In 2016, the Chinese government struggled to build credibility in its capacity to handle serious environmental issues both at home and abroad. The past two years have seen a flurry of new laws, plans, and agreements passed with great fanfare by the government to address China's severe and growing pollution levels. However, the new enforcement mechanisms established by these policies have lacked immediately discernible impact. Instead, the signing of the Paris Agreement and promulgation of the most environmentally friendly Five-Year Plan notwithstanding, China experienced new, high-profile environmental disasters that clouded an already troubled legacy.
In November 2016, Tianjin courts announced that they would jail forty-nine individuals in connection with the massive explosions that rocked the city in August 2015 and killed at least 173 people. Managers and employees of the chemical warehouse responsible for the blast were given hefty sentences alongside twenty-five government officials accused of accepting bribes and dereliction of duty.
Public fury over the Tianjin disaster, however, appears to have had little impact in preventing similar disasters from occurring; according to government statistics, from January to August 2016, 199 people were killed and an additional 400 injured in chemical accidents. The lessons learned from the Tianjin incident have apparently made for little actual change in China's accident-plagued chemical industry.
This year also saw public fear spread beyond warehouses to somewhere less expected: China's schoolyards. In late April 2016, CCTV broadcast a report on the spate of pollution-related illnesses at Changzhou Foreign Languages School in Jiangsu Province, the seriousness of which local government agencies tried to deny (see 'Environmental Disasters'). The incident inflamed public opinion and damaged public impressions of the government's efforts to take action. This mistrust was further heightened by reports that school running tracks constructed from industrial waste were causing students across China to suffer nosebleeds, headaches, and coughs. The Ministry of Education subsequently vowed to replace all running tracks at schools in the afflicted areas. Damage to public opinion will prove more difficult to remedy.
Meanwhile, once of the most widely-lauded new mechanisms for remedying a wide array of environmental ills, environmental public interest litigation, saw only modest progress. A year after the passage of the Environmental Protection Law in 2015, non-governmental organisations (NGOs) and public prosecutors have filed nearly one hundred lawsuits. (See the China Story Yearbook 2015: Pollution, 'The Rise of Public Interest Litigation', 'Green Good News', and 'The New Environmental Protection Law') In January 2016, the Supreme People's Court imposed the largest fine ever recorded in a public interest environmental case in China for illegal waste disposal and other actions that harmed the environment. This marked one of the very few public interest environmental cases concluded in 2016, despite the rhetoric that accompanied the initial launch of the new legal mechanism.
Movement in environmental public interest cases remains sluggish in part because of a lack of financial resources. While approximately 700 NGOs are legally qualified under the new law to file such litigation, to pursue these cases is expensive, and underfunding of China's civil society organisations remains a major hurdle to action. More fundamentally, the government is too skittish about possible civil unrest to give free reign to individuals and organisations that might use litigation more aggressively.


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McAteer's dynamic debut keys Garnet Valley victory
CONCORD >> Projecting what kind of player Emily McAteer will be two or three years from now is an exciting thought.
The Garnet Valley freshman is already an impact player. With good size, a smooth shot and evolving ball-handling skills, McAteer has the potential to be something special.
Perhaps, when it's all said and done, McAteer will be considered the best girls basketball talent to come out of Garnet Valley. There's still a long ways to go, but her freshman campaign has been nothing short of impressive. Alongside fellow freshman forward Brianne Borcky, the Jags' future is bright.
Garnet Valley freshman Emily McAteer, looking to pass, scored a career-high 28 points as the Jaguars defeated Oxford, 60-45, Friday night in a District One playoff opener. (Digital First Media/Rob Dudley)
"I can't wait to see them in four years. They're phenomenal," said senior guard Emily Mathewson, who is an All-Delco and All-American lacrosse player. "They play so well together, they complement each other and they make us work better. When you have great girls under you, it makes it so much better."
Friday night was McAteer's show. She poured in a career-high 28 points, grabbed 12 rebounds and blocked five shots to lead the No. 3 Jaguars to a 60-45 victory over an impressive 30th-seeded Oxford team in the opening round of the District One Class AAAA tournament.
Garnet Valley advances to the second round to play the winner of Saturday's game between No. 19 Plymouth-Whitemarsh and No. 14 Spring-Ford.
McAteer eclipsed the 300-point plateau for the season and is averaging 12.5 points per game. She scored nine first-quarter points and hit her first five field goals. In the fourth quarter, when the Hornets (13-10) pulled within five points on the strength of two Hannah Bahls 3-point baskets, McAteer took over with a steal and a layup. She scored 12 of her 28 points in the final quarter and was 4-for-5 at the foul line down the stretch.
McAteer is developing a terrifying transition game, which was on display Friday. For her first postseason game, the freshman sensation was excellent.
"I wasn't really nervous — I just wanted us to win," said McAteer, who was 11-of-17 from the floor. "I'm getting more comfortable (dribbling the ball), but I like being lower. They try to put me in the low post if there's a mismatch."
The Jags significantly outplayed the Hornets in the opening minutes, scoring the game's first seven points. The lead ballooned to 13-3 before Oxford settled in and began chipping away. The Hornets got within six points of the Jags with a 5-0 run to close the first quarter.
Mathewson came off the bench for starter Nicole Barnes and supplied valuable minutes throughout the game. She had six points on two 3s, including one in the fourth quarter to give the Jags some breathing room. Mathewson shared the team lead in steals with three.
"I get in there and try not to make a mistake," said Mathewson, laughing. "It's whatever I can do to help."
Ultimately, the Jaguars wore down the Hornets with their fastbreak.
"We really ran the ball tonight. Our speed is a huge advantage," said Mathewson. "Even our bigs can handle the ball, which is a huge plus."
Senior guard Maddie "Mini" Ireland had nine of her 15 points in the first quarter. Borcky added nine points, seven rebounds and four assists.
Miranda Porretta scored 22 points to pace the Hornets, who gave the heavily favored Jags everything they could handle.
"They gave it their all and left everything on the court," Mathewson said. "You know, you can't look at the seedings. Once the numbers are set, it really doesn't matter anymore. They did show that against us."
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Events Seek to 'Boost' Student Self-Confidence
Jena Morrow
BLOOMINGTON, Ill. — Cultivating a positive attitude about body image and building self-confidence is the focus of "BOOST Week" Jan. 27-29 at Illinois Wesleyan University.
"Self-esteem is linked to an array of issues such as depression, anxiety, body image, motivation levels, relationship issues and disordered eating amongst both men and women," said Christina Armstrong, staff counselor and outreach coordinator at Counseling and Consultation Services (CCS) at Illinois Wesleyan.
"BOOST Week" events include Scale Smashing activities Jan. 27-28. Students will have an opportunity to take a mallet to a bathroom scale. The event challenges individuals to redefine their worth and beauty by letting go of those numbers that weigh them down, according to BOOST Week organizers. The activities will be held Jan. 27 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. in CNS and Jan. 28 from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. in the DugOut.
Author and behavioral health specialist Jena Morrow will speak about eating disorders and body image issues Jan. 28 at 7 p.m. in the Hansen Student Center. The author of Hollow: An Unpolished Tale, (2010), Morrow's book is a memoir of her three-decade-long struggle with anorexia. She works at Timberline Knolls, a Lemont, Ill. residential treatment center for women and girls battling eating disorders, substance abuse, mood disorders and trauma. Morrow's talk is free and open to the public.
The week's events conclude with Operation Beautiful Jan. 29 in CNS from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m. Students can buy Confidence Cupcakes for $1 and write positive messages on post-it notes for themselves and others to be placed around campus.
BOOST Week is sponsored by SOCA (Students Organizing Campus Awareness) and CCS. Last year over 165 students participated in BOOST Week events, according to Armstrong. "The knowledge gained from attending these types of awareness events can be invaluable," she added.
By Kathy Tun '16


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New clubs arrive at Inglemoor despite online learning conditions
This year the Red Cross Club, Feeding America Club, and Feminism Club were established at Inglemoor despite online learning conditions in order to better our community. Art by Tyler Vuu
Tyler Vuu and Margaret He
Clubs have changed a lot due to the online learning environment. Despite this, many new clubs have emerged. Three clubs in particular hope to set themselves apart from other clubs by helping the community and spreading awareness on important issues.
One of the new clubs is the Red Cross club, founded and led by senior Sharvani Kondamudi. Kondamudi's club is a part of the Red Cross association, and it works to create online fundraisers, to educate others in disaster preparedness, and to send support to military members and family. Kondamudi said that she wanted to create this club in order to serve the community with friends to implement protocols that can save lives.
"As cheesy as it sounds, I've always had a passion for helping others," Kondamudi said. "I hope to ease the discomfort of others emotionally and physically for people around the world and make a meaningful difference in people's lives."
Juniors Neeka Ghazanfarpour and Grace Liu have introduced the Feeding America chapter to Inglemoor this year. Feeding America focuses on fulfilling any food based need in the community. Both leaders have been working on organizing food drives and fundraisers. Recently, the club has been working with Tilth Alliance, a local non-profit organization, to bring food bags to the elderly.
"We're both super passionate about making sure everyone has a meal and volunteering and wanted to combine our interests into a club at Inglemoor that would make a difference in the community," Ghazanfarpour said.
Lastly, the Feminist Student Organization founded by Whitney Nakata focuses on starting the discussion around gender issues at Inglemoor. Nakata said that she wanted to start this club when she saw that there were no spaces to talk about gender at Inglemoor. While the club is called the Feminist Student Organization, Nakata intends to open this club to the LGBT community as well.
"We hope to spread awareness of issues people may not be aware of, as well as widen peoples' perspectives," Nakata said.
All of the club founders agreed that online learning has created various challenges for new clubs. Nakata in particular mentioned that a big challenge was managing the paperwork that is required to start a club.
"It was difficult to communicate with the ASB executive team and office with just emails," Nakata said. "There was also some confusion in filling out forms because some were not updated to suit the current online situation."
Virtual club meetings have been a big issue for all three of these new clubs. Nakata and Kondamudi in particular have resorted to activities like Kahoots and presentations in their meetings. Kondamudi also said that she had trouble implementing their usual projects like the blood drive because of the pandemic.
"If the club were in person, we would be doing a lot more direct volunteer work, such as creating care kits, going to other schools or to Inglemoor classes to give short presentations about preparedness, cleaning emergency vehicles, blood drives, distributing preparedness supplies, and much more," Kondamudi said.
One of Ghazanfarpour's greatest challenges with the online club environment was recruiting new members. She said that since there was no in-person club fair this year, new clubs had to get creative to convince new members to join the club.
"We couldn't do things like spread the word out at school or hang fliers up in hallways," Ghazanfapour said."We had to solely rely on creating a strong social media presence through Instagram and building our own website."
Despite these challenges, the leaders have advice for any students looking to ignite their passion and to start a club during this time. Nakata said that she recommends that founders start as quickly as possible in their club application.
"Make sure you get all the forms filled out ASAP so you can get the process started right away because it can take a while. Also, don't worry about it being perfect; we are still figuring out what we are doing."
Ghazanfarpour, on the other hand, suggested that any people starting a club should do substantial research to make sure there is interest in the club and to find something new they can bring to Inglemoor.
"I would say to stick with it, and the process is a little confusing especially because it's online, but there are resources and people to help."
Tyler Vuu, Reporter
Senior Tyler Vuu is a reporter for Nordic News for the 2020-2021 school year. This year, he strives to create relevant and interesting articles for the...
Margaret He, Co-Editor-in-Chief
Senior Margaret He is the Co-Editor-in-Chief of Nordic News for the 2020-2021 school year. In her third year on staff, Margaret aims to continue Nordic's...


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Mateo Kovacic's permanent deal at Chelsea 'hanging in the balance with manager Maurizio Sarri edging closer to joining Juventus'
Chelsea are able to sign Mateo Kovacic as he is registered after loan spell
But Blues are reconsidering whether to sign him with Maurizio Sarri set to depart
Real Madrid midfielder played 51 games last season but he failed to find the net
By Kate Mcgreavy For Mailonline
Mateo Kovacic's permanent deal at Chelsea is reportedly hanging in the balance with manager Maurizio Sarri edging closer to joining Juventus.
Chelsea are able to sign the Real Madrid loanee despite submitting a formal appeal against FIFA's transfer ban to the Court of Arbitration for Sport (CAS) as his loan spell at Stamford Bridge last season means he is registered at the club.
However, the Premier League outfit are reconsidering whether to sign him permanently with Sarri set to move to the Serie A champions, according to The Evening Standard.
Midfielder Mateo Kovacic's permanent deal at Chelsea is reportedly hanging in the balance
Long way to go, Lionel: Messi wins FIRST international... Christian Eriksen and Danny Rose want out, Dele Alli has... 'You are reminded every day that you lost the final': Danny... Michy, where's yer troosers? Belgium stars Batshuayi and...
The Blues will have to sign the midfielder before his season-long loan deal at the west London club expires on June 30.
Kovacic made 51 appearances for Chelsea last season but he failed to find the net and contributed just two assists.
The London club is fighting a punishment imposed by world football's governing body after being found guilty of offences in signing overseas players under the age of 16.
FIFA fined Chelsea £475,000 in February and issued a ban on registering any new players for the next two transfer windows.
Blues are reconsidering whether to sign him permanently with Maurizio Sarri set to depart
Chelsea have second thoughts over permanent Matteo Kovacic deal | London Evening Standard
Mateo Kovacic's permanent deal at Chelsea 'hanging in the balance'


text:
Search SpringerLink
Coherence tomography with broad bandwidth extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray radiation
S. Skruszewicz ORCID: orcid.org/0000-0003-1169-25511,2,
S. Fuchs1,2,
J. J. Abel1,2,
J. Nathanael1,2,
J. Reinhard1,2,
C. Rödel1,2,
F. Wiesner1,2,
M. Wünsche1,2,
P. Wachulak3,
A. Bartnik3,
K. Janulewicz3,
H. Fiedorowicz3 &
G. G. Paulus1,2
Applied Physics B volume 127, Article number: 55 (2021) Cite this article
We present an overview of recent results on optical coherence tomography with the use of extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray radiation (XCT). XCT is a cross-sectional imaging method that has emerged as a derivative of optical coherence tomography (OCT). In contrast to OCT, which typically uses near-infrared light, XCT utilizes broad bandwidth extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray (SXR) radiation (Fuchs et al in Sci Rep 6:20658, 2016). As in OCT, XCT's axial resolution only scales with the coherence length of the light source. Thus, an axial resolution down to the nanometer range can be achieved. This is an improvement of up to three orders of magnitude in comparison to OCT. XCT measures the reflected spectrum in a common-path interferometric setup to retrieve the axial structure of nanometer-sized samples. The technique has been demonstrated with broad bandwidth XUV/SXR radiation from synchrotron facilities and recently with compact laboratory-based laser-driven sources. Axial resolutions down to 2.2 nm have been achieved experimentally. XCT has potential applications in three-dimensional imaging of silicon-based semiconductors, lithography masks, and layered structures like XUV mirrors and solar cells.
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Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) is a well-established technique providing cross-sectional imaging of samples in a non-invasive and contact-free manner using infrared and visible light [1, 2]. Since its invention in the 90s [3, 4], it has become a standard diagnostic technique in ophthalmology, especially for investigating diseases of the retina in vivo [5, 6]. Meanwhile, the capabilities of OCT have also been employed in industrial non-destructive testing [7,8,9] and preservation of art heritage objects [10,11,12,13] and in the field of archeology [14].
OCT is based on low coherence interferometry [4, 15]. The time delay and the intensity of backscattered light from the sample are measured by evaluating the interference of a light beam with low temporal coherence from a reference arm and the sample arm. Technically, the experiment is realized by splitting an illumination beam into a reference and a signal beam using, e.g., a Michelson-type interferometer, where one of the mirrors is replaced by the sample. The rescattered light from the sample is superimposed with the light from the reference arm. Due to a broad bandwidth of the illumination and as a consequence of its short coherence length, interference only occurs if the path difference of the two beams is smaller than the coherence length. Thus, by scanning the path difference, the axial structure of the sample in the direction of the optical axis can be probed (time-domain OCT). Alternatively, the axial information can be obtained for a fixed path-difference by analyzing the spectrum of the backscattered light at the output of the interferometer (frequency-domain OCT). Additionally, via conventional imaging, the lateral structure of the sample can be obtained by scanning a focused illumination beam across the sample.
One of the main advantages of OCT is that the axial and the lateral resolutions are decoupled. The lateral resolution is limited by the focus spot size provided by the conventional imaging, whereas the axial resolution is equivalent to the coherence length of the radiation source. For a light source with a Gaussian spectral distribution, the coherence length is given by:
$$\begin{aligned} l_{\text {coh}}=\frac{2\ln {2}}{\pi }\cdot \frac{\lambda _{0}^{2}}{\varDelta \lambda }, \end{aligned}$$
where \(\lambda _{0}\) is the central wavelength and \(\Delta \lambda\) is the spectral width of the light source [16]. In the near-infrared regime with a central wavelength of \({\lambda _{0}= 1\, {\mu }\text {m}}\) and a bandwidth of \({\Delta \lambda =400\,\text {nm}}\), the axial resolution is limited to \({1.1\,{{\mu }} \text {m}}\). Although this resolution is sufficient to investigate, for example, retinal structures, imaging of nanoscaled objects like semiconductor structures is out of reach. However, the coherence length and thus the axial resolution of OCT can significantly be improved using radiation with a shorter wavelength.
XUV coherence tomography (XCT) extends optical coherence tomography (OCT) into the extreme ultraviolet (XUV) and soft X-ray (SXR) range, which enables approaching axial resolutions in the nanometer regime [17]. XCT has been demonstrated for the first time with a synchrotron radiation source [18]. Although the applicability of synchrotron-based imaging methods is limited due to troublesome accessibility of the large-scale facilities, it has been shown that three-dimensional imaging of axial nanostructures is feasible [18]. However, in recent years, the rapid development of extremely broad bandwidth laser-driven XUV and SXR sources using the high-harmonic generation (HHG) [19] and laser-plasma sources (LPS) [20, 21] has facilitated the realization of XCT at a laboratory scale [22, 23].
In the XUV and SXR range, the absorption of almost all materials is typically very high. Therefore, cross-sectional imaging is only feasible in spectral transmission windows of the sample's main materials. Luckily, many materials have such transmission windows. Two of them have conspicuous application potential. On one hand, silicon has a transmission window from \(\lambda =12\,\)nm to \(40\,\)nm calling for applications in the semiconductor industry. On the other hand, the well-known water window between \(\lambda =2.3\,\)nm and \(4.4\,\)nm enables penetration of biological samples and offers a unique carbon absorption contrast for imaging [24,25,26]. The theoretical limit of the axial resolution of XCT in these two ranges is 10 nm and 3 nm, respectively, according to Eq. 1.
In this letter, we describe the XCT apparatus and summarize recent results on the non-destructive investigation of nanoscale layered structures using XCT.
(Left) A schematic representation of a common-path Fourier-domain XCT interferometer: broad bandwidth XUV/SXR radiation is focused onto the sample mounted on a motorized positioner [27]. The reflected light from the sample is detected by an XUV spectrometer or by a photodiode. (Right) Principle of the depth measurement with common-path Fourier-domain XCT: a sample consisting of three layers \({\text{L}_{1-3}}\) is irradiated with broad bandwidth radiation (Gaussian spectral envelope). The sample can be regarded as a two nested Fabry–Pérot-type interferometers. An interference between the surface (\({\text{L}_{\text{ref}}}\)) and the buried layers (\({\text{L}_{\text{probe}}}\)) modulates the spectrum with a frequency being proportional to the distance between layers, e.g., \({\Delta \omega \sim 1/\Delta \text {L}_{23}}\). The depth structure can be obtained by a Fourier transform (FT) of the measured reflected spectrum
A common-path interferometric apparatus for XCT
Adapting OCT to operate in the XUV/SXR range requires severe modifications of the Michelson interferometer-based OCT geometry mainly due to the high absorption level for these spectral ranges. A typical two-arm arrangement would require sophisticated broadband optics and, in particular, broadband beam splitters. The fabrication of such beam splitters with nanometer surface flatness is extremely demanding and expensive. Moreover, measuring the interference pattern in the XUV requires nanoscale mechanical stability of the interferometer. Finally, the apparatus must operate under vacuum conditions due to the strong absorption of XUV and SXR radiation in the air.
These technical challenges can be circumvented by employing a common-path reflective interferometric setup. The collinear geometry significantly reduces stability issues and does not require a beam splitter, since the surface of the sample itself serves as a reference. The XCT setup is schematically illustrated in Fig. 1 (left). Broad bandwidth XUV/SXR radiation is typically focused on a sample by a toroidal mirror. Precise positioning of the sample is realized by motorized positioners. The reflected radiation is characterized spectrally by an XUV spectrometer [28,29,30] in case of a broad bandwidth source (spectrometer-based XCT). Alternatively, when spectrally tunable monochromatic radiation is used, the reflectivity can be measured by a photodiode while sweeping the wavelength (swept-source XCT) [18].
Principle of axial imaging
The basic principle underlying the axial imaging using a common-path Fourier-domain scheme is illustrated in Fig. 1 (right). Let us consider a sample consisting of three layers, namely, a capping layer \({\mathrm{L}_{1}}\) and two buried layers \({\mathrm{L}_{2}}\) and \({\mathrm{L}_{3}}\) located at depths \({\mathrm {L}_{12}}\) and \({\mathrm{L}_{13}}\). Such a system can be treated as a Fabry–Pérot interferometer (FPI). The reflection from the capping layer (\(\mathrm{L}_{\mathrm{ref}}\)) defines the reference arm and a reflection from a deeper layer (\(\mathrm{L}_{\mathrm {probe}}\)) and the signal arm and both propagate along the same path [31]. When the sample is irradiated with broad bandwidth XUV radiation, the reflected spectrum exhibits well-defined modulation frequencies \(\Delta \omega\) depending on the depths of the layers. According to the Wiener–Khinchin theorem, the Fourier transform of the reflected spectrum equals the autocorrelation of the field reflectance, which encodes the depth structure [32]. The depth location of the layers \({\Delta {\mathrm {L}}_{\text {ij}}}\) can be retrieved from the position of the peaks in the autocorrelation signal being proportional to \({\Delta \omega \propto 1/\Delta {\mathrm {L}}_\text {ij}}\). However, the refractive index of the dominant host material and the incident angle have to be taken into account to precisely reconstruct the position of the particular layers. In the common-path Fourier-domain XCT setup only the reflected spectral intensity can be measured. Therefore, the phase information is lost [22] . Assuming that the field of the radiation source is:
$$\begin{aligned} \bar{E}_{\mathrm {source}}(\omega )=E_{{\mathrm {source}}}e^{i\varphi _ {\mathrm {source}(\omega )}}, \end{aligned}$$
the reflected field is defined as:
$$\begin{aligned} \bar{E}_{\mathrm {refl}}(\omega )=E_{\mathrm {refl}}e^{i\varphi _ {\mathrm {refl}}(\omega )}=\bar{E}_{\mathrm {source}}(\omega )\cdot \bar{r}(\omega ). \end{aligned}$$
Here, \(E(\omega )\) is the electric field in the frequency domain, \(\varphi\) is the phase, and \(r(\omega )\) is the field reflectivity. In the experiment, the spectrometer measures the spectrum given by:
$$\begin{aligned} S_{\mathrm {M}}(\omega )=\vert \bar{E}_{\mathrm {refl}}(\omega ) \vert ^{2}. \end{aligned}$$
The intensity reflectivity of the sample can be calculated if the spectrum of the light source \(S_{\mathrm {source}}(\omega )\) is determined by measuring the reflected spectrum of a known sample (e.g., a blank silicon wafer):
$$\begin{aligned} R(\omega )=\vert \bar{r}(\omega )\vert ^{2}=S_{\mathrm {M}}(\omega )/S_{\mathrm {source}}(\omega ). \end{aligned}$$
The Fourier transform of the intensity reflectivity \(R(\omega )\) leads to the autocorrelation of the structure sample. It not only contains the position of deeper layers with respect to the top layer (\({\Delta {\text{L}}_{12},\,\Delta {\text {L}}_{13}}\)) but also with respect to all other layers—in this case, \(\mathrm{L}_{2}\) (\({\Delta {\mathrm {L}}_{23}}\)). The latter one is referred to as an artifact or "ghost peak". However, a recently developed iterative three-step phase-retrieval algorithm (PR-XCT) [22] based on a Gerchberg–Saxton [33] and a hybrid input–output approach [34] can be used to computationally reconstruct the unknown phase. Thus, the algorithm is capable of an unambiguous reconstruction of the sample's axial structure by eliminating the artifacts very efficiently.
Radiation sources
So far, XCT has been demonstrated with three different types of XUV/SXR sources. The first proof-of-concept experiment was performed with synchrotron radiation [18]. Later, XCT has as well be realized using laser-based high-harmonic generation (HHG) [22] and laser-plasma sources (LPS) [23].
The experiments employing synchrotron radiation have been performed at the BW3 wiggler beamline of the DORIS III storage ring at DESY in Hamburg (silicon window) [35] and the UE-112-PGM1 undulator beamline at the BESSY II storage ring in Berlin (water window) [36]. A broad spectrum of XUV radiation in the silicon transmission window (\({\Delta E=30-100\,\text {eV}}\)) (\({40-112\,\text {nm}}\)) enabling spectrometer-based XCT was provided using the monochromator of the beamline in \({0\mathrm {th}}\) diffraction order. In the water window \({(\Delta E=280-530\,\text {eV})}\) (\({4.30-2.3\,\text {nm}}\)), in contrast, swept-source XCT was realized by scanning the wavelength in steps of 1 eV with the beam line's monochromator.
Using the high-harmonic generation (HHG) [37, 38], XCT was be realized on the laboratory scale for the first time. To this end, a quasi-supercontinuous HHG source has been implemented. Since, in XCT the depth, information of the sample is encoded in spectral modulations, the intrinsic modulation of the HHG spectrum needs to be suppressed. This could be accomplished by rapidly sweeping the wavelength of the driving laser. As a consequence, the harmonic comb is shifted as well and, on time-average, a supercontinuum is generated. Technically, this has been realized with a commercial three-stage optical parametric amplifier (OPA) system. The signal output beam is focused with a lens \({(f=30\,\mathrm {cm})}\) down to intensities of \({10^{14}\,\mathrm {W/cm}^{2}}\) into an argon-filled nickel tube at backing pressures around 300 mbar. The phase-matching conditions are optimized by controlling the gas pressure and lens position. The XUV supercontinuum is generated by sweeping the driving OPA wavelength in the range of \({1.22-1.32\, {\mu \mathrm{m}}}\) (in 10 nm steps). Such small variations of the wavelength are sufficient to shift the harmonic comb and fill the gaps in the HHG spectrum [19]. To filter out the XUV radiation from the remaining laser light, a 200 nm aluminum foil transmitting in the range of \({33-72\,\mathrm {eV}}\) has been used. This slightly reduced the accessible bandwidth in the silicon window and in consequence the axial resolution.
Laboratory-based XCT in the water window has been realized very recently using laser-plasma radiation. In the experiment, 3 ns long pulses from a Nd:YAG laser system (NL 303 HT, EKSPLA) with a pulse energy of \({0.65\,\mathrm {J}}\) are focused with a lens (\({f=2.5\,\mathrm {cm}}\)) into a dense gas jet from a double-stream gas puff target [39, 40]. In the gas, a laser plasma is created and emits radiation ranging from XUV down to the SXR range. The target consists of an inner and a surrounding outer gas. The inner gas serves as the actual source of the radiation to which a specific elemental emission can be attributed. The outer gas limits the expansion of the target gas. Consequently, the target density in the interaction region is significantly increased and the XUV/SXR emission is enhanced. To generate SXR radiation, the inner nozzle has been supplied with krypton at a pressure of \({p=4\,\mathrm {bar}}\). The krypton plasma efficiently emits radiation in the spectral range between \({\lambda =2.2\,\mathrm {nm}} \text { and } 5.5\,\text {nm}\) covering the entire water window. The outer nozzle was supplied with helium at a pressure of \({p=5.5\,\mathrm {bar}}\).
Results of XCT measurements in the silicon transmission window: the samples consist of a single (a) and double (d) thin layers of gold with 5 nm thickness, which are buried under 170 nm and 100 nm layer of amorphous silicon, respectively. The measured reflectivities (\(R(\kappa _{D})\)) for each sample in the silicon transmission window are obtained with synchrotron radiation (\({32-99\,\mathrm {eV}}\), blue) and HHG source (\({37-72\,\mathrm {eV}}\), red). Small amplitude deviations are due to the spectrometer adjustment and degradation of the samples. The energy scale is converted into \(k_{D}\)-axis by including dispersion of the dominating material (silicon) and the angle of incidence. The dashed curves represent the Kaiser–Bessel spectral windows used to suppress the Fourier artifacts. The right panel (c and f) shows the reconstructed depth profile (dot–dashed lines) by the Fourier transform of experimentally measured reflectivity. The positions of peaks (170 nm for the single layer, 110 nm and 140 nm for the double layer) determine the depths of the buried gold layers and are in very good agreement in both data sets. The "ghost peak" at 30 nm (f) is an autocorrelation artifact, commonly referred to as "autocorrelation" in OCT imagery. Its position corresponds to the difference in depths between two gold layers in the sample (d). Note that the amplitude of peak at \(\zeta =0\,\)nm consists of the reflectivity of surface and DC components resulting from the Fourier transform. The solid lines display the results of the retrieved phase data using the PR-XCT algorithm which eliminates the autocorrelation artifacts. Thus, it enables to reconstruct the real reflectivity of the layers, which is encoded in the amplitude of corresponding peaks. The axial resolution determined by the Rayleigh criterion and the Fourier transform of the filter window for synchrotron data is \(15\,\mathrm {nm}\) and for HHG radiation \(29\,\mathrm {nm}\)
XCT in silicon window with synchrotron radiation and HHG
Two samples were designed to deliver the proof-of-concept XCT experiment in the silicon transmission window, as illustrated in Fig. 2a and d. The sample in Fig. 2a consists of one thin layer of gold with 5 nm thickness, which is buried under a 170 nm layer of amorphous silicon. The sample in Fig. 2d contains two 5 nm-thick gold layers spaced by \({30\,\mathrm {nm}}\) and buried under \({100\,\mathrm {nm}}\) of silicon. The samples were prepared by sputtering gold and silicon layers onto a silicon substrate. A capping layer on the top of the sample was formed by a natively grown few nanometer thick \(\mathrm {SiO}_{2}\) layer upon contact of silicon with the ambient atmosphere. The position of the samples is controlled by a piezo-driven motorized stage during the measurement. Synchrotron-based as well as HHG-based XCT measurements have been performed on both samples and allow a comparison.
The reflected spectral intensity recorded for both samples for both sources is shown in Fig. 2b and d, respectively. The energy scale is converted into \(\kappa _{D}\)-axis by including the dispersion of the dominating material \(n_{D}(E)\) (in this case silicon) and the angle of incidence \(\alpha\) using relation:
$$\begin{aligned} \kappa _D=\frac{2E}{\hbar c}\sqrt{n_D^2(E)-\sin ^2\alpha }. \end{aligned}$$
The synchrotron measurement was performed for a wider energy range (\({32-99\,\mathrm {eV}}\), blue) than the measurement employing HHG radiation where the bandwidth is limited by the transmission of the aluminum filter (\({37-72\,\mathrm {eV}}\), red). To avoid ringing artifacts in the Fourier transform, the spectra are weighted by a Kaiser–Bessel window (dashed lines). The small amplitude deviations in the reflectivity are due to the spectrometer adjustment and degradation of the samples in the time between the measurements. The laser intensity jitter introduced noise due to the high nonlinearity of the HHG process, which could be resolved in the measurement with the two-layer system.
The right panel of Fig. 2 shows the XCT signal (dot–dashed lines) resulting from the Fourier transform of the spectral reflectivity (c and f). The positions of the peaks in the XCT signal representing the depth positions of the gold layers (170 nm for the single layer, and 110 and 140 nm for the double layer) are in very good agreement in both data sets. The main limitation for precise determination of the position of the layers (\({\pm 4\,\mathrm {nm}}\)) is the measurement error of the angle of incidence (\(\pm 1^{\circ }\)) and remaining dispersion effects of the gold layers. The peak around \({140\,\mathrm {nm}}\) in the laser-based XCT (red, Fig. 2 f) is slightly shifted when compared to the position retrieved by the synchrotron measurement (blue). This can be explained by sample degradation processes, since two measurements were taken with several months in between. It is known that thin gold layers tend to diffuse into silicon, thus altering the sample structure over long periods of time. The axial resolution is determined based on the Rayleigh criterion and the Fourier transform of the filter window. In all cases, the nanometer range is clearly reached as expected for XCT. For the HHG experiment, the axial resolution is about \({29\,\mathrm {nm}}\), which is slightly lower than in the experiment with synchrotron radiation (15 nm) due to the reduced bandwidth of the HHG source.
Since in the original XCT signal the lack of phase information leads to autocorrelation artifacts and thus to an ambiguous signal, one can identify two ghosts in the signal. First, the strong ghost peak which appears in the measurement of the double-layer sample at a depth of \({30\,\mathrm {nm}}\) corresponds to the depth difference between the two gold layers. Second, the peak at zero depth is the sum of a reflection from the sample's surface and the DC component of the radiation reflected from buried layers. With a novel phase-retrieval algorithm (PR-XCT), the ambiguities can be eliminated efficiently [22]. As depicted in Fig. 2c and f, the ghost peak and the DC components are almost completely suppressed. As a result, the real sample structure including the surface reflectivity could be reconstructed from both data sets independently (solid lines). It should be noted that even the high noise level present in the HHG measurement for the double-layer sample (Fig. 2e) does not affect the reconstruction, because the information is encoded in the modulation frequency. This clearly demonstrates that Fourier-domain XCT is robust against noise caused, e.g., by the laser intensity fluctuations [Fig. 2e (red line)]. Such rapid fluctuations typically occurring on a single laser shot basis generate high-frequency component in the Fourier spectrum. In fact, they filter themselves out from the lower frequency signal modulations carrying information about the sample structure.
Results of an XCT investigation in the water transmission window: sample (a) consists of a 8 nm-thick Pt layer buried under 18 nm of boron carbide \({\mathrm {B}_{4}\mathrm{C}}\). b Recorded reflected spectral intensity in the water window \(280\text{--}530\,\mathrm{eV}\) \((4.4\text{--}2.3\,\mathrm {nm})\) of the layer system. The solid line (blue) represents the interpolation of data acquired for different monochromator positions. The dashed curve (light blue) is the Kaiser–Bessel spectral window used to suppress Fourier artifacts. c Reconstructed depth profile (dot–dashed line) by Fourier transform of experimentally measured reflectivity. The frontside and backside of the platinum layer appear separated, and thus, the resolution is better than 8 nm. The first peak at 7.7 nm can be identified as an artifact, which corresponds to the difference between the two real depths. The blue solid line represents the results of the phase retrieval with PR-XCT algorithm. The PR-XCT suppresses the autocorrelation artifact at 7.7 nm and retrieves the layer's reflectivity, which is encoded in the peak amplitudes. The axial resolution determined by the Rayleigh criterion and the Fourier transform of the filter window is 7 nm
XCT in the water window with synchrotron radiation
To demonstrate XCT in the SXR range, an experiment in the water window using synchrotron radiation has been performed. A layered sample consisting of a 8 nm platinum layer buried under a boron carbide layer has been produced and investigated by XCT. It is depicted in Fig. 3a. The measured reflectivity captured by swept-source XCT is shown in Fig. 3b. The blue line represents the interpolation of measurements acquired for different monochromator positions. In analogy to the previous data in the silicon window, the spectrum is multiplied by a filter function (dashed line). The XCT signal (c, dot–dashed curve) shows three distinct peaks. The peaks at 17 nm and 25 nm represent the position of the frontside and backside of the platinum layer, respectively. The peak at 7.7 nm is the autocorrelation artifact representing the difference in depth of the frontside and backside of the platinum layer. With the PR-XCT, it is possible to eliminate the ghost artifacts and reconstruct the real sample reflectivity. Note that in contrast to the silicon-window measurement, the amplitude of the peak at \(\zeta =0\,\)nm is much higher due to the higher reflectivity of the platinum capping layer. The axial resolution is defined by the bandwidth and the filter function and is as high as 7 nm (FWHM). The two layers with a distance of 8 nm are clearly separated demonstrating XCT can achieve single-digit nanometer axial resolution.
XCT in the water window with laser-plasma radiation source (LPS)
To perform laboratory-based XCT in the SXR range, a broad bandwidth SXR continuum generated by the laser-plasma source (LPS) has been used [23]. In this experiment, a standard Mo/Si mirror designed for unpolarized \({13.5\,\mathrm {nm}}\) VUV radiation with a spectral bandwidth of \({1\,\mathrm {nm}}\) and a reflectivity of \(\sim 37\%\) (Fraunhofer IOF) was used as a sample. It is composed of 40 pairs of Si/Mo multilayers deposited on top of a \(\mathrm {SiO}_{2}\) substrate. According to the technical specifications of the mirrors, the thickness of the layers is \({6\,\mathrm {nm}}\) for silicon and \(4\,\mathrm {nm}\) for molybdenum, as illustrated in Fig. 4a. The sample is illuminated by the broadband SXR radiation (\({\lambda =2-5\,\mathrm {nm}}\)) from the LPS \({(\text{I}_{\text{inc}}(\lambda ))}\). The sample reflects the SXR radiation at \(45^{\circ }\) towards a grazing-incidence SXR spectrometer \((\mathrm{I}_{\mathrm{ref}}(\lambda ))\). Further details on the experimental apparatus can be found in [23].
Schematic of the Mo/Si multilayer structure studied using "water-window" XCT (a). The sample consists of 40 pairs of 6 nm-thick silicon and 4 nm-thick molybdenum layers deposited on a \(\mathrm {SiO}_{2}\) substrate. b The measured reflectivity (teal line) is filtered with a Gaussian-type window function (green) to suppress the Fourier artifacts. The orange line represents the multiplication of both curves. A reconstruction of the depth information from the Mo/Si structure, experimental data (bottom, pink curve), and simulation (top, blue curve) (c), with numbers indicating the peak positions
The measured spectral reflectivity of the sample is converted into \(\kappa _D\)-space (teal curve in Fig. 4b) and windowed with a Gaussian function (light green curve, parameters are \({\kappa _{0} = 2.6\,\mathrm{nm}^{-1}}\) and FWHM width \({\sigma = 1.8\,\mathrm{nm}^{-1}}\)) as shown in Fig. 4 (b, orange curve). The corresponding XCT signal, i.e., the Fourier transform, is shown in Fig. 4c and reveals depth information from the Mo/Si structure (bottom, pink curve). It is compared to a simulation (top, blue curve) of the XCT signal calculated via the matrix method based on Fresnel's equations. The numbers, above and below the curves, indicate the horizontal position (depth values) of each peak for comparison between theoretical and experimental data. Both are in good agreement. The main peaks, spaced every period of the multilayer structure, are clearly matched. The positions of the measured peaks in between the main peaks, for depths larger than 10 nm, correspond well to the simulated data; however, a shift of \({\sim \,1-2\,\mathrm {nm}}\) is present. Considering the spatial frequency limit of the Gaussian window function, used in Fig. 4b in terms of its Fourier transform, the FWHM width of the Gaussian window is 2.2 nm. This corresponds to the FWHM width of the narrowest peak in the reconstructed axial profile, as shown in Fig. 4c. Due to high periodicity of the sample, a finite depth constraint for the phase-retrieval (PR-XCT) is not possible and thus the algorithm does not converge stably. This problem has to be addressed in the future.
Table 1 Comparison of different technological approaches presented in this review. Features are grouped according to the radiation source used in the experiment, i.e., table-top laser systems (HHG and LPS) and the synchrotron source. Look the discussion for further details
In Table 1, we summarize the most important features of different realizations of the coherence tomography experiments in the XUV/SXR regime. The features are grouped according to the type of the radiation source used in the experiments. The table-top laser-based sources based on the HHG process (XCT in Si window) and LPS (XCT in the water window) are compared with results obtained using the synchrotron radiation (PETRA III). The following discussion concentrates on the most essential features of each approach.
This review has concentrated on the axial imaging of the layered samples. According to Eq. 1, the axial resolution in the coherence tomography experiment depends solely on the central wavelength (\({\lambda }\)) and the square of the bandwidth of the light source (\({\Delta \lambda ^{2}}\)). However, to avoid ringing artifacts in the Fourier transform, the spectra are weighted by the spectral window, e.g., Kaiser–Bessel window (Figs. 2a, d, 3a) and Gaussian window (Fig. 4b). We emphasize that in all presented results, the achieved axial resolution is limited by its width. Improving of the axial resolution can be achieved by controlling the bandwidth and, thus, the width of the filtering function. This can be realized in several ways taking into account the sample material transmission windows. In the HHG process, the high-energy cut-off scales as \({3.17\,\mathrm {Up}}\) with the ponderomotive energy defined as \({\text{Up}} \sim {\text{I}} \cdot \lambda ^{2}\) and can be extended by increasing the laser intensity or preferably the wavelength of the optical field. Technically, the applicable bandwidth is further limited by the transmission of the filters used to attenuate optical field driving the HHG process. The shaping of the spectrum of the LPS source, in turn, can straightforwardly be realized by mixing various gases. However, it is limited by the atomic structure of the target gas. The experiments with the synchrotron radiation offer the most versatile controlling of the wavelength. By its nature, the synchrotron radiation typically delivers monochromatic radiation ranging from VUV to hard X-ray at high flux (\({10^{11}\,\mathrm {ph/s}}\)).
When it comes to available photon flux and thus fast image acquisition, synchrotrons are still the most powerful sources. For example the PETRA III synchrotron facility (station P04) delivers up to \({ 10^{12}}\) photons/s/0.1% BW in the entire accessible range [43]. However, their limited accessibility and the large costs severely restrict the applicability of synchrotron-based XUV/SXR imaging. A standard table-top HHG laser source delivers \({10^{9}\,\mathrm {ph/s}}\) [27] in the XUV range. Although extending the cutoff of the HHG spectrum towards SXR range can be realized using mid-infrared wavelength, it happens at unavoidable costs of the photon flux. The conversion efficiency of the HHG process is limited by phase-matching conditions and reaches \({10^{-3}-10^{-4}}\) in the VUV range and \({10^{-6}-10^{-7}}\) in the SXR range [44]. This problem can be circumvented by the development of high average power laser systems [45, 46], which are suited for various types of the imaging. In the mean time, LPS sources based on a double-stream gas-puff system are an attractive alternative to generate SXR continuum. They require relatively low-cost and very stable nanosecond drivers. These sources deliver enough photons (\(10^{10}\) ph/s) in the water window to enable laboratory-sized SXR imaging [41, 42]. Further increasing of the photon flux of LPS sources can be realized using high-repetition rate nanosecond drivers.
However, like in OCT, lateral imaging can be added to XCT by repeating the depth measurement with a focused illumination in a scanning approach. The lateral resolution is therefore limited by the NA of the focusing optics, but the axial resolution remains only dependent on the coherence length of the light source and is thus independent on the focusing. This is a considerable advantage especially in the XUV range, where high-NA focusing is extremely demanding and expensive. Although not shown in this article, the XCT implementations at synchrotrons and HHG sources already included lateral imaging by using toroidal mirrors. These reflective grazing-incidence optics provide a lateral resolution of a few tens of micrometers. Further improvement of the lateral resolution of XCT requires better focusing optics with more advanced components such as multiple toroidal mirrors [47], Kirkpatrick-Baez Optics [48], or zone plates [49]. Alternatively, a mask with a small hole in front of the sample can be used to limit the area of interaction and thus increasing the lateral resolution at the expense of the usable photon flux.
Although, in the water window, the synchrotrons are still much more powerful, laser-based approaches begin catching up [44, 50]. They have been employed for various nanometer imaging techniques such as SXR microscopy, X-ray diffraction imaging, and X-ray holography, which utilize rather narrow bandwidth XUV/SXR radiation. The XCT makes efficient use of the intrinsically broad spectrum of laser-based HHG and LPS sources. This is in contrast to the experiments using the synchrotron radiation that require the wavelength sweeping over the broad energy ranges. Besides the superior accessibility of laser-based sources, their intrinsic time resolution is another advantage. In the case of HHG, it can even reach the attosecond range allowing the investigation of ultrafast processes.
In comparison to a freestanding interferometric setup with a distinct reference arm, the common-path XCT geometry significantly reduces the technical complexity of the experiment. The axial structure of the sample can be reconstructed solely by a Fourier transform of the reflected spectrum from the sample (common-path Fourier-domain XCT). However, this simplification comes at unavoidable costs. Without the distinct reference arm, the spectral phase of the reflected light is lost. As a result, the autocorrelation artifacts appear in the XCT signal and lead to ambiguities in the reconstructed depth information. Computationally, the problem of the autocorrelation artifacts can be approached by adapting a solution from digital optics. Using one-dimensional iterative phase-retrieval algorithms, we were able to reconstruct the phase. However, in comparison to the two-dimensional phase-retrieval problem, the one-dimensional one is a by far less over-determined. One needs to make sure that an algorithm is able to find the right physical solution out of many possible ones. By implementing a novel three-step phase-retrieval algorithm, it has been shown that the lost phase of XCT can indeed be reconstructed, which in consequence efficiently removes the autocorrelation artifacts commonly referred to as "autocorrelation" in OCT imagery. The phase-retrieval algorithm (PR-XCT) [22] successfully retrieves the phase of the scattered light from samples containing single and double buried layers (Fig. 2, 3). However retrieving the phase of the light reflected from the multi-layered and periodic sample, as shown in Fig.4, requires further development of the numerical algorithm.
Even in its current implementation, where lateral resolution is limited to the micrometer scale, XCT has many possible applications, for example, the investigation of (multilayer-) coatings of optical mirrors or even XUV-mirrors, axial-structured devices like solar cells, or axial-structured semiconductor devices. In addition, imaging of laterally homogeneous biological membranes might be possible. Future XCT generations with high numerical aperture, and thus, high lateral resolution could even have further applications, e.g., non-destructive three-dimensional imaging of three-dimensional semiconductor devices, lithographic masks, and complex biological structures.
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This work was partially supported by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (DFG) (projects: PA 730/5 and PA 730/9-1), the Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung (BMBF) (project VIP "X-Coherent T" and FSP 301-FLASH), the Thüringer Aufbaubank (2015FGR0094), the National Science Centre (NCN) (projects: 2015/19/B/ST3 /00435, 2016/23/G/ST2/04319), and European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program Laserlab-Europe IV (654148).
Institute of Optics and Quantum Electronics, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Max-Wien-Platz 1, 07743, Jena, Germany
S. Skruszewicz, S. Fuchs, J. J. Abel, J. Nathanael, J. Reinhard, C. Rödel, F. Wiesner, M. Wünsche & G. G. Paulus
Helmholtz Institute Jena, Fröbelstieg 3, 07743, Jena, Germany
Institute of Optoelectronics, Military University of Technology, 2 Kaliskiego Str., 00-980, Warsaw, Poland
P. Wachulak, A. Bartnik, K. Janulewicz & H. Fiedorowicz
S. Skruszewicz
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Skruszewicz, S., Fuchs, S., Abel, J.J. et al. Coherence tomography with broad bandwidth extreme ultraviolet and soft X-ray radiation. Appl. Phys. B 127, 55 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00340-021-07586-w
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Jodie Whittaker's Doctor Who Debuts to Record Ratings in U.K.
Jodie Whittaker's Doctor Who debut lands record ratings in the U.K.
Following the eleventh season premiere of Doctor Who last October 7, Variety reports that Jodie Whittaker's debut episode has garnered a whopping total of 10.9 million audience in th U.K. with a 45.1% audiences share, which was viewed in across all devices including TV and non-TV online viewing. This marks the highest debut ratings from all of the show's previous seasons.
Whittaker is the show's 13th doctor and first ever female time lord. The second episode of the series has also drew a fairly large amount of audience with 7.1 million. The previous record holder for the revival was for the debut episode in 2005 with Christopher Eccleston, which garnered an audience of 10.8 million.
"It's incredibly exciting to see the audience responding to Jodie Whittaker's 13th Doctor in such huge numbers," BBC's director of content Charlotte Moore added.


The North American Riding for the Handicapped Association (NARHA) is a national, non-profit equestrian organization dedicated to serving individuals with disabilities by giving them the opportunity to ride horses. NARHA establishes safety standards, provides continuing education, and offers networking opportunities for both its individuals and operating center members. Riders are encouraged to expand the limits of their abilities in environments that promote success. Established in 1969, NARHA is headquartered in Denver, with a membership of approximately 3,600 and 600 operating centers. NARHA provides educational opportunities through regional workshops, an annual conference, and regional and state networks.


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Home » jazz • new release • psych • rawk • reissue • review • vinyl » Reviews: Five Limited-edition Vinyl Releases
Posted in jazz, new release, psych, rawk, reissue, review, vinyl By Bill Kopp On August 12, 2016
Reviews: Five Limited-edition Vinyl Releases
Some recent vinyl releases are more than noteworthy. Herewith are looks at five of 'em. I'm pretty certain all are limited-edition pressings, so get them while they're hot.
Kenny Clarke et. al. – Bohemia After Dark
Nominally a session led by drummer Kenny Clarke, this 1955 album is of great historical import as the recorded debut of Julian "Cannonball" Adderley (alto sax) and brother Nat Adderley (cornet). Recorded mere weeks before the sessions that would produce Cannon's official debut (Presenting Cannonball Adderley), this set is in every way but its title the true debut. Four of the record's seven tracks were composed by the Adderleys. The set swings in a hard bop fashion, and shows Cannon and Nat right out of the gate as consummate players. Everybody else is in fine form, too: Clarke, pianist Horace Silver, bassist Paul Chambers, Donald Byrd on trumpet and more. In fact this album has sometimes been reissued under Cannonball's name, but this high-quality vinyl reissue reproduces the original Savoy package – right down to the label and the liner notes – as it was originally issued. To call the consistently thrilling Bohemia After Dark essential is to engage in understatement.
The New Mastersounds – The Nashville Session
I'm on record as being a near-rabid fan of this band originally from Leeds, England. Not to cede to them all of the credit for doing so, but The New Mastersounds deserve heaps of praise for reviving a long-moribund genre. They call it "boogaloo," and a look at their fan base suggests it's jam-band music, but the truth is that The New Mastersounds play a kind of funksouljazz that can't easily be pigeonholed. They're largely – but not exclusively – instrumental, with chops to burn. Their level of musical simpatico is a thing to behold, and they're best experienced live onstage. That's not to take anything away from their superb string of studio albums (Eddie Roberts' side projects are also mighty tasty). With this vinyl-only release, the group has managed to capture the best of both worlds: the precision of recording in a controlled studio environment, and the crackling energy of a live performance. As drummer/raconteur Simon Allen explains in the brief liner note, "there are no guests and no overdubs: just bass, drums, guitar and organ." The album is also an opportunity for the group in its current (and now longtime) configuration to wax studio versions of tunes that predate organist Joe Tatton's 2007 joining. Find The Nashville Session and revel in its analog splendor.
Art Pepper – Surf Ride
1952's Surf Ride was one of the earliest releases featuring Art Pepper as bandleader. Though he's often lumped in with the West coast "cool jazz" movement, there's plenty of excitement on this twelve-song set. The interplay between the players often suggests a level of telepathy hitherto unknown among musicians. Of particular note is Russ Freeman's piano work, though everybody's on fire here. The album draws from three sessions, each featuring its own unique lineup. Only Pepper appears in all three; drummer Larry Bunker plays on two. Diverging a bit from the practice of the day, Surf Ride features nearly all original Pepper compositions; only a reading of Jerome Kern's "The Way You Look Tonight" draws on outside composers. The playing throughout is both controlled and frenetic. Special mention must be made of the kitsch cover painting of a wholesome redheaded gal atop what looks more like a giant tongue depressor. The 2016 reissue reproduces the original record and packaging down to the most minute detail, but it's really about the music.
The Third Power – Believe
Hey, rock fan: if I tell you there's an album you haven't heard, and give you the clues that it features three musicians and was released in 1970, I'm putting all my chips on betting that you'll correctly guess what kind of music is on that record. Yes, The Third Power is an uncompromisingly loud, hard-rocking, acid-blooz affair. Its quality belies its relative obscurity, but what may explain the fact that you don't know it is that Believe was originally released on Vanguard, a label not exactly known for heavy rockers. One suspects the label didn't know how (or to whom) to market this album. But modern-day listeners don't have that problem. Another problem they don't have is figuring out where to come up with at least $80 for a worn copy: a new reissue will suffice nicely, thank you. The Detroit-based trio only ever cut this one record, but it's a corker. Like some of their fellow Detroiters, the Third Power ingested the melodic and rhythmic sense of Motown, and applied those qualities in a heavy manner. Even the obligatory contemplative acoustic number "Passed By" is strong, suggesting that if the group could have somehow hung on, they might have eventually earned the success they deserved.
Tiny Tim – Tiny Tim's America: Rare Moments Volume 2
It was nearly seven years ago that Richard Barone (The Bongos) put together and released the archival collection I've Never Seen a Straight Banana, subtitled Rare Moments Volume One. Well, here and now in 2016, we have the second in the series. Connected conceptually to other Tiny Tim-related projects by biographer Justin A. Martell, Tiny Tim's America is sourced from a personal tape Tim (born Herbert Khaury) made in 1974. Think of it, perhaps as Tiny Tim's answer to The Beatles' "Real Love" and "Free as a Bird." Barone assembled a team of musicians to overdub tasteful and sympathetic arrangements onto the basic tape Tiny Tim left behind. As Martell's liner notes for this beautifully-packaged LP explain, by this point in Tiny Tim's career, he was being trotted out in a Vegas-styled revue (but not in Vegas). This tape finds Tiny Tim returning to his first musical love: songs from the very early 20th century, the era of the wire recorder and Edison cylinder. Only a few of the album's fifteen songs were composed after World War I. Barone's technical notes on the recording are worth a read, too; they underscore the point – should it need to be made – that bringing Tiny Tim's America to life is a labor of love. Though often thought of as novelty, the man was a treasury of a forgotten era in music, and Tiny Tim's America is a most welcome addition to his catalog.
Tags:cannonball adderley, kenny clarke, new mastersounds, Richard Barone, third power, Tiny Tim
With a background in marketing and advertising, Bill Kopp got his professional start writing for Trouser Press. After a stint as Editor-in-chief for a national music magazine, Bill launched Musoscribe in 2009, and has published new content every business day since then (and every single day since 2018). The 4000-plus interviews, essays, and reviews on Musoscribe reflect Bill's keen interest in American musical forms, most notably rock, jazz, and soul. His work features a special emphasis on reissues and vinyl. Bill's work also appears in many other outlets both online and in print. He regularly hosts lecture/discussions on artists and albums of historical importance (including monthly events Music to Your Ears and Music Movie Mondays), and is a frequent guest on music-focused radio programs and podcasts. In Spring 2023 he is co-teaching a history of Rock 'n' Roll at UNC Asheville's College for Seniors. He also researches and authors liner notes for album reissues -- more than 30 to date -- and co-produced a reissue of jazz legend Julian "Cannonball" Adderley's final album. His first book, Reinventing Pink Floyd: From Syd Barrett to The Dark Side of the Moon was published by Rowman & Littlefield in 2018, and in paperback in 2019. His second book, Disturbing the Peace: 415 Records and the Rise of New Wave, is available now from HoZac Books. Read even more about him here.


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Why Meghan Markle Is So Problematic For The British Press
Her non-conformity once made for positive headlines, but – as Prince Harry tries to prevent history repeating itself – Meghan Markle's refusal to play the tabloid game has left the papers riled.
By Natalie Cornish
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Many believed Meghan Markle signalled the dawning of a new age for the British royal family when she married Prince Harry 18 months ago. Not only was she mixed-race, but a successful actress in her own right who refused to conform to outdated 'princess' stereotypes.
The newly-anointed Duke and Duchess of Sussex's relationship with the British tabloid press started well. In the midst of Brexit chaos, a fairytale wedding, followed in quick succession by a pregnancy announcement and successful royal tour of the Pacific, their relationship seemed to be the good news the tabloids thought we needed. Where Kate Middleton had dominated the news agenda, there was now also Meghan, and, as any editor will tell you, she was a much-needed boost to the metrics that really matter: newspaper sales and website clicks.
Yes, there were (seemingly unfounded) rumours that Meghan didn't get on with Kate. After all, two women who come from completely different walks of life should instantly hit it off just because they're now related by marriage, right? Also great for sales and clicks. But things took a real turn for the worse when the Sussexes decided to christen Archie privately. Therefore denying the tabloids the insider scoop they had come to expect – and, dare I say it, rely on to push up their circulation and viewing numbers.
Headlines were vicious. Since then, every opportunity to jump on the slightest hypocrisy from the couple has become fair game. Supporting climate change while flying private? Terrible. Moving to the countryside to bring up Archie away from the media glare? Disgusting.
"I lost my mother and now I watch my wife falling victim to the same powerful forces."
In the last week, relations reached crisis point. The Sussexes began legal action against The Mail on Sunday for publishing a private letter, they claim was edited, from Meghan to her estranged father, Thomas Markle, back in February.
"Unfortunately, my wife has become one of the latest victims of a British tabloid press that wages campaigns against individuals with no thought to the consequences – a ruthless campaign that has escalated over the past year, throughout her pregnancy and while raising our newborn son," Harry's statement read.
"There comes a point when the only thing to do is to stand up to this behaviour, because it destroys people and destroys lives. Put simply, it is bullying, which scares and silences people. We all know this isn't acceptable, at any level. We won't and can't believe in a world where there is no accountability for this.
Prince Harry, the Duchess and Duke of Sussex with baby Archie Mountbatten-Windsor on September 25. Princess Diana cuddling Prince Harry as a baby in 1985. Image credits: Toby Melville and Tim Graham/ Getty Images
"Though this action may not be the safe one, it is the right one. Because my deepest fear is history repeating itself. I've seen what happens when someone I love is commoditised to the point that they are no longer treated or seen as a real person. I lost my mother and now I watch my wife falling victim to the same powerful forces."
The newspaper responded with this statement: "The Mail on Sunday stands by the story it published and will be defending this case vigorously. Specifically, we categorically deny that the Duchess's letter was edited in any way that changed its meaning."
Since then, Harry has announced the couple are also taking legal action against two more tabloid publishers for alleged historic phone hacking. News Group, who own The Sun and the now-defunct News of the World, and The Mirror Group who publish The Daily Mirror.
There appears to be two issues at play here. Firstly, there's a feeling in the UK amongst much of the tabloid press that we are owed a daily insight into the inner workings of the royal family because we, the taxpayer, foot the bill. Yes, this is a divisive issue, but, the truth is, most of us don't actually care that much.
Living in Australia for two years, the royals were brought up as soon as my British accent was noted. Back at home though, they are not a daily topic of conversation for us Brits. Most of us have a soft spot for William and Harry having watched them, very publicly, deal with the death of their mother so young. But, staunch royalists aside, we don't feel the need to know what they had for breakfast, or that the Sussexes reportedly shipped Land Rovers to Africa on their recent tour.
"Meghan does not want, seek, or need the blessing of the British tabloid press. Nothing riles them more."
We are supportive, but also see them as people who are entitled to the privacy that the rest of us are afforded. That's no doubt why Harry signed off the statement: "We thank you, the public, for your continued support. It is hugely appreciated. Although it may not seem like it, we really need it".
A YouGov survey of 2241 British adults which took place the morning after the news of the first lawsuit broke backs this sentiment. Fifty-four percent of those asked about the Sussexes taking legal action said they "strongly support" or "tend to support" them doing so. Just 14 percent said they "tend to oppose" or "strongly oppose" the couple's privacy case. Twenty-one percent had no view either way.
Secondly, Meghan refuses to play the tabloid game. Unlike Kate, she has long been in control of her own narrative due to her TV career. She's a strong woman who is unapologetically progressive in her beliefs; a disrupter who's comfortable in her own skin and brought her own money and fame to her marriage. She does not want, seek, or need the blessing of the British tabloid press. Nothing riles them more.
Perhaps the biggest sign of the tabloids' contempt for Meghan is this: more column inches are dedicated to her being "difficult" than the furore surrounding Prince Andrew, who is currently embroiled in the Jeffrey Epstein sex scandal (any involvement in which he denies).
Main image credit: Chris Jackson /Getty Images
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