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Home / PAKISTAN: Health agenda should be embedded in political parties election manifesto
PAKISTAN: Health agenda should be embedded in political parties election manifesto
The 1946 Constitution of the World Health Organization (WHO), preamble states that, "the enjoyment of the highest attainable standard of health is one of the fundamental rights of every human being without distinction of race, religion, political belief, economic or social condition". The WHO further states that the right to health means that governments must generate conditions in which everyone can be as healthy as possible. Such conditions range from ensuring availability of health services, healthy and safe working conditions, adequate housing and nutritious food.
Health is one of the fundamental human rights supposed to be protected by the state. However, the mere acknowledgment of health care as a fundamental right may not help in providing such important services to the poor and needy people of third world countries.
Pakistan's health sector suffers from successive government's lack of vision and political will to make universal health coverage a reality. It is quite unfortunate that the leading political parties often have minimal vision or strategy to solve the health care issues, mainly affecting the commoners.
Health systems are often judged by their level of fairness and responsiveness apart from being accessible and equitable to all segments of society. It is a sad manifestation that public health experts, available data and news reports clearly indicate that health sector, despite being an integral part of the manifesto of all ruling political parties in Pakistan, has not been able to achieve satisfactory success indicators.
There is an agreement that still a large number of maternal and newborn deaths are taking place at the time of delivery, especially in rural areas where absence of health care facilities are quite common. Despite reporting of such high number of deaths the legislators have failed to respond in concrete manner.
The condition in public hospitals, health units and dispensaries by all means is not satisfactory. The availability of qualified health practitioners is still a privilege rather than right in many parts of the country. It is even more unfortunate that health practitioners, serving in government hospitals, are more interested in formation of their service structure, including perks and privileges.
Pakistan ranks quite low on human development index with abysmal health, education, and state of living indicators. The country has a double burden of disease, equally suffering from a high number of infectious and non infectious conditions. High population growth rate is a chronic issue in the country with low contraceptive prevalence rate. The country ranks 6th most high TB burden country in the world.
The province of Sindh has seen worst measles outbreaks that have caused the preventable deaths of 300 innocent children. The epidemic is a clear outcome of government's inefficiency to employ a proper immunization mechanism in the province. The emergence of Polio, which has been wiped out all around the world except three countries including Pakistan, is still a grave challenge. Armed attacks on polio workers have further intensified the problem.
It is an irony that the country plagued with such health challenges has an ineffective and inefficient system mainly relying on out of pocket expenditures by the patients. Every year hundreds and thousands of families fall into the poverty trap mainly due to sudden and unforeseen expenses on health related problems.
A clear lack of political will is a primary reason of the poor state of public health care system in the country. After successful completion of allotted five-year term, all political parties have started their preparation for the national and provincial assembly elections, scheduled to be held in May 2013. The manifestos of all major political parties are at the final stage. It is an important time for the Pakistani civil society organizations and health experts to lobbying for the inclusion of health focused agenda in political parties manifestos and makes the contestants accountable for proper delivery of services.
Pakistan is at the crossroads and unlike previous elections when people have tended to focus on personalities the next election should have focus pressing social problems, including much needed health care reforms. The country's civil society must draw up a manifesto to guide common people towards an issue-based electorate system.
Amir Murtaza is a researcher and column writer, he can be reached at amirmurtaza@hotmail.com
Document ID :AHRC-ETC-013-2013
Countries : Pakistan
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The time has finally come; you are ready to start your family! Improving your health shouldn't start with a positive pregnancy test. Once you are pregnant, your health care provider likely won't see you for your first appointment until you are around 8 weeks pregnant.
Why is it important that you see me before you are even pregnant?
Because of weeks 5-8, before you even see the doctor!
During week 5 the baby's brain, spinal cord, and heart develop. The gastrointestinal tract begins to form. It's this time that the baby is most at risk for damage from things that may cause birth defects.
During weeks 6 and 7 the baby's brain starts to form and take shape, tissue grows that will be the baby's bones, the heart beats and blood pumps through the vessels.
Week 8 the brain is still growing and the lungs are starting to develop.
Now you visit your doctor and await direction on how to care for yourself and your baby.
Don't wait to start your prenatal care when you are pregnant. Your weight, nutrition habits, social habits, stress, and environmental toxins all play a role in your ability to get pregnant, your pregnancy outcome, and it even sets the stage for your child's future.
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Nutrition plays a huge role in female and male fertility and maintaining a full term pregnancy. Whether it's correcting under or overweight, normalizing blood sugar, changing the types of fats in the diet (unsaturated versus trans fats), proper vitamin supplementation (and not unnecessary over supplementation), and correcting nutritional deficiencies. Before you seek expensive fertility treatments, seek dietary treatment!
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This is an attractive shade and when used with LED gives a clear bright light. We are happy we purchased it and are trying to obtain another without much success.
Gives a nice bright light to a dark landing. Just what we needed.
So lovely! I have two of these in my hallway. The light that shines through is really beautiful, and when the light is turned off it looks really pretty too. I love them!


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Home>Travel inspiration>Art + Culture>History + Culture
Barbados Bids Farewell to British Monarchy as It Becomes a Republic
By Dánica Coto, Associated Press
The drive for Barbados to become a republic began more than two decades ago.
It's an event that the Caribbean hasn't experienced since the 1970s, when Guyana, Dominica, and Trinidad and Tobago became republics.
Several leaders, dignitaries, and artists, including Prince Charles and Rihanna, attended the ceremony that began late Monday in a popular square where the statue of Britain's Lord Nelson was removed last year amid a worldwide push to erase symbols of oppression.
Fireworks peppered the sky at midnight as Barbados officially became a republic, with screens set up across the island so people could watch the event that featured an orchestra with more than 100 steel pan players and numerous singers, poets, and dancers. It was also broadcast online, prompting a flurry of excited messages from Bajans living in the U.S., Canada, and beyond.
The drive to become a republic began more than two decades ago and culminated with the island's Parliament electing its first ever president last month in a two-thirds majority vote. Barbados Governor General Sandra Mason was sworn in before dawn on Tuesday as the island marked its 55th anniversary of independence from Britain.
"As cautioned by our first prime minister . . . we ought no longer to be found loitering on colonial premises," she said. "We must seek to redefine our definition of self, of state, and the Barbados brand, in a more complex, fractured and turbulent world. . . . Our country and people must dream big dreams and fight to realize them."
Mason, 72, is an attorney and judge who also has served as ambassador to Venezuela, Colombia, Chile, and Brazil. She will help Prime Minister Mia Mottley lead the wealthy Caribbean island of more than 300,000 people that is dependent on tourism, manufacturing, and finance.
Barbados didn't need permission from the U.K. to become a republic, although the island will remain a member of the Commonwealth Realm. It's an event that the Caribbean hasn't experienced since the 1970s, when Guyana, Dominica, and Trinidad and Tobago became republics.
"From the darkest days of our past and the appalling atrocity of slavery, which forever stains our history, the people of this island forged their path with extraordinary fortitude," said Prince Charles, who thanked Barbadian officials for inviting him and said he has greatly admired what they've achieved. "Freedom, justice, and self-determination have been your guides."
As the ceremony ended, officials lowered the Queen's royal standard for the last time in Barbados. In a statement, Queen Elizabeth II congratulated the island for its "momentous day," and said she looked forward to an ongoing friendship between the two nations.
Barbados's flag, coat of arms, and national anthem will remain the same, but certain references will change, according to Suleiman Bulbulia, a columnist for the Barbados Today newspaper. He wrote that the terms "royal" and "crown" will no longer be used, so the Royal Barbados Police Force will become the Barbados Police Service and "crown lands" will become "state lands."
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Welcome to the Fishtown restaurant dining guide! Here you'll find the best Fishtown restaurants, as well as the newest and most recently reviewed Fishtown-area restaurants.
Dine out using the Fishtown restaurant reservations list or order in from Fishtown food delivery restaurants.
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The European Union's scientific collaboration beyond the bloc describes the European Union's frameworks for bilateral cooperation and specific projects in science and technology with countries and regional blocs situated beyond the European Union.

Types of association
Since 1994, the European Union (EU) has signed international agreements for scientific and technological cooperation with 20 non-EU countries: Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, China, Egypt, India, Japan, Jordan, Rep. Korea, Mexico, Morocco, New Zealand, Russian Federation, South Africa, Tunisia, Ukraine and the USA.  For the European Parliament, 'the science diplomacy aspect of this cooperation is emphasized at EU level to facilitate interactions with third countries, as well as to increase the EU's soft power'.

The EU invites countries beyond the bloc to participate in its seven-year framework programmes for research and innovation, including developing countries. Horizon Europe, the European Union's framework program for scientific research and innovation between 2021 and 2027, is the bloc's biggest research programme ever, with a budget of €95.5 billion. Horizon Europe aims to raise EU science spending levels by 50% during that period. It supports European partnerships in which the EU, national authorities and/or the private sector jointly commit to support the development and implementation of a programme of research and innovation activities. Horizon Europe expanded its partnerships beyond the 27 member states to include a number of European countries that are not EU member states as well as Israel.

Some countries are associated with the EU's framework programmes for research and innovation through a formal agreement. For Horizon 2020, this includes Iceland, Norway and Switzerland, Israel and countries at various stages of negotiations regarding their future accession to the EU, as in the case of several Southeast European countries (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia) and both Moldova and Turkey. As part of its association agreement concluded with the EU in 2014, Ukraine has also formally become a Horizon 2020 partner.

A wider list of countries, including numerous developing ones, are in principle automatically eligible to submit research proposals through Horizon 2020 programmes. Association with the EU's framework programs can represent a significant contribution to the partner country's research volume and help it develop linkages with international networks of excellence. In turn, the EU has derived substantial benefit from the scientific talent of countries from the former Soviet bloc and elsewhere (e.g. Israel) through its framework programs.

Cooperation with countries beyond the bloc

European Free Trade Association
The European Free Trade Association is an inter-governmental organization devoted to promoting free trade and economic integration in Europe. Its headquarters are in Geneva (Switzerland), but another office in Brussels (Belgium) liaises with the European Commission. Twelve years after EFTA was founded in 1960, it counted nine member states: Austria, Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, Portugal, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. All but three had joined the EU by 1995: Iceland, Norway and Switzerland. Liechtenstein's adhesion since 1991 brings EFTA's current membership to four.

A turning point in EFTA's development came with the signing of an agreement with the EU on the creation of a single European market. The Agreement on the European Economic Area (EEA) was signed by Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway and entered into force in 1994. It provides the legal framework for the implementation of the four cornerstones of the single market: the free movement of people, goods, services and capital. The agreement established common rules for competition and state aid and promoted cooperation in key policy areas, including research and development (R&D). It is through this agreement that three of the four EFTA members (all but Switzerland) participate in the EU's main research activities as associated states on the same footing as the EU member states. Switzerland, on the other hand, must negotiate a bilateral cooperation agreement with the EU for each framework programme, as well as in areas such as trade in goods and services, and adhere to the four cornerstones of the single market. The four EFTA members thus do not have a unified legal and political status vis-à-vis the EU, which is why some refer to the 'Norwegian Model' and 'Swiss Model'.

All four countries are involved in most of the European Commission's activities, as well as some other pan-European initiatives such as European Co-operation in Science and Technology (COST) and Eureka, a co-operative scheme providing companies, universities and research institutes with incentives for cross-border market-driven research. They also take part in the Bologna Process, the collective effort of European countries to harmonize and co-ordinate higher education.

Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway
The European Economic Area (EEA) agreement affords Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway the status of fully associated partners in EU research programmes. Iceland and Norway take full advantage of this opportunity; they were among the most successful countries per capita for the obtention of competitive research grants from the Seventh Framework Programme over 2007–2013. For its part, Iceland had the best success rate of all European Research Area countries in the Cooperation programme of the seventh framework programme, which set out to strengthen research cooperation between universities, industry, research centres and public authorities across the EU and the rest of the world.

Participation in EU activities is not free. Besides paying a lump sum to each framework programme, the three EEA countries contribute to reducing socio-economic disparities in Europe by promoting social cohesion, via a special programme administered autonomously by the EEA Secretariat: the EEA/Norway grants programme. Although this is not really a research programme, education, science and technology play a crucial role in the areas covered by the programme, from environmental protection, renewable energy and the development of green industries to human development, better working conditions and the protection of cultural heritage.

Between 2008 and 2014, the three EEA donors invested €1.8 billion in 150 programmes that had been defined jointly with 16 beneficiary countries in central and southern Europe. In relation to climate change, for instance, one of the programme's priority themes, a joint project enabled Portugal to draw on the Icelandic experience to tap its geothermal potential in the Azores. Portugal has also co-operated with the Norwegian Institute for Marine Research to keep its seas healthy. Through another project, Innovation Norway and the Norwegian Water Resource and Energy Administration have helped Bulgaria to improve its energy efficiency and innovate in green industries.

The EEA grants/Norway grants programme will continue in the years to come, albeit with small changes to the programme structure, a likely increase in spending levels and a merger of the two types of grant into a single funding scheme. As in the past, Iceland and Norway are participating as fully associated members in Horizon 2020. Liechtenstein, on the other hand, has decided to refrain from an association with Horizon 2020, in light of the small number of scientists from this country and its resultant low participation level in the two former programmes.

Switzerland
Switzerland was unable to sign the European Economic Area treaty, even though it had participated actively in drawing it up, owing to a negative vote in a Swiss referendum in November 1992. A bilateral agreement with the EU nevertheless allows Switzerland to take advantage of the main EU instruments in place, including the seven-year framework programmes for research and innovation, the Future and Emerging Technologies programme, the grants of the European Research Council and the Erasmus programme for student exchange,  in return for adhering to the 'four freedoms' of the single market, the freedom of movement of goods, services, people and capital. Switzerland's political ties to the EU are therefore more tenuous than those of the three other EFTA members.

Switzerland is the most successful country per capita in the calls for research proposals issued by the European Research Council. Moreover, one of its universities, the Ecole polytechnique fédérale de Lausanne, is leading the Human Brain Project, one of the two flagship projects of the Future and Emerging Technologies Programme, the other being the Graphene Project.

After the anti-immigration vote in a popular referendum in 2014, which flew in the face of one of the EU's four freedoms, the free movement of people (the others being the free circulation of goods, services and capital), there was some doubt as to whether Switzerland would continue to participate in Horizon 2020 after 2016.  Shortly after the vote, the Swiss government had informed the EU that it would be unable to give Croatian citizens unrestricted access to the Swiss job market, as this would be incompatible with the 'yes' vote in the referendum. The European Commission reacted by excluding Switzerland from research programmes potentially worth hundreds of millions of euros for its universities and suspended negotiations on Switzerland's participation as a full member of Horizon 2020. The European Commission also suspended Switzerland from the Erasmus student exchange programme. According to the ATS news agency, some 2 600 Swiss students took advantage of Erasmus in 2011 and Switzerland played host that same year to about 2 900 foreign students within the same EU-funded programme. The crisis was resolved after the Swiss parliament adopted a bill in December 2016 that gave priority to Swiss nationals and foreigners registered at Swiss job agencies but stopped short of introducing quotas on EU citizens.

Southeast Europe
In July 2014, the remaining five non-EU countries in Southeast Europe (Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Montenegro and Serbia), announced their decision to join the EU's Horizon 2020 programme, which succeeds the EU's Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Technological Development (2007–2013), in which they also participated. The relevant association agreements, which apply retroactively from 1 January 2014, allow entities from these five countries to compete for research funding under the Horizon 2020 programme.

Meanwhile, all are participating in a number of multilateral frameworks, including the European Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST) programme, which fosters co-operative networking by funding researchers' participation in conferences, short-term scientific exchanges and the like. Another example is Eureka, a pan-European intergovernmental organization which fosters market-driven industrial R&D through a bottom-up approach that allows industry to decide which projects it wishes to develop.

Russian Federation
Russian research centres and universities are participating in Horizon 2020 within international consortia, following fairly active participation in previous framework programmes. This co-operation is co-ordinated by a joint committee. In parallel, joint working groups have been set up to manage field-specific joint research calls that are cofinanced by the allied EU and Russian programmes.

A roadmap for establishing the EU–Russia Common Space for Research and Education is also currently being implemented, involving, inter alia, the stepping up of collaboration in space research and technologies. The Agreement for Co-operation between the European Atomic Energy Community and the Russian government in the field of controlled nuclear safety (2001) is currently in force. A joint declaration on the Partnership for Modernization was signed at the Russian Federation–EU summit in 2010.

The Russian Federation participates in a number of European research centres, including the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) in Switzerland, the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility in France and European X-ray Free Electron Laser in Germany. It is a major stakeholder in several international megascience projects, including the ongoing construction of both the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor in France and the Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research in Germany. The Russian Federation also hosts the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research in Dubna, which employs over 1 000 researchers from the Russian Federation and further afield and receives nearly the same number of temporary foreign visitors each year.

In 2014, a wide array of activities were set in motion as part of the Russian–EU Year of Science. These include the launch of joint projects such as Interact (Arctic research), Supra (next-generation pilot simulators), Diabimmune (diabetic and auto-immune illness prophylactics) and Hopsa/Apos (efficient supercomputing for science and industry).

Even at the height of tensions over Ukraine, in 2014, the Agreement on Co-operation in Science and Technology was renewed for another five years by the European Commission and the Russian government. However, economic sanctions imposed on the Russian Federation by the EU in 2014 are limiting co-operation in certain areas, such as dual-use military technologies, energy-related equipment and technologies, services related to deep-water exploration and Arctic or shale oil exploration. The sanctions may ultimately affect broader scientific co-operation.

Black Sea basin
One of the strategic goals of the Organization of the Black Sea Economic Cooperation (BSEC) is to deepen ties with the European Commission in Brussels. BSEC was founded in 1992, shortly after the disintegration of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, in order to develop prosperity and security in the region. It comprises 12 members: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, the Russian Federation, Serbia, Turkey and Ukraine.

The Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs is the BSEC's central decision-making body. There is also a Parliamentary Assembly modelled on the Council of Europe and a Permanent International Secretariat, based in Istanbul. BSEC has a Business Council made up of experts and representatives of Chambers of Commerce from the member states and a Black Sea Trade and Development Bank which receives support from the European Investment Bank and the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development.

BSEC has adopted three Action Plans on Cooperation in Science and Technology (2005-2009, 2010-2014 and 2014–2018). The second Action Plan was funded on a project basis, since the plan had no dedicated budget. Two key projects funded by the European Union got underway in 2008 and 2009, namely the Scientific and Technological International Cooperation Network for Eastern European and Central Asian Countries (IncoNet EECA) and the Networking on Science and Technology in the Black Sea Region project (BS-ERA-Net). BSEC's second action plan targeted the development of physical and virtual multinational infrastructure by pooling the resources of BSEC member states, the networking of research institutes and universities in BSEC countries and their connection to the European gigabit.

BSEC's Third Action Plan on Science and Technology 2014-2018 acknowledges that considerable effort has been devoted to setting up a Black Sea Research Programme involving both BSEC and European Union members but also that, 'in a period of scarce public funding, the research projects the Project Development Fund could support will decrease and, as a result, its impact will be limited. Additional efforts are needed to find a solution for the replenishment of the Project Development Fund'.

Having signed an association agreement with the EU as long ago as 1964, Turkey has been an Associated Country of the European Research Area and the EU's framework programmes for research and innovation for many years. It is also a member of COST and participates in Eureka.

Ukraine and the EU signed an agreement in 2010 which determined key thematic areas for co-operation: environmental and climate research, including observation of the Earth's surface; biomedical research; agriculture, forestry and fisheries; industrial technologies; materials science and metrology; non-nuclear power engineering; transport; information society technologies; social research; science and technology policy studies and training and the exchange of specialists. In March 2015, Ukraine signed an agreement with the EU for associate membership of Horizon 2020 with significantly more advantageous conditions on the table than previously, notably the possibility for Ukraine to participate in scientific co-operation at a fraction of the original cost.

The EU's association agreements signed with Georgia, Moldova and Ukraine in mid-2014 envisage enhancing these countries' participation in Horizon 2020. Moldava had already signed an association agreement in 2012 for the previous framework programme.

Israel
Israel has been associated with the EU's framework programmes on research and innovation since 1996. Between 2007 and 2013, Israeli public and private institutions contributed their scientific expertise to over 1 500 projects. Israel also participates in other EU programmes, such as those of the European Research Council or European Molecular Biology Laboratory.

Israel has been a Scientific Associate of the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility since 1999; the agreement was renewed in 2013 for a fourth term of five years and notably raised Israel's contribution from 0.5% to 1.5% of ESRF's budget.

Israel is also one of the ten founding members of the European Molecular Biology Laboratory, which dates from 1974. In 2012, the Weizmann Institute of Science, together with Tel Aviv University, was chosen as one of the seven core centres of the new Integrated Structural Biology Infrastructure (Instruct), joining prestigious institutions in France and Germany, Italy and the UK.

Israel has been selected as one of the seven nodes of the European Strategy Forum of Research Infrastructure, which is establishing about 40 such nodes in total, seven of them in biomedical sciences. The aim of the biomedical Instruct is to provide pan-European users with access to state-of-the-art equipment, technologies and personnel in cellular structural biology, to enable Europe to maintain a competitive edge in this vital research area.

Israel is also one of the nodes of Elixir, which orchestrates the collection, quality control and archiving of large amounts of biological data produced by life science experiments in Europe. Some of these datasets are highly specialized and were previously only available to researchers within the country in which they were generated.

Central Asia
IncoNet CA was launched by the EU in September 2013 to encourage Central Asian countries to participate in research projects within Horizon 2020. The focus of the research projects is on three societal challenges considered as being of mutual interest to both the EU and Central Asia, namely: climate change, energy and health.

IncoNet CA builds on the experience of earlier EU projects which involved other regions, such as Eastern Europe, the South Caucasus and the Western Balkans. IncoNet CA focuses on twinning research facilities in Central Asia and Europe. It involves a consortium of partner institutions from Austria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Germany, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Poland, Portugal, Tajikistan, Turkey and Uzbekistan. In May 2014, the EU launched a 24-month call for applications from twinned institutions – universities, companies and research institutes – for funding of up to €10 000 to enable them to visit one another's facilities to discuss project ideas or prepare joint events like workshops. The total budget within IncoNet CA amounts to €85 000.

The International Science and Technology Center (ISTC) was established in 1992 by the European Union (EU), Japan, the Russian Federation and the US to engage weapons scientists in civilian R&D projects and to foster technology transfer. ISTC branches have been set up in the following countries party to the agreement: Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. The headquarters of ISTC were moved to Nazarbayev University in Kazakhstan in June 2014, three years after the Russian Federation announced its withdrawal from the centre.

Arab region
Lebanon participates in a platform linking Mediterranean observatories of science, technology and innovation. This co-operative platform was set up by the Mediterranean Science, Policy, Research and Innovation Gateway (Med-Spring project) within the EU's Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Innovation (2007–2013). Med-Spring focused on three societal challenges: energy; high-quality affordable food; and the scarcity of resources. It sought to achieve policy objectives through the creation of a platform fostering dialogue and coordination among governmental bodies, research institutions, non-governmental organisations and civil society. Med-Spring involved the following countries: Algeria, Belgium, Cyprus, Egypt, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Israel, Jordan, Lebanon, Malta, Morocco, Palestine, Portugal, Spain, Tunisia and Turkey.

In September 2013, ministers of research met in Morocco to lay the foundations for a common research policy between the five countries of the Maghreb and five countries of the Western Mediterranean: France, Italy, Malta, Portugal and Spain. These ten countries have met regularly since 1990 to discuss a wide range of issues, from security and economic co-operation to defence, migration, education and renewable energy but this was the first time that the 5+5 Dialogue, as the forum is known, had met to discuss research and innovation. In the Rabat Declaration adopted at this meeting, ministers undertake to facilitate training, technology transfer and scientific mobility by creating a specific visa for researchers. In parallel, the Maghreb countries are encouraged to join European research programmes as a first step towards harmonizing national policies and launching joint research projects.

Sub-Saharan Africa
Initially framed within the Cotonou Agreement (2000) covering sub-Saharan, Caribbean and Pacific countries but excluding South Africa, the EU's co-operation with Africa is increasingly being organized in partnership with Africa's own frameworks for co-operation, in particular the African Union, as well as within the Joint Africa–EU Strategy adopted by African and European Heads of State at the Lisbon Summit in 2007. According to a progress report on implementation of this strategy, the EU's contribution of €14 million between 2007 and 2013 enabled the African Union Commission to design and launch two successive €7 million calls for proposals to support research in post-harvest agriculture, renewable and sustainable energy and water and sanitation. Twenty collaborative research projects were funded through this programme. The EU's Seventh Framework Programme for Research funded 565 collaborative research projects involving African participants. Altogether, some 1315 participants from 45 African countries had received a total of €178 million through the Seventh Framework Programme as of September 2013. Over the same period, the European Research Council allocated five grants to African researchers.

The ERAfrica initiative (2010–2014) funded by the Seventh Framework Programme has enabled European and African countries to launch joint calls for proposals in three thematic fields: Renewable Energy; Interfacing Challenges; and New Ideas; this has resulted in 17 collaborative research projects being backed by €8.3 million. Meanwhile, the Network for the Coordination and Advancement of sub-Saharan Africa–EU Science and Technology Cooperation Plus (CAAST-Net Plus, 2013–2016) focuses on food security, climate change and health, with the participation of 26 research organizations across both continents.

South Africa is the only African country which participates in the EU's Erawatch programme. One out of four of South Africa's almost 1 000 applications to the Seventh Framework Programme for research project funding was successful, representing a total of more than €735 million, according to the 2012 Erawatch report on South Africa.

African countries are expected to participate in Horizon 2020 through similar arrangements to those for the Seventh Framework Programme. By mid-2015, institutions from 16 African countries had reportedly obtained €5 million from Horizon 2020 in the form of 37 individual grants, the majority of which are related to climate change and health research. However, as of late 2015, African involvement in Horizon 2020 was lower than for the Seventh Framework Programme. According to the EU, this primarily reflects the need to set up national contact points in more African countries and to increase their capacity through supportive EU projects.

China
China has enjoyed extensive co-operation with the EU ever since the signing of the EU–China Science and Technology Agreement in 1999. Relations have deepened, in particular, since the creation of the EU–China Comprehensive Strategic Partnership in 2003. During the Seventh Framework Programme, China was the EU's third-largest partner country (after the US and the Russian Federation) for the number of participating organizations (383) and collaborative research projects (274), particularly those focusing on health, environment, transportation, ICTs and the bio-economy.

Co-operation with China is significant for qualitative reasons, as many projects focus on frontier technologies, such as clean and efficient carbon capture. In addition to facilitating a convergence of views between researchers of different backgrounds, this co-operation has had some positive spillovers to other regions in complex cross-disciplinary areas, one example being the project for Advancing Universal Health Coverage in Asia over 2009–2013). The EU and China are also co-operating within Euratom via its fission programme and construction of the International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor in France to further research into nuclear fusion. Between 2007 and 2013, nearly 4 000 Chinese researchers received funding through the Marie Curie Actions.

The EU intends for China to remain an important partner of Horizon 2020, even though China is no longer eligible for funding from the European Commission, meaning that EU and Chinese participants will be expected to secure funding themselves for their joint project proposals. The initial work programme (2014–2015) under Horizon 2020 will most likely focus on food, agriculture and biotechnology; water; energy; ICTs; nanotechnology; space; and polar research. China's co-operation with the Euratom Work Programme on topics related to fusion and fission is also expected to continue.

Southeast Asia
The annual ASEAN–European Union Science, Technology and Innovation Days are reinforcing dialogue and co-operation between these two regional bodies. This annual forum was launched in 2014 within the Southeast Asia–EU Network for Biregional Co-operation project (SEA–EU NET II) funded by the EU's Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Innovation. A network designed to foster policy dialogue between the EU and the Pacific region has been launched within the same framework programme.

The second of these days took place in France in March 2015 and the third in Viet Nam in 2016. In 2015, the theme was Excellent Science in ASEAN. Some 24 exhibitors presented research from their institution or enterprise. There were also sessions on scientific topics and two policy sessions, one on the evolution of the ASEAN Economic Community and the second on the importance of intellectual property rights for the Pacific region.

South Pacific
The Pacific–Europe Network for Science, Technology and Innovation (PACE-Net Plus) is funded by the European Commission within its Seventh Framework Programme for Research and Development (2007–2013). This project has spanned the period 2013–2016 and thus overlaps with the European Union's Horizon 2020 programme (2014–2020).

PACE–Net Plus sets out to reinforce the dialogue between the Pacific region and Europe, support biregional research and innovation through calls for research proposals and to promote scientific excellence and industrial and economic competition. Ten of its 16 members come from the Pacific region and the remainder from Europe.

The Pacific partners are the Australian National University, Montroix Pty Ltd (Australia), University of the South Pacific, Institut Malardé in French Caledonia, National Centre for Technological Research into Nickel and its Environment in New Caledonia, South Pacific Community, Landcare Research Ltd in New Zealand, University of Papua New Guinea, Samoa National University and the Vanuatu Cultural Centre.

The other six partners are: the Association of Commonwealth Universities, the Institut de recherche pour le développement in France, the Technical Centre for Agricultural and Rural Cooperation, a joint international institution of the African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States and the European Union, the Sociedade Portuguesa de Inovação, United Nations Industrial Development Organization and Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Ecology in Germany.

PACE-Net Plus focuses on three societal challenges:
 health, demographic change and well-being;
 food security, sustainable agriculture, marine and maritime research and the bio-economy; and
 climate action, resource efficiency and raw materials.
A conference held in Suva (Fiji) in 2012 under the umbrella of PACE–Net Plus produced recommendations for a strategic plan for research, innovation and development in the Pacific. The conference report published in 2013 identified research needs in the Pacific in seven areas: health; agriculture and forestry; fisheries and aquaculture; biodiversity and ecosystem management; freshwater; natural hazards; and energy.

The conference also established the Pacific Islands University Research Network to support knowledge creation and sharing and to prepare succinct recommendations for the development of a regional policy framework for science, technology and innovation. This formal research network complements the Fiji-based University of the South Pacific, which has campuses in other Pacific Island countries.

Latin America
Biregional scientific co-operation between the European Union and Latin America and the Caribbean dates back to the early 1980s, when the former Commission of the European Communities and the Andean Group Secretariat signed an agreement for co-operation and established a joint commission to oversee its implementation. Later, Europe concluded similar agreements with the Central American countries and Mercosur.

The sixth summit between the European Union and Latin America and the Caribbean in 2010 identified new pathways for biregional co-operation in the Madrid Declaration, which emphasized partnership in the areas of innovation and technology for sustainable development and social inclusion. The summit defined the long-term goal of achieving a common 'knowledge area' and agreed on a Joint Initiative for Research and Innovation.

Some 17 countries are participating in a key project within this initiative entitled ALCUE Net, which runs from 2013 to 2017; this project has established a joint platform for policy-makers, research institutions and the private sector from both regions in four thematic areas:
 information and communication technologies;
 the bio-economy;
 biodiversity and climate change; and
 renewable energies.

A second project with joint calls (ERANet LAC) is implementing projects in these four areas. There were €11 million available for the first call for project proposals (2014–2015) and a similar amount for the second call (2015–2016). The partners also carried out a foresight exercise in 2015 to build a common long-term vision for biregional co-operation.

Sources

References

Foreign relations of the European Union

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


I wrote this piece for the Dallas Morning News. It was published on Dec. 22, 1996.
LIMA, Peru – A bitter controversy erupted late Saturday over whether Peru's top anti-terrorism crusader – President Alberto Fujimori – ought to cut a deal with the self-proclaimed "suicide commandos" who are holding at least 300 hostages at the residence of the Japanese ambassador.
The president's message drew support – and some fire – from members of the Peruvian Congress.
In his address, Mr. Fujimori said he would consider allowing the guerrillas safe passage to another country if they give up their violent ways and free their prisoners.
His willingness to grant even the smallest concession to members of the Tupac Amaru Revolutionary Movement, or MRTA by its Spanish initials, raises the ire of his supporters in the gritty, working-class neighborhood where he grew up.
"If the police or the military can find the way, they should attack the terrorists. These guerrillas kill just to kill. They've done nothing for the poor," said Daniel Rosales, 38, a produce hauler at La Parada, a sprawling wholesale food market in southeastern Lima.
Conscious of their unpopular image, MRTA leaders Saturday reiterated their willingness to release most of the hostages who aren't connected to the Peruvian government. The move triggered hope among the hostages' relatives, but the guerrillas didn't make it clear whether a mass release of most of the hostages would happen in hours, days or weeks.
The rebels, some disguised as waiters, seized control of the ambassador's residence during a posh party Tuesday, taking diplomats, government officials and hundreds of others hostage.
But after watching another guerrilla group – the Shining Path – almost destroy Peru in the late 1980s, many citizens say they are desperate to get this hostage crisis behind them, even if it means bloodshed.
Mr. Fujimori, they say, has his faults, starting with his dictatorial tendencies. But they say that at least he's begun to restore order to Peru, patching up what was once a basket-case economy.
indiscriminate killings and intimidation, flourished throughout the 1980s, vowing to install a radical Communist regime.
The MRTA is a more traditional Marxist-Leninist movement, aimed at ridding Peru of imperialistic influence. Members have been known to torture and murder their kidnapping victims, but they generally prefer flashy high-profile attacks to cold-blooded killings, guerrilla experts say.
The body count makes that point clear: The Shining Path was blamed for 11,767 killings from 1980 to 1992, compared with 262 for the MRTA; Peru's security forces accounted for an even higher number of dead: 13,859, according to Amnesty International.
Still, many of these distinctions are lost on ordinary Peruvians who work and live on the same streets where Mr. Fujimori spent his childhood.
"Of course, I don't want any deaths. But you definitely can't negotiate with terrorists. Not with that scum. They're the people who have tried to wreck the country," said Alberto Alfaro Vargas, 63, a wholesale garlic seller at La Parada market.
Mr. Vargas and others complained bitterly about harsh living conditions. Mr. Fujimori's vaunted economic recovery has stalled, and there aren't enough jobs, they say.
His open-air stall was surrounded by 800 others, with vendors selling huge sacks of potatoes, boxes of tomatoes, bags of Chilean apples. Sun-browned workers drenched with sweat hustled back and forth hauling huge loads of cargo. Women used corn husks and leaves to make hats to shield them from the scorching sun.
Not everyone agrees with the president's anti-terrorist stance. Amid the clamor of sellers yelling onion and potato prices, there were cries for social justice.
Mr. Fujimori grew up in this grimy district, known as La Victoria. Crammed with auto-repair shops, parks, sagging apartments and brothels, it was founded in 1920 and boasts a population of 700,000.
Mr. Fujimori's father, Naochi, and his mother, Matsue Inomoto, immigrated to Peru from Japan in 1934. The man who would be president was born four years later – on July 28, Peru's Independence Day. His father grew cotton, worked as a tailor and later as a florist. His mother was busy at home with five children.
Alberto Fujimori studied math and agronomy in Peru, France and the United States – at the University of Wisconsin. He taught college and became a college dean before getting into politics in 1990, winning the presidency as head of a little-known movement called Change 90.
Under Mr. Fujimori, security forces cracked down on the Shining Path, capturing its founder, Abimael Guzman, and the MRTA's top two commanders. The president's popularity soared, and he won a second term in April.
But not everyone likes his hard-line approach.
Jose Miguel Reano, who was jailed on terrorism charges in 1992 that he called unjust, said Mr. Fujimori ought to negotiate with the MRTA.
As Mr. Reano and some others see it, the president's crusade against such groups as the Shining Path has only driven subversives underground, where they are quietly planning their next move.
And the hostage drama gripping the nation may not be the last crisis, others warn.
Yet there have been some positive signs. On Friday and again on Saturday, the guerrillas, faced with feeding and guarding more than 300 hostages, offered to release significant numbers of them in exchange for various demands.
More than three dozen hostages released late Friday, ostensibly as a sign of the MTRA's willingness to negotiate, were just happy to be free.
"They told me, `You have 20 seconds to put on your coat and leave.' I put it on in five seconds," journalist Julio Higashi told El Comercio newspaper.
The guerrillas' release of these and other hostages since Tuesday has many Peruvians hoping the crisis will end soon.
As many people see it, the takeover is the last thing Peru needs, especially now that the country is rising from the ashes of the terrible Shining Path years. Inflation and interest rates are down. Tourism is up, passing the 600,000 mark for 1996. Construction is up by 50 percent, and foreign companies are showing interest – the country's first McDonald's restaurant opened in July.
The crisis can only wipe out these gains, many Peruvians say.
Mr. Reano – along with thousands who prayed for the hostages late Saturday at Lima's Metropolitan Cathedral – say they're hoping for peace and negotiation, not a bloody firefight.
"There's got to be a political way out," he said. "No deaths are needed.
Free-lance journalist Anh Do contributed to this report.


Nintendo starts things off with a bang today with two high profile titles: Liberation Maiden (3DS eShop) and NightSky (3DS eShop) -- expect our reviews soon for both. For the 3DS Virtual Console, there's Ghost'n Goblins (eShop VC), and Castlevania: The Adventure (eShop VC) should you feel nostalgic.
18th Gate (DSiWare) and Shock Troopers (Wii VC) are also launching today, if you have any money left after spending it on the above. If you're flat broke, there's also a free Marvel Pinball 3D demo and an update for Mutant Mudds (!) that adds 20 free bonus levels.
In terms of DLC (which is still weird for me to say, "Nintendo DLC"), New Super Mario Bros. 2 gets two coin packs -- the "Gold Mushroom Pack" and "Coin Challenge Pack B" -- the same packs Japan got today.


text:
Q: HTML5 canvas translate back after scale and rotation I'm trying to do a few thing with canvas. First I have a user upload an image, if the image is larger than I want I need to scale it down. That part is working just fine. Recently we ran into an issue with iPhone users uploading images. These have orientation issues. I've figured out how to get the orientation extracted, my issue is what happens when I manipulate the image in the canvas.
This is what I need to do: Get the image, translate(), scale(), rotate(), translate() <- get it back to its original position, drawImage().
When I do that part of the image is off in the abyss.
if (dimensions[0] > 480 || dimensions[1] > 853) {
    // Scale the image.
    var horizontal = width > height;
    if (horizontal) {
        scaledHeight = 480;
        scaleRatio = scaledHeight / height;
        scaledWidth = width * scaleRatio;
    } else {
        scaledWidth = 640;
        scaleRatio = scaledWidth / width;
        scaledHeight = height * scaleRatio;
    }

    canvas['width'] = scaledWidth;
    canvas['height'] = scaledHeight;
    ctx['drawImage'](image, 0, 0, width, height, 0, 0, scaledWidth, scaledHeight);
    /* Rotate Image */
    orientation = 8; //manual orientation -> on the site we use loadImage to get the orientation
    if(orientation != 1){
        switch(orientation){
            case 8:
            case 6:
                canvas.width = scaledHeight;
                canvas.height = scaledWidth;
                break;
        }

        var halfScaledWidth = scaledWidth/2;
        var halfScaledheight = scaledHeight/2;

        ctx.save(); //<- SAVE

        ctx.clearRect(0,0,canvas.width,canvas.height);
        ctx.translate(halfScaledWidth,halfScaledheight);
        switch(orientation){
            case 8: //rotate left
                ctx.scale(scaleRatio,scaleRatio);
                ctx.rotate(-90*Math.PI/180);
                ctx.translate(-1380,-1055); // <-Manuial numbers
                break;
            case 3: //Flip upside down
                ctx.scale(scaleRatio,scaleRatio);
                ctx.rotate(180*Math.PI/180);
                ctx.translate(-925,-595); //<-Manuial numbers
                break;
            case 6: //rotate right
                ctx.scale(scaleRatio,scaleRatio);
                ctx.rotate(90*Math.PI/180);
                ctx.translate(-462,-130); //<-Manuial numbers
                break;
        }

        //re-translate and draw image
        //ctx.translate(-halfScaledWidth,-halfScaledheight);
        ctx.drawImage(image,-halfScaledWidth, -halfScaledheight);
        ctx.restore(); //<- RESTORE
    }
    /* Rotate Image */
}

I have orientation set manually so I can see how it looks in each position Im worried about. If its a portrait orientation I flip the canvas.
I've tried save() and restore(). I've tried translate(x,y) then translate(-x,-y).. My guess is that because of the scale the grid is off and x and y need to be multiplied. I tried doing that against the scaleRatio and still didn't work.
As you can see I manually set the translate back but that only works with the image size I am working with, so not a good solution at all!
Here is the code:
JSFiddle If I do a normal rotate right it all works.
Thanks!

A: Transformations
For the easy answer if you are not interested in the how skip to the bottom where you will find an alternative approch to your problem. It is all commented.  I have made a bit of a guess as to what you wanted.
If you are interested in what I consider a simpler way to use the 2D transformation functions read the rest.
Matrix Math
When you use translate, scale, and rotate via the canvas 2D API what you are doing is multiplying the existing matrix with one created with each function.
Basically when you do
ctx.rotate(Math.PI); // rotate 180 deg

the API creates a new rotation matrix and multiplies the existing matrix with it.
Unlike normal math multiplication matrix multiplication will change the result depending on what order you multiply. In normal math multiplication A * B = B * A but this does not hold true for matrices mA * mB != mB * mA (Note the not equals)
This becomes more problematic when you need to apply several different transformations.
ctx.scale(2,2);
ctx.rotate(Math.PI/2);
ctx.translate(100,100);

Does not give the same result as
ctx.scale(2,2);
ctx.translate(100,100);
ctx.rotate(Math.PI/2);

The order that you need to apply the tranforms depends on what you are trying to achieve. Using the API this way is very handy for complex linked animations. Unfortunately it is also a source of endless frustration if you are not aware of matrix math. It also forces many to use the save and restore functions to restore the default transformation, that in some situations can be very costly in GPU performance.
setTransform()
We are in luck though as the 2D API also has the function ctx.setTransform(a, b, c, d, e, f) which is all you really should ever need. This function replaces the existing transform with the one supplied. Most of the documentation is rather vague as to the meaning of the a,b,c,d,e,f but contained in them is the rotation, scale, and translation.
One handy use of the function is to set the default transform rather than use save and restore.
I see this type of thing a lot. (The Example 1, referenced further down)
// transform for image 1
ctx.save();  // save state
ctx.scale(2,2);
ctx.rotate(Math.PI/2);
ctx.translate(100,100);
// draw the image
ctx.drawImage(img1, -img1.width / 2, -img1.height / 2);
ctx.restore(); // restore saved state

// transform for image 2
ctx.save();  // save state agian
ctx.scale(1,1);
ctx.rotate(Math.PI);
ctx.translate(100,100);
// draw the image
ctx.drawImage(img2, -img2.width / 2, -img2.height / 2);
ctx.restore(); // restore saved state

An easier way is to just drop the save and restores and reset the transform manually by setting it to the Identity matrix
ctx.scale(2,2);
ctx.rotate(Math.PI/2);
ctx.translate(100,100);
// draw the image
ctx.drawImage(img1, -img1.width / 2, -img1.height / 2);
ctx.setTransform(1,0,0,1,0,0); // restore default transform

// transform for image 2
ctx.scale(1,1);
ctx.rotate(Math.PI);
ctx.translate(100,100);
// draw the image
ctx.drawImage(img2, -img2.width / 2, -img2.height / 2);
ctx.setTransform(1,0,0,1,0,0); // restore default transform

Now then I am sure you are still wondering what are these numbers being passed to setTransform and what do they mean?
The easiest way to remember them is as 2 vectors and 1 coordinate. The two vectors describe the direction and scale of a single pixel, the coordinate is simply the x,y pixel location of the origin (the location that drawing at 0,0 will be on the canvas).
A Pixel and its axis
Imagine a single pixel, this is the abstract transformed pixel that can be scaled and rotated by the current transformation. It has two axis, X and Y. To describe each axis we need two numbers ( a vector) these describes the screen (untransformed) direction and scale of the top and left side of the pixel. So for a normal pixel that matches the screen pixels the X axis is across the top from left to right and is one pixel long. The vector is (1,0) one pixel across, no pixels down. For the Y axis that goes down the screen the vector is (0,1) no pixels across, one pixel down. The origin is the top right screen pixel which is at coordinate (0,0).
Thus we get the Identity Matrix, the default matrix for the 2D API (and many other APIs) The X axis (1,0), Y axis (0,1) and the origin (0,0) which match the six arguments for setTransform(1,0,0,1,0,0).
Now say we want to scale the pixel up. All we do is increase the size of the X and Y Axis setTransform(2,0,0,2,0,0) is the same as scale(2,2) (from the default transform) Our pixel's top is now two pixels long across the top and two pixels long down the left side. To scale down setTransform(0.5,0,0,0.5,0,0) our pixel is now half a pixel across and down.
These two axis vectors (a,b) & (c,d) can point in any direction, are completely independent of each other , they don't have to be at 90 deg to each other so can skew the pixel, nor do they require that they be the same length so you can change the pixel aspect. The origin is also independent and is just the canvas absolute coordinates in pixels of the origin and can be set to anywhere on or off the canvas.
Now say we want to rotate the transform 90Deg clockwise, scale up both axes by 2 and position the origin at the center of the canvas. We want the X axis (top) of our pixel to be 2 pixels long and pointing down the screen. The vector is (0,2) 0 across and two down. We want the left side of our pixel to 2 long and point to the left of the screen (-2,0) Negative two across and none down. And the origin at the center is (canvas.width / 2, canvas.height / 2)  to get the final matrix that is setTransform(0,2,-2,0,canvas.width / 2, canvas.height / 2)
Rotate the other way is setTransform(0,-2,2,0,canvas.width / 2, canvas.height / 2)
Easy Rotate 90deg
You may notice that rotating 90 degrees is just swapping the vectors and changing a sign.

*

*The vector (x,y) rotated 90 degrees clockwise is (-y,x).

*The vector (x,y) rotated 90 degrees anti-clockwise is (y,-x).

Swap the x, and y and negate the y for clockwise or negate the x for the anticlockwise rotation.
For 180 it is starting at 0 deg vector (1,0)
// input vector
var x = 1;
var y = 0;
// rotated vector
var rx90 = -y; // swap y to x and make it negative
var ry90 = x;  // x to y as is
// rotate again same thing
var rx180 = -ry90;
var rx180 = rx90;
// Now for 270
var rx270 = -ry180; // swap y to x and make it negative
var rx270 = rx180;

Or all in terms of just x and y

*

*0 deg (x,y)

*90deg (-y,x)

*180deg (-x,-y)

*270deg (y,-x)

*and back to 360 (x,y).

This is a very handy attribute of a vector that we can exploit to simplify the creation of our transformation matrix. In most situations we do not want to skew our image thus we know that the Y axis is always 90Deg clockwise from the x axis. Now we only need to describe the x axis and by applying the 90deg rotation to that vector we have the y axis.
So the vars x and y are the scale and direction of the top of our pixel (x axis), ox, oy are the location of the origin on the canvas (translation) .
var x = 1; // one pixel across
var y = 0; // none down
var ox = canvas.width / 2; // center of canvas
var oy = canvas.height / 2;

Now to create the transform is
ctx.setTransform(x, y, -y, x, ox, oy);

Note that the y axis is at 90 degs to the x axis.
Trig and the Unit vector
All well and easy when the axis are aligned to the top and sides, how do you get the vector for a axis at an arbitrary angle such as is supplied by the argument for ctx.rotate(angle) For that we need a tiny bit of trig. The Math function Math.cos(angle) returns the x component of the angle, angle and Math.sin(angle) gives us the Y component. For zero deg cos(0) = 1 and sin(0) = 0 for 90 deg (Math.PI/2 radians) cos(PI/2) = 0 and sin(PI/2) = 1.
The beauty of using sin and cos is that the two numbers that we get for our vector always give us a vector that is 1 unit (pixel) long (this is called a normalised vector or a unit vector) thus cos(a)2 + sin(a)2 = 1
Why does this matter? because it makes scaling very easy. Assuming that we always keep the aspect square we only need one number for the scale. To scale a vector you simply multiply it by the scale
var scale = 2;  // scale of 2
var ang = Math.random() * 100; // any random angle
var x = Math.cos(ang);  // get the x axis as a unit vector.
var y = Math.sin(ang);
// scale the axis
x *= scale;
y *= scale;

the vector x,y is now two units long.
Better than using save, restore, rotate, scale, translate... :(
Now put it all together to create a matrix with an arbitrary rotation, scale and translation (origin)
// ctx is the 2D context,
// originX, and originY is the origin, same as ctx.translate(originX,originY)
// rotation is the angle in radians same as ctx.rotate(rotation)
// scale is the scale of x and y axis same as ctx.scale(scale,scale)
function createTransform(ctx,originX,originY,rotation,scale){
    var x, y;
    x = Math.cos(rotation) * scale;
    y = Math.sin(rotation) * scale;
    ctx.setTransform(x, y, -y, x, originX, originY);
}

Now to apply that to the example (1) given above
// dont need ctx.save();  // save state
// dont need ctx.scale(2,2);
// dont need ctx.rotate(Math.PI/2);
// dont need ctx.translate(100,100);
createMatrix(ctx, 100, 100, Math.PI/2, 2)
// draw the image normally
ctx.drawImage(img1, -img1.width / 2, -img1.height / 2);
// dont need ctx.restore(); // restore saved state

// transform for image 2
// dont need ctx.save();  // save state agian
// dont need ctx.scale(1,1);
// dont need ctx.rotate(Math.PI);
// dont need ctx.translate(100,100);
// we don't have to reset the default transform because
// ctx.setTransform completely replaces the current transform
createMatrix(ctx, 100, 100, Math.PI/2, 2)
// draw the image
ctx.drawImage(img2, -img2.width / 2, -img2.height / 2);
// dont need ctx.restore(); // restore saved state

And that is how you use setTransform to simplify transforming the canvas, rather than guessing, trial and error, scale, rotates, and translates back and forth within a sea of save and restores.
Using that to simplify your code
The answer
And now to your question
I am not entirely sure what you are after, I presume you a dont mind scaling the canvas to accommodate the image, that the image is always in the center and that the aspect remains the same. As the rotations are aligned to the screen I will set the transforms manualy
    // this is in set up code
    const MAX_SIZE_WIDTH = 640;
    const MAX_SIZE_HEIGHT = 480;
    orientationData = [];
    orientationData[6] = Math.PI/2; // xAxis pointing down
    orientationData[8] = -Math.PI/2; // xAxis pointing up
    orientationData[3] = Math.PI; //xAxis pointing to left

    // in your code
    var orient,w,h,iw,ih,scale,ax,ay; // w and h are canvas size

    // assume image is the loaded image
    iw = image.width;  // get the image width and height so I dont have to type as much.
    ih = image.height;

    if(orientation != 1){
        var orient = orientationData[orientation];
        if(orient === undefined){
             return; // bad data so return
        }

        // get scale  and resize canvas to suit

        // is the image on the side
        if(orientation === 6 || orientation === 8){
             // on side so swap width and height
             // get the height and width scales for the image, dont scale
             // if the image is smaller than the dimension
             scale = Math.min(1,
                  MAX_SIZE_WIDTH / ih,
                  MAX_SIZE_HEIGHT  / iw
             );
             w = canvas.width = scale * ih;
             h = canvas.height = scale * iw;
        }else{
             // for normal orientation
             scale = Math.min(1,
                  MAX_SIZE_WIDTH / iw,
                  MAX_SIZE_HEIGHT  / ih
             );
             h = canvas.height = scale * ih;
             w = canvas.width = scale * iw;
        }

        // Do you really need to clear the canvas if the image is filling it??
        // ensure that the default transform is set
        ctx.setTransform(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);
        // clear the canvas
        ctx.clearRect(0, 0, w, h);

        // now create the transformation matrix to
        // position the image in the center of the screen

        // first get the xAxis and scale it
        ax = Math.cos(orient) * scale;
        ay = Math.sin(orient) * scale;
        // now set the transform, the origin is always the canvas center
        // and the Y axis is 90 deg clockwise from the xAxis and same scale
        ctx.setTransform(ax, ay, -ay, ax, w / 2, h / 2);

        // now draw the image offset by half its width and height
        // so that it is centered on the canvas

        ctx.drawImage(image,-iw / 2, -ih / 2);

        // restore the default transform
        ctx.setTransform(1, 0, 0, 1, 0, 0);
  } // done.

A: Try this one https://jsfiddle.net/uLdf4paL/2/. Your code is correct, but you have to change orientation variable when you try to rotate and scale image (if it is what you wanna get).

A: My solution for this was using two canvases
one for the rotation and scaling (around the center point of the image)
then using a new canvas for translating and drawing the prev canvas on it. it worked perfectly for me:

const root = document.querySelector("#root");
const img = document.querySelector('#img');

const canvas = document.querySelector('canvas');
const ctx = canvas.getContext("2d");

const tempCanv = document.createElement('canvas')
const tempCtx = tempCanv.getContext('2d');

canvas.height = img.height
canvas.width = img.width
tempCanv.width = img.width
tempCanv.height = img.height

const position = [0.25, 0.25];
const rotation = -40;
const scale = [37.222, 37.222];

const x = img.width / 2;
const y = img.height / 2;

// Set the origin to the center
tempCtx.translate(x, y);

// now rotate and scale around the center
tempCtx.rotate(Math.PI / 180 * rotation);
tempCtx.scale(scale[0] / 100, scale[1] / 100);

// Translate back to origin
tempCtx.translate(-x, -y);

// Draw temp
tempCtx.drawImage(img,0,0);

// Translate the final canvas
ctx.translate(position[0] * canvas.width, position[1] * canvas.height);
ctx.drawImage(tempCanv, 0, 0);

  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge">
  <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
  <title>Document</title>

    <canvas id="canvas"></canvas>


Children, you will be missed. Now go learn something and teach these Pre-K4 detainees something.
Be careful where you click, dumbness awaits!
Any who, George Bush surfed the Internets again and found some pretty cool back to school supplies. Enjoy.
Dan Quayle could of used one of these!
Watch the epic fail here.
Complete with a crown on the front, this vocab book rules for anyone who hates flash cards! This unique book even offers 2 plastic study cut-outs to help with self-study. 5 colors for subject organization to boot!
No girls' pencil case would be complete without this gem of an eraser.
Us girls, we likey the lipstick!
Now this one's for mommies with a sweet tooth.
I want each one of these!
Get One or All Here!
These are perfect pencil cases for makeup artists and color enthusiasts everywhere.
The pencil easel & travel pencil easel are perfect for makeup! Great for small brushes & liners.
A must for those who like to visually organize their makeup.
The bottom one even has a detachable pouch I say doubles great for a daily makeup pouch to pop in & out of purses.


text:
America's Oldest Wine Shop Now Accepts Bitcoin
Acker is now accepting a range of cryptocurrencies in its stores and at its online auctions.
By Tim Copeland
You can now buy wine with Bitcoin. Image: Shutterstock
Acker, the world's largest rare and fine wine auction house, will now accept cryptocurrency payments.
The auction house will use crypto payments processor BitPay to take payments in cryptocurrencies including Bitcoin, Ethereum and Dogecoin.
The oldest wine shop in America is now accepting Bitcoin payments at wine auctions and retail.
Established in 1820, Acker is the world's largest rare and fine wine auction house, running weekly online auctions in which collectors sell rare and luxury wines.
The company will now be accepting a range of cryptocurrencies at retail and auction; in addition to Bitcoin, buyers can pay in Bitcoin Cash, Ethereum and Dogecoin. It also accepts certain stablecoins—cryptocurrencies pegged to fiat currencies, such as the US dollar—including PAX, Gemini Dollar and BUSD.
Acker is now accepting cryptocurrency! https://t.co/E6EbI86ZbF pic.twitter.com/XOxoOTUYyi
— Acker Wines (@AckerMerrall) April 13, 2021
Acker is utilizing crypto payment processor BitPay to process the cryptocurrency payments, with BitPay receiving the crypto payments and converting them into fiat money for the merchant.
The company has also added Bitcoin and Ethereum to its Acker Markets analytics platform, which compares wine auction intelligence from producers, vintages and regions in the wine auction market to other financial markets.
'No longer a passing fad'
Describing cryptocurrencies as "no longer a passing fad," Acker chairman John Kapon said in a release that, "As one of the oldest licensed businesses in America, Acker is proud to accept this novel form of payment as we continue to evolve in our third century as a company".
Kapon added that the company may make further announcements in the digital space in the near future.
BitPay has been gaining traction across a wide range of retailers in recent months. Earlier this month, the Bobby Hotel, a boutique hotel in Nashville, announced that it was accepting cryptocurrency payments through the processor. As to whether anyone will take advantage of the option to pay in crypto, the jury's still out.
https://decrypt.co/66501/americas-oldest-wine-shop-now-accepts-bitcoin


You are in the company of something quite extraordinary when both the encounter and experience leave you breathless and in awe. Reflections at Keppel Bay, in all its design and architecture wonder, has just that effect. As well as being located in a dramatically developing precinct in Singapore's Southern Waterfront, which has grabbed the attention of Asia, if not the world.
Fringing its vicinity are some of the nation's most notable attractions, including Mount Faber Scenic Park, Resorts World Sentosa and VivoCity, Singapore's largest entertainment and recreation hub.
With an ocean playground at your doorstep, homeowners can also indulge in a myriad of waterfront activities with a complimentary 10-year membership at Marina at Keppel Bay.


Microsoft Office 2019 Free Download: The new version of v1811 has been released separately for 32-bit and 64-bit systems! Microsoft Office 2019 free download is the most powerful administrative software suite used to handle various types of administrative tasks, such as Typing, Microsoft Office 2019 free download is a suite of integrated software applications that are widely used. So today having this suite is considered a software requirement and more than 1 billion users in the world use this collection every day.
Microsoft Office 2019 free download The latest version of this series was released on October 2, 2013. There are many Office 365 features in the new version. The new version of the suite has a completely unique and limited installation and update system known as Click-to-Run. More precisely, all applications run on Microsoft App-V software simulator technology. The new version of this popular collection, we can install on Windows 10 and Windows Server 2019.
In the new microsoft Office 2019 free download suite, Inking processing capabilities have improved greatly and are well suited for new generation laptops that come with the same movie. New animations and graphics effects like Morph and Zoom for PowerPoint and new charts and formulas have been added to Excel.
In this new suite, there is no other OneNote software, because it comes with a Bundle with Windows 10. Of course, it's possible to install OneNote 2016 as the latest Microsoft solution.
Other features of Microsoft office 2019 free download the series include the addition of Focus Mode to Word, the ability to enter 2D maps in Excel, support for SVG format and 4K video output. According to Microsoft, this suite has 5 years of core support and 2 years of extended support.
Graphics: Graphics hardware acceleration requires DirectX 9 or later, 128 MB graphics memory, and 32 bits per pixel capable format, with WDDM 2.0 or higher for Windows 10 (or WDDM 1.3 or higher for Windows 10 Fall Creators Update).
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Step 1. First of all download the software first and then unzip.
Step 2. Enter the Setup folder and install the software by running the OInstall.exe file.
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Step 5. Enter the Crack folder and run the Microsoft Toolkit.
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Conclusion: We only test the software to improve our skills. We do not violate the policies of anyone and we're just trying to solve your complex problems into an easy and simple method. Feel free to ask about any problems that you face, we will guide and help you. Thank you for visiting our website www.scienceTreat.com. Keep visiting our website for more information and guidelines.


Former government Minister, Donville Inniss made an appearance in Brooklyn, New York court today where he pleaded not guilty to three money laundering charges.
Inniss, who previously held the portfolio of International Business and Commerce, was represented by attorney Garnett Sullivan.
The money laundering charges stem from the alleged acceptance of $36,000 in bribes from high-level executives of an insurance company headquartered in Barbados, and laundering that money through the United States in 2015 and 2016 while being a Minister.
He was released on US $50,000 bond and as part of his bail conditions he has been instructed not to communicate with any of the alleged co-conspirators.
He returns to court on October 23, 2018.


For many kids in high school theater programs, Broadway's bright lights in New York City are an enticing goal. Eighteen-year-old Nick Pratico was no exception as he performed on stage throughout high school in New Jersey, just an hour and a half from Manhattan.
Pratico graduated from Notre Dame High School in the spring of 2017 with hopes of pursuing acting full-time.
With his parents' advice in mind, Pratico enrolled in Mercer County Community College for the fall of 2017. His heart was still set on acting, though, and Pierson said he'd even recently gotten accepted to a theater college in New York City.
On September 20, 2017 around 10:00 p.m., Pratico was reported missing to the Hamilton Police Division by a family member. He was last seen at freshman orientation that same day at 3:07 p.m. on the Mercer County Community College in West Windsor, New Jersey. Authorities released surveillance camera photos of him wearing a light blue shirt, black pants and carrying a blue backpack.
Pierson said he found out the next day when his sister texted him a link to the Find Nick Pratico Facebook page that the Pratico family created.
"At that point, I couldn't really talk or anything. I kind of just froze and didn't go to the rest of my classes," Pierson said. He went home shortly after, and found the community had immediately come together to help find Pratico.
According to a post on the Find Nick Pratico Facebook page, family and friends have been "searching in a smaller group around the Mercer County and Hamilton areas." Authorities said a volunteer searcher found the ID card on a campus lawn. The ID was brought to police headquarters and examined, but no fingerprints were found. That wasn't unexpected, they said, since he'd only received the ID that day at freshman orientation.
Despite no significant leads after almost three weeks of searching, Pierson says he still has hope.
Nicholas Pratico is described as being 6'1", 155 lbs., has brown eyes and black hair. Anyone with information regarding his case is urged to call the Hamilton Police Division at (609) 581-4000.


text:
Popdose Prime: 10 Movies With a Replacement Actor in the Sequel (Like "Grown Ups 2")
Brian Boone July 9, 2013
The big news surrounding Grown Ups 2, other than the fact that it's yet another cynically-conceived way for Adam Sandler to hang out with his friends at a waterpark for…
Film, Popdose Lists
Film Review: "Iron Man 3"
Bob Cashill May 4, 2013
A Stark start to summer sci-fi spectacles.
Film, Film Reviews
TV Review: "House of Lies"
Michael Sarko January 2, 2012
A review of Showtime's new original series starring Don Cheadle.
The Buzz: Films at the 2011 Sundance Film Festival That I Can't Wait to See
Kelly Stitzel January 28, 2011
Kelly Stitzel discusses the films screening at this year's Sundance Film Festival that she's most looking forward to seeing.
TV on DVD: "Funny or Die Presents"
Emilia Rhodes January 23, 2011
HBO's sketch comedy show "Funny or Die Presents" is hit or miss.
Television, TV on DVD
DVD Review: "The People Speak"
Ken Shane February 19, 2010
"To live now, as human beings should live, in defiance of all that is bad around us, is itself a marvelous victory." Howard Zinn (1922-2010) In these days of sneering…


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