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Home » TV & Movies » Here's the Deal With the Mysterious Sea Snake From 'House of the Dragon'
Here's the Deal With the Mysterious Sea Snake From 'House of the Dragon'
Posted on : August 22, 2022
Well, y'all, it finally happened. The first episode from the highly anticipated Game of Thrones prequel, House of the Dragon, just dropped, and GoT fans are buzzing with excitement.
Set 300 years before the bloody events of the original series, the new show gets personal with the ancient families of Westeros…including old-school Targaryens. But like any good fantasy show, it doesn't just center around one family. We need to see some damn good supporting characters too!
Enter the ever-dashing Corlys Velaryon (Steve Toussaint), also known throughout Westeros as the Sea Snake. He's a legend in the series and has personal ties to the Targaryens…because let's be honest, who in the show doesn't have ties to them? And judging by what we've seen of the Sea Snake, there's definitely more than meets the eye with this character.
Gods. Kings. Fire. [email protected] is coming to HBO Max in 2022. #HouseoftheDragon pic.twitter.com/16aV66l07i
Here's some background on our new fave House of the Dragon character the Sea Snake, along with deets about the man who is playing him.
The Sea Snake comes from a highly decorated family in the books.
Here's some intel from the books: As the current head of the House Velaryon, Corlys's family is an old and ancient one in Westeros, with some saying they predate even the Targaryens. Settling in the Crownlands, the family rules over Driftmark, considered to be the largest island of Blackwater Bay.
While the Velaryons aren't necessarily dragon riders like the Targaryens, they are considered to be some of the Targaryens' closest allies, to the point of carrying King Aegon I's soldiers across the seas on their ships during the latter's old conquest to rule Westeros. In fact, these families are known to be so close that many of the Velaryons often become part of reigning Targaryens' inner circles.
Corlys's appearance holds a connecting clue.
As you've probably noticed in HBO's teaser photo, the Sea Snake's hair is roughly the same shade of silver as the Targaryens'. That's likely because they're all of Valyrian descent, meaning they all have similar physical appearances, whether it be hair color or violet-colored eyes.
While it's somewhat hard to tell in the new photos, chances are we'll get a better look at the seafarer's appearance as the TV show debuts.
He's a legend on land and sea.
Well, you aren't just born with a kick-ass moniker like the Sea Snake, right? It has to be earned. Corlys is famous in Westeros for his many voyages on land and sea, where he made lots of money traveling beyond the waters of his homeland. His adventures were so well known that he's actually described in Fire & Blood as "the greatest seafarer the Seven Kingdoms has ever known." Whoa.
Now, I'm sure this is all great. But what about how Corlys got his famous nickname? As it turns out, it had nothing to do with his successes as a seafarer. It actually had to do with adopting the moniker from the boat he sailed on, aptly named—what else?—the Sea Snake.
He's married to a Targaryen princess.
As if the Velaryons and Targaryens aren't close enough, Corlys has one more personal tie to add to the mix: In the books, he's married to Rhaenys, the daughter of Aemon Targaryen and granddaughter of King Jaehaerys. While it initially sounded like he and his wife would eventually take over the throne, it was the Sea Snake's own ambitions that slighted him from ever ruling Westeros. A few things come out of this: Not only is his wife overlooked from her birthright, but his future son and daughter eventually get passed over too in favor of Viserys Targaryen (you might remember him from the first season of GoT) becoming the head of the family.
And as you might expect, this clearly doesn't sit well with Corlys, leading him to team up with Daemon Targaryen to help him claim the crown.
Steve Toussaint gave insight into the Sea Snake himself.
"He is this nautical explorer, the richest man in the land, and he's part of the governing council and so forth," Steve told Men's Health. "But ultimately, for me, what his engine is, is the fact that he's trying to elevate his family, elevate his name. When his wife was passed over for the crown, he seems to take it that much more personally than she does. Ambition is his driving force for most of the season."
Three noble houses. One throne.
Sunday on @HBOMax. #HOTD pic.twitter.com/S9eZwEVt3m
As we know from the original Game of Thrones series, ambition as a driving force can certainly lead to interesting Westeros predicaments. Let's just hope the show gives us some good Daemon-Corlys scenes too, because we all need some good friendship moments these days.
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Cover Story | September 2019
Footprints Multiply
Digital footprints in the textile printing market are multiplying. This was clearly visible during the ITMA Barcelona in June this year where a separate hall was dedicated to the digital printing industry, with a 40 per cent rise in the space for this fastest growing segment, reports the ITJ cover story.
Digital printing arrived two decades ago, but the footprints it made in the market were just a smattering and scattered. But in the last five years, with existing companies launching new brands after brands and novel technologies rapidly surfacing, the digital footprints in the market are multiplying for the benefit of the textile industry. Consider this: Only at the Milano ITMA in 2015, for the first time Digital Printing had its separate Hall, and at the Barcelona ITMA in June this year there was a 40 per cent rise in the space for this fastest growing segment.
According to a Gherzi global study to identify the main reasons for investments into digital textile printing, "the growth still is not driven by direct cost advantages (against traditional textile printing technologies), but by several indirect parameters underlining the advantages of digital textile printing such as speed to market, design flexibility and new business models.
ZIMMER Austria is an expert for printing on heavyweight textile substrates, covering anything from woven, nonwoven, velour, plush, terry, artificial fur, or other voluminous substrates such as carpet of different construction and pile weight range up to 3.000 g/m2 and more. Being in manufacturing and service to the textile producers since 1876, with more than 140 years of expertise mainly dedicated to the printing technology, ZIMMER has proven to be a reliable and trusted partner to textile and carpet printing industries.
The first digital carpet printer Chromotronic was built and supplied by ZIMMER in 1976 and the revolutionary and breakthrough digital carpet printing has begun with the Chromojet valve-based technology in 1980. Since then carpet printing has been dominated by digital printing. In 2008, ZIMMER Austria introduced a brand new generation of digital printer, under the brand COLARIS, based on the piezo technology. Today more and more Chromojet printers are substituted by COLARIS printers.
Alessandro Manes, CEO at aleph, one of the leading manufacturers of digital textile printers, said, "Italy, Turkey, South Korea, Indonesia, Mexico are currently the major markets for aleph. We have established a presence there and are strengthening our position in those regions by building long-term partnerships with local dealers and distributors. All those countries have seen a dynamic growth of the textile printing industry over the past two years. Many printing houses are investing to boost their printing equipment on a yearly basis, and our LAFORTE series has proved to be a profit-generating choice for them. At the same time, we are focusing on establishing a presence in countries such as US, Argentina, Indonesia, India, Pakistan and Bangladesh."
Manes further added, "we are planning to further expand our presence in India. In order to do so, we are focusing on establishing a network of partners and dealers to ensure a widespread coverage of the country."
aleph has experienced a continuous corporate growth, up to 30 per cent, in the past four years, also following the joint venture with Italian private equity firm, Wise sgr. He said, "As part of the joint venture process, over the past two years we have been focusing on an internal reorganisation, which has seen the company investing both in our production facility and in human resources, as well as on expanding and consolidating our LAFORTE product range."
A spokesperson from MIMAKI said, "The market in India has developed and is developing nicely for MIMAKI. With our offices in Delhi and Mumbai we are in a good position, especially considering our dealer network too. We have showrooms in both cities, with a bigger focus on the textile business in our Mumbai office."
He added, "As the Indian market is a growing market in all segments, India is of course a strategic market for Mimaki. We will continue to serve the Indian market with good and reliable products and strong service throughout the whole country with our dealers and our own network."
Mimaki has its headquarters in Nagano province in Japan. With 13 group companies around the world and our distributor and dealer network, we are catering to more than 150 countries worldwide.
Mimaki is very well known as an engineering company, "therefore we spend a high percentage of our turnover in R&D to develop new, state-of-the-art products to cater our customer's needs," he said.
Amit Sharan, India Sales and Operations Coordinator of MS Printing Solutions Srl, Italy, had this to say: "The market is responding very well because since years and also by changing generation, MS never lost the market leadership and has always been able to assure continuity in innovation and customer support. The major market is still Europe but we are now focusing in supporting Asian countries to get the benefits of digital through a continuous training and enlarging our presence in the territories."
MS Printing Solutions is always concerned with the market demand. "We came into the market with JP6, which was the highest production machine, and we gradually developed JP7, JPK and Lario. Just as LaRio, the first single-pass printing machine in the world made its debut in 2010, a decade later Mini Lario was launched, which is the fastest scanning machine in the world and is set to change the face of digital printing. We always get good response from western India, although we have highest number of installation of digital printing machine in India," he said.
Sharan said, "We see that each year digital technology is gaining market share from traditional. With the growth of knowledge, more and more companies are moving towards this new technology. What has happened in Europe is already happening in Asia and the main leverage are: quality, shorter time to market, flexibility and sustainability. In addition, with the latest development in machine speed and ink cost, digital has become more and more convenient than traditional in a lot of cases. So the offer is now attractive for large number of market players who can see in the digital the best investment to support their growth."
In India, Colorjet has been leading the race in digital printing. This was visible during ITMA in Barcelona where ColorJet was the only leading sponsor for the event. Smarth Bansal, Sr. Product Manager, Colorjet India Ltd, said that the company has focussed on the most important aspect of digital inkjet printing in textiles and that is a good price-performance ratio. "Unlike other manufacturers we offer a wide range of machines up to 320cm nominal width and speeds that range from 20 sq m/hour to 200 sq m/hour. In short, we have a solution for everybody in direct to fabric, roll to roll, digital inkjet printing market."
That digital printing is a vastly a lesser strain on resources and utilities is well established. Colorjet has already gone towards eco-friendly and energy saving printers. Colorjet prides itself in designing machines that deliver highest productivity per liter of water, prints with aqueous water based inks. It also has printing machines that easily prints on polyester-based fabrics which can be recycled and uses environment-friendly aqueous based inks and achieves goals of green printing.
Colorjet supports buyers of Colorjet machines with all that is needed to get the best out of them; be it software, inks, consumables, spare parts or upgrades. To ease entry into digital inkjet printers, Colorjet offers modular machines that can be retro-fitted to achieve higher production. Colorjet also came up with the concept of dual ink systems on the same machine for those who need flexibility.
Customer support is a very important aspect of Colorjet business. Colorjet technicians do not just concern themselves with the printing machine but assist in other areas as well to achieve best results. It is our business to make digital printing work for our customers. Our Customer is sure to get sound advice on numerous aspects and finally choose the right mix of machine, ink systems, supporting equipment etc. that best addresses his needs.
Avinash Mayekar, MD & CEO, Suvin Advisors, said, "Advanced digital printing technologies are transforming the high-end fashion, fast fashion, sportswear and at leisure, home textile industries. The innovations today have turned textiles to an open canvas on which the designers create beautiful and colourful masterpieces. It involves a lot of colours and artistic designs. Sometimes it is not possible to weave or knit certain kind of designs. In such cases, printing makes the job much easier. The introduction of printing into textiles has provided new dimension to the fashion aspect of textile industry. This one invention has opened doors for endless possibilities of designs in textiles."
Textile printing industry represents 30 billion square metre of material volume on an annual basis worldwide (source: Yarns and Fibers). Global digital textile printing market was valued at Euro 1.17 billion in 2016 with growth forecast to reach Euro 2.42 billion in 2021 (source: Smithers Pira). Digitally printed textile is growing at a steady annual rate of 25 per cent.
Inkjet printing of textiles remains one of the fastest growing segments within the digital print ecosystem, with worldwide market rising to $1.88 billion in 2018, more than double its value in 2013. Across this period the volume of fabrics printed digitally has risen from 548 million m² to 1.16 billion m².
This attractive prospect is set to continue as digital systems create new business models and value-adding products in the fashion, signage and home décor industries. The printing market is expected to increase to a total value of $3.75 billion in 2023, and grow to consume over 2.70 billion m². The global digital textile printing market between 2013 and 2027 is projected to expand at a CAGR of 16.3 per cent. According to a recent research data, rotary screen printing accounted for 65 per cent, flat screen printing accounted for 25 per cent, and digital printing accounted less than 5 per cent in the current production of global printed textiles. This shows that traditional printing is still the leading printing method. Nevertheless, the compound average growth rate of digital printing exceeds 20 per cent, which is predicted to account for more than 10 per cent of textile printing by 2020.
The market share of digital printing varies from region to region around the world. The proportion in Europe is relatively high, which will reach 30 per cent by 2020. The market share of digital printing in North America and Latin America will reach 13 per cent in 2020. Asia occupies the largest printing volume among all, accounting for more than 70 per cent of the overall printing volume. By 2020, the share of digital printing in Asia will account for about 6.3 per cent of its total printing.
"Digital printing is the innovation to create new designs by using modern technology and saving a lot of resources and thereby resources and save the environment. I think many more developments are expected in this field and time will come when an user will change the colour of his/her apparel as per the will," says Mayekar.
Digital textile printing will continue to grow and increase its share within textile printing. It has to be understood as a chain of processes from preparation to finishing which so far is not standardised. An accelerated spread of digital textile printing could be expected as soon as there are price attractive reliable printing solutions available, which don't ask for an industrial environment and allow also high quality prints at brands, retail and design organisations. They will opt for plotter type and scanner type of digital printing machines, single pass technology will remain limited to industrial printers due to the huge production output.
HP reinvents textile printing in India
HP Inc announced a new portfolio of digital textile printers, HP Stitch S500 and HP Stitch S1000, to reinvent the textile printing industry in the country. These printers deliver fast, precise colour-matching, along with efficient and simplified printing processes and are designed to accelerate commercial digital print adoption.
HP Stitch series printers are equipped with HP Smart Printing capabilities that can enable businesses to achieve better control of their print operations. HP Smart Printing is powered by the cloud-based technology, applications and services designed to maximise uptime, provide exceptional line-of-sight and simplify production processes.
HP Stitch S500 Printer
Designed specifically for high production sites, HP Stitch S500 Printer enables predictable dye sublimation colour and produces less media waste for production environments. With symmetrical 2xCMYK printhead configuration and Optical Media Advance Sensor, this 64-inch printer allows for saturated and reliable one pass mode for true top speed. The cost saving printer saves up to 50 percent floor space with frontal media loading and a spindle-less system.
HP Stitch S1000 Printer
The superwide dye sub production printing technology of HP Stitch S1000 produces high quality prints in 1.200 native dpi, deep black, and vivid colours. With the printing speeds up to 220 m²/hour, the device easily prints high density direct-to-fabric prints, with the Drop & Dry system. HP Stitch S1000 printer offers easy operation with minimal manual intervention.
Colorjet's 16 heads Vastrajet at Gartex
ColorJet India, India's largest manufacturer of digital textile printing technologies, showcasied live demonstrations of India's most preferred direct to fabric printer, the Vastrajet, which was displayed on reactive inks for fashion apparel producers at Pragati Maidan, New Delhi.
Following the success of highest selling textile printer i.e. Vastrajet-8824, ColorJet has now come up with its new Vastrajet-8164 with 16 heads,which was launched at Gartex TexProcess India, 2019. The versatile, advanced, high speed direct to fabric printer has the ability to become the commercial winner by providing users with outstanding performance, increased productivity, superior printing accuracy with minimal maintenance needs.
The Commercial Winner Vastrajet-8164 comes with the latest technological innovation from ColorJet -AiS i.e. Adaptive Ink System and AIVC i.e. Automatic Intelligent Voltage Controller. The ColorJet- AiS provides the customer flexibility to use ink of its own choice to fulfill multiple purposes without compromising quality, by providing consistent print performance at varying environmental conditions with the help of AIVC.
"ColorJet has taken huge efforts to imprint a mark in the hearts of customers not only by providing excelling innovative products but by backing them up with excellent after sales support," said Jitender Pal Singh, VP-Textile, ColorJet India.
As per the latest IDC report ColorJet has more than 34 per cent market share in India, which has the second fastest growing digital textile printing industry. ColorJet gears up to command a strong position in the textile industry globally and maintains its No.1 position in India as per the latest IDC 2019 Q1 Super Wide Format report, while assiduously pursuing excellence in digital printing industry since 2004.
ColorJet markets its products in 25 countries worldwide. Over 4,000 ColorJet printers are in operation around the world, across India, Middle East, Australia and Europe and the company keeps its presence strong.
Digital Footprints, Textile Printing Market, Traditional Textile Printing Technologies, Digital Carpet Printer, Chromojet Printers, Amit Sharan, MS Printing Solutions, Colorjet India, Smarth Bansal, Digital Inkjet Printers, Textile Printing Industry, Yarns And Fibers, Jitender Pal Singh
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


How Much Caffeine do Boost Energy Drinks Contain?
Our Boost Energy drinks contain 30mg of caffeine per 100ml.
We advise that all energy drinks are consumed in moderation.
The maximum daily consumption of caffeine for adults is 400mg (other than pregnant women or people sensitive to caffeine).
Are Boost Energy Drinks Suitable For Vegetarians?
Is Boost Energy Gluten Free?
Yes, all our energy drinks are gluten free, so they are suitable for those with gluten intolerance.
Is Boost Energy Dairy Free?
Yes, our Boost Energy drinks are dairy free.
Does Boost Energy Contain Nuts?
No, Boost Energy drinks do not contain any traces of nuts or nut derivatives.
Are Boost Energy Drinks Organic?
Boost Energy Drinks are not organic at this time.
Does Boost Energy Contain Alcohol?
By UK legal definition, none of our products contain alcohol. However, all our Energy and Sports products contain ethanol within the flavour solvent, which could contain minor traces of alcohol.
Do Boost Energy Drinks Contain Taurine?
Taurine is a chemical that is naturally present in the human body. It is an amino acid that supports neurological development and helps regulate the level of water and mineral salts in the blood. Taurine is also thought to have antioxidant properties.
Taurine combined with caffeine improves mental performance.
The taurine in Boost Energy is chemically synthesised and not derived from animal extracts.
All of our drinks contain artificial sweeteners. The artificial sweeteners used in these drinks are Acesulfame K and Aspartame. All the artificial sweeteners in our products have been extensively tested and have been classified as safe.
What Other Additives and Preservatives are in Boost Energy drinks?
Exotic Fruits and Citrus Zing contain colours which may have an adverse effect on attention and activity in children. Boost does not recommend that these products are sold to children due to the caffeine level and the colours used.
No, at the moment there are no legal age restrictions. But we don't recommend that children under 16 drink Boost.
Somebody's weight and tolerance to caffeine will determine how much of a stimulation effect an energy drink will cause. This varies according to the individual and is not dependent on age.
HOW DOES BOOST TRY TO PREVENT CHILDREN CONSUMING EXCESSIVE AMOUNTS OF CAFFEINE?
We place clear warnings on all our energy drink products. We also communicate this warning and the importance of consuming energy drinks in moderation to all our retailers, as well as explaining caffeine tolerance and the factors that affect this.
What can I do if I Suspect my Child has Consumed Excessive Amounts of Caffeine?
How Much Caffeine do Boost Sport Drinks Contain?
No, Boost Sport does not contain any caffeine.
Are Boost Sport Drinks Suitable For Vegetarians?
Yes, all four of our Boost Sport flavours are suitable for vegetarians; Orange, Citrus, Tropical Berry and Mixed Berry.
Are Boost Drinks Gluten Free?
Yes, all our Boost Sport drinks are gluten free.
Are Boost Sports Drinks Dairy Free?
Yes, all our Boost Sports drinks are dairy free.
Do boost sport drinks contain nuts?
No, Boost sport drinks don't contain any traces of nuts or nut derivatives.
Are Boost Sport Drinks Organic?
Boost Sport drinks are not organic at this time.
Do Boost Sport drinks contain alcohol?
Do Boost Sport Drinks Contain Taurine?
No, they do not contain any Taurine.
How Much Caffeine do Protein Boost Drinks Contain?
Protein Boost contains no caffeine.
Are Protein Boost Drinks Suitable For Vegetarians?
ONLY our Protein Boost Chocolate is suitable for vegetarians.
Both our Protein Boost, chocolate and strawberry flavours, contain 4.2% lactose. Please consult your doctor if you have any questions about this.
Do Protein Boost drinks contain nuts?
No, Protein Boost drinks don't contain any traces of nuts or nut derivatives.
Are Boost Protein drinks organic?
Does Protein Boost Contain Alcohol?
No, there is no alcohol involved in the production of Protein Boost.
Does Protein Boost contain Taurine?
All of our drinks contain artificial sweeteners. The artificial sweeteners used in these drinks is Sucralose. All the artificial sweeteners in our products have been extensively tested and have been classified as safe.
It says "no added sugar" on the label but there's sugar in the product. Why is that?
The only sugar in our range are those that are naturally occurring from the milk. We do not add any sugar to our products.
Is Protein Boost Suitable for Children?
Protein is an important element in children's diets to promote growth and development. Protein Boost is suitable for children over 3 years old.
Isn't Protein Just for Athletes or Really Serious Fitness Fanatics?
Lots of people think that but everyone needs protein as part of a healthy and balanced diet even if you don't exercise regularly, approximately 50g a day, but this will vary from person to person.
We would recommend that you follow a healthy diet and incorporate lots of different food groups into it, which would include the appropriate amounts of protein for you. Please consult your doctor if you have any concerns about the levels of protein in your diet.
Can I have all my Protein at once?
It's not a good idea to take all the protein you need in one go. Our bodies can't store protein in the same way it does carbs and fat so ideally we should spread our protein intake throughout the day.
Is Protein Suitable for Pregnant Women?


Microsoft and Amazon are working together to bring Skype calling to Alexa-powered devices, which brings into question, again, where Microsoft is going with Cortana.
Skype goes back to basics following users' complaints Microsoft focuses on simplifying Skype after users find its calling and messaging 'overcomplicated'.
In what Microsoft officials are calling "the next step in the collaboration between Microsoft and Amazon," Skype calling support is coming to Alexa devices starting later this year. Microsoft and Amazon announced the latest piece of their year-plus-old partnership on September 20, 2018, the day Amazon unveiled a bevy of new connected devices.
Alexa users will be able to make outgoing Skype voice and video calls, accept incoming Skype calls and make SkypeOut calls to most phone numbers around the world, according to MIcrosoft officials. Users will be able to say "Alexa, call Jimmy on Skype," or to say "Alexa, answer" when a Skype call comes in.
"Amazon, Skype, and Microsoft have had a collaborative relationship to bring customers new experiences such as Skype and Bing on Fire tablets, Alexa on Xbox, as well as integrating Alexa and Cortana. Allowing customers to link Skype with Alexa was a natural extension of our work together and we can't wait for customers to try it out," said a spokesperson in a prepared statement.
Microsoft previously had touted the Cortana-powered Harman Kardon Invoke speaker as the premiere speaker for supporting Skype calls. As Windows Central noted today -- the day that the Invoke, once priced at $200 was discounted to $50 by Best Buy -- that Skype-calling advantage is no longer a real differentiator.
In 2017, Microsoft and Amazon announced a deal via which the two would enable their respective virtual assistants to work together. On August 15, the pair opened up initial integration between Cortana and Alexa to the public, beginning in the U.S.


We've seen the Joker shirtless, but now he's fully clothed and just as creepy!
News photos of Jared Leto, 43, on the Suicide Squad set in full costume have surfaced, and by the looks of it, he plays one scary villain in the highly anticipated flick.
His pale skin, bright green hair, red lips and tattoos may be enough to give you nightmares!
Margot Robbie, 24, costars opposite Leto as Harley Quinn, the Joker's love interest.
In the pics, the duo are filming a scene where the Joker stops his car before hitting her. Their relationship is obviously pretty wild as they argue and share a kiss, before Harley turns a gun on him.
The intense scene continues with the Joker getting the gun back from her and slapping her to the ground.
Talk about a lover's quarrel!
And the Joker's signature laugh will not only be heard but seen on his pink sports car in the form of a license plate that reads "HAHAHA."
On May 3, Director David Ayer tweeted out the first cast photo of Suicide Squad in full costume.
Suicide Squad follows a group of DC anti-heroes who will execute dangerous black ops missions in exchange for clemency. It also stars Will Smith, Joel Kinnaman, Jai Courtney, Cara Delevigne, Viola Davis and Scott Eastwood.
The film hits theaters on Aug. 5, 2016.
Watch the video below to see Jared Leto transform into the Joker.


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Les manuscrits de la mer Morte, également appelés manuscrits de Qumran, sont un ensemble de parchemins et de fragments de papyrus principalement en hébreu, mais aussi en araméen et en grec, mis au jour principalement entre 1947 et 1956 à proximité du site de Qumrân, en Palestine mandataire (1947-1948) appelée ensuite Cisjordanie après l'annexion transjordanienne. La découverte de ces quelque  — dont il ne reste parfois que d'infimes fragments — copiés entre le  et le  a été faite dans douze grottes où ils avaient été entreposés. Parmi les documents découverts figurent de nombreux livres de la Bible hébraïque (l'Ancien Testament des chrétiens). Antérieurs de plusieurs siècles aux plus anciens exemplaires du texte hébreu connus jusqu'alors, ces manuscrits présentent un intérêt considérable pour l'histoire de la Bible.

Ils ont été fréquemment attribués, mais sans preuve définitive, au groupe des Esséniens.

La découverte majeure de Qumrân est le Grand Rouleau d'Isaïe. C'est le plus ancien manuscrit hébreu complet connu d'un livre biblique : le Livre d'Isaïe. Ce rouleau est le plus emblématique des manuscrits découverts à Qumrân, car le mieux conservé. Composé de dix-sept feuillets de cuir cousus ensemble, il mesure  de long. Y est transcrite en hébreu, sur cinquante-quatre colonnes, l'intégralité des soixante-six chapitres du livre d'Isaïe. Copié vers le , il faisait partie avec les autres manuscrits de la mer Morte des plus anciens textes du Tanakh (Bible hébraïque) connus, jusqu'à la découverte dans la vallée de Hinnom (Géhenne) en 1979 de deux rouleaux d'argent (Ketef Hinnom 1 et 2 aujourd'hui conservé au Musée d'Israël à Jérusalem), datant de la fin du  et reprenant un extrait des bénédictions consignées dans le livre des Nombres, chapitre 6:24 à 6:26.

D'autres lieux de la rive occidentale de la mer Morte ont également produit des manuscrits, entre autres Massada et Nahal Hever.

Découverte

Historique
La découverte de 1947 n'est en fait qu'une « redécouverte ». L'existence de grottes contenant des manuscrits bibliques et extra bibliques en hébreu et grec, parfois conservés dans des jarres, est déjà mentionnée par Origène en 225 et Timothée  vers 800.

De nombreuses versions existent sur les circonstances et la date (entre novembre 1946 et l'été 1947, probablement au printemps 1947) de cette trouvaille par un berger bédouin, aussi la tentation est-elle forte de considérer comme fictif, raconté à la manière d'un conte de fées, le récit pastoral de la découverte fortuite dans une grotte haut perchée, presque inaccessible et avec une ouverture arrondie ne faisant que  de large. Le berger appartient en effet à la tribu des Ta'amireh réputée pour fournir aux antiquaires de Bethléem leurs trouvailles archéologiques clandestines et pour faire visiter aux Juifs des grottes censées contenir des vieux textes bibliques et extra bibliques sur leur histoire. Il est aussi possible que ce caractère soi-disant fortuit masque le fait que cette tribu cherchait dans cette grotte une cache pour mettre à l'abri des marchandises de contrebande avec la Transjordanie. De plus, après que l'ancienneté des manuscrits a été authentifiée en décembre 1947 par l'archéologue israélien Eleazar Sukenik et en février 1948 par l'archéologue rattaché à l'American Schools of Oriental Research John C. Trever (premier chercheur avec William Brownlee, à être autorisé à les photographier et à en faire le compte rendu), la valeur de ces textes grimpe, ce qui encourage les pilleurs à exhumer des textes antiques, voire à en produire de faux (comme dans l' en 1883). Les tractations et achats de ces manuscrits donnent lieu à des péripéties, sources à nouveau d'histoires rocambolesques relatives à leur découverte.

La version la plus communément acceptée de cette histoire est largement fondée sur des enquêtes de John C. Trever, qui a notamment interrogé les membres de la tribu des Taamireh dans les années 1960. Selon Trever, durant le printemps 1947 un jeune pâtre bédouin de , Muhammed edh-Dhib Hassan, parti à la recherche de l'une de ses chèvres, trouve dans une grotte de grandes jarres qui, pour la plupart, contiennent des rouleaux de cuir étonnamment bien conservés, enveloppés dans de la toile de lin. Des recherches ultérieures mettent au jour de nombreux autres documents. Les rouleaux sont en premier lieu apportés à un antiquaire de Bethléem nommé Ibrahim 'Ijha. La grotte, comme celles qui seront découvertes par la suite, est située sur les pentes désertiques de Qumrân, sur les rives nord-ouest de la mer Morte, et sont d'un accès assez difficile. Eleazar Sukenik comprend l'importance des rouleaux de la mer Morte et son fils Yigael Yadin réussit à convaincre l'État israélien d'acheter ceux qui avaient été mis en vente en 1954. De 1951 à 1956, le P. Roland de Vaux, membre de l'École biblique et archéologique française de Jérusalem, est chargé par le Département des antiquités jordaniennes de fouiller le site de Qumrân. C'est au cours de ces fouilles que sont retrouvés des centaines de manuscrits, en particulier dans la .

« De 1947 à 1956, plusieurs dizaines d'excavations ou de grottes sont explorées dans les environs plus ou moins proches de Qumrân. Dans onze d'entre elles, on retrouva des manuscrits en nombre et en qualité variables : certains avaient été déposés dans des jarres. De ces cachettes, on retira quelques rouleaux bien conservés, mais surtout des milliers de fragments aux dimensions diverses allant de plusieurs colonnes à quelques millimètres carrés. »

En février 2017, des archéologues de l'Université Hébraïque annoncent la découverte d'une douzième grotte, contenant de nombreuses jarres toutes brisées et vidées presque entièrement de leur contenu. Le pillage semble remonter aux années 1950 car une pioche en métal de cette époque a été retrouvée sur place.

Présentation de la découverte
La découverte des rouleaux de manuscrits près des ruines de Qumrân s'est déroulée de 1947 à 1956 dans onze grottes situées aux alentours,  ont été reconstitués à partir de plusieurs dizaines de milliers de fragments. La plupart ont été écrits sur parchemin et une centaine sur papyrus. Un peu moins de 15 % sont écrits en araméen, la langue courante du pays depuis l'occupation perse. L'immense majorité est en hébreu, la langue littéraire et doctrinale que l'on disait « sainte ». De rares manuscrits sont en grec, l'idiome de la diaspora hellénique. Certains des textes hébraïques ont une écriture chiffrée qui a bien sûr été déchiffrée. .

À l'exception d'une douzaine, les   ont été écrits par des scribes différents.

Datation des textes
Un travail de datation paléographique effectué par Frank Moore Cross portant sur plus de  indique que 448 d'entre eux ont été copiés au , alors que 224 ont été copiés dans la période 150 - ca 50 . Seulement  ont été copiés avant 150  Selon Frank Moore Cross, seulement trois manuscrits contiennent des indices qui permettent de les dater du . Parmi eux, un fragment d'un rouleau des livres de Samuel (4QSamuel) est peut-être le plus ancien, car il a été copié pas plus tard que 250 , à moins que ce ne soit 4QExode (275 - 225 ). Le rouleau d'Isaïe A, le plus ancien manuscrit hébreu complet connu d'un livre biblique (Livre d'Isaïe) a été confectionné au

Ce travail de datation paléographique a été mis en tableau par Brian Webster et donne la répartition suivante :

La période décrite dans le tableau ci-dessus est celle de la copie, la période de composition ou de rédaction de l'œuvre peut être la même ou être antérieure. Alors que la date de composition ou de rédaction des textes bibliques trouve en général facilement un consensus, les dates de première rédaction de chacun des documents que l'on peut attribuer à un mouvement qui dans les manuscrits se désigne lui-même sous le nom de Yahad, font l'objet de batailles entre les spécialistes. Il en est de même de la détermination de l'ordre chronologique d'écriture de cette catégorie de manuscrits indépendamment de leur datation absolue. Sur ces deux points, nul consensus ne se dégage, ces datations ayant une forte influence sur l'identification du groupe qui a écrit la centaine de manuscrits dits « sectaires » et qui a probablement caché ces rouleaux.

En 2019, Michel Langlois affirme que la paléographie montre que les plus anciens manuscrits dateraient du  ou du .

Période où les manuscrits ont été cachés
Au-delà de la date de l'écriture des documents retrouvés se pose la question de la date de leur mise à l'abri. L'hypothèse la plus fréquemment émise opte pour une dissimulation pendant la Grande révolte juive, avant le contrôle de la région par l'armée romaine (68-70). Pour Daniel Stoekl Ben Ezra, historien des religions et chargé de recherche au CNRS, « l'analyse des deux tiers des manuscrits nous a permis de constater que des documents plus récents et d'autres plus anciens d'environ cinquante à soixante-dix ans ont été retrouvés ensemble, dans les mêmes grottes. […] Il est communément admis que l'ensemble des documents a été caché dans les grottes aux alentours de 68, […] au moment de la première révolte juive contre les Romains. […] Il va falloir désormais tenir compte de l'existence de […] deux bibliothèques qui, de surcroît, ont peut-être été cachées à deux moments différents. Non seulement en 68 […], mais aussi environ soixante-dix ans plus tôt ! ».

La publication des manuscrits
« Le déchiffrement et le regroupement de la multitude de pièces sont étonnamment rapides. Commencé en 1953, le travail est achevé, pour l'essentiel, en 1960. Il en est tout autrement pour la publication : après un bon début, puis des essoufflements et des crises, il faudra attendre la fin du siècle pour disposer de la quasi-totalité des textes ».

« Les péripéties et les lenteurs qui ont émaillé ces travaux de lecture et de transcription, pendant quarante-six ans, ont été qualifiées par Geza Vermes, professeur à l'université d'Oxford, de "scandale académique du " ». En réalité, elles s'expliquent largement par la situation politique du Moyen-Orient et par l'obligation de respecter les conventions de Genève - La Haye, interprétées par l'Unesco, concernant la protection des biens culturels en cas de guerre et d'occupation.

« Les éditions Oxford University Press ont publié aux États-Unis les manuscrits de la mer Morte. L'ensemble forme trente-neuf volumes. Il est présenté sous le titre général de Discoveries in the Judaean Desert. L'édition est encore incomplète en mars 2013 : le dernier volume comprenant l'introduction et un index » est sorti, mais les volumes XXXII et XXVII sont toujours en préparation.

En 2017, le docteur Eshbal Ratson (de l'université de Haïfa) déchiffre un des derniers manuscrits, qui apporte de nouvelles informations sur les conflits entre la secte de Qumran et les autorités du Temple quant au calendrier : le calendrier détaillé dans le rouleau comporte une année de  donc  exactement. Est aussi mentionnée  qui, dans la littérature rabbinique, s'étend sur neuf jours durant l'année, et qui est observée par la secte pendant six jours à la fin de l'année. Selon le docteur Ratson, ces divergences d'avec les règles du Temple expliquent la séparation de la secte de Qumran d'avec les autorités du Temple.

Attribution des textes
 Les historiens du premier siècle ap. J.-C., Philon d'Alexandrie, Pline l'Ancien et surtout Flavius Josèphe, avaient relaté qu'au nord-ouest des rives de la mer Morte vivait à l'époque une communauté de cénobites appelés Esséniens, qui étaient célibataires, végétariens et qui pratiquaient un mode de vie très austère selon les prescriptions de la Torah. Or nos manuscrits ont précisément été trouvés dans ces parages de la Dépression de la Mer Morte. Cette coïncidence fit immédiatement naître la thèse […] selon laquelle l'ensemble des manuscrits de la Mer Morte provient d'une communauté essénienne qui se trouvait installée dans la région de Qumrân.

Cette communauté a caché ces manuscrits dans les grottes du voisinage à l'approche des Romains, peu avant la chute de Jérusalem en 70. Cette thèse "essénienne", […] a, dans un premier temps, difficilement trouvé un consensus dans le monde savant. Aujourd'hui encore elle a de nombreux contradicteurs.

C'est dès 1948, qu'un premier auteur, l'archéologue israélien Eleazar Sukenik, publie un article dans lequel il établit un lien entre les rouleaux (et leur contenu) et la secte dissidente juive que l'on appelle en grec esséniens. Certains ont aussi évoqué la possible appartenance de Jésus ou de Jean-Baptiste à cette communauté, mais sans pouvoir fournir de preuves indiscutables. Le sujet fait l'objet d'intenses débats.

Cette théorie est devenue l'interprétation la plus communément admise quant à l'origine des rouleaux. Elle est considérée comme probable, mais aucune preuve formelle n'existe. Elle est ainsi remise en question par certains chercheurs. Pour K. H. Rengstorf, suivi par N. Golb, les manuscrits proviendraient de bibliothèques de Jérusalem (du temple de Jérusalem comme de bibliothèques privées), et auraient été mis à l'abri dans des grottes lors de l'approche des Romains, vers 70

Selon André Paul, de nombreux chercheurs s'affranchissent aujourd'hui de la thèse essénienne et « on commence à découvrir que ces précieux documents sont aussi des sources du judaïsme rabbinique ou classique […dont] on perçoit sans mal les prémices dans la bibliothèque de Qumran : les modèles de la communauté idéale eux-mêmes supposent une existence loin du Sanctuaire central. Certains écrits font la théorie de l'éloignement du Temple centralisateur, voire de l'absence de celui-ci, cherchant même à instaurer des supplétifs symboliques ou sublimés. D'où l'importance particulière attribuée à la Loi […]. Sans le savoir, ne préparait-on pas également à Qumran l'heure où il n'y aurait plus de Temple, celle du régime du tout-Torah ».

Selon Pnina Shor, chercheuse à l'Autorité israélienne des antiquités qui y dirige le projet chargé de l'étude de ces manuscrits, une analyse a montré que « certains textes ont été écrits sur des peaux de vache et de mouton alors qu'auparavant nous estimions que tous étaient écrits sur des peaux de chèvre ». « Cela prouve que ces manuscrits ne viennent pas du désert où ils ont été retrouvés » affirme la chercheuse israélienne.

Ruines archéologiques

Près des grottes a été retrouvé un site archéologique qui n'avait guère retenu l'attention des archéologues jusqu'à la découverte des manuscrits et dont le lien avec les manuscrits reste controversé.

Fragments
On a retrouvé , répartis en  différents, dont 220 sont des textes bibliques de la Bible hébraïque. Tous les livres de celle-ci y sont représentés, sauf le Livre d'Esther.

Outre les livres de l'Ancien Testament, on trouve aussi des livres apocryphes (exclus du canon biblique par les chrétiens, mais aussi par les juifs), comme le Livre d'Enoch et le Livre des Jubilés. Presque tous sont en hébreu, quelques-uns en grec, reprenant la version de la Septante. À ces livres (canoniques ou non) se rajoutent des commentaires sur ceux-ci, ainsi que des textes propres à la communauté juive qui vivait à Qumrân, comme le Rouleau du Temple et le Manuel de discipline (Règle de la communauté ou Règle de la commune selon une autre traduction).

Enfin, la grotte 7 contient des fragments écrits en grec. Les textes auxquels ils se rattachent font l'objet de discussions entre les spécialistes.

Ces fragments ont été éparpillés à travers le monde et sont conservés dans différentes institutions. Ceux qui se trouvent à Paris ou à Londres y ont été envoyés par le père Roland de Vaux. Ils constituent une part non négligeable de l'ensemble.

Depuis les années 1990, de nombreux fragments sont apparus sur le marché noir, l'augmentation des prix justifiant leur mise en vente. Des collectionneurs privés (notamment le  à Washington) ont ainsi payé des millions pour obtenir ces fragments dont un grand nombre sont des contrefaçons auxquelles certains spécialistes ont apporté leur caution scientifique.

 Livres triés selon le nombre de manuscrits trouvés (16 premiers)

Grotte 1
À la fin de janvier 1949, le capitaine Philippe Lippens, observateur belge des Nations unies, stationné à Jérusalem, identifie cette grotte d'où ont été extraits les premiers manuscrits.

Les fouilles archéologiques de la grotte sont menées entre le  et le  par le directeur anglais du Service des Antiquités de Jordanie Gerald Lankester Harding, le directeur de l'École biblique et archéologique française de Jérusalem Roland de Vaux, et l'archéologue palestinien représentant le musée archéologique de Palestine Ibrahim El-Assouli, qui la baptisent grotte 1 de Qumrân (1Q). Pas moins de  étaient rassemblés, ainsi que des morceaux de bois, de vêtements et des éclats de poteries.

Grotte 2

Trois ans plus tard, en 1952, les bédouins découvrent non loin de là la grotte 2, moins monumentale ; de nombreux fragments y sont cependant découverts et vendus au musée archéologique d'Israël et à l'école biblique et archéologique française de Jérusalem.

Grotte 3
Le 14 mars de la même année, une troisième grotte est découverte, qui contient le plus mystérieux des manuscrits, le rouleau de cuivre.

Grotte 4

Elle est découverte en 1952 par le père Roland de Vaux, directeur de l'école biblique et archéologique française de Jérusalem. Elle est proche du site archéologique et c'est dans cette grotte que sont mis au jour le plus grand nombre de manuscrits.

Conservation

Une aile souterraine du musée d'Israël conserve les plus précieux manuscrits de l'Histoire du peuple juif. Ceux qui ont été découverts après-guerre à Qumrân. Israël ne revendique pas officiellement la propriété des manuscrits, qui reste celle du Royaume de Jordanie, puisqu'ils ont été découverts sur un territoire qui appartenait à ce pays.

Le Sanctuaire du Livre abrite, au sein du musée d'Israël, la majorité des quelque neuf cents manuscrits mis au jour à Qumrân entre 1947 et 1956, à l'exception de ceux qui sont conservés à Amman, en Jordanie. Son dôme en céramique blanche rappelle le couvercle des jarres dans lesquelles les manuscrits furent découverts. Au centre de la salle, un fac-similé du Grand Rouleau d'Isaïe est déployé sur une reproduction géante du montant en bois autour duquel est traditionnellement enroulé le Sefer Torah. C'est le trésor d'un musée qui conserve pourtant des richesses inouïes.

Voir aussi

Sources bibliographiques

Les sources bibliographiques sur les manuscrits et leur interprétation sont extrêmement nombreuses.
Voici divers auteurs et chercheurs (Français, Anglais, Israéliens) de tout premier ordre, par ordre alphabétique.

 John Marco Allegro

Le Professeur John Marco Allegro, de l'Université de Manchester, philologue et membre de la première équipe du Père R. de Vaux. Il est l'un des seuls universitaires « non religieux » à avoir participé aux premières campagnes de traduction et de transcription des manuscrits.

À la suite des recherches effectuées à Qumrân, J. M. Allegro publie en 1970 The Sacred Mushroom and the Cross, ouvrage qui suscita une polémique dont il ne sortira pas indemne.

  Katell Berthelot

Chargée de recherche au CNRS au Centre Paul-Albert-Février d'Aix-en-Provence, historienne du judaïsme ancien, Katell Berthelot travaille au Centre de recherche français à Jérusalem (CRFJ), en Israël. Médaille de bronze CNRS en 2007 et lauréate du prix Irène-Joliot-Curie 2008, ayant fait un doctorat sur « Israël et l'humanité dans la pensée juive à l'époque hellénistique et romaine », Katell Berthelot codirige avec Thierry Legrand la Bibliothèque de Qumrân (éditions du Cerf), édition bilingue de l'intégralité des Manuscrits de la mer morte initiée par André Paul, destinée à un public francophone, dont deux volumes sont déjà parus.
 Bibliographie : Le monothéisme peut-il être humaniste ?, Paris, Fayard, 2006 (Les Dieux dans la Cité)
 Millar Burrows
Millar Burrows est directeur de l'École américaine de Recherches orientales à Jérusalem lors de la découverte des manuscrits. Il publie le récit et sa controverse dans : Les manuscrits de la mer Morte, traduit de l'américain en 1957, éditions Robert Laffont, Paris.
 Jean Carmignac (1914-1986)

Jean Carmignac est un des premiers à participer à la publication des manuscrits en français, fondateur de la Revue de Qumrân en 1958 (Éd. Gabalda, Paris).

 Henri de Contenson

Henri de Contenson est directeur de Recherche au CNRS. Il a participé aux fouilles de Qumrân conduisant à la découverte du rouleau de cuivre de la grotte Q3.

 André Dupont-Sommer

Professeur à la Sorbonne, secrétaire perpétuel de l'Académie des inscriptions et belles-lettres, l'un des plus grands spécialistes des langues sémitiques et de la Bible, André Dupont-Sommer est l'un des premiers à créditer la thèse de l'essénisme de Qumrân.

Il publie de nombreux ouvrages, dont le célèbre Les Écrits esséniens découverts près de la mer Morte en 1959.

 Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz

Professeur honoraire à la section des sciences religieuses de l'École pratique des hautes études, Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz est un ancien pensionnaire de l'école biblique et archéologique française de Jérusalem ; à ce titre, il a participé aux fouilles de Massada et de Qumrân et il est considéré comme l'un des grands spécialistes des Manuscrits de Qumrân.

Qoumrân et les manuscrits de la mer Morte. Un cinquantenaire, Paris, Cerf, 459 p. (1997-2000)

Bibliographie

 Thierry Legrand
Professeur d'histoire des religions à la Faculté de théologie protestante de l'Université de Strasbourg, ancien élève Titulaire à l'École Pratique des Hautes Études Ve section (Paris), diplômé de l'Ecole des Langues Orientales Anciennes (Paris), Thierry Legrand a fait son doctorat en histoire des religions sur « Le Siracide. Problèmes textuels et théologiques de la recension longue ». Thierry Legrand codirige avec Katell Berthelot la Bibliothèque de Qumrân (éditions du Cerf), édition bilingue de l'intégralité des Manuscrits de la mer Morte, destinée à un public francophone, dont trois volumes sont déjà parus. Le projet est de présenter les manuscrits en fonction de leur rapport avec les textes de la Bible hébraïque, en analysant notamment ce rapport.
 Bibliographie
 Jean Duhaime, Thierry Legrand, Les Rouleaux de la mer Morte, Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 2010 (Cahiers Évangile, Supplément 152), 161 p.
 F. Boespflug, Th. Legrand et A.-L. Zwilling, Religions, les mots pour en parler. Notions fondamentales en Histoire des religions, Montrouge / Genève, Bayard / Labor et Fides, 2014, 396 pages.

 Joseph (Jozef Tadeusz) Milik [1922-2006]

Joseph Milik, jeune collaborateur du père Roland de Vaux, il a fait sa carrière au CNRS. Pionnier du déchiffrement de la cursive araméenne, il a formé de nombreux spécialistes.

Milik est un prêtre catholique originaire de Pologne et archéologue, spécialiste de la Bible. Il parle plusieurs langues dont le polonais, le russe, l'italien, le français, l'allemand, l'anglais, et de nombreuses langues mortes. Il a traduit et publié les écrits de Qumran en collaboration avec Dominique Barthélemy, Roland de Vaux et d'autres. Il a travaillé comme chercheur au Centre national de la recherche scientifique - CNRS jusqu'à sa retraite en 1987.

1944 – Université catholique de Lublin et apprentissage des langues hébreu, grec, latin, araméen et syriaque.

1946 – ordonné prêtre, Varsovie.

Fin 1940 – rejoint l'Institut pontifical oriental et l'Institut biblique pontifical et apprentissage des langues arabe, géorgien, ougaritique, akkadien, sumérien, égyptien et hittite.

1957 – publie Dix ans de découvertes dans le désert de Juda.

1969 – quitte la prêtrise et déménage à Paris.

1976 – publie Les livres d'Hénoch.

 André Paul
André Paul est un historien, théologien et exégète français spécialiste de la Bible et du judaïsme ancien et rabbinique.

 André Paul, Les manuscrits de la mer Morte, Paris, Bayard, 1997.

 Émile Puech

Émile Puech est directeur de Recherche au CNRS, directeur de la Revue de Qumrân, Gabalda (Paris), éditeur du lot de manuscrits hébreux, araméens et nabatéens inédits, membre fondateur de l'International Organization for the Qumran Studies, membre du Editorial Board des Dead Sea Discoveries, Brill, Leiden, consultant pour le projet de l'Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls, New York, professeur à l'École biblique et archéologique française de Jérusalem, chercheur de l'Institut d'Études sémitiques, Collège de France, Paris, directeur de Recherche Laboratoire d'Études sémitiques anciennes, Collège de France, Paris.

Biographie-Bibliographie

 La croyance des Esséniens en la vie future : Immortalité, résurrection, vie éternelle ? Histoire d'une croyance dans le Judaïsme ancien.
Tome I - La résurrection des morts et le contexte scripturaire.
Tome II - Les données qumrâniennes et classiques. Préface M. André Caquot, Membre de l'Institut, Professeur au Collège de France. Études Bibliques N.S. numéros 21-22, 984 pp. Paris, 1993.
 Qumrân Grotte 4. XVIII. Manuscrits hébreux (4Q521-528, 4Q576-579), Discoveries in the Judaean Desert XXV, Oxford, 1998, XVIII- 230, XV Planches et 2 figures.
 Qumrân Grotte 4. XXII. Textes araméens. Première partie (4Q529 - 4Q549), Discoveries in the Judaean Desert XXXI, Oxford, 2001, XVIII- 440, XXII Planches.

  Lawrence Schiffman

Lawrence Schiffman est professeur à la New York University's au département des études hébraïques et juives. Il est un spécialiste des Manuscrits de la Mer Morte, du judaïsme dans l'antiquité tardive, de l'histoire de la loi juive et de la littérature talmudique. Il a joué un rôle majeur dans la publication des Manuscrits de la Mer Morte. Il a démontré que les Manuscrits de la Mer Morte étaient des écrits juifs. Il a été l'éditeur en chef de la Oxford Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls. Il a aussi été l'éditeur du journal Dead Sea Discoveries durant dix ans. Il est présentement l'éditeur en chef du Center for Online Judaic Studies à New York.

 Emmanuel Tov

Emmanuel Tov est professeur à l'Université Hébraïque de Jérusalem, il a dirigé à partir de 1991 l'édition des rouleaux de la mer Morte et entouré d'une centaine de chercheurs, il en a achevé la publication en 2001.

L'intégralité des manuscrits est ainsi disponible en librairie, en 39 volumes publiés par les éditions Oxford University Press, sous l'intitulé général Discoveries in the Judaean Desert.

 Roland de Vaux

Le Père Roland de Vaux, dominicain de l'École biblique et archéologique française de Jérusalem, était à la fois exégète de l'Ancien Testament et archéologue de terrain. Il découvre la grotte n° 4 en 1952.

 Michael Wise, Martin Abegg, Jr, Edward Cook

Les Manuscrits de la Mer Morte, Éditions Plon, 2001 (de l'anglais The Dead Sea Scrolls : A New Translation). Traduit en français par Israël Fortunato (professeur à l'École Supérieure d'Interprètes et de Traducteurs - Université Sorbonne, Fr). Traduction intégrale des anciens rouleaux, avec des textes encore jamais publiés, et comportant les plus récentes découvertes).

Michael O. Wise, Ph.D., Professeur d'hébreu biblique et anciennes langues - Université du Minnesota, USA ; Pasteur de Evangelical Free Church.

Martin G. Abegg, Ph.D., professeur d'études religieuses à la retraite – Université Trinity Western, Canada; ancien professeur à Grace Theological Seminary - Winona Lake.

Edward M. Cook, Ph.D., professeur associé de langues sémitiques, et Chaise départementale en sémitique et langues égyptiennes et littératures - Catholic University of America.

1986-1987 – Instructeur à Fuller Theological Seminary.

1988-1997 – Recherchiste associé au Lexique araméen, Hebrew Union College.

2002-présent – Consultant en langage, Oaktree Software.

Bibliographie
 Katell Berthelot, Thierry Legrand, André Paul (dir.), La Bibliothèque de Qumrân. Vol. 1. Torah. Genèse, Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 2008, XXXIII + 589 pages. Premier volume d'une édition francophone complète (neuf volumes) des manuscrits de Qumrân : introductions aux manuscrits, textes et traductions annotés.
 Katell Berthelot, Thierry Legrand, André Paul (dir.), La Bibliothèque de Qumrân. Vol. 2. Torah. Exode - Levitique - Nombres, Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 2010, XXXIII + 464 pages. Deuxième volume d'une édition francophone complète (neuf volumes) des manuscrits de Qumrân: introductions aux manuscrits, textes et traductions annotés.
 K. Berthelot, M. Langlois et Th. Legrand (dir.), La Bibliothèque de Qumrân, vol. 3a. Torah : Deutéronome et Pentateuque dans son ensemble. Édition et traduction des manuscrits hébreux et grecs, Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 2013, XXXIV + 1013 pages.
 K. Berthelot, M. Langlois et Th. Legrand (dir.), La Bibliothèque de Qumrân, vol. 3b. Torah : Deutéronome et Pentateuque dans son ensemble. Édition et traduction des manuscrits hébreux et grecs, Paris, Éditions du Cerf, 2017, XXV + 726 pages.
 Jean-Baptiste Humbert, Alain Chambon, Jolanta Mlynarczyk, Khirbet Qumrân et Aïn Feshkha, Fouilles du P. Roland de Vaux, vol. IIIa, L'archéologie de Qumrân, Reconsidération de l'interprétation; Corpus of the Lamps, Novum Testamentum et Orbis Antiquus, Series Archaeologica 5a, Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, Göttingen, 2016, 536 p.
 Raymond Goy, "La question de Jérusalem à l'UNESCO", Annuaire français du droit international 1976 (22), p. 420-433.
 Vitalii Chernoivanenko, Qumrân, les manuscrits de la mer Morte et les anciens historiographes comme instruments de la mythologisation de « l'héritage essénien » au XXe siècle, Kiev, L'Université nationale de Kyiv-Mohyla Académie, Centre de recherches d'orientalisme Omeljan Pritsak, 2011.
 André Dupont-Sommer, Les Écrits esséniens découverts près de la mer Morte, Payot, 1959 : 1980
 David Hamidovic, Qumrân. Les manuscrits de la mer Morte 70 ans après, Le Monde de la Bible 220, Paris, Bayard, 2017.

 Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz, Les Manuscrits de la mer Morte, Que sais-je, 1961 ; 1984 ; 10e éd. mise à jour, 2003
 Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz, Qoumrân : L'établissement essénien des bords de la mer Morte, Histoire et archéologie du site, Picard, 1976
 Ernest-Marie Laperrousaz, Qoumrân et ses manuscrits de la mer Morte, Non Lieu, 2006
 Ursula Schattner-Rieser, Textes araméens de la mer Morte. Édition bilingue, vocalisée et commentée, coll. Langues et cultures anciennes 5, éd. Safran, Bruxelles, 2005,
 Schiffman Lawrence, Encyclopedia of the Dead Sea Scrolls, 2 vols. (New York, Oxford University Press, 2000) (with James C. VanderKam (eds.)
 Roland de Vaux, L'Archéologie et les manuscrits de la mer Morte (The Schweich Lectures of the British Academy, 1959), Londres, Oxford University Press, 1961, édition posthume augmentée, en traduction anglaise, du même ouvrage : Archeology and the Dead Sea Scrolls, Londres, 1973
 Geza Vermes, Les Manuscrits du désert de Juda, Desclée et Cie, 1953
 Charline Zeitoun, La double vie des manuscrits de la mer Morte, in Le journal du CNRS, n° 214, novembre 2007, p. 9.

 Michael O. Wise : The Dead Sea Scrolls Uncovered: The First Complete Translation and Interpretation of 50 Key Documents withheld for over 35 Years, with Robert Eisenman. Shaftsbury, Dorset | The Dead Sea Scrolls: A New Translation with Martin Abegg et Edward Cook|A Critical Analysis of the Temple Scroll from Qumran Cave 11.
 Martin G. Abegg : The Dead Sea Scrolls Bible, edited together with Peter Flint and Eugene Ulrich | The Dead Sea Scrolls Concordance | The Non-Biblical Texts from Qumran.
 Edward M. Cook : Dictionary of Qumran Aramaic | Numbers: The Syriac Peshitta Bible with English Translation | 4Q541 Fragment 24 Revisited | The Dead Sea Scrolls Concordance, Volume 3: Biblical Texts from the Judaean Desert, with Martin Abegg Jr. et James E. Bowley | Rédactions (online).

Articles connexes
 Qumran
 Esséniens
 Judaïsme hellénistique
 Manuscrits de la Bible
 Période intertestamentaire
 Rouleau de cuivre
 Document de Damas
 Règle de la Guerre
 Sanctuaire du Livre
 Grand Rouleau d'Isaïe
 Petit Rouleau d'Isaïe
 Scriptorium de Qumrân

Liens externes

 Discoveries in the Judaean Desert éditées sous la direction d'Emanuel Tov, Université hébraïque de Jérusalem.
 Digital Dead Sea Scrolls, présentation en ligne des manuscrits sur le site du Musée d'Israël.
 Querelles à Qumrân, article, Réforme, 2005.
 La plus sensationnelle des découvertes. Les manuscrits de Qumrân En ce temps-là, la Bible N°15, pages III-II.
 Qumrân et les manuscrits de la mer Morte par André Paul, Historien, bibliste et théologien.
  Les manuscrits de la mer Morte par Aimé Fuchs.
 Les découvertes archéologiques de la mer Morte.
 Oxford University Press Discoveries in the Judaean Desert (rechercher sur le site).
 Les manuscrits de la Mer Morte, cinquante ans après.

Notes et références

Notes

Références

Manuscrit biblique du IIe siècle av. J.-C.
Manuscrit biblique du Ier siècle av. J.-C.
Manuscrit biblique du Ier siècle
Mer Morte

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


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Home » Sections » Playing Around » The Catastrophist
The Catastrophist
Posted on March 2, 2021 by Alix Cohen in Playing Around
The sound of a heartbeat. A close-up of eyes. "All right, ok, what is this? Interrogation? A confession? …a play?…which would… Oh, it's a play? Gotcha." This ersatz Pirandello beginning is irritating as, to me, is every reference to an unseen writer/wife, curmudgeon.
Nathan (this is based on conversations with the playwright's husband, Dr. Nathan Wolfe) tells us he has a PhD in virology from Harvard, something his nana disparaged as not being a real doctor. Raised "massively Jewish," he was quoted Talmud: Whatever saves one life saves the world. The young man became fascinated with "shadow life" on earth, "What's really going on," which led him to a field of deep dives into the unseen before it manifests as deadly= virology.
One part National Geographic Lecture, one part TED Talk, one part first person mortality, the piece is additionally divided into titled scenes which break up continuity that might be achieved by bridging monologue. "Basically, I'm trying to find the next HIV before it gets out of the forest," Dr. Wolfe explains. Not until Scene 5, in the year 2000, as a research fellow in Cameroon, then Scene 6 in at the CDC in Atlanta, Georgia, does his endeavor become clear, vivid, and dramatically interesting. In Georgia, a Eureka find propels him to the height of his profession.
Wolfe tells us he hates pandemics (the enemy). "There's always something out there building capacity through the natural trial and error of any evolution, waiting for a moment of weakness in our systems, our sanitation, our civility…When you're an expert in a terrible thing, enthusiasm for your work can seem grim…I'm a catastrophist, my wife just changed the title."
All viruses jump from animals. We're briefly educated about interlocking systems and how minor humans are in the realm of evolution. Train of thought then takes a side road to Wolfe's father's heart disease. I suspect family is intermittently brought in to show emotion balancing cold science. Transition is never smooth.
The virologist pivots his career. "Climate change is a hard sell. You're trying to convince people to buy insurance before an event…Loss of life is only half the tragedy, loss of livelihood is how you can cut off an entire planet's people from its own future…Nothing can save us from disaster but science, preparation, and luck." Misconceptions about viruses are listed. The play, begun in 2016, is informative and eminently topical.
A wife, two children and career defamation follow. Then Wolfe suffers his own heart disease and potential loss. "You can't script this," he admonishes his playwright wife. Surgery is referred to as if floating above the operation, from a seat in the empty theater. "My wife would like you to know, she's writing this because I can't" starts a litany of "my wife would like you to know." Big breath.
We see a photo of Wolfe as a child with his father, Gunderson seated in the theater, their children running through empty seats. Someone made it out the other side. (Photos of the real Dr. Wolfe in the field accompany credits.)
Actor William DeMeritt owns the stage. He handles difficult, jerky construction with skill, particularly when looking directly into the camera. That we get a sense of the scientist and the man are as much credit to him as director and playwright. This must've been like climbing a glass mountain.
The 80 minute monologue, filmed by three cameras in an otherwise empty theater is well served by physical point of view and excellent direction. Structure and lack of editing, however, do it no favor.
Photos Courtesy of Marin Theatre Company and Round House Theatre
The Marin Theatre Company presents
The Catastrophist by Lauren M. Gunderson
Based on the life and work of Dr. Nathan Wolfe
Directed by Jason Minadakis
Actor William DeMeritt
Director of Photography/Editor- Peter Rucco
Tickets: https://www.marintheatre.org/productions/the-catastrophist/buytickets/MTC_2021_CATLG_001
"With the exception of Shakespeare, Gunderson has been the most produced playwright in the United States in recent years, according to a tally by American Theater magazine. Wolfe (Gunderson's husband Dr. Nathan Wolfe) has his own claims to stardom, albeit of the more academic variety. He is an expert on plagues who warned presciently about the risks of a big pandemic years before the word became such an everyday, and despised, piece of vocabulary." Thomas Fuller, The New York Times
About Alix Cohen (1208 Articles)
Alix Cohen is the recipient of nine New York Press Club Awards for work published on this venue. Her writing history began with poetry, segued into lyrics and took a commercial detour while holding executive positions in product development, merchandising, and design. A cultural sponge, she now turns her diverse personal and professional background to authoring pieces about culture/the arts with particular interest in artists/performers and entrepreneurs. Theater, music, art/design are lifelong areas of study and passion. She is a voting member of Drama Desk and Drama League. Alix's professional experience in women's fashion fuels writing in that area. Besides Woman Around Town, the journalist writes for Cabaret Scenes, Broadway World, and Theater Pizzazz. Additional pieces have been published by The New York Post, The National Observer's Playground Magazine, Pasadena Magazine, Times Square Chronicles, and ifashionnetwork. She lives in Manhattan. Of course.


Exhibition view ŻAK | BRANICKA.With "Civil Defense" Kobylarz asks what happens to science if it takes a wrong turn? The works originated from his school day experiences of his "Civil Defense" course that taught Polish children First Aid measures and the basic knowledge of the building and handling of weapons in light of the Cold War.
Exhibition view Galeria Kordegarda, Warsaw.Szymon Kobylarz refers to the controversial, powerful system of electronic data transmission control that is subjecting contemporary life toever-greater control and scrutiny. The artist particularly focuses on how inhabitants of cities feel observed by the networks of urban camerassupposedly intended to ensure their safety. The consciousness of being controlled gives birth to a fear of the excessive limitation of freedom. Onthe one side, we have an intrinsic desire to feel safe and protected and on the other, we start to feel a loss of control over our own lives.


Big budget consumer campaigns deliver diminishing returns for brands.
Today's shoppers are becoming less loyal to the biggest brands with the highest profile advertising campaigns, according to research by Bain & Company and Kantar Worldpanel.
The trend, which is seen most vividly in supermarkets, sees shoppers making far more decisions within stores, and is leading to less influence for the heavily promoted brands that dominate consumer magazines, newspapers, television and internet advertising.
"Brand owners are recognising that for many categories, the decision is happening in stores, not in the home," said Richard Webster, a consumer goods partner at Bain.
Jewellery brands have already reacted to this changing consumer behaviour, which is why they have invested so heavily in influencing shoppers once they are inside the shop. The boom of shop-in-shop displays is one example, which followed on the heels of decades of investment in branded window display furniture.
It is also a strong case for shifting the marketing mix from pull to push advertising. Pull advertising comprises the traditional consumer-facing campaigns that influence customers to pull demand through retailers. Push advertising encourages retailers to push certain brands ahead of their competitors.
"Because people have a wide number of brands, shifting your investment to the store – to somewhere the shopper can see the benefit – is a very powerful strategy," suggests Webster.


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Q: I want to disable browsers back button, i have tried a code which is working for internet explorer but facing problem in chrome It is working good in internet exlporer but in chrome it works only if the user clicks on somewhere in the page i.e., works only when the user gives a click on that page  at least once before pressing browsers back button. I want to make it work as same as in internet explorer.
here is my code:
    <html>
<head>
<script>history.pushState(null,null,location.href);
    window.onpopstate=function()
    {
        history.go(1);
        }

</script>
<body>
<a location.href="home.php" rel="index,follow"></a>
</body>
</html>

A: I've stumbled on this question quite a lot and I had to achive the same thing
might not be the best solution, but I've made it to work in browsers IE, Explorer, Chrome, did not test Firefox tho, with this code:
   <script type = "text/javascript" >
        history.pushState(null, null, location.href);
        history.back();
        history.forward();
        window.onpopstate = function () {
            history.go(1);
        };
    </script>

The problem with Chrome is that it doesn't trigger onpopstate event unless you make browser action ( i.e. call history.back). Thats why I've added those to script. After adding only that made it work in Chrome but other browsers stopped adding history.forward fixed it and started to work on every browser mentioned.
Source if you want to know more or at least what helped me solve this
Hope it helps!

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
Home About APACC Message from the President
About APACC Edit
Welcome to the APACC Website!
The Inter-Governmental International Organization Colombo Plan Staff College (CPSC) established the Asia Pacific Accreditation and Certification Commission (APACC) as one of the specific targets in the implementation of the CPSC Corporate Plan 2003-2008.
APACC aims to accredit and certify Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) institutions for human resources development through the standardization and harmonization of education and training systems which will facilitate the mobility of the workforce across national borders in Asia and the Pacific region.
We eagerly invite you to leaf through the pages of this website to learn more about our activities including on-site visits in subscribing countries. You can also access fundamental documents such as the Accreditation Manual and Self Study Form, which we have developed and constantly updating in consultation with our stakeholders and experts in the field of accreditation and certification.
Since its establishment, APACC has undergone several modifications in order to strengthen its policies and procedures and ensure integrity in the standards we seek to set for the region's TVET. APACC, with the objective to harmonize and standardize skills taught in TVET institutions, will continuously strive to strengthen the human resources in the Asia Pacific region.
Let us work towards achieving quality standards for TVET in Asia and the Pacific region through APACC. Thank you for your support and interest!
Ramhari Lamichhane, PhD
President, APACC


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Open Basketball Offered at the Melo Center Tuesday and Thursday Nights
Wednesday, January 31, 2018, By Joyce LaLonde
athleticsCarmelo K. Anthony CenterDepartment of Recreation Services
Starting this Thursday, Feb. 1, students will have an additional location to play pick-up basketball. Recreation Services and Athletics are partnering to offer open basketball hours at the Carmelo K. Anthony Basketball Center (Melo Center), attached to Manley Field House. This semester from 8-11 p.m. on Tuesdays and Thursdays, students can use the basketball courts in the Melo Center for pick-up basketball.
With the popularity of pick-up and intramural basketball on campus, Recreation Services and Athletics identified an opportunity to increase open court time through the use of the Melo Center. Currently, open basketball is also available at the Women's Building and Flanagan Gymnasium while the transformation of Archbold Gymnasium progresses.
"When the Recreation Services and Athletics teams came together to discuss options to help increase playing opportunities for students, it was clear that the Melo Center could be a great temporary location to host open basketball activities. We appreciate the great partnership and collaboration with Athletics to expand playing opportunities for students," says Matt Hackett, director of Recreation Services.
Please note, street shoes are not permitted on the courts. Players must carry basketball shoes inside to change before playing. SU ID required. No admittance after 10 p.m.
For more information, visit the Recreation Services website.
Joyce LaLonde
Warm Weather Hours for Recreation Services Facilities
Monday, June 25, 2018, By Joyce LaLonde
OrangeAbility: An Afternoon of Accessible Athletics
Monday, February 12, 2018, By Joyce LaLonde
Apple Picking October Outdoor Adventure Trip: Oct. 8
Thursday, October 5, 2017, By Rachel Friedman
Sports Club Activity Fair Sept. 5
Friday, September 1, 2017, By Rachel Friedman
Syracuse University to Host 'Fort Drum Youth Football Day' for Children of Fort Drum Military Families
Wednesday, August 9, 2017, By SU Athletics


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ASB gives insight into campaign process
Maya Lip, Staff Writer
Students from all grades work on establishing their campaign weeks before voting day on March 4. Many new candidates, as well as a lot of the current officers, are putting in their efforts to gain the position they seek. During elections, the majority of Carlmont only sees posters filling locker...
Tags: brings, campaign, challenges, season
Queer Time Episode Five: Controversy and a New Global Campaign
Maddy Ting, Zachary Khouri, and Mikayla Nguyen
Maddy and Zach discuss events surrounding controversy in the LGBTQ community and a new global campaign run by the Trump Administration regarding the decriminalization of homosexuality. Edited by Maddy Ting....
Tags: campaign, controversy, Episode, global, lgbtq, LGBTQA, queer, time
Caltrain launches new public education campaign
Connor Rickson, Staff Writer
Have you ever wondered how many people ride Caltrain each day? On Feb. 19, Caltrain launched their new "Did You Know?" public education program. This program was designed to educate the public about the history of the Caltrain corridor and its future plans for modernization. Caltrain's "Did you kno...
Tags: caltrain, campaign, change, modernization, program
Clinton campaign sails through rough waters before election
Armon Mahdavi, Staff Writer
On Friday, Oct. 28, federal law enforcement stated that new emails related to the investigation of Hillary Clinton's private server were discovered. The emails were found on Anthony Weiner's computer, whom he shared with his former partner, Huma Abedin. Abedin is currently a top aide for Cl...
Tags: campaign, clinton, election, rough, sails, waters
Clinton campaign reveals illness after 9/11 ceremony
Justin Som, Staff Writer
The state of Hillary Clinton's health was brought into question on Sept. 11 after her doctor revealed that she had been diagnosed with pneumonia. Nearly collapsing in a 9/11 memorial ceremony in New York, Clinton was assisted by aides and Secret Service agents into a security vehicle. The Clinton...
Tags: campaign, clinton, illness
Bernie Sanders strives to win over the Golden State
Nicole del Cardayre, Staff Writer
Trailing 767 delegates, Bernie Sanders has had a difficult campaign against his opponent Hillary Clinton. Sanders has continued his presidential campaign in hopes of winning over California, "the Golden State." On June 7, California will have its primary election with 475 delegates at stake. According...
Tags: campaign, rally
Kevin McCarthy halts his campaign for House Speaker
With second-in-line House Majority Leader Kevin McCarthy stepping down from his bid for House Majority Speaker due to allegations of a scandal, the future of Congress is uncertain. Kevin McCarthy announced on Oct. 8 that he was stopping his campaign for the position due to the fact that he did...
Tags: campaign, halts, house, kevin, mccarthy, speaker
Campaign season pulls in Carlmont students
Alyssa Fagel, Highlander Editor
Local political campaigns are coming to a conclusion, but the experiences of campaigning can last a lifetime. As most people can assume, running in an election comes at the price of high stress and long hours. What not everybody knows are the effects these elections have on the families of these can...
Tags: campaign, carlmont, pulls, season, students


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McGill Human Rights Interns
The Interns
INTERNS: log in here!
Rights, resources, and framing the issue of disability
By Miatta Gorvie
The term "persons with disabilities" is a capacious term indeed, intended to capture the realities of a huge array of people's lives. Somehow, it refers to an amputee begging in downtown Kampala and a person with mental health challenges languishing in prison while awaiting bail in a prison up-country; a girl who was fortunate enough to have been sent to a school for the blind or deaf and another who was left at home because of the lack of access to schooling for children with developmental disabilities. Legal Action for Persons with Disabilities – Uganda (LAPD) provides free and sustainable legal aid and human rights protection to the members of any and all of these communities of persons with disabilities (PWDs).
Access to justice for Uganda's disabled is hindered at many turns. First and foremost is the fact that they are disproportionately more likely to live in poverty, as a result of systemic barriers to education and employment. There is no government assistance available for the disabled and so those who cannot work are dependent on family to fulfil their needs; the least fortunate are those that you see dotting the streets, begging for the goodwill of strangers. Even those who do have the resources to bring their cases to court will often be confronted by justice sector officials who do not understand the particularities of the lives of PWDs.
Uganda has a relatively robust disabilities rights regime, in terms of legislation. Not only has Uganda signed on to the 2006 Convention on the Rights of Persons With Disabilities, it has also domesticated it's commitment with provisions in its 1995 Constitution and the Persons with Disabilities Act of 2006, among other acts and policies. However, while the legal instruments are in place, in substance they are often minimalist and incomprehensive.
This legislation is a great achievement for a poor country with an unconsolidated democracy, but laws are only part of the question of achieving dignity for PWDs. Disability rights, perhaps more than many others, is a fertile testing ground for the balancing of rights and other priorities. Indeed, the term "reasonable accommodation," which has recently been extended to the question of multiculturalism in Quebec, finds its origins in the disability literature. Reasonable accommodation is the idea that "necessary and appropriate modification and adjustments not imposing a disproportionate or undue burden, where needed in a particular case" should be made to ensure that PWDs enjoy their rights and freedoms on an equal basis with others.[1] For example in employment, should an employee with a physical disability need a different chair from the model used in the office, it would be considered unreasonable for the person to lose their job over the purchase of a chair and the employer is legally required to make the adjustment.
Disability rights are constantly framed as being in competition with resources. In a developing economy like Uganda, what can it mean for children with disabilities to have the right to public education, the same public education system that can barely pay its teachers or supply learning materials? While the problems are much more visible here, this is hardly a problem reserved to poor countries.
This spring, I travelled to Ottawa with a group of McGill students to hear the opening arguments for the Moore case. As a boy, Jeffrey Moore suffered from severe dyslexia but was able to participate in the public school system because the division had a program for students with his particular needs. When this program was cut for budgetary reasons, his father was forced to place him in a private school, at great cost, and he sued the BC government for what he perceives as an undue hardship. In the opening arguments, the province submitted that Jeffrey should not be compared to other students in the public school system but other special needs students in the system. Framed that way, Jeffrey and all other students with intellectual disabilities were given an equal opportunity to access a "general education." Moore was seeking an accommodation to access the mainstream service whereas the government defined his request as a specialized education service. Embarrassingly, the province also claimed that there is no right for a student to learn how to read, because even public school students without disabilities have difficulty reading.
When a G-8 country shrugs at disability rights under the guise of "budgetary constraints," the prospects for PWDs in the developing world seem dire. The dominant discourse reflects the way in which disability rights are still seen as second-tier rights or aspirations that will come to fruition at some uncertain point in the future when scarce resources are no longer an issue. McGill's Frédéric Mégret has considered whether the CRPD simply affirms the idea that existing human rights apply to PWDs and reformulates existing human rights to acknowledge the particularities of PWDs' experiences, or whether it actually goes as far as to extend existing rights and innovate so far as to create new rights with the realities of the disabled at their core. He finds the Convention to be a "very subtle mix of the old and the new, which confirms existing rights, even as it amplified upon, evolves from and departs from them in the sort of creative ways required by the issue of disability."
I agree with Professor Mégret's proposition, that the CRPD was an opportunity to make a statement about difference and pluralism, often thought of as running contrary to the universalism and equality inherent in the human rights project. However, I took on this internship partly as a challenge, to step out of the safe spaces of seminar courses and panel discussions and consider what "human rights" can possibly mean in the field. Therefore, as a result of my experiences doing legal aid for PWDs with LAPD this summer, I must reluctantly endorse the pedantic view of the Convention that the professor rejects, the one that considers the document to be an affirmation of restatement of the applicability of existing human rights to PWDs.
When faced with politicians and judges who already see rights for PWDs as "other" and as something to be addressed only after rights for the majority have been dealt with, it is not helpful for an advocate to make an argument about newness and plurality. It is likely preferable to submit that PWDs have the same general human right to education and that their requests for inclusion are only accommodations and not brand new rights. Would this framing not make it much easier to refute the "budgetary constraints" argument? It seems to me that when dealing with few resources and little audience time with decision-makers, the pragmatic route might be the most effective.
[1] Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, Article 2, http://www.un.org/disabilities/default.asp?id=262.
Tags: kampala, League Action for Persons with Disabilities, Miatta Gorvie, Uganda
Published by miattagorvie on July 26, 2012 at 4:41 pm under Uncategorized. 0 comments.
Research and Knowledge Theft in Uganda
Navigating the Small Moments in Kampala
Proud Namibia
From the Local to the National: A Snapshot of the Human Rights Situation in the Philippines
Réflexion sur le cours d'été du NLC
africa Akwesasne ATENEO Ateneo Human Rights Center Cambodge Cambodia cameroon Canada Canadian HIV/AIDS Legal Network CEHURD CONGEH Corte Interamericana de Derechos Humanos Costa Rica Disability Rights International DRI equality effect equitas HIV/AIDS human rights human rights watch IHRDA impunity India Inter American Court of Human Rights Iqaluit justice kampala kenya LICADHO Maliiganik Tukisiiniakvik Maliiganik Tukisiiniakvik Legal Services Namibia New York City Nunavut Oceans Beyond Piracy One Earth Future Foundation philippines Piracy refugee law project shull yang Siena Anstis The Gambia The Philippines Uganda women's rights


Os Bárbaros Co. - For a really cool beard!
Nobody wants a beggar's beard, but is just pass the oil and that's it?
See now how to treat the beard for her to represent you!
After moisturizing the beard with your favorite oil, you spent all day exposing your beard to dust, fried food, tobacco, and other things that left it stinking and not so showy.
So a good beard shampoo at the end of the day during the bath, will help remove the excess oil that the wires did not absorb and the dirt of the day. Never use a common soap in your beard, there are bar soaps, known as soap for beard, suitable for such a function.
So like this you'll are prepared to receive one more dose of daily hydration.
How to wash the beard? Does it have a right way?
Yes, bearded! First wash your hair as you usually do, clean your face as usual. Then apply the beard shampoo to your hand or directly to the beard as directed by the manufacturer. Firmly rub your fingertips to the skin and massage the wires.
One or two applications should be enough to make your beard clean and ready to be moisturize. This can be done with a balm or one beard oil.
Well, after this rain of information, how to choose the best BEARD OIL?
Os Bárbaros Beard Co. always has the concern in bringing the best for you and for that reason we always test all the products that arrive here. That's why we can offer you the best beard oil!
Once this is done, choose the fragrance that pleases you best and be happy!


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Systematic injustice against Bangali Media
Aggression against young protestors, media crackdowns, disconnecting mobile connections, gagging journalists will most likely not help the Awami League, in the upcoming December general elections
Ammara Ahmad
Shahid ul Alam, an internationally acclaimed photojournalist from Dhaka, known for his criticism of the current government was abducted from his home last week.
Later that day he was produced in the court where he told reporters that he had been tortured. He was being interrogated for "giving false information to different media outlets and for provocative comments": regarding recent protests against traffic safety in Dhaka. In July, a bus accident left two teenagers dead, leading to outraged protests by thousands demanding improvements in road safety. Bangladesh like much of South Asia, suffers from serious traffic challenges.The peaceful protest consisting mostly of students faced excessive brute at the hands of the police. Rubber bullets, water canons, tear gas left hundreds injured. Moreover they were even attacked by a pro-government mob.
Also read Dissent in Dhaka
Shahid ul Alam recorded these images, and last Sunday evening, gave a harsh interview against the current Bangladeshi government on Al Jazeera. He said that "this is an un-elected government so they did not have the mandate to rule but they have been clinging on by brute force," he further said "so it really is that pent-up energy, emotion, that anger. This incident, sad as it is, is really the valve that allowed things to go through."
"In Bangladesh, it is a bad idea to criticize the constitution or Islam, although the country is officially secular"
The very next morning, twenty plain clothes officers abducted Alam from his home and his whereabouts remained unknown until the evening. He is now being charged under Section 57 of Bangladesh's Information Communications Technology Act (ICT Act), a controversial communications law that punishes those who "tend to deprave or corrupt" the country's image.
Bangladesh is currently number 146 out of 180 countries on the World Press Freedom Index, with one being the freest. India and Pakistan are not too far ahead at 138 and 139 respectively. However, the Reporters without Borders, an organization that monitors press freedom and safety across the world, has raised concerns about the "endemic violence" against Bangladeshi journalists and the "systematic impunity" enjoyed by the violators. The Section 57 of the ICT is often criticized for being used to harass journalists. "In Bangladesh, it is a bad idea to criticize the constitution or Islam, although the country is officially secular," the report said.
Moreover aggression against young protestors, media crackdowns, disconnecting mobile connections, gagging journalists will most likely not help the Awami League, in the upcoming December general elections.The Information and Communication Technology ACT 2006 (ICT Act), under which Shahidul Alam is due to be tried soon, is often used to suppress freedom of expression. The Section 57 of the statute has been repeatedly used to hound journalists and activists. This statute punishes "obscene or false" information with seven years in prison and heavy fines.
Alam is one of the many people arrested under Section 57. These arrests and enforced disappearances have become a common occurrence in Bangladesh. Scores of journalists and activists have been arrested or detained under the law. They follow the same pattern as Alam's arrest. A group of men in plain clothes storm into their house or office without a warrant, any documentation or even an explanation. They usually leave behind little proof and even remove nearby CCTV footage. A lengthy process follows for recovering the person because authorities deny abducting the person while families struggle to get any government help.
However, Shahidul Alam is an internationally acclaimed journalist and the news of his disappearance broke like wildfire. Demonstrations began outside the Detective Branch Office (DBO) where he was said to be held, with messages of support and outrage in the international press. The authorities were forced to confess that he was in their custody.
When Shahidul Alam appeared in the court, he looked drained; a man in his early sixties, the detention and torture had taken their toil on him. This blatant attack, first on the freedom to protest and then on the freedom of speech, has brought Bangladesh in the international glare but for all the wrong reasons. The journalistic fraternity in South Asia is unnerved. Amnesty International has called for his release. He is trending on social media and journalists from all over the world are calling for his release.
This reflects poorly on the Awami League government and even more negatively on Bangladesh as a democracy. Today it is not just freedom and democracy that is at stake in Bangladesh but also the lives of thousands of student protesters. Laws should protect journalists and not persecute them. The crackdown on protesters must end and the government should either consider their demands or negotiate. Not just Shahid ul Alam but every missing journalist and activist must be returned. Last but not the least the ICT Act must be amended. Journalists who criticize and analyze the political climate of Bangladesh are not a threat to the state but rather an asset.
The writer is based in Lahore and tweets @ammarawrites. Her work is available on www.ammaraahmad.com
Published in Daily Times, August 12th 2018.


The DK - German Medical Diagnostic Center Ltd. makes a concerted effort to stay abreast of government regulations and offer its valued customers services that facilitate their interaction with government offices where such depends on the production of a health certificate. Following recent changes, foreign nationals wishing to obtain or renew their work permits will be required to undergo a medical screening.
The DK - German Medical Diagnostic Center Ltd. has recently amended its registration with the Ministry of Public Health of the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan and associated government organs to have on file three authorised signatories so as to assure the continuous, uninterrupted issuance of health certificates for submission to the state.
Those individuals requiring a health certificate in view of obtaining or renewing a foreign national work permit can visit our facility during our normal hours of operation without the need for an appointment. The certificate and associated medical report will be issued the next working day. Volume clients are offered the possibility of site visits thereby foregoing the need to send large numbers of foreign staff to our facility.
Please take due note that any individual wishing to obtain a health certificate for work permit reasons is required to produce their original passport during the examination so as to permit our staff to note the pertinent details for entering on the official certificate.
The flat charge levied for the services required to be rendered to permit issuance of an official health certificate are currently levied at USD 125.00 per person.
Individual clients may contact Mr. Matin Omar via fo1@dkgmdc.com (in English and Dari) or call on +93 (0)702 962932.


Klocwork will ship later this month version 9.0 of its Insight Pro product for source code analysis , which the company says offers capabilities for agile programming projects.
Offered as a suite of tools, Insight Pro analyzes code for memory and resource leaks, buffer overflows, and security vulnerabilities. With version 9, Klocwork is "stepping outside of the traditional realm of just finding bugs," said Gwynn Fischer, CTO at Klocwork.
Capabilities in version 9.0 are intended to agile developers, who have to produce working code within a short time, Fisher said.


Since Major League Bocce began in Washington, it was originally known as the DC Bocce League. After several years operating the DC Bocce League to great success, the founders put together an expansion strategy to bring the wonderful game of Bocce to cities beyond the DC metro area. In 2011, the team launched Major League Bocce in Philadelphia. Three years later, the League landed in Richmond! Today, Major League Bocce operates leagues in 10 cities across the US.
Bocce is attractive to all types of people because it's so versatile - you can play on grass in the middle of a city park, or you can roll right next to the ocean on a sandy beach. The sport is both casual to play and competitive in strategy. Men and women are on equal footing in this sport, and age is never an issue (as long as you're over 21!). We've found that it's one of the best things to do and ways to meet people in Richmond and beyond!