text:
"""
Monte Carlo for the ACASX problem.
Example usage: config=configure(ACASX_MC,"normal","nvn_dasc"); acasx_mc(;config...)
"""
module ACASX_MC

export configure, acasx_mc, acasx_mc1

import Compat.ASCIIString
using ExprSearch.MC, ExprSearch.PMC
using Reexport

using GrammarExpts
using ACASXProblem, DerivTreeVis
using RLESUtils, FileUtils, Configure, Loggers, LogSystems

import RLESTypes.SymbolTable
import Configure.configure

const CONFIGDIR = joinpath(dirname(@__FILE__), "..", "config")
const RESULTDIR = joinpath(dirname(@__FILE__), "..", "..", "..", "results")

configure(::Type{Val{:ACASX_MC}}, configs::AbstractString...) = configure_path(CONFIGDIR, configs...)

"""
Example call:
config=configure(ACASX_MC, "nvn_dasc", "test")
acasx_mc1(; config...)
or
config=configure(ACASX_MC, "nvn_dasc", "normal")
acasx_mc(; config...)
"""
function acasx_mc(; outdir::AbstractString=joinpath(RESULTDIR, "ACASX_MC"),
                  seed=1,
                  logfileroot::AbstractString="acasx_mc_log",

                  runtype::Symbol=:nmacs_vs_nonnmacs,
                  data::AbstractString="dasc",
                  manuals::AbstractString="",
                  clusterdataname::AbstractString="",

                  maxsteps::Int64=20,
                  n_samples::Int64=50,
                  n_threads::Int64=1,

                  loginterval::Int64=100,
                  vis::Bool=true)

    srand(seed)
    mkpath(outdir)

    problem = ACASXClustering(runtype, data, manuals, clusterdataname)

    logsys = PMC.logsystem()
    empty_listeners!(logsys)
    send_to!(STDOUT, logsys, ["verbose1", "result"])
    logs = TaggedDFLogger()
    send_to!(logs, logsys, ["computeinfo", "parameters", "result"])

    mc_params = MCESParams(maxsteps, n_samples;
        userargs=SymbolTable(:ids=>collect(1:length(problem.Dl))))
    pmc_params = PMCESParams(n_threads, mc_params, logsys)

    result = exprsearch(pmc_params, problem)

    #manually push! extra info to log
    push!(logs, "parameters", ["seed", seed])
    push!(logs, "parameters", ["runtype", runtype])
    push!(logs, "parameters", ["data", data])
    add_folder!(logs, "expression", [ASCIIString, ASCIIString, ASCIIString],
        ["raw", "pretty", "natural"])
    push!(logs, "expression", [string(result.expr), pretty_string(result.tree, FMT_PRETTY),
        pretty_string(result.tree, FMT_NATURAL, true)])

    #save log
    outfile = joinpath(outdir, "$(logfileroot).txt")
    save_log(outfile, logs)

    if vis
        derivtreevis(get_derivtree(result), joinpath(outdir, "$(logfileroot)_derivtreevis"))
    end

    result
end

#TODO: combine these two versions
"single-thread version of acasx_mc"
function acasx_mc1(; outdir::AbstractString=joinpath(RESULTDIR, "ACASX_MC1"),
                   seed=1,
                   logfileroot::AbstractString="acasx_mc_log",

                   runtype::Symbol=:nmacs_vs_nonnmacs,
                   data::AbstractString="dasc",
                   manuals::AbstractString="dasc_manual",
                   clusterdataname::AbstractString="josh1",

                   maxsteps::Int64=20,
                   n_samples::Int64=1000,

                   loginterval::Int64=100,
                   vis::Bool=true)

    srand(seed)
    mkpath(outdir)

    problem = ACASXClustering(runtype, data, manuals, clusterdataname)

    logsys = MC.logsystem()
    empty_listeners!(logsys)
    send_to!(STDOUT, logsys, ["verbose1", "result"])
    send_to!(STDOUT, logsys, "current_best_print"; interval=loginterval)
    logs = TaggedDFLogger()
    send_to!(logs, logsys, ["computeinfo", "parameters", "result"])
    send_to!(logs, logsys,  "current_best"; interval=loginterval)
    send_to!(logs, logsys,  "elapsed_cpu_s"; interval=loginterval)

    mc_params = MCESParams(maxsteps, n_samples, logsys;
        userargs=SymbolTable(:ids=>collect(1:length(problem.Dl))))
    result = exprsearch(mc_params, problem)

    #manually push! extra info to log
    push!(logs, "parameters", ["seed", seed])
    push!(logs, "parameters", ["runtype", runtype])
    push!(logs, "parameters", ["data", data])
    add_folder!(logs, "expression", [ASCIIString, ASCIIString, ASCIIString],
        ["raw", "pretty", "natural"])
    push!(logs, "expression", [string(result.expr), pretty_string(result.tree, FMT_PRETTY),
        pretty_string(result.tree, FMT_NATURAL, true)])

    #save log
    outfile = joinpath(outdir, "$(logfileroot).txt")
    save_log(outfile, logs)

    if vis
        derivtreevis(get_derivtree(result), joinpath(outdir, "$(logfileroot)_derivtreevis"))
    end

    textfile(joinpath(outdir, "summary.txt"), "mc", seed=seed, n_samples=n_samples,
           fitness=result.fitness, expr=string(result.expr))

    result
end

end #module

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Region of Interest utilizing Medical Thermal Imaging is an accurate way to focus on one area of the body that is causing concern. Usually there are four views of any body part being scanned; anterior, posterior, and left and right lateral.
In any given situation, the views give the interpreting physician adequate pictures to make an accurate interpretation. Many times individuals have had a trauma to an extremity and the usual six weeks has transpired, and they are still symptomatic.
A region of interest view targets the specific area to be scanned and gives physiological information to assist in healing techniques or recommendations for further therapy needed.


text:
Home Entertainment Britney Spears Announces Indefinite Hiatus, Report
Britney Spears Announces Indefinite Hiatus, Report
Britney Spears is taking an "indefinite" work break and suspending her Las Vegas show to help out as her father recovers from a ruptured colon.
Britney Spears is taking an "indefinite work hiatus" to focus on her father's recovery from a recent life-threatening illness, her publicist said Friday.
She also suspended her "Domination" show in Las Vegas.
Jamie Spears' colon spontaneously ruptured two months ago, sending him to immediate surgery and putting him in the hospital for 28 days, according to a statement.
READ Bruce Forsyth Health: TV presenter hasn't recorded a message for Strictly Christmas special
He is expected to make a full recovery, though the 37-year-old entertainer will "devote all of her time to her family and their efforts to care for her father."
Spears confirmed the news on Twitter, calling it "so tough."
"I will not be performing my new show Domination," she wrote. "I've been looking forward to this show and seeing all of you this year, so doing this breaks my heart."
READ Jenelle Evans' Husband Shoots and Kills Dog (Reports)
Spears said that while her family is grateful her father made it out alive, he has a long road to recovery ahead of him.
Jamie Spears has been the Grammy winner's adult guardian since 2008, after she was hospitalized for psychiatric evaluation. She infamously took an umbrella to a paparazzi's SUV in 2007, yelling profanities. Spears had also shaved her head and was undergoing a custody battle with her ex-husband Kevin Federline.
READ Rita Ora's lip sync fail (Video)
Her dad was reportedly looking to end the court-approved order in March 2018.
"Jamie is actively consulting with Britney's medical team to determine if the conservatorship of Britney as the person should finally come to an end," a source told Us Weekly. "It's just a question of timing as she is about to begin the tour, so the thinking is to do it at the conclusion."
Refunds for the "Domination" show will available.
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Joseph Cotton, actor. Joseph Fiennes, actor.
English form of the biblical Hebrew name Yosef, meaning 'God shall add another son'. This was borne by the favourite son of Jacob, whose brothers became very jealous of him and sold him into slavery (Genesis 37). He was taken to Egypt, where he rose to become chief steward to Pharoh, and was eventually reconciled to his brothers when they came to buy corn during a seven-year famine (Genesis 43-7). In the New Testament Joseph is the name of the husband of the Virgin Mary. It is also borne by a rich Jew, Joseph of Arimathea, who took Jesus down from the Cross, wrapped him in a shroud, and buried him in a rock tomb. According to medieval legend, Joseph of Arimathea brought the Holy Grail to Britain. The name was uncommon in Britain in the Middle Ages buy was revived in the mid 16th century and had become popular by mid 17th, as it still is today.
Biblical Meaning: The name Joseph is a Biblical baby name. In Biblical the meaning of the name Joseph is: Increase; addition.
American Meaning: The name Joseph is an American baby name. In American the meaning of the name Joseph is: Increase; addition.
Hebrew Meaning: The name Joseph is a Hebrew baby name. In Hebrew the meaning of the name Joseph is: May Jehovah add/give increase. St Joseph of Arimathea undertook the burial of Jesus (in Holy Grail lore). In the bible Joseph was sold by his brothers into slavery and later rose to become a supreme power in Egypt. Also Jesus' legal father.
Kinda funny: Joseph means something like "God will add," and for more than the last century, someone's been adding a whole lot of, well, Josephs. The name's been ranked in the US top 16 since at least 1880, and is well-used in different forms all over the world. (It actually has variations in languages we haven't even heard of, like the Lombard Giusepp and Pepp.) Joseph's popularity started way back in biblical times, with prominent characters like Jacob's favorite son (remember Joseph and the Amazing Technicolor Dreamcoat?) and the Virgin Mary's husband. No matter how many little Josephs are added, we still love the name. From Joey to Joe to Joseph, it's kind of like the magical moniker that morphs to perfectly suit a guy throughout his entire life.
From Ioseph, the Latin form of Greek Ιωσηφ (Ioseph), which was from the Hebrew name יוֹסֵף (Yosef) meaning "he will add". In the Old Testament, Joseph is the eleventh son of Jacob. Because he was the favourite of his father, his older brothers sent him to Egypt and told their father that he had died. In Egypt, Joseph became an advisor to the pharaoh, and was eventually reconciled with his brothers when they came to Egypt during a famine. This name also occurs in the New Testament, belonging to Saint Joseph the husband of Mary and Joseph of Arimathea. In the Middle Ages, Joseph was a common Jewish name, being less frequent among Christians. In the late Middle Ages Saint Joseph became more highly revered, and the name became popular in Spain and Italy. In England it became common after the Protestant Reformation. This name was borne by rulers of the Holy Roman Empire and Portugal. Other notable bearers include Polish-British author Joseph Conrad (1857-1924) and the Soviet dictator Joseph Stalin (1878-1953).
Wow, that guy just ate 58 buffallo wings. What a Joseph!
He is a beautiful, terrible being. A destroyer of worlds. The conquerer of Earth. He is all that is man. Beautiful women flock to him. He will rule the world with his iron fist and see that only the strong prosper.


text:
blog:reading-robert-k-merton-priorities-part-2
2019/06/04 09:44 seanburns 2017/03/07 08:47 seanburns 2017/03/07 08:46 external edit2017/03/07 08:43 seanburns created
blog:reading-robert-k-merton-priorities-part-2 [2017/03/07 08:47]
seanburns
blog:reading-robert-k-merton-priorities-part-2 [2019/06/04 09:44] (current)
> But even though the pressures are severe, they need not produce much deviant behavior. There are great differences between the social structure of science and other social structures in which deviance is frequent. Among other things, the institution of science continues to have an abiding emphasis on other values that curb the culturally induced tendency toward deviation, an emphasis on the value of truth by whomsoever it is found, and commitment to the disinterested pursuit of truth. Simply because we have focused on the deviant behavior of scientists, we should not forget how relatively rare this is. Only a few try to gain reputation by means that will lose them repute (p. 321). > But even though the pressures are severe, they need not produce much deviant behavior. There are great differences between the social structure of science and other social structures in which deviance is frequent. Among other things, the institution of science continues to have an abiding emphasis on other values that curb the culturally induced tendency toward deviation, an emphasis on the value of truth by whomsoever it is found, and commitment to the disinterested pursuit of truth. Simply because we have focused on the deviant behavior of scientists, we should not forget how relatively rare this is. Only a few try to gain reputation by means that will lose them repute (p. 321).
- And then a nice conclusion to the chapter, which I'll leave out here. But it's a nice description of the institution of science. + And then a nice conclusion to the chapter, which I'll leave out here. But it's a nice description of the institution of science.
- * categories: +
- * lit review +
- * peer review +
- * peerj +
- * research +
- * merton +
blog/reading-robert-k-merton-priorities-part-2.txt · Last modified: 2019/06/04 09:44 by seanburns


Previously, it's been reported that celebrities Lee Seung Yeon and Jang Mi In Ae were investigated for illegal use of propofol. Now, it's been revealed that celebrities Park Shi Yeon and Hyun Young are being investigated for their involvement.
Seoul District Central Prosecutor's Office has been diligently working on the case last month by investigating Lee Seung Yeon, Jang Mi In Ae and Hyun Young. Numerous netizens are questioning why Hyun Young's name has only been released now and why she's not included in most of the media's news headlines recently- only Park Shi Yeon.


text:
Worldwide Business with kathy ireland® and Coach Mo Faul Spotlight Innovative Ideas for Becoming Completely Fulfilled in a Career
Career and Leadership Coach Will Talk About Matching Personal Passions with Work Goals
Tune into Bloomberg International on Sunday, March 19, 2017. See market-by-market listings below.
(LOS ANGELES, March 16, 2017) — Worldwide Business with kathy ireland® announces an exclusive interview with Career and Leadership Coach, Mo Faul. Faul will discuss the importance of a powerful alignment for a purposeful career.
Faul started her practice because she knew how it felt to dread each new workday. Her goal today is to help others go from unfulfilled, unsatisfied, underpaid and underappreciated to truly loving their lives and careers again.
Faul explains why so many people get stalled or stuck in their careers. She says, "Everyone has this big desire to do something more, to be more. But when they don't have the confidence or the tools, if they stay stuck or stalled, it's not a good road. I help people build their confidence from within and also create tools and techniques where they can find a career that matches them. And people know when that really happens. It's a fantastic thing to see."
JL Haber, Vice President of Programming for Worldwide Business with kathy ireland®, added, "When people are not completely satisfied and fulfilled in a career, it's a sad thing. One of my greatest wishes is that everyone could be in a career where they truly love going to work every day. Coach Mo Faul is helping people do that — and we're so excited to see many people go where they're meant to be, thanks to her help."
For more information about becoming fulfilled in a career, visit www.MoFaul.com and tune into Bloomberg International on Sunday, March 19, 2017 at 10:00am D.F. The full interview can also be seen here.
About Worldwide Business with kathy ireland®
Worldwide Business with kathy ireland® is a weekly business television program featuring real-world insights from corporate executives from all over the globe which can be viewed on Fox Business Network as part of their sponsored programming lineup, as well as internationally to over 50 countries on Bloomberg International.
Visit www.tvwwb.com for detailed airing schedules or check your local listings.
Company Name: Worldwide Business with kathy ireland
Contact Person: Gila Stern | Communications Director
Email: GStern@productiondivision.com
Website: www.tvwwb.com
Previous PostPrevious Worldwide Business with kathy ireland® Highlights A Revolutionary New Way for Pharmacies to Deliver Preventive Healthcare Services from PrescribeWellness
Next PostNext Worldwide Business with kathy ireland® Presents SmartMD and Discusses how Physicians are Fighting Medical Reimbursement Deflation


Kelly Sutton was killed after he entered a stranger's home around 5:24 a.m. on Saturday, July 7.
Yamhill County sheriff's deputies shot and killed a man who "appeared to be high on drugs or intoxicated" after he apparently invaded a stranger's bedroom.
The man was identified as Kelly Kenneth Sutton, a 27-year-old Amity resident.
Yamhill Communication Agency reported that they received a 9-1-1 call around 5:24 a.m. on Saturday, July 7, about an unknown male in a person's home in Amity. The caller told police that the man left the home "after a few moments."
Police located an adult male with a matching description three blocks away about seven minutes later on Rice Lane near North Jellison Avenue, according to a news release.
Police say they opened fire on the man and shortly thereafter radioed the McMinnville Police Department for assistance.
Officers and first responders checked for signs of life and attempted to care for Sutton but say he died at the scene. A LifeFlight helicopter was placed on standby.
The deputies involved in the shooting have been identified as Sgt. Sam Elliott — a 17-year veteran of the force — and Deputy Stephanie Sulak, who has been employed with the Sheriff's Office for 15 months.
"Both have been placed on paid administrative leave, which is standard protocol," a news release reports.
The Newberg-Dundee Police Department is leading the ongoing investigation into the fatal shooting.


text:
Nova Consumer to offer nearly 11 million shares in IPO
Vietnam to start researching 6G network: telecoms official
Five-year-old child dies of Covid in Phu Yen
By Hong Ngan
Medical workers conduct Covid-20 tests in Phu Yen Province. The central province announced three more Covid-19 deaths this morning, August 10, with one of them being a five-year-old child – PHOTO: VNA
Flower power in full bloom in Dalat
HCMC – The central province of Phu Yen announced three more Covid-19 deaths this morning, August 10, with one of them being a five-year-old child.
According to the provincial anti-Covid steering committee, the child, who was residing in the province's Tuy Hoa City, was hospitalized at 5 p.m. on August 8 and was pronounced dead at 7:30 a.m. the following day. The kid had an underlying medical condition.
The other two deceased were also residents of Tuy Hoa, aged 68 and 70. They suffered from underlying medical problems as well.
In the morning, the steering committee also reported 36 more cases, raising the province's tally since June 23 to 1,958. Among them, 1,083 have fully recovered, while 17 others have died.
Of the 858 active cases, 10 are critically ill and on ventilators, while 14 others have severe pneumonia.
Tuy Hoa City is a large coronavirus hotspot in the province, with 1,058 infections reported.
Given the number of new cases mostly found in areas on lockdown, Tran Huu The, chairman of the provincial government, asked the local authorities, especially Tuy Hoa City, to strictly implement the stay-at-home mandate under the prime minister's Directive 16.
They have to work harder to closely monitor locked down areas and tackle violators of anti-virus regulations, the chairman added.
Previous articleOver 203,000 rapid Covid-19 test kits donated by Germany arrive in Vietnam
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Health Ministry confirms 15,684 new Covid cases on Sunday
three × =


text:
India All India 28 May 2018 Newly married man abducted by gang, found dead in Kerala
Newly married man abducted by gang, found dead in Kerala
Published : May 28, 2018, 2:43 pm IST
Updated : May 28, 2018, 2:43 pm IST
The death of the 23-year-old man, who was kidnapped along with a relative, has triggered widespread protests by his family members.
The body of Kevin was found this morning in a stream in Chaliyakkara, some 20 km away from Thenmala in Kollam district. (Photo: File | Representational)
Kottayam/Thiruvananthapuram: In a suspected case of honour killing, a newly married man, allegedly abducted by a gang of criminals sent by his wife's relatives, was found dead in a stream near Thenmala in Kollam district on Monday, police said.
The death of the 23-year-old man, who was kidnapped along with a relative from Mannanam in the district, has triggered widespread protests by his family members. The victim's kin alleged that Kevin P Joseph died due to police laxity as it refused to institute an investigation on the basis of his wife's complaint on Sunday.
The body of Kevin was found this morning in a stream in Chaliyakkara, some 20 km away from Thenmala in Kollam district.
A case has been registered against 10 unidentified persons in connection with the incident. Kevin and his relative Aneesh were abducted early on Sunday from the latter's residence by a gang that arrived in three vehicles. Aneesh was later abandoned by the gang on the wayside after brutal torture.
He is currently admitted to the Government Medical College Hospital here. Kevin, who was in love with the woman studying in a college in Kottayam, married her at a registrar's office in Ettumanoor recently against the wishes of her family. Both Kevin and the woman were summoned to the Gandhinagar police station based on her family's complaint.
The woman, however, preferred to go with her husband. Kerala Human Rights Commission said it was suspected to be a case of honour killing and ordered the state police chief to submit a report in three weeks if there was any negligence from the side of the police in investigating the case.
Heads started to roll soon after the incident with Sub Inspector M S Shibu and Grade ASI Sunnymon of the Gandhinagar police station suspended by Ernakulam Range IG Vijay Sahkare for their laxity.
Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan described the incident as "unfortunate" and said it should not have happened. Police in Kottayam and Thenmala in Kollam, from where the body was recovered, were investigating the case and all efforts were being made to nab the accused as early as possible, he said.
Besides, a Special Investigation team will also probe the crime, he added. Vijayan also denied reports that police showed laxity in investigating the case initially. Leader of Opposition in the assembly, Ramesh Chennithala, attacked Vijayan, who is also holding the Home portfolio, over the incident.
He urged Vijayan to quit the Home portfolio in view of such incidents in the state due to "inefficient policing." The BJP has called for a dawn-to-dusk hartal in Kottayam district on Tuesday in protest against the incident.
Tags: honour killing, abduction, protest, pinarayi vijayan, ramesh chennithala
Location: India, Kerala, Thiruvananthapuram (Trivandrum


text:
A Social and Cultural Analysis of Twilight's Edward Cullen
"A Social and Cultural Analysis of Twilight's Edward Cullen" by Rachel Alexander is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License. Based on a work at thewasofshall.
Originally published in May 2009 as an end-of-semester term paper. Can you tell that I was a fangirl? Because I was an absolute wreck about Twilight, yo. It was bad.
In the meadow scene from Twilight, Edward Cullen is trying to explain himself to Bella Swan – explain why he, as a vampire, is dangerous to Bella while she retains her mortality. "Everything about me invites you in" he yells, "my voice, my face, even my smell" – his angry intonation trying to make Bella desperately understand that her attraction to him is a knee-jerk reaction, that she couldn't stop herself even if she was aware of her body's subconscious response (Twilight 263). Edward's words serve as one explanation for Bella's obsession while also serving as a much broader metaphor for female readers of Stephenie Meyer's work: it is as if they too are trapped within Edward's gaze, drawn to him in an inexplicable way that they often fail to understand rationally. While there are specific traits Edward possesses that separate him from other leading men of literature, television, and film, it is the traits that he shares with these other men that give his potent attractiveness root.
Almost subconsciously, women are drawn to three general stereotypes: the standoffish, cool and uncaring bad boy, perfected by James Dean; the caring, compassionate, and intellectual equal, embodied by the nineteenth-century gentleman; and, the aggressive and highly sexual predator as seen in such characters like Patrick Bateman. While these leading men have become perfect examples of their own respective character types, Edward Cullen possesses all three stereotypes. Raised with the cultural expectation to fall into lust with the bad boy, find their sexual peak with the seasoned seducer, and then grow old with the gentleman, Western females are practically bred to seek out these traits, hope for the chance encounter with one of them, and then become complacent when their eventual mate fails to embody any. Is it any wonder, then, why Edward is so appealing to a population under the constant threat of romantic dehydration? Unwittingly, an immortal seventeen-year-old infuses new life into the concept of 'soul mate' for Twilight readers because he has been created as the perfect man. Thus, it is the intention of this essay to figure out why Edward appears so perfect – why the character traits he embodies are socially and culturally revered, why the obsession surrounding him is so overpowering that it exists outside of the world Stephenie Meyer has created, and why readers are still drawn to Edward after recognizing his faults – and why this pull only adds to his charm.
Rebels break the rules willingly and almost always apathetically. In a culture that feeds on homogeneous behavior and conformity to socially constructed success, anything that dares to even toe the line of difference becomes a Mecca to frustrated teenage youth. While the stereotype that the twenty-first century recognizes as the 'rebel' has only been in existence since the 1950s, the image has grown and expanded past its most recognized star, the elusive and cool James Dean, and made him a certifiable icon. Lisa R. writes in her article "Edward Cullen: What Is It That Makes Him So Enticing?" that "everybody loves a bad boy. There is something about that raw force and dangerous image that seems to leave the ladies wanting more" (1). Although no one at Forks High School seriously estimates just how dangerous Edward can become, it is only the idea of his potential for violence that sends female hearts in motion. He does not engage with the student body, he does not participate in class, and he barely registers that other people exist outside of his tight-knit family. Edward Cullen, to those who know him, is incredibly standoffish, perpetually sneering, and, as Claudia Springer likens in her work James Dean Transfigured, a personification of James Dean, who "encapsulate[s] the idea of disaffection" (13). And this is why women love him: the fact that he does not care at all.
Although Edward seems at home in this rebel costume, defining "disaffection, alienation, anger, nonconformity, and the rugged individualism" that exists as a "cornerstone of dominant American ideology," the introduction of Bella Swan reveals his very soft, conflicted underbelly (Springer 45). Rob Pattinson, the actor portraying Edward in the 2008 feature film, recognizes this link between his character and those portrayed by James Dean, admitting that he used the stereotype for inspiration. He says, "I looked at stories about people…who felt like they couldn't connect to the rest of society. The James Dean thing was weird because I saw a lot of [Edward's] story [in] Rebel Without a Cause, like someone who can't fit in with their friends, can't fit in with their family, and then meets this girl who…gives them a reason to be alive" (Pattinson). Aside from the fact that Edward "doesn't even notice" women who "fall at his feet" (R. 1), his interest and subsequent fascination with Bella only adds to his mystery. No one, not even Bella, can discern the breadth of Edward's attraction to her. Her stark contrast to his Adonis beauty, his social grooming, and his perceptible wealth is extremely baffling to their peers and, for a time, Edward's family. When people think they are getting close to figuring Edward out, he makes a decision (in this case, pursuing Bella), that throws everybody for a loop – and it is that kind of frustrating ambiguity that becomes attractive for those with a desire to define and categorize.
In a rush to 'tame' Edward and focus Twilight on his burgeoning relationship with Bella, however, Meyer allows Edward's embodiment of James Dean to vanish when, to most of the series readers, Edward never grows out of portraying that one boy that got away. For instance, like Dean, Edward's "brooding face [i]s beautiful and haunting and inscrutable enough that it… contain[s] whatever sense of bitter disappointment…fans want to project onto it" (Springer 19). It is extremely easy to assume that the majority of Edward's charm lies most obviously in his level of physical attractiveness; this assumption, however, is only half of his story and fails to make Edward a three-dimensional entity. By embodying the aloof swagger of "the angst-ridden adolescent rebel" (Springer 17), Edward can be packaged into a nice neat box labeled 'Rebel.' His personality quirks, his defining characteristics… these all pale in comparison to the idea of him, and his pretty-boy image only adds to his consumption as a thing and not a person. It is no surprise, then, that the idea of 'cool' becomes an image-heavy attitude, "recognizable in all its manifestations as a particular combination of three core personality traits, namely narcissism, ironic detachment, and hedonism" (Springer 25). And Edward, by failing to integrate himself into the Forks High School social strata, plays that image to a 't;' he becomes the token rebel of FHS, giving all its students a viable alternative to actual rebellion. By being classified as a rebel, Edward becomes the rebel, and, until he meets and falls in love with Bella, he stays trapped within this stereotype, that "vague concept that, over time, has lost any kind of political or social specificity" (Springer 16). Enough for some fans, however, this one-dimensional character sketch morphs into an incredible disappointment to those that prefer what Meyer hints to as Edward's burgeoning romantic, and they are not satisfied with Edward "as a kind of two-dimensional blob" (Robert Pattinson Interview Part1). They need substance and variability.
The second romantic stereotype Edward Cullen both manipulates and exposes is the idea of the gentleman, what Chris Blazina describes in his book The Cultural Myth of Masculinity as "the 'new' contemporary middle-class paradigm…a mix of the courtly manners of the aristocracy, the old chivalric ways of knighthood, and the hardiness of the Indo-European warrior" (39). This new definition encompasses very specific functions in the current patriarchal society and is consistently assumed to have peaked during the mid-eighteenth to mid-nineteenth centuries. A gentleman has become the epitome of the perfect suitor, always "unfailingly polite, unbelievably self-controlled and moral, [and] dedicated and protective beyond reason" (Adams 100). That Edward exhibits these characteristics around Bella would probably be enough to spark female interest, but it is the fact that he was transformed into a vampire in 1918 – when these social niceties were regularly taught to adolescent men – that also causes women to desire him. By simply being himself, by merely behaving as he did when he was a human, Edward harkens back to a time when men truly were gentleman, and, in a society where women are trained to seek a man who will treat her like the 'goddess' she is, actually finding that sort of man is both unexpected as well as unbelievably desirable.
Also significant is Edward's fierce protection of both his own and, as their relationship progresses, Bella's sexual virtue. Although comical to readers (and unendingly frustrating for Bella), Edward's repeated actions to ignore or repress his sexual attraction to her while also fighting off her attempts at seduction factor into his labeling as a gentleman. Chapter twenty of Eclipse, the third novel in the Twilight series, is significant for two reasons. One, Edward proposes to Bella and she accepts (an act which leads the series into the crux of Breaking Dawn and what Christine Seifert of Bitch magazine assumes to the working of the "Moral Majority" and "a throwback to a 1950s housewife" – something this paper will not be tackling). And, two, Edward accepts Bella's wish to experience the act of intercourse while she is still human and unceasingly infatuated with him. (Meyer aptly titles this chapter "Compromises.") Although the concept of abstinence has, to an extent, been enjoying a resurgence of popularity within the last decade, those individuals who are seriously committed to the act are few and far between while those adolescent men who have decided to wait to consummate romantic love are almost non-existent, or, unfortunately, assumed to be gay for not consistently wanting to 'get laid'.
In this regard, Edward is pushed into a morally superior position because of his elevated sexual status. He could, theoretically, have any female he wanted (very beautiful women are often throwing themselves at him) and he does not even have to try to seduce Bella because, from the start of Twilight, she is consumed with both romantic and sexual thoughts of him. Edward, however, remains chaste in both situations. He protects his virtue because it is literally the only surviving trait from his formative human years, the only characteristic he has the ability to protect from being destroyed now that he considers himself a monster. Blazina explains that this kind of restraint is a defining masculine characteristic, indicative of "being physically tough, not complaining in the midst of difficulty, carrying a quiet strength, and constraining emotions" (41). Edward Cullen may really want to have sex with Bella in the same way that he must consciously (and literally) swallow the vampire urges he has at the mere scent of her blood, but, because he respects her – because he absolutely loves her – he will not give in to either desire. Susan Wloszczyna writes, "That Edward resists [sex] shows how important [Bella] is as a person" and the "one single objective…[he has] to make her happy…is every young girl's dream." This ability to resist proves that Edward is first, not constantly thinking about sex, and second, willing to admit that he is not absolutely ready for the consequences sex would bring. As a result, females are able to relax because Edward's behavior is one instance in which they would not have to 'give it up' just to keep their boyfriend happy and committed to them. That kind of relationship is, no doubt, incredibly refreshing in the contemporary Western sex-obsessed world.
Edward's protection of Bella's virtue then transcends into two of his most overpowering and defining characteristics: a general and constant worry over Bella's safety and well-being and the deep and infallible care and adoration he feels for only her. These two character traits are perhaps the most revered in Edward as well as in some of the more popular romantic heroes of the last century. Assuming that Twilight is merely a romance novel that contains fantasy elements and is aimed at young adults, some of Janice Radway's sociological conclusions can be carried over to Meyer's work. She writes in Reading the Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature, "Reading a romance is a regressive experience…in the sense that, for the duration of the time devoted to it, [readers] feel gratified and content… [because] they identif[y] with a heroine whom they believe is deeply appreciated and tenderly cared for by another" (Radway 93). Although Radway explains that, to some readers, romantic stories are often emotionally cathartic, they also "function as active agents in the maintenance of the ideological status quo" (17) by "perpetuating a false view of [a reader's] social situation" and thus "contribut[ing] to their continuing oppression" in a male-dominated culture (6). It is only logical to assume that women are still, in some fashion, raised to believe the hype that the most qualified (or romantic, successful, sincere, etc.) boyfriend should be able to provide consistent emotional and physical protection, an idea that does not usually factor in the male's own emotional insecurities.
As a result of this masculine discrepancy, Edward's need to protect Bella ends up being a catch-22: his status as a vampire and their subsequent, and highly unequal, mortal-immortal relationship continually puts her in danger, but it is only because of his vampire abilities that Bella survives these situations at all. (In Twilight, for example, pitting her as the 'prize' in nomad vampire James' tracker game because she is the only human within the Cullen vampire family and then only being able to save Bella's humanity because he has the strength to kill a vampire as well as the ability to suck out vampire venom.) Jennifer Wood explains, "The things in [Edward] that have kept him alive for so long – his strength, his speed, his indestructibility – suddenly are of no use to him." Although he should always be, theoretically, able to protect Bella while she's still human, his inability to fully give himself to her as a man causes him "to loathe himself because he cannot be for Bella what she is for him: a warm place, a soft place." As a consequence, when "[Edward] tries desperately to reign himself in, to keep Bella safe from him…he is [also] coming to grips with the emotions and passions of humanity…that have evaded him for his entire existence." What then ends up happening is that "even [when he] holds himself back from her," Edward simultaneously "becomes…overwhelmed by the need to take her…to become one with her, to give himself to her" (Wood "Edward Cullen" 3). In the end, Edward cannot win no matter choice he makes and is constantly plagued by his emotional inabilities because of his extraordinary physical prowess.
This internal battle over how best to protect Bella (Should he save her from dangerous situations or never give her the chance to fall into them?) is further encouraged by Edward's love for her, a love so powerful it often only exists in a fantasy world like that of Twilight. Wood defines Edward's attraction to Bella, and his subsequent behavior towards and around her, as a simple repercussion of this love. She says,
[Edward] will never stray from Bella because she is his one and only love, his eternity, and he will love her with as much passion and constancy a hundred years from now as he does today. He may become overprotective at times, even severely so, but it is his love and fear of losing her that drives him. His entire existence revolves around her happiness, her safety, her needs and desires. Even when her desires and passions drive him to dangerous limits, he channels his inner demons… in order to satisfy her needs. ("Edward Cullen" 3)
Once Edward realizes he is in love with a human, his entire existence changes: he relates to his family on a different level, he understands himself in a different way, and he looks back on his eighty some odd years as a vampire and he can only see a black void that was waiting to be filled by Bella. Bella, in turn, must recognize that Edward's love for her is unchangeable, that he will never love anyone else, period. Although Edward might have assumed his life was static once he became a vampire, Bella has shown him that he will never be whole or complete unless she is in his life. It is this thought that prompts Edward to very calmly and rationally consider suicide as his only option if Bella should die, the reason with which he can say "Well, I wasn't going to live without you" in the blasé fashion he does at the start of New Moon, the second book in the series (19). However morbid the topic of suicide can become, Edward's need to maintain this close proximity to Bella (even in death) is saturated throughout the Twilight series. His exhibition of this aim arises because he is a fierce lover and a fierce protector, traits easily identifiable to the gentleman personality and unsurprisingly attractive to women living in a culture where this type of man is universally sought while also being equally hard to find.
The final romantic stereotype that Edward perfects is that of the dangerously sexual seducer, a man who defines the phrase 'if looks could kill' in the most primal and physical way. Although one could argue that it is only Edward's existence as a vampire and his subsequent vampiric abilities to stalk and capture 'prey' that makes him a sexual icon, this is not the case. The simple fact is that, at first glance, no one knows that Edward is a vampire and yet every female is still erotically attracted to him. Springer details this type of attraction as arising out of the bad boy image and an ability that rebels hold to engage their audiences by possessing a "mercurial personality, [being] charming one moment and rude the next" (15). This type of personality can thus result in frustration as well as an "ambiguity [which is often] translated into a polymorphous sexual super-prowess" (Springer 41). Edward's ability to 'turn on' his charm when the situation calls, in effect, lures in humans who then become 'dazzled' by his preternatural beauty, willingly doing what he asks as if he is doing them a favor by asking.
Rob Pattinson explains this frustration as occurring on both sides of the exchange, however, and as frequently occurring because there is a mutual attraction present (at least if fans forget Edward's complete distaste for humanity and focus solely on his treatment of Bella, in which he really does ignore her because of the way her blood 'sings' to him). Rob says, "If you think that you're a dick… and you really like someone and you feel there's a connection there, there's a possibility of something happening," then you're likely to push the other person away. "And that was the mentality [in Twilight] to [an] obviously much more extreme effect…. You [don't want to] stop hanging out with the person but at the same time…you're like, 'Seriously…don't like me, I'm a dick…I'm gonna ruin you'" (Rob Pattinson Interview). Radway furthers this opposition by explaining that women are encouraged through cultural and romantic narratives to "latch on to whatever expressions of thoughtfulness [a man] might display, no matter how few, and to consider them, rather than his more obvious and frequent disinterest, as evidence as his true character" (148). Because Edward only appears 'obviously' disinterested in Bella, females like him even more because he does not feed into the stereotype of a male who's using his physical attractiveness to get what he wants – he is genuinely trying to appear undesirable in order to protect Bella's humanity.
However, what would Twilight be if Edward and Bella did not end up together? As much to Meyer's credit as the socio-cultural world under which this series was created, the two lovers share their secrets and confess their love for one another, an act that, consequently, only ups the danger as much as it ups Bella's attraction to Edward. Catherine Hardwicke, the director of the film, explains Twilight as a "story of a young woman falling so deeply in love that she doesn't care if she dies or becomes a vampire. There is something so dangerous and alluring about it…. It's an obsessive love that's not far from Romeo and Juliet" (Carr). (Is this a coincidence, or a mere indication of where Western culture's priorities lie?) The most important part of Hardwicke's statement is that Bella prizes her physical proximity to Edward as the most important part of their relationship, so much so that she literally cannot foresee a human life without him in it. In this way, she both acknowledges that Edward is a vampire and could very easily kill her while also admitting that she is hopelessly in love with him in spite of this danger.
Although there are different situations in which Bella is in mortal danger because of her relationship with the Cullens, it is her intimate relationship with Edward that becomes the most interesting in the series. Wood writes, "Vampires have long been viewed as the ultimate sexual monster…. They are the…forbidden lust, the carnal, primal animal…. The vampire may take us with a slow seduction or with violent aggression, but take us he must in order to live himself. And in taking us, he holds our very existence in his hands. He may deliver us to death or grant us immortality" ("Edward Cullen" 1). Her statement brings up two points exhibited in Bella and Edward's relationship: one, vampirism straddles the line between highly eroticized sexuality and aggressive violence, and two, vampire-human relationships are saturated within a power struggle usually won by the vampire. Eric Nuzum notes, "Very rarely are vampire stories about vampires…. They are the perfect metaphor for anything that challenges you or makes you lose control" (Wloszczyna). This personification brings up an even bigger cultural fascination that women have with gratuitous displays of masculine violence that is often (and sometimes obviously) substituted within the realm of erotic stimulation.
For example, one of Edward's sexual predecessors is Patrick Bateman, the protagonist of Bret Easton Ellis' novel American Psycho and the 2000 film starring Christian Bale. In one scene from the film, Patrick and his secretary, Jean, are sitting in his apartment because Jean believes they are going to dinner while Patrick has made plans to murder her. After he can't (or won't; it's never explicitly explained) pull the trigger on an industrial nail gun, he sits down and asks Jean to leave. He says, "I don't think I can control myself…if you stay…I think I might hurt you" (American Psycho). Jean's perception of Patrick's statement on a metaphorical level instead of its literal interpretation is natural for women "magnetized by male sexuality and brutality" (Radway 4), and only the viewer is privy to the dual meaning behind Patrick's words. This same situation occurs between Bella and Edward, their "chaste but sexually charged relationship" becoming so "steamy precisely because" its message of "abstinence porn… actually convinces [readers] that self-denial is hot" (Seifert). As much as Bella (and, subsequently, readers) desires Edward, she is just as sexually stimulated because she can't have him without risking her life in the process. This foray into literal danger is extremely titillating and further cements Edward's role as a 'bad boy' women are not supposed to want. Twilight then "provides a vicarious experience of emotional nurturance and [one of] erotic anticipation and excitation" through the character of Edward (Radway 105), something extremely hard to do without losing or diminishing characteristics of either experience.
When Bella and Edward do become romantically or sexually intimate, though, Bella understandably falls into greater danger due to their dual loss of control. Rob Pattinson jokes that in situations "where [Edward] would be having sex if [he was] a normal person," he has to constantly overpower his rational mind because he is likely to forget that "[his] true self, [his] core, [his] body wants to kill [Bella]" as much as he yearns to receive physical pleasure from her (Rob Pattinson – Twilight). Wood builds on this, insisting that "to Edward, Bella's blood is the most powerful narcotic on Earth…a biological imperative. He must take her. He must devour her…. To maintain the remnants of his humanity in the face of her overwhelming allure means denying the very essence of his being…. A whisper of Bella's scent reawakens the monster…he has…suppressed…for seventy years" ("Edward Cullen" 2). The double entendre that Edward 'must devour' Bella is a purposeful observation, as well as the fact that Edward only foresees two choices: he can either completely suppress his 'need' or he can completely submit to it.
Furthermore, it is Bella – a fragile and unaware human – who pushes Edward into a violent frenzy, a physically violent and dangerous desire for Bella's blood that is only rivaled by the absolute and consuming need they feel for each other's bodies. Factor in the knowledge that "vampire sex in the Twilight world is constant, powerful, house-shattering…[that] vampire senses are heightened, making the sexual experience even more intense" and suddenly "the mere thought of Edward's…cool breath on [reader's] necks, his touch on their skin" is no longer just a hint at the sexual undertones of Edward's potential for violence (Wood "Edward Cullen" 3). (The simple logistics of a vampire bite being in the nape of the neck, a powerful erogenous zone in women, is almost laughably sexual in its obviousness at this point (Wood "Edward Cullen" 1).) Subsequently, what most readers come away from Twilight with is a greater awareness of the fine line between sexual desire and violent urges. Seifert spells it out when she writes, "It doesn't take a Freudian to read Edward's pulsating, insistent vampire lips pressed against Bella's pale, innocent neck as an analogy for, well, something else." She later explains that 'something else' as an "analogy where the sexual penetration of Bella's human body is akin to the vampiric penetration of Bella's skin" and something readers have most definitely picked up and introduced into their own attempts at Twilight interpretation (most often through fanfiction, further explained below).
Is it any surprise, then, that this dichotomy is rectified through Bella and Edward's consummation of the love they feel for each other, this consummation completely blurring the line between sex (Edward's and Bella's physical desires) and violence (Edward's biological needs)? Seifert comments on the first time Edward and Bella have sex on their honeymoon: "Edward, lost in his own lust, 'makes love' so violently to Bella that she wakes up the next morning covered in bruises, the headboard in ruins from Edward's romp. And guess what? Bella…loves it." Bella does not just ignore the fact that Edward is a vampire and could easily kill her, she desires that element of danger, continually seeks it out, and then absolutely relishes in the sexual pleasure it brings her. In a way, the sexual violence Edward unwittingly enacts onto Bella can "be understood as a man's ostentatious, panic-induced reinscription of his masculinity's indisputable hegemony on the female, or feminized, body of 'the other'" (Schoene 387). In a way, Edward is so subconsciously afraid and ashamed of his inability to control himself around Bella that his fight for dominance against his desire manifests itself in a literal dominance over Bella, which only further perpetuates the female-male binary prevalent in our society, "a social system where women are constituted only in and by their relationships to more powerful men" (Radway 10). Even though Edward's fight exemplifies the fact that he and Bella, on some level, are equally matched, Bella accepts her submissive role, exploits her position, and enjoys the benefits.
When readers accept Bella and Edward's relationship, they are doing one of two things. First, they might accept that Bella and Edward are together, while still being completely against the decisions Bella makes in response to Edward's behavior or their resulting power dynamic; or, they desire Edward as much as Bella does and, subsequently, envision themselves as Bella when they read the series. This second circumstance factors heavily into fanfiction that features Edward and Bella in some type of romantic plot. (Very generally, fanfiction is a narrative work that features at least one character from a previously published work of fiction. A fanfic that is true to form will not simply use a character's name, physical attributes, or fictional relationships, but also factor in "their back stories, their reactions to life events, their voices, [and] their base characterizations" (Kaplan 136).) While it is common to keep the details of Twilight intact when writing fanfiction (i.e., keeping the Cullens as vampires), it is the stories that stray from this dynamic that are most interesting and most indicative of female readers' response to the character of Edward Cullen.
For example, forgetting the vampire aspect to Twilight means fanfiction writers are able to fully concentrate on Edward's characterization in the series. Their focus then becomes indicative of their interest in Edward and not in the fact that he is a vampire; they like him because of him and not simply because he is realistically out-of-reach. Kristina Busse and Karen Hellekon, co-editors of a collection of essays on fanfiction, write, "The entirety of stories and critical commentary written in a fandom…offers an ever-growing, ever-expanding version of the characters" (7). Successful fanfiction writers are thus able to expand the Edward they find themselves attracted to, down-playing the character traits that perhaps make him appear overly-protective and possessive while exploiting his sex appeal, his ability to romance, and his intelligence. Thus, on the most basic of levels, the narratives that are created allow the writer to create "stories that make them feel particularly happy, …[allowing them to] escape figuratively into a fairy tale where a heroine's [either Bella or an original character that may or may not be based on the author] needs are adequately met" (Radway 93). Radway furthers this analysis:
When she successfully imagines herself in the heroine's position, the typical romance reader can relax momentarily and permit herself to wallow in the rapture of being the center of a powerful and important individual's attention. This attention not only provides her with the sensations evoked by emotional nurturance and physical satisfaction, but, equally significantly, reinforces her sense of self because in offering his care and attention to the woman with whom she identifies, the hero implicitly regards that woman and, by implication, the reader, as worthy of his concern (113).
Reading fanfiction is a form of escape out of reality as much as it is an escape into the specific world of Twilight. Not only are readers, and more specifically writers – who invest a far greater amount of time and individual concern in the work – allowing themselves to further perpetuate a social system where vicarious romance reading is a necessary escape from everyday life, but they are also especially choosing to read Twilight fanfiction, choosing to envision Edward Cullen as their personal knight in shining armor, Edward Cullen as the man they would prefer to end up with in a monogamous romantic relationship (or, at the very least, an extremely fulfilling sexual relationship).
This commodifying of Edward and the ability of his character or physical attractiveness to be "shaped and manipulated for consumption by audiences and fans" is also indicative of the media and fan response to Rob Pattinson's casting as Edward (Springer 27). Rob literally, although unknowingly, stepped into Edward's shoes and brought him to life. Wood writes, "In bringing so much of himself to the character—his own insecurities and fears, his darker interests and thoughts—[Rob] added a depth of feeling to Edward that the character on the page was lacking. Pattinson embraced Edward's hatred of himself and his inner monster and made that part of Edward more prominent…[he] gave [Edward] a face, a body, an evilly seductive grin" ("Edward Cullen" 4). The absolute want that fans have for finding their own Edward has existed since Twilight was first published in 2005, but Rob's portrayal of the character three years later allowed some of Edward's charm to rub off, which then only complicated the distinction that fans have yet to make between Edward as a fictional character and Edward as the embodiment of romantic and masculine perfection.
While Rob has taken his new fame in stride, he always tries to deflect female attention by reminding naysayers that fans "genuinely think [he is] a character from [the] book…[that Edward] is walking straight out of [the] novel" when he attends press or promotional tours for the series (Wloszczyna). Although some of Edward's charm has been replaced by Rob's own, causing Rob to embody a sex symbol in his own right (Dan Wakeford describes Rob as "a perfect mixture of obsession and mystery…. He's bright, cool and handsome, yet doesn't have the persona of a boy like other heartthrobs…. And if that weren't enough, who can resist an English accent?"), Rob vehemently deflects all associations. While Edward is described "as the fantasy boyfriend," it is the fact that fans "are responding so strongly [to Edward] and then… throwing [Rob] into the mix" that clearly marks this disassociation. Rob, in response, jokingly believes that all of Edward's favorable personality traits have "just transferred over" to him, even though he made a conscious effort to "play [Edward] different to how [he wa]s in the book" (Robert Pattinson Interview Part1). A perfect example of Rob's interpretation of Edward is the final scene of the film, in which Edward and Bella are at prom, fighting with each other over when Bella should be turned into a vampire. As much as Edward seems "so in control of himself" during the same scene in the book, Rob tried to portray Edward's feelings of inadequacy and guilt over placing Bella in danger as "painful," as if his struggle over keeping Bella safe has now transferred into a struggle to keep her happy (Robert Pattinson Interview Part1). Regardless of whether Rob is popular because he portrayed Edward in one media adaptation or because Twilight was simply a jumping off point for his own popular qualities, the fact remains that this distinction is difficult to discern, and further exemplifies the female and fan attraction to Edward. In a way, anything remotely attached to fan interpretation becomes revered because it is indicative of some aspect of Edward Cullen which fans lack in their everyday life.
In an effort to theoretically pick apart the female attraction that seems to run rampant around Stephenie Meyer's fictional Casanova, it is very easy to forget that sometimes, this type of emotional attachment often does not have a reason. Radway writes, "While the fantasy is unreal, the good feelings it gives us about ourselves and our future are real, and these good feelings are what we need to sustain us" (100). Most Twilight fans recognize that pining after their very unrealistic vampire is a lost cause – and so most do not, in the sense that they understand and recognize that Edward as a vampire should be left to his equally fictionalized Bella. But even Meyer herself understands the charm. She says, "'Everyone wants to fall in love with someone who's going to love you'" like Edward loves Bella (Wloszczyna), stressing that, at least in part, the idea of Edward exists in the real world, that his relationship with Bella should, and could, exist for female fans who grow up within "the consistent socialization of young girls [that dictates] that a woman cannot be whole without a close relationship with a man" (Lloyd). Edward lets fans know that even unassuming, shy girls like Bella deserve to find the kind of love they are consistently told only exists in fairy tales.
Wood, a Twilight fan herself, follows Radway's analysis in her article "Twilight: Our Personal Brand of Heroin," which asserts itself as "a coherent explanation…defensively elaborated…for why [she and other readers] find [the series] so satisfying" (Radway 14). Although Wood's comments certainly help, it is up for debate whether any amount of psychoanalysis will convert the opposing forces that range from an indifferent shrugged shoulder to the viciously antagonistic. She writes, "The Twilight series, to its fans, is truly like heroin to an addict, like Bella's blood to Edward. It is an all-powerful force. It is emotional. It is hormonal. It triggers something in the brain that keeps us wanting. We can't explain it, at least not in any coherent way that doesn't end in 'you just have to read it to understand'" (Wood "Twilight" 2). And maybe that's as good as it can get: 'you just have to read it.' Naysayers have to throw away their misconceptions (at least for the time being), stop nitpicking the way the books are written, stop scoffing every time Bella becomes dazzled by Edward's preternatural beauty and just read – immerse themselves in the story, in the way a certain scene makes them feel, and just enjoy the experience. Then maybe, when they have escaped their Twilight cocoon and gone into a frenzied withdrawal (because they will), they can step back and, only then, try to rationalize why Edward holds so much weight in readers' subconscious. And that is the fun part, delving headfirst into Western socio-cultural history and realizing that females have been bred for this kind of attachment as much as males are trained to embody certain masculine ideals.
In some respects, then, Edward Cullen turns out to be just another guy, imbued with social characteristics females subconsciously seek out, even if they cannot explain this attraction while they are caught up in the throes of passion. Being a rebel, a gentleman, or someone 'gifted' at the art of seduction does not make one better or worse than the other. Each character type has his moment to shine, and his cultural reverence then becomes recycled as generations grow old and a new definition of masculinity is ushered into the collective consciousness. Something specific about Edward Cullen, however, is that "as the new 'ideal' of the perfect man, [he] bears strong resemblance to other brooding male leads of literature" (Wood "Twilight" 3), as well as encompassing other preferred traits of the contemporary male to create an evenly mixed amalgam of masculinity. Wood continues, "[Edward] is both too young and too old for the women who adore him, frozen forever at 17 yet with a century of experience in the world" ("Edward Cullen" 3). And maybe this is why Edward has forced readers into a frenzy and refused to let go: he will always be out of reach. Fans can envision his beauty from Meyer's descriptions and then have this ideal confirmed, thanks to Rob; they can fall hopelessly in love with his display of protection, bravado, and romanticism while remembering (or imagining) what it feels like to be absolutely in love with someone who unquestionably loves you back; and then, they can swoon and salivate over how great they think he is in bed – and then cheer and squeal when Bella confirms their suspicions. But they must always remember that the Edward they know and love is a vampire, a fictional creation, lest they begin to pine and lust harder, with much more time and lots more energy. It is this perpetual struggle, this losing, uphill battle that fans both secretly love and loathe. Readers will never meet Edward, never know what it feels like to fall in love with a vampire, but that longing, that driving force keeps them on their toes and teaches fans that they should not have to accept second-best. It might take them a few tries, but they will reach the summit, a personal Edward Cullen in tow.
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—. Twilight. New York: Little, Brown and Co., 2005.
Pattinson, Robert. Telephone Interview. By behindthemic. "Interview 3 – Robert Pattinson." Behind The Mic. 23 Dec. 2008. 24 Mar. 2009 <http://behindthemic.podspot.de/post/twilight-interview-3-english-robert-pattinson/>.
R., Lisa. "Edward Cullen: What Is It That Makes Him So Enticing?." Associated Content. 25 Nov. 2008. 1-3. 24 Mar. 2009 <http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1212921/edward_cullen_what_is_it_that_makes.html?cat=38>.
Radway, Janice A. Reading The Romance: Women, Patriarchy, and Popular Literature. Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina Press, 1984.
Robert Pattinson Interview Part1. 11 January 2009. YouTube. Video. 24 April 2009 <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wocFiPcfNXw>.
Rob Pattinson – Twilight. 10 November 2008. YouTube. Video. 10 April 2009 <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NQqeEy9ZutQ>.
Schoene, Berthold. "Serial Masculinity: Psychopathology and Oedipal Violence in Bret Easton Ellis's American Psycho." MFS Modern Fiction Studies 54.2 (2008): 378-397. Project MUSE. Emerson Coll. Lib., Boston, MA. 14 Apr. 2009 <http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/modern_fiction_studies/v054/54.2.schoene.html>.
Seifert, Christine. "Bite Me! (Or Don't)." Bitch Magazine. 17 Dec. 2008. 1 Apr. 2009 <http://bitchmagazine.org/article/bite-me-or-dont>.
Springer, Claudia. James Dean Transfigured. Austin: University of Texas Press, 2007.
Wloszczyna, Susan. "Vampires seduce a new generation." USA Today 20 Nov. 2008. Academic Search Premier. EBSCO. Emerson Coll. Lib., Boston, MA. 6 Apr. 2009 <http://proxy.emerson.edu/login?url=http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=aph&AN=J0E202693284408&site=ehost-live>.
Wood, Jennifer. "Twilight: Our Personal Brand of Heroin." Associated Content. 19 Feb. 2009. 1-3. 20 Apr. 2009 <http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1467247/twilight_our_personal_brand_of_heroin.html>.
—. "What Is It About Edward Cullen?." Associated Content. 27 Feb. 2009. 1-4. 24 Mar. 2009. <http://www.associatedcontent.com/article/1513988/what_is_it_about_edward_cullen.html?cat=38>.


Disclaimer: I am not an accountant or a tax professional and any advice here should be verified with a professional before acting upon it.
Most of the minimization strategies you will see are for people with small businesses. You open up a world of deductions by starting a business, however this who area of deductions doesn't apply to most of us. Consider starting a business if you have one in mind, but we'll cover individual deductions instead since they are of the broadest interest.
Why use an accountant when you have to do most of the work yourself anyway. Get started with Turbo Tax for FREE!
Make sure you put any money into your IRA, 401(k), HAS or any other tax advantaged accounts you have. Not having to pay taxes can be a huge savings by itself. When you throw in the capacity of some of the accounts to grow tax-free, this is a no brainer.
This is very relevant to all of us in this economic climate. If you lost your job, many of the expenses that you incur in your job search are tax deductable. Phone calls, agency fees, travel to potential employers as well as costs for printing resumes may all be deductible. Be sure to take advantage of any opportunities to lessen your tax burden in this climate.
I list them in that order based on what I perceive as the general public's interest level. Most people are concerned with getting out of debt and maintaining a budget – Personal finance issues. Those who have succeeded at those tasks become more interested in how to put their savings to work for them and become interested in investing. Very few people proceed to an interest in policy and economics, and perhaps rightly so. It's certainly not immediately clear that an understanding of economics is beneficial to your personal wealth.
There are obvious reasons to believe that an understanding of economics should be a great asset in your financial life. Inflation is one of the examples. If I judge accurately what future inflation will look like, this can greatly improve my ability to choose good investments. If I can look at upcoming legislation and see what its effects will be, I should be able to capitalize on that. It seems like a slam dunk that an economic view should be a great boon to my financial freedom.
Sadly, economists have a habit of being spectacularly wrong. Even when they aren't completely wrong, it's very difficult to profit off of their decisions. For example, right now treasuries are already priced very low because of a perception that inflation in the future will be high. So even if that perception is correct, the expected price change is already "baked into the cake;" and if they're wrong, there's a chance for spectacular loss.
Despite all this I have a nasty habit of continuing to write about the big picture, particularly policy. One reason I do this is because I believe that a basic understanding of economics can help you make wise decisions in your day to day life, not just in your investing life. The law of supply and demand may not be useful in deciding whether to buy Microsoft, but it can be useful in starting a business or in deciding what political policies to pursue. While the value of economic understanding may be questionable for investing purposes, its value in life is much less questionable.
Many sage investing professionals have a saying: The most dangerous words in the English language are this time it's different. Each time that politicians proudly proclaim that we've defeated the boom and bust cycle for example, we know how the story always ends. The more things change, the more things stay the same.
How can debt consolidation help me?
If you have several loans right now then you might be facing a tough time calculating interest rates. With debt consolidation you take a single loan to pay off all your debts. So you can manage your finances in a more organized manner.
You need not handle calls from the collection agency. The debt consolidation company does that for you.
What are the shortcomings of debt consolidation?
In most cases debt consolidation loans are secured loans. This means that you have to pledge some asset (your car or your home) as collateral for the loan. So you risk losing your assets in case you fail to pay back the loan. You should be confident about health, job and other unpredictable issues which can cause financial trouble. To be eligible for unsecured consolidation loans you must have a pretty good credit rating. Even if you manage to get a unsecured consolidation loan with a poor rating, it will probably not be big enough to pay all your debts.
Many people wrongly assume that all consolidation loans have low interest rates. However it's a different story altogether. In most cases the payment is lower because of the extended term and not the interest rate. Secured consolidation loans sometimes have a low interest. But it can still cost you if you are taking a long term loan, say for 30 years. In such cases you have to pay interest for a long period of time and over the years the interest might grow even bigger than the original debt amount. Depending on your present debt, the interest rates for these consolidation loans can be more than those on the pre-existing debt. That is what makes debt consolidation a profitable business for your lenders.


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Here is a little history about me and my blog.
Less than one year ago, my husband came home with my Mother's Day gift: a new computer. He told me that I should really start blogging and that he would help me get started. Ms. Kitty Bradshaw, is my friend and also mentioned that I should start a blog. She shared with me her positive blogging experience and have much encouragement I agreed to start a blog.
Previously, I had lost my passion for most things and had no idea what I would write about. I was a new stay at home mom just content with enjoying my children who were reviving my happiness.
It is no secret that I love my family, but blogging has given me a voice again: when I had stopped reading, writing and in some ways, I had stopped dreaming. My life now is so much more richer. Now, through my blog I share my genuine interests and thoughts. I now live to be a better person: hoping, learning, dreaming, and sharing. It is hard work to keep up with the many blogs out here, but I am still cultivating my voice. Please nominate my blog if you have gained anything from the words I have shared thus far. My blog is almost a year old and I look forward to what the future will bring. My blog has evolved a lot since I first began, I am also no longer scared of social media and it has also helped bring my husband and I closer together because without his help my blog would be very pitiful.
Thank you all in advance for nominating me! Nominations close MAY 7th.


text:
Q: How to run custom function parallel with multi-worker Dask So I just deploy dask on Cloud with scheduler and worker, here the example I deploy with 5 worker (each worker have 1cpu/1thread/1G ram)
cluster = DropletCluster(n_workers=5, region="sgp1", image="ubuntu-22-04-x64", size="s-1vcpu-1gb-amd")
client = Client(cluster)

And I have some function here
def Tester_3():
    found = False
    i = 0
    start = time.time()
    while not found:
        result_sha256 = sha256_blockchain(i)
        found = bool(re.search(r"^000000", result_sha256))
        if found:
            break
        i+=1
    return f"------Running for {time.time() - start} sekon------"

Try 1
so when I run this function with client.run, they are sun separately for each worker not run in the same task
xx = client.run(Tester_3)
xx

here for the result
{'tls://143.198.x.x:33785': '------Running for 32.62452673912048 sekon------',
 'tls://159.223.x.x:43919': '------Running for 33.88207650184631 sekon------',
 'tls://159.65.x.x:44949': '------Running for 37.02353572845459 sekon------',
 'tls://159.65.x.x:43181': '------Running for 31.585288524627686 sekon------',
 'tls://206.189.x.x:38597': '------Running for 42.807809591293335 sekon------'}

Try 2
Then when I try with dask.delayed (also client.submit too), there's only 1 Worker in running
z = dask.delayed(Tester_3)()
print(z.compute())

------Running for 37.95407176017761 sekon------
CPU times: user 50.2 ms, sys: 23 ms, total: 73.2 ms
Wall time: 38 s

Try 3
I already use like multiprocessing (disable daemon on worker) and some PoolExecutor, but they are running in local machine not in the Worker machine
My question is, how should I change the code or flow, so the all worker can run with 1 task (E.g: on Try 2, it can run with all worker). I really appreciate for any kind help

A: calling dask.delayed or client.submit will only start the function once, which gets dispatched to one worker, the proper way to start multiple tasks is to use client.submit multiple times, and wait for them.
client = Client(cluster)
workers_number = len(client.scheduler_info()['workers'])

# send work to workers
tasks = []
for i in range(workers_number):
    client.submit(Tester_3)

# wait till workers end and get return
for task in tasks:
    print(task.result())

this will start as much tasks as the workers you have, but you can dispatch more tasks, and they will be distributed in a round-robin fashion.

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The Geographical Variation of the Fulmar (Fulmarus Glacialis) and the Zones of Marine Environment in the North Atlantic. 327-355.
Behavioral Interactions of Red-Winged Blackbirds and Common Grackles on a Common Breeding Ground. 356-374.
Life History of the Long-Tailed Silky-Flycatcher, With Notes on Related Species. 375-426.
Ontogeny of the Supernumerary Sesamoids in the Leg Muscles of the Ring-Necked Pheasant. 427-437.
George E. Hudson, Sy Ying Chen Wang, Ernest E. Provost.
New Subspecies of Birds From the Lowland Pine Savanna of Northeastern Nicaragua. 438-464.
Attentiveness of Cranes At Their Nests. 465-476.
Report of the Committee on Bird Protection, 1964. 477-491.
Report of the Research Committee for 1963-64. 492.
Recent Records of the Eskimo Curlew. 493-496.
Francis M. Weston, Ellison A. Williams.
Records, Obtained While Banding, of Birds Unusual in Southeastern Oregon. 496-497.
Two Probable Hybrid Gulls From New Jersey. 498-500.
Joseph R. Jehl, Jr., Robert C. Frohling.
Natal Plumage Characters in Rails. 500-501.
David Kenneth Wetherbee, Brooke Meanley.
Variations in Plumage of Male and Female Pipra Aureola. 502.
Predation on Birds by the Cattle Egret. 502-503.
Wing-Stretching of Red-Bellied Woodpeckers. 503.
Ring-Billed Gulls Feed on Flying Ants. 504.
Testicular Response to an Increased Photoperiod in the Brown-Headed Cowbird. 504-506.
A. L. A. Middleton, D. M. Scott.
Some Information From Barn Owl Pellets. 506.
Breeding Sites of Sterna Eurygnatha and Other Sea Birds Off the Brazilian Coast. 507-508.
Helmut Sick, Aristides P. A. Le.
Molothrus Bonariensis Parasitizing Fluvicola Pica and Arundinicola Leucocephala in Surinam. 508-509.


text:
`mssh-copy-id` is a tool to simplify the copy of SSH keys to multiple
servers.

# Installation

## CentOS 6

TODO

## CentOS 7

TODO

## Ubuntu 14.04 (trusty)

TODO

# How to use

Copy the SSH key to 2 servers:

```
mssh-copy-id me@server1.acme.com another@server2.acme.com
```

You can specify the SSH (public) key to send to the servers.

```
mssh-copy-id -i /path/to/custom/id_rsa root@server1
```

You can also use the bash expansion to specify several servers:

```
mssh-copy-id root@server{1..5}
```

is equivalent to:

```
mssh-copy-id root@server1 root@server2 root@server3 root@server4 root@server5
```

You can also send the password on the STDIN:

```
cat file_that_contains_password | mssh-copy-id root@server{1..5}
```

# Development guide

## Install `pyenv`

`pyenv` is a tool that allows you to choose different versions of Python
for different projects. It has built-in `virtualenv` support.

### Install `pyenv`

```
curl -L https://raw.githubusercontent.com/yyuu/pyenv-installer/master/bin/pyenv-installer | bash
```

To use `pyenv`, you need to source it first. Go to the project source
and source the file `pyenv.sh`:

```
source pyenv.sh
```

Then, type:

```
pyenv update
```

In the following, we suppose that `pyenv` is sourced.

More info:

* https://github.com/yyuu/pyenv
* https://github.com/yyuu/pyenv-installer

## Install Python 2.6.6 and create a virtualenv

Before installing any Python interpreters, install the **required
dependencies**.

* Ubuntu/Debian:

    ```
    sudo apt-get install -y make build-essential libssl-dev zlib1g-dev libbz2-dev libreadline-dev libsqlite3-dev wget curl llvm libncurses5-dev libncursesw5-dev
    ```

* Fedora/CentOS/RHEL:

    ```
    sudo yum install -y zlib-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel readline-devel sqlite sqlite-devel openssl-devel patch
    ```

Source: https://github.com/yyuu/pyenv/wiki/Common-build-problems

Then install `gcc`:

```
sudo yum install -y gcc
```

* Install Python 2.6.6 (default version of CentOS 6):

    ```
    pyenv install 2.6.6
    ```

* Create a virtualenv for `mssh-copy-id` using Python 2.6.6:

    ```
    pyenv virtualenv 2.6.6 mssh-copy-id
    ```

## How to use the virtualenv

* Activate:

    ```
    pyenv activate mssh-copy-id
    ```

Every time you work on the project, remember to activate your virtualenv
first.

* Deactivate:

    ```
    pyenv deactivate
    ```

* Remove:

    ```
    pyenv virtualenv-delete mssh-copy-id
    ```

## How to install for development

We need to install Paramiko dependencies:

* For Ubuntu:

    ```
    sudo apt-get install build-essential libssl-dev libffi-dev python-dev
    ```

* For CentOS:

    ```
    sudo yum install -y gcc libffi-devel python-devel openssl-devel
    ```

Go to the project directory, and run:

```
pip install -e .
```

To install the dev & test libs as well, you can run: (recommended for
development)

```
pip install -e .[dev,test]
```

## How to run the unit tests

You need to install the libraries for tests (see above).

1. One way is to run:

    ```
    python setup.py test
    ```

2. The other way that allows more control & coverage annotations:

    ```
    inv test
    ```

## How to run the functional tests

To run the functional tests, you need to have at least **Python 2.7**.

Install Python 2.7 interpreter:

```
pyenv install 2.7.12
```

Create a virtualenv based on Python 2.7 and activate it:

```
pyenv virtualenv 2.7.12 mssh-copy-id27
pyenv activate mssh-copy-id27
```

Install the dependencies in that virtualenv:

```
pip install -e .[dev,test]
```

Run the functional tests:

```
inv func-tests
```

## How to build

### How to build a wheel package

The python wheel package is more for development purpose, as it requires
lib headers for dependencies and compilation tools to be installed.

#### Requirements

Install the same dependencies as in
[How to install for development](#how-to-install-for-development).

#### Build the wheel package

Go to the project directory, and run:

```
inv build_wheel
```

You will find the Wheel package in the `dist` directory.

#### Test the installation of the wheel package

* Create a new virtualenv:

```
pyenv virtualenv 2.6.6 foo
pyenv activate foo
```

* Go to the `dist` directory, and run:

    ```
    pip install mssh_copy_id-0.0.1-py2-none-any.whl
    ```

You should be able to run `mssh-copy-id` as real production.

### How to build an RPM package for CentOS 6 & 7

#### Requirements

* [Docker](https://docs.docker.com/): I tested with version `1.11.2` but
  I assume that it will work on older versions.

#### Build the docker image

Run:

```
inv build_docker -i centos6
inv build_docker -i centos7
```

It will build the new docker images:

* `mssh-copy-id-build-centos6`
* `mssh-copy-id-build-centos7`

Check it:

```
docker images
```

#### Build the RPM packages

Run:

```
inv build_rpm -t centos6
inv build_rpm -t centos7
```

The RPM packages will be in `dist/rpmbuild/RPMS/noarch`.

### How to build a deb package

#### Requirements

* [Docker](https://docs.docker.com/): I tested with version `1.11.2` but
  I assume that it will work on older versions.

#### Build the docker image

Run:

```
inv build_docker -i ubuntu-trusty
```

It will build the new docker images:

* `mssh-copy-id-build-ubuntu-trusty`

Check it:

```
docker images
```

#### Build the deb package

Run:

```
inv build_deb
```

The deb package will be in `dist/deb`.

## How to upload to PyPI

Source documentation: https://packaging.python.org/en/latest/distributing/#uploading-your-project-to-pypi

### Requirements

* `twine`: tool to upload to PyPI. It is part of the extra `dev`
  dependencies. (`pip install -e .[dev,test]`)

### How to upload to PyPI

Create a file `~/.pypirc`:

```
[distutils]
index-servers=
    pypi
    pypitest

[pypi]
repository: https://pypi.python.org/pypi
username: <login>
password: <password>

[pypitest]
repository: https://testpypi.python.org/pypi
username: <login>
password: <password>
```

Build and upload:

```
inv clean build_src build_wheel
twine upload dist/*.tar.gz dist/*.whl
```

## How to preview the `README.md` locally

```
pip install grip
grip
```


text:
Maria Catharina Linnemann (* 1947 in Amsterdam) ist eine britische Komponistin, die vorwiegend Werke für Klassische Gitarre geschaffen und (vor allem bei Ricordi) herausgegeben hat.

Leben
Ihre Kindheit verbrachte Maria Linnemann in England. Von 1966 bis 1970 studierte sie an der Royal Academy of Music in London Klavier, Geige und Dirigieren. Seit 1971 lebt sie in Deutschland, wo sie als Musikpädagogin tätig ist. Sie schreibt auch Musicals sowie Musik für Puppentheater.

Werke

Diskografie
 ca. 1982: To Sleep Perchance to Dream
 1983: Your Name in the Stars
 1991: Recaptured Moment
 2007: Secrets

Bibliografie
 Saitenspiele. 3 Bände.
 2 Gitarren auf Reisen. 2 Bände.
 Sagen und Landschaften: Gitarre solo. Legends and Landscapes. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2521), ISMN M-2042-2521-7.
 Heinz Teucher (Hrsg.): Leichte Folklorestücke. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2469), ISBN 3-931788-37-7.
 Heinz Teuchert (Hrsg.): Neue Folklorestücke. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2527), ISBN 3-931788-56-3.
 Ausgewählte Folklorestücke für Gitarre solo. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2652), ISMN M-2042-2652-8.
 Gitarrengeschichten 1. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2528), deutsch und französisch, ISMN M-2042-2528-6.
 Gitarrengeschichten 2. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2529), ISMN M-2042-2529-3.
 Secrets für Klavier: G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2547), ISMN M-2042-2547-7
 Neue Kinderlieder. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2548, mit Musikkassette: Ricordi. Sy. 2549).
 Suite for Lovers für Gitarre solo. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2579), ISMN M-2042-2579-8.
 Klangbilder für zwei Gitarren. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy, 2582), ISMN M-2042-2582-8.
 Klangbilder für drei Gitarren. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy 2581).
 Japan-Suite für zwei Gitarren. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2602).
 Lappland-Suite für zwei Gitarren: G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2603).
 Die Nase des Kamels. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2639).
 Forbidden Fruit. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2650).
 Kaubonbon. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2651).
 Eine phantastische Reise für 3 Gitarren: G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2653)
 A Circle of Seasons. Gitarrentrios. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2654).
 Snapshots of China : G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2688)
 Chinesische Szenen für Blfl./guitar. G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2689 / ISMN M-2042-2689-4)
 Variationen über ein Thema von Heinz Teuchert
 Soledad : G. Ricordi & Co., München (= Ricordi. Sy. 2880 / ISMN M-2042-2880-5)
 Country Dance, Little Cottage, On The Island, Melancholy, Stony Creek Blue (in: Saitenwege 1) : Edition Dux (DUX 851, ISBN 9-783-9349-5801-2)

 Juliette. Pour deux guitares. Éditions Henry Lemoine. Paris 1990 / ISMN-979-0-2309-5199-9

Weblinks
 Homepage von Maria Linnemann

Komponist klassischer Musik (20. Jahrhundert)
Komponist klassischer Musik (21. Jahrhundert)
Komponist (Musical)
Klassischer Gitarrist
Komponist (Vereinigtes Königreich)
Komponist (Deutschland)
Zupfmusik
Brite
Geboren 1947
Frau

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