond memories for me, being one of the first books I was extremely excited to receive as a reviewer. And it's now coming to a close. With everything in shambles after Traveler we pick up a little bit later, with a new character.
This new character really threw me for a loop. But honestly you learn to love him no matter what.
Quin, Shinobu, and John are still the characters that you love. And they grow into characters that you respect more than you did. They have each been separated from one another, so they are learning to be their own characters without each other. We're use to at least Shinobu and Quin being together. So to see them off on their own really excited me.
This story is one that I hold close to my heart - as I've already said previously - and so when a series comes to an end there is always apprehension with how it will end. This one ended perfectly and honestly in a way I didn't expect. But I loved it.
If you haven't read any of these books in this series I say start. If you have prepare yourself to say goodbye to some of the best characters we know.
A (1) set of the Seeker Series.
I kind of struggled through the first book but the second one was incredible. And that cliffhanger ending has left me dangling for the past year. Cannot wait to get my hands of Disrupter.
I haven't read this series yet, but I know it will be so much fun to read for me.
The series sounds like great fun! Thank you for the contest!
I have not begun reading the series yet. On my wish list.


text:
Ugnu–Kuparuk Airport  is a private-use airport located in Kuparuk, Alaska, United States. It is privately owned by ConocoPhillips. which operates the Kuparuk oil field.

Facilities and aircraft
Ugnu–Kuparuk Airport currently has one runway designated 6/24 with an Asphalt (previously gravel) surface measuring . For the 12-month period ending December 31, 2001, the airport had 1,850 aircraft operations, an average of 5 per day: 95% general aviation and 5% air taxi.

Although most U.S. airports use the same three-letter location identifier for the FAA and IATA, Ugnu–Kuparuk Airport is assigned UBW by the FAA and UUK by the IATA.

References

External links
 FAA Alaska airport diagram (GIF)

Airports in North Slope Borough, Alaska
Privately owned airports

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I got served LARD on toast at a Derby restaurant and loved it!
When faced with a plate of lard on toast, any Brit might narrow their eyes and wrinkle their nose at the thought. But I gritted my teeth, bit the bullet and was pleasantly surprised.
The Derby Telegraph was invited to try traditional Polish cuisine at Folk Hot or Not , so I went down there and tried a variety of meals including pork lard on thin toast slices and hot borscht.
Lard on toast might seem slightly strange at first, but the British have been eating bread and dripping that was popularised during the inter-war years for decades.
The odd dish at Folk was flavourful and the texture of the lard was never wet or unpleasant. At only £2.50, it's hard to argue against giving it a try.
Borscht – a beetroot soup spiced with Polish pepper – was available for only £1. I felt that its heat would be nice to warm you up on cold days, or to enjoy as a substitute for a good cuppa.
The main course of honey and mustard ribs with well-seasoned potato and crushed beetroot was familiar and tasty. The ribs were large and included portions of fat, which can be a good or a bad thing depending on your preference, but the £7 price tag gives it great value for money regardless.
The chef served croquettes with cabbage and mushrooms that had the option of having chicken in them. I thought they were tasty and as they were priced at only £3 they would make a nice alternative to a traditional British pasty for your lunch.
The only meal that I was not so keen on was the side dish of steamed cabbage with carrot and sweetcorn. It was a tad tasteless, but it would be saved if it was eaten with something else as it was intended. It felt like a sour version of coleslaw.
Something you might be more familiar with is a beef burger filled with salad and mayonnaise sauce with skin-on wedges. Served with both garlic sauce and tomato ketchup, the dish tastes similar to a burger you'd find in England but with a slight Polish twist. Priced at £7 again that includes a drink with the meal, who can complain?
I liked the tasters so much that I even saved some to take home and eat later.
Starting up only a month ago, Folk Hot or Not aims to provide the people of Derby with authentic Polish food and invites Brits to try their delicacies.
The restaurant on Pear Tree Road is run by mother and son team Iwona and Damian Zwawczyk who both live in Littleover.
Iwona, 50, is also a financial controller at the Nano Technology Institute in Nottingham. She helps to run the shop with Damian in her spare time.
She told us: "The name Folk comes from folklore which is a traditional part of Polish culture. We want to bring that tradition into the food we serve.
Burger chain Five Guys is hiring at Intu Derby – and staff get free food!
Damian, 32, told us that it took an investment of around £50,000 to renovate the property to his liking after lease holding it.
Before, he ran a second-hand car and car part dealership for two years after moving to the UK in 2015. Now, he wants to give the people of Derby a taste of the food from his home country.
Iwona continued: "I looked around Derby and I saw a Muslim centre, a Chinese centre and even a Boznia-Herzegovina centre, but no Polish centre. We have a huge Polish community here, so I want to unite the community and help to popularise our traditions. But this is just an idea at the moment.
"I hope British people will like it because it is different but similar in some ways. The ingredients might be different but the smell and style of meal is similar to what British people are used to.
"We want to offer catering services to expand into a British environment. I once went to a party and saw a really bad catering service for it. The food didn't look or taste very nice but the British just put up with it. I thought to myself: 'I can do that better', so I want to make catering food that looks interesting and sophisticated.
"We will certainly deliver to Derby. The cost is only £2 up to three miles, but it will slowly increase with distance of course.


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I know what are Fantasy seeds.


The Detroit Tigers are a Major League Baseball team that competes in the Central Division of the American League. The Tigers have been in this division since 1998, and are beginning to become quite successful to say the least. Since 1894 the Tigers have been competing with a high level of success. Although there are other teams that have won more titles than the Tigers, they are always known as one of the classiest franchises in the game.
The Tigers have played their home games at Comerica Park since 2000. This is only the fourth park that the Tigers have called home since they first started to play the game more than 100 years ago.
Some of the greatest players to wear a Tigers uniform include Al Kaline, Willie Horton, Hank Greenberg, Hal Newhouser, and of course, Ty Cobb. And this is only touching the tip of the iceberg when it comes to great Tigers of the past. Take a look at the entire 2019 Detroit Tigers schedule to buy tickets.
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