text:
Der Raubdruck ist eine Bezeichnung für einen unberechtigten Nachdruck eines Druckwerks durch einen Konkurrenzverlag, der in der Regel dabei seine eigene Identität verschleiert.

Zur Interessenlage
Der durch den Raubdruck Geschädigte war im frühen Buchdruck der Originalverlag – eine Situation, die sich änderte, als das Konzept des sogenannten geistigen Eigentums und eine neue juristische Positionierung des Autors über das Urheberrecht das Interessengefüge verschob. Der Raubdruck ist heute die unautorisierte Vervielfältigung eines bereits gedruckten und urheberrechtlich geschützten Werks; Geschädigte sind dabei im Regelfall der Autor bzw. seine Rechtsnachfolger sowie der Verlag, dessen Vorinvestitionen von Dritten ausgenutzt werden.

Benachbarte Bereiche sind heute die zulässige Kopie (bei der im deutschsprachigen Raum die VG-Wort einen Kostenanteil erhält, der nach einem Verteilungsschlüssel an die Autoren weitergegeben wird), die Markenpiraterie, die kommerzielle unerlaubte Kopie eines urheberrechtlich geschützten Werkes, der unerlaubte Austausch urheberrechtlich geschützter Kopien über File-Sharing-Netze und die freiwillige Produktion in urheberrechts- und lizenzfreien Projekten, die in offene Konkurrenz mit dem über das Urheberrecht geschützten Markt treten.

Vor dem Urheberrecht, 1500–1750
Zwei grundlegende Verschiebungen trennen den Pressemarkt der frühen Neuzeit vom Markt, der sich im 19. Jahrhundert herausbildete:
 Autoren wurden in der Regel bei Einlieferung des Manuskripts einmalig bezahlt, die weiteren Profite und die weiteren Geschäftsrisiken überließen sie ausschließlich dem Verleger.
 Ein allgemeines Verlagsrecht, das Verlage im heutigen Maße gegeneinander absicherte, bestand nicht.

Der Raubdruck war ein Problem, dem vor allem die Verleger begegnen mussten, ohne dass sie in der Regel hierfür Rechtsmittel in Anspruch nehmen konnten.

Interessen der Autoren und Verleger
Autoren lieferten Manuskripte ein und wurden für diese bezahlt. Hier galt zumeist die Entlohnung nach angefangenen Druckbögen. Ihre Arbeit war damit honoriert. In der Praxis verlief der Handel komplexer: Autoren erhielten Vorschüsse, wenn sich ihre Werke gut verkauften. Sie konnten mehr Geld verlangen, wenn der Verleger ein besseres Geschäft mit ihnen machte als mit anderen Autoren. Der Raubdruck kam dem Autor in diesem System tatsächlich zugute: Druckten andere Verleger seinen Titel nach, hatte nur der Erstverleger den Schaden. In der Regel lag der Fehler beim Erstverleger: Hätte er den Titel gleich höher aufgelegt und dort ins Angebot gebracht, wo der Raubdruck erschien, dann wäre es uninteressant geworden, den Titel dort nachzudrucken. Der Autor, der in Raubdrucken erschien, konnte damit rechnen, dass sein Verleger ihn zukünftig breiter verkaufen würde, und er konnte verlangen, genau an diesem breiteren Verkauf finanziell beteiligt zu werden. Voltaire steigerte angeblich seinen Marktwert gegenüber seinem Erstverleger, indem er selbst seine Arbeit dem potentiellen Raubdrucker in die Hände spielte und den geschädigten Erstverleger zu besserer Arbeit beim nächsten Buch drängte.

Zum Raubdruck zählte nicht die Übersetzung in eine fremde Sprache – diese steigerte den Ruhm des Autors auf dem internationalen Parkett und damit seinen Verkauf im eigenen Land, sobald sich dieser Ruhm dorthin verbreitete. Autoren und Verleger waren an Übersetzungen und dem Werbefaktor, den sie bedeuteten, interessiert und sahen hier keine eigenen Rechte beschnitten.

Eine Grauzone stellte der unveränderte Nachdruck im Ausland dar. Hier taten sich in der frühen Neuzeit besonders die Verleger der Niederlande hervor, die sich auf französische Werke spezialisierten. Theoretisch druckten sie für ihren eigenen Markt und schädigten, so gesehen, nicht die französischen Erstverleger. Praktisch bedienten die Niederländer aber den europäischen Markt effizienter als die Franzosen, deren Ware damit internationalen Absatz verlor. Strafrechtlich belangt werden konnten sie nicht. Für französische Autoren (und italienische Komponisten, die ihre Noten international publizierten) wurde es in der Folge zunehmend interessant, die Manuskripte gleich an die niederländischen Verleger zu liefern und von ihnen höhere Honorare zu fordern. (Diese Verlagerung gewann zusätzlich an Interesse, wenn dadurch heimische Zensurregelungen umgangen werden konnten.)

Das große Problem für den Autor war nicht der Raubdruck, sondern das Plagiat, der Auftritt eines anderen Autors mit genau derselben Idee. Die Antwort auf das Plagiat war in der Regel eine Fehde unter den Autoren, in der es darum ging, öffentlich nachzuweisen, wer hier wen bestohlen hatte und sich mit wessen Federn schmückte. Das Ziel musste es sein, den Konkurrenten vor aller Augen unmöglich zu machen.

Praxis des Raubdrucks und Antworten darauf

Raubdrucke im eigenen Land erschienen für gewöhnlich ohne Verlagsangabe, mit offensichtlich fingiertem Impressum ("A Cologne, chez Pierre Marteau", "Cölln, bey Peter Marteau" war hier die beliebteste, offenkundig falsche Angabe), oder besonders dreist direkt unter dem Label des Erstverlegers. Seltener publizierten Raubdrucker unter dem eigenen Namen, sie wagten das vor allem, wenn sie im Ausland ansässig waren, ihnen boten dann die Landesgrenzen Schutz.

Ein beliebiger Drucker und Verleger hatte sich den Titel des Konkurrenten beschafft, ihn neu gesetzt und in dieser Form auf den Markt gebracht – die Kosten für den Übersetzer oder den Autor hatte er sich gespart, die Ware ging von ihm aus in den Absatz. Praktische Probleme blieben, wenn der Raubdrucker seine Ware in den überregionalen Handel bringen wollte. Hierzu trafen sich die Verleger (die alle zugleich Buchhändler waren) auf regelmäßig stattfindenden Buchmessen, zu denen sie ihre wenigen selbst produzierten Titel in großen Auflagen mitbrachten, untereinander tauschten und mit breiten Sortimenten wieder zurückfuhren. Wer mit Raubdrucken auf die Messe kam, machte sich vor den Kollegen unmöglich, mit denen er tauschen musste. Er schloss sich selbst vom weiteren Handel aus, wenn niemand mehr mit ihm tauschte. Der Raubdruck war daher vor allem praktisch, wenn der Raubdrucker über eigene Absatzwege verfügte – wenn er den Titel bequem im eigenen Laden absetzen konnte oder ihn unter der Hand mit Kollegen tauschte.

Die standardisierte Gegenstrategie gegen den Raubdruck war die soziale Ächtung und der Aufbau von Vertrauensnetzen, in denen man erfuhr, wer einen da bestahl. Die Reaktion war keine juristische, sondern eine öffentliche: Eine Interaktion vor der Kollegenschaft, bei der es galt, Stimmung gegen den Konkurrenten zu machen.

Gegenüber der sozialen Ächtung gab es einen weiteren offiziellen Weg der Prävention, den Druck unter Privileg. Bei kostspieligen Verlagswerken erwirkte das Unternehmen die landesherrliche oder kaiserliche Protektion: "Mit Königl. Pohln. und Churf. Sächs. Privilegio" oder "Avec Privilege du Roy" stand dann in der letzten Zeile auf dem Titelblatt. Der Landesherr drohte hier mit der Verfolgung jedes Raubdrucks. Im Regelfall erschienen Bücher ohne diesen kostspieligen Schutz. Da er sich außerhalb des Territoriums des jeweiligen Landesherrn rechtlich nicht durchsetzen ließ, garantierte er weder, dass der Titel nicht nachgedruckt wurde, noch dass illegale Nachdrucker gefasst wurden. Bei großen Verlagswerken blieb der Schutz sinnvoll, da Erstverleger hier noch am ehesten darauf vertrauen konnten, dass sich das auffällige Werk nicht unauffällig als Nachdruck in den Handel bringen ließ.

Produktive Unsicherheit
Es ist fahrlässig, Vorstellungen modernen Verlagsbuchhandels auf die frühe Neuzeit zu übertragen. Die Interaktionen zwischen Autoren und Verlegern, der Umgang, der innerhalb der Berufsstände herrschte, lassen sich nicht adäquat erfassen, wenn man hier ein Spiel um Rechte und geistiges Eigentum sieht:

Christian Friedrich Hunolds (alias Menantes) erste Gedichtsammlung von 1702 enthielt ein Gedicht, das einem Rivalen auffiel, der hier eine Chance sah, Hunold zu schaden. Hamburgs Stadtrat würde die Verbreitung dieses Gedichts verbieten müssen, wenn es ihm vorgelegt würde. Der Verleger und der Autor bekamen von der Überprüfung kurz vorher Wind. Gut hundert ungebundene Restexemplare hatte man noch übrig; man tauschte die Seiten mit dem Gedicht aus, band ein harmloses in die Restexemplare und teilte die neu zusammengestellten Bücher schließlich unter den Ratsherrn aus. Der Drucker verteidigte sich damit vor der Stadt: Jeder habe hier Originalexemplare vor sich, sie enthielten das fragwürdige Gedicht nicht. Nur ein Raubdruck, der ihm untergeschoben worden sei, weise es auf – der schwarze Peter lag damit bei den Klägern, die selbst über die betroffenen Botschafter Spaniens und Frankreichs die Angelegenheit vor die Stadt gebracht hatten. Sie hätten nun auftreten müssen mit dem Beweis, dass ihre Exemplare durchaus keine Raubdrucke waren – das war weniger das Problem, als dass sie sich damit überhaupt als die Initiatoren der Intrige erwiesen hätten.

Diese Geschichte ist willkürlich herausgegriffen, wirft jedoch viel Licht auf den Umgang, der dort herrschte, wo es keinen wirksamen Schutz gegen den Raubdruck gab. In der zeitgenössischen Rechtsliteratur wurde der Raubdruck als Betrug und als strafbares falsum bewertet (Karl Grundmann: Grundsätze der Criminalwissenschaft. Gießen 1798, § 334), in der Praxis aber eher als Schändlichkeit denn als justitiables Faktum aufgefasst. Wer zur Verantwortung gezogen wurde, konnte im Extremfall versuchen, andere Raubdrucker zu Schuldigen zu machen. Wer Raubdrucke im eigenen Buchladen ausliegen hatte, beteuerte bei Beanstandung, sie von anderen Verlegern erhalten zu haben, und nicht zu wissen, was ihm da untergeschoben worden sei. Man klagte laut über Missbrauch und arbeitete mit entsprechender Risikobereitschaft in einem durchaus produktiven System.

Die Umgestaltung des Markts: Raubdruck und Urheberrecht 1750–1950

Der Buchmarkt, wie er sich im frühen 18. Jahrhundert entwickelt hatte, zeigte in der zweiten Hälfte des Jahrhunderts erheblichen Reformbedarf. Die Entwicklung des Urheberschutzes brachte Autoren neue Formen der Umsatzbeteiligung und schuf damit ganz neue Verantwortlichkeiten. Der am Umsatz beteiligte Autor blieb greifbar. Der Verleger konnte nicht länger behaupten, er habe das Manuskript gekauft und keinen weiteren Kontakt zu dem Verkäufer mehr. Über den Schutz des Autors wurde Transparenz auf dem Markt hergestellt. Der Zugriff der Behörden konnte von nun an fortlaufenden Geldflüssen zwischen den Beteiligten nachgehen – zwischen Verlegern, Autoren, Übersetzern bis hin zu Originalverlegern im Ausland.

Die Geschichte des Raubdrucks endete nicht mit den neuen Gesetzesformen. Der Raubdruck wurde im ersten Schritt zu einer von Landesgrenzen geschützten Praktik. Das größte und erfolgreichste Nachdruckunternehmen war in der zweiten Hälfte des 18. Jahrhunderts im deutschsprachigen Raum der Wiener Verlag von Thomas von Trattner, der als Schulbuchverleger begann und schließlich in großem Stil alle deutschen Klassiker nachdruckte und in den österreichischen Gebieten verkaufte. Er tat dies mit Zustimmung des Wiener Hofes. Um die Nachdrucke erfolgreicher vertreiben zu können, versuchten süddeutsche und österreichische Raubdrucker, unter ihnen auch Trattner, Ende des 18. Jahrhunderts sogar eine Messe speziell zum Handeln mit Raubdrucken zu etablieren, den sogenannten Hanauer Bücherumschlag. Diese wurde allerdings bereits nach wenigen Jahren von den kaiserlichen Behörden in Wien verboten. Erst durch die Neuordnungen, die der Leipziger Buchhändler Philipp Erasmus Reich durchsetzte, wurde das Nach- oder Raubdruckunwesen eingedämmt.

Auf Betreiben der Verleger und Buchhändler, einzelner Autoren und einzelner deutscher Bundesstaaten kam am 2. April 1835 ein Beschluss der Bundesversammlung des Deutschen Bundes in Wien zustande, der ein allgemeines Nachdruckverbot in allen deutschen Landen forderte: Die hohen und höchsten Regierungen vereinbaren sich dahin, dass der Nachdruck im Umfange des ganzen Bundesgebietes zu verbieten und das schriftstellerische Eigentum nach gleichförmigen Grundsätzen festzustellen und zu schützen sei. (Protokolle der deutschen Bundesversammlung, Frankfurt am Main 1837, S. 270).

Indessen war der Weg zu einem allseits befriedigenden Urheberrecht noch lang, und die Gesetzgeber der Bundesländer ließen sich Zeit. Die Mehrzahl von ihnen wollte eine allgemeine Schutzfrist für Druckwerke von zehn Jahren einführen. Preußen hingegen drang darauf, die Schutzfrist bis zum dreißigsten Jahre nach dem Tode eines Urhebers andauern zu lassen, konnte sich mit dieser Tendenz aber zunächst nicht durchsetzen. So beschloss die Bundesversammlung des Deutschen Bundes am 9. November 1837 wie folgt:

Im Vergleich mit den weitaus besseren Regelungen Großbritanniens und Frankreichs war das wenig, und es dauerte immerhin bis zum 19. Juni 1845, ehe durch Beschluss der Bundesversammlung für alle Bundesstaaten bestimmt wurde:

Die Ausbreitung internationalen Rechtsschutzes zum Beispiel durch die Berner Übereinkunft von 1886 und die Universal Copyright Convention der UNESCO von 1951 lösten weitgehend die noch verbliebenen Probleme.

Sozialisierte Drucke und proletarische Reprints

In der linken Protest- und Emanzipationsbewegung der 1960er Jahre wurde der Raubdruck als subversive Rebellion gegen das kapitalistische System entdeckt. Für den Gebrauch in Lese-, Studien- und Diskussionsgruppen wurden Raubdrucke von Schriften hergestellt, die zu dieser Zeit nicht oder nur schwer auf normalem Wege aus Bibliotheken oder aus dem Buchhandel zu beschaffen waren. Es handelte sich dabei um die "marxistische, sozialistische, sozialphilosophische, psychoanalytische, soziologische und pädagogische Theorie vor allem der zwanziger und dreißiger Jahre, die klassischen Analysen, Quellen und Dokumente zur Arbeiterbewegung, zur politischen Ökonomie, zum Anarchismus, Syndikalismus, zur Rätebewegung, zur materialistischen Ästhetik und Kunsttheorie und besonders die Arbeiten der Kritischen Theorie des alten Frankfurter, mit der Machtergreifung des Faschismus emigrierten Instituts für Sozialforschung" (A. Götz von Olenhusen). Die frühesten Produkte dieser Raubdruckbewegung zeigen viele drucktechnische Mängel, sie sind offensichtlich zum kurzfristigen Gebrauch in aktuellen Diskussions- und Schulungszusammenhängen entstanden.

Daneben wurden von den Raubdruckern wichtige Grundlagentexte reproduziert und damit wieder zugänglich gemacht, die von den Autoren zurückgehalten wurden, weil sie dem Stand der gegenwärtigen Entwicklung ihrer Ansicht nach nicht mehr entsprachen, oder die von den Verlagen nicht wieder aufgelegt wurden, weil nur mit geringem Verkaufserfolg gerechnet wurde. Zu diesen Drucken gehören Aufsätze Max Horkheimers aus den 1930er Jahren und Horkheimer/Adornos Dialektik der Aufklärung, eine Schrift, die heute zu den Grundlagentexten der Neuen Linken gezählt wird, ferner Schriften von Lukács, Korsch, Benjamin, Rosa Luxemburg, Trotzki, Wilhelm Reich und anderen, also das, was Walter Mehring in seinen Berichten über die verlorene und die veruntreute Bibliothek aufgezählt hatte.

Das Impressum solcher Drucke nannte als herstellende Verlage Fantasiegebilde wie "robber's press berlin oberschöneweide", "Rotkohl", "Verlag zerschlagt das bürgerliche Copyright". Die Auflagenhöhe betrug 500 bis 6000 Stück, die Preise waren niedrig, oft gab es Hinweise, für welche linken Aktivitäten der (meist geringe) Überschuss verwendet werden sollte. Die etablierten Verlage reagierten über den Börsenverein mit Klagen, Durchsuchungen, Verboten und einer Pressekampagne. Es gab allerdings auch kommerzielle "Raubdrucke", billige Ausgaben von Bestsellern in schlichtem Pappumschlag, die meist über "linke" Buchhandlungen oder Büchertische vor den Unis vertrieben wurden, etwa Sigmund Freuds Gesammelte Werke, sowie einen in Berlin bei Pretzell & Siebrasse hergestellten verkleinerten Nachdruck von Arno Schmidts Zettels Traum, der durch die Medienberichterstattung zu einem spektakulären Fall wurde. (Die Raubdrucker wollten dem Autor das nicht unbeträchtliche Honorar über den Gartenzaun reichen, der jedoch lehnte aus Rücksicht auf seinen Verlag und aus grundsätzlichen urheberrechtlichen Erwägungen ab.)

Die Raubdrucker der späten 60er und frühen 70er Jahre rechtfertigten ihre Aktivitäten damit, dass dadurch die vom "kapitalistischen Profitsystem" unerschwinglich teuer gemachten Texte "sozialisiert" und "den Massen zugänglich gemacht" würden.

Gegenwart

Traditioneller Raubdruck

Einige Bereiche des traditionellen Raubdrucks leben bis in die Gegenwart fort. Kulturell interessant ist hier besonders der illegale Druck regimekritischer Texte, der sich den offiziell nachvollziehbaren Publikationswegen entzieht, um die Zensur zu umgehen. Im Ostblock arbeiteten Samisdat-Pressen – private, geheim operierende Druckpressen, die verfügbar machten, was im Lande nicht offen verlegt werden durfte. In die Gegenwart hinein laufen sie fort. So kann man im Iran unter der Hand Raubdrucke von Salman Rushdies Satanischen Versen  erwerben: illegale Drucke, die ohne Copyright-Vermerke, ohne Verlagsangaben und ohne klare Angaben der Übersetzer auf den Markt kommen.

Fotokopien, Duplizieren von Datenträgern, Datenverbreitung im Internet
Von 1981 bis 1986 gab es in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland mindestens 160 publikumswirksame Buchtitel, die unrechtmäßig hergestellt wurden. Der Verlust für den Buchhandel und die Verlage wurde insgesamt auf etwa 35 Millionen DM (umgerechnet 17,9 Millionen Euro) geschätzt. In den 1980er Jahren wurden Raubdrucke von Bestsellern wie Das Geisterhaus, Der Name der Rose, Momo, Die unendliche Geschichte, Das Parfum, Ganz unten und Kassandra bekannt.

Mit der Globalisierung und dem Aufkommen der Mikroelektronik im ausgehenden 20. Jahrhundert bekam das Thema Raubdruck über neue Medien eine neue Qualität. Auf der einen Seite privatisierte er sich: Fotokopiergeräte wurden in den 1970ern allgemein zugänglich, jeder konnte sich damit Kopien ganzer Bücher anfertigen, was bei teuren Verlagswerken auch weit unterhalb der Handelspreise möglich war. Dieses Problem wurde im deutschsprachigen Raum durch die Reform des Urheberrechts von 1972 pragmatisch gelöst: Die VG-Wort erhält einen Anteil der Kopierkosten, der nach Schlüssel an die Autoren neuer Verlagswerke weiterverteilt wird.

Als kommerziell höchst interessant erwies sich der Raubdruck in Bereichen außerhalb des Buchhandels. Strategien, mit denen man Mitte des 20. Jahrhunderts lediglich Zigaretten und Autos vermarktete, weiteten sich auf andere Produkte aus: T-Shirts, Hosen, Jacken erhielten deutlich sichtbare Markenaufdrucke. Die Produktion oftmals gleich aussehender, zum Teil auch gleichwertiger Ware, die Schnitt und Markenaufdruck kopierte und sich die Kosten für Werbung, teure Kundenbindung und Herstellergarantien sparte, war die Folge. Dafür wurde der Begriff Produkt- bzw. Markenpiraterie geprägt. Die aufstrebenden und für die europäischen und US-amerikanischen Marken nicht sofort transparenten Märkte Asiens fassten auf diesem Produktionsfeld Fuß.

Mit der Ausbreitung von elektronischen Massenmedien kam die Möglichkeit hinzu, mit geringem Aufwand Musikkassetten, Videobänder, Disketten, CDs und DVDs zu vervielfältigen. Diese Raubdruckvariante digitaler Information wird im Allgemeinen als Raubkopie bezeichnet. Der Raubdruck von Büchern war auf technologisch umfassend ausgestattete Betriebe angewiesen. Durch die starke Verbreitung vergleichsweise günstiger Technologie zum Kopieren von Datenträgern, konnten Raubkopien in breitem Umfang privat erstellt werden.

Am Ende des 20. Jahrhunderts kamen durch die starke Verbreitung des Internet neue, für jedermann nutzbare Wege wie Tauschbörsen, Filesharing und Peer-to-Peer-Netze auf, über die jede Form von elektronisch verfügbaren Daten ausgetauscht werden können. Da über diese Wege auch Kopien von urheberrechtlich geschütztem Material verbreitet werden, gibt es Bemühungen von Branchenverbänden wie der Business Software Alliance oder der RIAA, solche Kopien aufzuspüren und ihre Verbreiter juristisch zu belangen. Diese waren allerdings nur punktuell erfolgreich. Um das Kopieren von urheberrechtlich geschützten Inhalten zu unterbinden werden neue Technologien entwickelt. Im Experimentierstadium befinden sich beispielsweise Medienformate mit einprogrammierter Nutzungsdauer, die sich durch Kopieren nicht verlängern lässt. Ein anderer Ansatz ist das Digital Rights Management (DRM), welches sich allerdings in der Musikindustrie wegen des Widerstandes der Kunden nicht durchgesetzt hat.

Mit der Verbreitung des Internets wiederholen sich in abgewandelter Form Entwicklungen, die die Frühzeit des Buchdrucks geprägt hatten. Das gilt für den Raubdruck, sowohl von gedruckten Texten, die nun im Internet wiedererschienen, wie von Informationen, die im Internet ihre Erstveröffentlichung erfuhren und im selben Medium ihre Vervielfältigung auf anderen Websites fanden.

Das schien anfänglich bei der kleinen Gruppe von Internetbenutzern unkritisch. Die Interaktion mittels Pseudonymen und die Verbreitung von Informationen über Provider, die sich im Ausland der Strafverfolgung entziehen konnten, formten in der Folge die Entwicklungen des 16. und 17. Jahrhunderts nach. Der neue Markt wurde durch seine Unübersichtlichkeit geschützt. Die Rahmenbedingungen waren jedoch nun nicht mehr die des 17. und 18. Jahrhunderts: Staaten und Rechtssysteme waren jetzt vorbereitet auf die Problemstellungen. Sie konnten über die Provider den Zugriff auf die tatsächlichen Autoren durchsetzen. Großunternehmen haben nun solide Erfahrung in der Integration unorganisierter Märkte. Sie wuchsen auf dem noch weitgehend unerschlossenen Feld binnen weniger Jahre zu weltumspannenden Monopolen und witterten ihre Zukunft gerade im Aufkauf von Urheber- und Abbildungsrechten.

Neue Lizenzformen
Demgegenüber bildeten sich unter Internetnutzern, beispielsweise im Rahmen des Usenet oder der Open-Source-Bewegung, informelle Benutzergruppen, die eine Gegenkultur entwickelten, zu deren Prinzipien der Widerstand gegen die Kommerzialisierung des Netzes und der freie, kostenlose und ungehinderte Zugang zu Informationen gehört. Die Möglichkeit, dass Autoren darauf verzichten könnten, Nutzungsrechte für ihre Arbeit geltend zu machen, die in der bisherigen Urheberrechtsordnung juristisch zwar vorhanden war, aber faktisch keine Rolle spielte, gewann dadurch an Bedeutung, dass Netzwerke zur Verbreitung nutzungsrechtsfreier Arbeit aufgebaut wurden. Zur rechtlichen Absicherung dieses Verfahrens wurden eigene Lizenzformen wie die GNU-FDL oder die Creative-Commons-Lizenz entwickelt.

In diesem Rahmen gibt es keinen Raubdruck der von den Autoren freigegebenen Informationen, sondern nur noch die legale und erwünschte Weiterverbreitung. Unter den gegenwärtigen Bedingungen ist daher zu unterscheiden zwischen
 durch das Urheberrecht geschützter Information,
 als Raubdruck oder Raubkopie illegal vertriebener Information,
 im Rahmen des Urheberrechts durch Ablauf der Schutzfrist gemeinfrei gewordener Information,
 nutzungsrechtsfreier bzw. frei lizenzierter Information.

Es ist unklar, wie sich freie Information gegenüber nutzungsrechtlich geschützter positionieren wird. Festzustellen ist jedoch, dass Projekte wie die Wikipedia von Lexikonverlagen als Konkurrenz wahrgenommen werden. Hier entstehen neue Konkurrenzverhältnisse, die die Verhältnisses von Raubdruck, urheberrechtlich geschützter Information und neuen Lizenzformen neu definieren.

Einzelnachweise

Literatur
 Robert Darnton: The Science of Piracy, a Crucial Ingredient in Eighteenth-Century Publishing. In: Studies on Voltaire and the Eighteenth Century. (SVEC). 12, Oxford 2003, , S. 3–29.
 Jörg Drews, Doris Plöschberger (Hrsg.): "Des Dichters Aug' in feinem Wahnwitz rollend …" Dokumente und Studien zu "Zettel's Traum". edition text + kritik, München 2001, ISBN 3-88377-658-0.
 Günter von Gravenreuth: Das Plagiat aus strafrechtlicher Sicht. Software-, Video- u. Markenpiraterie, Raubdrucke. Die Straftatbestände des gewerblichen Rechtsschutzes. Einschlägiges Prozeßrecht. Heymann, Köln 1986, ISBN 3-452-20379-4.
 Ludwig Friedrich Griesinger: Der Büchernachdruck aus dem Gesichtspuncte des Rechts, der Moral und Politik betrachtet. Macklot, Stuttgart 1822.
 Hanauer Bücherumschlag. In: Lexikon des gesamten Buchwesens. Band III, 2. Auflage. Verlag Anton Hiersemann, Stuttgart 1991, S. 345.
 Johann Stephan Pütter: Der Büchernachdruck nach ächten Grundsätzen des Rechts geprüft. Verlag der Wittwe Vandenhoeck, Göttingen 1774.
 Adolph Knigge: Ueber den Bücher-Nachdruck. An den Herrn Johann Gottwerth Müller in Itzehoe. Benjamin Gottlob Hoffmann, Hamburg 1792.
 August von Kotzebue: Denkschrift über den Büchernachdruck. Zugleich Bittschrift um Bewürkung eines deutschen Reichsgesetzes gegen denselben. Den bei dem Congress zu Wien versammelten Gesandten deutscher Staaten überreicht im Namen deutscher Buchhändler. Kummer, Leipzig 1814.
 Albrecht Götz von Olenhusen, Christa Gnirß: Handbuch der Raubdrucke. Verlag Dokumentation, Pullach bei München 1972, Raubdruck-Archiv, Freiburg im Breisgau 2002 (Überarbeitete, ergänzte und korrigierte Fass. auf CD-ROM), ISBN 3-7940-3419-8.
 Hellmut Rosenfeld: Plagiat und Nachdruck. In: Archiv für Geschichte des Buchwesens. 11.1971, Sp. 337–372.
 Olaf Simons: Marteaus Europa oder der Roman, bevor er Literatur wurde. Amsterdam 2001, ISBN 90-420-1226-9.

Weblinks

 Zum Raubdruck von Arno Schmidts Zettels Traum. (1970), Interview mit den Beteiligten. Lili, Zeitung der Fakultät für Linguistik und Literaturwissenschaft Bielefeld.
 Online-Quellensammlung zum Urheber- und Verlagsrecht im 19. Jahrhundert

Buchdruck
Urheberrecht


Our services (product orders, delivery, defective exchange for returned goods) has been limited to customersthat stay in Japan.
have discovered a defective product in it after returning home, we support you can not even request returns,refunds.
Please note that we can not support that you return it unilaterally without notice.


Today im going to show you how to cause a harmless bsod by making a harmless registry value.
as long as you follow these steps EXACTLY you will be ok.
Restart your pc so it can load the value. Values cannot load while the OS is running for several reasons.
this is a good way to restart your pc if it starts losing its crap but i dont suggest you to do it but if you do it, !!**DO IT AT YOUR OWN RISK**!! IF YOUR HDD INDICATOR IS FLASHING RAPIDLY OR KINDA FAST DO NOT TRIGGER IT!!


text:
Sacred past, desert scenes, culinary joy and Mediterranean shores
Current Weather 9°C
"The view of Jerusalem is the history of the world; it is more, it is the history of earth and of heaven". A big statement there from 19th century British Prime Minister Benjamin Disraeli, and so said, it's no wonder, that the Israeli capital remains hugely significant for the major cohorts of Islam, Judaism and Christianity. Although a massive draw, millennia of Holy Land history is just one reason to visit this complex and beautiful land. Tiny in size, but massive in what it has to offer, Israel is so brilliantly compact, you can visit the entire country from one convenient base . Wake up in lush green landscape and a couple of hours later be exploring desert dunes. Young and vibrant, Tel Aviv buzzes with café culture, galleries, street art and glorious beaches; the Dead Sea resorts offer phenomenal spa experiences, the dry Negev desert can be viewed from the air with amazing sky diving opportunities; and the reserves of the Red Sea resort of Eilat support underwater nature trails for exploration by snorkel.
There's no disputing the attraction of a great year-round climate. Long hot summers bring in many visitors, with 2019 being Israel's peak ever tourist year with 4.5 million arrivals. Not surprisingly then, low season is our preferred time for an Israeli adventure. Early December (avoiding Christmas), January and February see fewest travellers but winters remain short and mild. Throughout the country you'll be able to visit amazing biblical sites with fewer crowds and find outdoor activities more comfortable. You may happen on some rain and coolness, with southern areas, such as Eilat seeing the best of the winter sun. However, although temperatures in the high teens/low 20s seem chilly to Israelis, many enjoy beach life and al fresco dining throughout the year.
The Holy Land
Mount of Olives, River Jordan, Sea of Galilee – even the least religious among us have heard the ring of familiarity from those stories of old, and at the very core of this holiness lies the Old City of Jerusalem. The compact 1km wide historic centre is split into Muslim, Christian, Armenian and Jewish quarters, each oozing a unique atmosphere and hugely significant sites. Whether it's a pilgrimage, a step back in time, or a chance to embrace an alternative viewpoint, it's hard not to be emotionally impacted as you mix with locals going about their daily prayers, sharing meals and proudly wearing distinct traditional clothing. Narrow Jewish alleyways reach to the Western Wall filled with its paper prayers. Shop at the busy shuk in the Muslim Quarter close to the Dome of the Rock from where Muhammad ascended to heaven. Christians flock to the Church of the Holy Sepulchre built on the very spot of Christ's crucifixion, while the Armenian Quarter is home to an ancient civilisation, settled here some 2000 years ago. Always crowded, low season is the best time to wander the winding streets and market stalls, filled with the aroma of freshly cooked falafel, and to walk the ramparts which surround this most historic of cities.
In contrast, this modern melting pot of young and forward thinking artists, professionals and enthusiasts, has taken going out and having fun to new levels. American diners and live music venues sit beside traditional cafés and hummus joints. It's known as the White City for its Bauhaus architectural scene and was in fact granted UNESCO status in 2003 in recognition of its examples of the modernist style. A buzzing beach life defines the lifestyle for many, with Gordon, Frishman and Banana Beaches topping the list of popular sandy stretches. Carmel market is a must-do. It's the largest and busiest in Israel and vendors offer everything from clothes, fresh veg, amazing street food and souvenirs. South of the centre, check out Jaffa (Yafo), a historic Arabic fishing town, for gorgeous viewpoints and great restaurants.
Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
Via Dolorosa, Old Jerusalem
Follow the route that Christ travelled as he carried the cross to his crucifixion. The path includes 15 significant points including where he fell en-route. Usually crowded, we suggest an early morning visit, cumulating in entrance to the Church of Holy Sepulchre as soon as you can, it opens at sunrise.
Floating in the Dead Sea
Head out to the lowest point on earth at an incredible 430 metres below sea level. Surrounded by the stunning Negev Desert, it's impossible to sink thanks to its saltiness. Climbing the UNESCO fortress of Masada built by Herod; and covering yourself in healing mud are must-dos when there.
Tel Aviv Electric Scooters
Download an app from one of several scooter share companies and join the locals with their super cool vibes as you head round town in style. A favourite route is along the Tayelet paved coastal boardwalk stretching from the centre to Jaffa past lines of beachside eateries in time for sunset.
Israel grows its own veggies, so everything is fresh and the vegan cuisine amazing. The taste of hummus is off the charts, sabich consists of fresh pita stuffed with aubergine, egg, salad and tahini, or try crispy, fried falafel. Meat lovers can enjoy chicken, lamb shawarma, spit roasted street food.
Not only is the country known for its culinary excellence, it also has a very healthy wine industry. There are over 300 boutique wineries, including a few in the desert. Try the unique wine made from pomegranate, or explore the latest trend of microbreweries, now appearing all over the country.
Not only is Eilat an amazing place to enjoy some winter sun, it also hosts a low season festival, the Red Sea Winter Jazz Festival next scheduled for February 2022. It's a multi-day event with musicians arriving from around the world, master classes and nightly jams. See en.redseajazz.co.il.
Public transport in Israel is pretty good and Tel Aviv and Jerusalem are only about 45 minutes apart by train. But remember that public services stop from sundown Friday until sundown Saturday for Shabbat. Many orthodox Jews still observe the 'no electricity' rule during this period also.
The Ramon Crater lies 85km south of the fascinating desert city of Beer Sheva in the Negev Desert. From the small village of Mitzpe Ramon, those who like the outdoors can enjoy hiking and biking in perfect low season temperatures and be amazed by all the stars seen in the desert night.
When taking taxis, check the meter is on. Surcharges apply for airport pick-ups, large luggage bags, and trips after 9pm or during Shabbat. A popular app is GETT Taxi to order and pay for trips throughout Israel, except for Eilat. GETT allows you to pinpoint destinations to avoid scammers.
Sarona Market, Tel Aviv
A fantastic culinary market mixing new ventures and old traditions. It's Israel's largest indoor food market making it a great place to spend a rainy day. There are bakeries, cheese and wine stalls where you can taste before you buy, and many small eateries offering a range of delicious options.
Ben-Sira Hummus, Jerusalem
Hotly debated, every local claims their favourite hummus haunt, and you can have fun finding your own. This family run place is among the best in the Holy City. Hummus is considered a meal in its own right, made from chickpeas and mouth-watering spices and served with fresh pita bread.
Beachfront Restaurants, Jaffa, Tel Aviv
The old port town of Yafo is your best bet for a romantic meal with stunning views of the Mediterranean. Delicious fresh seafood is served with a fusion of Israeli and international flavours accompanied by chilled local wines. Some faves are Manta Ray, Calypso, and Kitchen Market.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Subjects -> ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE (Total: 106 journals)
Indian Journal of Ayurveda and lntegrative Medicine Klue
Published by Medknow Publishers [444 journals]
Insurance for clinical trials in ASU drugs: An area that needs attention
Authors: Subarna Roy, Manish Barvaliya, N Chandan
Abstract: Subarna Roy, Manish Barvaliya, N Chandan
INDIAN JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE KLEU 2022 3(2):57-59
Citation: INDIAN JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE KLEU 2022 3(2):57-59
PubDate: Mon,12 Dec 2022
DOI: 10.4103/ijaim.ijaim_43_22
Issue No: Vol. 3, No. 2 (2022)
Kleine − Levin syndrome: An ayurvedic perspective
Authors: Prasad Mamidi, Kshama Gupta
Abstract: Prasad Mamidi, Kshama Gupta
Kleine − Levin syndrome (KLS), also known as sleeping beauty syndrome, is characterized by the classic triad of hypersomnia, hyperphagia, and hypersexuality. It is an intriguing and severe disease with no clear etiology or management. The present study aims for better understanding of KLS according to Ayurveda and to propose an Ayurvedic management protocol for it. The present study has explored the similarity between KLS and an Ayurvedic diagnostic entity, Bhutonmada, or Grahonmada. Bhutonmada is the most suitable provisional diagnosis for the patients of primary KLS. Yaksha Grahonmada is the most perfect match for KLS though some of the clinical features are dissimilar. Bhutonmada Chikitsa as explained in Ayurvedic texts could be implemented to manage KLS. Panchakarma (Ayurvedic detoxification) procedures, Daiva Vyapashraya Chikitsa, Sattvavajaya Chikitsa, Achara Rasayana along with medications may play an important role in the management of KLS. Hypersomina episodes of KLS could be managed with Ati Nidra Chikitsa. The present work provides new insights and also paves the path for future research works for better understanding and managing the KLS in Ayurveda.
Comparative analytical profile of Benincasa hispida thumb. and Cucurbita
maxima duchesne
Authors: Sheetal Sharma, Anjali Upadhyay, Pramod R Yadav, R Galib, Pradeep Kumar Prajapati
Abstract: Sheetal Sharma, Anjali Upadhyay, Pramod R Yadav, R Galib, Pradeep Kumar Prajapati
Background: Cucurbitaceae is a family of health-promoting plants due to their compounds with beneficial effects. This is a family of about 130 genera and about 800 species. Seeds or fruit parts of some cucurbits are reported to possess many therapeutic activities. Benincasa hispida Thumb. familiarly known as Kushmanda and Cucurbita maxima Duchesne as Kashiphala are two varieties of Cucurbitaceae family. Thus, comparative analysis of both these varieties is done to evaluate the analytical profile.Aim: To evaluate the analytical profile of B. hispida and C. maxima.Materials and Methods: Fresh juice, semi-solid, dried powder of both the samples were prepared in the laboratory, and comparative analytical profiles were developed by following standard guidelines of Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India (API).Results and Conclusion: The organoleptic parameters include changes in color, taste, and odor of both samples. In physico-chemical parameters, slight changes in loss on drying, Ph, and Total solid content was mentioned. Total ash value and extractive values have found within the limit as mentioned in API. Phyto-chemical analysis shows the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, reducing sugars, flavonoids, and steroids in both varieties. Powder microscopy of both samples showed parenchymatous cells, xylem fibers, xylem tracheid's, epidermal cells, and starch grains which were found sparse in B. hispida and dense in C. maxima. High-performance thin-layer chromatography revealed similarity of 3,4,3 bands at 254 nm and 4,3,4 bands at 366 nm ultraviolet detection in methanolic extract, aqueous, hydro-alcoholic extract, respectively, and fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy study of B. hispida and C. maxima showed the presence of amines, methylene group and alcohols, phenols, and methylene group, respectively.
The effect of ashwagandhadi granules on physical performance in healthy
Authors: NK Ashitha, Bargale Sushant Sukumar
Abstract: NK Ashitha, Bargale Sushant Sukumar
Introduction: Physical fitness is a state of health and well-being and more specifically, the ability to perform the aspects of sports, occupations, and daily activities. A higher fitness level indicates a better long-term effect of health. Physical fitness is generally achieved through a proper nutrition, moderate physical exercise, hygiene, and sufficient rest. Considering the nutritional aspect of physical fitness, supplements are required to bridge the nutritional gap due to busy work schedule and faulty food habits. Hence, a health supplement is the need for the hour which is tasty, will meet the daily requirements, and provide optimum nutrients for improving the physical fitness.Materials and Methods: Ashwagandhadi granules, formulated with a combination of food and Rasayana dravyas, consisting of Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera), Shatavari (Asparagus racemosus), Ragi (Eleusine coracana), Mudga (Vigna radiata), Jeeraka (E. coracana), and Shunti (Zingiber officinale), can be a promising health supplement. An open-label double-arm control clinical study with convenient sampling and modified wait-listed crossover design was conducted among 23 individuals. While in the study group, they were administered with 20 g of Ashwagandhadi granules with 150 ml milk for a month.Results: The result revealed a statistically significant change in the Harvard Step Score and VO2 max (z = 3.83, P < 0.001).Conclusion: The administration of Ashwagandhadi granules has a statistically significant effect on physical fitness.
Quality assessment of market samples of ashokarishta: A polyherbal
Authors: Soumya S Fadnis, Rajeshwari V Kamat
Abstract: Soumya S Fadnis, Rajeshwari V Kamat
Background: Ashokarista is an Ayurvedic herbal remedy with Ashoka as the main ingredient for rejuvenating the female reproductive system and blood. Because of the rapid commercialization of Ayurvedic products, assurances of their safety and efficacy have become critical. Therefore, to achieve this, the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India advocates the implementation of various Quality Control Parameters, such as Organoleptic Characters, Physico-chemical characteristics, Qualitative analysis, Quantitative analysis, and Microbial tests.Aim and Objective: To evaluate the quality standards of Ashokarishta's selected marketed samples. Materials and Methods: Quality control parameters such as organoleptic characteristics, physicochemical analysis, and microbial contamination studies were applied to all samples collected.Results: The current findings show that the samples differ in several analytical parameters.Conclusion: Sample A was found to be safe and had the highest concentration of gallic acid of the five samples tested.
Stage-wise management of Pakshaghata (Ischemic stroke with left
hemiplegia) through ayurveda - A case report
Authors: Govardhan Belaguli, SA Nithin
Abstract: Govardhan Belaguli, SA Nithin
In the context of Ayurveda, the condition Pakshaghata counters with hemiplegia and its variety of characteristic symptoms. The causes, pathogenesis and its management are well elucidated in Ayurveda. The following is a case report of an elderly male patient with Pakshaghata (Ischemic stroke with left hemiplegia) that was effectively treated on two different stages for nearly 56 days. His condition was divided into two stages, a) Margavaranajanya (~obstruction and adherence of other Doshas by the aggravated Dosha) stage, and b) Vatanulomana (~controlling of vitiated Vata dosha, bringing back to its normalcy) stage. The drugs that had the properties of Agnideepana (~neutralizers of the impaired metabolic fire), Amapachana (~metabolizers of undigested toxins), Srotoshodana (~evacuators of obstructed channels) and Vatanulomana were found effective in the first stage. As Vata Dosha (~one of bodily humors), is considered as the master controller of nervous system, and in order to bring it back to normal from the vitiated state, a set of drugs that had the property of Vatanulomana, Balya (~strength promoters) and Rasayana (~rejuvenators) were induced in the second stage. There was a significant improvement in his degree of disability as per Scandinavian stroke score, Barthel Index score and Modified Rankin Scale; it measured 51, 65 and 3 respectively after the intervention (from 16, 0 and 5 prior to intervention). Through this study, it can be planned that, the treatment protocol of Pakshaghata can be judged by the acute and chronic phase of the condition based on its association with Vata dosha. The wise selection of the appropriate drugs and therapies in the present case secured the optimistic outcome of the intervention. Although his concluding magnetic resonance imaging of brain notified "no" modifications, at the time of discharge he was privileged with refurbished gait; sensory and motor deficits with increased quality of life, which prompted us to document it.
Ayurveda management of vatahata vartma - A case report
Authors: Chidanand Naganna Kalburgi, Azizahmed Imamsab Arbar, Kaveri N Hulyalkar, V Geothsona
Abstract: Chidanand Naganna Kalburgi, Azizahmed Imamsab Arbar, Kaveri N Hulyalkar, V Geothsona
Lagophthalmos is a condition characterized by incomplete or abnormal closure of eyelids along with the evaporation of tear film. If left untreated, it progresses to corneal ulceration, perforation, and visual loss. Conservative nonsurgical treatment includes the use of artificial tears, ointments, and therapeutic contact lenses. However, if nonsurgical approaches are not effective, surgical procedures such as tarsorrhaphy and gold/platinum implantation are used which are expensive with risks of poor cosmetic appearance. The current case was diagnosed as lagophthalmos which can be clinically correlated to Vatahata vartma described in Ayurveda. Amapachana followed by Panchakarma and Kriyakarmas along with Vata shamana chikitsa were adopted which are cost-effective, less invasive, and cosmetic friendly when compared with conventional science. This article highlights the successful reduction in core symptoms of lagophthalmos with the Ayurveda line of treatment.
DOI: 10.4103/ijaim.ijaim_8_22
Role of ayurveda in the management of hypothyroidism - A case report
Authors: Alka (Babbar) (Babbar) Kapoor, Shweta Raturi
Pages: 99 - 103
Abstract: Alka (Babbar) (Babbar) Kapoor, Shweta Raturi
INDIAN JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE KLEU 2022 3(2):99-103
Compromised daily habits such as more sugar intake, lack of exercise, stress, familial tendencies, etc., lead to various lifestyle diseases impacting the normal functioning of the human body systems. Hypothyroidism is one such disease that is caused due to inadequate production of thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland regulates the body's metabolism and growth. In Ayurveda, this is attributed to a function of Agni. Clinical symptoms of this disease closely resemble Agnimandya and symptoms precipitated consequentially. A 24-year-old female patient visited the hospital with complaints of irregular menstruation, heaviness all over the body, gradual weight gain, and constipation. After thorough examination and investigations, she was diagnosed with a case of hypothyroidism with increased thyroid-stimulating hormone levels. Her ultrasound findings also showed a polycystic ovary syndrome-like presentation with mildly enlarged bilateral ovaries with multiple small follicles and increased ovarian stroma. She was effectively treated with an Ayurvedic treatment approach for 5 months (five cycles).
Citation: INDIAN JOURNAL OF AYURVEDA & INTEGRATIVE MEDICINE KLEU 2022 3(2):99-103


text:
All Time Low return with brand-new single, Once In A Lifetime
All Time Low follow up 2020 album Wake Up, Sunshine with a song "about loss and dealing with loss", Once In A Lifetime.
Emily Carter
Nolan Knight
After teasing a brand-new single last week, All Time Low have now returned with their first new music since 2020 album Wake Up, Sunshine, the dark but typically anthemic and infectious Once In A Lifetime.
Of the single – which was written with Wake Up, Sunshine collaborators Zakk Cervini and Andrew Goldstein – frontman Alex Gaskarth explains, "Once In A Lifetime is a song about loss and dealing with loss, facing harsh realities and coming out the other side stronger for it.
Read this: The story of pop-punk in 16 songs
"We wrote this song in bleaker times, in a world still asleep at the wheel that left us all relearning how to navigate the uncertain roads ahead, but ultimately there is a hopeful undertone to the entire sentiment," he continues. "Things can only be so bad and once it's over, it's over; there's room to start rebuilding. This song feels like it's cut from the same cloth as [chart-topping 2020 single] Monsters: a progression and continued evolution from the celebration of All Time Low that was Wake Up, Sunshine."
Check it out below:
The official music video is also going live from 9pm UK time – so keep your eyes peeled right here:
Catch All Time Low at the following UK dates later this year:
22 London O2 Academy Brixton
26 Manchester O2 Apollo
27 Glasgow Barrowland Ballroom
Read this: All Time Low albums ranked by Alex Gaskarth
Oli Sykes collabs with Cheat Codes on "lyrically depressing" pop song Dummy
Hear Bring Me The Horizon frontman Oli Sykes lend his vocals to Dummy, a new song on Cheat Codes' just-released Hellraisers Part 2 album.
This is All Time Low's setlist from their first UK show back
Baltimore pop-punks All Time Low made their triumphant return to London last night (September 22) with an absolutely rad 16-song setlist…
10 bands who have the most wholesome friendships with each other
Plenty of bands fall out at some point, but this lot have always felt like the best of friends…
Watch: Demi Lovato joins All Time Low onstage at Sad Summer Fest
All Time Low were also joined by Pale Waves' Heather Baron-Gracie at the California bash…
Post-Modern Anxiety: In conversation with All Time Low's Alex Gaskarth and Pale Waves' Heather Baron-Gracie
All Time Low and Pale Waves stars Alex Gaskarth and Heather Baron-Gracie talk anxiety, lockdown and their awesome new collaboration PMA…
All Time Low team up with Pale Waves for electrifying new single, PMA
All Time Low and Pale Waves go on a "journey into isolation and overstimulation" on new collab PMA.
All Time Low announce UK tour supports for September
All Time Low are bringing The Maine and Meet Me @ The Altar with them on the road later this year…


text:
'Yellowjackets' Season Finale: Jackie's Cause Of Death Revealed; Creators Say To Expect "Darker", "Weirder" Season 2
CBS Trims JonBenét Ramsey Series, Moves Up & Expands 'NCIS: LA' Premiere
By Nellie Andreeva
Nellie Andreeva
Co-Editor-in-Chief, TV
@DeadlineNellie
More Stories By Nellie
'Riverdale' Midseason Return On the CW Delayed By Critics Choice Awards Move
Peak TV: Scripted Originals Rebounded In 2021 To Hit New Record Despite Pandemic, FX Tally Reveals
Novak Djokovic Detained After His Australian Visa Is Revoked Again — Update
CBS is tweaking its premiere week schedule, trimming the unscripted true-crime limited series The Case of: JonBenét Ramsey, which revisits the JonBenét Ramsey murder on its 20th anniversary, from six to four hours. The mini will now be a two-night event, airing on Sunday and Monday, September 18-19. On Sunday, September 25, when the conclusion of JonBenét Ramsey was slated to air, CBS is slotting a two-hour season premiere of NCIS: Los Angeles from 8:30-10:30 PM.
Ron P. Jaffe/CBS
NCIS: LA is opening its new season with a two-part episode, so the network brass found running that as a two-hour premiere following an NFL doubleheader a good way to launch the crime drama on its new night. Starting the following Sunday, NCIS: LA will air in its new regular Sunday 8 PM slot.
Meanwhile, after seeing a cut of The Case Of: JonBenét Ramsey, a decision was made that the limited series would benefit from tightening the action into four hours. The new format avoids a six-day gap between Part 2 and Part 3. Additionally, the CBS series was the first JonBenét Ramsey project announced for this fall. It is now one of five or six such specials, so the bar to stand out has risen, putting more pressure on making the content as compelling as possible.
Here is CBS' revised schedule for Sunday, September 25:
7-7:30 PM, ET/CT NFL FOOTBALL
7:30-8:30 PM, ET/CT 60 MINUTES (Season Premiere)
7-8 PM, PT
8:30-10:30 PM, ET/CT NCIS: LOS ANGELES (Two-Hour Season Premiere)
8-10 PM, PT
10:30-11:30 PM, ET/CT Drama (Rebroadcast-TBD)
10-11 PM, PT
JonBenet Ramsey
NCIS: LA
The Case Of: JonBenet Ramsey
10 Will Smith, Jennifer Hudson, 'The Harder They Fall' Among Winners At AAFCA Awards


Happily, none of the attractions I wrote about below were damaged by the recent wildfires. Please make plans to visit soon to support the business owners and the local economy. I know I will never take it all for granted again.
It's been a couple of months since I let you know that I would be visiting all of the Ripley's attractions in Gatlinburg and reviewing them here. That's because there are EIGHT separate attractions, and we needed to pick a time that we could visit them all. Originally we had intended to go up for the day (Gatlinburg is less than an hour away from us) but we ended up planning a weekend trip–just me, John, and the "little" kids (not really so little, but that's what we call them here!).
We left Knoxville on Thursday evening and couldn't even make it all the way to Gatlinburg without stopping to eat. We picked Joe's Crab Shack.
We all love seafood, so this was a good decision.
We made it to the hotel with barely enough time to enjoy the pool for half an hour, but since the pool is the main point of staying at the Glenstone Lodge (a family favorite from when the big kids were small, but where the little ones had never been) we stayed until they turned off the lights!
The next morning we got up early and headed to the Pancake Pantry, a Gatlinburg tradition. Once we were fortified, we headed out for our Ripley's adventure.
We started with the Aquarium, because that's where we had to pick up our tickets. (I received free tickets for my family in exchange for my honest review of the attractions.) Okay, you ask yourself, why is there an aquarium in Gatlinburg? There's no ocean there. Is this an aquarium highlighting things like salamanders and crawdads?
I don't know about you, but I thought that was pretty clever.
I have a lot of pictures to share with you. The Aquarium is a good-sized attraction and took us a couple of hours to go through.
Every exhibit is accompanied by an informative sign like the one above. What was fun for me was having William announce what the creature was before reading the sign, and being right about 99% of the time.
Y'all, I could not stop taking pictures of the jellyfish. I think they are magical.
It's probably a good thing that Lorelei kept stealing my phone to make You Tube videos. I couldn't stop taking pictures.
There are also interactive opportunities. Below you will see Lorelei petting a horseshoe crab and William getting his dead skin eaten by some kind of fish (NOT piranhas, although they had those too!).
Apparently they actually EAT spider crabs in Japan. I know it would amount to a lot of meat, but those things seriously give me nightmares.
But the highlight of the Aquarium for all of us, and I think for pretty much anyone who visits, is Shark Lagoon.
In addition to looking down on the sharks from above, visitors have the opportunity to get closer thank they ever thought possible by going THROUGH the lagoon in a transparent tube, being moved along via conveyor belt.
If it's not obvious, we loved the Aquarium. It's expensive, but it's worth it, and I recommend it to anyone who is visiting Gatlinburg.
Now, that would have been enough fun for anyone, but remember we were still getting started at that point with seven attractions left to visit! We made it out through the gift shop relatively unscathed and then started heading to our next destination, which we picked because according to the map we'd been given, it was the next one we would come to as we walked along the main road. That was the Mirror Maze, which was pretty much exactly like the one in Baltimore, which I already told you about here.
Our next stop was the Guinness Book of World Records Museum, a place that has been in Gatlinburg for as long as I remember, and which I'm assuming Ripley's acquired at some point as its most likely competitor!
Aside from the local exhibits, I was most impressed with the Space area, which included a neat video about the moon landings.
This is just a small sampling of what was available, much of which will be familiar to regular readers of the Guinness Book of World Records–tallest man, fattest man. et cetera. I think we spent about an hour there.
Our last stop of the day was the Ripley's Odditiorium. I remember this when it was called the Ripley's Believe It or Not Museum. Or I should say that's what its predecessor–a much less impressive affair–was called, before it burned in a fire some years ago. It's a Gatlinburg attraction I remember from my childhood, although we never went there.
I'm going to get my complaints out of the way at the beginning: it was crowded and hot, especially the first part, which is a balcony over an area that is open to the street and hence is not climate-controlled. I much preferred the set up of the Baltimore Odditorium, but there were plenty of new curiosities to see here.
We were welcomed by a holographic version of Mr. Ripley himself, inviting us to come along with him on his adventures. I thought that was pretty cool!
And here are just a few more interesting sites. I wish I had more pictures, but I had to fight with Lorelei for the camera all day, as she is an avid filmmaker and needed footage, 😉 and by this time my battery was running low as well!
The above portrait of Eminem is made of M & M's, by the way!
Luckily at this point we were right by the Bubba Gump Shrimp Company. We've tried most restaurants in Gatlinburg at this point, and frankly most of them aren't very good now that all the ones I remember from 20 years ago have closed up shop. But we hadn't been to Bubba Gump, and we did enjoy it. After that, exhausted by our long day and the searing heat, we trudged back to the hotel and spent the rest of the evening enjoying the pool and the air conditioning.
Day Two of our Gatlinburg-Ripley's adventure began with a buffet breakfast at the hotel and one last quick swim before checking out. We drove down to the main road and found a centrally-located garage and then made our way to our first destination: Ripley's Haunted Adventure.
See that guy in the bottom picture? He leans out of there and heckles passersby! I had never been there–frankly, I'm not big on seeking out scares because life is frightening enough already–but I was a little bit excited about this.
See Lorelei's sweet little smile? It was about to get wiped right off her face.
After we passed by that lovely sight, we headed for this cage-like elevator that you have to board to get up to the top of the attraction. Along the walls we read the set up for the whole thing which I won't explain except to say that it was another way of anchoring the attraction to the area.
We were in the elevator with two middle-school aged boys. When we debarked, our guide gave us such a speech about how scary this was going to be and the need to decide RIGHT NOW if it was going to be too scary that the boys left! He then told us to grab hold of the shirt of the person in front of us and no matter what happened not to let go and not to run.
You may notice the absence of pictures in this part of my story. That's because it was too dark to take pictures, nor did I have a free hand. The first couple of rooms we were in were very well done. This isn't like a warehouse with people jumping out and screaming at you (not that there weren't people jumping out and screaming too of course!). It's well-decorated, well-done, with a theme running through it. But it wasn't long at all until Lorelei was sobbing, and then we made a wrong turn and were in a completely pitch-black area, and when our guide asked us if we wanted to leave we were all thrilled to say YES!
Well, John wasn't thrilled. And although William was walking through with his eyes closed, he was hoping we would finish and that someone else would tell him what happened! But Lorelei and I were VERY glad to be out of there. I guess if a scary house scares you that much, it's a good one, right?
They were showing the same two movies that we had already seen in Baltimore, and the motion makes both William and me sick, but it was just what was needed to calm Lorelei's nerves. So William and I sat on a bench outside and waited while John and Lorelei watched the movies.
This is another place I'd never been. For years there was another golf place here, Jolly Golf, with a dinosaur theme, and before that there was Mystery Hill, which is somewhere I did visit as a small child and have never forgotten.
Did you know that mini-golf was invented in the Southeast? So that makes this the most appropriate attraction of our weekend, even though the connection between Davy Crockett and the decor of the course (at least the course we chose–there were two) escapes me!
It certainly gave off plenty of that hillbilly vibe that visitors to East Tennessee seem to crave.
Anyway, we had fun. Lorelei was the first to get a hole in one!
William was a bit sulky at first, but as he proved surprisingly good he began to perk up a little bit.
Toward the end of our game it–you guessed it!–began to pour down rain! We intrepid golfers did not let that stop us from finishing, however!
We had one more attraction left to see at this point: Ripley's Old MacDonald's Farm Mini-Golf. But y'all, we were golfed-out, and hungry, and ready to stop having fun, honestly. We went to a favorite restaurant in Pigeon Forge (Fusion Cafe), and then went home to collapse.
But the awesome thing is that our tickets are good for one year from the date of issue. And our final destination is in Sevierville, not Gatlinburg–right next to Joe's Crab Shack. 🙂 And also by the Tanger Outlets, if that's your idea of fun (it isn't mine). Anyway, we will head back out there in a few weeks and I will update you then.
So what are you waiting for? You can go right here to read more about all the attractions. My readers will save $3 off Adult and $2 off Child Admission to all of Ripley's Attractions in Tennessee. You'll need to make your purchase online and enter the following promo code when you check out: USFAMILYGUIDE Click here for more information about this offer and about U.S. Family Guide.
Please consider a donation to the fund Dolly Parton has set up to support families who lost their homes. Over 700 structures have been reported destroyed so far.


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You Are Here : Home / Council/ Projects / New Town Basin Park
Project typePark
Project value$6.6 million
Project scheduleExpected to be complete by March 2022
Due to open in March 2022, the new Town Basin Park will provide an important link between Whangārei's waterfront, the Huarahi o te Whai Hātea Loop Walkway and the central city area.
The name of the park will be revealed ceremonially in the months to come.
The $6.6 million project will transform the waterfront site next to the Canopy Bridge into a new, fun and versatile space with:
an amphitheatre and great lawn for community events and general recreation
a new, small-scale Balance Park
an interactive water feature
a large kinetic sculpture
Great lawn (artist's impression)
(JPG, 108KB)
Grant public sculpture (artist's impression)
(JPG, 49KB)
Playspace (artist's impression)
Terraces (artist's impression)
Full park view (artist's impression)
Work progress (October 2021)
Aerial view (October 2021)
Terraces (October 2021)
Walking track (October 2021)
As of October 2021, concrete is being laid, trees have flowered and burst into leaf, paths have been poured, lawns sown, pipes have been laid and lights have been installed.
The broadwalk by the park is now twice as wide to allow for more people using the Hātea Loop and the new park's events space, to hide the re-built seawall and improve the connection between the park and the river.
Construction began in October 2020 and will be complete in time for the opening of the neighbouring Hundertwasser Art Centre (HAC) with Wairau Māori Art Gallery.
The final design features an amphitheatre to hold community concerts, markets and events, a great lawn for people to gather and relax, terraced waterfront seating, trees for shade and illuminated water jets for park users to splash around in during summer.
The park is being built on land rich in Māori and European history and these cultural narratives are woven into the new park's design.
The Hātea Loop, which borders the new park will remain open during construction of the new park.
Find out more about the project
Naming process for the park
The name of the new park should show the significance of its site in the past, in the present and in the future.
Discussions with representatives of the hapu of the area, Te Parawhau and Ngati Kahu o Torongare, have covered its history and use in its earliest times, then history was gathered relating to European settlement and more recent times. These discussions included its complicated history of mana whenua and ownership through various reclamations, river diversions and land acquisition by different parties.
A process has been developed to ensure all these factors are taken into consideration when a final name for the park is decided.
The public was invited to put forward naming ideas for the park, along with explanations of the reasons behind the suggestions, and how they reflect the significance of the area. Call for suggestions closed on 17 March 2021.
Representatives from the Tangata Whenua of the area, and members of the project team will consider all the proposals and create a shortlist of five suitable names, along with explanations of their relevance.
A final name will be selected by Whangarei Mayor Sheryl Mai and all Councillors, who will each rank each name according to preference.
A site rich in cultural and historical stories
The new park site has a rich Māori and European history which should provide plenty of inspiration when it comes to selecting a name.
As part of the design stage of the park we conducted background research on the history of the site which unearthed some interesting findings. We have tried to incorporate varied cultural narratives into the overall design of the park.
The historical aspects are referenced in four key themes within the new park's design:
A pathway to the sea - a place where fresh and salt water meet.
A place of connection between the harbour and food sources inland.
A place on the flight path of the Kotuku (white heron).
A place of early European settlement and part of a large orchard.
We have woven references to these themes into the design of the park through several different approaches.
Great lawn event space and amphitheatre
Whangārei's new Town Basin Park will feature a curved amphitheatre and a great lawn perfect for hosting community events, such as the Matariki Festival, outdoor cinema, artisan and food markets.
When they are not being used for events the public will be able to enjoy using the spaces for passive recreation, like picnics, catching up with friends and family, and relaxing.
Having an area to host events, as well as lots of green space, were two of the most requested items during public consultation on the park's design.
Park lighting will make it possible to host night time events and will also help create a vibrant night time atmosphere within the central city.
Careful thought has gone into the design of the park to ensure safety and accessibility for park users of all ages and abilities.
The amphitheatre and planting behind it will provide a visual and physical barrier to Riverside Drive, while the play space has been located next to the great lawn, allowing children to move safely between the two areas.
Another important consideration was designing the paths to guide the public to use designated pedestrian crossings.
New public toilets are also being installed in the event space and will provide more facilities for park users, visitors to the Town Basin and people using the Hatea Loop.
Splish, splash, water fun!
The interactive water feature will have streams of water on hot days while LED lights will provide colourful night time displays. It includes 19 water jets, each with LED lighting, that can be programmed with varying sequences and colour displays.
The water feature will be located in the centre of the park so it is visible from all pedestrian entrances – drawing visitors in.
The water is recycled and treated to enable use all year round, especially during long, hot, dry periods when there can be water restrictions. Water will be continuously treated to a high standard to ensure it is safe for play.
During events the water jets can be turned off so the area becomes a large flat paved plaza.
Children will be able to bounce, jump and balance their way around the unique play space planned for the new Town Basin Park.
Designed by NZ firm Numat, the small play space features colourful rubber mounds, spinning balls, two small in-ground trampolines and a low tightrope.
Shade will be provided by a patterned timber structure designed by local firms Main 4 Architects and RS Engineering that can be covered with canvas for extra sun protection during summer.
The play space is positioned between the water feature and great lawn to allow children to transition between each area safely.
It will complement the upgraded Town Basin Playground which reopened in February 2021 with massive improvements.
There is also a new large destination playground planned for Pohe Island.
Terraces and seating
The new Town Basin Park will include unique landscaped terraces, lawns, seating and lots of other comfortable places to sit and enjoy the close connection to the waterfront and views to the marina and Parihaka.
Lawn terraces will lead visitors from the central plaza down to the upgraded timber boardwalk at the river's edge.
While the amphitheatre terraces and Great Lawn will provide spaces and seating to gather for food markets, outdoor concerts and cinemas, there will also be more intimate spots on the waterfront for individuals or smaller groups to enjoy a quiet lunch or social interaction.
Town Basin Park update
Behind the fences concrete is being laid, trees have flowered and burst into leaf, paths have been poured, lawns sown, pipes have been laid and lights have been installed.
Tagged as: , Activities and facilities, Improvement works
New boardwalk reveals park progress
The boardwalk by New Town Basin Park is now twice as wide to allow for more people using the Hatea Loop and the new park's events space, to hide the re-built seawall and improve the connection between the park and the river.
Tagged as: , Improvement works
Corner of Dent Street & Riverside Drive, 0110 View Map
Corner of Dent Street & Riverside Drive , 0110


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Q: Don't many people need to work long hours to support their families?
A: Our goal is to let people work shorter hours if they choose to. We do not want to force anyone to work shorter hours if they need or want to work longer hours.
Q: Isn't it better for the environment to encourage people to consume less rather than encouraging them to work less?
A: Consuming less and working less must go together. If people generally consume less without also working shorter hours, unemployment will increase. Increased productivity allows the average worker to produce more and more in an hour. We can keep unemployment from rising either by consuming more or by working shorter hours, or by some combination of the two.
It is also more effective politically to talk about shorter work hours. Environmentalists have spread the harsh news that we should consume less. We would be more likely to appeal to the average person by also spreading the good news that, if you consume less, you can work less.
Q: Isn't the idea of sharing the available work a fallacy, which economists call the "lump of labor fallacy"?
A: The "lump of labor fallacy" is the claim that there is only a limited amount of work to do - that it is impossible to create enough work, so we must share the available work by working shorter hours.
Q: Will choice of work hours hurt the poor, who need rapid economic growth to lift them out of poverty?
The Netherlands allows choice of work hours, has about half of all employees working part-time, and has a poverty rate of 4.7%, one of the lowest rates in Europe.
The United States has a poverty rate of 15%, more than three times as much as the Netherlands.
Poverty in the United States reached a historical low of 11.1% in 1973. Poverty has increased in the last four decades, despite rapid economic growth.
As we can see in the graph, per capita GDP has increased fairly steadily since 1950. Poverty declined rapidly during the 1950s and 1960s, when prosperity was widely shared among all income groups. But poverty stopped declining in the 1970s and rose in the 1980s, as Reagan cut taxes for the rich.
The poor nations of the world do need rapid growth to lift themselves out of poverty. But in developed nations, policies that reduce inequality are much more important to reducing poverty.
Because of increased inequality, our poverty rate has increased during the last four decades of rapid growth.
Q: Aren't France's short work hours the cause of its economic problems?
A: We hear a lot of news about France's short work hours, because of the controversy about its 35 hour work week, but most people don't know that Germany, which is Europe's economic powerhouse, has shorter work hours than France.
In fact, northern European countries with strong economies have the world's shortest work hours, as we can see in this graph.
And which country in the Eurozone has the longest work hours? Greece, with Europe's most problematic economy.
Q: Doesn't Obamacare make it more difficult to work part-time by requiring health insurance benefits only for employees who work more than 30 hours per week?
A: Obamacare does discriminate against part-time workers by requiring health insurance only for employees who work more than 30 hours per week. But there are still many opportunities for part-time work - such as, families where one spouse has health benefits and the other wants to work short hours, people who want to work 32 hours per week instead of 40 hours, and so on.
"there is a critical difference between people who like to work and can't find a job — or have a job that's lost for reasons beyond their control — and people who choose not to work. If someone comes up to you and says, 'The boss says I'm being laid off because we don't have enough business to pay,' any other person feels bad about that and we sympathize for them having lost their job. If someone says, 'I decided to retire or stay home and spend more time with my family and spend more time doing my hobby,' they don't feel bad about it — they feel good about it. And we don't sympathize. We say congratulations."
Obamacare gives people a bit more latitude to choose more time instead of more income, and Elmendorf makes the point that this sort of choice improves the quality of life.
There are even cases where Obamacare provides an incentive to work shorter hours for people who buy their own insurance, because it provides subsidies for those who earn up to four times the federal poverty level - $48,950 for an individual. If you earn more than that, your out-of-pocket cost goes up abruptly, creating what the New York Times called a "financial cliff."
This graph shows that someone 60 years old who earns $50,000 per year would pay $8,696 per year for insurance. They would be better off reducing their hours by 10% - losing $5,000 in earnings and saving $6,966 on health insurance!
Savings would be less for people who are younger, but this example makes the point that Obamacare creates irrational incentives to work 30 hours or more per week, but it also creates some irrational incentives to cut your work hours to less than full-time.
We think it was a mistake for Obamacare to discriminate against part-time workers who work less than 30 hours per week. This discrimination would have been illegal in the European Union, where Directive 97/81/EC forbids discrimination against part-time workers and requires employers to pay them pro-rated benefits. It would also be illegal under International Labor Organization Convention C175, which also forbids discrimination against part-time workers and requires pro-rated benefits.
Q: Aren't shorter work hours impossible because capitalism requires the fastest possible economic growth?
Clearly, it is possible to choose shorter hours, since the United States used to do it, and western Europe is still doing it.
Q: How can people afford to work shorter hours? Most people are just barely getting by.
A: Even in the short run, many people could afford to work shorter hours. Families who earn America's median income generally are getting by economically. By definition, half of all families earn more the median; most of those in the upper half could afford to cut their work hours, if they chose to live more simply.
In the long run, we should try to make it possible for more people to cut their work hours, if they choose. In part, this is a matter of reducing economic inequality. In part, it is a matter of making it possible for people to live more simply: For example, most neighborhoods in America are designed so you cannot go anywhere without driving, which is a huge economic burden, and more people could downshift economically if we built more walkable neighborhoods.
The average employee in Germany works only 83% as many hours as the average employee in the United States, and Germany's per capita GDP is 81% as much as ours. Germans can afford to work less and earn less money, because they have less inequality than Americans, because they have controlled their health-care costs, and because they have walkable cities.


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7 little known facts about #TheGreatReset mastermind Klaus Schwab
on Nov 23, 2020 6 Mar 2022
No intro needed for the villain of the season.
He's a former member of Bilderberg's Steering Group. Unsurprisingly, I admit, but wait.
Bilderberg is governed by a Steering Committee which designates a Chairman; members are elected for a term of four years and can be re-elected. There are no other members of the Bilderberg conference.The Chair's main responsibilities are to chair the Steering Committee and to prepare with the Steering Committee the conference program, the selection of participants. He also makes suggestions to the Steering Committee regarding its composition. The Executive Secretary reports to the Chairman. – Source
Last few years, he's been preparing to step down from the WEF leadership, which will be taken over by a team. We don't know who's in this team, but I'll shave my head if China isn't well represented.
2015 interview
Klaus Schwab is also very involved with another elite organization that studies how to change The Universal Declaration of Human Rights so they can harmonize it with the globalist agenda that includes a global citizenship, among others.
The Global Citizenship Commission was convened, under the leadership of former British Prime Minister Gordon Brown and the auspices of NYUs Global Institute for Advanced Study, to re-examine the spirit and stirring words of The Universal Declaration of Human Rights. The result this volume offers a 21st-century commentary on the original document, furthering the work of human rights and illuminating the ideal of global citizenship. What does it mean for each of us to be members of a global community? Since 1948, the Declaration has stood as a beacon and a standard for a better world. Yet the work of making its ideals real is far from over. Hideous and systemic human rights abuses continue to be perpetrated at an alarming rate around the world. Too many people, particularly those in power, are hostile to human rights or indifferent to their claims. Meanwhile, our global interdependence deepens. Bringing together world leaders and thinkers in the fields of politics, ethics, and philosophy, the Commission set out to develop a common understanding of the meaning of global citizenship one that arises from basic human rights and empowers every individual in the world. This landmark report affirms the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and seeks to renew the 1948 enterprise, and the very ideal of the human family, for our day and generation. Members of the Global Citizenship Commission include: K. Anthony Appiah, Laurel Bellows, Nicolas Berggruen, Paul Boghossian, Gordon Brown (Chair), Craig Calhoun, Wang Chenguang, Mohamed ElBaradei, Fonna Forman, Andrew Forrest, Ronald M. George, Asma Jahangir, John Kufuor, Graça Machel, Catherine ORegan, Ricken Patel, Emma Rothschild, Robert Rubin, Jonathan Sacks, Kailash Satyarthi, Klaus Schwab , Amartya Sen, John Sexton, Robert Shrum, Jeremy Waldron, Joseph Weiler, Rowan Williams, Diane C. Yu (Executive Director)."-Source -Publisher's press release.
On 9/11, the founder and president of the World Economic Forum, Klaus Schwab, was having breakfast with Rabbi Arthur Schneier at his Park East Synagogue in New York when the two jets struck the World Trade Center, Schneier said. Schneier, who heads the Appeal of Conscience Foundation, a coalition of business and religious leaders in New York, had intended to discuss increasing the participation of religious leaders at the economic forum. After the attack, the notion seemed even more urgent. With Schneier´s assistance, Schwab decided to commemorate the world disaster by moving his forum — traditionally held in the Swiss ski resort of Davos — to New York City, Schneier said. And he doubled the number of religious leaders to 40, including eight Jews. While Western nations have distanced religion from public life in recent decades, the forum´s new line is to embrace religion, understand its traditions and glean its wisdom. As international companies expand their markets and governments and corporations see peace as essential to progress, leaders increasingly are giving religion a role in enhancing international stability. – Source
That's not surprising either if you were aware he's also a member of the Peres Centre for Peace. Or of the Dan David Prize he was awarded by Israel in 2004.
I don't know when you started counting, but Klaus Schwab was already at "Globalism 4.0" during the World Government Summit of 2019. Did you even know there was a World Government Summit? I admit I've missed this one until recently.
Indeed, he has declared "old-school" globalization completed in 2017. Plebs are still accommodating with the concept.
Alain Merieux was China's partner in building the Wuhan Lab and launched the career of Moderna CEO Stephane Bancel.
I usually drop a bonus on the counter, don't I?
YOU CAN'T FIND KLAUS SCHWAB'S ANCESTORS NAMES ANYWHERE ONLINE.
SOMEONE MASTERFULLY TOOK ON THE ABOVE CHALLENGE AND SOLVED IT, READ HERE!
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9/11, Bilderberg, china, clinton, davos, gavi, globalism, Globalism 4.0, great reset, human rights, imf, Klaus Schwab, rothschild, The Great Awakening, THE GREAT RESET, TheGreatReset, wef, world bank, World Government Summit
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