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Staff writer Ken Ward Jr., a native of Piedmont in Mineral County, W.Va., has covered the Appalachian coal industry for nearly 20 years.
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Blankenship vs. Kennedy II: Deconstructing the debate
January 21, 2010 by Ken Ward Jr.
I'm sure Coal Tattoo readers are anxious to start weighing in on tonight's big debate between Massey Energy Chief Executive Don Blankenship and environmental lawyer and activist Robert F. Kennedy Jr. So please have at it below in the comments section … just keep it clean and respectful of each other, and both Kennedy and Blankenship.
We've got tomorrow morning's print story online now, and here's the link to that. Here on the blog, I'm going to try to do a little bit of deconstructing, a little bit of fact-checking and just generally give some more perspective on what we all heard over across the Kanawha River in the University of Charleston's Geary Auditorium.
UPDATED: If you missed it, the complete audio is available from West Virginia Public Broadcasting.
My guess is most of the commentary is going to say Kennedy won the debate. And let's face it, Kennedy is a great public speaker and a very charismatic guy. In a post-debate media briefing, even Blankenship admitted that public speaking isn't his favorite thing — he says he's a small-town guy, kind of shy and reserved. I don't know about that, but Blankenship does sometimes mumble a bit and tonight he failed to really offer much of a detailed response to some of Kennedy's major points.
Several times, Blankenship expressed frustration as he tried to respond to Kennedy as bombarded him with a litany of problems Kennedy linked to the coal industry:
There is so much rhetoric that it's tough to deal with in these kinds of discussions.
At the same time, Kennedy certainly was far from perfect and made a few statements that were just way wrong or don't really hold water. A few examples:
— Kennedy said that wind power provides 85,000 jobs, more than the 81,000 provided by the coal industry nationwide. As I've blogged before, that comparison is bogus. The wind industry figure includes construction jobs and manufacturing jobs (folks who make and built the turbines). But the coal industry figure, while accurate as far as it goes, does not include spin-off jobs, vendors, etc.
— Kennedy said that tens of thousands of miners — I think the exact number he used was 90,000 — had lost their jobs since the 1950s, and none of them were forced out of work by environmental regulations. It's always dangerous to use always or never … and in this case, anybody who follows the coal industry closely knows Kennedy was wrong. As Gene Trisko of the United Mine Workers testified to the U.S. Senate last year, the acid-rain provisions of the Clean Air Act amendments of 1990 cost something like 30,000 jobs in the high-sulfur coalfields of places like northern West Virginia and southern Illinois.
University of Charleston officials set up giant video screens for the overflow crowd at Thursday's debate. Gazette photo by Chip Ellis.
— And at the end of the debate, Kennedy said somewhat glibly that he and Blankenship probably agree that carbon capture and storage, as a technology to deal with global warming, "is a joke." OK. Now, Kennedy is among the environmentalists who point to the findings of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, the IPCC, as the scientific gospel on climate change issues.They point to it is absolute proof of the scientific consensus that the world is warming, it's caused by things like burning coal, and something needs to be done about it. But guess what? The IPCC has said several times that one of the things that needs to be done is carbon capture and storage. (See IPCC reports here and here, or check out my quotes from the IPCC reports in this lengthy story on CCS).
It might be unfair to do, but if I had to summarize the two world views expressed by Blankenship and Kennedy, at least regarding the coal industry, this is how I'd do it.
Kennedy:
This [mountaintop removal] is the worst environmental crime that has ever happened in our history. These companies are liquidating this state for cash with these gigantic machines.
We're not going to get rid of all mining in this state, and I'm not advocating that. [But] the state needs to start diversifying and transitioning to a new energy economy.
Blankenship:
Coal is what made the industrial revolution possible. It's what won World War I and World War II and it's the best hope for the future of this country.
The mission statement for coal is prosperity for this country. This industry is what made this country great and if we forget that, we're going to have to learn to speak Chinese.
Coal industry folks like this line. And there's a lot of truth to the part about how coal helped build the country. Coal Tattoo reader and commenter Tom Rodd has mentioned this fact repeatedly, and it is a huge mistake by the environmental community (and this blog, too, if I'm being honest about it) that they don't do more to acknowledge this fact. But Blankenship isn't really among those in the industry who are jumping to "embrace the future," of a carbon-constrained world or finding ways to further reduce the impacts of mountaintop removal. (See previous posts here, here and here for some examples of industry folks who are doing so.)
And this is one place where Blankenship fell down. Despite the growing scientific consensus that mountaintop removal's environmental impacts, Blankenship said that these types of mining operations "don't have any meaningful pollution." Blankenship made out like EPA's concerns are only about tiny amounts of harmless stuff in water downstream from mining operations, instead of the widespread destruction of forests, headwater streams and coalfield communities.
Most interesting was Blankenship's response to Kennedy's riff about the pollution of fish in streams across the country with mercury, a potent neurotoxin. Blankenship said he wasn't sure where that information was coming from and that, "you can find anything you want on the Internet." In fact, you can find details about how mercury from coal-fired power plants is contaminating fish on the Internet. It's right there, on the Web sites of the U.S. Geological Survey or the National Academy of Sciences.
And, Blankenship offered no coherent response when Kennedy brought up the peer-reviewed research by West Virginia University's Michael Hendryx that Appalachians who live near coal-mining operations suffer more illnesses and die sooner than those who don't.
Blankenship did reply when Kennedy talked about other research by Hendryx which found the adverse health effects of the coal industry outweigh mining's positive economic benefits for Appalachia:
It may have some external costs. I don't know what they are or how much they cost But I know we provide a lot more to the communities than we take away from them.
Updated: Last year, the National Academy of Sciences put the price of just one small part of these external costs — premature deaths from coal-fired power plant air pollution — at $62 billion a year.
And as I said, Blankenship several times express frustration with trying to respond and react to all that Kennedy was throwing at him:
It's easy to spout out rhetoric, but the truth is if it weren't for coal, we wouldn't have the opportunity to sit here and discuss it.
It's very difficult listening to this rhetoric and understanding that it's just not the case. It doesn't make sense to have a dialogue when we're throwing out all sorts of things that just aren't true.
And Blankenship kept going back to his view that Americans have it pretty good compared to suffering in the rest of the world — and environmental or workplace conditions in other places, perhaps — and that there are bigger problems than mountaintop removal or climate change that deserve our attention more:
The real sin is that the environmentalists want to focus on 1 part per milion of iron or all of this other nonsense, when tens of millions of people are starving to death.
The other thing Blankenship repeated was his belief that an attack on the coal industry is an attack on the people who work in it — an attack, for those of us who live here, on "the people who are teaching your Sunday schools and coaching your Little League."
Several environmental bloggers and some other folks I spoke with tonight were all over this. Their thought was that Blankenship criticizes Kennedy and other environmentalists for invoking "emotion" in their fight against coal industry practices, but that Blankenship is really doing the same thing.
Of course, they are right. But there's something else in what Blankenship is saying that caught my attention. Now that the "Big Debate" is over, the national media and many of the activists or publicists on both sides will go home. The people of the coalfields are still here, stuck with the same problems: An industry on the decline, causing widespread environmental damage — and contributing greatly to global warming — but still responsible for a big economic boost in places like Boone and Logan counties.
UC President Ed Welch deserves a lot of credit for taking this event on and then pulling it off. The Associated Press said the debate "amounted to a prize fight for the hearts and minds of Americans who know next to nothing about coal." And Kennedy told me he hoped the event would draw more national attention to help fight mountaintop removal.
But what if the "neighbors" Blankenship was describing decided to use this forum as a jumping off point to start talking to each other — instead of talking past each other, yelling at each other or threatening each other — about coal's downside, its upside and its future?
And that takes me right back to where I started this morning, quoting Sen. Byrd:
Change has been a constant throughout the history of our coal industry. West Virginians can choose to anticipate change and adapt to it, or resist and be overrun by it. One thing is clear. The time has arrived for the people of the Mountain State to think long and hard about which course they want to choose.
Previous Comments
Rory McIlmoil January 23, 2010
Tracey:
I too was at the debate, and while Kennedy failed to follow the rules of the debate on a number of occasions, which didn't help him at all, I felt, very strongly, that Kennedy won the debate by a large margin. Don did not use any credible facts, and called Kennedy's facts–while not always accurate–"rhetoric" (some facts weren't far off from the truth, though I cringe when I hear incorrect facts).
In other words, all I heard from Don was rhetoric, and as I noted in a previous comment, he contradicted himself on a couple of major topics.
Now, to the point of this comment. Just as Ken has requested, I'd also be interested to know how you came up with the "75% of state coal taxes" number. My own research and information from the WV Department of Revenue indicates that is inaccurate.
I've often heard similar numbers being thrown around, mostly by WV legislators from coalfield counties. However, the number is usually around 67%. What that number actually refers to is business taxes. I don't have any data confirming this, but I can see how 67-75% of state business taxes come from coal, in general, because it is my understanding that the number combines taxes from both electric utilities such as AEP and mining companies–and along with tourism and government–serve as two of the greatest revenue generators in the state.
The point is, it does not represent what your assertion suggests, that 75% of state tax revenues come from coal. Here's why.
The coal severance tax, by far the greatest chunk of taxes coming from coal, amounted to $412 million in 2008 (data provided by WV Dept of Revenue). Severance taxes are part of the General Revenue Fund. In FY 2009, the total general revenue (taxes) amounted to $3.9 billion. That means that coal severance taxes–in perhaps their best year ever due to record coal prices–amounted to 10.5% of total state tax revenues.
As far as business taxes go, there are two types of business taxes in WV: the Business and Occupation tax–which is a tax on electric generating utilities–and the Corporate Income/Business Franchise tax, which I believe applies to all companies.
In FY 2009, these two taxes amounted to about 11.5% of total general revenue: http://www.wvbudget.gov/revenues/RGRjun09.pdf
Now, assuming that 1) the 75% number applies to the combination of those two taxes, and 2) that coal mining companies and utilities provide as much as 75% of total business taxes (instead of 67% as I'd heard), coal's share of total business taxes provides 8.7% of general revenue funds.
Adding the severance tax and the high-end estimate for business taxes from coal, coal's total share of state taxes amounts to just under 20% of total tax revenue, and that is for a good year (severance taxes in previous years were around the $300-370 million range).
Other taxes do apply, such as the personal income tax, but since coal employment amounts to only about 5% of the state labor force, it is not expected that coal contributes a significant portion of personal income taxes. That is something that will be researched in great detail in the coming months, however.
If you do happen to have a source available that backs up the claim of 75%, I would appreciate seeing that as well. The true number, however, in my understanding, is less than 20%.
The point is, even if coal accounts for up to 20% of state tax revenues, as our report suggests, that number is likely to fall substantially over the next decade, and the argument that–for the purpose of preserving tax revenues and jobs–the state should begin developing alternative economic opportunities to fill the coming gap.
Casey January 23, 2010
Rory,
If you want to state the statistics to even have more of an impact and be accurate you should recite percentage changes rather than percentage point changes i.e. so in four years the non-hydro renewables share increased by 1.2 percentage points or a 55% increase.
Perhaps the point made by Blankenship regarding the lack of extensive wind and solar generation has to do with the fact that there hasn't been much due to the high comparable costs. With recent government subsidies and technology improvements, this is changing. Besides the higher costs of wind and solar there are still problems getting them built (NIMBY), powerline grid construction ($'s and NIMBY), continued government subsidies (deficit), and non-constant generation (large capital for idle back-up generation).
Clem,
There are indeed problems with peer review. Richard Horton, editor of the British medical journal The Lancet, has said that "The mistake, of course, is to have thought that peer review was any more than a crude means of discovering the acceptability — not the validity — of a new finding. Editors and scientists alike insist on the pivotal importance of peer review. We portray peer review to the public as a quasi-sacred process that helps to make science our most objective truth teller. But we know that the system of peer review is biased, unjust, unaccountable, incomplete, easily fixed, often insulting, usually ignorant, occasionally foolish, and frequently wrong."
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peer_review
Maybe it is the best that we have but at least I'd like to see similar studies funded from different camps, to at least feel that there is fairness and not bias. I think one of the authors of the Science article on mining is also on the Board of Reviewing Editors, Science Magazine (as well as Board of Directors- The Nature Conservancy).
http://ib.berkeley.edu/labs/power/mary_power_cv.html
roselle January 23, 2010
JFK Jr is a lead attorney for NRDC. NRDC supports CCS, but RFK thinks its a joke. Now that is inconsistent. James Hanson and Thomas Friedman, two people I like to quote, think nuclear power will be essential to meeting emission reductions, while I don't. That makes me inconsistent, but it doesn't strike me as wrongheaded. Kennedy had probably already made up his mind on global warming before the IPCC report came out, so I can't understand why he couldn't quote from it without having to swallow it whole.
Thanks for the tip Casey. I put that all together fairly quickly, though do note that I said that wind generation tripled b/w 2005 and 2008, which I think sounds better than saying "increased by 200%."
As for your other comments:
"Perhaps the point made by Blankenship regarding the lack of extensive wind and solar generation has to do with the fact that there hasn't been much due to the high comparable costs."
I would argue that a 8,000-13,000 MW increase in wind generating capacity each year is fairly substantial.
"With recent government subsidies and technology improvements, this is changing."
We'll see how 2010 pans out, but 2009 wasn't a relatively strong wind year. I also want to address energy subsidies:
"Estimating U.S. Government Subsidies to Energy Sources: 2002-2008
Environmental Law Institute – September 2009 – 37 pages
http://www.elistore.org/Data/products/d19_07.pdf
"The largest U.S subsidies to fossil fuels are attributed to tax breaks that aid foreign oil production, according to the research. The study, which reviewed fossil fuel and energy subsidies for Fiscal Years 2002-2008, concluded that the lion's share of energy subsidies supported energy sources that emit high
levels of greenhouse gases."
For a better description of the comparative subsidies and the conclusion by the Environmental Law Institute:
"according to a new analysis from the Environmental Law Institute released today, roughly $72 billion between 2002 and 2008.
More than $54 billion of that was in the form of 23 different tax credits for oil, coal and natural gas producers, including those overseas, most of which are permanent provisions of the U.S. Tax Code. Just $18.3 billion was grants and other direct cash for research and development and other pursuits, such as the Strategic Petroleum Reserve.
Renewables such as wind, solar and hydropower received nearly $29 billion in all, much of it also in the form of tax credits although, in this case, credits that expire after set durations. And more than half of the renewable subsidy—$16.8 billion—went to the production of ethanol from corn, a controversial biofuel that can cut into food supplies and has significant environmental consequences, including greenhouse gas emissions and expanded dead zones from fertilizer runoff."
http://www.scientificamerican.com/blog/post.cfm?id=how-much-in-subsidies-do-fossil-fue-2009-09-18
Rory, can you provide the subsidies in $/kilowatt for each electrical generation source? The absolute number would not be a fair comparison since the utilization percents are drastically different.
I agree that corn for fuel is a bad idea. The only good thing is that is domestically produced.
That's a good point indeed Casey. However, it becomes problematic when you're talking about subsidizing a fledgling industry versus subsidizing a well-established industry. Mature industries should not need subsidies if they're viable. Infant industries, just like infant businesses, need a little boost.
As for the corn, it's actually a bad thing that it's domestically produced, because now we're using farmland to produce fuel instead of food. And an inefficient fuel at that (I think the Energy Return on Investment is something like 1.1:1).
Back to subsidies though, if you remember, the National Academy of Sciences also calculated that the average economic cost of air pollution from coal-fired power plants amounts to 3.2 cents per kilowatt-hour.
http://www8.nationalacademies.org/onpinews/newsitem.aspx?RecordID=12794
Dave Bassage January 23, 2010
To Bob Kincaid, I think you'll find you and I are far more in agreement than conflict on energy strategies. But I don't think we get to a sustainable future by spending most of our energy lambasting what we think is wrong rather than promoting what we think is right.
Yes Kennedy spoke in broad strokes about the potential for wind and other renewables to replace coal. Perhaps I missed it, but I didn't hear him speak at all about how to assure a better economic future for WV and the southern coalfields as we transition away from coal. If I were a coal miner in southern WV I'd find little comfort in Kennedy's remarks, and that was my point. The answer to our energy future will NOT come from the good guys beating the bad guys. It will come from all of us managing a productive transition to sustainable strategies in a manner that not only moves us beyond the ravages you cite, but also provides new and better opportunities for those displaced by lost coal jobs.
What I heard in this 'debate' was two firmly entrenched speakers scoffing at each other. What I maintain we need to hear is not insults and distorted numbers, but practical solutions.
Neil, you and I clearly have different views on how science is conducted and what constitutes sound science. I don't know of a single dollar spent by government to fund a scientific study with a predetermined outcome. Certainly many government dollars have funded studies that ended up further reinforcing the basic premise that human activities are a significant factor in a warming planet. But to call your bluff, I don't know of a single skeptic assertion denying the human role in a warming planet that has stood up to scientific scrutiny.
Skepticism is a critical component of science. But what matters to all of us is what emerges from the other side of applied skepticism. Anyone can say "I don't believe it". But to make a defensible scientific argument denying the human role in a warming planet is not something I'm aware of any scientist doing, regardless of funding source. By 'defensible' I mean independently verified by other scientists and shown to reflect diligent application of the scientific method.
JB January 23, 2010
All these comments offered by leading critical thinkers suggests that we have real opportunity on the horizon when the governor meets with Bo Webb, coalfield residents, and environmental advocates and DEP regulators (sic) in the near future. We should also have a representative from the renewable energy industry to help convince the powers that be to make an effort at a sustainable future. We have to diversify our economy if our state is to survive the downsizing of coal.
The question was can you provide the subsidies in $/kilowatt for each electrical generation source? I did not see the answer to that question in your link. Is your discussion of hidden costs a diversion? You previously made a point about the absolute dollar value of solar and coal subsides but a true comparison would be in $/KW's. It is a fair question even when recognizing fledging versus well established.
External costs can be estimated and discussed but without an honest assessment of benefits there is no way to truly place value. How is the standard of living for those millions in the world that do not have electricity?
Clem Guttata January 24, 2010
I didn't read Rory's answer as a diversion… he correctly questioned an assumption in your question–why do highly profitable established industries even need government subsidies? — and also addressed your question.
In addition to direct subsidies, the biggest indirect subsidy for coal is cost shifting. Extraction, processing, and burning of coal makes multi-millionaires out of a very few while damaging air and water quality for multi-millions. Rory quoted an estimate for just air pollution and it is substantial:
Personally, I don't find it very productive to suggest that the alternative to burning coal is to reduce our standard of living. I'm a lot more optimistic about our options moving forward.
Energy efficiency, conservation, micro-power generation with wind, solar, and geothermal can provide us with enough power to enjoy the same standard of living we do today. Actually, it'll be even better because the air we breath will be cleaner and our water cleaner, too.
minermike January 24, 2010
All these windmills are being built in other countries!Wake up people…
Rory & Clem,
I really did not know the answer to my question. I had looked and did not find it but now I finally located something. You can continue telling partial truths but most people are intelligent enough to want the total picture.
Subsidies and Support per Unit of Production (dollars/megawatthour):
Coal 0.44
Wind 23.37
Solar 24.34
So the taxpayers are paying huge dollars to promote the renewables. It is just something that everyone should know- eyes wide open like T-Rodd says.
http://tonto.eia.doe.gov/energy_in_brief/energy_subsidies.cfm
Micro-power sounds great. How many bloggers out there have put their money where their mouth is and built a system?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microgeneration
If wind and solar continue bringing their costs down to be more competitive in the market then I'm certainly okay with that. What I don't understand is how we can be 100% renewables, like Clem stated we can be, without brownouts and blackouts. Interruptions and high costs would not result in the same standard of living.
I'd like to see the technology for producing fuel cells become more prounced right here in WV. We have all the components for successful fuel cell manufacturing right here, the resources, the manpower, and the universities to do the studies. We have to move beyond MTR and move into a sustainable future.
Thank you for those figures. It's absolutely scandalous that taxpayers are paying the well established, mature and highly profitable coal industry $0.44 per kilowatt hour in subsidies. That number should be $0.00. I appreciate you bringing that to our attention.
I came very close to installing wind and solar 3+ years ago when I did a major renovation/addition but ultimately did not because our net metering / electricity buy-back regulations are horrible in West Virginia.
Everything about the current regs is stacked in the utility's favor (that's another hidden subsidy for status quo coal interests!).
There's lot of issues with the regs, but for me the deal breaker is no guaranteed back buy or, even net metering–the utility could stop buying my power in the future if distributed power generation hits a certain level across the state.
Fix those regs and things will change. Meanwhile, neighboring states are getting a jump on those markets and attracting the manufacturers along with the skilled labor that can do the installs. It's another way that West Virginia foot dragging is hurting our long term competitiveness.
I did what I could on the efficiency/conservation side. I may still do geothermal, and probably will if I ever decide to install central air. Also, if there was an option in Morgan County–which, alas, there isn't yet–I would pay extra (if need be) to purchase wind or other green power.
Bottom line: I'm fully prepared to put "my money where my mouth is," but it is really hard to do in West Virginia.
Casey — Oops, forgot to address your base load question. There's a lot of established nuclear and hydro in the country that isn't going anywhere. Also, the wind is always blowing somewhere (and it tends to blow more when the sun ain't shining).
Through efficiency and conservation we have the ability over the next 10-20 years to drop our consumption in half and then drop it in half again. Do that, beef up distributed power generation and we'll need a whole lot less base power generation than we use today.
FactsFirst January 24, 2010
What was amazing was the absence of a rebuttal to Kennedy's repeated statement that wind and solar energy is "free." Casey's post on the enormous subsidies that are currently required for solar and wind to be on the grid is just the tip of the iceberg. Basically, those numbers would indicate that those subsidies are not simply defraying the cost, they are what the wind and solar generators make all of their $$$ from. They are production tax credits they sell to other companies who have made money and those companies use them to reduce their tax burden. The solar and wind generators cannot get the tax credit unless they actually sell what they produce. As a result, they will often offer to pay the transmisson operator to take the electricity so they can get the credit to sell for cash–basically negative pricing that is hardly efficient if you are a fan of conservation. The other myth about "free" renewable electricity is that it is intermittent so there needs to be a backup source. Some renewable generator estimates say they have a 20-25% capacity factor–that meaning they can supply their capacity up to a quarter of the time. So if you needed 100MW of electricity, a wind farm with a 25% capacity factor can only be counted on for about 25MW. The transmission authority in Texas studied these claims and has found that the capacity factor is only about 10% in terms of availability. So prudent planning would require about 90% backup of natural gas or coal, i.e., 90 MW for every 100MW of wind. So how free is that when you are subsidizing a source that also requires building close to 100% redundancy from conventional sources. Finally, the other myth about "free electricity" from solar or wind is the entire supply chain to build these sources. They require minerals, many of which we are highly or completely import dependent upon. Renewables is not just about the wind and sun–or concrete and steel. And the competition for these other commodities that are required to build these sources will only become greater globally. We will need renewables, but let's stop overselling the virtues. None of our future options will be inexpensive–let alone free.
Kennedy and Blankenship both agreed on one thing it appeared—Kennedy called CCS a joke. Blankenship agreed. Maybe it was the other way around. Either way— as for consistency Blankenship appears to consider CCS unnecessary because he does not accept any connection between carbon emissions and climate. Blankenship is at least consistent–no climate change, no need for CCS. Kennedy does accept climate change and its connection to carbon. If that's the case, he should be full behind CCS since all the leading authorities agree that without CCS for coal and natural gas there is no climate change solution. Some may suspect that Kennedy is a "skeptic" on CCS only because he is against using coal. Bottom line–they both agree on CCS for different reasons, but they are both wrong. Kennedy's claim to be a supporter of capitalism and free enterprise system does not appear to square with his points about the coal industry employing fewer miners today than years past while producing more coal. But that is essentially the core of the free enterprise system. Any industry that is not improving productivity will not survive. See the auto industry, see much of our manufacturing base in the US; see your local banks that now use ATMs rather than more bank buildings and people. An important point that I may have missed from either Kennedy or Blankenship is the higher wages coal pays with higher productivity. Anyway, if I recall, Kennedy ran a op-ed this past summer saying something to the effect that Wal Mart employed more people in WV than coal. Perhaps, but the coal miners were making a lot more than the check-out person or inventory manager at Wal Mart. Oh, I just read that Wal Mart annuonced that it will let go 10,000 people or 10% of its workforce. They think they need to be more efficient to compete.
FactsFirst,
I wished that I had said that. You are a mythbuster extraordinaire.
A lot of Kennedy's arguments were just weak. Switching to underground to employ more people is a philosophy that would kill the country if applied to all industries. Plus while promoting underground he turned around and slammed it for impoundments and pollutants.
Stan Edwards January 24, 2010
I don't like Don Blankenship being the spokesman for our industry. I have worked for him and many other major mining companys. Why don't any of the other CEO's of the big coal companies want to debate? Because they're not foolish like Mr. B. They don't have time or the money to be a dumbass.
We have a lot more competent men to speak for us but they don't.
Casey, you did say it–you brought the facts, I just built on them. We are going to need all of our energy sources, but we should have the discussion with eyes wide open on the choices and what they entail. Stan, I suspect the NGO community has he same feeling about Kennedy being their spokesperson. The debate struck me as more of a reality TV scheme. Entertainment value but short on reality. There are people in both camps who would have brought more reason and less rhetoric to the show. But it may not have been as entertaining and tickets would have gone for the wanting.
Sue (Colorado) January 24, 2010
I watched the debate and am surprised that the people of West Virginia don't care more about the economics. Is it fair that Mr. Blankenship made $15M last year, more than all the shareholders? Is it fair that he fired the WV workers and hired out of state workers? Is it fair that you are left with an environmental dump while he personally and his company make millions of dollar to take elsewhere? Mercury is a toxin and there are plenty of studies in Texas and China that show increased Autism rates and other health problems. Who pays that costs? Massey? Mr. Blankenship? No, Citizens do.
West Virginians have the power they choose to use. Why do you allow Mountain Top Removal, poisoning of your river and streams, a poor quality of health for your citizens? Stand up!
People in Colorado would never stand for this even though we also have coal reserves. You have such great natural endowments and a good educational system. You need to stand up for yourself and future generations and stop this pillaging of your beautiful state!
Bobby had nothing to gain from his comments. Mr. Blankenship had tons to gain from his comments.
Neil Craig January 26, 2010
Dave your contention that you"don't know a single government funded study set up for a predetermined outcome" can only be true if you either know nothing on the subject or you have some evidence that approx 50% of government fundiing of GW studies has gone to sceptics. Since the latter is clearly untrue i will do you the courtesy of assuming you have total ignorance of the subject under discussion.
This might explain your inability to name even 1 independent scientist who says catastrophic warming is true but cannot explain the fact that thousands of other self declared experts can't name 1 either.
Neil — The reason you're not getting answers to your question is because your question just doesn't make any sense.
It is accepting money from corporate interests that makes a piece of research not independent–did you hear what Don Blankenship said… "You can find any numbers you are willing to pay for…"That's the attitude of corporate funded research.
That's not how government funded research works. The government is the most independent form of grant funding available.
Any scientist of decent caliber in a major hard sciences field will have received some government funding at some time.
I may be wrong, but I think you've got everything turned upside down here. If your definition of "independent" means no government funding, that's going to pretty much mean the same thing as "'unqualified."
Ken Ward Jr. January 26, 2010
OK, Neil and Clem … That's enough on this issue of who funds studies, etc. It's not going anywhere and is getting a little tiresome. Move on. Ken.
Vickie January 26, 2010
I've been away, just read this blog and comments today; there are a couple of points to which I want to respond, both made by Casey.
1) "Kennedy misspoke about that also in stating that the study 'proved' a connection when it only indicated a link." The fact is that THERE IS NO STANDARD OF "PROOF" IN SCIENCE. What science does is to provide evidence, and it's up to each of us individually to decide whether or not something's been "proven" to us; science is not in the business of "proving" things. Therefore, I would have been more comfortable if Mr. Kennedy had not used the word "proved," since scientific "proof" is generally in the eye of the beholder; but for that same reason, neither Casey, nor I, nor anyone else can dictate what constitutes scientific "proof" to someone else and therefore credibly argue that the correlation Hendryx showed does not meet someone else's criteria for "proof."
2) The quote Casey used about peer review (Comment 52) is one person's opinion. Peer review DOES generally work pretty well, and I disagree with the contention that it works only for discovering acceptability and not validity. Sure, someone could conceivably submit new "findings" that are totally false and have their study be accepted by a scientific journal. But that's where "repeatability" comes in: if it's a "new finding," you can bet that someone else is going to try to repeat the study and if they don't get similar results, the original results will be called into question quickly.
Fact Checking the Great Debate: Blankenship versus Kennedy « Coal Miner's Fodder January 27, 2010
[…] covered in the media, and a couple of Kennedy's statements couldn't stand up to the post-debate fact checking: Kennedy said that wind power provides 85,000 jobs, more than the 81,000 provided by the coal […]
Taber Law Group » Blog Archive » January 23, 2010 – Environmental Law and Climate Change Law News, Vol. 2, No. 3 January 31, 2010
[…] Blankenship vs. Kennedy II: Deconstructing the debate. – Ken Ward Jr., The Charleston Gazette, January 22, 2010 I'm sure Coal Tattoo readers are anxious to start weighing in on tonight's big debate between Massey Energy Chief Executive Don Blankenship and environmental lawyer and activist Robert F. Kennedy Jr. So please have at it below in the comments section … just keep it clean and respectful of each other, and both Kennedy and Blankenship. Click Here […]


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The Texas General Land Office, Jasper, TX, Did Not Ensure That Its Subrecipient Administered Its Disaster Grant in a Prudent and Cost-Effective Manner
We audited the Texas General Land Office's Community Development Block Grant Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR) grant that it used to rehabilitate or reconstruct 125 homes affected by Hurricane Ike in 2008. Texas General Land Office contracted with the Deep East Texas Council of Governments, in Jasper, TX, to operate its program. We reviewed Texas General Land Office and its subrecipient as part of our annual
#2019-FW-1007
The Commonwealth of Massachusetts Did Not Always Ensure That Its Grantees Complied With Applicable State and Federal Laws and Requirements
We audited the Commonwealth of Massachusetts' (State) Small Cities Community Development Block Grant (CDBG) program because the State was the largest recipient of CDBG funds in New England. HUD awarded the State more than $88 million in CDBG funding for program years 2015, 2016, and 2017. In addition, we had not audited any of the State's community planning and development programs in the last 10 years.
#2019-BO-1003
The City of Dallas, Dallas, TX, Did Not Follow Environmental Requirements or Effectively Manage Its Community Housing Development Organizations
We audited the city of Dallas' management of its community housing development organizations (CHDO). We performed this audit because of our previous audit work on the City's Home Investment Partnerships program. During that audit, we concluded that the City did not follow HOME regulations and its own policies and procedures in its reconstruction program or the administration of its match contributions,
The City of Erie, PA, Did Not Always Administer Its Code Enforcement and Community Policing Activities in Accordance With HUD and Federal Requirements
We audited the City of Erie, PA's Community Development Block Grant program because we received a complaint regarding its code enforcement program and we had not audited the City's program since 1997. The complaint alleged that the City targeted low- to middle-income residents in certain neighborhoods requiring expensive repairs to their homes and properties, which could result in legal actions and liens if the homeowners did not ma
#2018-PH-1008
The Florida Department of Economic Opportunity, Tallahassee, FL, Should Strengthen Its Capacity To Administer Its Disaster Grants
We reviewed the State of Florida's Department of Economic Opportunity's Community Development Block Grant Disaster Recovery (CDBG-DR) program. We selected the State of Florida in accordance with our goal to review disaster funding and based on a congressional request for us to conduct disaster capacity reviews for recent disasters, including Hurricanes Hermine, Matthew, and Irma. Our audit objective was to determine whether the Sta
The City of Margate, FL, Did Not Properly Administer Its Neighborhood Stabilization Program Grants 1 and 3 in Compliance With HUD Regulations
We audited the City of Margate's Neighborhood Stabilization Program (NSP) grants 1 and 3 in accordance with our audit plan to improve the U.S.
The City of Dallas, TX, HOME Investment Partnerships Program Was Not Always Administered in Accordance With Requirements
We audited the City of Dallas' HOME Investment Partnerships program, specifically, its reconstruction program. A City auditor's report, multiple news articles, and U.S.
The Texas General Land Office, Austin, TX, Should Strengthen Its Capacity To Administer Its Hurricane Harvey Disaster Grants
We reviewed the Texas General Land Office in accordance with the U.S.
The City of Jacksonville, FL's HOME Investment Partnerships Program Was Not Always Administered in Accordance With HUD Requirements
We audited the City of Jacksonville, FL's HOME Investment Partnerships program as part of the activities in our annual audit plan. Our audit objective was to determine whether the City administered its HOME program in accordance with applicable U.S.
The Fort Bend County Community Development Department, Richmond, TX, Did Not Always Comply With Office of Community Planning and Development Program Requirements
We audited the Fort Bend County Community Development Department based on our risk analysis and as part of our annual audit plan to review Office of Community Planning and Development (CPD) funds. The audit objective was to determine whether the Department (1) properly carried out its activities as shown in its submission to the U.S.
Homeownership (46)
HUD Business Functions (3)
Healthcare Programs (1)
(-) Community Improvement (70)
(-) Disaster Relief (11)
(-) Florida (31)
(-) Texas (24)
(-) Pennsylvania (16)
(-) Massachusetts (9)
(-) Virgin Islands (1)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Q: Is it okay to run multiple nodejs processes on a single core? Ok, so the thing is, we have multiple NodeJS web servers which need to be online all the time. But they'll not be recieving many requests, approx. 100-200 requests a day. The tasks aren't CPU intensive either. We are provisioning EC2 instances for it. So, the question is, can we run multiple nodejs processes on a single core? If not, is it possible to run more low intensity NodeJS processes than number of cores present? What are the pros and cons? Any benchmarks available?

A: Yes, it is possible.  The OS (or VM on top of the OS) will simply share the single CPU among the processes allocated to it.  If, as you say, you don't have a lot of requests and those requests aren't very CPU hungry, then everything should work just fine and you probably won't even notice that you're sharing a single CPU among a couple server processes.  The OS/VM will time slice among the processes using that CPU, but most of the time you won't even have more than one process asking to use the CPU anyway.
Pros/Cons - Really only that performance might momentarily slow down if both servers get CPU-busy at the same time.
Benchmarks - This is highly dependent upon how much CPU your servers are using and when they try to use it.  With the small number of requests you're talking about and the fact that they aren't CPU intensive, it's unlikely a user of either server would even notice.  Your CPU is going to be idle most of the time.
If you happen to run a request for each server at the exact same moment and that request would normally take 500ms to complete and most of that was not even CPU time, then perhaps each of these two requests might then take 750ms instead (slightly overlapping CPU time that must be shared).  But, most of the time, you're not even going to encounter a request from each of your two servers running at the same time because there are so few requests anyway.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


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Ruth Russell in Revolutionary Ireland: Witness
Chicago journalist Ruth Russell reported from revolutionary Ireland in 1919, followed by a year of activism for its independence. This five-part monograph is part of my American Reporting of Irish Independence series. © 2019
The Library of Congress received What's the matter with Ireland?, Russell's expansion of her 1919 Daily News reporting, on July 20, 1920, nearly a year after she returned from Ireland.1 The front page of that day's Washington Post reported on a "night of terror" in Cork city, as civilians threw home-made bombs at two military lorries in reprisal for an earlier "boyonetting incident" and "indiscriminate firing" by British troops, the latest example of how violence had escalated since Russell's departure.2
Publisher Devin-Adair Co. of New York does not appear to have aggressively marketed the 160-page book, which was not widely reviewed. Russell's split from the Daily News and participation in the British Embassy protests3 are not mentioned in the reviews or advertising that I have located. The book's title, which implies something is wrong with Ireland, may have soured ardent nationalists able to select other 1920 offerings with more uplifting names, such as The Invincible Irish and Why God Loves the Irish.
Original edition of Russell's 1920 book at the Library of Congress. Digital versions of the book are widely available online.
The New York Tribune's review suggested the title was "misleading since this little volume … offers not a solution but a statement of the problem."4 It added: "Her volume is a forthright presentation of the situation as it offers itself to the inquiring sojourner, given in the journalist's terms of first-hand observation and current statistics."
The Tribune also found: "Not the least interesting actors in the Irish drama are the women leaders of the revolutionary party." It pointed to Russell's reporting of Countess Markievicz; Maud Gonne McBride; suffragette Sylvia Pankhurst; writer and activist Susan Langstaff Mitchell; and Countess Elizabeth Burke-Plunkett, president of the United Irishwomen.
The Catholic World was tougher on Russell: "She succeeds in rousing our sympathy for the poor working girls of Dublin, and other unfortunate people of the city and the bog-field. But when she takes up the political she seems unable to do justice to her subject. … There is no doubt Miss Russell's intentions are good, but it is doubtful if such books as this will help Ireland's cause."5
The Chicago-based Illinois Catholic Historical Review supported the hometown author. It described Russell as a "brilliant young writer" whose "powerful book, in language simple and direct, and yet at times dramatic or poetic" was worthwhile for anyone "interested in knowing the truth about the Irish question."6 By coincidence, the same issue of the Review featured a story on "The Irish of Chicago," which mentioned Russell's editor father and referred readers to the review of his daughter's "most interesting book."7
An advertisement for the book8 declared: "Only a determined woman can get at the bottom of the facts," and Russell "saw Ireland, its people, and its problems as no one else has seen them." It quoted Eamon de Valera's January 1920 letter from the front matter, and a testimonial from Frank P. Walsh, a member of the American Commission on Irish Independence, whom Russell met in Ireland. He wrote:
"It is a most valuable contribution to the literature of Ireland. It is a breezy, well-told narrative of Irish life, is more human and charming than anything which I have read, while the economic background is presented in a way that should bring home with terrific force to the reader the real heart of the Irish controversy."
Here's the full ad:
On a personal level, Russell dedicated the book to her widowed mother, who she lived with in Chicago. As the year drew to a close, the reporter received one more opportunity to publicly address her experiences in Ireland and her views on its struggle for independence.
COMMISSION TESTIMONY
Oswald Garrison Villard, editor of The Nation, in 1920 organized the American Commission on Conditions in Ireland. He invited U.S. senators, state governors, big city mayors, college presidents and professors, religious leaders, newspaper editors, and other prominent citizens to establish a "Committee of One Hundred" to form and oversee the eight-member
commission of inquiry.
"The situation in Ireland was a proper subject of concern for all peoples claiming either humanity or civilization," the commission summarized. "It seemed to us that we could best serve the cause of peace by placing before English, Irish and American public opinion the facts of the situation, free from both agonized exaggeration and merciless understatement; for a knowledge of the facts might reveal their cause, and recognition of that cause might permit its cure, by those whose purpose was not to slay but to heal."9
The commission held six hearings from November 1920 through January 1921, with 18 witnesses from Ireland; two from England (others were invited, but declined); and 18 Americans. The opening session came three weeks after the hunger-strike death of Irish nationalist and Cork Mayor Terance MacSwiney generated international headlines. His widow and sister testified in early December; Russell appeared a week later, Dec. 15, 1920, at the Lafayette Hotel in Washington, D.C.
Mary MacSwiney, sister of the late Cork mayor, testified Dec. 8, 1920, at the American Commission on Conditions in Ireland, a week before Ruth Russell. Library of Congress.
Commission Chairman Frederic Howe called the session to order at 10:05 a.m.10 After stating her name for the record, Russell told the commission she "was employed" by the Daily News "when I went to Ireland … as foreign correspondent studying special economic, social, and political conditions." She was not asked why she no longer worked at the paper. Questioned about her investigative methods, Russell answered she "used both interviews and personal experiences," including living in the Dublin slums.
And her views about the Irish republican leaders she met?
"They were extremely cool-headed and intelligent," Russell replied. "The crowd of Sinn Féin leaders … were, I think, the most brilliant crowd of people that I have met in my life, and as a newspaper person I have mixed in at a good many gatherings."11 In Russell's opinion "it would have been impossible for these brilliant young leaders to rally the forces in Ireland behind them unless the people were driven to revolt by the economic conditions that are pressing into them." She blamed Protestant politicians in the province of Ulster, today's Northern Ireland, who "work on the religious prejudices of the people, so that the rich mill owners profit by the division of the people, especially the laboring people."12
For more than two hours,13 Russell answered the commission's questions about political, economic, social, educational, and religious conditions. Jane Addams, the Chicago-based progressive social reformer referenced in one of Russell's Daily News stories, was one of the eight commissioners. She asked Russell about Irish schools, labor laws, and housing conditions.
Near the end of session commission attorney Basil M. Manly asked Russell how conditions in Ireland compared to the streets of New York, Chicago, or other American cities.
"I felt perfectly safe," Russell replied. "I walked from the telegraph office in Limerick at two o'clock in the morning through perfectly black streets to my hotel. I inquired the direction several times, and was finally assisted to my hotel by a member of the Black Watch (an ancient form of civilian night guard). But there was no interference with my progress at all. … I only had one unpleasant experience while I was in Ireland. It was about three o'clock in the morning in [the Galway] railroad station; but that was all."14
Manly did not ask her for details.
Associated Press coverage of Russell's testimony identified her 1919 Irish reporting trip for the Daily News,15, and this detail was repeated by newspapers that used the wire service across the country. These reports did not identify Russell with the April 1920 demonstrations at the British Embassy, which also was absent in her testimony. The Daily News did not publish a story about that day's commission hearing.
The AP highlighted Russell's comment that religious differences between Catholics and Protestants in Ulster were "artificially worked up."16 The Irish News and Chicago Citizen quoted her more localized remark that "in some of the southern towns of my own state there is more religious intolerance than there is in Ireland."17 The Irish Press, Philadelphia, reported Russell's testimony that blamed British authorities for economic distress in Ireland by turning small farms to gazing land and exporting cattle on the hoof, thus idling farm laborers and industries dependent on agriculture.18
Coverage of that day's commission testimony appeared two weeks later in Irish newspapers and focused more on the testimony of nationalist legislator Laurence Ginnell. The Evening Herald of Dublin reported that Russell "gave a terrible picture of poverty in Ireland, and on sweating in mills and factories in the North of Ireland."19
In spring 1921 the commission released a 152-page interim report. It quoted Russell only once: "On the whole, testified Miss Ruth Russell of Chicago, 'I think there is possibly the greatest unanimity there that has ever existed in any country of the world.' "20 Her response had been to a question from U.S. Sen. David I. Walsh, a Massachusetts Democrat, who asked Russell if she had ever known "unanimity of opinion upon any great question anywhere in the world?"21
Iconic image of an IRA patrol on Grafton Street in Dublin during the Irish Civil War.
Russell was mentioned in some press coverage of the report, which British officials dismissed as biased toward the revolutionaries. Fast-moving developments in Ireland continued to eclipse Russell's 1919 reporting, as violence escalated up until a July 1921 truce. Five months later, Irish and British authorities agreed to treaty that created the 26-county, majority Catholic, Irish Free State, while the 6-county, predominantly Protestant, Northern Ireland remained part of Britain. The dominion status of southern Ireland fell short of the full republic sought by Sinn Féin leaders.
Bitter disappointment about this outcome in 1922 erupted in a bloody civil war in the Free State that lasted for the next two years. By then, Russell had slipped from the spotlight of Irish politics and returned to a quieter life in Chicago.
NEXT: The rest of Russell's life, and my personal thoughts, in the series conclusion.
Ruth Russell, What's the matter with Ireland? (New York: Devin-Adain, 1920). My review of the book in LOC catlogue.
"Bombs Thrown In Cork Hurt Scores", The Washington Post, July 20, 1920.
See Part 3, Activist
"The Trouble with Ireland," New York Tribune, Sept. 12, 1920.
"What's the matter with Ireland?" Catholic World, Dec. 1920. 396.
"What's the matter with Ireland?" , Illinois Catholic Historical Review, July 1920. 220.
Ibid, 151-52
The (Brooklyn, NY) Tablet, Aug. 28, 1920, 5, The Nation, March 23, 1921, 441
"The American Commission on Conditions in Ireland, Interim Report", (1921), 1–2. The report uses the phrase "Committee of One Hundred," but also notes that "over one hundred fifty accepted membership." The final report refers to the "Committee of One Hundred Fifty."
Evidence on Conditions in Ireland: The Complete Testimony, Affidavits and Exhibits Presented before The American Commission on Conditions in Ireland, Transcribed and Annotated by Albert Coyle, Official Reporter to the Commission. Session One, Dec. 15, 1920. 427.
12:52 p.m. adjournment, Ibid, 462.
Evidence, 461.
Washington, D.C., Bureau, News Dispatches, Dec. 1-16, 1920, pages 863 & 864, MS Washington D.C. Bureau at the Library of Congress: Washington, D.C. Bureau Records, 1915 – 1930 70; 2. Manuscript Division, Library of Congress. Associated Press Collections.
AP Washington Bureau; "Sees Ulster United for Irish Freedom," Brooklyn (NY) Daily Eagle, Dec. 15, 1920; "Socialist Rule Irish Aim, Says Ginnell," Boston Globe, Dec. 16, 1920; and others.
"Found More Religious Bigotry in Illinois Than In Ireland", Irish News and Chicago Citizen, Dec. 24, 1920.
"Investigation Committee Hears More of British Atrocities", The Irish Press, Dec. 25, 1920.
"America and Ireland," Evening Herald (Dublin, Ireland), Dec. 30, 1920.
Interim Report,105.
This entry was posted in History, Irish America, Irish War of Independence, Journalism and tagged American Commission on Conditions in Ireland, Chicago Daily News, Devin-Adair, Eamon De Valera, Frank P. Walsh, Oswald Garrison Villard, Ruth Russell, Sinn Féin, The Nation on December 13, 2019 by admin.
← Ruth Russell in Revolutionary Ireland: Activist Ruth Russell in Revolutionary Ireland: Afterward →


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The Wilmington 10
Published December 7, 2012 at 10:43 AM EST
In 1972, 10 young activists in Wilmington were convicted of arson and conspiracy related to racial violence. Their conviction immediately became a worldwide cause. Now, legal notes from the original prosecutor of the case raise more questions about the fairness of the trial. The Wilmington 10 are seeking to clear their names with a pardon from outgoing Gov. Bev Perdue.
Host Frank Stasio is joined by Timothy Tyson, a visiting professor of American Christianity and Southern Culture at Duke Divinity School; Irving Joyner, a professor of law at North Carolina Central University and co-chair of the Wilmington 10 Pardons of Innocence Project; and Cash Michaels, a journalist, filmmaker, and coordinator of the Wilmington 10 Pardons of Innocence Project.
The State of ThingsIrving JoynerWilmington 10Timothy Tyson
Shawn Wen
Shawn Wen joined the staff of The State of Things in March 2012 and served as associate producer until February 2014.
See stories by Shawn Wen
NAACP Leader Calls On Governor To Pardon "Wilmington 10"
The head of the state's NAACP is asking Governor Perdue to pardon ten activists who were convicted of arson in the midst of racial tensions in Wilmington…


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Lophiostoma semiliberum är en svampart som först beskrevs av Jean Baptiste Desmazières, och fick sitt nu gällande namn av Ces. & De Not. 1863. Lophiostoma semiliberum ingår i släktet Lophiostoma och familjen Lophiostomataceae.  Arten är reproducerande i Sverige. Inga underarter finns listade i Catalogue of Life.

Källor

Sporsäcksvampar
semiliberum

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


The winner of the 2016 Cundill Prize in Historical Literature at McGill was announced on Nov. 17, at a gala awards dinner held in Toronto. The Work of the Dead: A Cultural History of Mortal Remains by Thomas W. Laqueur took home the top prize of $75,000 (US).
The winner of the 2016 Cundill Prize in Historical Literature at McGill was announced on Thursday, November 17, at a gala awards dinner held in Toronto. Now in its ninth year, the Cundill Prize is one of the world's most lucrative international awards for a nonfiction book. The Work of the Dead: A Cultural History of Mortal Remains (Princeton University Press), by Thomas W. Laqueur, took home the top prize of $75,000 (US).
The Work of the Dead offers a compelling and richly detailed account of how and why the living have cared for the dead, from antiquity to the twentieth century. The book draws on a vast range of sources – from mortuary archaeology, medical tracts, letters, songs, poems, and novels to painting and landscapes.
The other finalists included David Wootton for The Invention of Science: A New History of the Scientific Revolution (HarperCollins) and Andrea Wulf for The Invention of Nature: Alexander von Humboldt's New World (Alfred A. Knopf, John Murray Publishers). Both Wulf and Wootton were awarded a "Recognition of Excellence" prize of $10,000 (US). The finalists were selected from 182 submissions received from publishers worldwide.
"The contribution Thomas Laqueur's book makes to our understanding of the role the dead play in life is hugely important. It is a book that will fascinate readers both within and outside the academy," said Professor Antonia Maioni, Dean of the Faculty of Arts.
This year's Cundill jury included Timothy Brook, Republic of China Chair, University of British Columbia; John Darwin, Professor of Global and Imperial History and Director, Oxford Centre for Global History, University of Oxford; and Anna Porter, Co-founder, Key Porter Books and author (Buying a Better World: George Soros and Billionaire Philanthropy, The Ghosts of Europe).
About the Prize: The Cundill Prize is the world's most important international prize for non-fiction historical literature. It was established in 2008 by McGill alumnus F. Peter Cundill, who passed away in January 2011. The prize is administered by McGill's Dean of Arts, with assistance from the McGill Institute for the Study of Canada (MISC), and is awarded annually to an individual who has published a book that has made a profound literary, social, and academic impact in the area of history.
Why was this ceremony held in Toronto rather than in Montréal?
Ceremony was held in Toronto because the winner, Thomas Lacqueur, is not French or French-speaking so he could not be awarded in Montreal.
Odd explanation, since when a presentation in English cannot be made in Montreal?
What a ridiculous assumption. The ceremony has been held in Montreal before, regardless of the mother tongue of any of the authors. It's a major literary event. Toronto happens to be the hub of English publishing in Canada. Doesn't it make sense to hold it there? Stop looking for controversy in places it doesn't exist.
"Doesn't it make sense to hold it there" No, it does not make sense.


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[1] HARIND_141111_05.JPG
[10] HARIND_141111_43.JPG
HARIND_141111_05.JPG: Brass stencil used by the Child & Mill to mark their flour barrels
HARIND_141111_18.JPG: The Wager Bridge was built in 1824 under the direction of Lewis Wernwag
HARIND_141111_21.JPG: First Baltimore & Ohio Bridge, designed by Benjamin Latrobe, Jr., replaced the Wager Bridge in 1837.
HARIND_141111_26.JPG: Wendall Bollman's Bridge, built in 1867, lasted into the twentieth century.
HARIND_141111_36.JPG: The Race for The Ohio Valley: Both the B&O Railroad and the C&O Canal raced for the Harpers Ferry watergap -- the easiest passage through the Blue Ridge. The two rivals battled for the narrow right-of-way along the Potomac until they arrived opposite Harpers Ferry in 1834. Here the iron horse crossed the Potomac, eventually providing its superiority by reaching the Ohio River in 1852. The slow-moving, labor-intensive canal never passed beyond Cumberland, Maryland, 100 miles short of the Ohio Valley. Railroads: The Experimental Challenger: National Limited Train No. 1 westbound at Millers Bend on Track 1 passing eastbound canal boat on C&O Canal. Canals: The Proven Method: Lift Lock 33, opposite Harpers Ferry, c. 1870.
HARIND_141111_53.JPG: Harnessing the River: The power produced by the Potomac and Shenandoah rivers transformed Harpers Ferry into an industrial town. Throughout the first part of the nineteeth century, both the Federal government and private industry tried to harness the rivers. But the forces of nature resisted control. Floods threatened life and property; drought could bring the work of the community to a stand still. Harpers Ferry "affords every advantage that could be wished for water works to any extent." -- George Washington to Secretary of War James McHenry, September 28, 1795 "The water power [at Harpers Ferry] is not surpassed by any situation in the country and a sufficiency may be obtained for almost any eligible purpose." -- Charles Town Virginia Free Press, August 16, 1832 "[The rivers'] chief peculiarity lies in the great fluctuations to which their flow is liable... [and they] are subject to very sudden and heavy freshets, while in dry season their discharge becomes very small." -- Report on the Water-Power of the United States, 1885
HARIND_141111_56.JPG: As new technologies and more efficient waterwheels and turbines became available, the town's industries adopted them and built the raceways needed to carry the water to the factories. These efforts helped the town maintain a competitive edge during America's industrial revolution.
HARIND_141111_59.JPG: Flood and Drought: The rivers have two natures. One is helpful, supplying power to the mills and factories sited along their banks. The other is destructive. Seasonal droughts often shut down factories, and spectacular and damaging floods all but wiped out the town.
HARIND_141111_67.JPG: Stock: The wooden stock of the musket was the first component manufactured by mass production machines. The duplicating lathe, sometimes called a Blanchard lathe for its inventor, quickly turned out walnut stocks identical to the pattern. Barrel: The barrel of a musket required exacting production techniques. The bore had to be a uniform diameter, and the metal free from flaws. A special type of machine called a barrel-turning lathe smoothed the exterior of the barrel and cut the correct taper from breech to muzzle.
HARIND_141111_75.JPG: Rifling Machine: With the advent of rifled muskets, twisting grooves were cut inside the barrel with a rifling machine. A bullet fired from a rifled barrel spirals in flight, giving it greater accuracy over long distances.
HARIND_141111_79.JPG: The federal armories at Harpers Ferry and Springfield Massachusetts, were among the first machine operated industries in the United States. Workers in the armories used many labor saving machines to produce the three major components of the musket: the lock, the stock, and the barrel. This exhibit shows representative examples of machines used in the 1850s. All were driven by water power, transmitted to the machine through pulleys and leather belts.
HARIND_141111_81.JPG: Lock, Stock and Barrel Lock: Two machines represent those used to machine a lock. The serrated rotary cutters of the "milling machine" shaped the contours of the lock plate. The drill press bored holes for screws and other fixtures. Multiple-spindle drill presses mounted all of the drill bits needed for a particular task.
Directly Related Pages: Other pages with content (WV -- Harpers Ferry NHP -- Exhibit: Industry) directly related to this one: [Display ALL photos on one page]:
2012_WV_Harpers_Industry: WV -- Harpers Ferry NHP -- Exhibit: Industry (13 photos from 2012)
2014 photos: Equipment this year: I mostly used my Fuji XS-1 camera but, depending on the event, I also used a Nikon D7000. Trips this year: three Civil War Trust conferences (Winchester, VA, Nashville, TN, and Atlanta, GA), Michigan to visit mom in the hospice before she died and then a return trip after she died, and my 9th consecutive San Diego Comic-Con trip (including Las Vegas, Reno, Carson City, Sacramento, Oakland, and Los Angeles). Ego strokes: Paul Dickson used one of my photos as the author photo in his book "Aphorisms: Words Wrought by Writers". Number of photos taken this year: just over 470,000.


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13 January 2016 / SF Restaurants, Food & Drink / Jay Barmann
The Best Hook-Up Bars In SF
If you failed to find yourself a cuddle buddy or f**kfriend to tide you over the holidays, you're likely on the lookout for somebody to warm your bed during these chilly winter months. Below, we bring you a roundup of spots around town where you're most likely to get lucky almost any night of the week — depending, of course, on your standards and level of intoxication at the time. And we don't call them "singles bars" anymore, because c'mon now... we're in the capital of polyamory here.
Part sports bar, part neighborhood watering hole, part Mission dive, the 500 Club is an unrivaled spot for any type of making out. Celebrate your connection with a first kiss while sitting at one of the booths and nursing a few PBRs. Make out with the cute boy you've been crushing on at your friend's birthday party while posing for pictures in the photo booth. Get your grope on in the bathroom line. Whatever kind of improper behavior you care to do, you can do it at the 500 Club. — Katie Sweeney
500 Guerrero Street at 17th Street
It's been long heralded as one of the spots to see and be seen at happy hour, assuming you're a dress-up-for-work type and tend to gravitate toward bougier kinds of cocktails establishments. The Embarcadero-adjacent patio at Americano is especially hopping in nice weather, pretty much every night after work, and this hotel bar offers plenty of space to mingle for the late-20s to late-30s set, especially for finance bros and well dressed women who work in marketing and PR. Make sure to bring a gregarious wingman/wingwoman, because this isn't the kind of place where someone's just randomly going to start making out with you. — Jay Barmann
Hotel Vitale, 8 Mission Street at the Embarcadero
You know what list Badlands will never get on? Best Bars in San Francisco. Or even Best Gay Bars in San Francisco. It is, as it's always been, a video/dance bar with a popular happy hour that plays the Britney-to-Whitney canon ad nauseam, and its twin sister bar across the street Toad Hall is much the same with the addition of a smoking patio out back. But if you're in the market for a certain kind of drunken hookup, especially with a tourist in town from Europe on a weeknight, this is going to be your best bet because gay tourists do not venture outside the Castro, and this is where they always, always end up. Just be sure to explain to them how to get back to their hotel from your apartment once the deed is done. — Jay Barmann
4121 18th Street between Castro and Collingwood
Quite possibly the frattiest of all the Marina bars is Bar None. However, there is a time and a place for each and every long-standing San Francisco institution and Bar None, like your favorite frat house in college, shines for its late night make-out scene. Whether you're pressed up against the skee-ball machine or spread eagle on a barstool in the front patio, Bar None is a great spot for getting your kiss on. — Katie Sweeney
1980 Union Street at Buchanan
Tianyu L.via Yelp
Buckshot is a bar unafraid to be itself. Let that serve as an example for you and your "game." An Inner Richmond favorite, this dive sports skee-ball and a dance floor, the kind that's not isolated in another room but just at the back of the bar. You know about the implications and possible outcomes of dancing. Also note that Buckshot, per its name, has put a lot of emphasis on taxidermy, which could probably be seen as sexy in a hunting lodge by the fire on a rug sort of way.—Caleb Pershan
3848 Geary Boulevard at 3rd Avenue
Photo courtesy of Double Dutch
Double Dutch
Feel like busting a move before locking lips with the hottie across the room? Nineties throwback bar Double Dutch is dark and dirty. The dancefloor moves like an episode of MTV's The Grind and the crowd is young, single, and ready to mingle. Be warned, however, the bouncers run a tight ship and anyone who is too drunk and caught making out with multiple randoms could be subject to ejection from the bar. I may or may not be speaking from experience. — Katie Sweeney
3192 16th Street at Guerrero
Photo: Courtesy of Dalva/Hideout
The Hideout at Dalva
The semi-secret back bar at Dalva is moody and sexy, with low lighting and red-painted walls. If your meetup happens to be the best date of your life and you've already texted your best friend that you're certain you've finally met The One, congrats! — it's the opportune time to head to the Hideout. Nestled into one of the low tables with a potent nightcap for liquid courage, you'll want to go in for that memorable first kiss. — Katie Sweeney
3121 16th Street between Valencia and Guerrero
Hi-Lo Club
When you think of Polk Street make-out spots, Kozy Kar and Mayes can be associated with the Tinder crowd, but the Hi-Lo Club, with its massive bar and laid-back vibe, is more of a League kind of place. However, like the other two bars, there's no judgement at the Hi-Lo Club and plenty of shadowy spots for tongue tangoing. — Katie Sweeney
1423 Polk Street
Holy Cow isn't the type of place you plan on going to, it's the kind of spot you end up at when you're almost blacked out and ready to grind up on a stranger while trying to lick their face off. Your night probably started with civilized drinks somewhere like Bar Agricole, then turned a little crazier with Jameson shots at Wish, then someone, that one friend who always makes poor decisions (maybe it was you?!) suggests you go dancing at Holy Cow. The next thing you know you wake up on top of your bed with your clothes on and it's 6 a.m. and you can't remember anything except entering Holy Cow. You're not a true San Franciscan until you've lived this experience. — Katie Sweeney
1535 Folsom Street near 11th
Photo: Dipesh G./Yelp
Kozy Kar
Waterbeds, stripper poles, and wallpaper that consists of pinups of naked women from the 70's screams make-out spot, am I right? If you've been eying that friend of a friend for some time now, go to Kozy Kar with your crew. Secure the prime waterbed truck in the back, and then, after you've had a few PBRs and shots of Fireball, roll over near your crush and make your move. Naked make-out at their place afterwards, optional! — Katie Sweeney
1548 Polk Street at Sacramento
Photo via Make-Out Room.
Make-Out Room
The name says it all, of course. This Mission District bar practically begs you to take part in the eponymous activity, and their calendar of live music and frequent Cumbia DJ's is sure to get you and every attractive stranger in the place on the dancefloor. Particularly of note is the weekly Slow Jams show hosted every Tuesday by San Francisco treasure DJ Primo. The show is free, and the deep 60's soul sets the perfect mood to find a like-minded hip shaker. Oh, and as it's not too loud in there, you should be able to hear what (if anything) your potential one-night stand has to say before you walk out into the night, dripping with sweat, to hail a cab to whichever apartment happens to be closer. — Jack Morse
3225 22nd Street at Mission Street
Mayes Oyster House
If you want to get your dance on while making out with a hunky twentysomething or scantily clad social media slut, Mayes is the ideal spot for you. On Friday and Saturday nights, the dancefloor is packed with people in various stages of drunkenness getting their groove on. The best thing about Mayes is the crowd doesn't give a fuck, so if you feel like making out with someone you know your mother will never approve of, go right ahead. And while you're at it, why not let him grab your ass while you're doing it? — Katie Sweeney
1233 Polk Street between Bush and Sutter
Mauna Loa via Facebook
The Marina dive with the Hawaiian theme has a few things going for it. It's something of a departure from the nearby frat row. It's "ratio" (of men to women, but you knew that) is pretty good, often 50-50. There's a nice front area for congregating and mingling, and if the odds aren't in your favor, the back is for consolation games of pool and Big Buck Hunter. The place looks old because it is: The bar has stood there since 1955. —Caleb Pershan
3009 Fillmore St between Union and Filbert Streets
Northstar Cafe via Facebook
Northstar Cafe
Your luck at this North Beach dive is boosted by your physical proximity to others. Packed in, you might just bump into somebody and start a conversation, which, I've been told, is the real world equivalent of "swiping right." Northstar is what most would call a neighborhood bar, not a hipster bar, and it's also a sports bar (its teams being the Buffalo Bills and the LSU Tigers).The liquid courage at Northstar is cheap and the crowd is friendly. —Caleb Pershan
1560 Powell Street between Vallejo Street and Green Street
The spray bottles come out during the underwear contest on Thursdays... Photo: Uel Renteria
As far as the gay scene is concerned, I'm sad to say there aren't a lot of down-and-dirty bars left in this town where it's still socially acceptable to make out with strangers and maybe shove a hand down their pants. But this, however, is something that happens pretty much nightly at The Powerhouse, either on the back dancefloor, in the way-back smoking patio, or right up against the bar under the nose of a go-go boy, beneath some porn playing on a screen in the ceiling. Sure you could find a drunk twink trying to make out with you any night of the week at Toad Hall in the Castro, and who knows what'll happen at any of the various party nights at Oasis or The Eagle. But for my money, if you're looking for the sluttiest gay scene in town that isn't a full-on sex party, it's The Powerhouse you're after (and you don't want to bring your girlfriends) — in particular, the Thursday Bulge party, and the monthly Beatpig, on third Saturdays. — Jay Barmann
R Bar via Facebook
R Bar
Divey, small, casual R Bar ranks as a top spot for you and your friend group to mingle with others and maybe swap squad members for the night. The place has stood its ground off the Polk Street strip since 1940, but the clientele doesn't appear to age at all, with post-college crowds still pouring in for Fernet shots (their specialty with a ginger beer back). You might need a few of those to fully appreciate the bizarre wall art. —Caleb Pershan
1176 Sutter Street between Larkin and Polk Streets
Photo: Yelp
When it comes to bustling Tenderloin spots with good cocktails and plenty of chances to meet people, Rye is a great bet on most evenings, especially after 9 p.m. It's been around about a decade now and thus is an established haunt, but tourists hiking up from Union Square mix their way in as well. Be warned that on weekends you're going to have to fight your way to get to the bar. — Jay Barmann
688 Geary Street at Leavenworth
The back couch at Tony Nik's. Photo: Facebook
Tony Nik's
A favorite amongst the craft cocktail set, Tony Nik's in North Beach is an old-school classic bar that's equally awesome for a somewhat sober smooch early in the night or a full-on make-out sprawled on the back couch just before closing time. Again, possibly not speaking from personal experience. — Katie Sweeney
1534 Stockton Street
Previously: SF's 13 Best Bars To Find Someone To Hook Up With/Make Out With
Look Out, Uber: SF's Hottest New Unicorn Has Priceless Valuation
Even those who subscribe to tech luminary Marc Benioff's view that "unicorn mania.. [is] dangerous for our Silicon Valley economy," a warning he issued in a recent interview, are sure to marvel at
Zuckerberg Neighbor Wages War Over Liberty Hill Parking Spots
At least one of Mark Zuckerberg's San Francisco neighbors is not having it with the boy-billionaire, and has started a campaign to get SFMTA involved. The neighbor, who apparently lives near the Facebook


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The course analyzes the history of banking and financial markets in the United States, using the theoretical and empirical tools of modern economics. The recent economic crisis has rekindled interest in financial history, in recognition of the insights it offers for the analysis of modern financial markets and their fluctuations. This course presents an analytical overview of the historical forces responsible for the current structure of American financial markets and financial regulations. The course will proceed chronologically, beginning in the 1780s and ending in 2010. The main topics to be considered include the Constitution and the early institutional foundations of the American financial system; the political economy of early banking regulations; the causes and consequences of financial panics; the Progressive backlash against the power of financiers in the economy; institutional innovations such as the creation of the Federal Reserve System; and New Deal-era financial regulations such as the Glass-Steagall Act. The readings emphasize the work of modern economic historians, as published in economics and economic history journals. However, the course will also include substantial historical content, and work by historians, as well as primary historical sources (such as the writings of Thomas Jefferson on banks) will also be assigned. As no prior knowledge of American financial history is required, the format of the course meetings will be somewhat different than most seminars. Some of the course meetings will be divided into two parts: a seminar-style discussion of the readings, and then a brief lecture, which will present the historical and theoretical background for the following week's readings.
Prerequisites: Econometrics, and Intermediate Microeconomics.


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Court 'One of the Best Films' Karan Johar Has Seen
Press Trust of India | September 24, 2015 16:18 IST (Mumbai)
A file photo of Karan Johar (left) and (right) a poster of Court.
The courtroom drama, directed by filmmaker Chaitanya Tamhane, who made his debut with the movie has been selected as the official entry to the prestigious awards. Court also won the Best Picture at the National Film awards this year, besides winning 17 international honours after its premiere at the Venice International Film Festival in 2014
Calling it the best film of the year, Karan Johar has supported the selection of Marathi movie Court as India's official entry to Oscars next year.
The courtroom drama, directed by filmmaker Chaitanya Tamhane, who made his debut with the movie has been selected as the official entry to the prestigious awards after beating 30 films including PK, Haider and Bajrangi Bhaijaan.
This is what the filmmaker posted on Twitter on September 24:
#court is undeniably a great decision! One off the best films I have seen this year...finger crossed for its victorious journey ahead...
— Karan Johar (@karanjohar) September 23, 2015
The independent and low-budget drama received widespread praise from critics, who hail it as one of the best movies to emerge from the country in recent times.
India is yet to win an Oscar in the Best Foreign Language Film category. The last Indian film that made it to the list of final five was Ashutosh Gowariker's Lagaan. Mother India and Salaam Bombay are the other two Indian films to have made it to the list. (Also Read: Court Picked For the Oscars, Slow Clap From Bollywood)
narathi movie court
Patna High Court Rules In Favour Of NIOS D.El.Ed. Teachers
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A late night fire caused a lot of damage to a strip meal near 120th and Blondo Wednesday.
It happened just after 11 and it took crews about an hour to control the flames. Fire officials said Pettit's Pastry took a significant amount of the damage, about $500,000 total.
The cause of the fire is not known at this time. Bakery owner Mark Pettit speculates an electrical fire caused the blaze.
Pettit's Pastry suffered the most damage due to the fire. The fire broke out in the back of the building., according to investigators.
On Thursday, not even managers or Pettit were allowed inside the building because of the sinking ceiling due to an air conditioning unit on the roof. Pettit said he likely lost most of his equipment inside. He isn't sure if the damage will force crews to demolish the building. Either way, he plans on keeping his second store at the same address.
"It's tough, we're blessed, we have a great land lord," he said. "We'll go in and try something different."
Stems Florist moved into the strip mall last November. Fortunately, it suffered only smoke and water damage. But, it was enough to force business to move down the road into Piccolo's Florist, who opened their doors to stems. Manager Laura Sherrets said the fire isn't getting in the way of filling any orders.
"Frank Piccolo has welcomed us here, they made room for us and all day long got our orders out," she said. "Anybody with weddings coming up not need be concerned. It's all out of a different location, so this is where we will be."
Stems and Pettit's aren't sure what the future holds, but Mark Pettit is thankful for all the support.
"We're still downtown, you can call us and order cakes," he said. "We're thankful for all our customers. And like I said, we're blessed, God has a plan and he'll take care of us."
The damage is so severe that the building may have to be torn down and rebuilt. Pettit's Pastry plans to eventually return to the area of 120th and Blondo.


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According to the principle of one-piece box, the bottom of the clock was the base plate of the replica watches. It was installed at the prime as well as the sapphire crystal was placed in final spot. It was a radical replica watches sale and however it was a total achievement. Based on plenty of, the mechanism, plus the assembly of rolex replica sale required to be simplified. They also necessary to insert this mechanism laterally and has an identical base for both models for male and female. Because of replica watches sale advances in the history in the clock, watchmakers succeeded in limiting the quantity of pieces to 51, instead of the breitling replica often required. What seemed like a utopia the moment had become reality. Leading montre cartier pasha suppliers had been born in 1983, a step within the background with the watch, building quartz pocket watches manufactured in rolex replica sale excellent for mass production and obtainable within a wide range of colors. This young and innovative item became - and remains still, a symbol of excitement, pleasure and joy of living, an exclusivity.
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Note: Course covers how to ensure that your organization effectively executes its strategy. How to maximize organization performance by aligning structure, rewards, staffing, processes and culture with strategy and environment. Non-Business student applications are available at www.marshall.usc.edu/registrationpolicies. Please complete and submit to registration@marshall.usc.edu.
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text:
Q: Electromagnitism I'm a High school student new to physics but very intrigued. Now I do not have much knowledge on electromagnetism or physics but is it possible for electromagnetic fields to be focused into a form? Not a beam or a signal but a shape.

A: Electromagnetic fields make shapes all the time. For example, you can put iron filings near a magnet and see how the field lines curve around it. You can focus a high power laser into a point so that its electric field makes a spark floating in the air in the middle of nowhere or wherever you want it.  You can't make things like force fields, tangible holograms, and lightsabers, though.


What kid has not gone to a pond or a creek with a jar and a net? Only those children whose lives are sadly lacking in the finer things of life.
This grouping includes all or parts of some of the other groups.
Water quality has a lot to do with the survival of these species. Iowa has notoriously poor water quality. Fortunately, there have been some groups who have worked to improve water quality, including fishing groups and coalitions of others.
There is a volunteer/citizen science group, Iowater, that works to monitor and improve Iowa's water quality.
The University of Iowa Hygienics Lab has an excellent website on Iowa's Aquatic Macroinvertebrates. This shows photos and range maps for a number of aquatic insect larva and other organisms.
There are a number of groups who conduct river cleanup events.
Most bioblitzes include aquatic sampling if possible. But you don't really need to know anything about what you see to get some enjoyment out of watching the critters swimming around in a jar of water dipped from the weedy part of a pond.


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text:
How Spider-Man Saved Captain America: Civil War
Filed to: Spider-ManFiled to: Spider-Man
Christopher Markus
Stephen McFeely
As Disney and Sony executives locked horns in a Hollywood conference room last February, the film-makers behind Captain America: Civil War were already betting on the outcome. Spider-Man was going to be in this movie, no matter what. And if he wasn't, well, that was going to be a problem.
"We had to commit to him, on a creative level, many, many months before he was available to us on a legal level," Civil War co-director Anthony Russo told io9. "So they'd always say to us, 'Guys you've gotta have a Plan B, this might not work.' We'd say 'We get it, we get it, we have a Plan B.' But we never had a Plan B."
"We had to will it into existence," added co-director Joe Russo. "Because of all the effort and energy it takes to get a deal like that done, if you let them know there's an out, they will probably take the out."
And so a new Spider-Man, played by Tom Holland, makes his big screen debut in May 6th's Captain America: Civil War. But it wasn't easy and took a huge leap of faith for everyone involved.
As you probably already know, Sony has owned the movie rights to the Marvel character Spider-Man for years. However, in February 2015, they agreed to allow Marvel Studios (owned by Disney) to produce a new series of Spider-Man films, and bring their character into the Marvel Cinematic Universe. That first movie, Sony's Spider-Man: Homecoming, opens next Summer. But Spidey's first appearance is in Disney's Captain America: Civil War, and he's plays a crucial role in the story.
"If you're telling a story, you're gonna work everyone into the story in a way that they're [indispensable]," said Anthony Russo. "He is critical to the movie, or else he wouldn't be in the movie."
Tiptoeing around spoilers, Peter Parker, and his alter-ego Spider-Man, come in mid-movie as part of Team Iron Man, in the conflict with Team Captain America.
"The conflict between Tony [Stark] and Cap was so intense in this movie, we needed somebody who didn't have the investment The Avengers have in their Civil War and their family," said Anthony Russo.
"And we also wanted a much younger character who would stand in contrast to the more experienced heroes. [Someone] who'd bring a different point of view to that battle," added Joe Russo.
However, as perfect a puzzle piece as Spider-Man is to the movie, Civil War was well into development before he became available. It was a very stressful time for producer and Marvel Studios president Kevin Feige.
"[Writers] Chris [Markus] and Steve [McFeely] started to chart out various versions of the movie," Feige told io9. [Versions] without Iron Man, [versions] without Spider-Man—but we're very lucky we got to make the whole one. The one we really wanted do."
"The big overarching thing was, if we get him, he should be as young as the character was when he was first in the comics," said Markus. "Just a kid. And that's both fun just to write because it's a kid who has superpowers, but also this is someone seeing the [Marvel Cinematic Universe] with fresh eyes. We're 13 movies in. All of these characters have been through hell. So the wonder at seeing at an Iron Man suit is gone for them."
"So you need new people to do that," added McFeely. "That's Scott [Lang], who freaks out when he sees Captain America, and most importantly, that's Peter."
But this is just the beginning. Feige seems even more excited to explore where the character goes after leaving the screen in Civil War.
"The most important thing for us is we wanted him to stand apart, as he did in his debut in the early sixties," Feige said. "He's a kid who has these abilities, goes out in his spare time, tries to do some good, and he exists in a world where The Avengers can fly overhead occasionally."
Plus, there's one major difference between the comics version of Spider-Man and this new movie version, as Feige explains: "In the Cinematic Universe, strange aliens flew out of the sky when he was seven years old [in The Avengers]. That has to have an impact on him. An impact on what his views are of being a hero, and what it means to be a hero. So we were excited about telling that story across multiple movies and kicking it off in this film saying, 'Guess what? There's a Spider-Man in the Marvel Cinematic Universe."
Entertainment Reporter for io9/Gizmodo