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Title: Severity of Partner and Child Maltreatment: Reliability of Scales Used in America's Largest Child and Family Protection Agency
Journal: Journal of Family Violence Volume:19 Issue:2 Dated:April 2004 Pages:95-106
Author(s): Amy M. Smith Slep; Richard E. Heyman
Date Published: April 2004
Publisher: http://www.kluweronline.com
Type: Report (Study/Research)
Annotation: This article describes two studies that examined the reliability of severity scales for family maltreatment used in the United States military's Family Advocacy Program (FAP), the largest child and family maltreatment agency in America.
Abstract: FAP handles both the investigation and treatment of child and/or spouse maltreatment cases; thus it developed and implemented the United States Air Force (USAF) FAP's Family Violence Severity Index (USAF-FAP). The USAF-FAP is used to quantify the severity of each type of maltreatment investigated by FAP (partner physical, emotional, and sexual abuse; child physical, emotional, and sexual abuse; and child neglect) using a multi-dimensional rating system. Although the USAF-FAP has been used to rate thousands of maltreatment cases worldwide, its reliability has never been investigated. Thus, the first study investigated the reliability of the USAF-FAP; 12 experienced USAF-FAP clinicians reviewed and made severity ratings on 184 archival FAP case records. Overall, findings indicated fair-to-good levels of interrater agreement, demonstrating the reliability of the instrument. The second study assessed interrater reliability using 21 standardized vignettes for the 12 clinicians to rate, rather than archival case records. The use of standardized vignettes allowed for the establishment of a "gold standard" against which to measure interrater reliability. Results of study 2 indicated that the overall reliability of the ratings was roughly equivalent when evaluated with standardized vignettes and with case records. Taken together, the results suggest that the USAF-FAP supports fair-to-good levels of reliability. The authors recommend continued work to refine the USAF-FAP so that reliability levels may be raised to excellent. However, the current reliability levels combined with face and content validity, are strong enough to recommend its use in civilian agencies looking for an easy maltreatment severity index. Tables, references, appendix
Main Term(s): Filial violence; Instrument validation
Index Term(s): Child abuse; Child emotional abuse and neglect

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


This course is included in: Level 2 – Beyond Fundamentals. Purchase this course individually for $19 or the entire bundle and save 70%.
Women with diabetes are confronted with a variety of issues that require special attention, education and understanding. This course reviews those special needs while focusing on Gestational Diabetes and Pre-Existing Diabetes. Included are the most recent diagnostic criteria, management goals and prevention of complications during pregnancy. A helpful review for the CDE® Exam and for those who want more information on Women with Diabetes.
6 0% of women of childbearing age are overweight or obese. Many of these women are also living with undetected prediabetes. This group of women has an increased risk of expressing hyperglycemia during pregnancy. In some, type 2 diabetes may be detected at confirmation of pregnancy. For many others, hyperglycemia may be discovered at 24-28 weeks, during the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test.
family history of diabetes, BMI >25, age >25, history of PolyCystic Ovary Syndrome, history of previous pregnancy with baby weighing > 9lbs, or a combination of these factors.
Hyperglycemia detected in this mid-pregnancy stage is termed Gestational Diabetes (GDM). It is important to note, that some women without obvious risk factors may also develop GDM.
The number of women GDM has been increasing at an alarming rate over the past 20 years. Currently about 9% of women have GDM during pregnancy. Rising rates of GDM is an early predictor of increasing rates of diabetes in a population.
Ongoing research is revealing that GDM affects mother and offspring's health status, not just during the intrapartum phase, but long after delivery.
Future impact on Offspring: Studies indicate that if a woman has GDM, her children are at greater risk for diabetes and obesity during their lifetime. It appears that the intrauterine environment, especially a hyperglycemic uterine environment, has a long lasting impact on the cardiac and vascular health of the offspring, beyond what can be attributed to genetics alone.
Link between Gestational Diabetes and Cerebral Palsy: Research tells us that gestational diabetes, may put a baby at risk for being born with cerebral palsy. A child born with cerebral palsy may be at a greater risk for later developing diabetes and other chronic illnesses. To learn more, please visit www.cerebralpalsyguidance.com.
Can we help stop diabetes before the risk is passed on to future generations?
With this compelling information linking GDM and future risk of diabetes, it seems that an all-out effort to reduce the rates of diabetes in women, before, during and after pregnancy, would have a tremendous impact on improving health outcomes.
Women have the potential to improve the Health Legacy we pass on to future generations.
Consider the environment; we know that other factors impact the risk of diabetes and GDM in women. Some of these factors include socioeconomic status and the environment. People with a lower income have dramatically increased risk of type 2 diabetes. 1 in 3 women in the United States, especially single moms, are living in poverty or are right at the brink of it. Another consideration is the environment. There is a direct relationship between where we live and grow up and health outcomes. Based on zip code, researchers can predict your life expectancy. Type in your zip code on this "Measure of America" website, to see how your county or state is faring. This relationship between zip code and health has to do with the settings of daily life, also referred to as our 'built environments", income and access to resources.
Health Care Professionals need to send a message of hope – We need to send a clear and repetitive messages to girls and women throughout all stages of life, that their health matters and that they are important. We also need to provide resources and referrals to help women improve their health status.
Key Messages during different phases of life.
Message to girls: They have the opportunity to impact the health legacy of future generations by the actions they take today. What they do matters!
Be active everyday. Limit screen time to 2 hours a day, engage in 1 hour of moderate intensity exercise daily.
Eat healthy. Limit sweet drinks like soda and fruit juices and limit processed foods.
Talk to girls about BMI and address weight issues early on. Refer to dietitians and community programs.
Message to Young Adult Women: Get to and maintain a healthy weight before becoming pregnant.
Women's health status BEFORE conception is very critical. Women with a BMI of 25 or greater, have almost a 2 fold risk of GDM. And as the pre pregnancy BMI increases, so does the risk of GDM.
Regular exercise before conceiving is also important – "Greater total physical activity before or during early pregnancy is significantly associated with lower risk of GDM." And the magnitude of effect was greatest during prepregnancy = 55% risk reduction in those with highest activity rates." (ie brisk walk >2 miles).
Focus on getting to your best health. Try not to exceed recommended weight gain, keep active, and keep connected to health care team for recommended tests and checkups.
L ess than 30% of women gain the recommended weight during pregnancy. Stressing to women the importance of not exceeding their weight gain goal is very important for their health and the health of the baby. Gaining excessive weight increases risk of GDM by 50% along with having a large baby.
Refer to community programs and registered dietitians to help women meet weight goals.
Message to Women After pregnancy– There is so much you can do to improve the Health Legacy of you and your child.
Action Steps: Breastfeed, keep active, eat healthfully, get glucose tested 6-12 weeks after delivery.
For children: Breastfeeding decreases the risk type 1 and type 2 diabetes and obesity.
Rates of breastfeeding are on the rise. More than 75% of women initiate breastfeeding and by one year 25% are still breastfeeding. See 2013 Breastfeeding report card. There are many barriers, including lack of social support, lack of paid leave and lack of onsite childcare. Since breastfeeding provides a tremendous benefit for the child, mom and society, we need to keep encouraging women to breastfeed and help decrease barriers to success.
Screen for Diabetes in GDM 6-12 weeks after delivery.
Only about 30-50% of women return for this important recommended screening to evaluate blood glucose levels.
Whether or not they return for screening, encourage women to get an annual screening test for diabetes. They can even use their baby's birthday as a yearly reminder. Undetected diabetes can cause complications. Undiagnosed diabetes during early pregnancy can lead to miscarriage and birth defects.
Health care professionals also need to discuss the importance of getting active, getting to a healthy weight and role modeling healthy eating for their families. Referrals to dietitians and community weight loss programs help women success.
Health Legacy and Message of Hope: Gestational diabetes is often a disappointment for women. Though challenging, we can present this as an opportunity to improve their health and prevent diabetes for the mom, her children and future generations.
As a community of health care professionals, we can provide women with support, encouragement and clear action steps they can take to help win the fight against diabetes.
A resource for health providers and women alike. Offers training programs and resources on diabetes in pregnancy.
If you want to provide your patient with GDM strategies to prevent future diabetes, this is an excellent handout. It discussed the proven benefits of the Diabetes Prevention Program.
Gestational diabetes may raise risk for heart disease in midlife – this article published by ADA explores the link between GDM and heart disease.
A comprehensive overview by state on the current state of breastfeeding. Includes great resources and helpful information on promoting breastfeeding.
Erb's Palsy – Erb's Palsy affects the nerves within the neck that control the motions of the arm. Gestational diabetes is a maternal health condition in which diabetes is diagnosed during pregnancy. Its most common complication or injury is macrosomia (macrosomic babies weight over 4,000 grams), which can lead to birth injuries including hypoxic ischemic encephalopathy (HIE), brachial plexus injury, Erb's palsy, and cerebral palsy (CP). Cerebral Palsy Group is here to help provide information, resources, and support to families in need. To learn more about about diabetes and Erb's Palsy complications check out Cerebral Palsy Group.
Gestational Diabetes Resource Sheet – A fantastic handout full of resources that provides info and action steps for women with GDM. Also discusses strategies to prevent future GDM. Upbeat and user friendly.
ADA Info Page for Patients – What is Gestational Diabetes? – Offers basic information on GDM along with other links and a podcast.
Diabetes Sisters Website – Diabetes Sisters offers a range of education and support services to help women of all ages with all types of diabetes live healthier, fuller lives.
Offers a variety of helpful information focusing on women's health issues and answers questions regarding diabetes.


Stolen from North Yorkshire, England on 23 September 2003.
ITEM ONE: One of a pair of late 19th century stoneware URNS made by PULHAMS OF BROXBOURNE, with lobed body and scroll handles. This is similar to the Forty Thieves vase No.22 in the Pulhams catalogue.
ITEM TWO: A terracotta URN, modelled on the Townley vase, circa 1900 made by Manifattura di Signa in Italy. Body and base with relief of classical figures.
An unspecified reward is offered.


PPX resin is a blend of polyphenylene ether (PPE) and polystyrene. The PPX blends are unique in that unlike other resin systems, the two polymers are totally compatible in all proportions. Because of this unique characteristic, polyphenylene products can be made with heat distortions that range from a low of 170 F (styrene) to a high of over 350 F (PPE). With different ratios of the two resins, and the incorporation of additive packages for impact strength (non-brominated FR, reinforcements etc.) a family of products can be made featuring UL-VO to UL HB and UL 5V, high stiffness, and or high impact and process ability. Both resins are inherently hydrolytically stable that makes the blends suitable over a wide temperature and humidity range.
The polyphenylene products exhibit a unique feature of retention of tensile and flexural strength and low creep even at elevated temperature.
Impact strength of polyphenylene family of products is typically unaffected by factors such as humidity and only slightly by temperature and wall thickness. A key advantage of PPX resins is that they maintain their impact strength, even at sub-zero temperature.


When you start to think that they really couldn't come up with a new way to keep producing Star Trek merchandise, this fictional non-fiction travel guide pops up. And for the Trek fan who likes to own the slightly off-beat piece of memorabilia, this works. And I really loved this book.
This isn't going to be for just anyone, let's be sure to recognize that. This is for the Trekkie who already has so much and enjoys the obscure Trek trivia. This is written and put-together like any sort of travel guide you might pick up in a book store if you were planning a trip to Europe or New York City or San Francisco, etc. It is full of 'what to do, where to eat, where to stay, things to watch for,' etc. For the planet Vulcan. In the future. …yeah…that's pretty fun, actually.
Writer Dayton Ward has clearly done his homework and a good deal of research to include a lot of (mostly) obscure references to things on the planet Vulcan. There are places or sites you would expect to see, based on episodes such as "Amok Time" and "Yesteryear" but when you see Diane Duane's book Spock's World (1988) or The Entropy Effect by Vonda N. McIntyre (1981) in the references section of the book, you can expect some pretty thorough research.
The book does get a little repetitive, but that's mostly because this sort of book isn't meant to be read cover to cover, like a novel. Ward does well to mix it up and offer a little gem of some sort in each region that the book references. My favorite moments in the book are the section that states that there were Vulcans on planet Earth before First Contact, when a small scout ship crashed and had to wait for a rescue (I'm assuming this is from a show or book, but don't know which one), and the sidebar on "Unpopular Vulcan Souvenirs" – "a list of tacky souvenirs to avoid when shopping on Vulcan" which include "anything with some variant of 'Live long and prosper'" and "Fake Vulcan ears." This seems kind of brilliant.
I would love to have this book on my shelf and it is definitely going on my Christmas Wish List (yes…I have a digital copy, but this is the sort of book you really want to have a physical copy of in order to thumb through it).
This book opens up a world possibilities (pun intended). Star Trek alone offers up so many planets and/or races that could have their own Hidden Universe travel guide. But I believe that the next one coming out is from a different universe altogether. In any case, this is a great concept with lots of potential.
Looking for a good book? Start building your travel guide library right now with Hidden Universe: Star Trek: A Travel Guide to Vulcan by Dayton Ward. It's fun and informative and filled with Trek trivia and an absolute MUST for any good Star Trek fan.
I received a digital copy of this book from the publisher, through Netgalley, in exchange for an honest review.
← DARK SCREAMS: VOLUME FOUR – Brian James Freeman and Richard Chizmar, eds.


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Photos: Iowa men's basketball vs. Minnesota
No. 5 Iowa avenged its Christmas Day loss to No. 16 Minnesota with a win over the Golden Gophers, 86-71, on Sunday. Hawkeye forward Luka Garza led the game with 33 points.
Shivansh Ahuja, Senior Photojournalist
Shivansh Ahuja
Players kneel before the national anthem during a men's basketball game between Iowa and Minnesota at Carver-Hawkeye Arena on Sunday, Jan. 10, 2021. The Hawkeyes defeated the Golden Gophers, 86-71.
Shivansh Ahuja is a Photojournalist at The Daily Iowan. He is a senior at the UI majoring in mechanical engineering,...


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