A clip may include an anchor portion configured to be inserted into an insertion hole formed in a subject member. The anchor portion has at least a pair of pillars separated via a slot that continuously extends between distal and proximal ends of the anchor portion, flexible strips respectively connected to the pillars and configured to engage a periphery of the insertion hole, and a cap portion positioned on the distal end of the anchor portion. The pillars are configured to be flexed about proximal ends thereof in a direction in which the pillars can intersect with each other. The cap portion is formed in a distal end of one of the pillars and is configured to cover a distal end of the slot.
8806722 August 2014 Iwahara et al.
1. A clip comprising an anchor portion configured to be inserted into an insertion hole formed in a subject member, wherein the anchor portion has at least a pair of pillars separated via a slot that continuously extends between distal and proximal ends of the anchor portion, flexible strips respectively connected to the pillars and configured to engage a periphery of the insertion hole, and a cap portion positioned on the distal end of the anchor portion, wherein the pillars are configured to be flexed about proximal ends thereof in a direction in which the pillars can intersect with each other, wherein the pillars are positioned opposite to each other across the slot in a staggered arrangement in a flexing direction thereof, and wherein the cap portion is formed at the distal end of one of the pillars and extends from the distal end of the one of the pillars beyond the distal end of the slot so as to overhang the distal end of the other of the pillars.
2. The clip as defined in claim 1, wherein the cap portion overhangs the distal end of the other of the pillars leaving a predetermined space therebetween.
3. The clip as defined in claim 1 further comprising a connecting strip connecting the cap portion to the distal end of the other of the pillars.
4. The clip as defined in claim 1, wherein the cap portion has a rounded outer surface.
5. The clip as defined in claim 1, wherein the cap portion is formed at the distal end of the one of the pillars over an entire area thereof.
6. A clip comprising: at least a pair of pillars vertically separated from each other via a slot, flexible strips respectively connected to the pillars, and a cap portion formed at a distal end of one of the pillars, wherein the pillars are configured to be flexed about proximal ends thereof in a direction in which the pillars can intersect with each other, wherein the pillars are positioned opposite to each other across the slot in a staggered arrangement in a flexing direction thereof, and wherein the cap portion extends from the distal end of the one of the pillars so as to overhang the distal end of the other of the pillars.
7. The clip as defined in claim 6, wherein the cap portion is formed at the distal end of the one of the pillars over an entire area thereof.
8. A clip comprising an anchor portion configured to be inserted into an insertion hole formed in a subject member, wherein the anchor portion has at least a pair of pillars separated via a slot that continuously extends between distal and proximal ends of the anchor portion, flexible strips respectively connected to the pillars and configured to engage a periphery of the insertion hole, and a cap portion positioned on the distal end of the anchor portion, wherein the pillars are configured to be flexed about proximal ends thereof in a direction in which the pillars can intersect with each other, wherein the pillars are positioned opposite to each other across the slot in a staggered arrangement in a flexing direction thereof, and wherein the cap portion is formed at a distal end of one of the pillars and extends from the distal end of the one of the pillars beyond the distal end of the slot so as to overlap the distal end of the other of the pillars.
9. The clip as defined in claim 8, wherein the cap portion is formed at the distal end of the one of the pillars over an entire area thereof.
The present invention relates to a clip that is used in a vehicle in order to attach an attaching member (e.g., an overhead console) to a subject member (e.g., a body panel).
This type of clip is already known. For example, as shown in FIG. 21, a clip 110 is known. The known clip 110 includes an anchor (leg) portion 120 (an engagement portion) that is configured to be inserted into an insertion hole 132 formed in a subject member 130 (e.g., a body panel), and a connecting portion 116 (a head portion) that is capable of being connected to an attaching portion 136 of an attaching member (e.g., an overhead console). The anchor portion 120 of the clip 110 is designed in consideration of an insertion (push-in) load that is applied thereto when it is inserted into the insertion hole 132 of the subject member 130 and a retention force (an engagement force to the insertion hole) that is required for the anchor 120 (the clip) after it is fully inserted into the insertion hole 132. Conversely, the connecting portion 116 of the clip 110 is formed or shaped in consideration of a type and a shape of attaching portion 136 of the attaching member. Further, the anchor portion 120 includes a pair of (two) pillars 122 that are integrated with the connecting portion and separated via a slot 121 that continuously extends between distal and proximal ends of the anchor portion 120, and a pair of (two) flexible strips 128 that are respectively connected to distal ends of the pillars 122. The pillars 122 are positioned so as to flex inward without interfering with each other. Further, the flexible strips 128 are respectively shaped to be outwardly obliquely spread toward proximal ends of the pillars 122.
In order to attach the attaching member (the overhead console) to the subject member 130 (the body panel), the connecting portion 116 of the clip 110 is connected to the attaching portion 136 of the attaching member. Thereafter, the anchor portion 120 of the clip 110 can be pressed against the insertion hole 132 of the subject member 130 by applying a desired insertion force (load). As a result, the anchor portion 120 can be inserted into the insertion hole 132 while the flexible strips 128 are flexed inwardly. Upon insertion of the anchor portion 120, the flexible strips 128 can engage a periphery of the insertion hole 132, so that the anchor portion 120 can be retained in the insertion hole 132 with a desired retention force. Thus, the clip 110 can be attached to the subject member 130. As a result, the attaching member can be attached to the subject member 130 via the clip 110.
To the contrary, in order to remove or detach the attaching member from the subject member 130 for maintenance or other such purposes, the anchor portion 120 (the clip 110) is applied with a removal or extraction force greater than the retention force thereof. Upon application of the extraction force, the extraction force can be transmitted to the pillars 122 via the flexible strips 128, so that the pillars 122 can be pressed inwardly. As a result, the flexible strips 128 can be disengaged from the periphery of the insertion hole 132, so that the anchor portion 120 (the clip 110) can be removed from the subject member 130. Thus, the attaching member can be removed from the subject member 130.
According to the clip 110 thus constructed, when the attaching member is removed from the subject member 130, the anchor portion 120 can be extracted from the insertion hole 132 after the flexible strips 128 are disengaged from the periphery of the insertion hole 132. As a result, when the anchor portion 120 is extracted from the insertion hole 132, the flexible strips 128 of the anchor portion 120 can be effectively prevented from being abraded or worn away. Therefore, the removed clip 110 can be used repeatedly.
However, as shown in FIG. 22, the anchor portion 120 of the clip 110 may be pressed against the insertion hole 132 of the subject member 130 while the anchor portion 120 is not aligned with the insertion hole 132. In such a case, the distal end (a leading end) of the anchor portion 120 may contact the periphery of the insertion hole 132. As a result, the anchor portion 120 can be prevented from being inserted into the insertion hole 132. At this time, the periphery of the insertion hole 132 may enter the slot 121 formed in the anchor portion 120, so that the pillars 122 can be excessively spread by the periphery of the insertion hole 132. As a result, the pillars 122 can be broken, so that the clip 110 can be damaged. The damaged clip 110 cannot be used again.
Thus, there is a need in the art for improved clips.
Further, another known clip of this type is taught by, for example, Japanese Patent No. 5558322.
For example, in one aspect of the present invention, a clip may include an anchor portion configured to be inserted into an insertion hole formed in a subject member. The anchor portion has at least a pair of pillars separated via a slot that continuously extends between distal and proximal ends of the anchor portion, flexible strips respectively connected to the pillars and configured to engage a periphery of the insertion hole, and a cap portion positioned on the distal end of the anchor portion. The pillars are configured to be flexed about proximal ends thereof in a direction in which the pillars can intersect with each other. The cap portion is formed in a distal end of one of the pillars and is configured to cover a distal end of the slot.
According to this aspect, when the anchor portion of the clip is pressed against the insertion hole of the subject member while the anchor portion is not aligned with the insertion hole, the distal end of the anchor portion may contact a periphery of the insertion hole. However, the anchor portion may have the cap portion that is formed in the distal end of one of the pillars and is configured to cover the distal end of the slot. Therefore, the periphery of the insertion hole may be effectively prevented from entering the distal end of the slot due to the presence of the cap portion. Thus, the pillars can be effectively prevented from being broken. As a result, the clip can be effectively prevented from being damaged.
FIG. 22 is a vertical cross-sectional view of the conventional clip, which view illustrates a condition in which the anchor portion of the clip is pressed against the attaching hole while the anchor portion is not aligned with the insertion hole.
Detailed representative embodiments of the present invention are shown in FIGS. 1 to 19.
A first detailed representative embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 11. A representative clip 10 may be used in order to attach an overhead consol (an attaching member) to a body panel 30 (a subject member). Further, a plurality of clips other than the clip 10 may generally be used in order to attach the overhead consol to the body panel 30. However, only the clip 10 (one of the clips) will be described in this description because all of the clips including the clip 10 may respectively have the same structure.
As shown in FIG. 1, the clip 10 may preferably include a central base portion 12, a lower connecting portion 16 that is extended downwardly from a lower surface of the base portion 12, and an upper anchor portion 20 that is projected upwardly from an upper surface of the base portion 12. Further, the clip 10 may preferably be a one piece plastic molded article that is integrally formed.
As shown in FIG. 7, the base portion 12 has an annular elastically deformable portion or stabilizer 14 that is formed in a circumferential periphery thereof. Further, as shown in FIG. 9, the stabilizer 14 may function to stabilize the clip 10 on the body panel 30.
As shown in FIGS. 8 to 11, the connecting portion 16 may be used to connect or attach the clip 10 to an attaching portion 36 of the overhead consol. The connecting portion 16 may preferably include an upper (first) annular flange 16a, a lower (second) annular flange 16b, and a circular cylindrical neck portion 16c. The neck portion 16c is positioned between the upper and lower flanges 16a and 16b and has a reduced diameter substantially corresponding to a diameter of an open-sided engagement slot or hole 38 formed in the attaching portion 36 of the overhead consol. The connecting portion 16 thus constructed can be connected to the overhead consol while the attaching portion 36 of the overhead consol is clamped between the upper flange 16a and the lower flange 16b thereof via the open-sided attachment hole 38. Further, the upper flange 16a may function to stabilize the clip 10 on the attaching portion 36 of the overhead consol.
The anchor portion 20 may be projected upwardly from a central portion of the base portion 12. The anchor portion 20 may be configured to be inserted into an insertion hole 32 formed in the body panel 30. Upon insertion of the anchor portion 20 into the insertion hole 32, the anchor portion 20 can be retained in the insertion hole 32, so that the clip 10 can be attached to the body panel 30 (FIG. 9). As a result, the attaching portion 36 of the overhead consol can be connected to the body panel 30 via the clip 10.
As shown in FIG. 1, the anchor portion 20 may preferably include a pair of (two) pillars 22 positioned on the base portion 12 and diametrically separated via a slot 21 that continuously extends between distal and proximal ends of the anchor portion 20, a pair of (two) flexible strips 28 respectively connected to the pillars 22, and a cap portion 26 positioned on the distal end of the anchor portion 20.
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the slot 21 may have an open distal end 21a corresponding to the distal end of the anchor portion 20 and a closed proximal end 21b corresponding to the proximal end of the anchor portion 20.
As shown in FIGS. 1-3 and 7, the pillars 22 (which may be referred to as first and second pillars 22) may respectively have (upper) distal ends or free ends corresponding to the distal end of the anchor portion 20, and (lower) proximal ends corresponding to the proximal end of the anchor portion 20. The proximal ends of the pillars 22 may be integrated with the base portion 12. As shown in FIGS. 4 and 5, the pillars 22 may be positioned on the base portion 12 in a staggered arrangement in plan. In other words, the pillars 22 are positioned symmetrical about an axis P of the anchor portion 20 with a certain space therebetween in plan. Further, the pillars 22 may be shaped to be flexed about the proximal ends thereof in a predetermined diametrical direction D of the anchor portion 20 (a direction in which the pillars 22 can intersect with each other). Therefore, the pillars 22 can be flexed about the proximal ends thereof in the direction in which the pillars 22 can intersect with each other substantially without interfering with each other (FIGS. 10 and 11) when the pillars 22 are pressed inwardly (i.e., when the pillars 22 are applied with a pressing force.) That is, the pillars 22 can be flexed in the predetermined diametrical direction D of the anchor portion 20 while intersecting with each other when the pillars 22 are pressed inwardly.
Further, as shown in FIGS. 1-3 and 5, the distal ends of the pillars 22 may be connected to each other via a connecting strip 24 (a connecting portion) positioned on the open distal end 21a of the slot 21 such that the pillars 22 can be normally prevented from being flexed in the predetermined diametrical direction D of the anchor portion 20. In particular, the connecting strip 24 may be positioned between the distal ends of the pillars 22, so that the distal ends of the pillars 22 are connected to each other in a horizontal direction substantially parallel to the stabilizer 14 (the base portion 12). However, as shown in FIG. 5, the connecting strip 24 may have a cross-sectional shape that allows the connecting strip 24 to be relatively easily broken when a predetermined force is applied thereto via the pillars 22. Therefore, when the pillars 22 are pressed inwardly, the connecting strip 24 may be broken, so that the pillars 22 can be flexed in the predetermined diametrical direction D of the anchor portion 20.
As shown in FIGS. 2 and 3, the cap portion 26 may be integrally formed in the distal end of one of the pillars 22. Further, the cap portion 26 may be configured to cover the distal end 21a of the slot 21. In particular, the cap portion 26 may extend from the distal end of one of the pillars 22 beyond the distal end 21a of the slot 21 so as to overhang the distal end of the other of the pillars 22. Therefore, the cap portion 26 may function to prevent a periphery of the insertion hole 32 of the body panel 30 from entering the distal end 21a of the slot 21 when the anchor portion 20 is pressed toward the insertion hole 32 of the body panel 30. Further, as will be apparent from FIGS. 2 and 3, the cap portion 26 formed in the distal end of one of the pillars 22 may overhang the distal end of the other of the pillars 22 with a predetermined space therebetween. Therefore, the cap portion 26 may not prevent the pillars 22 from being flexed about the proximal ends thereof when the pillars 22 are pressed inwardly. Further, the cap portion 26 may preferably have a rounded (top) outer surface.
Conversely, as shown in FIGS. 2, 3 and 7, the flexible strips 28 may respectively be connected to the distal ends of the pillars 22. In particular, the flexible strips 28 may respectively be projected obliquely downward and outward from the distal ends of the pillars 22 in the predetermined diametrical direction D of the anchor portion 20. That is, the flexible strips 28 may respectively be formed as cantilevered strips each of which has a proximal end integrated with the distal end of the pillar 22 and a distal end (a free end). Therefore, each of the flexible strips 28 can flex inward and outward about the proximal end thereof in the predetermined diametrical direction D of the anchor portion 20. Further, each of the flexible strips 28 may have an engagement surface (portion) 28a that is formed in the free end thereof. The engagement surface 28a of each of the flexible strips 28 may be configured to engage the periphery of the insertion hole 32 formed in the body panel 30 when the anchor portion 20 is inserted into the insertion hole 32 (FIG. 9).
Next, a method of using the clip 10 will now be described in detail. First, in order to attach the overhead consol (the attaching member) to the body panel 30 (the subject member), the connecting portion 16 of the clip 10 may be connected to the attaching portion 36 of the overhead consol, so as to attach the clip 10 to the overhead consol (FIG. 8). Subsequently, the anchor portion 20 of the clip 10 may be pressed against and inserted into the insertion hole 32 formed in the body panel 30. Upon insertion of the anchor portion 20, the anchor portion 20 may pass through the insertion hole 32 while the flexible strips 28 are respectively flexed inward about the proximal end thereof. When the anchor portion 20 is completely inserted into the insertion hole 32 (a coupled condition of the clip 10), the flexible strips 28 of the anchor portion 20 may respectively be restored outward, so that the engagement surfaces 28a of the flexible strips 28 can engage the periphery of the insertion hole 32 (FIG. 9). Thus, the anchor portion 20 (the clip 10) can be attached to the body panel 30 with a desired retention force. As a result, the overhead consol can be attached to the body panel 30 via the clip 10.
To the contrary, in order to detach the overhead consol from the body panel 30, in the coupled condition of the clip 10, i.e., in a condition in which the clip 10 is attached to the body panel 30 (FIG. 9), the anchor portion 20 (the clip 10) can be applied with a removal or extraction force F greater than the retention force thereof (FIG. 10). Upon application of the extraction force F to the anchor portion 20, the extraction force F can be transmitted to the pillars 22 via the flexible strips 28, so that the pillars 22 (the distal ends) can be pressed inwardly (i.e., the pillars 22 can be applied with a flexing force). As a result, as shown in FIG. 10, the pillars 22 may start to be flexed inward in the predetermined diametrical direction D of the anchor portion 20 while the connecting strip 24 connecting the distal ends of the pillars 22 can be broken.
Subsequently, as shown in FIG. 11, when the extraction force F is continuously applied to the anchor portion 20 (i.e., when the flexing force is continuously applied to the pillars 22), the pillars 22 can be further flexed inwardly in the predetermined diametrical direction D of the anchor portion 20 while intersecting with each other. As a result, the engagement surfaces 28a of the flexible strips 28 can be disengaged from the periphery (or a burr formed in the periphery) of the insertion hole 32 of the body panel 30. Thus, the anchor portion 20 (the clip 10) can be smoothly removed from the insertion hole 32 of the body panel 30.
As shown in FIG. 8, when the anchor portion 20 of the clip 10 is pressed against the insertion hole 32 of the body panel 30 while the anchor portion 20 is not aligned with the insertion hole 32, the distal end (a leading end) of the anchor portion 20 may contact the periphery of the insertion hole 32. However, according to the clip 10 thus constructed, the anchor portion 20 may have the cap portion 26 positioned on the distal end thereof. As described above, the cap portion 26 may be integrated with the distal end of one of the pillars 22 and is shaped to cover the distal end 21a of the slot 21 formed in the anchor portion 20. Therefore, the periphery of the insertion hole 32 of the body panel 30 may be effectively prevented from entering the distal end 21a of the slot 21 due to the presence of the cap portion 26. Thus, the pillars 22 can be effectively prevented from being broken. As a result, the clip 10 can be effectively prevented from being damaged. In addition, the cap portion 26 may effectively function as a guide member to direct the anchor portion 20 toward the insertion hole 32 due to the rounded outer surface thereof. Therefore, the anchor portion 20 can be relatively easily and smoothly inserted into the insertion hole 32 even when the anchor portion 20 is pressed against the insertion hole 32 while the anchor portion 20 is not aligned with the insertion hole 32.
Generally, in order to press the anchor portion 20 of the clip 10 against the insertion hole 32 formed in the body panel 30, an end portion of the overhead consol to which the clip 10 is attached is hooked on the body panel 30. Thereafter, the overhead consol may be rotated about the end portion thereof such that the anchor portion 20 of the clip 10 may be moved toward the insertion hole 32 formed in the body panel 30. This means that the anchor portion 20 may be pressed against the insertion hole 32 while rotating along a curve trajectory. As a result, when the anchor portion 20 is pressed against the insertion hole 32, the anchor portion 20 can be displaced from and inclined with respect to the insertion hole 32. Thus, the anchor portion 20 may sometimes be pressed against the insertion hole 32 while the anchor portion 20 is not aligned with the insertion hole 32.
Further, according to the clip 10, the anchor portion 20 can be extracted from the insertion hole 32 of the body panel 30 after the engagement surfaces 28a of the flexible strips 28 are disengaged from the periphery of the insertion hole 32. That is, when the anchor portion 20 (the clip 10) is extracted from the insertion hole 32 of the body panel 30, the flexible strips 28 of the anchor portion 20 can be effectively prevented from being abraded or worn away. Therefore, the clip 10 can be repeatedly used. Further, the retention force of the anchor portion 20 cannot be changed or decreased even if the clip 10 is repeatedly used.
The second detailed representative embodiment will now be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 12 to 17. Because the second embodiment relates to the first embodiment, only the constructions and elements that are different from the first embodiment will be explained in detail.
In this embodiment, a clip 10' may have the same structure as the clip 10 of the first embodiment except that a connecting strip 24A (the connecting portion) is used instead of the connecting strip 24. Similar to the first embodiment, the distal ends of the pillars 22 may be connected to each other via the connecting strip 24A. However, as best shown in FIGS. 13 and 14, unlike the first embodiment, the cap portion 26 formed in the distal end of one of the pillars 22 and the distal end of the other of the pillars 22 may be connected to each other via the connecting strip 24A. In particular, the connecting strip 24A may be positioned between a lower surface of the cap portion 26 formed in the distal end of one of the pillars 22 and the distal end of the other of the pillars 22, so that the lower surface of the cap portion 26 formed in the distal end of one of the pillars 22 can be connected to the distal end of the other of the pillars 22 in a vertical direction substantially perpendicular to the stabilizer 14 (the base portion 12). Further, as shown in FIG. 16, the connecting strip 24A may have a cross-sectional shape that allows the connecting strip 24A to be relatively easily broken when the predetermined force is applied thereto via the pillars 22.
The third detailed representative embodiment will now be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 18 to 20. Because the third embodiment relates to the first embodiment, only the constructions and elements that are different from the first embodiment will be explained in detail.
In this embodiment, a clip 10'' may have the same structure as the clip 10 of the first embodiment except that the connecting strip 24 (the connecting portion) is omitted. That is, unlike the first embodiment, the distal ends of the pillars 22 are not connected to each other.
Naturally, various changes and modifications may be made to the present invention without departing from the scope of the invention. For example, in the embodiments, the anchor portion 20 has the two pillars 22 (the first and second pillars 22) and the two flexible strips 28. However, the number of the pillars 22 (the flexible strips 28) is not limited to two.
Further, in the embodiments, the flexible strips 28 are respectively formed as the cantilevered strips. However, the distal ends of the flexible strips 28 can be connected to the pillars 22 or the base portion 12 as necessary. That is, the flexible strips 28 may respectively be formed as double-supported strips. Further, the flexible strips 28 can be formed as flexible members that are integrated with the pillars 22.
Representative examples of the present invention have been described in detail with reference to the attached drawings. This detailed description is merely intended to teach a person of skill in the art further details for practicing preferred aspects of the present invention and is not intended to limit the scope of the invention. Only the claims define the scope of the claimed invention. Therefore, combinations of features and steps disclosed in the foregoing detail description may not be necessary to practice the invention in the broadest sense, and are instead taught merely to particularly describe detailed representative examples of the invention. Moreover, the various features taught in this specification may be combined in ways that are not specifically enumerated in order to obtain additional useful embodiments of the present invention.


INTRODUCTION: Worksite health promotion programs (WHPP) promote maintenance and changes of health-related behaviors of employees. Some companies opt to contract with a third party provider to implement a WHPP. PURPOSE: This study evaluated the participation rates, availability and use of health coaching, and changes in biometric data over a 2-year time period of employees in 13 companies for whom the WHPP was implemented by Wellness Corporate Solutions (WCS). METHODS: We had 2 years of biometric, health risk appraisal (HRA), or health coaching data on 4,473 employees. The statistical analysis included biometric screening data (percent body fat, body mass index (BMI), total cholesterol (TC), high- and low-density lipoproteins (HDL-C, LDL-C), TC/HDL ratio, triglycerides, glucose, systolic and diastolic blood pressures (SBP and DBP)) from all 13 companies and health coaching data from five companies. RESULTS: Employee participation rates of the 13 companies ranged from 35% to 75%. Five of the 13 companies provided voluntary telephonic health coaching to employees participating in their WHPPs. Of those employees for which we had 2-year data, 125 (12.9%) actually participated in health coaching. Only one of the 13 companies demonstrated improvement in all 10 biometric measurements and 1 company demonstrated improvement in only one biometric measurement. The biometric measurements that showed the greatest improvements over time were triglycerides, blood pressure, BMI, and TC. There was no association found between the number of variables that improved and employee participation rate (p = 0.8814) or the type of incentives offered to employees (p = 0.1389). Availability and use of health coaching did not appear to affect the number of variables that improved. Compared to employees who did not use health coaching, there were significantly greater changes in DBP, HDL-C, and BMI (p < 0.05) in employees who used health coaching. The magnitude of change in variables of interest was dependent, in part, on the baseline value. CONCLUSIONS: Voluntary participation in WHPPs results in positive changes in health-related biometric variables. Health coaching can positively affect the magnitude of change in some biometric variables and the magnitude of change is likely related to the baseline value and the frequency of coaching interactions. Further research should evaluate the benefits of various forms and frequencies of health coaching. Worksite health promotion programs and health coaching may also have a positive impact on other variables (e.g., employee attitudes and morale) not addressed in this study.
Pratt, Jamie M., "The Effects of Worksite Health Promotion Programs on Employee Biometric Data" (2014). All Theses and Dissertations. 5752.


This three bedroomed, newly renovated home is incredibly sunny and enjoys amazing indoor/outdoor living.
- Open-plan living/dining that flow seamlessly from the new stylish kitchen to the dining then to the outdoors.
- Lovely sunny patio that merges to a flat easy care lawn, just enough garden for green thumbs to enjoy.
- Views over the South Island and ocean. Sit and watch the cruise ships, ferry and yachts as they slowly move across your vista.
- Close to the beach, transport, café, just an easy stroll along the waterfront.
- Off-street parking is at your door (for 1 vehicle).
This is perfect for professional couples, singles or a small family. Positioned in a peaceful, quiet location, close to the beach and a short drive to the city. Enquiry from $680,000.
TENDER CLOSES: Wednesday, 1 March 2017 at 2:00pm, Harcourts Wellington City Office (Will not sell prior).


I love Valentines Day, y'all. Even when I was single. I love all the frilly and girly and pink. And I love love, friendship, family, all of it. So each day this week I will be wearing a different Valentines themed outfit.


RelSci Relationships are individuals Scottie Pippen likely has professional access to. A relationship does not necessarily indicate a personal connection.
This web site is not endorsed by, directly affiliated with, maintained, authorized, or sponsored by Scottie Pippen. The use of any trade name or trademark is for identification and reference purposes only and does not imply any association with the trademark holder. The Presence of Scottie Pippen's profile does not indicate a business or promotional relationship of any kind between RelSci and Scottie Pippen.


text:
Searching for terms: EXACT: "Fletcher, Susan R." in: author
Results 1 - 30 (of 32) sorted by relevance sort by date
World Trade Organization: The Hong Kong Ministerial [Updated January 20, 2006]
"The World Trade Organization (WTO) held its 6th Ministerial summit in Hong Kong from December 13-18, 2005. WTO Ministerials are held every two years to bring together trade ministers from member states, often to make political decisions for the body. Although an original goal of the Ministerial was to agree on a package of modalities (methods by which the round is negotiated) for the ongoing Doha Development Agenda (DDA) round of trade negotiations, this aim was dropped in order to avoid a high-profile failure similar to previous Ministerials at Cancun and Seattle. Rather, members agreed to some modest advancements in agriculture, industrial tariffs, and duty and quota-free access for least developed countries. The final outcome of these negotiations could provide a substantial boost to the world economy, but if the round itself is not completed, there may be repercussions for the WTO as an institution and for the architecture of the world trading system. [...] The outcome of the Ministerial potentially has significant implications for Congress. Any agreement resulting from the round must be approved by Congress, and there is pressure to come to an agreement well before the expiration of U.S. trade promotion authority on July 1, 2007. In addition, any agreement on agriculture may affect the drafting or necessitate the revision of the next farm bill that may be considered by Congress in 2007. Congress has also expressed an interest in shielding U.S. trade remedy laws from negotiations. This report will be updated to reflect the outcome of the Ministerial."
Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service
Fergusson, Ian F.; Cooper, William H., 1949-; Jones, Vivian Catherine . . .
World Trade Organization: The Hong Kong Ministerial [Updated December 9, 2005]
"The 148 members of the World Trade Organization (WTO) are preparing for the 6th Ministerial summit to be held in Hong Kong on December 13-18, 2005. WTO Ministerials are held every two years to bring together trade ministers from member states, often to make political decisions for the body. The Hong Kong Ministerial will be used to 'take stock' of the ongoing Doha Development Agenda (DDA) round of trade negotiations. The members will not be asked to agree to a package of modalities (methods by which the round is negotiated) because substantial disagreements are still evident among the members. The outcome of these negotiations could provide a substantial boost to the world economy, but if the round itself is not completed, there may be repercussions for the WTO as an institution and for the architecture of the world trading system. [...] The outcome of the Ministerial potentially has significant implications for Congress. Any agreement resulting from the round must be approved by Congress, and there is pressure to come to an agreement well before the expiration of U.S. trade promotion authority on July 1, 2007. In addition, any agreement on agriculture may affect the drafting or necessitate the revision of the next farm bill that may be considered by Congress in 2007. Congress has also expressed an interest in shielding U.S. trade remedy laws from negotiations. This report will be updated to reflect the outcome of the Ministerial."
Global Climate Change [Updated January 30, 2002]
"There is concern that human activities are affecting the heat/energy-exchange balance between Earth, the atmosphere, and space, and inducing global climate change, often termed 'global warming.' Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other trace greenhouse gases. If these gases continue to accumulate in the atmosphere at current rates, most scientists believe global warming would occur through intensification of Earth's natural heat-trapping 'greenhouse effect.' Possible impacts might be seen as both positive and negative. A warmer climate would probably have far reaching effects on agriculture and forestry, managed and un-managed ecosystems, including natural habitats, human health, water resources, and sea level depending on climate responses. Although causal relationships between projected long-range global climate trends and record-setting warmth and severe weather events of the past two decades have not been firmly established, attention has been focused on possible extremes of climate change and the need for better understanding of climate processes to improve climate model forecasts. The basic policy question remains: Given scientific uncertainties about the magnitude, timing, rate, and regional consequences of potential climatic change, what are the appropriate responses for U.S. and world decisionmakers? Fossil-fuel combustion is the primary source of CO2 emissions, and also emits other 'greenhouse' gases. Because the U.S. economy is so dependent upon energy, and so much of U.S. energy is derived from fossil fuels, reducing these emissions poses major challenges and controversy."
Fletcher, Susan R.; Justus, John R.
Global Climate Change [Updated October 29, 2004]
"There is concern that human activities are affecting the heat/energy-exchange balance between Earth, the atmosphere, and space, and inducing global climate change, often termed 'global warming.' Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other trace greenhouse gases. If these gases continue to accumulate in the atmosphere at current rates, most scientists believe global warming would occur through intensification of Earth's natural heat-trapping 'greenhouse effect.' Possible impacts might be seen as both positive and negative, depending on regional or national variations. A warmer climate would probably have far-reaching effects on agriculture and forestry, managed and unmanaged ecosystems, including natural habitats, human health, water resources, and sea level, depending on climate responses. Although causal relationships between projected long-range global climate trends and record-setting warmth and severe weather events of the past two decades have not been firmly established, attention has been focused on possible extremes of climate change and the need for better understanding of climate processes to improve climate model forecasts. The basic policy question remains: Given scientific uncertainties about the magnitude, timing, rate, and regional consequences of potential climatic change, what are the appropriate responses for U.S. and world decision makers? Fossil-fuel combustion is the primary source of CO2 emissions, and also emits other 'greenhouse' gases. Because the U.S. economy is so dependent upon energy, and so much of U.S. energy is derived from fossil fuels, reducing these emissions poses major challenges and controversy."
Global Climate Change [Updated March 27, 2002]
Justus, John R.; Fletcher, Susan R.
Global Climate Change [Updated May 12, 2006]
"There is concern that human activities are affecting the heat/energy-exchange balance between Earth, the atmosphere, and space, and inducing global climate change, often termed 'global warming.' Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, have contributed to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other trace greenhouse gases. If these gases continue to accumulate in the atmosphere at current rates, most scientists believe significant global warming would occur through intensification	of Earth' s natural heat-trapping 'greenhouse effect.' Possible impacts might be seen as both positive and negative, depending on regional or national variations. [...] In March 2001, the Bush Administration rejected the Kyoto Protocol, and thus the United States is not party to it (and therefore is not subject to its requirements) as it enters into force. President Bush concluded a cabinet-level climate policy review with an announcement in 2002 of a 'new approach' for the United States based on reducing the greenhouse gas intensity (greenhouse gas emissions per unit of GDP) of the U.S. economy. This report briefly reviews the status of climate science, international negotiations, and congressional activity focused specifically on climate change."
Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol [Updated July 21, 2005]
"Negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) were completed December 11, 1997, committing the industrialized nations to specified, legally binding reductions in emissions of six 'greenhouse gases.' This treaty would commit the United States, if it were to ratify the Protocol, to a target of reducing greenhouse gases by 7% below 1990 levels during a 'commitment period' between 2008-2012. Because of the fact that 'sinks,' which remove and store carbon from the atmosphere, are counted and because of other provisions discussed in this report, the actual reduction of emissions within the United States that would be required to meet the target was estimated to be lower than 7%. The United States signed the Protocol on November 12, 1998. However, the Clinton Administration did not submit the Protocol to the Senate for advice and consent, acknowledging that one condition outlined by S.Res. 98, passed in mid-1997 - meaningful participation by developing countries in binding commitments limiting greenhouse gases - had not been met. In late March 2001, the Bush Administration rejected the Kyoto Protocol. The United States continued to attend the annual conferences of the parties (COPs) to the UNFCCC, but did not participate in Kyoto Protocol-related negotiations. In February, 2002, President Bush announced a U.S. policy for climate change that will rely on domestic, voluntary actions to reduce the 'greenhouse gas intensity' (ratio of emissions to economic output) of the U.S. economy by 18% over the next 10 years. [...] This report is intended to provide background on the Kyoto Protocol and its terms. It will be updated annually or as events warrant."
Fletcher, Susan R.
Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol [Updated February 16, 2005]
Global Climate Change [Updated September 26, 2001]
"There is concern that human activities are affecting the heat/energy-exchange balance between Earth, the atmosphere, and space, and inducing global climate change, often termed 'global warming.' Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other trace greenhouse gases. If these gases continue to accumulate in the atmosphere at current rates, most scientists believe global warming would occur through intensification of Earth's natural heat-trapping 'greenhouse effect.' Possible impacts might be seen as both positive and negative. A warmer climate would probably have far reaching effects on agriculture and forestry, managed and un-managed ecosystems, including natural habitats, human health, water resources, and sea level depending on climate responses. Although causal relationships between projected long-range global climate trends and record-setting warmth and severe weather events of the past two decades have not been firmly established, attention has been focused on possible extremes of climate change and the need for better understanding of climate processes to improve climate model forecasts. The basic policy question is: Given scientific uncertainties about the magnitude, timing, rate, and regional consequences of potential climatic change, what are the appropriate responses for U.S. and world decisionmakers?"
Environmental Laws: Summaries of Major Statutes Administered by the Environmental Protection Agency [Updated February 28, 2007]
"The authorities and responsibilities of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) derive primarily from a dozen major environmental statutes. This report, updated at the beginning of each Congress, provides a brief summary of EPA's present major authorities and responsibilities. It abstracts EPA-administered statutes, with each chapter providing a discrete analysis. It also explains how each act is structured, defines key terms, and reports the current authorization status of each act. The overall strategy of pollution control and the major programs authorized by each act are discussed. At the beginning of each chapter is a list of all major amendments to the parent statute, while the final table in each chapter cites the major 'U.S. Code' sections of the codified statute, offering ready reference to the codified sections. Table 1 shows the current status of statutory authorizations for appropriations. While these summaries outline the major provisions of each statute, they necessarily omit many details and secondary provisions, and even some major components are only briefly mentioned. Moreover, this report describes the statutes without discussing their implementation. For example, statutory deadlines to control pollutant discharges and achieve particular mandates have often been missed as a result of delayed standard setting by EPA. Other CRS [Congressional Research Service] reports discuss current developments and analyze implementation and associated regulations for many of the individual laws covered in this report."
Fletcher, Susan R.; Copeland, Claudia; Luther, Linda G. . . .
Environmental Protection Issues in the 109th Congress [Updated April 27, 2005]
"Environmental protection concerns span a wide variety of issues, including clean air, water quality, chemical security, and environmental aspects of other major issue areas such as transportation and defense. This issue brief provides an overview of key environmental issues that are receiving or may receive attention in the 109th Congress. The sections on specific issues contain references to more detailed and extensive CRS [Congressional Research Service] reports on the subjects covered. […] Early in the year the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee held hearings and scheduled markup of S. 131, the Clear Skies Act. However, the bill failed on a tie vote March 9, 2005, owing to the contentious nature of the debate over whether clean air regulation would be made more effective or weakened by the legislation, and whether it should include carbon dioxide. On March 16, 2005, the same committee ordered reported S. 606, the Reliable Fuels Act, which would amend the Clean Air Act to ban the gasoline additive MTBE, and providing for a replacement additive -- ethanol. […](It should be noted that this issue brief treats mainly pollution-related matters; for natural resource management issues, see CRS Report RL32699, 'Natural Resources: Selected Issues for the 109th Congress.')"
Fletcher, Susan R.; Isler, Margaret
Environmental Protection Issues in the 109th Congress [Updated August 21, 2006]
"Environmental protection concerns span a wide variety of issues, including clean air, water quality, chemical security, and environmental aspects of other major issue areas, such as energy, transportation, disaster relief and cleanup, and defense. This report provides an overview of key environmental issues receiving attention in the 109th Congress. A number of environmental measures have been the subject of congressional activity, some of them as part of comprehensive bills and laws on broader subjects such as energy and transportation. On August 8, 2005, President Bush signed P.L. 109-58 (H.R. 6), the Energy Policy Act of 2005, an omnibus energy package that contains numerous environmentally related provisions. Perhaps the most important include a renewable fuel standard and streamlined environmental permitting. On August 10, 2005, the President signed the transportation reauthorization bill, P.L. 109-59. This law, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible and Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), contains various environmental provisions."
Fletcher, Susan R.; Isler, Margaret; Bearden, David M. . . .
Environmental Protection Issues in the 109th Congress [June 23, 2006]
"Environmental protection concerns span a wide variety of issues, including clean air, water quality, chemical security, and environmental aspects of other major issue areas, such as energy, transportation, disaster relief and cleanup, and defense. This report provides an overview of key environmental issues receiving attention in the 109th Congress. A number of environmental measures have been the subject of congressional activity, some of them as part of comprehensive bills and laws on broader subjects such as energy and transportation. On August 8, 2005, President Bush signed P.L. 109-58 (H.R. 6), the Energy Policy Act of 2005, an omnibus energy package that contains numerous environmentally related provisions. Perhaps the most important include a renewable fuel standard and streamlined environmental permitting. On August 10, 2005, the President signed the transportation reauthorization bill, P.L. 109-59. This law, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible and Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), contains various environmental provisions. Appropriations for the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) affect many of the programs and issues discussed in this report."
"Environmental protection concerns span a wide variety of issues, including clean air, water quality, chemical security, and environmental aspects of other major issue areas such as energy, transportation, and defense. This issue brief provides an overview of key environmental issues receiving attention in the 109th Congress. Most recently, the attention to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita involved a number of environmental concerns, including legislative proposals on matters such as emergency waivers of environmental requirements. A number of environmental measures have been the subject of congressional activity, some of them as part of comprehensive bills and laws on broader subjects such as energy and transportation. On August 8, 2005, President Bush signed P.L. 109-58 (H.R. 6), the Energy Policy Act of 2005, an omnibus energy package that contains numerous environmentally related provisions. Perhaps the most controversial include a renewable fuel standard and streamlined environmental permitting. On August 10, 2005, the President signed the transportation reauthorization bill, P.L. 109-59. This law, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible and Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), contains various environmental provisions."
Environmental Protection Issues in the 109th Congress [Updated January 31, 2006]
"Environmental protection concerns span a wide variety of issues, including clean air, water quality, chemical security, and environmental aspects of other major issue areas such as energy, transportation, and defense. This issue brief provides an overview of key environmental issues receiving attention in the 109th Congress. Most recently, the attention to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita involved a number of environmental concerns, and legislative proposals on matters such as emergency waivers of environmental requirements are before Congress. A number of environmental measures have been the subject of congressional activity, some of them as part of comprehensive bills and laws on broader subjects such as energy and transportation. On August 8, 2005, President Bush signed P.L. 109-58 (H.R. 6), the Energy Policy Act of 2005, an omnibus energy package that contains numerous environmentally related provisions. Perhaps the most controversial include a renewable fuel standard and streamlined environmental permitting. On August 10, 2005, the President signed the transportation reauthorization bill, P.L. 109-59. This law, the Safe, Accountable, Flexible and Efficient Transportation Equity Act: A Legacy for Users (SAFETEA-LU), contains various environmental provisions."
"This issue brief provides an overview of some of the key environmental protection issues that have been and are likely to continue to be the focus of public and congressional attention. The individual sections below on specific issues reference more detailed CRS [Congressional Research Service] reports. Initially, the 108th Congress finalized FY2003 funding not completed by the 107th Congress. A consolidated appropriations act, H.J.Res. 2 (P.L. 108-7), included $8.0 billion for EPA. Budgetary attention next turned to the FY2004 appropriations, for which the EPA request was $7.6 billion. The House approved $8.0 billion in H.R. 2861, amended, on July 25 (H.Rept. 108-235). The Senate approved $8.1 billion in H.R. 2861, amended (S. 1584, S.Rept. 108-143), on November 18, 2003. Since October 1, continuing resolutions have funded EPA at the FY2003 level of $8.08 billion. A conference-approved omnibus appropriation bill, H.R. 2673 (H.Rept. 108- 401), funding EPA at $8.4 billion for FY2004 was signed into law on January 23, 2004 (P.L. 108-199). A number of other key issues have seen, or are likely to see, action in the 108th Congress, including leaking underground storage tanks that may contaminate water supplies, wastewater treatment utility and chemical facility security, expanding authority for an EPA ombudsman, environmental concerns in surface transportation reauthorization legislation, brownfields grants, environmental issues in comprehensive energy legislation, and defense cleanup and military/environment issues. These issues are discussed in this report, along with other issues likely to be on the environmental agenda: Clean Air Act issues; Clean Water Act; Safe Drinking Water Act; climate change; and alternative fuels and vehicles. (The major emphasis in this issue brief is on pollution-related issues; environmental issues focused on natural resource management are not included here.)"
Global Climate Change [Updated December 14, 2001]
"There is concern that human activities are affecting the heat/energy-exchange balance between Earth, the atmosphere, and space, and inducing global climate change, often termed 'global warming.' Human activities, particularly the burning of fossil fuels, have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) and other trace greenhouse gases. If these gases continue to accumulate in the atmosphere at current rates, most scientists believe global warming would occur through intensification of Earth's natural heat-trapping 'greenhouse effect.' Possible impacts might be seen as both positive and negative. [...] The United States has indicated it would continue its cabinet-level review of climate change, and would seek new approaches based on voluntary measures and market mechanisms, but no timeframe for a new U.S. proposal has emerged. Other parties continue to express hope that the United States will rejoin international efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions."
Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol and International Actions [Updated June 8, 2007]
"The concerns over climate change, often termed 'global warming,' have emerged both in the United States and internationally as major policy issues. Reports in 2007 of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provided additional scientific underpinnings for these concerns, and the number of proposals and international meetings devoted to these issues has grown significantly during this year, as discussed in this report. The first treaty to address climate change, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), was completed and opened for signature in 1992. This treaty includes commitments to establish national action plans for voluntary measures that could reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels by the year 2000 in order to begin mitigating possible global warming. The United States was one of the first nations to sign and ratify this treaty, and it entered into force in 1994. However, it was soon concluded by parties to the treaty that mandatory reductions in emissions of the six major greenhouse gases (of which carbon dioxide, mainly from burning of fossil fuels, is the most prevalent) would be required. The resulting Kyoto Protocol, which was completed in 1997 and entered into force in February 2005, committed industrialized nations that ratify it to specified, legally binding reductions in emissions of the six major greenhouse gases. The United States has not ratified the Protocol, and thus is not bound by its provisions. In March 2001, the Bush Administration rejected the Kyoto Protocol, and subsequently announced a U.S. policy for climate change that relies on voluntary actions to reduce the 'greenhouse gas intensity' (ratio of emissions to economic output) of the U.S. economy by 18% over the next 10 years. "
Parker, Larry, 1954-; Fletcher, Susan R.
Climate Change: Issues Underlying Negotiations at the Bali Conference of Parties [November 26, 2007]
"As climate change has gained widespread attention as a critical issue facing the nations of the world, the negotiations to be held in Bali, Indonesia, December 3-14, 2007, are widely regarded as a critical next step in continuing to chart an international course to mitigate global warming and deal with its impacts. This report provides background on the negotiations in four sections: (1) a summary of the status of the 1992 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the 1997 Kyoto Protocol that established mandatory limits on the six major greenhouse gases for the major developed nations (listed in 'Annex I' of the UNFCCC and generally referred to as 'Annex I countries'); (2) a brief review of the science and economics underlying concerns about climate change and related possible future goals to reduce greenhouse gases; (3) the progress to date of Annex I and non-Annex I nations under the Kyoto Protocol; and (4) an overview of the upcoming negotiations at the 13th conference of the parties of the UNFCCC (COP-13) and third meeting of the parties to the Kyoto Protocol (MOP-3) in Bali. At a preliminary meeting leading up to the December COP/MOP, four key elements were outlined as the focus for a 'Bali road map': 1) mitigation of climate change (agreeing on emission reduction commitments); 2) adaptation to impacts of climate change; 3) financial assistance issues; and 4) technology development and transfer."
Parker, Larry, 1954-; Fletcher, Susan R.; Leggett, Jane A.
Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol, Bali Negotiations, and International Actions [Updated November 20, 2007]
"The concerns over climate change, often termed 'global warming,' have emerged both in the United States and internationally as major policy issues. Reports in 2007 of the United Nations Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) provided additional scientific underpinnings for these concerns, and the number of proposals and international meetings devoted to these issues has grown significantly during this year, as discussed in this report. The first treaty to address climate change, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), was completed and opened for signature in 1992. The resulting Kyoto Protocol, which was completed in 1997 and entered into force in February 2005, committed industrialized nations that ratify it to specified, legally binding reductions in emissions of the six major greenhouse gases. The United States has not ratified the Protocol, and thus is not bound by its provisions. In March 2001, the Bush Administration rejected the Kyoto Protocol, and subsequently announced a U.S. policy for climate change that relies on voluntary actions to reduce the 'greenhouse gas intensity' (ratio of emissions to economic output) of the U.S. economy by 18% over the next 10 years. As of November 2007, the UNFCCC Secretariat listed 174 nations and the European Union as parties to the Kyoto Protocol. Annual meetings of the parties continue, and attention at the meeting in Bali, Indonesia, December 3-14, 2007, will focus on finding agreement on a framework for negotiating a successor agreement to the Kyoto Protocol. Major challenges include finding agreement on the nature of commitments, if any, that would prove acceptable to all major players: current parties, developing countries that are major emitters, and the United States."
Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol [Updated October 27, 2004]
"Negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) were completed December 11, 1997, committing the industrialized nations to specified, legally binding reductions in emissions of six 'greenhouse gases.' This treaty would commit the United States to a target of reducing greenhouse gases by 7% below 1990 levels during a 'commitment period' between 2008-2012. Because of the fact that 'sinks,' which remove and store carbon from the atmosphere, are counted and because of other provisions discussed in this report, the actual reduction of emissions within the United States that would be required to meet the target was estimated to be lower than 7%. The United States signed the Protocol on November 12, 1998. However, the Clinton Administration did not submit the Protocol to the Senate for advice and consent, acknowledging that one condition outlined by S.Res. 98, passed in mid-1997 - meaningful participation by developing countries in binding commitments limiting greenhouse gases - had not been met. In late March 2001, the Bush Administration rejected the Kyoto Protocol. The United States continues to attend the annual conferences of the parties (COPs) to the UNFCCC, but does not participate in Kyoto Protocol-related negotiations. This report is intended to provide background on the Kyoto Protocol. It will be updated annually or as events warrant."
Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol and International Actions [January 24, 2007]
"The first treaty to address climate change, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), was completed and opened for signature in 1992. This treaty includes commitments to establish national action plans for voluntary measures that could reduce greenhouse gas emissions to 1990 levels in order to begin mitigating possible global warming. The United States was one of the first nations to sign and ratify this treaty, and it entered into force in 1994. Each of the industrialized nations listed in Annex B of the Kyoto Protocol has a specified emissions target. Overall, the collective commitments are to reduce the Parties' emissions by at least 5% below their 1990 levels, averaged over the 'commitment period' 2008 to 2012. On a 'parallel track' of activities, the United States took an initiative in 2005, the Asia-Pacific Partnership for Clean Development and Climate, together with China, India, Japan, Australia, and South Korea, which is a voluntary effort (though without specific targets) to reduce the greenhouse gas intensity of their economies through technology cooperation. As of December 2006, the UNFCCC Secretariat reported that 168 nations and the European Union have ratified or accepted the Kyoto Protocol. Annual meetings of the parties continue, and attention during the negotiations has turned in large part to 'next steps' following the end of the commitment period in 2012, as well as a review of the effectiveness of the Protocol. Major challenges remain to find agreement on the nature of commitments, if any, that would prove acceptable to all major players: current parties, developing countries that are major emitters, and the United States."
Global Climate Change: Major Scientific and Policy Issues [August 11, 2006]
"There is growing evidence that human activities are affecting the heat/energy exchange balance between Earth, the atmosphere, and space through an increase in 'greenhouse gases.' If these gases continue to accumulate in the atmosphere at current rates, most scientists believe significant global warming would continue to occur through intensification of Earth's natural heat-trapping 'greenhouse effect.' Over the past 100 years, particularly in recent decades, there have been measurable increases in global temperature and sea levels, decreases of sea ice in the Arctic, and melting among the world's continental ice sheets and mountain glaciers. Disagreements focus mainly on the magnitude and rate of change, the severity of estimated warming, and its projected impacts - both positive and negative. Moreover, wide variations of scientific opinion accompany model projections of a warmer world: if these increases in greenhouse gas emissions continue, global average temperature could rise anywhere from 2.7oF to 10.7oF over the next 100 years. Because the U.S. economy is so dependent upon energy, and so much of U.S. and worldwide energy is derived from fossil fuels, options for reducing emissions of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases pose major challenges and controversy. This report briefly reviews the status of climate science, international negotiations, and congressional activity focused specifically on climate change."
Biosafety Protocol for Genetically Modified Organisms: Overview [Updated January 18, 2001]
"The Biosafety Protocol to the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) was adopted in January 2000, by the 176 nations that are parties to the CBD. Not having ratified the CBD, the United States participated in the negotiations as an observer, but nevertheless was an active participant in the discussions. The Protocol addresses a major area of concern that was not resolved by the parent CBD in 1992 - the safe handling, transfer and trade of biological organisms. In recent years, this issue has gained new prominence - and controversy - as genetically modified organisms (GMOs) have become widely used as agricultural crops, and have become the focus of concern by U.S. trading partners and citizens around the world. While GMOs are widely used in U.S. crops, citizens and governments in many countries, particularly in Europe, have questioned the environmental and health safety of such products, and have rejected them in the marketplace.[…] Given the importance of the Protocol to U.S. interests, the United States is likely to remain an active participant in refining the elements set forth in it. A related issue is whether the United States is hampered in this participation by the fact that it has not ratified the parent Convention on Biological Diversity. Consequently, the United States cannot sign the Protocol and attends the related negotiations as an observer."
Segarra, Alejandro E.; Fletcher, Susan R.
Global Climate Change: Status of Negotiations [June 17, 2008]
"In December 2007, the parties to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) held their 13th annual meeting in Bali, Indonesia, and began the process of working toward an agreement/treaty that would succeed the Kyoto Protocol to the UNFCCC when it expires in 2012. The Protocol includes a mandate for a reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by 38 developed/industrialized nations to an average of some 5% below their 1990 levels over the commitment period 2008- 2012. The outcome of this 'conference of the parties' (COP-13) in 2007 was the 'Bali Action Plan,' outlining considerations to be taken up in negotiations during the following two years. A 'decision' is to be negotiated and finalized at the parties' meeting (COP-15) at the end of 2009 in Copenhagen, Denmark. Whether this decision can encompass a follow-on treaty or instead reflect only progress toward such a treaty remains a question, given the short time until the 2009 deadline and the complexity of the issues involved. The broad array of these issues, briefly discussed in this report, has been described by some as comprising perhaps the most complex negotiations ever undertaken internationally."
Global Climate Change [Updated September 7, 2005]
"On February 16, 2005, the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) entered into force, committing those nations that have ratified it to specified mandatory reductions in greenhouse gas emissions below 1990 levels. The nations that have ratified the Protocol now represent 61.6% of the 1990 emissions baseline, with 55% being the amount that must be accounted for by industrialized countries that have ratified in order for the Protocol to enter into force. The United States is a party to the UNFCCC, but not to the Kyoto Protocol. As of August 31, 2005, some 155 nations or regional economic integration organizations had ratified or acceded to the Protocol."
Environmental Laws: Summaries of Major Statutes Administered by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) [January 7, 2008]
"Several major statutes form the legal basis for the programs of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). Many of these have been amended several times. The current provisions of each are briefly summarized in this report. The Pollution Prevention Act (PPA) seeks to prevent pollution through reduced generation of pollutants at their point of origin. The Clean Air Act (CAA) requires EPA to set mobile source limits, ambient air quality standards, hazardous air pollutant emission standards, standards for new pollution sources, and significant deterioration requirements; and to focus on areas that do not attain standards. […] The Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) regulates the testing of chemicals and their use, and the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) governs pesticide products and their use. Parts of some statutes pre-existed the EPA's formation in 1970, but most of contemporary environmental law was established by Congress during the 1970s, and has been expanded by major amendments; Congress has assigned EPA the administration of a considerable body of law and associated programs. This report is not comprehensive in terms of all laws administered by EPA; it covers the major, basic authorities underlying EPA programs."
Copeland, Claudia; Luther, Linda G.; Fletcher, Susan R.
Environmental Protection Issues in the 109th Congress [May 22, 2006]
"Environmental protection concerns span a wide variety of issues, including clean air, water quality, chemical security, and environmental aspects of other major issue areas such as energy, transportation, and defense. This issue brief provides an overview of key environmental issues receiving attention in the 109th Congress. The attention to Hurricanes Katrina and Rita involved a number of environmental concerns, including legislative proposals on matters such as emergency waivers of environmental requirements. […] Early in 2005, the Senate Environment and Public Works Committee held hearings and scheduled markup of S.131, the Clear Skies Act. However, the bill failed on a tie vote on March 9, 2005, owing to the contentious nature of the debate over whether clean air regulation would be made more effective or weakened by the legislation and whether it should include the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide. The Administration continues to advocate passage of the clear skies bill. As bills receive floor action, they will be listed at the end of this report in Table 1, which briefly describes each bill and its current status. The sections on specific issues contain references to more detailed CRS reports. [Note: This issue brief treats mainly pollution-related matters; for natural resource management issues, see CRS Report RL32699, 'Natural Resources: Selected Issues for the 109th Congress'.]"
Isler, Margaret; Fletcher, Susan R.
Global Climate Change: The Kyoto Protocol [Updated January 15, 2003]
"Negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) were completed December 11, 1997, committing the industrialized nations to specified, legally binding reductions in emissions of six 'greenhouse gases.' The United States signed the Protocol on November 12, 1998. This treaty would commit the United States to a target of reducing greenhouse gases by 7% below 1990 levels during a 'commitment period' between 2008-2012. Because of the fact that 'sinks,' which remove and store carbon from the atmosphere, are counted and because of other provisions discussed in this report, the actual reduction of emissions within the United States required to meet the target is estimated to be lower than 7%. The Clinton Administration did not submit the protocol to the Senate for advice and consent, acknowledging that one condition outlined by S.Res. 98, passed in mid-1997-meaningful participation by developing countries in binding commitments limiting greenhouse gases-had not been met. However, in late March, the Bush Administration indicated its rejection of the Kyoto Protocol and announced a cabinet-level review of climate policy. This initiated a high-level but unsuccessful effort by the European nations to re-engage the United States in the Kyoto process. When the COP-6 meeting resumed in July 2001, the United States remained on the sidelines, following the Bush Administration's decision not to engage in negotiations on the Kyoto Protocol. To the surprise of many, negotiators at this meeting reached agreement on most of the outstanding political issues, with compromises allowing significant credit for carbon sinks, and at the following COP-7 meeting in Marrakech, Morocco, in October- November, 2001, most remaining operational decisions were completed. As of January 3, 2003, the UNFCCC Secretariat reported that 102 nations have ratified the Kyoto Protocol, representing 43.9% of the emissions of developed countries with obligations outlined in the Protocol. In order to enter into force, the Protocol must be ratified by nations representing 55% of these emissions. In February, 2002, President Bush announced a U.S. policy for climate change that will rely on domestic, voluntary actions to reduce the 'greenhouse gas intensity' (ratio of emissions to economic output) of the U.S. economy by 18% over the next 10 years."

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


I've been a ball of sadness and anger lately too. I have been thinking about drinking everyday because I'm in terrible physical and mental pain.
I'm not drinking though. I understand I don't have good coping mechanisms. I can't cope well, no one taught me. But I'm trying to teach myself.
Your situation is needing you to cope, so you want to drink. You know using will lead to worst places.
What else can you fall back on?
I'm sorry you are hurting.
Hopefull. I fell like i can do it.
Sleepy. … can good sleep make you sleepy? I am starting to think so.
First happy, than frustrated and confused, than proud and now happy again! Feelings are like clouds…they come and go!
I got maybe 2 hrs of sleep last night. No idea why I couldnt sleep, my head feels hot and eyes are puffy and grainy. Been trying to catch a nap all day to no avail. If this is what real insomnia is like, I am truly sorry for all of you who suffer.
Try some tylenol or ibuprofen. I had problems like that, and I would get hot flashes. Still happens every time I go one step lower on the medication i am coming off of. Tylenol makes the chills go away.


The December Newsletter has just been published as a prototype, but not widely distributed (whilst we tweak some of the mechanics). Feel free to have a look at how it works and provide feedback.
We've been labouring somewhat on the best approach to develop and publish a site Newsletter. Newsletters add another dimension to our objectives of Community collaboration and communication.
Whilst we have settled on the Drupal module, Simple Newsletter, we wanted to build some dynamic content using Panels (at least for the online version of the newsletter). So what happens (for now), the Simple newsletter node (and page) provides the administrator (or Editor) a means of both testing and distribution the Newsletter online (to all registered users. Note that the newsletter is a simple text page with a link to the full online newsletter, which happens to be a Panel node, called NewsCorner Dec 2012. Try the link from within the Simple Newsletter document.
Some smart use of taxonomy terms is used with a custom View (right panel), to build the Latest News column.
As with all our documents and publications, these 2 objects are registered and linked on the Newsletter Index, which is located under our Documents menu (Publications). Some smart use of taxonomy terms are used with a custom View (right panel), to build the Latest News column.


superstore, specializing exclusively in Gas Compressor Tank Sizes, Tank Size Gas Compressors and Tank Size Gas Air Compressors. Compare Gas Compressor Tank Size models, specs and prices. Consult with our experienced Gas Air Compressor Tank Size experts. Gas Air Compressor Tank Sizes for sale.


Robinett Murphy & Shrier meets and exceeds client expectations through uncompromising dedication and ethical standards.
Founded in 2004,Robinett, Swartz & Aycock is devoted to providing the highest level of quality to businesses and individuals. The attorneys and support staff atRobinett, Swartz & Aycock maintain a level of professionalism and confidentiality that is crucial to providing exceptional legal skills and high ethical standards to all its clients.
Robinett Murphy & Shrier resolves to aggresively defend our clients and to obtain the best results for them in a professional and efficient manner. We work with the client to ensure objectives and goals are not only met, but exceeded.
Practicing in state and federal courts, the firm focuses on litigation matters of all types. In addition to the clients it represents on an ongoing basis,Robinett, Swartz & Aycock regularly serves as local counsel for out-of-state entities and firms within the State of Oklahoma.
Since its inception,Robinett, Swartz & Aycock has maintained an AV® rating within the Martindale-Hubbell Peer Review Ratings. This rating is a testament to the fact that the firm's peers rank its lawyers at the highest level of professional excellence in both ethical standards and legal ability. The firm's partners, Tracy W. Robinett, Lawrence R. Murphy, Jr., and Pansy Moore-Shrier, are annually recognized for their individual achievements by the Oklahoma Super Lawyers, Oklahoma Rising Stars, and Best Lawyers in America publications.


Become familiar with Neighbourhood Watch or the Block Watch program in your community. Neighbours looking out for each other is one of the most effective ways to prevent crime. If none exists in your community, contact your local police agency. They'll help you start one.
Keep records of valuables by recording serial numbers, marking items with an engraving pen, and using photographs or video to identify your belongings. Make sure there aren't multiple copies of your keys in circulation. Change locks if you have just bought a home. Never give keys out to service people and never tag them with personal information, such as your name and address. Never put spare keys under floor mats or flower pots.
Aside from being a friend, a dog is one of the most effective ways to deter burglars.
If you do come home and notice something suspicious, such as a broken window or lock, don't go in. Go to a neighbour's home and call the police. If you notice a break-in has occurred after you've entered, don't touch anything. Leave immediately and call the police.
Do not list your first name in the telephone book. Instead use initials.
Make sure your answering machine message does not indicate that you are alone.
Have deadbolts installed on all doors. Keep doors and windows locked.
Install a peep-hole on your door and look before opening the door.
Keep blinds or drapes closed to discourage "Peeping Toms." Do not hang lingerie outdoors.
A set of sheer window curtains will help prevent people outside looking in, but will still allow in the light.
Verify the identity of any repairmen. Use the telephone number listed in the phone book, not on their identification.
If someone comes to your door asking to use the telephone, make the call yourself. Don't invite them in.
Don't hide a spare key under the doormat or under a flowerpot. Thieves know all the good hiding places.
Plant thorny bushes under all windows.
Get a barking dog or "beware of dog" signs.
Always double lock and check doors at night, lock all windows.


text:
Q: what's the difference from between these two way to create property in Objective-C @interface DZActionView(){
    NSString* _name;
}

@interface DZActionView()
  @property(strong, nonatomic)NSString* name;
@end

What's the difference?
I only know that if I use @property; it generates getter/setter methods and a _name property.

A: If you mean for this:
@interface DZActionView(){
    NSString* _name;
}

to be your first way of creating a property, and
@interface DZActionView()
    @property(strong, nonatomic)NSString* name;
@end

to be your second way, then you're misunderstanding how Objective-C uses properties.
The first method is not a property, it's an instance variable only. It can't be accessed by other objects.
The second way does in fact create a property. In earlier versions of Objective-C, you would need to create a backing instance variable for the property. Which is what the _name variable you've included is for. This is mostly done for you automatically now unless you do something that requires it to be added explicitly.
If you include your own getter and setter methods (similar these):
- (NSString*)name {
    return _name;
}
- (void)setName:(NSString*)name {
    _name = name
}

Then these are explicitly referring to the _name instance variable you've mentioned, and are using it as the backing variable.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Welcome Home!... Don't miss your opportunity to own this beautiful, large brick end unit TH with 2 car garage and driveway for an additional 4-6 cars to park. As well as plenty of visitor parking throughout the neighborhood for your guest. Basement is fully finished with half bath, front load washer and dryer, and brand new carpet. Main level has another half bath, huge living room, recessed lighting and hardwood floors throughout. Kitchen features large island and pantry. Off the kitchen is the dining/sitting area combo with a cozy fireplace and access to the deck. Perfect for entertaining! Upper level boast 3 bedrooms and 2 full baths. The master bedroom features vaulted ceilings, walk-in closet and master bath with double sinks.


Welcome to Mr. Shaw's Music Classroom!
Substitute, please click below to show movie, BLAST. Make the video fullscreen and plug in audio cable into headphone jack of laptop. Turn on the projector. Make sure the blue VGA cable is plugged into the laptop and you should see the laptop on the projector. If you need to, press F8 to change the projector settings. Change to DUPLICATE.
If you need something else to show, please show this video, STOMP.
Here is another STOMP movie, called PULSE.
I am excited to announce that I am the new BAND AND CHORUS DIRECTOR at Southern Garrett High School!
From 2004 to 2014, I had the opportunity to teach music to thousands of children that attended Sunset Elementary School in Pasadena, Maryland. In the summer of 2014, I took a new job at Southern Garrett Middle School in Oakland, Maryland. I look forward to the new challenge ahead and will miss Sunset very much.
My plan is to keep this site intact to use at my new school as well as to revisit lots of great memories.
Designed by the 5th grade after a ukulele lesson!


Serviced office and virtual office, Locus in Dhaka with premium international standard facilities. Serving as a one-stop solution to all your business needs, Locus aims to make your workspace pleasant. Locus is where business happens.
Let your unique ideas flow in an open and stress-free setting at Locus. You will enjoy all the convenience without having to worry about the limitations of cost and expansion.
Whether you are searching for a co-shared workspace, shared office or a virtual office, Locus is a flexible serviced office. You will find this serviced office space located at a distance of 8.5 km from Dhaka International Airport on Banani Road, 11. So, opportunities will surround you being located at Banani 11 – the heart of the new business location in Dhaka.
To begin with, you will find the best in class facilities at Locus. Keeping your comfort and flexibility in mind, we have exclusively furnished the facilities with features. You will enjoy the calm working environment with friendly staff members and a convenient self-service pantry with dedicated service staff available all throughout the operational hours.
Additionally, you will have access to state of the art technology and equipment at this premium flexible office. For this reason, we provide equipment such as Personal Computers, Laptops, Projectors, Webcams and Conference speakers on rental basis.
To conclude, we are all geared up to handle your business needs whether you want to work at peace or set up a video conference with your colleagues in another country. Work towards your ambition risk-free and comfortably at Locus!
© 2019 Serviced Office in Dhaka – Locus | Virtual Office | Co-working | Furnished Office | Banani | Gulshan | Bangladesh All Rights Reserved.


"I met Rob when a family member required legal help. I have found Rob to be an excellent lawyer over the years and have referred other clients to him. It is difficult when someone is charged with a crime or having legal difficulties and Rob's professional, calm and clear approach is very much appreciated. Having worked with lawyers over the years, I am grateful to have found a real professional in tough situations who demonstrates intelligence, is sharp and really cares for his clients. Rob maintains kindness and compassion for others while still being an exceptional lawyer in the law. He really fights for his client's rights. I recommend him without hesitation."
"I have had Rob Dhanu as my lawyer for many years now and I would not have it any other way. Rob made me a priority over his own personal life and would always make himself available when I most needed him. DD Law Group not only gave me their 100% during my case, but they even provided guidance and support to me after my case was over. I am now free from years of court battles and have a great career and 4 children who won't be worried about me leaving again. It is so nice to have someone who really cares about my life and my family. Thank-you for being there every single time."
"I can honestly say that Rob changed the course of my life. Not only did he get me bail when I thought it was impossible, he exposed me to programs that put me on a totally different path than I was before. It was not just Rob but also the other lawyers and staff at DD Law Group who were always professional and prompt in returning my calls. Rob always gave me straight talk, good advice and the direction I needed in my life. I am eternally grateful and would recommend Rob and DD Law Group to anyone for criminal or family law."
"Rob is a great lawyer who took the time to truly get to know me. He is easy going, easy to talk to and has a natural ability to relate to people and get things done. Rob has great court presence and was able to express what I was thinking and feeling which made me feel like my voice was truly heard. Speaking to Rob has always been more like speaking to a friend than a lawyer. I always refer Rob to anyone who needs a lawyer."
"At Dhanu Dhaliwal Law Group I was represented in a way that exceeded all of my expectations. My opinions were always valued and I didn't have any feeling of doubt as Rob Dhanu always properly evaluated and assessed my situation accordingly. He explained each step throughout the process and completely went above and beyond for me. He fought hard and the experience and outcome are more then I could have hoped for! I am appreciative and grateful for the team at Dhanu Dhaliwal Law Group!"
"Rob Dhanu was there for my family during a really difficult time in our lives. My family suffered a devastating loss when my brother died unexpectedly in a highly unusual manner involving police. It left us shocked, sad, disbelieving, frustrated and confused. As with all deaths involving police, a Coroner's Inquest was held. BC Civil Liberties connected us to Rob Dhanu.
We felt very strongly that my brother's voice needed to be represented in the court proceedings as he was not there to be heard.
Rob Dhanu is focussed, determined, compassionate and passionate when it comes to advocating for truth. In support of my family and especially as an advocate for my brother, he got right to the heart of the matter. He advocated for my brother as if he were one of his own family members. The verdict at trial brought jury recommendations to a system that badly needs accountability. The verdict that Rob helped bring about will help other families and individuals going forward.
I wouldn't hesitate to call Rob Dhanu again in any legal situation. I consider him to be forthright, honest, full of integrity and he fights for what is right. I strongly recommend Rob Dhanu."
"I highly recommend Dhanu Dhaliwal Law Group. Rob Dhanu has been my lawyer for many years and I have always been treated with respect. I was always given great advice and I always felt as if Rob was going above and beyond to fight for me. After a 2.5 year battle with the court system, Rob was able to get me the best possible outcome. I have had nothing but great experiences with Rob and the staff at Dhanu Dhaliwal Law Group and would recommend them to everyone."
"Uphar is a fantastic lawyer. She is compassionate, competent and has incredible character. Family law matters can be extremely complex and emotional. I find that Uphar has the ability to provide you with exceptional guidance and solid advice that will help you find the right path. She is incredibly thorough, responsive and diligent. She truly cares about her clients and the work that she does. Uphar practices law wholeheartedly and this is what makes her so special. I would highly recommend Uphar and her team for any family law matters that you may have."
"I have been using Rob as my lawyer for well over a decade. Honestly, I don't think I can truly put into words how impeccable his professionalism has been throughout this time. His integrity is at such a high level you cannot help being inspired by it. Rob has always made me feel like much more then a file number. The effort he has always shown only convinces you more of the true passion and caring he has towards his clients and career. Rob is someone I have recommended over and over during the years I have known him and I will continue to do so with full confidence that I am recommending one of the best."
"Rebecca's communication skills are amazing! I was always kept up to date on my file, she is very easy to talk to as well as extremely smart. If I am ever in trouble again I would hire her in a pinch! It was my honour to have known her."
"I had a great experience working with Rebecca during a really difficult time. Her communication skills, follow up, advice and kindness was much appreciated. At the end of my file, everything I had hoped for was accomplished and worked out in my favour. I would highly recommend Rebecca Gill as your criminal lawyer!"
"I want to thank Rebecca Gill for her support this past year for the duration of my case. She handled my case very professionally and took me from the worst-case scenario to the best case scenario. I highly recommend her services and those of Dhanu Dhaliwal Law Corp to anyone looking for a knowledgeable and professional law firm to help them navigate through their legal problems AND to achieve a favourable result!
I found Rebecca to be very personable and direct. She did a fantastic job of explaining the court process to me. She was very straightforward in describing where my case was going as well as where it was at the moment. She was also very accommodating to my personal situation.
I cannot thank her enough for her support and knowledge during this difficult time in my life!"
"Rob and his team did an absolutely amazing job representing me! For three years we were in and out of court dates and trials. The whole time Rob made sure we stayed in contact and I was given reminders of court dates and hearings. Finally, when my trial day came I couldn't believe the amount of work they did on my case. Honestly watching Rob during trial is an impressive sight, its easy to see why this legal team has the reputation they do!
I would recommend using Dhanu Dhaliwal Law Group, I know I will be using his services again if needed."
"I would highly recommend Dhanu Dhaliwal Law Group. Rebecca Gill was my sister's lawyer for almost 1.5 years. Rebecca was extremely patient and understanding of my sister's unique situation. My sister has an intellectual disability and needed a great deal of extra support to navigate her legal concerns. Rebecca worked tirelessly on my sister's behalf to ensure the best possible outcome for her. As her legal representative, Rebecca always consulted and kept me informed of any developments. I was so impressed how diligently Rebecca worked to help my sister and ultimately negotiate a successful end to my sister's legal issues. I was particularly impressed with the amount of time, dedication and compassion extended to my sister and family.
I do hope that my sister does not have a need for a lawyer in the future, but if she does I would definitely want Rebecca Gill to again represent her."


text:
Home Arts Art Monet's Late Years
Monet's Late Years
The Kimbell Art Museum's latest spellbinding exhibit examines the last chapter of the French master's life and career.
Anthony Mariani
Cover photo courtesy of the Kimbell Art Museum Cover design by Ryan Burger
Potential theory: Monet was obsessive-compulsive.
Nothing else explains how or why the legendary Impressionist spent just about every day of his latter years painting the same few objects in the backyard of his expansive estate in France.
In the first exhibition in more than two decades devoted to the final chapter of Monet's career (1913 until his death at the age of 86 in 1926), Monet: The Late Years proves that he was obsessed with (in order of significance): water lilies, a Japanese footbridge, his house as seen from a nearby rose garden, and a willow tree. The exhibit features several variations of each. There are 52 paintings in total. A little more than half of them are of water lilies.
In many ways, Monet prefigured abstract-expressionism. Courtesy of the Kimbell Art Museum.
Hanging now through September, the exhibit is a slow, eventually satisfying burn. Amid the delicious, brilliantly hued impasto, the early inklings of abstract-expressionism begin to bloom, which, while perhaps hard to prove beyond a reasonable doubt, has historical antecedents – more than a few early ab-ex pioneers were influenced by Monet. Last year, The Musée de l'Orangerie in Paris put on The Water Lilies: American Abstract Painting and the last Monet, a juxtaposition of 10 Monets with 20 pieces by marquee Americans of the post-World War II era. With his focus on tableaux that lend themselves to the now-geometric, now-amorphous content of everyone from Mark Rothko and Jackson Pollock to Barnett Newman and Ellsworth Kelly, the show lurches forward into the Instagrammable now, lolling through the subtleties of primitivism and the bold hues of fauvism and expressionism into the controlled chaos of our fractured, blurry, contemporized selves.
Organized by the Kimbell and the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco and drawing from public and private collections in the United States, Europe, and Asia, Monet: The Late Years follows Monet: The Early Years, the 2016-17 Kimbell exhibit focused on the artist's pre-Impressionist years, when his work was a little more traditionally representational. Monet: The Late Years, featuring several pieces that have never before been seen in the United States, is like a minimalist dirge: It rewards patient and total immersion.
To the easily distractable or people in a hurry, Monet: The Late Years may appear a little redundant. However, anyone willing (or able) to chill a little (and put their phone away) will see new ideas about visual, prismatic harmonizing and the dignity and dereliction of Mother Nature. Monet's painterly obsessions date back to his earliest work. It could be that he returned to them because he had experienced devastating loss, the deaths of his second wife and eldest son, and because he was losing his eyesight. Or it simply could be that Monet could not travel. The drums of war were pounding. The expansive garden on his estate of Giverny saw him broaden his brushstrokes and experiment with dynamic combinations of color, which resulted in a new, almost postmodern kind of Monet.
And also a bigger one. Upon the construction of a massive studio at Giverny in 1916, the artist began to tackle larger canvases, many measuring between 14 and 20 feet wide. The jewel of this new arrangement was a series of mural-style paintings. Though the actual Grandes Décorations – essentially, a circular room where the viewer is surrounded by one long, forever curving painting of water lilies – cannot be removed from l'Orangerie, studies await at the Kimbell. They are all part of his oeuvre. As his eyesight deteriorated, Monet returned to smaller canvases. A lot of them. The Kimbell argues that their sheer number parallels the sheer size of Grandes Décorations.
As the exhibit is laid out thematically, the final gallery, cast mostly in shadow and punctuated by a short black-and-white film of Monet at work at Giverny, is a little spooky. It was at this time period when the artist had to memorize the colors of paint on his palette. The final gallery is also the most abstract-expressionist. What's really brought to life by the mercurial, thick brushstrokes is the feeling that you're in the room with Monet as he's painting. You can really sense him, all these years later. It's as close to time traveling as any viewer is ever going to get.
As radical as Monet's late works had become, the "impressive yet fragile deity of the Seine," as one visitor called him, saw them as merely a continuation of his love affair with nature. He was just as awestruck by natural beauty in his 80s as he was when he first started out.
"My sensitivity," Monet said, "far from diminishing, has been sharpened by age, which holds no fears for me so long as unbroken communication with the outside world continues to fuel my curiosity, so long as my hand remains a ready and faithful interpreter of my perception."
Thru Sep 15 at the Kimbell Art Museum, 3333 Camp Bowie Blvd, FW. Free-$18.
the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco
The Kimbell Art Museum
Previous articleStraight Ballin'
Next articleBox!
Vision & Verve
Mother on Display
Top Billing