text:
Q: EntityRefs and EntitySets - When are they retrieved? Assume I have an entity named "A" that contains an EntityRef and an EntitySet. I'm curious as to exactly when, by default, the EntityRef and EntitySet are retrieved when "A" is retrieved from the database? It seems, from my experimentation, that the EntityRef is retrieved at the same time entity "A" is retrieved from the database and the EntitySet is retrieved when I starting iterating over the EntitySet entities. Is this correct?
Thanks - Randy

A: Yes you are correct about the defaults.  You can customize the behavior in a few ways as well:  In the model (depending on provider) you can set lazy-loading properties to fetch at the time the main object is fetched, or to wait until that particular property is requested (default).
Also, you can load one EntitySet per parent per query in a query with DataLoadOptions, example:
public class Parent
{
  public string Name { get; set; }
  public EntitySet<Child> Children { get; set; }
}
public class Child
{
  public string Name { get; set; }
  public int Age { get; set; }
}

var dlo = new DataLoadOptions();
dlo.LoadWith<Parent>(p => p.Children);
var dc = new DataContext();
dc.LoadOptions = dlo;

var parentAndChildren = from p in dc.Parents select p;

The above would perform a left join to fetch the children in a single query.  You can find more examples in the DataLoadOptions MSDN Docs.  There's also a similar AssociateWith for restricted loading you may want to check out.
Also, if you need to load the EntitySet earlier, you can call .Load() on it.


Gottlieb, Michael Long, Brit and Koyfman, Alex 2018. Clinical Mimics: An Emergency Medicine-Focused Review of Streptococcal Pharyngitis Mimics. The Journal of Emergency Medicine, Vol. 54, Issue. 5, p. 619.
Turula, Holly and Wobus, Christiane 2018. The Role of the Polymeric Immunoglobulin Receptor and Secretory Immunoglobulins during Mucosal Infection and Immunity. Viruses, Vol. 10, Issue. 5, p. 237.
Maylin, Sarah Feghoul, Linda Salmona, Maud Herda, Adel Mercier-Delarue, Séverine Simon, François and Legoff, Jérôme 2017. Evaluation the Architect EBV VCA IgM, VCA IgG, and EBNA-1 IgG chemiluminescent immunoassays to assess EBV serostatus prior transplantation. Journal of Medical Virology, Vol. 89, Issue. 11, p. 2003.
Gantuz, Magdalena Lorenzetti, Mario Alejandro Chabay, Paola Andrea Preciado, María Victoria and Gershburg, Edward 2017. A novel recombinant variant of latent membrane protein 1 from Epstein Barr virus in Argentina denotes phylogeographical association. PLOS ONE, Vol. 12, Issue. 3, p. e0174221.
Alonso-Padilla, Julio Lafuente, Esther M. and Reche, Pedro A. 2017. Computer-Aided Design of an Epitope-Based Vaccine against Epstein-Barr Virus. Journal of Immunology Research, Vol. 2017, Issue. , p. 1.
Paik, Jin Ho Choe, Ji-Young Kim, Hyojin Lee, Jeong-Ok Kang, Hyoung Jin Shin, Hee Young Lee, Dong Soon Heo, Dae Seog Kim, Chul-Woo Cho, Kwang-Hyun Kim, Tae Min and Jeon, Yoon Kyung 2017. Clinicopathological categorization of Epstein–Barr virus-positive T/NK-cell lymphoproliferative disease: an analysis of 42 cases with an emphasis on prognostic implications. Leukemia & Lymphoma, Vol. 58, Issue. 1, p. 53.
Zhang, Shuo Feng, Juan and Shi, Yifang 2016. Transient widespread cortical and splenial lesions in acute encephalitis/encephalopathy associated with primary Epstein–Barr virus infection. International Journal of Infectious Diseases, Vol. 42, Issue. , p. 7.
Cui, Xinle Cao, Zhouhong Chen, Quanyi Arjunaraja, Swadhinya Snow, Andrew L. and Snapper, Clifford M. 2016. Rabbits immunized with Epstein-Barr virus gH/gL or gB recombinant proteins elicit higher serum virus neutralizing activity than gp350. Vaccine, Vol. 34, Issue. 34, p. 4050.
Ramasubramanyan, Sharada Osborn, Kay Al-Mohammad, Rajaei Naranjo Perez-Fernandez, Ijiel B. Zuo, Jianmin Balan, Nicolae Godfrey, Anja Patel, Harshil Peters, Gordon Rowe, Martin Jenner, Richard G. and Sinclair, Alison J. 2015. Epstein–Barr virus transcription factor Zta acts through distal regulatory elements to directly control cellular gene expression. Nucleic Acids Research, Vol. 43, Issue. 7, p. 3563.
Hunninghake, Ronald 2014. Effect of high dose vitamin C on Epstein-Barr viral infection. Medical Science Monitor, Vol. 20, Issue. , p. 725.
YU, XIAO-XIA YAO, CUI-WEI TAO, JING-LI YANG, CHEN LUO, MIAN-NA LI, SHANG-MEI and LIU, HUA-FENG 2014. The expression of renal Epstein-Barr virus markers in patients with lupus nephritis. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, Vol. 7, Issue. 5, p. 1135.
Santos, Larissa Azevedo, Kátia Silva, Licinio and Oliveira, Ledy 2014. Epstein-Barr virus in oral mucosa from human immunodeficiency virus positive patients. Revista da Associação Médica Brasileira, Vol. 60, Issue. 3, p. 262.
Stein, Jamal M. Said Yekta, Sareh Kleines, Michael Ok, Dilara Kasaj, Adrian Reichert, Stefan Schulz, Susanne and Scheithauer, Simone 2013. Failure to detect an association between aggressive periodontitis and the prevalence of herpesviruses. Journal of Clinical Periodontology, Vol. 40, Issue. 1, p. 1.
Zihlif, Malek A. Mahmoud, Ismail S. Ghanim, Majd T. Zreikat, Manar S. Alrabadi, Nasr Imraish, Amer Odeh, Fadwa Abbas, Manal A. and Ismail, Said I. 2013. Thymoquinone Efficiently Inhibits the Survival of EBV-Infected B Cells and Alters EBV Gene Expression. Integrative Cancer Therapies, Vol. 12, Issue. 3, p. 257.
Calarota, Sandra A. Chiesa, Antonella Zelini, Paola Comolli, Giuditta Minoli, Lorenzo and Baldanti, Fausto 2013. Detection of Epstein-Barr virus-specific memory CD4+T cells using a peptide-based cultured enzyme-linked immunospot assay. Immunology, Vol. 139, Issue. 4, p. 533.
Kim, Min Seok Choi, Jin and Jung, Jae Ho 2013. Bilateral Abducens Nerve Palsy in Pediatric Patients with Epstein-Barr Virus Encephalitis. Journal of the Korean Ophthalmological Society, Vol. 54, Issue. 8, p. 1303.
Lernia, Vito Di and Mansouri, Yasaman 2013. Epstein-Barr virus and skin manifestations in childhood. International Journal of Dermatology, Vol. 52, Issue. 10, p. 1177.
Nelson, Danielle D. Taus, Naomi S. Schneider, David A. Cunha, Cristina W. Davis, William C. Brown, Wendy C. Li, Hong O'Toole, Donal and Oaks, J. Lindsay 2013. Fibroblasts express OvHV-2 capsid protein in vasculitis lesions of American bison (Bison bison) with experimental sheep-associated malignant catarrhal fever. Veterinary Microbiology, Vol. 166, Issue. 3-4, p. 486.
Cunha, Burke A. Mickail, Nardeen and Petelin, Andrew P. 2012. Infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome probably attributable to Coxsackie A virus infection. Heart & Lung, Vol. 41, Issue. 5, p. 522.
Division of Medicine, Imperial College, Chelsea and Westminster Hospital, 369 Fulham Road, London, SW10 9NH, UK.


text:
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 Malo (album), a Malo együttes albuma
 Malo (keresztnév)
 Malo (vezetéknév)

Földrajz
 Amerikai Egyesült Államok
 Malo (Washington)

 Olaszország
 Malo, település Veneto régióban, Vicenza megyében

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Q: How to properly define types for a `withProps` function for React? Here's what I've got:
export function withProps<P,U extends Partial<P>>(component: React.ComponentType<P>, defaultProps: U): React.FunctionComponent<P & U> {
    return props => React.createElement(component, {...defaultProps, ...props});
}

And here's my usage attempt:

a shouldn't be required for Comp2.
I tried updating the definition to
React.FunctionComponent<Omit<P,keyof U>>

but it doesn't like that either:

I'd think the proper output props would be Omit<P,keyof U> & U. i.e., we remove all of the default props and then add them back in as a Partial (all optional), but I don't know how to get that to work.
Try it here: https://codesandbox.io/s/crazy-monad-pzbve

A: This is a bit tricky. To achieve a separation of the provided properties the declaration of the combined type needs to be change like this: TProps & TDefaultProps. This combined type needs also to by the primary parameter of Omit.  After the types  TProps and TDefaultProps are separated they will not have any property in common. So it is not possible to assign both values defaultProps and props to the same object. Therefore at least one as any will be need.
function withProps<TProps, TDefaultProps>
  (component: React.ComponentType<TProps & TDefaultProps>, defaultProps: TDefaultProps):
     React.FC<Omit<TProps & TDefaultProps, keyof TDefaultProps>> {
       return props => React.createElement(component, { ...defaultProps as any, ...props});
}

A: I took the example you posted and made some changes:

*

*I changed withProps into a curried function, like you might see in recompose, that takes your default props and returns a higher-order component.

*Omit is typed slightly wrong; the second type parameter should extend keyof any, the way it is in TypeScript 3.5. The reason is that the post-condition for Omit is "the returned type will not have any of these keys", but it does not have the pre-condition that "the given type must have all of these keys". This makes Omit useful in a wider range of scenarios.

*The returned component needs to accept Partial<TDefaultProps>, not TDefaultProps. TDefaultProps has no undefined properties, so they are all "required". Partial<TDefaultProps> lets them be optional (because they are defaulted).

*You need to cast one of the object spreads to TProps. The reason is an open issue.

Here is the result:
const defaultProps = <DefaultProps extends object>(defaults: DefaultProps) => <
  Props extends Partial<DefaultProps>
>(
  Component: React.ComponentType<Props>
) => (props: Omit<Props, keyof DefaultProps> & Partial<DefaultProps>) => (
  <Component {...defaults} {...props as Props} />
);

A: This is giving the best, most comprehensive results so far
export function withProps<TProps extends Record<string,any>, TDefaultProps extends Partial<TProps>=Partial<TProps>>(component: React.ElementType<TProps>, defaultProps: TDefaultProps) {
    const C = (props:TProps) => React.createElement(component, {...defaultProps, ...props});
    if (process.env.NODE_ENV !== 'production') {
        C.displayName = `withProps(${getDisplayName(component)}, ...)`;
    }
    return C as React.FunctionComponent<Omit<TProps, keyof TDefaultProps> & Partial<TDefaultProps>>;
}

It throws errors if you try to set a default prop that doesn't exist, allows you to omit the default props, and allows you to override the default props.
Having to use Partial<TDefaultProps> on that final line really confused me at first because I thought I defined it as Partial already, but then I realized that it extends Partial<TProps> but when materialized, the optionalness is effectively dropped.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


There have been many debates about Stephenie Meyer and her writing style since she shot to fame just a few short years ago. Many people believe that the Twilight Saga is not worth the incredible amount of attention (and money) that it has received, and that Stephenie Meyer does not deserve the out-of-control sales in both books, films and merchandising that her books have generated. With claims that range from that she is a bad writer to claims that her stories have dangerous themes, readers and fellow authors have been very vocal in expressing their discomfort with the exalted status of the Twilight Saga and its author, Stephenie Meyer.
With the claims of juvenile writing aside, Stephenie Meyer must face accusations of supporting unacceptable behavior from the teen devotees of her two main star-crossed characters Edward and Bella. Many critics of the Twilight Saga point out that Stephenie Meyer seems to encourage obsessive behavior, weak-willed and stereotyped heroines, and unbalanced love affairs. The hero of the Twilight Saga, a young male vampire named Edward, exhibits stalker characteristics, while the heroine shows low self-esteem, bows down to the wills and whims of her helplessly dependent father and deliberately endangers her own life due to her obsession with Edward – for instance, choosing to walk down a dark street where she knows there are bad guys, collapsing in the woods and staying out all night when the relationship ends, and diving off a high cliff into dangerous icy waters after having what she believes is a 'vision' of Edward saving her. Not exactly role-model behavior!
While some of these claims about the Twilight Saga and Stephenie Meyer may have a good point, readers cannot set the book apart from all other books that have been written throughout history just because times are a little more politically correct these days. The Twilight Saga is certainly not the first book that has featured danger, unhealthy relationships, bad-boy heroes, or a weak heroine. The merit of the writing of Stephenie Meyer should not be decided by its critics, but by the immense and mainly teenage audience that the Twilight Saga has garnered. Stephenie Meyer has made it clear that the Twilight Saga was written to entertain, and the books certainly live up to that purpose, although they may never win any awards for literary excellence. If it's escapism you're looking for, Stephanie Mayer is the author for you!


text:
COVID-19: Germany U-turns on Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine and recommends it for over-65s
It comes after France approved the Oxford jab for use on 65 to 74-year-olds with underlying health conditions.
Thursday 4 March 2021 17:04, UK
Image: Previously Germany said there was not enough efficacy data on the Oxford vaccine and the elderly
German health officials have U-turned on the Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine and recommended it for use on over-65s.
The German health ministry said on Thursday that its independent vaccine committee has now formally approved the COVID-19 jab for use in that age group.
It comes after disproved claims in Europe that the jab was as little as 8% effective among the elderly.
Live COVID updates from the UK and around the world
Image: Several EU countries have restricted use of the AstraZeneca jab on the elderly
German health officials have also said that delaying the second dose of the Oxford jab by 12 weeks - as the UK is doing - increases its efficacy.
Health minister Jens Spahn said the change in position is "good news for older people who are waiting for a vaccination", adding: "They will get vaccinated faster."
Germany had previously claimed that there was not enough reliable efficacy data to allow the AstraZeneca jab to be used on the over-65s.
COVID-19: Self-isolation period in England cut to five days as 16 and 17-year-olds invited for booster jabs
Boris Johnson: Tory chairman Oliver Dowden 'disgusted' by Downing Street 'partygate' scandal and calls for culture change in Number 10
COVID-19: Tory chairman Oliver Dowden 'hopeful' coronavirus restrictions can be lifted by end of January
Oxford-AstraZeneca vaccine
Other European countries, including Denmark, the Netherlands and Sweden, followed, with French President Emmanuel Macron claiming it was "quasi-ineffective" on pensioners.
But this week, France U-turned on its decision and approved it for use on people aged between 65 and 74 with underlying health conditions.
Mr Macron said he would accept the vaccine himself and urged his German counterpart Angela Merkel to do the same.
There has been widespread criticism of the comparatively slow rollout of coronavirus vaccines within the EU, with many saying the bloc failed to secure adequate supplies.
How COVID-conspiracists and anti-vaxxers are getting organised and making money
Subscribe to the Daily podcast on Apple Podcasts, Google Podcasts, Spotify, Spreaker
Original claims by a German newspaper that the Oxford jab was less than 10% effective on the elderly have also been widely disproven.
Researchers in Bristol this week found that the AstraZeneca vaccine is 80.4% effective in preventing the over-80s being hospitalised with the virus.
Other studies have also suggested it is just as effective against the Kent variant in preventing severe disease.
EU President Ursula von der Leyen claimed the UK had compromised on safety by fast-tracking its authorisation, despite the EU regulator reaching the same conclusions on it as the UK's MHRA.
But with mounting research to the contrary, she appears to have changed position in recent weeks, telling German newspaper Augsburger Allgemeine: "I would take the AstraZeneca vaccine without a second thought, just like Moderna's and BioNTech-Pfizer's products."
The EU currently has three COVID vaccines approved for use: Oxford-AstraZeneca, Pfizer-BioNTech and Moderna.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
Майя Борисовна Штернберг (в замужестве Майя Косман, англ. Maya Kossman; 24 октября 1920, Харьков, УССР — 22 февраля 2016, Нью-Йорк, США) — советский и американский ботаник, физиолог растений; переводчик, научный редактор (после августовской сессии ВАСХНИЛа).

Биография
Родилась 24-го июня 1920 в Харькове. В возрасте 4 лет переехала с семьёй в Москву.

Физиолог растений, последовательница Д. А. Сабинина, пострадала во время лысенковщины. Как и Ю. Л. Цельникер, успела защитить кандидатскую диссертацию накануне августовской сессии ВАСХНИЛа, в июне 1948 года.

"Занималась физиологией важной на тот момент сельскохозяйственной культуры —тунга, также должна была включиться в многообещающие исследования активности синтетических гормонов растений, и была уволена с кафедры физиологии растений МГУ с формулировкой «с целью укрепления кафедры» сразу после августовской сессии ВАСХНИЛа. После увольнения зарабатывала на жизнь переводами и редактированием научных книг, и только в 1952 году смогла устроиться на постоянную работу в только что созданный ВИНИТИ, ставший приютом для многих изгнанных из науки в результате разных «сессий» — аналогов сессии ВАСХНИЛ.

В 1955 году подписала «Письмо трёхсот», ставшее причиной отставки Лысенко с поста президента ВАСХНИЛ.

В её переводах или под её редакцией вышли многие важные для развития отечественной науки переводные монографии — например, «Культура растительных тканей» Ф. Р. Уайта, «Ритмы физиологических процессов» Э. Бюннинга, «Биохимия нуклеиновых кислот» Дж. Дэвидсона, учебник «Биология» К. Вилли (впоследствии широко известный у нас в стране в более поздних изданиях как «Биология» Вилли и Детье).

Жила и работала в Москве вплоть до 1972 года. Эмигрировала из Советского Союза с мужем и двумя детьми в 1972 году. Провела год (1972—1973) в Израиле. С 1973-го года жила в США: первый год (1973) — в Кливленде (Огайо), с 1974 до конца жизни — в Нью-Йорке.

В США  продолжала работать редактором научных изданий в Academic Press.

Семья
Отец Майи — Борис Акимович Штернберг (1886—1937), инженер, бывший член "Бунда", начальник Управления водопроводно-канализационного хозяйства Моссовета, был арестован и расстрелян в 1937 году как «враг народа», похоронен в Коммунарке.

После расстрела отца, 20 января 1938 года, её мать, Евгения Яковлевна Штернберг (Кокель) (1888—1970), микробиолог по профессии, была арестована и приговорена к сроку в исправительно-трудовом лагере как «член семьи врага народа». Во время Холокоста в Ровно погибла её бабушка Роза Кокель и много других членов её семьи. В начале войны Майя была эвакуирована в Кзыл-Орду (Казахстан), в 1944 г. вернулась в Москву.

Mуж, Леонид Косман, был в эмиграции журналистом, филологом, лингвистом, автором учебников по немецкой фразеологии, английскому языку и грамматике для русскоязычных, первый раз эмигрировавшим из революционной России в раннем детстве (в 1918). В 1941-ом г. ему удалось бежать из Латвии за три дня до оккупации Риги гитлеровской армией. Все оставшиеся члены его семьи, включая жену (Терезу Якоби) и мать (Рут Бренсон), погибли в Холокосте в Риге.

Сын: Косман, Михаил Леонидович — поэт, прозаик, переводчик поэзии и литературовед

Дочь: Косман, Нина Леонидовна — поэт, прозаик, художник, переводчик стихов, редактор.

Память
В октябре 2022 г. на биофаке МГУ установили мемориальную доску памяти жертв лысенковщины. Среди многих имён, на ней стоят имена Майи Борисовны Штернберг и её учителя Д. А. Сабинина.

Избранные научные публикации
1. Штернберг М. Б. «О возможном участии ростовых веществ и нуклеиновых кислот в механизме действия фитохрома»

«The Possible Participation of Growth Stimulants and Nucleic Acids in the Mechanism of the Action of Phytochrome» [in Google Books]

2. М. Б. Штернберг «Особенности морфогенетических процессов плагиотропных побегов» (Доклады АН СССР,1951,#3,507)

3. Штернберг М. Б. «Структура кроны моноподиальных и симподиальных деревьев —Бюллетень Московского общества научных исследователей» — М. 1953, #1, 63

4. Штернберг М. Б. «Влияние ориентации эмбрионального листа плагиотропного побега на рост листовой пластинки» (Ботанический журнал [СССР], 1956, 61, № 3, 51

5. Штернберг М. Б. «Особенности физиологии плагиотропных побегов плодовых деревьев» — Ботанический журнал [СССР], 1957, 42 № 7, 1079

6. Штернберг М. Б. «О корреляционном ингибировании роста растений» — Ботанический журнал [СССР] 1963, 48 — 273

7. Штернберг М. Б. "Биохимия и физиология растений´- Руководство к реферированию научной литературы по ботанике, физиологии растений, растениеводству, лесоводству, почвоведению и агрохимии — М. 1964

8. Штернберг М. Б. «О возможном участии ростовых веществ и нуклеиновых кислот в меьанизме действия фитохрома» в "Регуляторы роста растений и нуклеиновый обмен) Академия Наук СССР. Москва: Издательство Наука, 1965 г.

9. Штернберг М. Б. «Современное развитие идей Д. Сабинина о ритмах роста растений» (Известия АН СССР, серия биология, 1971, № 6, 850)

Избранные научные переводы / книги
Ф. Р. Уайт, Культура растительных тканей. — Пер. с английского М. Б. Штернберг М. Издательство «Иностранная литература»- 1949.

Рейнер, М.С. Роль микориз в питании деревьев Текст. — М.С. Рейнер, В. Нельсон-Джонс — Пер. с англ. М. Б. Штернберг. М. ИЛ. — 1949. 236

Крокер В. Рост растений — М.: Издательство иност. литературы. 1950. 359 с.

E. Бюннинг, Ритмы физиологических процессов («Физиологические часы») Пер. с немецкого М. Б. Штернберг. — М. Издательство «Иностранная литература», 1961

Дж. Н. Дэвидсон, Биохимия нуклеиновых кислот — М. Издательство «Мир», 1952 [1-е издание], 1968 [5-е издание]

К. Вилли, Биология (Растения), Москва — Издательство «Мир», 1968

Англо-русский биологический словарь: Физиология растений. — М. 1963 Академия наук «Наука», Москва — Большая советская энциклопедия (раздел «Биология»

Примечания

Источники и ссылки
 Устная история
 Юдифь Львовна Цельникер. Воспоминания
 «Ценность научной истины»
 Список избранных публикаций . Сайт Нины Косман
Физиологи растений
Ботаники по алфавиту
Ботаники СССР
Биологи XX века
Подписавшие «письмо трёхсот»
Выпускники биологического факультета МГУ


Drain and eat immediately or store (in the shell) in a sealed container in the refrigerator or freezer. Boiled peanuts will keep 7 days in the refrigerator, several months in the freezer. Step 5 *The soaking step is not essential, but it reduces the cooking time by a couple of hours and helps ensure that the peanuts cook …... Roasted daily to inner perfection, these jumbo roasted peanuts in shell will be the highest quality and freshest peanuts you have ever tasted. They are unsalted for a simple, healthy snack you can enjoy while watching a ballgame or reading a book. These roasted peanuts make a crunchy, delicious snack packed with protein and fiber.
Boiled peanuts make a delicious snack! Boiled peanuts are the best. My dad has been making them for years. When we moved away from the south we had to learn … how to find change in u chemistry Check out peanuts roasted in shell 500g at woolworths.com.au. Order 24/7 at our online supermarket If you are using a screen reader to navigate the Woolworths website please select the "Accessibility On" switch in accessibility settings.
In a large, heat-proof bowl or pot, stir together the sriracha, boiling water, 1 cup of salt, and soy sauce until the salt is dissolved. Stir in the peanuts, place a heavy plate on the nuts to weigh them down and keep them submerged.
The shells can easily be broken by hand to reveal two peanuts. A great way to keep friends and family entertained and a great accompaniment with your beverage of choice! A great way to keep friends and family entertained and a great accompaniment with your beverage of choice!
Roasting mixed nuts in the shell can be tricky since the nuts have different shell thicknesses that affect the preparation, cooking process and roasting time. It will take awhile to master the art of roasting mixed nuts in the shell, but you can work around the different cooking times with careful preparation.


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O Mestre do Retábulo de Santa Auta é o autor do Retábulo de Santa Auta que assim se designa por se desconhecer a sua identidade.

Por não terem sido encontrados documentos conclusivos sobre a autoria do Retábulo de Santa Auta, os estudiosos, através das características estilísticas da obra, têm proposto o nome de vários pintores como sendo o autor de obra tão destacada do século XVI, designadamente Vasco Fernandes, por Cyrillo Volkmar Machado, Cristóvão de Figueiredo, por José de Figueiredo e Reynaldo dos Santos, Gregório Lopes, também por José de Figueiredo, e Garcia Fernandes, por Luís Reis Santos, não havendo assim unanimidade, nem mesmo uma corrente dominante sobre a autoria da obra, e daí continuar a usar-se o epíteto de Mestre do Retábulo de Santa Auta.

Segundo o historiador José Luís Porfírio, para além da questão importante da autoria da obra, é de realçar a valia de uma pintura ao mesmo tempo religiosa e cortesã, em que a lenda e a realidade, a história e a actualidade, se misturam de forma significativa, sendo, segundo historiadores da arte, uma das obras mais encantadoras da pintura cosmopolita portuguesa do primeiro quartel do século XVI.

Bibliografia
 Porfírio, José Luís, Pintura Portuguesa, Quetzal Editores, Lisboa (1991), pag. 58-60, ISBN 9725641213.

  O Retábulo de Santa Auta - Estudo de Investigação, Coordenado por Natália Correia Guedes, Centro de Estudos de Arte e Museologia, Instituto de Alta Cultura, Min. de Educação Nacional de Portugal, Lisboa, Outubro de 1972.

Referências

Pintores do Renascimento
Estilo manuelino
Pintores de Portugal


Lead with self-assurance, elegance, and light-footedness instead of with struggle. The clarity you will acquire makes it easy to lead in an intelligent and efficient way that is open and empathic and generates profit with humaneness. You and your co-workers will feel a sense of excitement, joy, commitment, and fulfillment in your work. The seminar introduces the Vision-Led Organization.
Leadership can be learned. To lead others with self-assurance and ease, we need to learn about ourselves and about the people we are to guide. We need to know how people function cognitively and emotionally – in general and as individuals. Instead of getting caught up in details, we develop a clear, comprehensive picture of the whole person that allows us to lead in an intelligent and efficient way. In an environment that is open and empathic, leaders and co-workers will have a sense of excitement, joy, commitment, and fulfillment in their work.
It is commonly assumed that a promotion to a leadership position automatically brings with it the ability to lead others skillfully. This resembles the expectation that the birth of a child automatically bestows upon new parents the ability to raise the child in the best possible way. These assumptions often fall flat.
Again and again disappointment, frustration, helplessness, and hopelessness show up, where we would so much like to generate and experience ease, joy, and excitement. This level of leadership is attainable, however, because in this seminar leadership can be learned.
CEO's, upper and middle management, business owners, self-employed persons, performing artists, sports professionals, anyone who is in or aspires to a leadership position.
The seminar is conducted on three consecutive days from 9:00 am to 5:00 pm. On the first and second evenings, all the participants will view movies illustrating the day's topic.
Unlike traditional instruction, this seminar is designed to go beyond learning strategies. Its unique goal is to produce a shift in the participants' conceptual framework to access this extraordinary level of leadership.
To enhance this process, participants are urged to avoid interruptions from outside for the duration of the seminar and to keep the evenings free for the movies, for individual homework assignments, and for the review of the day's material.
Dr. Warschawski developed the seminar LEAD WITH ELEGANCE, NOT STRUGGLE out of his vision to help leaders function on a level of leadership, achievement, and well-being that far exceeds the outcome of traditional training courses. Challenging and compassionate, he enables participants and clients to develop those inner qualities that transform technical skills and "know how" into true mastery.
He is the originator of the concept of the Vision-Led Organization and designed the process for organizations to establish themselves as a Vision-traditional hierarchical organization.
Dr. Warschawski gives seminars and lectures in America and Europe and is a consultant, coach, and therapist on both continents. He lives with his family in Baltimore, Maryland, USA.


Affords pet owners peace of mind, as it keeps puppies, kittens, and small adult dogs and cats safely contained within their fenced yard or behind your balcony railing.
Simple to use for all ages - adjust easily to provide a comfortable and secure fit.
Patented ergonomic design enables full range of motion and comfortable, all-day wear in any climate.
Constructed of lightweight, nonirritating material that is durable and easy to care for. Straps ar 100% nylon.
Compact and weighing less than three ounces, it fits easily into a purse, suitcase or automobile glove box for pets on the go.
Compatible with most standard dog/cat doors.
Note: Make sure to measure your pet's neck, this is the most important measurement.
See measuring instructions below. The ROD cannot be removed.
With the animal standing, use a cloth measuring tape to calculate the distance from the center of the back down to the underside of the belly (just behind the front legs) and up the opposite side to the center of the back. Keep the tape flat and comfortably snug—but not tight—for accurate measurement.
Measure your pet's neck where their collar would naturally rest. Measure all the way around the neck. This is the most important measurement.


Since the unveiling of its highly anticipated new iPad, Apple seems to be firing on all cylinders. Despite the ongoing concerns over its supplier practices and the somewhat anticlimactic unveil of its latest tablet, Apple is moving full-speed ahead, boring massive holes in the arguments of those who thought that the tragic passing of Steve Jobs would mean an inevitable slowdown for the company.
While this observation is hardly news in and of itself, several Monday headlines have only served to underscore the positive vibes that Apple has been exuding lately.
Apple today announced it has sold three million of its incredible new iPad, since its launch on Friday, March 16. The new iPad features a stunning new Retina display, Apple's new A5X chip with quad-core graphics, a 5 megapixel iSight camera with advanced optics for capturing amazing photos and 1080p HD video, and still delivers the same all-day 10 hour battery life while remaining amazingly thin and light. iPad Wi-Fi 4G supports ultrafast 4G LTE networks in the US and Canada, and fast networks around the world including those based on HSPA+ and DC-HSDPA.
Commenting on the news of the new record, Apple senior VP of Worldwide Marketing Philip Schiller added, "The new iPad is a blockbuster with three million sold—the strongest iPad launch yet." According to Schiller, consumers are "loving" the new iPad's features, specifically the highly covered Retina display.
This only seems to serve those of us—including myself—right after ridiculing the way in which Apple went about presenting its latest tablet.
Unsurprisingly, these record sales numbers have only served to boost the value of Apple's highly coveted stock. Closing just over the $600 mark on Monday, Apple shares served to break yet another company record, making for quite an exciting day in Cupertino.
Such news was complemented by an announcement of perhaps the most anti-Jobs move the Tim Cook regime has made since taking the helm at Apple.
"Apple today announced plans to initiate a dividend and share repurchase program commencing later this year," declared yet another Monday morning press release.
Without delay, the news of Cook's decision to break from Jobs' no-dividend lead has resulted in a heap of criticism for the Apple CEO—a man who seems destined to live in his predecessor's shadow no matter how well he does as the company's chief executive.
And I'm obliged to agree with her. After all, a Cook-run Apple has already managed to break a couple company records—and that's just today.


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Jamie Spears allegedly called Britney "fat," a "terrible mother," and much worse!
Jul 5, 2021 1:38 PM EDT
More unsettling details are coming out about Britney's predicament!
By Elyse Johnson
Los Angeles, California - More disturbing details are coming to light following Britney Spears' recent conservatorship hearing.
On Saturday, a friend of Britney Spears' family revealed more shocking details about her father, Jamie's, abuse of power. © Screenshot/Instagram/britneyspears
For years, it has been implied that the pop singer's father, Jamie, was mistreating his daughter.
Apparently, the manager has been abusing his power more than anyone would've imagined.
On Saturday, an insider dropped some heavy bombs to The New Yorker about Jamie's alleged treatment of the Circus singer when her conservatorship first began.
Celebrities Doja Cat's glittering Fashion Week look breaks the internet!
The insider claimed that the singer's father beat her down with abusive and disgusting language after he checked in her into a psychiatric ward in 2008.
"Jamie said, 'Baby' … and I thought he was going to say, 'We love you, but you need help. But what he said was, 'You're fat. Daddy's gonna get you on a diet and a trainer, and you're gonna get back in shape,'" the longtime family friend claimed.
The source also revealed that the 68-year-old would bellow out "I am Britney Spears" to family members while harshly degrading the Toxic singer.
"He would get all in her face – spittle was flying – telling her she was a whore and a terrible mother," the insider added.
Will Britney Get Justice?
Britney Spears has been fighting to end her conservatorship and to remove Jamie (l.) as head of her estate. © collage: screenshot/instagram/britneyspears & IMAGO / ZUMA Wire
These latest horrifying allegations follow Jamie's attempt at clearing his name after Britney's jaw-dropping court hearing.
Last week, he filed court documents stating that he hasn't had any contact with his daughter in years and blamed her personal conservator, Jodi Montgomery, for any decisions that have been made.
Days later, the singer's attempts at having her father removed as her conservator was denied by the court.
Taylor Swift Did Taylor Swift's The Eras Tour setlist and special guests just leak?
On June 23, Britney Spears addressed her 13-year conservatorship for the first time in court.
During the virtual hearing, the Criminal artist detailed the heartbreaking situations she's been in, including limited access to her funds and being forced to take heavy medications. The pop star's disturbing confessions have garnered worldwide support from fans, friends, and family. Even the singer's sister, Jamie Lynn, broke her silence and explained that she has always been on the pop star's side.
Now that even more traumatic information is being brought to light, will the singer finally get the freedom she's been crying out for?
Cover photo: collage: screenshot/instagram/britneyspears & IMAGO / ZUMA Wire
More on Britney Spears:
Britney Spears is reportedly annoyed with fans over wellness check
Britney Spears trolls her restaurant debacle, Justin Timberlake, and a new tattoo!
Britney Spears defends bizarre restaurant reaction as Sam Asghari speaks out
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The geek theme and box spoilers for Loot Crate October 2016 geek mystery crates have been revealed. Every month, Loot Crate chooses a new theme for that month's geek gear and collectibles. Other Loot Crate geek boxes, including the Loot Crate DX, Loot Pets, and Loot Wear, share the same monthly geek box theme. The October 2016 Loot Crate theme is HORROR.
What's that stalking up behind you? It's this month's Loot Crate—filled with terrifyingly terrific and frighteningly fun collectibles and apparel from your favorite horror franchises! Stay together, don't try to start your car, and for god's sake, don't trip over anything!
We also have a sneak peek into the October 2016 Loot Crate Horror crate with the first box spoilers! The Horror Loot Crate has items from The Texas Chainsaw Massacre, AMC's The Walking Dead, A Nightmare on Elm Street and Friday the 13th.
What do you think about the Loot Crate October 2016 Horror theme and box spoilers?
October 2016 Loot Crate subscriptions close 9PM PST, October 19, 2016. Click here to reserve your box!
Save $3 off October's Loot Crate when you use coupon code LOOTR3 or use code FINDBOXES to save 10% off any Loot Crate subscription. Sign-up for 12 months of Loot Crate geek boxes and you'll get a free Loot Crate t-shirt!


Other Info This Very friendly, un-neutered boy arrived in my hay barn. He is Very, very thin. May have recently been under a vet as has shaved area to right leg. Teeth are in excellent condition, so may be quite young (vet was unsure as to age). Hair loss inbetween back legs.
As he hasn`t been neutered he may have traveled quite a way. As he is so thin, he needs to see a vet, unless it is just lack of food of course. will check other sites for missing cats. Am willing to donate for his care if possible. Keep me posted.


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Home 50 kg of plastic per meter of coast in the world in 2040: from pollution to solution, the striking report of the United Nations Environment Program
50 kg of plastic per meter of coast in the world in 2040: from pollution to solution, the striking report of the United Nations Environment Program
The United Nations Environment Programme has published a comprehensive overview of plastic pollution and marine litter entitled "From Pollution to Solution: A Global Assessment of Marine Litter and Plastic Pollution."
The study aims to provide a comprehensive update of current data and research, identify gaps in knowledge, and concludes with a recommendation for global strategies to address plastic pollution.
This report is particularly important as it will inform the adoption of priority actions at the United Nations Environment Assembly in 2022. At that time, member countries will meet to set the course for global cooperation on plastic pollution control.
As a member of the task force on the UN Global Treaty on Plastic Pollution, The SeaCleaners decodes for you the key points of the report, as well as UNEP's 8 tracks to curb plastic pollution in the oceans.
"This assessment provides the strongest scientific argument to date for the urgency of action, and for the implementation of collective measures to protect and restore our oceans from source to sea."
Inger Andersen Executive Director of UNEP
50 kilograms of plastic per meter of coastline in the world in 2040: an update of plastic pollution figures
Plastic is everywhere, from the depths of the Mariana Trench to the top of Mount Everest.
Today, plastic represents the largest, most harmful and persistent fraction of marine pollution, accounting for at least 85% of all marine litter.
Yet, if we don't change, plastic pollution as we experience it today is a phenomenon that is just beginning.
In 2019, plastic production continued to grow to 368 million tons, equivalent to the weight of humanity. At this rate, the production volume will exceed 1 billion tons (1 ,100 million) per year by 2050.
The UNEP report contrasts the staggering volumes of plastic production with the reality of a recycling industry that is struggling to keep up with this growth: today, less than 10% of the plastic produced is recycled.
Without urgent action, the 11 million tons of plastic that currently enter the ocean each year will triple in the next 20 years.
This would mean that between 23 and 37 million tons of plastic would enter the ocean each year by 2040.
This is equivalent to 50 kilograms of plastic per meter of coastline worldwide.
Plastic waste represents a serious threat to all marine life, exposes human health, while influencing the climate.
Turtles, fish, birds, marine mammals including endangered species such as right whales in the North Atlantic… As we know, marine biodiversity is the first victim of plastic pollution. All marine life is exposed to the dangers of plastic pollution: suffocation, mutilation, starvation, but also intoxication. Pieces of plastic have been found in the digestive systems of many aquatic organisms, including all species of sea turtles and nearly half of the seabird and marine mammal species surveyed.
Plastic pieces have been found in the digestive systems of many aquatic organisms, including all species of sea turtles and nearly half of the seabird and marine mammal species surveyed.
The report also highlights the risks to humans: while the full extent of the impact on human health is not yet known, there is substantial evidence that plastic chemicals can enter the human body: microplastics have been found in our lungs, liver, spleen and kidneys, as well as in the placenta of newborns.
Chemicals commonly linked to plastics have been associated with endocrine disruption, developmental disorders, reproductive abnormalities and cancer.
Throughout its life cycle, plastic perpetuates the vicious cycle of CO2 emissions, affecting global warming. Plastic is a product of petrochemistry, and the more plastic we produce, the more CO2 we consume. Between its production, degradation in its natural state, incineration or recycling, it is estimated that plastic accounts for 19% of the total emissions allowed under the Paris Agreement in 2040 to limit warming to 1.5°C.
Plastic pollution severely affects the ecosystems that absorb this CO2 and weaken their ability to regulate the climate: the ocean warms, acidifies and becomes chemically unbalanced. Mangroves, seagrass beds, shores and coral reefs, the four coastal ecosystems that store the most carbon and act as natural barriers to rising seas and storms, are under great pressure from land-based plastic pollution because of their proximity to rivers.
Not everyone is equal when it comes to plastic pollution
UNEP also points to an often overlooked element of plastic pollution: it is a major social, economic and health inequality. And we are not all equal when it comes to the effects of plastic pollution.
Richer countries produce more plastic waste, which is often sent to less developed countries. In developing countries, local communities lack the structures and funding to manage the environmental, health, social and cultural burdens of plastic pollution.
Plastic pollution of the coasts contributes to perpetuating these inequalities by jeopardizing access to clean water, pest and disease control, and economic activities such as fishing and aquaculture, resulting in billions of dollars in socio-economic losses, mostly borne by the most vulnerable countries.
According to the report, marine plastic pollution reduces valuable marine ecosystem services by at least $500 billion to $2.5 trillion per year, in addition to other social and economic losses to the tourism and shipping sectors.
In addition, the report estimates that by 2040, plastic waste could present an annual financial risk of US$100 billion to businesses that will have to bear the costs of waste management.
Eight ways to change the current trajectory of plastic pollution
"While the amount of marine plastic we have to deal with is so large, science shows us that most of the solutions we need to put in place already exist."
There is no single solution, but we can change the trajectory of plastic waste by reducing our consumption, implementing regulations, supporting innovation and developing appropriate infrastructure.
Here are the 8 recommendations of UNEP:
Improve and develop the presence of waste management systems to optimize recycling
Improve circularity by promoting sustainable consumption and production practices along the plastics value chain.
Mobilize consumers to support the fight against plastic pollution in order to influence the market and inspire behavioral change.
Phase out unnecessary, avoidable and most problematic plastic items and replace them with other materials, products and services.
Manage the consequences through effective tracking to identify sources, quantities and fate of plastics.
Improve and strengthen governance at all levels.
Build knowledge and track effectiveness through scientific discipline.
Support funding through technical assistance and capacity building.
This report is important to us because it validates The SeaCleaners' strategy for action against marine plastic pollution.
The SeaCleaners is working at its own level to implement the conclusions of the UNEP, as a member of the Task Force on the UN Global Treaty on Plastic Pollution.
This working group will have the difficult task of transforming its wishes into concrete actions and binding measures for all actors in the chain, in order to finally put a stop to plastic pollution of the oceans. See you in Nairobi in February 2022 for the UNEP General Assembly.
To learn more about the UNEP report "From Pollution to Solution: a global assessment of marine litter and plastic pollution"
To know more, read the Take-aways report of the roundtable "An Abyss of Plastic Wisdom: a solutions-oriented dialogue".
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The CMGConnect online training replaces the former Safe Environment Program (VIRTUS "Protecting God's Children") that was previously offered through our Archdiocese. Individuals are now required to complete all Safe Environment Training online.
"Safe Haven-It's Up to You" is a three part video which provides vignettes of real-life situations to educate the viewer about methods of grooming, desensitization, bullying and neglect, all of which can lead to abuse. Each part of the video is immediately followed by a brief questionnaire to further develop understanding.
Education is the key element of the Safe Environment program. All clergy, employees, contracted school personnel, and volunteers over the age of 18, who work in any capacity with or around children, the elderly, and adults with special needs are required to complete the Archdiocesan Safe Environment Online Training. All individuals listed above must submit to a criminal background check before they may begin employment or volunteer with ministries, groups, movements, and organizations.
In addition, all individuals listed above must complete the mandatory online renewal training upon the 5 year anniversary of the prior training and submit a new background check as a condition of continued ministry and/or continued employment in this Archdiocese.


– pruning : Vines are creeping plants, their wood can be very long and could feasibly creep along the ground if they were not pruned or attached to wire.
The potential of the future harvest is linked to the number of buds left per cane. Depending on the plot, we prune in double Guyot or Cordon.
– felling the wood : grinded wood on the spot to restitute organic matter to the soil.
– binding and folding to master and control the direction of the plants.
– trellis maintenance (stakes, wire…). Trellising permits us to grow the vine in a vertical manner so that it can capture a maximum amount of sunlight in order to facilitate the photosynthesis.
– by seeding and burying « green » – fertilizers (leguminous, grains, crucifers) that bring to the vine the nitrogen necessary for its photosynthesis.
– suckering : removes from the vines (below the plant stock and in the plant-heads) the young, un-needed growths for a better ventilation (diminishes the risk of illness) and for the nourishment of the grapes. When possible, for the plant, we use a lashing-based suckering machine.
– de-budding : the buds are found at the base of the cane (base-bud) and are raised to permit a greater spreading out of the bunches to limit the risk of rot and to increase the sugar concentration.
– lifting and second-lifting to avoid that the vine grows in a disorganized manner and so that the canes and leaves receive a maximum amount of sunlight.
– trimming and topping allows for the management of the growth of the vine, to define the canopy surface necessary for an optimization of the photosynthesis.
– the control of illnesses (mildiew, oïdium, botrytis) by means of general disease prevention, a precise tracking of weather reports. The result: 50% reduction of chemical product use.
– leaf thinning : allows for a better ventilation of the bunches so as to preserve their healthy state. The bunches will be better exposed to the sunlight and will more effectively synthesize their colour (but beware of sunburn and berry burns if the leaf thinning is to ardent!).
We use a machine where the rollers engage the leaves; with this type of system we obtain a quality de-leafing job, just as though de-leafing was undertaken by hand.
– bunch distribution : removal of bunches (green harvesting) for a better harvest maturity.
– monitoring of the maturity by laboratory analyses and berry tasting.
Goal: to obtain grapes with a good organoleptic balance (sugar-acidity-aroma) to facilitate the vinification.


KENNEBUNKPORT — On a day when the ocean was as blue as the sky, nearly two dozen lobstermen joined with volunteers from the Kennebunkport Conservation Trust Island Stewards, Maine Island Trail Association, and other groups to clean up the islands around Cape Porpoise Harbor.
Last year, the group hauled in three dumpsters' worth of debris.
"Last year there was the storm damage," said the Trust's Tom Bradbury, referring to the debris left behind by the Patriots Day Storm of 2007. "This year is routine."
Despite that, there was a call from one of the volunteers for a boat to pick up a refrigerator found washed up on an island.
"It begs the question," Bradbury said, "of how a refrigerator gets out to an island, but they do ...;"
Along with plenty of other debris, said one of the event's organizers, Bob Haskell of the Island Stewards.
In addition to the usual damaged lobster pots, volunteers posted on the islands found an assortment of unusual things.
"Forty-eight mylar balloons were found off Trott's Island," Haskell said. "And car tires? We found at least 10 of those."
All of the debris was brought ashore in lobster boats, where volunteers offloaded it onto the dock, then used a front-loader to bring it to the Dumpster. There the trash was compacted and packed. This year, Haskell said, only one Dumpster was filled.
Haskell said the annual Cape Porpoise clean-up is a bit unusual for the state of Maine. While other areas might try to do some form of clean-up, the cooperation between lobstermen and the nonprofits here goes above and beyond what's found elsewhere. In a way, he said, Monday's clean up is setting an example for the rest of the state.
"If other communities see this," he said, "it might spark them to do something."
Haskell said he and the other stewards not only help with clean up, but monitor and keep the islands safe all summer.
"Most of us are trainers for the 'Leave No Trace' program," he said, speaking of the program that teaches campers how to leave wilderness areas as they find them. In addition, Haskell and a few others also help rescue stranded seals.
"We took two little harp seals off islands this winter," he said.
Haskell said he's always looking for more island stewards. Volunteers receive training and have to serve as an island monitor for a year. While the work may not be glamorous, it does come with one perk.
"I throw an overnight party for them on Goat's Island at the end of the season," Haskell said.


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The World Bank has a terrible memory
Grieve Chelwa
I am currently working on a small project with some colleagues on the economic impact of natural resources in developing countries. Most of my reading and interest in working on this project has drifted towards understanding the history of the copper industry in my native Zambia. I recently encountered this set of sentences in the background section of a World Bank and UK Aid document on the copper industry in Zambia [my emphasis]:
The history of Zambia's copper mining industry is one of decline followed by revival. From around 700,000 tonnes in the 1970s, copper production fell to just 255,000 tonnes in 1998 as nationalization of the mines proved counter-productive. However, since the mines were privatized in the 2000s, investment and output have revived, and Zambia is regaining its world market share.
This is what happens when you write from afar in addition to writing with sunglasses that are heavily tainted with ideology: 30 to 40 years of history is condensed into three short sentences making sweeping statements.
So only nationalization, which, by the way, happened in 1969, explains the nose-dive in output at the end of a 30 year period? What about the role of the collapse in copper prices in the intervening period? In the decade running up to nationalization (1960 to 1968), real (inflation-adjusted) copper prices increased by 69%. In the three decades after nationalization but before privatization, copper prices performed as follows: a 45% decline in the 70s, a 7% increase in the 80s and a 39% decline in the 90s. Over the entire period 1970 to 1999, the real (inflation-adjusted) price of copper declined by an incredible 70%! Shouldn't such a substantial reversal of fortunes feature prominently in any historical assessment of the performance of Zambia's copper industry? (Ironically, the World Bank maintains a database of historical commodity prices from which these numbers were sourced).
And what about the role of the oil price shocks in the 1970s which led to a build-up of debt and certainly an increase in production costs? Between 1970 and 1979, the real (inflation-adjusted) price of crude oil rose by 900%! In the decade running up to nationalization, the real price of crude actually declined by 25%. (These numbers are from the World Bank price database linked to above). Imagine if you will, the double challenge of maintaining profitability and production in the face of declining output prices and increasing production costs.
What about the fact that Zambia, in nationalizing the mines, had to issue costly bonds so as to compensate the previous mine owners? (This point is covered in vivid and heartbreaking detail by Andrew Sardanis in his book Zambia: The First 50 Years. Sardanis speaks from first-hand experience as he was at the time of nationalization part and parcel of Dr. Kenneth Kaunda's administration). And what about the role played by Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs), which, by the way, the World Bank has admitted were largely counterproductive (see, for example, this World Bank study)? A defining feature of SAPs was the reduction of production subsidies to state-run enterprises.
And privatization is the only factor explaining the revival? What about the disasters during the early days of privatization of the mines? For example, Binani which bought Baluba and Roan Mines in Luanshya and later stripped these two mines of their assets? This was no small issue – people lost their jobs and died from depression because Binani was not interested in production. Girls in Luanshya town were forced into prostitution to make ends meet. An entire town, whose social and economic life was previously buttressed by the state-run copper company, almost collapsed under the new private owners. And what about Anglo American's sudden withdrawal in 2002 from Konkola and Nchanga mines and the uncertainty this wrought on the country? This sudden withdrawal sent the Zambian government into a tailspin that culminated in the selling of the mines that Anglo left behind for a song.
And surely the historic recovery in the market for copper in the last decade must have played a big role in the recovery of production? Between 2000 and 2010, real (inflation-adjusted) copper prices increased by a whopping 230%! Anybody, be it a state-run entity or private entity, would have responded to this incredible rise in copper prices by producing more.
Writing from afar plus writing with sun glasses that are heavily tainted with ideology is dangerous.
I am currently working on a small project with some colleagues on the economic impact of


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William De Bohun
M, b. circa 1312, d. 1360
Father* Humphrey De Bohun b. 1276, d. c 1322
Mother* Princess Elizabeth of Rhuddlan b. 7 Aug 1282, d. 5 May 1316
Viola Loretta McClain Friede Pedigree Chart
Lucretia Proctor Pedigree Chart
Birth circa 1312 William De Bohun was born circa 1312 at twin with Edward.
He was the son of Humphrey De Bohun and Princess Elizabeth of Rhuddlan.
Marriage 1336 William De Bohun married Elizabeth De Badlesmere, daughter of Bartholomew De Badlesmere and Margaret De Clare, in 1336 at second marriage for her.
Death 1360 William De Bohun died in 1360.
William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton (ca. 1312-1360) was an English nobleman and military commander.
He was the fifth son of Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Elizabeth of Rhuddlan. He had a twin brother, Edward.
His maternal grandparents were Edward I of England and his first Queen consort Eleanor of Castile.
He was created Earl of Northampton in 1337, one of the six earls created by Edward III to renew the ranks of the higher nobility. Since de Bohun was a younger son, and did not have an income suitable to his rank, he was given an annuity until suitable estates could be found.
In 1339 he accompanied the King to Flanders. He served variously in Brittany and in Scotland, and was present at the great English victories at Sluys and was a commander at Crécy.
In addition to being a warrior, William was also a renowned diplomat. He negotiated two treaties with France, one in 1343 and one in 1350. He was also charged with negotiating in Scotland for the freedom of David Bruce, prisoner of the English.
De Bohun was succeeded by his son Humphrey, who also succeeded his uncle and became 7th Earl of Hereford.
His daughter Elizabeth de Bohun was married to Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel.
De Bohun's wife and the mother of his children was Elizabeth de Badlesmere, daughter of Bartolomew De Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere, and Margaret de Clare.1
6th Earl of Northampton.
Children of William De Bohun and Elizabeth De Badlesmere
Humphrey De Bohun+ b. 1342, d. 1373
Lady Elizabeth De Bohun+ b. c 1350, d. 3 Apr 1385
[S369] Encyclopedia website, by compilation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_de_Bohun,_1st_Earl_of_Northampton.
Humphrey De Bohun
M, b. 1342, d. 1373
Father* William De Bohun b. c 1312, d. 1360
Mother* Elizabeth De Badlesmere b. 1313, d. 8 Jun 1356
Birth 1342 Humphrey De Bohun was born in 1342.
He was the son of William De Bohun and Elizabeth De Badlesmere.
Marriage 1359 Humphrey De Bohun married Joan Fitzalan, daughter of Richard Fitzalan and Eleanor Plantagenet, in 1359.
Death 1373 Humphrey De Bohun died in 1373.
7th Earl of Hereford.
Children of Humphrey De Bohun and Joan Fitzalan
Eleanor De Bohun+ b. c 1366, d. 3 Oct 1399
Mary De Bohun+ b. c 1368, d. 4 Jun 1394
Joan Fitzalan
F, b. 1347, d. 7 April 1419
Father* Richard Fitzalan b. 1313, d. 24 Jan 1376
Mother* Eleanor Plantagenet b. 1318, d. 1372
Married Name 1359 As of 1359,her married name was De Bohun.
Birth 1347 Joan Fitzalan was born in 1347.
She was the daughter of Richard Fitzalan and Eleanor Plantagenet.
Marriage 1359 Joan Fitzalan married Humphrey De Bohun, son of William De Bohun and Elizabeth De Badlesmere, in 1359.
Death 7 April 1419 Joan Fitzalan died on 7 April 1419.
Lady Joan Fitzalan, Countess of Hereford, Essex, and Northampton (1347/1348- 7 April 1419), was the wife of Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford, 6th Earl of Essex, and 2nd Earl of Northampton. Joan was the mother of Mary de Bohun, the first wife of Henry of Bolingbroke who later reigned as King Henry IV of England, and Eleanor de Bohun, Duchess of Gloucester. She was the maternal grandmother of King Henry V of England.
Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel and Eleanor of Lancaster, parents of Lady Joan FitzalanIn 1400, she gave the order for the beheading of John Holland, 1st Duke of Exeter in revenge for the part he had played in the execution of her brother, Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel.
Lady Joan was born in about 1347 or 1348 at Arundel Castle, Sussex, one of seven children, and the eldest daughter of Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel and his second wife Eleanor of Lancaster.[1] Her paternal grandparents were Edmund Fitzalan, 9th Earl of Arundel and Alice de Warenne. Her maternal grandparents were Henry, 3rd Earl of Lancaster and Maud Chaworth.
Sometime after 9 September 1359, Joan married Humphrey de Bohun, one of the most powerful noblemen in the realm. His titles included 7th Earl of Hereford, 6th Earl of Essex, 2nd Earl of Northampton, and he was the hereditary Constable of England. He was the son of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton and Elizabeth de Badlesmere. Their marriage united two of the most prominent noble families in the kingdom; an alliance which was further strengthened by her elder brother Richard's marriage to Humphrey's sister, Elizabeth.
Together Humphrey and Joan produced two daughters, whom upon the death of their father, divided his vast estates between them:
- Eleanor de Bohun (c.1360- 3 October 1399), co-heiress of her father. In 1376 she married Thomas of Woodstock, 1st Duke of Gloucester, the youngest son of King Edward III of England and Philippa of Hainault. The marriage produced five children, including Anne of Gloucester. Eleanor died as a nun at Barking Abbey.
- Mary de Bohun (1369- 4 June 1394), co-heiress of her father. On 27 July 1380 she married Henry of Bolingbroke, who would later be crowned King Henry IV. She died before he ascended the throne. The marriage produced six children including King Henry V of England.
Children of Joan Fitzalan and Humphrey De Bohun
Henry Plantagenet
M, b. circa 1281, d. 22 September 1345
Father* Edmund Crouchback of England b. 1245, d. 1296
Mother* Blanche D Artois b. 1248, d. 2 May 1302
Birth circa 1281 Henry Plantagenet was born circa 1281.
He was the son of Edmund Crouchback of England and Blanche D Artois.
Marriage before 2 March 1297 Henry Plantagenet married Maud Chaworth, daughter of Patrick de Chaworth and Isabella de Beauchamp, before 2 March 1297.
Death 22 September 1345 Henry Plantagenet died on 22 September 1345.
Earl of Leicester (1324), succeeded as Earl of Lancaster by 1326.
Children of Henry Plantagenet and Maud Chaworth
Blanche Plantagenet d. 1380
Eleanor Plantagenet+ b. 1318, d. 1372
Mary Plantagenet+ b. 1320, d. 1 Sep 1362
F, b. 1282, d. before December 1322
Father* Patrick de Chaworth d. 7 Jul 1283
Mother* Isabella de Beauchamp d. 1306
Name Variation Maud Chaworth was also known as de Chaorces.
Name Variation Maud Chaworth was also known as de Chaworth.
Married Name before 2 March 1297 As of before 2 March 1297,her married name was Plantagenet.
Birth 1282 Maud Chaworth was born in 1282.
She was the daughter of Patrick de Chaworth and Isabella de Beauchamp.
Marriage before 2 March 1297 Maud Chaworth married Henry Plantagenet, son of Edmund Crouchback of England and Blanche D Artois, before 2 March 1297.
Death before December 1322 Maud Chaworth died before December 1322.
Children of Maud Chaworth and Henry Plantagenet
Eleanor de Clare
F, b. 1292, d. 30 June 1337
Father* Gilbert De Clare b. 2 Sep 1243, d. 7 Dec 1295
Mother* Joan of Acre b. Apr 1272, d. 23 Apr 1307
Married Name Her married name was le Despenser.
Marriage Eleanor de Clare married Hugh the Younger le Despenser, son of Hugh the Elder le Despenser and Isabella de Beauchamp.
Birth 1292 Eleanor de Clare was born in 1292.
She was the daughter of Gilbert De Clare and Joan of Acre.
Death 30 June 1337 Eleanor de Clare died on 30 June 1337.
Eleanor de Clare (3 October 1292 – June 30, 1337) was the wife of the powerful Hugh Despenser the younger. She was born in 1292 at Caerphilly in Glamorgan, Wales. She was the eldest daughter of Gilbert de Clare, 6th Earl of Hertford and 7th Earl of Gloucester, and Joan of Acre, daughter of Edward I and Eleanor of Castile; thus she was a granddaughter to Edward I of England. With her sisters, Elizabeth de Clare and Margaret de Clare, she inherited her father's estates after the death of her brother, Gilbert de Clare, 4th Earl of Gloucester at Bannockburn in 1314.1
Children of Eleanor de Clare and Hugh the Younger le Despenser
Hugh le Despenser b. 1308, d. 1349
Edward le Despenser+ b. 1310, d. 1342
Isabel le Despenser+ b. c 1312
Elizabeth le Despenser+ b. c 1327, d. 13 Jul 1389
[S369] Encyclopedia website, by compilation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eleanor_de_Clare
Hugh the Younger le Despenser
M, b. 1286, d. 24 November 1326
Father* Hugh the Elder le Despenser b. 1262, d. 27 Oct 1326
Name Variation Hugh the Younger le Despenser was also known as Despenser.
Marriage Hugh the Younger le Despenser married Eleanor de Clare, daughter of Gilbert De Clare and Joan of Acre.
Birth 1286 Hugh the Younger le Despenser was born in 1286.
He was the son of Hugh the Elder le Despenser and Isabella de Beauchamp.
Death 24 November 1326 Hugh the Younger le Despenser died on 24 November 1326.
1st Lord Despenser.
Hugh Despenser, 1st Lord Despenser (1286 – 24 November 1326, sometimes referred to as "the younger Despenser", was the son and heir of Hugh le Despenser, Earl of Winchester, by Isabella de Beauchamp, daughter of William de Beauchamp, 9th Earl of Warwick.
He was knight of Hanley Castle, Worcestershire, King's Chamberlain, Constable of Odiham Castle, Keeper of the castle and town of Portchester, Keeper of the castle, town and barton of Bristol and, in Wales, Keeper of the castle and town of Dryslwyn, and the region of Cantref Mawr, Carmarthenshire. Also in Wales, he was Lord of Glamorgan which gave him possession of Cardiff Castle. He was also Keeper of the castles, manor, and lands of Brecknock, Hay, Cantref Selyf, etc., in County Brecon, and, in England of Huntington, Herefordshire. He was given Wallingford Castle although this had previously been given to Queen Isabella for life.
In May 1306 Hugh was knighted, and that summer he married Eleanor de Clare, daughter of Gilbert de Clare, 9th Lord of Clare and 7th Earl of Hertford and Joan of Acre. Eleanor's grandfather, Edward I, owed Hugh's father vast sums of money, and the marriage was intended as a payment of these debts. When Eleanor's brother was killed at the Battle of Bannockburn, she unexpectedly became one of the three co-heiresses to the rich Gloucester earldom, and in her right Hugh inherited Glamorgan and other properties. In just a few short years Hugh went from a landless knight to one of the wealthiest magnates in the kingdom.
Eleanor was also the niece of the new king, Edward II of England, and this connection brought Hugh closer to the English royal court. He joined the baronial opposition to Piers Gaveston, the king's favourite, and Hugh's brother-in-law, as Gaveston was married to Eleanor's sister. Eager for power and wealth, Hugh seized Tonbridge Castle in 1315. In 1318 he murdered Llywelyn Bren, a Welsh hostage in his custody.
Eleanor and Hugh had nine children.1
Children of Hugh the Younger le Despenser and Eleanor de Clare
[S369] Encyclopedia website, by compilation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_le_Despenser_the_Younger
M, b. 1276, d. circa 1322
Father* Humphrey VI De Bohun b. c 1249, d. 31 Dec 1298
Mother* Maud de Fiennes
He was the son of Humphrey VI De Bohun and Maud de Fiennes.
Marriage 14 November 1302 Humphrey De Bohun married Princess Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, daughter of King Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile, on 14 November 1302 at second marriage for her.
Death circa 1322 Humphrey De Bohun died circa 1322 at in battle at Boroughbridge.
4th Earl of Hereford and 3rd Earl of Essex.
Humphrey VIII de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford (1276 – 16 March 1322) was a member of a powerful Anglo-Norman family of the Welsh Marches and was one of the Ordainers who opposed Edward II's excesses.1
Children of Humphrey De Bohun and Princess Elizabeth of Rhuddlan
John De Bohun b. 23 Nov 1306, d. 20 Jan 1335
Margaret De Bohun+ b. 3 Apr 1311, d. 16 Dec 1391
William De Bohun+ b. c 1312, d. 1360
Edward de Bohun b. c 1312, d. 1334
[S369] Encyclopedia website, by compilation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humphrey_de_Bohun,_4th_Earl_of_Hereford.
Princess Elizabeth of Rhuddlan
F, b. 7 August 1282, d. 5 May 1316
Father* King Edward I of England b. 17 Jun 1239, d. 7 Jul 1307
Mother* Eleanor of Castile d. 28 Nov 1290
Name Variation Princess Elizabeth of Rhuddlan was also known as of England.
Married Name 14 November 1302 As of 14 November 1302,her married name was De Bohun.
Birth 7 August 1282 Princess Elizabeth of Rhuddlan was born on 7 August 1282.
She was the daughter of King Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile.
Marriage 14 November 1302 Princess Elizabeth of Rhuddlan married Humphrey De Bohun, son of Humphrey VI De Bohun and Maud de Fiennes, on 14 November 1302 at second marriage for her.
Death 5 May 1316 Princess Elizabeth of Rhuddlan died on 5 May 1316 at following childbirth at age 33.
Elizabeth of Rhuddlan (also Elizabeth Plantagenet; 7 August 1282 – 5 May 1316) was the eighth daughter of Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile. Of all of her siblings, she was closest to her younger brother Edward II of England, as they were only two years apart in age.
In April 1285 there were negotiations with Floris V for Elizabeth's betrothal to his son John I, Count of Holland. The offer was accepted and John was sent to England to be educated. On 8 January 1297 Elizabeth was married to John at Ipswich. In attendance at the marriage were Elizabeth's sister Margaret, her father, Edward I of England, her brother Edward, and Humphrey de Bohun. After the wedding Elizabeth was expected to go to Holland with her husband, but did not wish to go, leaving her husband to go alone.
After some time traveling England, it was decided Elizabeth should follow her husband. Her father accompanied her, traveling through the Southern Netherlands between Antwerp, Mechelen, Leuven and Brussels, before ending up in Ghent. There they remained for a few months, spending Christmas with her two sisters Eleanor of England, Countess of Bar and Margaret Plantagenet. On 10 November 1299, John died of dysentery, though there were rumours of his murder. No children had been born from the marriage.
On her return trip to England, Elizabeth went through Brabant to see her sister Margaret. When she arrived in England, she met her stepmother Margaret of France, whom Edward had married whilst she was in Holland. Reportedly, they became inseparable. On 14 November 1302 Elizabeth was married to Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford, 3rd of Essex, also Constable of England, at Westminster Abbey.
During Christmas 1315, Elizabeth, who was pregnant with her eleventh child, was visited by her sister-in-law Isabella of France. This was a great honour, but the stress of it may have caused unknown health problems that later contributed to Elizabeth's death in childbirth. On 5 May 1316 she went into labour, giving birth to her daughter Isabella. Both Elizabeth and her daughter Isabella died shortly after the birthing, and were buried together in Waltham Abbey.1
Children of Princess Elizabeth of Rhuddlan and Humphrey De Bohun
[S369] Encyclopedia website, by compilation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_of_Rhuddlan
King Edward I of England
M, b. 17 June 1239, d. 7 July 1307
Father* King Henry III of England b. 1 Oct 1207, d. 16 Nov 1272
Mother* Eleanor of Provence b. c 1223, d. Jun 1291
Viola Loretta McClain Friede Pedigree Chart (#1)
Lucretia Proctor Pedigree Chart (#1)
Name Variation King Edward I of England was also known as Plantagenet.
Name Variation King Edward I of England was also known as Edward Longshanks.
Marriage King Edward I of England married Eleanor of Castile.
Birth 17 June 1239 King Edward I of England was born on 17 June 1239.
He was the son of King Henry III of England and Eleanor of Provence.
Marriage 8 September 1299 King Edward I of England married Margaret of France on 8 September 1299.
Death 7 July 1307 King Edward I of England died on 7 July 1307 at age 68.
Edward I (17 June 1239 – 7 July 1307), also known as Edward Longshanks, was King of England from 1272 to 1307. The first son of Henry III, Edward was involved early in the political intrigues of his father's reign, which included an outright rebellion by the English Barons. In 1259 he briefly sided with a baronial reform movement, supporting the Provisions of Oxford. After reconciliation with his father, however, he remained loyal throughout the subsequent armed conflict, known as the Barons' War. After the Battle of Lewes, Edward was hostage to the rebellious barons, but escaped after a few months and joined the fight against Simon de Montfort. Montfort was defeated at the Battle of Evesham in 1265, and within two years the rebellion was extinguished. With England pacified, Edward left on crusade to the Holy Land. The crusade accomplished little, and Edward was on his way home in 1272 when he was informed that his father had died. Making a slow return, he reached England in 1274 and he was crowned king at Westminster on 19 August.
Edward's reign had two main phases. He spent the first years reforming royal administration. Through an extensive legal inquiry Edward investigated the tenure of various feudal liberties, while the law was reformed through a series of statutes regulating criminal and property law. Increasingly, however, Edward's attention was drawn towards military affairs. After suppressing a minor rebellion in Wales in 1276–77, Edward responded to a second rebellion in 1282–83 with a full-scale war of conquest. After a successful campaign, Edward subjected Wales to English rule, built a series of castles and towns in the countryside and settled them with Englishmen. Next, his efforts were directed towards Scotland. Initially invited to arbitrate a succession dispute, Edward claimed feudal suzerainty over the kingdom. In the war that followed, the Scots persevered, even though the English seemed victorious at several points. At the same time there were problems at home. In the mid-1290s, extensive military campaigns led to unbearable levels of taxation, and Edward met with both lay and ecclesiastical opposition. These crises were initially averted, but issues remained unsettled. When the king died in 1307, he left behind a number of financial and political problems to his son Edward II, as well as an ongoing war with Scotland.
Edward I was a tall man for his age, hence the nickname "Longshanks". He was also temperamental and this, along with his height, made him an intimidating man and he often instilled fear in his contemporaries. Nevertheless, he held the respect of his subjects for the way in which he embodied the medieval ideal of kingship, both as a soldier, administrator and a man of faith. Modern historians have been more divided on their assessment of the king; while some have praised him for his contribution to the law and administration, others have criticised him for his uncompromising attitude to his nobility. Currently, Edward I is credited with many accomplishments during his reign, including restoring royal authority after the reign of Henry III, establishing parliament as a permanent institution and thereby also a functional system for raising taxes, and reforming the law through statutes. At the same time, he is also often criticised for other actions, such as his brutal conduct towards the Scots, and the expulsion of the Jews from England in 1290.1
Children of King Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile
Joan of Acre+ b. Apr 1272, d. 23 Apr 1307
Princess Elizabeth of Rhuddlan+ b. 7 Aug 1282, d. 5 May 1316
King Edward II of England+ b. 25 Apr 1284, d. 21 Sep 1327
Child of King Edward I of England and Margaret of France
Edmund Plantagenet+ b. 1301, d. 1330
[S369] Encyclopedia website, by compilation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_I_of_England
Juliana FitzGerald
F, b. circa 1263, d. 24 September 1300
Father* Maurice FitzGerald b. c 1238
Mother* Maud de Prendergast b. 17 Mar 1242, d. b 1273
Name Variation Juliana FitzGerald was also known as Juiane Fitz Maurice.
Name Variation Juliana FitzGerald was also known as FitzMaurice.
Married Name February 1275 As of February 1275,her married name was De Clare.
Birth circa 1263 Juliana FitzGerald was born circa 1263.
She was the daughter of Maurice FitzGerald and Maud de Prendergast.
Marriage February 1275 Juliana FitzGerald married Thomas De Clare, son of Richard De Clare and Maud De Lacy, in February 1275.
Death 24 September 1300 Juliana FitzGerald died on 24 September 1300.
Her numerous descendants included English kings Henry V, Edward IV, Richard III, Mary, Queen of Scots, Anne Boleyn, Mary Boleyn, and Diana, Princess of Wales. The current British Royal Family directly descend from her, as do most of the other European royal families.
Lady of Thomond.
Child of Juliana FitzGerald and Thomas De Clare
Margaret De Clare+ b. 1281, d. 1333
Maurice FitzGerald
M, b. circa 1238
Marriage Maurice FitzGerald married Maud de Prendergast.
Birth circa 1238 Maurice FitzGerald was born circa 1238.
3rd Lord of Offaly.
Child of Maurice FitzGerald and Maud de Prendergast
Juliana FitzGerald+ b. c 1263, d. 24 Sep 1300
Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk
F, b. 1366, d. 8 July 1425
Father* Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel b. c 1346, d. 1397
Mother* Lady Elizabeth De Bohun b. c 1350, d. 3 Apr 1385
Married Name before December 1378 As of before December 1378,her married name was de Montagu.
Married Name July 1384 As of July 1384,her married name was de Mowbray.
Married Name July 1384 As of July 1384,her married name was Mowbray.
Married Name circa 1400 As of circa 1400,her married name was Goushill.
Married Name circa 1400 As of circa 1400,her married name was Gousell.
Married Name before April 1411 As of before April 1411,her married name was Usflete.
Birth 1366 Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk was born in 1366.
She was the daughter of Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel and Lady Elizabeth De Bohun.
Marriage before December 1378 Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk married William de Montagu IV, son of William Montacute and Elizabeth de Mohun, before December 1378.
Marriage July 1384 Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk married Thomas de Mowbray in July 1384.
Marriage circa 1400 Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk married Robert Goushill circa 1400.
Marriage before April 1411 Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk married Gerard Usflete before April 1411.
Death 8 July 1425 Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk died on 8 July 1425 at Hoveringham, England.
Elizabeth had four husbands and at least six children.
Through her daughters Joan and Elizabeth Goushill, Elizabeth Fitzalan is an ancestor of Sir Winston Churchill and U.S. Presidents James Madison, Zachary Taylor, George W. Bush and Franklin D. Roosevelt, among others, while Anne Boleyn, Queen Elizabeth I, Lady Jane Grey, Sarah Ferguson and Audrey Hepburn can be counted with the descendants of her daughters Margaret and Isabel Mowbray.
Children of Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk and Thomas de Mowbray
Isabel de Mowbray b. a 1385
Thomas de Mowbray b. 17 Sep 1385
Margaret de Mowbray+ b. 1388, d. 1459
John de Mowbray b. 1392
Children of Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk and Robert Goushill
Lady Elizabeth Goushill+ b. 1396, d. 1491
Joan Goushill+ b. a 1400
Robert Goushill
M, d. 21 July 1403
Name Variation Robert Goushill was also known as Gousell.
Marriage circa 1400 Robert Goushill married Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk, daughter of Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel and Lady Elizabeth De Bohun, circa 1400.
Death 21 July 1403 Robert Goushill died on 21 July 1403.
Children of Robert Goushill and Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk
Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel
Marriage Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel married Lady Philippa de Mortimer, daughter of Edmund de Mortimer and Philippa Plantagenet.
Birth circa 1346 Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel was born circa 1346.
He was the son of Richard Fitzalan and Eleanor Plantagenet.
Marriage 28 September 1359 Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel married Lady Elizabeth De Bohun, daughter of William De Bohun and Elizabeth De Badlesmere, on 28 September 1359.
Death 1397 Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel died in 1397.
Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel and 10th Earl of Surrey (1346 – 21 September 1397) was an English medieval nobleman and military commander.
He was the son of Richard FitzAlan, 10th Earl of Arundel and Eleanor of Lancaster and was born in 1346.[1] He succeeded his father on 24 January 1376.
His brother was Thomas Arundel who was Bishop of Ely from 1374 to 1388, then Archbishop of York from 1388 to 1397, then Archbishop of Canterbury.[2]
At the coronation of Richard II, Richard FitzAlan carried the crown.[1]1
11th or 4th Earl of Arundel and 10th Earl of Surrey.
Children of Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel and Lady Elizabeth De Bohun
Margaret Fitzalan
Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk+ b. 1366, d. 8 Jul 1425
Joan Fitzalan+ b. 1375, d. 14 Nov 1435
Alice Fitzalan b. 1378, d. 1415
Thomas Fitzalan b. 1381, d. 1415
Richard Fitzalan b. b 1385
Child of Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel and Lady Philippa de Mortimer
John Fitzalan b. c 1394, d. a 1397
[S369] Encyclopedia website, by compilation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Fitzalan,_11th_Earl_of_Arundel.
Lady Elizabeth De Bohun
F, b. circa 1350, d. 3 April 1385
Married Name 28 September 1359 As of 28 September 1359,her married name was Fitzalan.
Birth circa 1350 Lady Elizabeth De Bohun was born circa 1350.
She was the daughter of William De Bohun and Elizabeth De Badlesmere.
Marriage 28 September 1359 Lady Elizabeth De Bohun married Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel, son of Richard Fitzalan and Eleanor Plantagenet, on 28 September 1359.
Death 3 April 1385 Lady Elizabeth De Bohun died on 3 April 1385.
Elizabeth de Bohun, Countess of Arundel, Countess of Surrey (c.1350- 3 April 1385), was a member of the Anglo-Norman Bohun family, which wielded much power in the Welsh Marches and the English government. She was the first wife of Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel, Earl of Surrey, (1346- 21 September 1397 Tower Hill, Cheapside, London), a powerful English nobleman and military commander in the reigns of Edward III and Richard II. She was the mother of seven of his children, and as the wife of one of the most powerful nobles in the realm enjoyed much prestige and took precedence over most of the other peers' wives.
Lady Elizabeth de Bohun was born around 1350, the daughter of William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton and Elizabeth de Badlesmere. Her older brother Humphrey de Bohun, 7th Earl of Hereford married Joan Fitzalan, a sister of the 11th Earl of Arundel, by whom he had two daughters. Elizabeth had a half-brother Roger Mortimer, 2nd Earl of March by her mother's first marriage to Sir Edmund Mortimer.
Her paternal grandparents were Humphrey de Bohun, 4th Earl of Hereford and Elizabeth of Rhuddlan, daughter of King Edward I of England and Eleanor of Castile. Her maternal grandparents were Bartholomew de Badlesmere, 1st Baron Badlesmere and Margaret de Clare.
Lady Elizabeth's parents both died when she was young, her mother having died in 1356, and her father in 1360.
Arundel Castle, principal residence of Richard Fitzalan and Elizabeth de Bohun[edit] Marriage and children
On 28 September 1359, by Papal dispensation,[1] Elizabeth married Richard Fitzalan, who succeeded to the earldoms of Arundel and Surrey upon the death of his father, Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel in 1376. Their marriage was especially advantageous as it united two of the most powerful families in England. The alliance was further strengthened by the marriage of Elizabeth's brother, Humphrey to Fitzalan's sister Joan.
As the Countess of Arundel, Elizabeth was one of the most important women in England, who enjoyed much prestige, and after the Queen, the Duchesses of Lancaster and York, and the Countess of Buckingham, took precedence over the other noble ladies in the realm.1
Children of Lady Elizabeth De Bohun and Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel
[S369] Encyclopedia website, by compilation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_de_Bohun
Thomas Fitzalan
Birth 1381 Thomas Fitzalan was born in 1381.
He was the son of Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel and Lady Elizabeth De Bohun.
Marriage 1405 Thomas Fitzalan married Beatriz de Pinto de Portugal in 1405.
Death 1415 Thomas Fitzalan died in 1415.
7th Earl of Arundel.
William de Montagu IV
M, d. 1383
Father* William Montacute b. 25 Jun 1328, d. 3 Jun 1397
Mother* Elizabeth de Mohun
Name Variation William de Montagu IV was also known as William Montacute.
William de Montagu IV was the son of William Montacute and Elizabeth de Mohun.
Marriage before December 1378 William de Montagu IV married Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk, daughter of Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel and Lady Elizabeth De Bohun, before December 1378.
Death 1383 William de Montagu IV died in 1383.
Thomas de Mowbray
M, b. 1366, d. 22 September 1399
Name Variation Thomas de Mowbray was also known as Mowbray.
Birth 1366 Thomas de Mowbray was born in 1366.
Marriage July 1384 He married Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk, daughter of Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel and Lady Elizabeth De Bohun, in July 1384.
Death 22 September 1399 Thomas de Mowbray died on 22 September 1399.
1st Duke of Norfolk.
Children of Thomas de Mowbray and Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk
Gerard Usflete
Marriage before April 1411 Gerard Usflete married Lady Elizabeth Fitzalan Duchess of Norfolk, daughter of Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel and Lady Elizabeth De Bohun, before April 1411.
Mary De Bohun
F, b. circa 1368, d. 4 June 1394
Father* Humphrey De Bohun b. 1342, d. 1373
Mother* Joan Fitzalan b. 1347, d. 7 Apr 1419
Married Name 1381 As of 1381,her married name was of Bolingbroke.
Birth circa 1368 Mary De Bohun was born circa 1368.
She was the daughter of Humphrey De Bohun and Joan Fitzalan.
Marriage 1381 Mary De Bohun married King Henry IV of Bolingbroke, son of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster, in 1381.
Death 4 June 1394 Mary De Bohun died on 4 June 1394.
Mary de Bohun was the first wife of King Henry IV of England and the mother of King Henry V, but was never queen, as she died before her husband came to the throne.
Child of Mary De Bohun and King Henry IV of Bolingbroke
King Henry V of Bolingbroke b. 1386, d. 31 Aug 1422
King Henry IV of Bolingbroke
M, b. 3 April 1366, d. 20 March 1413
Father* John of Gaunt b. 6 Mar 1340, d. 3 Feb 1399
Mother* Blanche of Lancaster b. 25 Mar 1345, d. 12 Sep 1369
Name Variation King Henry IV of Bolingbroke was also known as King Henry IV of England.
Birth 3 April 1366 King Henry IV of Bolingbroke was born on 3 April 1366.
He was the son of John of Gaunt and Blanche of Lancaster.
Marriage 1381 King Henry IV of Bolingbroke married Mary De Bohun, daughter of Humphrey De Bohun and Joan Fitzalan, in 1381.
Death 20 March 1413 King Henry IV of Bolingbroke died on 20 March 1413 at age 46.
Child of King Henry IV of Bolingbroke and Mary De Bohun
King Henry V of Bolingbroke
M, b. 1386, d. 31 August 1422
Father* King Henry IV of Bolingbroke b. 3 Apr 1366, d. 20 Mar 1413
Mother* Mary De Bohun b. c 1368, d. 4 Jun 1394
Birth 1386 King Henry V of Bolingbroke was born in 1386.
He was the son of King Henry IV of Bolingbroke and Mary De Bohun.
Death 31 August 1422 King Henry V of Bolingbroke died on 31 August 1422.
Henry V was King of England from 1413 until his death. From an unassuming start, his military successes in the Hundred Years' War, culminating with his famous victory at the Battle of Agincourt, saw him come close to uniting the realms of England and France under his rule.
John de Beaumont
M, d. May 1342
Father* Henry de Beaumont b. c 1288, d. 1340
Mother* Alice Comyn b. 1289, d. 3 Jul 1349
John de Beaumont was the son of Henry de Beaumont and Alice Comyn.
Marriage 6 November 1330 John de Beaumont married Eleanor Plantagenet, daughter of Henry Plantagenet and Maud Chaworth, on 6 November 1330.
Death May 1342 John de Beaumont died in May 1342.
2nd Lord Beaumont, Earl of Buchan.
Children of John de Beaumont and Eleanor Plantagenet
Matilda de Beaumont d. Jul 1367
Henry de Beaumont+ b. 4 Apr 1340, d. 17 Jun 1369
Edmund de Mortimer
M, b. 1310, d. 16 December 1331
Father* Roger de Mortimer b. 25 Apr 1287, d. 29 Nov 1330
Mother* Joan de Geneville b. 1286, d. 1356
Name Variation Edmund de Mortimer was also known as Mortimer.
Marriage Edmund de Mortimer married Elizabeth De Badlesmere, daughter of Bartholomew De Badlesmere and Margaret De Clare.
Birth 1310 Edmund de Mortimer was born in 1310.
He was the son of Roger de Mortimer and Joan de Geneville.
Death 16 December 1331 Edmund de Mortimer died on 16 December 1331.
Lord Mortimer of Wigmore.
Children of Edmund de Mortimer and Elizabeth De Badlesmere
John de Mortimer
Roger de Mortimer+ b. c 1328, d. 26 Feb 1360
Gilbert de Unfreville
M, d. before 1307
Marriage Gilbert de Unfreville married Margaret De Clare, daughter of Thomas De Clare and Juliana FitzGerald, at first marriage for her.
Death before 1307 Gilbert de Unfreville died before 1307.
Richard Fitzalan
M, b. 1266, d. 9 March 1302
Father* John Fitzalan b. 14 Sep 1246, d. 18 Mar 1272
Mother* Isabella Mortimer b. a 1247, d. 1292
Marriage Richard Fitzalan married Alasia de Saluzzo, daughter of Thomas I of Saluzzo.
Birth 1266 Richard Fitzalan was born in 1266.
He was the son of John Fitzalan and Isabella Mortimer.
Death 9 March 1302 Richard Fitzalan died on 9 March 1302.
Richard FitzAlan, 8th Earl of Arundel (7th Earl of Arundel per Ancestral Roots) (February 3 1266/7 – March 9 1301/2) was an English Norman medieval nobleman.
He was the son of John FitzAlan, 7th Earl of Arundel (6th Earl of Arundel per Ancestral Roots) and Isabella Mortimer, daughter of Roger Mortimer, 1st Baron Wigmore and Maud de Braose. His paternal grandparents were John Fitzalan, 6th Earl of Arundel and Maud le Botiller.
Richard was feudal Lord of Clun and Oswestry in the Welsh Marches. After attaining his majority in 1289 he became the 8th Earl of Arundel, by being summoned to Parliament by a writ directed to the Earl of Arundel.
He was knighted by King Edward I of England in 1289.
He fought in the Welsh wars, 1288 to 1294, when the Welsh castle of Castell y Bere (near modern day Towyn) was besieged by Madog ap Llywelyn. He commanded the force sent to relieve the siege and he also took part in many other campaigns in Wales ; also in Gascony 1295-97; and furthermore in the Scottish wars, 1298-1300.
He married sometime before 1285, Alice of Saluzzo (also known as Alesia di Saluzzo), daughter of Thomas I of Saluzzo in Italy.1
Earl of Sussex.
Children of Richard Fitzalan and Alasia de Saluzzo
Eleanor Fitzalan+ b. c 1284, d. c 1328
Edmund Fitzalan+ b. 1285, d. 17 Nov 1326
[S369] Encyclopedia website, by compilation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_FitzAlan,_1st_Earl_of_Arundel.
F, b. 1375, d. 14 November 1435
Married Name Her married name was Beauchamp.
Married Name 23 July 1392 As of 23 July 1392,her married name was de Beauchamp.
Birth 1375 Joan Fitzalan was born in 1375 also reported as 1360.
Marriage 23 July 1392 Joan Fitzalan married William de Beauchamp, son of Thomas de Beauchamp and Catherine de Mortimer, on 23 July 1392.
Death 14 November 1435 Joan Fitzalan died on 14 November 1435.
Lady Joan FitzAlan, 1st Baroness Bergavenny (1375- 14 November 1435), was an English noblewoman, and the wife of William de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny of the Welsh Marches.
Lady Joan FitzAlan was born in 1375, at Arundel Castle, Sussex, England, one of the seven children of Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel, Earl of Surrey, and his first wife Elizabeth de Bohun. Her only surviving brother was Thomas Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel, of whom Joan was his co-heiress. She had an older sister Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan who married as her second husband Thomas Mowbray, 1st Duke of Norfolk. Her paternal grandparents were Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel and Eleanor of Lancaster. Her maternal grandparents were William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton and Elizabeth de Badlesmere. On 3 April 1385, her mother died. Joan was about ten years old. Her father married secondly, Philippa Mortimer on 15 August 1390, by whom he had a son, John Fitzalan, who was born in 1394.[1] John died sometime after 1397.[2]
On 21 September 1397, Joan's father, the Earl of Arundel, who was also one of the Lords Appellant, was beheaded on Tower Hill, London, on charges of high treason against King Richard II of England. The Earl had always enjoyed much popularity with the citizens of London.[3]His titles and estates were forfeited to the Crown.
In October 1400, the new king Henry IV who had ascended the throne following Richard's deposition in 1399, restored the titles and estates to Thomas Fitzalan, Joan's brother. He became the 12th Earl of Arundel and Earl of Surrey. Although he married Beatrice, an illegitimate daughter of King John I of Portugal and Inez Perez Esteves, he died childless on 13 October 1415. The Earldom and castle of Arundel passed to a cousin John Fitzalan, 13th Earl of Arundel, the rest of his inheritance was divided among Joan and her two surviving sisters, Elizabeth and Margaret.
On 23 July 1392,[4] Joan was married to William de Beauchamp, 1st Baron Bergavenny (c.1344- 8 May 1411) the son of Thomas de Beauchamp, 11th Earl of Warwick and Katherine Mortimer. He was more than thirty years Joan's senior.
The marriage produced a son and a daughter.1
Children of Joan Fitzalan and William de Beauchamp
Joan de Beauchamp+ b. 1396, d. 3 Aug 1430
Richard Beauchamp+ b. b 1397, d. 18 Mar 1422
[S369] Encyclopedia website, by compilation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lady_Joan_FitzAlan
William de Beauchamp
M, b. 1358, d. 8 May 1411
Father* Thomas de Beauchamp b. 1313, d. 1369
Mother* Catherine de Mortimer b. 1314, d. 4 Aug 1369
Name Variation William de Beauchamp was also known as Beauchamp.
Birth 1358 William de Beauchamp was born in 1358.
He was the son of Thomas de Beauchamp and Catherine de Mortimer.
Marriage 23 July 1392 William de Beauchamp married Joan Fitzalan, daughter of Richard Fitzalan 11th Earl of Arundel and Lady Elizabeth De Bohun, on 23 July 1392.
Death 8 May 1411 William de Beauchamp died on 8 May 1411.
1st Baron Bergavenny.
From "Notes from the Beauchamp-Proctor family in England," it appears that William De Beauchamp, cousin of John, Earl of Pembroke, who died in 1375, held the Manor of Tottenham by virtue of a grant from him, and Ephraim Beauchamp possessed lands in the same Manor which afterwards vested in George Beauchamp Proctor, Esq., of Thetford in Norfolk, by a bequest thereof from his father, Sir William Beauchamp Proctor.
Children of William de Beauchamp and Joan Fitzalan
Alice Fitzalan
F, b. 1378, d. 1415
Married Name before March 1391 As of before March 1391,her married name was de Cherleton.
Birth 1378 Alice Fitzalan was born in 1378.
Marriage before March 1391 Alice Fitzalan married John de Cherleton IV before March 1391.
Death 1415 Alice Fitzalan died in 1415.
Alice FitzAlan, Lady Cherleton (1378–1415), was an English noblewoman, being the daughter of Richard FitzAlan, 11th Earl of Arundel. She was the wife of John Charleton, 4th Baron Cherleton. She was also allegedly the mistress of Cardinal Henry Beaufort, by whom she had an illegitimate daughter, Jane Beaufort,[1] though there is no real evidence to support this.
Lady Alice was born in Arundel Castle, Sussex in 1378, one of the seven children of Richard Fitzalan, 11th Earl of Arundel by his first wife Elizabeth de Bohun. She had two brothers, including Thomas Fitzalan, 12th Earl of Arundel, and four sisters, Lady Eleanor FitzAlan, Lady Elizabeth FitzAlan, Lady Joan FitzAlan, and Lady Margaret FitzAlan. Her paternal grandparents were Richard Fitzalan, 10th Earl of Arundel and Eleanor of Lancaster. Her maternal grandparents were William de Bohun, 1st Earl of Northampton and Elizabeth de Badlesmere.
On 21 September 1397, her father was executed at Tower Hill, Cheapside for high treason against King Richard II of England.
Sometime before March 1392 Alice married John Cherleton, 4th Lord Cherleton (25 April 1362- 19 October 1401).[2] According to popular belief, following her marriage she became the mistress of Cardinal Henry Beaufort, and bore him an illegitimate daughter, Jane Beaufort. In Philip Yorke's The Royal Tribes of Wales, he states that Cardinal Beaufort left an illegitimate daughter by Alice, daughter of Fitzalan, Earl of Arundel.[3] Genealogist Douglas Richardson also confirms the affair between Alice and the Cardinal. Beaufort did indeed father an illegitimate daughter, Jane Beaufort, possibly before Henry took holy orders on 7 April 1397, although the idea of Jane's mother being Alice Fitzalan is possibly a legend of Tudor-era descendants of Jane Beaufort and her husband Sir Edward Stradling. There is no late-14th/early-15th century documentation to support this affair at all, and the surviving documentation entirely discounts it. Jane and Sir Edward Stradling had three sons and a daughter, Katherine.
Alice's husband died on 19 October 1401, and she herself died before October 1415 at the age of about thirty-seven years.1
[S369] Encyclopedia website, by compilation, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alice_FitzAlan_(1378-1415).