text:
by andymcphee.In Donora History, Donora Smog Event.Leave a Comment on What Donora's Smog Plaque Gets Right … And Wrong
In 2008 a group of Donora-area residents presented a plaque to the town "in loving memory of the 1948 smog disaster victims." The plaque is prominently affixed to a boulder near the Veterans Memorial on South McKean Avenue in Donora. It shows two columns of names, fourteen on the left and thirteen on the right, for a total of twenty-seven.
I wondered why there were so many names listed, when all of the news and magazine articles I read doing research for my book generally noted no more than twenty. Having extensively researched Donora, its history, and the smog, I can now confidently address the plaque's accuracy and completeness, and I can say this to the group of residents behind the plaque: Your heart was in the right place, but the plaque is riddled with errors.
Plaque dedicated to smog victims
What the Plaque Gets Right
The plaque correctly lists the names of all actual victims. It doesn't spell them all correctly, but the names are there:
Ivan Ceh
Barbara Chinchar
Taylor Circle
Bernardo DiSanza (corrected 12/20/20 per his granddaughter)
Michael Dorincz
William Gardiner
Susan Gnora
Milton Hall
Emma Hobbs
Ignace Hollowiti
George Hvizdak
Jane Kirkwood
Marcel Kraska
Andrew Odelga
Ida Orr
Thomas Short
Peter Starcovich
Perry Stevens
Sawka Trubalis
The plaque also rightly acknowledges the "many other lives" affected by the smog and that the smog was a "turning point" in the movement for cleaner air.
What the Plaque Gets Wrong
First, there are errors in the spelling of five surnames (right). The surname of Bernardo DiSanza, for instance, is spelled "Disanzi". William Gardiner's last name was often spelled without the i, so this error is forgivable. The misspelling of Mary Rozik's surname is most certainly not, especially since Rozik family members continue to live in Webster. Bonnie and Shirley Rozik were among the first people I interviewed for my book and would have immediately set the record straight.
There is also no consistency in given names. For most victims the plaque lists a full first name. For some, though, it lists a shortened or casual first name. For instance, the plaque reads "Mike" rather than Michael Dorincz, "Jeannie" rather than Jane Kirkwood, and "Steve" rather than Stefan Faulchak. Why the plaque shows "Susan" Gnora rather than "Susie," which is how everyone knew her, is beyond me.
The most likely explanation for so many spelling and formatting errors on such a prominent plaque is a lack of research. The people who prepared the plaque must have failed either to consult remaining family members of the victims or official records available at the time. My guess is that for some people the group used names that had been likewise misspelled in newspaper accounts at the time. In any case there clearly was not enough research done to ensure accuracy.
Perhaps if the group had asked historians familiar with the smog to review the list there would have been fewer errors. I can only assume from the wealth of errors that found their way onto the plaque that no reliable historian was consulted.
Misspellings aside, of the names of the twenty-seven people listed six of them did not die in the smog. They might have suffered during it — three of them definitely did — but they didn't die in it. Let's take a look at each of those six individuals.
Clifford DeVore. Mr. Devore, a carpenter, actually died May 5, 1949, from pneumonia. His name most likely made the list because he had been one of the people sent on a healthy-air vacation to Wilmington, North Carolina shortly after the smog ended. Having heard of the deadly smog in Donora the Wilmington and Wrightsville Beach Jaycees offered to host forty of the sickest survivors. They called the offer, eagerly and graciously accepted by Donora mayor August Chambon, the "Good WILLmington Mission." DeVore was one of the people chosen by Donora physicians to go on the trip.
Gravestone of Stefan Polschak
Steve Faulchak. This one is a mystery. A headstone in Pittsburgh's Birmingham Cemetery lists one "Stefan Polschak, Father." He was born in 1874 and died June 7, 1949, seven months after the smog. Otherwise in the more than two years I spent researching the Donora smog I found just two other people with a name resembling "Steve Faulchak" who might have died around the time of the smog. I suspect that the plaque's "Steve Faulchak" is the Stefan Polschak in the Pittsburgh cemetery. However, an AP article on Nov. 1, 1948, reported that a "Gustine Polchak" died in the smog, though it was later reported that he died from unrelated causes. Perhaps in someone's memory "Gustine" morphed into "Steve" and "Polschak" was misheard as "Faulchak." But those are simply educated guesses.
Ruth Jones. Ruth Jones, as near as I can tell, was a forty-five-year-old homemaker from West Newton, Pennsylvania. Her husband, Frank V. Jones, later signed on to a lawsuit against American Steel & Wire Company (AS&W) on behalf of Ruth, who died April 25, 1949, six months after the smog from complications of diabetes. So she was not a victim of the smog. She might have suffered from it, but she died too long afterward to be counted among those who perished as a direct result of the smog.
John Poklemba. There were a number of Polkembas in the area in the late 1940s, but only one, John Poklemba, is recorded as dying anywhere close to 1948. His identity was confirmed to me in 2018 by Bonnie Poklemba, wife of John's nephew. John worked as a tractor operator for AS&W. An article in the Daily Republican from May 1949 indicated that Poklemba had become sick during the smog and never recovered. He perished May 24, 1949, from arteriosclerotic heart disease. Like Jones, Poklemba suffered during the smog but did not die as a direct result of it.
Mary Rozik. Mary Rozik ("Pozik" on the plaque) was a sixty-one-year-old widow from Webster who took ill during the smog. Like Clifford DeVore she was selected to go on the Good WILLmington Mission. She survived the smog, but continued to suffer lung problems until she succumbed on May 4, 1949, from pneumonia and asthma. A smog sufferer, but not a true victim.
Mary Rozik photo accompanying article on her death and that of Clifford DeVore
Alice Ward. Alice Ward was also one of the Mon Valley residents who traveled to North Carolina for rest and recuperation. A sixty-nine-year-old homemaker from Webster, Ward died March 20, 1949, from heart failure and chronic myocarditis (inflammation of the heart muscle). Again, a sufferer, not a victim.
Of note is that all six people erroneously listed on the plaque as victims all died within just eighty days of one another, with two of them — DeVore and Rozik — perishing within a single day. Odd, but not unheard of.
Other people from Donora and Webster areas undoubtedly died during that same eighty-day period, so to single out those six individuals for the plaque seems rather odd. My guess is that because DeVore, Rozik, and Ward were sent to North Carolina, they were remembered as "victims." How the other three — Faulchak, Jones, and Poklemba — made the list remains puzzling.
Defining Terms
I think the main reason for the plaque listing six people who didn't die in the smog relates to how the group defined the word victim. For my book and in this blog I consider as victims only people who had died during the smog or within sixty days from a condition clearly related to the smog.
Only twenty-one people fit that definition. If the group that created the plaque defined a victim as someone who died either in or from the smog, then the list should have been much, much longer and included names of individuals who died over the following year at least. The US Public Health Services followup report on the smog disaster stated that:
Persons who reported acute illness at the time of the smog episode have demonstrated subsequently higher mortality and prevalence of illness than the other persons living in the community at that time. Furthermore, persons who complained of more severe acute illness in 1948 demonstrate greater subsequent morbidity and mortality than persons with mild complaints.
Regardless of how the plaque creators initially defined the term victim, their desire to remember and honor the people who suffered and died during the smog was laudable. It's just a shame the final product was so dreadfully inaccurate.
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By Tattletott on March 4, 2020 • ( Leave a comment )
The Iditarod is a Race…and a City, a River, and a Trail!
by, Jo Carol Hebert
The word, Iditarod, from the language of early natives of North West Alaska, means "a distant place". The now-abandoned town of Iditarod was founded on the Iditarod River during Alaska's Yukon gold-mining era from 1870-1896.
Iditarod History
Mail delivery to the city was only by dog sled along the Iditarod Trail.
After World War II, snow mobiles and airplanes replaced the traditional dog sled as the favored form of transportation. By 1970,the dog sled tradition of traveling was disappearing.
Joe Redington, Sr., a musher (dog sledder) founded the first Iditarod Trail Sled Dog Races from Anchorage to Nome in 1973.
The race now symbolizes and embraces two concepts:
To recognize and preserve the history of dog sledding and train future generations in the old traditions of mushing;
To commemorate the mushers and dogs of the Great Race of Mercy that brought a lifesaving vaccine from Anchorage to Nome, where an infectious disease was raging.
Nome, Alaska, Winter of 1925. People were sick, mostly children. It was a dreaded
diphtheria epidemic. The only vaccine was in Anchorage, nearly 1,000 miles away. Snow storms, high winds, and ice kept airplanes grounded and ships stranded.
The plan was to bring the vaccine by train to Nenana, Alaska. From there, 20 dog sled teams and 150 dogs would relay the precious cargo to Nome.
In a miraculous 5-1/2 days, through blizzards, uncertain terrain and -53 degrees temperatures, the vaccine arrived in Nome.
A Siberian Husky lead dog, Togo, ran 250 miles of the roughest and most treacherous part of the trail. Other dog teams ran about 31 miles each, including another Siberian Husky named Balto that became the symbolic hero that brought the vaccine into Nome.
a lantern stays lit until every racer finishes the annual race
a Red Lantern is given to the last team to arrive in Nome
sled dogs wear boots of fleece or blue jean material on their paws
a team of Standard poodles was entered into the race in 1988
moose often charge the dogs on the trail of the annual run
Language of the Iditarod Race
Mush!, Hike!, OK!, All Right! and Let's Go! are commands that start the eager dogs running.
Whoa! is a command to stop, as the musher applies brakes.
Gee is to turn right.
Haw is to turn left.
The team consists of the musher on sled, a lead dog in front, the two swing dogs behind the leader and the rest of the team dogs.
A 'dropped' dog is an injured or exhausted dog left at checkpoints to be cared for. The health and safety of the dogs is a priority in the race.
Dog Breeds That Stay The Course
In 1990, a rule was made that only northern bred dogs could qualify for the race. The mushers' experience of the extreme arctic conditions of the run determined that these thick-undercoated dogs were the hardiest to run the course.
These breeds include:
Alaskan Husky (Indian Dog)
Canadian Eskimo
Siberian Husky.
Present Day Iditarod Race
This is extreme sport – an endurance race for mushers and dogs along paths that present the most challenging of arctic cold, snow, and ice conditions.
The teams must keep moving for 1,000 miles! This race tests both the physical limits of man and dog, and also the passion, commitment, spirit, and the bond of all mushers and their beloved dogs.
The musher must start with a team of 16 dogs, and allowing drop-offs, must finish with at least 6 dogs. The 50+ teams compete to travel from Anchorage, Alaska to Nome, Alaska in the shortest number of days. The average is 10-17 days. The lantern at the end of the trail was still shining a victory beacon even for the longest finish time in any race – 32 days.
On your marks . . . get set . . . mush!
You can check out the 2020 Iditarod Starters, with status and country information on: iditarod.com/race/2020/musher/list.
Print the coloring pages to have more Iditarod Fun!
Husky Coloring Page pdf
Sled Coloring Page pdf
Categories: Dogs, Sports
What Does a Professional Adventurer Do? Interview With Eric Sprinkle
Iceberg! Glaciers!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Bletchley Park & TNMOC
Home > Bletchley Park
Bletchley Park &
The National Museum of Computing
A goal of this site is to illustrate the ingenuity in the development of calculators from the large mechanical models, through the early desktop electronic models, to credit-card sized electronic models.
In a similar way, the exhibits at Bletchley Park and the The National Museum of Computing (TNMOC) illustrate the ingenuity in the development of machines to decipher encoded messages culminating in 1944 with Colossus, one of the first electronic computers.
Side by side on the same site, at one time TNMOC was integrated in the main Bletchley Park code-breaking site with the entrance ticket giving access to both, and the code-breaking guided tours reaching a climax with a visit to the Colossus rebuild by TNMOC.
Unfortunately this has now changed, a metal fence separates the two and you must visit them separately. It is probably best to visit the main Bletchley Park site first for an introduction to the Axis powers' codes and ciphers of WWII and how they were initially broken using brain power, simple aids, and complex mechanical machines. This can then be followed by a walk round the corner to TNMOC to see the 'Heath Robinson' and Colossus rebuilds for breaking the most secure codes. Colossus was one of the first electronic computers and is very impressive.
As well as the rebuilds, TNMOC has displays of vintage calculators, vintage computers, and some hands-on working early personal computers.
A group of visitors to Bletchley Park listen attentively to their tour guide in front of the Mansion.
Signs of War
In 1938, with signs that a war was getting closer, the Bletchley Park estate was bought by Sir Hugh Sinclair, the Director of Naval Intelligence and the founder of the Government Code and Cypher School (GCCS). In August 1939 members of the GCCS started to arrive at Bletchley Park and occupied rooms in the Mansion. Their task was to intercept and decipher coded radio messages sent by the Axis powers (Germany, Italy, and Japan) in the forthcoming war.
Bletchley Park was a suitable location for this work since it lies on the outskirts of Bletchley, then a small country town safely 40 miles north of London, at the junction of a main railway route to the north and the cross-country line linking Cambridge and Oxford Universities.
Soon all room in the Mansion was taken up and the overflow was accommodated in wooden huts which were built on the estate near to the Mansion. Personnel to break the codes of intercepted radio messages were recruited especially from the leading universities and were brought to Bletchley Park to work on their task in great secrecy.
Enigma and the Bombes
The main effort at the beginning of the war was to decipher messages which had been enciphered using one of the models of the legendary Enigma machines. These hand-operated machines, somewhat resembling large typewriters, were used to scramble plain language messages into what appeared to be a random sequence of letters. However, when the scrambled sequence of letters was received (after being sent by radio using Morse code) and entered into another Enigma machine set up in an identical way then the original plain language message would be revealed.
A three-rotor Enigma machine.
The Polish intelligence service had passed on information about the Enigma machine and had demonstrated methods of tackling the breaking of its encryption to the British and French just before WW II started. Their manual methods were developed further at Bletchley Park as the war progressed, and great effort had to be used as the Enigma machines were further enhanced to improve the security of the messages.
Among the academics recruited from universities was Alan Turing who was a pioneer in the field of what was to become known as Computer Science. He had invented the concept of the 'Turing Machine', a general purpose computer that is capable of performing any calculation which it is possible to write down. Turing was one of those highly involved in the development of the 'Bombe', an electro-mechanical machine that was used in the process of breaking Enigma messages.
A Bombe has been rebuilt and is on display at Bletchley Park.
A film prop model of a Bombe used in the feature film "Enigma".
Inside the Bombe rebuild, showing the large numbers of mechanical and electrical components.
Bletchley Park opens to the public
After the end of World War II Bletchley Park was used by various government agencies, including the GPO, GCHQ, and the Civil Aviation Authority (CAA).
However, by 1992 the site was nearly completely vacant and, since Bletchley was part of the Milton Keynes development area, the park was proposed for development. Fortunately Milton Keynes Borough Council declared most of the Park a conservation area (where development is restricted) and the Bletchley Park trust was formed to maintain the site as a museum devoted to the code breakers. So in 1993 the site opened to visitors.
Excellent exhibitions have been assembled showing how encryption was used and the story of cryptanalysis at Bletchley Park. With the curtain of secrecy having been dropped many of the people who worked at Bletchley Park have returned and told their tales of the time, have helped the Trust in creating the displays, and have acted as tour guides.
Also being undertaken at Bletchley Park is a reconstruction of a Bombe, as used in the decryption of Enigma messages.
Visiting Bletchley Park
At the Bletchley Park code-breaking museum there is much to see, as well as guided tours about the various code-breaking operations on the site and occasional lectures.
It is open daily (except 24, 25, 26 December).
For more information visit the website at https://www.bletchleypark.org.uk/.
In 2008 the computer museum at Bletchley Park was expanded and and was relocated next to and included the Colossus rebuild in Block H, and became The National Museum of Computing (TNMOC). Among items on display are main-frame computers, early personal computers (which are up and running for visitors to experience using), and around 50 vintage calculators.
Unfortunately, relations between THMOC and Bletchley Park subsequently became strained and the two were physically separated by a fence and each requires its own entrance fee. The Bletchley Park guided tours have also stopped visiting the Colossus 'computer' rebuild, which is sad since that is the culmination of the British code-breaking efforts.
The most significant of the TNMOC exhibits is the fully functional Colossus Mk II which was reconstructed by a team led by Tony Sale. After great effort this Colossus rebuild was completed with help from some of the original designers, engineers' notebooks, some hardware and drawings which escaped destruction, and documents released in the U.S.A. (which had been provided with information about it). Since Colossus used standard GPO telephone system components as far as possible the reconstruction has largely been able to source the original types of components.
Tunny and Colossus
After periods of difficulty early in the war Bletchley park became very proficient at breaking Axis powers' messages encoded by Enigma machines and it was claimed that often they would have the plain language message for reading before the proper recipients had. The deciphered messages were passed on to allied intelligence under the name 'Ultra' (from Ultra Secret) but the source was only disclosed to a very few people for fear of the enemy finding out that its messages were being intercepted and read.
As the war progressed the radio listening stations in Britain began to pick up messages that they realised were being sent by machine and not by human Morse operators. These messages had been enciphered by one of several types of 'Geheimschreiber' (Secret Writer). These operated on somewhat similar principals to the Enigma machines but were much more sophisticated with more rotors and operated automatically on messages originating on teleprinter machines. Bletchley Park gave the generic code name name 'Fish' to this type of message. Whereas most Enigma traffic was of a tactical nature to and from fighting units, by analysing sending and receiving stations the Fish traffic was seen to be of a more strategic nature between the Axis high command. Thus it was highly desirable, but would prove to be extremely difficult, to decrypt the Fish messages.
Bletchley Park took on the task of attacking messages sent using the Lorenz SZ40 and SZ42 machines, which they called 'Tunny', since these were used on important communications links. A breakthrough was made in 1941 when a receiving station asked for a long message to be retransmitted because they had not received it properly. The sending operator made the basic error of resetting his machine to the same start conditions and typing the same message but with minor changes, such as using abbreviations. Both messages were received in Britain, their importance was recognised, and William Tutte working at Bletchley Park was able to deduce the structure of the Lorenz machine from them.
A German Lorenz SZ42 'Geheimechreiber' (secret writer) with cover removed, showing the 12 rotors.
Attempts at breaking Tunny messages using the techniques applied to Enigma messages produced little result and then only after a long time of great effort, by which time the information in the messages was likely to be out of date.
Following on from the use of the Bombe machines in helping to decipher the Enigma messages thoughts were turned to producing more powerful machines to help decode the Tunny messages. Since the machines then being used were electro-mechanical, personnel from the G.P.O (General Post Office, then the operator of the British telephone system) research station at Dollis Hill, in London, were brought in to assist.
The first machine that was developed was called the 'Heath Robinson' (after the cartoonist who drew weird and wonderful machines) and used several paper tapes along with electronic circuits to help determine the settings of the Lorenz machine. Although a great advance, the Heath Robinson machines were still slow and were temperamental.
Tommy Flowers, from the research station at Dollis Hill, proposed a largely electronic machine which would operate faster and more reliably than the Heath Robinsons. Although there was opposition since the machine would use several thousands of vacuum tubes (thermionic valves) which were perceived as unreliable, Flowers pressed ahead at Dollis Hill using his experience with vacuum tubes in experimental telephone switching circuits.
In great secrecy, the first of the resulting 'Colossus' machines was installed in Bletchley Park and started to be used for attacking Tunny messages in February 1944, crucially just ahead of the D-day invasion of Europe by the Allies in June 1944. The machine proved successful and an improved version, the Mark II, was designed and made. The Mk II used 2,400 vacuum tubes and continuously performed logical operations on the received, encrypted, message which was punched into paper tape, formed into a loop, and passed through an optical reader at 30 miles/hour (48 kph). Colossus was the first machine to use shift registers and also systolic arrays (a form of parallel processing). By the end of the war there were 10 Colossus machines in use at Bletchley Park which helped to provide intelligence of incalculable value about the enemy strategy and its forces.
This photograph, taken in 2006, shows the Colossus Mk II reconstructed under the leadership of Tony Sale. Here Tony supervises the breaking of an enciphered message with the completed machine. The rack in front holds many red-coated vacuum tubes; the second, similar sized rack, can just be seen in the shadows behind. At the far end the paper tape punched with the message to be deciphered travels continuously in an endless loop round pulleys and past a photoelectric reading head. Colossus performs logical operations on the message to determine the settings of the Lorenz machine that encoded it so that the message can be read on a similar machine.
This Colossus rebuild is actually in the room in which Colossus number 9 operated in 1945, and is now part of TNMOC.
View of the rear of the Colossus rebuild showing the two racks and the large arrays of vacuum tubes, some of which require additional cooling!
An often asked question is "Which was the first electronic computer?". This has no simple answer since all the early machines exhibited some of the features we now demand in a computer, but none had all of these features. In this case, Colossus was not easily programmable, since this was performed using patch cords and switches, and Colossus did not pass the "Turing complete" test, that is it could not be used as a general purpose computer. However, Colossus was one of the most advanced and powerful special purpose computing machines of its time.
Unfortunately, Colossus was top secret and at the end of the war Winston Churchill ordered all of the machines at Bletchley Park and all of the drawings to be destroyed except for the few that were required at the new Government Communications Head Quarters (GCHQ) then being established. All of the staff at Bletchley Park left and were sworn to secrecy under the dreaded Official Secrets Act. The Park and Colossus were unknown to the world for over 30 years until information started to emerge in the late 1970s. Even today, over 70 years later, there is information about Colossus that is still classified as secret, though a 500 page report on Tunny and its decryption was released by GCHQ in 2000.
Calculators and Computers at TNMOC
Part of the calculator display in The National Museum of Computing.
Close up of some of the calculators on display at TNMOC.
Mathatron early electronic desktop calculator on display at TNMOC.
Some of the hand-held calculators on display at TNMOC.
Main-frame and mini computers at The National Museum of Computing.
Display of early personal computers at The National Museum of Computing. A selection is often up and running for visitors to try out.
Visiting The National Museum of Computing (TNMOC)
Although on the same general Bletchley Park site, The National Museum of Computing is physically separate from the Bletchley Park museum.
Opening times (correct at Jan 2019): The Colossus and Bombe Galleries are open daily (10.30am - 5pm. Last admission at 4.30pm).
The rest of the museum (including the vintage calculators and early computers) is normally open to the public on Thursday, Saturday and Sunday afternoons (12pm - 5pm).
For the latest information visit the The National Museum of Computing website.
As always, if you especially desire to see a certain exhibit and before travelling a long distance get in touch with these museums to check that the exhibits concerned are viewable.
During summer 2020, while The National Museum of Computing was closed due to the Coronavirus pandemic, an excellent 3D Virtual Tour has been created. Here you can either have an automatic tour or you can guide yourself through the rooms and the displays of the museum, including vintage calculators.


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Q: how do you get average of top 5 for each records within same table I need to calculate average for some price as shown below. I am able to do that for each records within that table but how do I do if I want to do this for only first 5 latest dated records? Below query does provide that average but for everything but I am looking for top 5 desc date. This can be solved using row_number() probably but that might be too slow as I have tons of records within that table and row_number processes each row at a time etc. is there any better way doing this? I am trying to do this on SQLServer DB BTW.
select a.id, AVG(a.someprice) as avgPrice
 from
 (select p.id, p.date, calculateSomePrice(p.id, p.date) someprice
 from table1 p
 where p.id in (select id from table1)) a
 group by a.id
 ;

Let me give you example records that I have on table which can clarify what I am looking for.
id    date         prc
1   08/02/2017     1.5
1   08/01/2017     2.5
1   07/31/2017     3.5
1   07/30/2017     1
1   07/29/2017     4
1   07/23/2017     4.5
1   07/20/2017     5
1   07/22/2017     5.5
2   07/29/2017     1.5
2   07/28/2017     2.5
2   07/27/2017     4
2   07/26/2017     4
2   07/23/2017     5.5
2   07/22/2017     3.5
2   07/21/2017     5
2   07/20/2017     0.5
2   07/18/2017     4.5

Now when we run above my query, we get average of everything for all the records but what I am looking for is, top 5 average per date for each id. In this case for 1 and 2 both.
below query will give me result for id 1 that I am looking for but I need to do this for all Ids in my table and my table has 481397362 records so doing this in loop doesn't make sense.
select a.id, AVG(a.somePrice)
from (
      select top 5 p.id, p.date, calculateSomePrice(p.id, p.date) somePrice
      from table1 p
      where p.id = 1
      order by p.date desc ) a
group by a.id;

A: You can pick up TOP 5 ids and use them to find out the average.

select a.id, AVG(a.someprice) as avgPrice
 from
 (select p.id, p.date, calculateSomePrice(p.id, p.date) someprice
 from table1 p
 where p.id in (select TOP 5 id from table1 order by update_Date desc)) a
 group by a.id;

A: you can use do it like this:
select a.id, AVG(a.someprice) as avgPrice
 from
 (  select TOP 5 p.id, p.date, calculateSomePrice(p.id, p.date) someprice
    from table1 p
    ORDER BY P.DATE DESC
 ) a
 group by a.id
 ;

A: Based on your query and sample result, we need to tag your top 5 avgPrice in DESC
WITH cte AS (
SELECT a.id,
       AVG(a.someprice) as avgPrice
  FROM (SELECT p.id,
               p.date, calculateSomePrice(p.id, p.date) someprice
          FROM table1 p
         WHERE p.id in (SELECT id
                          FROM table1)
                       ) a
 GROUP BY a.id
)

SELECT id,
       avgPrice
  FROM (SELECT id,
               avgPrice,
               ROW_NUMBER() OVER (PARTITION BY id ORDER BY avgPrice DESC) rank
          FROM cte
         GROUP BY id,
                  avgPrice
       ) t

 WHERE rank <=5

A: If I understand your requirement correctly you can query as below:
select a.id, AVG(a.someprice) as avgPrice
 from
 (  select p.id, p.date, calculateSomePrice(p.id, p.date) someprice,
        RowN = Row_Number() over(partition by p.Id order by p.[date] desc)
    from table1 p
 ) a
 Where a.RowN <= 5
 group by a.id
 ;

A: select a.id, avg(a.prc) as avgPrice from
(
SELECT *
    FROM (
        SELECT id, date, prc, Rank()
          over (Partition BY id
                ORDER BY date DESC ) AS Rank
        FROM table
        ) rs WHERE Rank <= 5
)
group by a.id

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Use of Hibernate With Java Persistence Api
May 18, 2009 | Admin | Other Information |
Before we start any discussion about Persistence technologies, we need to understand what exactly Persistence is in computer science. Persistence, in simple terms is the ability to retain data structures between various program executions. A perfect example of this would be a word processor saving undo history. In practice, this is achieved by storing the data in non- volatile storage such as a file system or a relational database or an object database.
The popularity of databases has increased manifold in the past few years. Java has become the preferred choice of developers for developing secure, flexible, and scalable database driven web applications. These web applications require objects to be associated with appropriate databases. Hibernate, along with other persistence technologies associate's objects with the appropriate database in a simple, straight forward and natural way.
Hibernate is one such effort from the Java community to develop many object oriented solutions to data persistence. Any kind of Java persistence solution includes two main elements i.e. ORM (Object Relational Mapping) and OOM (Object Oriented Modeling).
Hibernate has become immensely popular amongst the developer community as it is a free, powerful, high performance open source object – relational mapping persistence Java package that makes it easier to work with relational databases for Java Applications.
Apart from Hibernate, other popular open source Java persistence technologies include JDBC, abates, JDO, Top Link and CMP Entity Beans. These technologies provide a standardized object-relational mapping mechanism.
Java persistence application programming Interface or JAVA Persistence API is the latest version of the Java Data Objects (JDO) technology which was the earlier persistent technology used by developers. JPA or the Java Persistence API is the latest Java Specification standard for java enterprise applications. The Java Persistence API is a java programming language framework that allows developers to manage relational data in Java standard edition and Enterprise Edition applications. Java Persistence API originated as part of the work of the JSR 220 expert group.
The java persistence API's has been developed after drawing upon the best ideas from other prevalent persistence technologies like Top link, JDO, Hibernate etc. In simple words, Java Persistence API is a Plain Old Java Object API for object /relational mapping and supports a rich, SQL –like query language for both static and dynamic queries.
Vendors involved in application development have found that the use of Hibernate technology with Java persistence API's helps build flexible, database driven web applications that are highly scalable and involve complex business processes.
The Java Persistence API is the standard object/relational mapping and persistence management interface of the Java EE 5.0 platform and Java Web Services Development . As part of the EJB 3.0 specification effort, it is supported by all major vendors of the Java industry for improving Java Web Development in India and Globe.
Tags History In Practice Java Community Java Data Objects Java Enterprise Applications Jpa Object Oriented Solutions Object Relational Mapping Open Source Java Source Object Volatile Storage
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Retroviridae : the retroviruses and their replication.
Add tags for "Retroviridae : the retroviruses and their replication.". Be the first.
<http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66002376> # Retroviridae : the retroviruses and their replication.
schema:about <http://www.worldcat.org/oclc/66002376> ; # Retroviridae : the retroviruses and their replication.


text:
Posted on March 28, 2018 March 28, 2018 by Ryan H.
The Facts of Death: Casino Royale, Part XIV
Thus we arrive at the closing moments of Casino Royale, in which Craig's Bond fully embalms himself in the armor of his constructed persona, and steps out into the world to confront sinister villainy as a state-employed thug in elegant attire.
Even though the ending of Casino Royale was always intended to function as a gateway to the sequel (the initial versions of which were being written by Bond scribes Neal Purvis and Robert Wade as Casino Royale was filming), Casino Royale's ending feels less like a cliffhanger than it does the completion of the film's arc. This is certainly how director Martin Campbell felt, who declined to return for its successor due to a feeling that a sequel would not add much to his work on Casino Royale. Still, Quantum of Solace, Skyfall, and Spectre will each, in their own way, see this finale as a kind of pause rather than a full statement. The Craig era exists in a constant push-and-pull wherein Bond's identity is asserted and subsequently challenged.
The conversation with M consists of an embarrassing amount of exposition, most of which serves to clear up the mystery surrounding Vesper's motivations. These motivations have been relatively obscure and clumsily dramatized, and will still remain a bit hazy after this conversation (this murkiness surrounding Vesper's motivations, and her boyfriend, provides Quantum of Solace with its foundation). M's comments to Bond contain much supposition along with the few facts she provides. If this conversation achieves anything dramatically, it is to refocus the film around Bond's relationship to M, who chastises Bond for being coldhearted while also knowing that she needs him to be exactly who he is in order for him to be useful to her and the state she serves.
The conversation does not serve Craig's Bond especially well, reducing him to a grim-faced listener. The film tosses away the iconic, nasty closing line of Fleming's novel, suggesting that it is included more out of obligation to the source novel rather than out of clear dramatic purpose. In Fleming's novel, it was a searing final exclamation mark in the hardboiled tradition, a blast of misogyny that extended from Bond's wounded masculinity. Here, it is stated and then subsequently challenged, overwhelmed by M's musings.
Vesper's cell phone enables Bond to track down Mr. White. It's suggested this was her intention all along. Mr. White is clearly somewhat negligent when it comes to the use of cell phone tech. Giving Vesper his personal number and retains the same phone after this affair is concluded. You'd think he would at least have the same sense as a low-class criminal and use a burner.
The finale, staged at Mr. White's beautiful lakeside villa, concludes Bond's character arc by showing that he has been absorbed by the character's iconography. The sequence serves as a purpose statement for Bond: he's the killer who brings violence wherever he goes, hunting down the criminal elements that cloak themselves in luxury and wealth.
Bond sports an atypically rakish outfit. Given that the dinner jacket was already presented mid-picture, costume designer Lindy Hemming was tasked with effectively created a Bond outfit that could out-Bond the dinner jacket, and she settled on the three-piece suit, which nods back to Connery's attire in Goldfinger. Where Connery's gray suit was tasteful, Craig's is ostentatious. This pinstriped suit is not the suit of a gentleman educated in "Oxford or wherever," to borrow Vesper's words, but the suit of a hoodlum. The gangster-ish effect of the outfit is further magnified by Bond's choice of weapon, which might as well be a Tommy gun.
His smug delivery of the "Bond, James Bond" line rings out both loud and hollow. This is, as Fleming once described him, the man who is only a silhouette. Death will follow in his wake. Cue, for the first time, the James Bond theme.
Tagscasino royale, daniel craig, eva green, facts of death, james bond, judi dench, martin campbell, quantum of solace
Previous PostPrevious The Facts of Death: Quantum of Solace, Part I
Next PostNext Tosca at the Metropolitan Opera


Description: Do you like memes, trolling and Youtube? Well guys, it is time for some Trololo with your fave meme. Trollface Quest Trolltube is an insane sequel of the weird point-and-click puzzle game series. Troll your way through the channels of a video-sharing website looking for funny trouble.


text:
Q: springboot + webpack dev server, does not change localhost bundle file after rebuilding click this pic and please read below
1.this first pic is after run webpack-dev-sercer --hot --inline

*second pic is my html : the way i call js file

*i changed my jsx file to test server
and npm said complete rebuild
but, bundled js file in localhost:9090 does not change after rebuilding like upper pic
below code is my webpack.config.js file
var path = require('path');
var webpack = require('webpack');
var merge = require('webpack-merge');
var HtmlWebpackPlugin = require('html-webpack-plugin');
var ExtractTextPlugin = require('extract-text-webpack-plugin');
var jeet = require('jeet');
var nib = require('nib');

var RES = path.join(__dirname, 'src/main/resources');
var STATIC = path.join(__dirname, 'src/main/resources/static');

const TARGET = process.env.npm_lifecycle_event;

const common = {
  entry: {
    chunkA: path.join(STATIC, 'chunkA/chunkA_world.jsx'),
    chunkB: path.join(STATIC, 'chunkB/chunkB_world.jsx')
  },
  output: {
    path: path.join(STATIC, 'jsbuilt'),
    filename: '[name].bundle.js',
    chunkFileName: '[id].bundle.js',
    publicPath:  ''
  },
  plugins: [
    new webpack.optimize.OccurenceOrderPlugin(),
    new webpack.optimize.CommonsChunkPlugin({
      name: 'vendors',
      minChunks(module, count) {
        return (
          module.resource &&
          module.resource.indexOf(path.resolve('node_modules')) === 0
        )
      }
    }),
    new HtmlWebpackPlugin({
    }),
    new webpack.DefinePlugin({
      "process.env": {
        NODE_ENV: JSON.stringify('development')
      }
    }),
    new ExtractTextPlugin('styles.css')
  ],
  resolve: {
    extensions: ['', '.js'],
    root: RES
  },
  module: {
    preLoaders: [
      {
        test: /\.css$/,
        loader: 'stripcomment'
      }
    ],
    loaders: [{
      test: /\.jsx?$/,
      exclude: /(node_modules)/,
      loader: ['babel'],
      include: STATIC,
      query:
          {
            presets:['es2015','stage-0','react'],
            compact: false
          }
    }, {
      test: /\.styl$/,
      loader: ExtractTextPlugin.extract('css-loader!stylus-loader')
    }, {
      test: /\.json/,
      loader: ['json-loader']
    }]
  },
  stylus: {
    use: [jeet(), nib()]
  }
};

if (TARGET === 'start' || !TARGET) {
    module.exports = merge(common, {
        devServer: {
            port: 9090,
            proxy: {
                '/*': {
                    target: 'http://localhost:8080',
                    secure: false,
                    prependPath: false
                }
            },
            publicPath: 'http://localhost:9090/',
            historyApiFallback: true
        },
        devtool: 'source-map'
    });
}

if (TARGET === 'build') {
    module.exports = merge(common, {});
}

and my project is spring boot
so, my question is, how to make localhost9090 js file change?

A: You'll need to updated your Webpack Output location to point to the Target directory in order for you to achieve a productive live reload workflow.
Example:
module.exports = {
    entry: "./src/app.js",
    output: {
        path: '../../../target/classes/static/js',
        filename: "bundle.js"
    },
    module: {
        loaders: [
            {
                test: /\.jsx?$/,
                exclude: /node_modules/,
                loader: 'babel-loader',
                query: {
                    presets: ['es2015', 'react']
                }
            }
        ]
    }
};

The embedded server is pulling from the Target directory so it works much better for these outside build processes like Webpack to push to that directory directly.

A: i changed my webpack.config.js file like below
var path = require('path');
var webpack = require('webpack');
var merge = require('webpack-merge');
var HtmlWebpackPlugin = require('html-webpack-plugin');
var ExtractTextPlugin = require('extract-text-webpack-plugin');
var jeet = require('jeet');
var nib = require('nib');

var RES = path.join(__dirname, 'src/main/resources');
var STATIC = path.join(__dirname, 'src/main/resources/static');

module.exports = {
  devtool: 'source-map',
  entry: {
    chunkA: path.join(STATIC, 'chunkA/chunkA_world.jsx'),
    chunkB: path.join(STATIC, 'chunkB/chunkB_world.jsx')
  },
  output: {
    path: path.join(STATIC, 'jsbuilt'),
    filename: '[name].bundle.js',
    chunkFileName: '[id].bundle.js',
    publicPath:  'http://localhost:9090/jsbuilt/'
  },
  plugins: [
    new webpack.optimize.OccurenceOrderPlugin(),
    new webpack.optimize.CommonsChunkPlugin({
      name: 'vendors',
      minChunks(module, count) {
        return (
          module.resource &&
          module.resource.indexOf(path.resolve('node_modules')) === 0
        )
      }
    }),
    new webpack.DefinePlugin({
      "process.env": {
        NODE_ENV: JSON.stringify('development')
      }
    }),
    new ExtractTextPlugin('styles.css')
  ],
  resolve: {
    extensions: ['', '.js'],
    root: RES
  },
  module: {
    preLoaders: [
      {
        test: /\.css$/,
        loader: 'stripcomment'
      }
    ],
    loaders: [{
      test: /\.jsx?$/,
      exclude: /(node_modules)/,
      loader: ['babel'],
      include: STATIC,
      query:
          {
            presets:['es2015','stage-0','react'],
            compact: false
          }
    }, {
      test: /\.styl$/,
      loader: ExtractTextPlugin.extract('css-loader!stylus-loader')
    }, {
      test: /\.json/,
      loader: ['json-loader']
    }]
  },
  stylus: {
    use: [jeet(), nib()]
  },
  devServer: {
      port: 9090,
      proxy: {
          '/*': {
              target: 'http://localhost:8080',
              secure: false,
              prependPath: false
          }
      },
      publicPath: 'http://localhost:9090/jsbuilt',
      historyApiFallback: true
  }
};

and it worked. thanks!


Ralph Fiennes is in advanced discussions to star in the James Foley-directed fantasy drama-romance "Sands" at Ava Films, Phantom Colombia, HanWay Pictures and Bombay Berlin Films.
Penned by novelist Renata Bovara, the story centers on a New York couple involved in an accident that leaves the woman in a coma.
Caught between life and death, her spirit travels to India where she is drawn to an imaginary man. She must choose between her love for that man, and her surgeon husband who is desperate to bring her back to life.
A major Hollywood star is being sought for the female lead. Richard Paraiso will produce the $15 million project, and talks are underway with Lionsgate regarding distribution in North America and several other territories.
Shooting will take place in Toronto, India, and Reunion Island in the last quarter of the year.


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The General Certificate of Secondary Education (GCSE) Coursework has now been replaced by Controlled Assessments in certain subjects.definição de CWT, o que significa CWT?, que significa de CWT, Ferramenta de coursework, estandes de CWT para Ferramenta de coursework.Coursework puede ser más que un ensayo/trabajo pero no se usa en plural - por ejemplo I ve done three pieces of coursework All my coursework is complete.definição de CW, o que significa CW?, que significa de CW, Curso, estandes de CW para Curso.O que significa "coursework"? TTC, monografia, trabalho de curso, trabalho de conclusão de curso. Votar TÓPICOS RELACIONADOS; O que significa Usually.Muitos exemplos de traduções com "outside" – Dicionário português-inglês e busca em milhões de traduções.Migliore risposta: il coursework, significa questo. Coursework is the name for work carried out by students at university or secondary / middle.ejercicios/actividades: Explanation: "Coursework" significa 'el conjunto de los ejercicios que los alumnos deberán realizar durante el curso', pero ¡no te mates.definição de CWT, o que significa CWT?, que significa de CWT, Ferramenta de coursework, estandes de CWT para Ferramenta de coursework.Que Significa Do My Homework Coursework; Personal Statement; Thesis Proposal; Case Study Writing; Assignment Writing; PowerPoint Presentation; Buy Research Paper.
Que Significa Do My Homework En Ingles.Buying paper.Information you can try to raise our paper on the main topic of sinifica Or your coursework wonder where.Muitos exemplos de traduções com "coursework" – Dicionário português-inglês e busca em milhões de traduções.coursework (ˈkɔːsˌwɜːk) n (Education.Onde exatamente você acha que vai todo service - cooperative - corrective action - coursework - cross off - daily routine - day's work - do it yourself.ejercicios/actividades: Explanation: Coursework significa el conjunto de los ejercicios que los alumnos deberán realizar durante el curso , pero ¡no te mates.German coursework help? German coursework, Question forming Que significa esta frase? What is the past participle of "Read"? The pronunciation? Trending.coursework; extension; foundation course; homework; interdisciplinary; introduction; Por que se inscrever? É grátis! Construa sua própria listas de palavras.O que significa a palavra "Major" em ingles? In Quebec, upon completing one year of coursework in a field, one is granted a "minor" diploma.The Pathfinder Club, or simply Pathfinders, is a department of the Seventh-day Adventist Church (SDA), which works specifically with the cultural, social.Morning people! Id like to know the meaning of coursework in portuguese? Thnks in advance folks.Mejor respuesta: Is this for your creative writing piece, for your GCSE language? If so it doesn't have to be a vivid story.
coursework (ˈkɔːsˌwɜːk) n (Education) written or oral work completed by a student within a given period, which is assessed as an integral part of an educational.O Que Significa Ph.D. (ABD)O caso dos inexistentes doutorados dos ministros Dilma e Amorim, mostra várias característicasimportantes da política e cultura bras….Feb 21, 2010 · In Quebec, upon completing one year of coursework in a field, one is granted a minor diploma, O que significa a palavra Major em ingles.Many translated example sentences containing "credit-bearing coursework" lo que significa que en este caso los inversores demandan en el mercado de capitales.Gostaria de saber o que é o GCSE e para que serve, sei que ocorre na Inglaterra mas não encontrei resultados.Trocar de dicionário. Você sabia? Todos os nossos dicionários são bidirecionais, o que significa que você pode procurar por palavras em ambos os idiomas ao mesmo.GCSE synonyms, GCSE pronunciation, and coursework drastically cut in a move which will also see teenagers study 19th century literature and British history.O que significa a palavra homework em portugues. We must never forget, no matter how much disinformation is spread, that these substances are inert, innocent.Que Significa I Do My Homework In The Afternoon,Phd Coursework; Personal Statement; Thesis Proposal; Case Study Writing; Assignment Writing; PowerPoint Presentation.(KudoZ) English to Spanish translation of coursework: materias de curso [Tech/Engineering].
Coursework puede ser más que un ensayo/trabajo pero no se usa en plural - por ejemplo I ve done three pieces of coursework All my coursework is complete. definição de CWT, o que significa CWT?, que significa de CWT, Ferramenta de coursework, estandes de CWT para Ferramenta de coursework. German coursework help? German coursework, Question forming Que significa esta frase? What is the past participle of "Read"? The pronunciation? Trending.
Mejor respuesta: Is this for your creative writing piece, for your GCSE language? If so it doesn't have to be a vivid story. Feb 21, 2010 · In Quebec, upon completing one year of coursework in a field, one is granted a minor diploma, O que significa a palavra Major em ingles.
O que significa a palavra homework em portugues. We must never forget, no matter how much disinformation is spread, that these substances are inert, innocent. Jan 16, 2009 · Gostaria de saber o que é o GCSE e para que serve, sei que ocorre na Inglaterra mas não encontrei resultados. Según el Cambridge Dictionary, esto es lo que significa: Coursework puede ser más que un ensayo/trabajo pero no se usa en plural - por ejemplo.
(KudoZ) English to Spanish translation of coursework: materias de curso [Tech/Engineering].O que significa coursework ? Perguntas e respostas da comunidade sobre o idioma inglês. dferreira 20 21 Dez 2015, 14:18. Morning people.Muitos exemplos de traduções com "coursework" – Dicionário português-inglês e busca em milhões de traduções.sample bar a2 history coursework romans essay typer app birds and business plan pdf o que significa coursework jack the ripper homework.Jan 16, 2009 · Gostaria de saber o que é o GCSE e para que serve, sei que ocorre na Inglaterra mas não encontrei resultados.É difícil saber que rumo tomar na vida. course through [sth] vi intransitive verb: course work, coursework n noun: Refers to person, place, thing, quality.Según el Cambridge Dictionary, esto es lo que significa: Coursework puede ser más que un ensayo/trabajo pero no se usa en plural - por ejemplo.coursework (ˈkɔːsˌwɜːk) n (Education) written or oral work completed by a student within a given period, which is assessed as an integral part of an educational.Mejor respuesta: (i) Systematic search for change of sign using one of the methods: bisection, decimal search, linear interpolation. a solution.Tradução de coursework e muitas outras traduções em português no dicionário de o que significa que você pode procurar por palavras em ambos os idiomas.


text:
Eidinghausen – dzielnica miasta Bad Oeynhausen w Niemczech, w kraju związkowym Nadrenia Północna-Westfalia, w rejencji Detmold, w powiecie Minden-Lübbecke. Po raz pierwszy wspominana jest w dokumentach w roku 1183. Jako gmina 1 stycznia 1973 została przyłączona do miasta Bad Oeynhausen i stała się jego dzielnicą.

Powiat Minden-Lübbecke

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
<?php
namespace Redbox\Crawl\Transport\Adapter;

class Stream implements AdapterInterface
{
    /**
     * @var resource
     */
    protected $resource;

    /**
     * HTTP Streams are always supported so return true.
     *
     * @return bool
     */
    public function verifySupport()
    {
        return true;
    }

    /**
     * @return void
     */
    public function open()
    {
       /* Nothing to do here */
    }

    /**
     * Close the connection.
     *
     * @return void
     */
    public function close()
    {
        if (is_resource($this->resource)) {
            fclose($this->resource);
        }
    }

    /**
     * Send the request to the server.
     *
     * @param $address
     * @param $method
     * @param null $headers
     * @param null $body
     * @return bool|string
     */
    public function send($address, $method, $headers = null, $body = null)
    {
        $options = [
            'ignore_errors' => true,
            'method'        => $method,
            'headers'       => $headers,
        ];

        if (is_array($body) === true && count($body) > 0) {
            $options['content'] = $body;
        }

        $context = stream_context_create(
            ['http' => $options]
        );

        // Make request
        $this->resource = @fopen($address, 'r', false, $context);

        return $this->resource
            ? stream_get_contents($this->resource)
            : false;
    }

    /**
     * Return the HTTP status code.
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function getHttpStatusCode()
    {
        $headers = $this->getHeaders();
        $status = explode(' ', $headers[0]);
        return $status[1];
    }

    /**
     * Return the content-type of a request.
     * Returns false if no content-type could be found.
     *
     * @return bool|string
     */
    public function getContentType()
    {
        $headers = $this->getHeaders();
        foreach($headers as $header)
        {
            $needle = 'content-type:';
            $header    = strtolower($header);

            if (substr($header, 0, strlen($needle)) === 'content-type:') {
                $header = explode(';', $header);
                return trim(substr($header[0], strlen($needle)));
            }
        }
        return false;
    }

    /**
     * Return the stream headers.
     *
     * @return mixed
     */
    public function getHeaders()
    {
        return  stream_get_meta_data($this->resource)['wrapper_data'];
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


This was my introduction to Clifford "T.I." Harris. It's the first T.I. song I remember hearing. It's from his first album, I'm Serious, track 2. Til this day, its still the truest, thought-provoking, honest record T.I. has ever recorded. T.I. got plenty of nice records but this one just does for me. As soon as you hear those sinister piano notes start the track, you know its going to be a different track. In a day where alot of rappers bend the truth to make themselves look/sound better than they really are, you can feel that T.I., especially on this record, is giving it to the listener straight up.
T.I. reflects on his life up to that point, unloading on stories from the past that he still regrets. All his demons come out to make an incredible track. This is one of those tracks that will have you in a daze with a constant head bob. Is this T.I.'s version of "Regrets", perhaps. No matter what you label it, for me it will always be the realest sh** he ever wrote. Three 16s of what's in the heart of T.I.P.


Holly's Gardens and Florist has many "flowers in a gift" that come in an unique vase that can be used many times! The recipient will think of you every time they use it! Holly's Gardens and Florist in Denton, TX has Flowers in a Gift suitable for every occasion.


feature, which is planned for the upcoming openldap-release 2.4?
ones should have their own master-directory-server.
author also writes about this new features in the new 2.4-release.
documentation to activate and use the multi-master-replication.
Perhaps you can help me, please?
Did you look at test050-syncrepl-multimaster in the CVS checkout?


text:
About the ISRF
ISRF Fellows & Projects
Early Career Fellows
Mid-Career Fellows
Political Economy Fellows
Independent Scholars
Small Group Projects
Residential Research Groups
Economics &…
Economics: Past, Present and Future
Mapping Economics in France
Interdisciplinarity (2019)
Social Theory (2020)
Previous Competitions
Grant Competitions
ECF5 Early Career Fellowship Competition
PERF3 Political Economy Research Fellowship Competition
Annual Workshop
Other ISRF Workshops
PROFESSOR ANNELIEN DE DIJN
Freedom: An Unruly History
MID-CAREER FELLOW: NOVEMBER 2018 – OCTOBER 2019
Annelien de Dijn is a Professor of Modern Political History at Utrecht University. Her research focuses on the history of political thought in Europe and in the United States from 1700 to the present. She is the author of French Political Thought from Montesquieu to Tocqueville: Liberty in a Levelled Society (Cambridge University Press, 2008, paperback edition October 2011) and she is currently working on her second book, tentatively titled Freedom: An Unruly History (under contract with Harvard University Press).
Professor de Dijn has held visiting appointments at Columbia University, Cambridge University, the Remarque Institute at NYU, the University of Notre Dame, and the University of California at Berkeley. A past recipient of Fulbright and Alexander von Humboldt fellowships, she was educated at the University of Leuven in Belgium and at Columbia University.
I apply for an ISRF Mid-Career Fellowship in order to complete my book manuscript 'Freedom: An Unruly History', which is currently under contract with Harvard University Press. My book traces the genealogy of a key political concept: freedom. It shows that current understandings of freedom – the idea that freedom depends on the limitation of state power – must be understood as a deliberate and dramatic rupture with long-established ways of thinking about liberty. For centuries, I show, most people in the so-called West identified freedom not with being left alone by the state, but with their ability to exercise control over the way in which they were governed. They had, in other words, what might best be described as a 'democratic' conception of freedom. It only became common to think about freedom as something that required the limitation of state power in the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This shift in thinking about freedom was partly motivated by a genuine concern with the position of vulnerable minorities such as religious dissenters. But more often the fight against democracy in the name of freedom was provoked by fears that the newly enfranchised masses would use state power for economic redistribution.
In tracing the genealogy of freedom, my book draws on the methods and best practices of a different disciplines, including history, political theory, sociology and cultural studies. Written in a direct and engaging style, it will appeal not just to professional historians and philosophers, but also to a broader audience of politicians, journalists, students and other general readers. In short, my book proposes a new approach, and suggests new solutions, to one of the most topical questions of contemporary politics: how to be free in a society or as a society.
The Research Idea
Today, we tend to think of freedom as something that is best protected by circumscribing the boundaries of legitimate state activity. But has this always been the case? Is this idea of freedom really the only or even the most natural way of thinking about what it means to be free in a society or as a society? That is the question I set out to answer in my book. In order to do so, I survey over two thousand years of thinking and talking about freedom in what is conventionally known as 'the West' – starting with the invention of freedom in ancient Greece and bringing the story all the way up to the present.
The results of this investigation are startling. Our current conception of freedom must be understood, I show, as a deliberate and dramatic rupture with long-established ways of thinking about liberty. For centuries, most people identified freedom with their ability to exercise control over the way in which they were governed. They had, in other words, what might best be described as a 'democratic' conception of freedom. It only became common to think about freedom as something that required the limitation of state power in the course of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. This shift in thinking about freedom was partly motivated by concerns about vulnerable minorities. But more often the fight against democracy in the name of freedom was provoked by fears that the newly enfranchised masses would use state power for economic redistribution.
By writing the long history of freedom, I aim first and foremost to provide an alternative for textbook accounts of that subject. In such accounts, the invention of 'modern' ways of thinking about freedom is seen as the natural outcome of secular trends in European history, such as the growth of religious tolerance (John Rawls, Lectures on the History of Political Philosophy, 2009) or the creation of market societies (Ellen Meiksins Wood, Liberty and Property: A Social History of Western Political Thought from Renaissance to Enlightenment, 2012). My book aims to militate against that complacent, irenic view of the history of freedom, in which ancient conceptions of liberty were slowly and inexorably replaced by more modern ('better') ways of thinking about how to be free. Instead, my book emphasizes disagreement and radical discontinuity in Western debates about freedom.
In telling a different story about the history of freedom, this book also foregrounds very different dramatis personae than traditional textbook histories. The ideas of canonical philosophers such as Plato or John Locke are by no means neglected. But this book devotes as much or even more attention to historians, playwrights and novelists such as Herodotus or Edouard de Laboulaye, who are all shown to have made major contributions to the history of freedom. In addition, this book also draws on a variety of other sources, such as dictionaries, coins and engravings. While these sources are often neglected, they offer important insights into the history of freedom.
This book promises to change our understanding of one of today's key political values: freedom. The concept of freedom – understood as an absence of state interference – plays a central role in today's public debate. In the United States, angry citizens continue to protest health care reforms on the grounds that a universal mandate imposes 'slavery'. Across the Atlantic, similar concerns about the ' red tape' produced by Brussels played a crucial role in the run-up to Brexit.
As my book sets out to show, however, thinking about freedom as being left alone by the state is not the only or even the most natural way of thinking about what it means to be free in a society or as a society. Understanding the long history of freedom shows that for centuries, people had a very different and more democratic understanding of freedom. Moreover, my book also reveals something crucial about the genealogy of current ways of thinking about freedom. Today's most ardent freedom fighters like to portray themselves as the heirs of the revolutionaries of the 1770s and 1780s who created our modern democracies. But with their call for the limitation of government power, they far more resemble the classical liberals of the nineteenth and twentieth centuries who tried to at least partially undo the work of these earlier revolutionaries.
In addition to providing an alternative for existing textbook accounts of the history of freedom, my book also aims at theoretical innovation by engaging critically with more specialist literature on the subject. More specifically, my book aims to contribute to the debate about the so-called 'republican' conception of freedom. Following pioneering work by Quentin Skinner and Philip Pettit, there is now a general consensus in the literature that republican ways of thinking about freedom provide a historically important alternative for today's dominant liberal paradigm. But the exact nature of the republican conception of freedom remains much more contested. In particular, scholars continue to debate the relationship between republicanism and the democratic tradition. Quite a few scholars, both those sympathetic to the republican tradition and those more critical of it, claim that republicanism requires adherence to institutions meant to uphold the rule of law rather than popular self-government.
One of the arguments put forward in my book is that this a-democratic reading of the republican tradition is wrong. Instead, the overwhelming majority of political thinkers that either described themselves as republican or that are typically understood as belonging to this tradition adhered to the idea that a person could only be free under the kind of government that gave the people (or at least adult males) control over the way in which they were governed. Hence, I consistently use the term ' democratic' conception of freedom throughout my book instead of the more familiar ' republican'.
My book project uses a genealogical approach to study the concept of freedom. Inspired by the work of Friedrich Nietzsche and Michel Foucault, such an approach uses the tools of history to critically reflect on the present. Thus, my research starts from a careful analysis of a wide range of sources to reconstruct different uses of the concept of freedom over time. But the genealogical method is not just historical, it is also critical. By revealing the existence of different understandings of a particular concept in the past, the genealogical approach allows us, first and foremost, to question the self-evident nature of our own understanding of the analyzed concept. In turn, this exercise opens up spaces for rethinking existing meanings. Second, by unearthing different, forgotten understandings of a concept, we introduce new terms and ideas into the debate that might turn out to be more coherent or robust than the terms and concepts already in use, thus moving the debate to new ground.
Drawing on the methods and approaches of different disciplines including history and philosophy, the genealogical method is interdisciplinary in its very conception. But its interdisciplinary character is also revealed in its field of application, as it used across a wide range of social sciences. The genealogical approach is frequently applied not just by political theorists and historians, but also by sociologists, political scientists, social geographers and scholars working in cultural studies.
My book project consists of an introduction, a conclusion and five chapters, totaling ca. 150,000 words. I have currently completed two of the five chapters and I plan to complete the rest of the manuscript between September 2018 and August 2019.
Work plan:
– Sept-Oct 2018: write Chapter 3
– Nov-Dec 2018: primary research for Chapter 4
-Jan-Feb 2019: write Chapter 4
– March-April 2019: primary research for Chapter 5
– May-June 2019: write Chapter 5
– July 2019: write introduction and conclusion
– August 2019: revise manuscript, put together bibliography
The longer-term outcome of this project will be the publication of my manuscript by Harvard University Press, where it is currently under contract. Considering the topical nature of the subject, I also expect that my book will be translated; thus a Dutch-language publisher (Horizon) has already expressed interest in translating it into Dutch.
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Fall Out Boy Saves Rock And Roll
Put on your war paint because the bad boys of pop punk rock are back! After a four year hiatus Fall Out Boy is back and better than ever with their brand new album entitled, Save Rock and Roll. Before I delve into the sensation that is their new release let me give you a little history of the band and their music.
Consisting of members Pete Wentz, Patrick Stump, Joe Trohman and Andy Hurley, Fall Out Boy was formed back in early 2001. The band took their name from The Simpsons character, Radioactive Man's boy sidekick. After releasing not too popular mini-albums and playing a few shows every here and there the band released their first full length studio album on May 6th 2003 via Island Records. The album, Take This To Your Grave, spawned the popular singles "Grand Theft Autumn/Where is Your Boy" and "Saturday." The boys were beginning to create some buzz about themselves and in 2005 the band rose to success with the release of their album From Under The Cork Tree also via Island Records. The album contained the smash hit single "Sugar, We're Going Down" which peaked at number 8 on the Billboard Hot 100 and the follow up single "Dance, Dance" also making it to the top 10 peaking at number 9.
From left to right: Joe Trohman, Patrick Stump, Pete Wentz, Andy Hurley
Enjoying their success Fall Out Boy realized their third major label album Infinity On High in early 2007. The album displayed a different sound for the indie punk band as they began to sound more pop punk. The album spawned the hit "This Ain't A Scene, It's An Arms Race" which peaked at number 2 on Billboard. The follow up single "Thnks fr th Mmrs" was also popular peaking at number 11. In Late 2008 FOB followed up Infinity with the new album Folie à Deux. Sporting a more grungy pop rock sound the album wasn't as popular as the last few albums with the lead single, "I Don't Care" reaching number 21 on Billboard. Almost a year later in November 2009 the band released the Believer's Never Die- Greatest Hits album and announced three days later that the band was going on an indefinite hiatus to the shock and dismay of all their fans, me included.
That leads us to the now. You can imagine the excitement and joy of fans everywhere (including me) when after four years and a few unsuccessful solo careers, the band announced in February that they were back and working on a new album!! What was even more exciting was the release of the band's new single "My Songs Know What You Did In The Dark (Light Em Up)" right after the announcement. The new album, Save Rock and Roll became available for pre-order on itunes on March 24th with the promotional single "The Phoenix" being made available for download. With the full album being released not too long ago I can most definitely tell you that this is some of their best work.
On Save Rock and Roll Fall Out Boy returns with everything fans loved about their previous albums: creative and unique lyrics, rocking guitar riffs, and soaring vocals. The band even experiments with a few new sounds. I detect a hint of some synthesizers on a few songs and "Young Volcanoes" sounds like a fun summery FOB anthem. The album features a host of guest appearances (which is kind of a first) including Foxes, Big Sean, Courtney Love and the one and only, Elton John. The whole album feels like the grungy pop rock of Folie à Deux only evolved to a whole new level of awesomeness. The in your face guitar riffs and rocking beats combined with Patrick Stump's better than ever vocals and Pete Wentz's crazy lyrics all makes for a musical experience that is unforgettable.
As far as my favorite songs, the album's charged opener, "The Phoenix" is one that constantly get's stuck in my head along with the album's fiery lead single "My Songs Know What You Did in The Dark (Light Em Up)" Check out the music videos for both below. Along with those two "Alone Together," "Miss Missing You" and "Rat A Tat" would have to be my other top picks. What I love about the songs on this album is that they make me want to simultaneously dance around and pump my fist in the air in a way that only a Fall Out Boy song can. The whole album is definitely a journey with catchy hooks and sky rocketing choruses that were worth waiting four years for. Check out the Fall Out Boy website for more info on the band and try and catch the boys on the Save Rock and Roll tour going on right now. Be sure to go and download the new album and definitely check out all the songs and albums I mentioned above. Decide for yourself whether or not Fall Out Boy really saves rock and roll.
Joe Trohman
Pete Wentz
Save Rock and Roll
Redbox Review: The Interview
Femme Avenger
Why we need feminism
What no one tells you about college
B.A.R.E. & Weekend Forecast
Summer to-do's in Fort Collins
Yes, there is snow on the way…
Stanley Film Festival 2015: Follow-Up Film Reviews
More wet weather, weekend looks soggy
Reconsidering the B-word
Get your letters of rec!


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Filed under News, Top Stories
Saying the right name
Districts considers policy giving students a choice
Adria Watson, awatson@lmcexperience.com|February 26, 2016
Los Medanos College and the Contra Costa Community College District are in the beginning process of implementing a name preference policy for students who are not comfortable going by their given birth names.
Although this can benefit all students, the policy is designed to address problems faced by transgender students.
"Transgender issues has just come into America's consciousness in a way they never had before," said LMC English professor Jeff Mitchell-Matthews, who is also working to create a major on LGBTQ studies.
"It's their moment in the sun," he added.
Mitchell-Matthews believes people are talking about this for the first time because significant portions of students are now open and identifying as transgender.
"The fact that their official academic record doesn't jive with their perspective of their gender is an issue," said Mitchell-Matthews, who also understands the legality needed for Admissions and Records departments to keep a legal name in the official records.
This policy to add a preferred name could help students when it comes to taking online classes.
Unlike face-to face classes where professors can just go to the paper roster, scratch out the name that was given to them, and put down a student's preferred name, students may have to continually remind their professors with online classes.
"You don't get that regular feedback," said Mitchell-Matthews, who explained there is a male transgender student in his online class whose birth name is Kathie but the student told him early in the semester he goes by Kevin. But every time he turns in something on D2L the assignment comes through with the name Kathie.
"Here I am the teacher of that class where I'm supposed to have some sensitivity towards that issue but just again because of my being an absent-minded professor, [the days after the student told him] I had forgotten," said Mitchell-Matthews. "Whereas if they had been able to go in and go into D2L and change it themselves then when the message came to me it would've had the right name on it."
The policy is not fully implemented yet because of the programing the school and the district have to do in the background of WebAdviser, which has been the biggest delay in making the change.
"We have to follow the regulations," said LMC Admissions and Records Director Robin Armour. "We are the keeper of the regulations we have to have a legal name on the college transcript,"
Armour added that the student information system is complex. When a student applies to the school and gets in, they are assigned a user I.D. and password to access their account. Before operationalizing a new name preference policy the need to devise a process and reprogram the software.
District IT would have to program a way for admissions to go in and change this information, she said, as well as going back and forth to test the changes and see how it works out before it becomes finalized.
In addition, the policy will not be automatic process.
Admissions want to prevent students who may not take the policy as seriously as others from doing it themselves and putting silly names into their profiles.
Instead, students will have to go to admissions to fill out a form. From there, admissions will specify the request on their behalf so that the preferred name will be the one to show up on WebAdviser, D2L, and on professors rosters.
"The process to legally change your name could take up to years and that it isn't fair for transgender students who are in their transitioning process or in the process of legally changing their name, to have to have to wait," said Armour, "It's about fairness and equitableness amongst students."
But initially, students will have to wait a while for the policy to be implemented. Armour said that the process to finalize this new policy may take up to six months before it gets turned into reality.
Tags: lgbt, student rights
A fabulous fiesta
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After an extensive hiring process, numerous interviews and an open forum Dr. Tanisha Maxwell of Estrella Mountain Community College has been chosen as...
Circle K recognized by representatives
LMC's Circle K International Club has been doing all they can to help the community, while also pushing students to do more for themselves and their...
New budget formula presents funding issues
The Contra Costa Community College District is currently advocating for an extension on the implementation of a new budget formula. The changes wer...
Getting ready for the job market
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STEM Fair informs STEM majors
LMCAS election results are in
Class goes back in time
Former employee remembered
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DEIS Maps
DEIS
Questions about the DEIS and Preferred Alternatives
Public Meetings &
January 2019 Public Hearings
DEIS Community Conversations
River Cities Advisory Committee
Environmental Justice Subcommittee
Interagency Advisory Committee
Section 106 Consulting Parties
Requesting Presentations
Home / Public Meetings & Outreach / Section 106 Consulting Parties
The National Historic Preservation Act (NHPA) requires the Federal Highway Administration and state departments of transportation to take into account the effects of the project on properties listed in, or eligible for listing in, the National Register of Historic Places. Section 106 outlines the process involved in identifying and assessing the project's effects on historic properties. Click here to learn more from the National Advisory Council on Historic Preservation.
Consulting parties play a key role, including:
Identifying historic properties that may be affected
Providing input regarding effects the project may have
Assisting in the development of appropriate mitigation measures to resolve any adverse effects
Section 106 consulting parties may include historical societies, preservation societies, local governments, landowners and other residents with an interest in the project or concerned about the project's effect on historic properties.
The Project Team anticipates hosting four consulting parties meetings. If you want to become a consulting party, contact Gray & Pape, Cultural Resources lead. Please include your contact information and concerns regarding the project's effect on historic properties.
Visit the Project Documents page to learn how to access Section 106 documentation.
1970 Barrett Court, Suite 100


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Alexander Ramsay ( vers 1777 – ) est un constructeur et architecte écossais.

Biographie
Il est né à Édimbourg en 1777.

Il reconstruit le château de Craigend, près de Milngavie, pour James Smith de Craigend, dans un Style néogothique. Craigend a été construit sur un terrain que le père de Smith avait acheté au duc de Montrose et qui faisait auparavant partie du domaine du château de Mugdock. La maison a été achevée en 1812, mais a été vidée et partiellement démolie en 1968. Les ruines forment une partie pittoresque du Mugdock Country Park.

Il vivait au 16 Upper Grey Street, dans le sud d'Edimbourg .

Il est enterré au Cimetière de Warriston, à Édimbourg, contre le mur sud. Le monument enregistre la mort de Ramsay le 18 mai 1847.

Références

Personnalité écossaise du XIXe siècle
Personnalité écossaise du monde des affaires
Architecte écossais
Décès en mai 1847
Personnalité inhumée au cimetière de Warriston


First of all we want you always enjoy your vacation with our guest house and do not worry about anything so, we offer you walks to the beautiful places of Artsakh. Just contact the reception desk with your wishes and we will arrange it for you!
Also you can participate in festivals (if your arrival at R & K Hostel coincides with the days of festivals).
Place: territory of the Melik Palace in the village of Tog.
During the festival are organized an exhibition of the best wines of Armenia and Artsakh, guided hikes, tours, concerts, plays, dance, exhibition of carpets and so on. In addition, guests of the festival have the opportunity to taste traditional meals of Artsakh cuisine.


text:
I **really** like *dolpins*

my website is [here]

![dolpins](https://goo.gl/images/vx76gn)

STARTING OAKTON POOL
-hello


text:
Coconuts Manila
MANILA NEIGHBORHOODS
NEWS, POLITICS, TRANSPORTATION, WEIRD
Duterte to visit towns devastated by Taal, says he'll eat toxic ash and 'pee' on the volcano
By Coconuts Manila Jan 14, 2020 | 2:15pm Manila time
Photo: ABS-CBN News
President Rodrigo Duterte is scheduled to visit ash-covered towns in Luzon today that were badly affected by Taal Volcano's ongoing eruption. But, Duterte being Duterte, he first had to fume about the "damned" ashfall and heroically vow to pee on the volcano — right after he's done eating its toxic ash.
The president spoke to reporters shortly after a speech at a Philippine Marine Corps awards ceremony in Taguig City yesterday, saying that "years of smoking" had contributed to bad lungs, but that wouldn't deter him from visiting the area. In fact, he said, he'll even prove he's strong as a whip by doing the unthinkable (and inadvisable).
"I was warned by my doctor to be careful [about the ashfall]," Duterte said in Filipino. "I'll eat that ash, and I'll even pee on Taal, that damned [volcano]."
Duterte will also be handing out free face masks (hopefully after washing his hands) to residents in badly affected areas.
He added that the military had already brought relief supplies to affected areas in the first 24 hours after the volcano erupted, and also pledged to extend financial assistance to residents affected by Taal, but did not specify how much.
Yesterday, the Agriculture Department announced that affected farmers and fisherman in Batangas will be provided zero-interest loans of up to PHP25,000 (US$500), repayable over three years, under the department's Survival and Recovery Assistance Program.
The provincial government of Batangas, which was hardest hit by Taal's activity, has declared a state of calamity due to water and power interruptions, and road closures brought about by the devastating ashfall. The declaration allows the province to tap into emergency funds and freeze the prices of basic goods.
According to the National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council's situation report this morning, close to 7,000 families, or over 30,000 individuals, are taking temporary shelter in 118 evacuation centers in Calabarzon. Over half of the evacuees are from the provinces of Cavite and Batangas.
Three sections of road in Batangas are also considered impassable or are temporarily closed due to ashfall, and a total of 604 flights, more than half of which were domestic, have also been canceled.
Despite the disruptions, airport authorities have declared that Ninoy Aquino International Airport had resumed partial operations as of yesterday morning.
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