text:
Q: Bundled node.js application contains "require" statement even though it is type:module I am a fairly new user of Webpack, so I don't understand every thing that is currently happening with my webpack configuration.
I have a NodeJS application of type module, which means I cannot use require statement to import something. My source code is written in Typescript and if I transpile it using tsc every thing works just fine.
However when I bundle my application using Webpack, there are some require statements that are added to import some modules, which makes my application not runnable anymore since it conflicts with my package.json configuration that indicates that it is a module type.
How can I correct this?
Here is my webpack.config.js:
import { resolve } from 'path';
import * as webpack_node_externals from 'webpack-node-externals';

export default {
    mode: "production",
    target: 'node',
    externalsPresets: { node: true },
    externals: [webpack_node_externals.default()],
    resolve: {
        extensions: ['.ts', '.js', '.json']
    },
    module: {
        rules: [
            {
                test: /\.tsx?$/,
                use: 'ts-loader',
                exclude: /node_modules/,
                options: { configFile: "./tsconfig.json" }
            },
        ],
    },
    entry: {
        "application": './src/infrastructure/application.ts',
    },
    output: {
        filename: '[name].js',
        path: resolve('dist'),
    },
};

And here is my tsconfig.json:
{
    "compilerOptions": {
        "outDir": "../../dist",
        "target": "ESNext",

        "moduleResolution": "node",
        "noImplicitAny": true,
        "noEmitOnError": false,
        "removeComments": false,
        "sourceMap": true,
        "module": "ESNext",
        "experimentalDecorators": true,
        "esModuleInterop": true,
        "baseUrl": "."
    },
    "include": ["**/*"]
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
A Systematic Review of Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies in Developing Countries
Nada Abdel Rida, Mohamed Izham Mohamed Ibrahim, Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar, Yaw Owusu
A systematic review was conducted to summarize government strategies aimed at controlling pharmaceutical prices in developing countries and their effects on relevant outcomes, and to qualitatively analyse eligible studies of pricing policy and their impact on expenditure and medicine prices.
Several databases, grey literature and Google Scholar were systematically searched, and reference lists of relevant studies were screened for full-text studies published in Arabic or English between January 2000 and March 2016. Studies describing government pharmaceutical pricing strategies in developing countries and their effect were considered eligible.
Twenty-one studies were included in the explorative synthesis: sixteen covered Asian countries, three covered African countries and three from Latin and South America. Identified policies covered disease-specific and essential medicines with some countries extending it to all medicine classes. Markup regulation (n = 7) was the most commonly used, followed by external reference pricing (n = 6) and cost-plus (n = 5), promotion of generics use (n = 3), while tax exemptions were the least used policy (n = 2). Six of the twenty-one studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Markup regulation was similarly predominant in this latter synthesis. Although the implemented policies showed a measure of success, medicine prices appeared to be influenced by poor legislative framework, lack of pre-/post-implementation activities and noncompliance by various stakeholders.
Various internationally recognized pharmaceutical pricing policies are implemented in developing countries; however, these policies are not optimally adopted. Policymakers should tailor the pharmaceutical pricing policy to the nation taking into consideration macro- and microeconomic factors.
Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research
https://doi.org/10.1111/jphs.12191
Drug and Narcotic Control
Pharmaceutical pricing
Abdel Rida, N., Mohamed Ibrahim, M. I., Babar, Z-U-D., & Owusu, Y. (2017). A Systematic Review of Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies in Developing Countries. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, 8(4), 213-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphs.12191
Abdel Rida, Nada ; Mohamed Ibrahim, Mohamed Izham ; Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din ; Owusu, Yaw. / A Systematic Review of Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies in Developing Countries. In: Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research. 2017 ; Vol. 8, No. 4. pp. 213-226.
@article{c3a1e9b50615423884ae3f23c4a13ce7,
title = "A Systematic Review of Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies in Developing Countries",
abstract = "Objective:A systematic review was conducted to summarize government strategies aimed at controlling pharmaceutical prices in developing countries and their effects on relevant outcomes, and to qualitatively analyse eligible studies of pricing policy and their impact on expenditure and medicine prices.Methods:Several databases, grey literature and Google Scholar were systematically searched, and reference lists of relevant studies were screened for full-text studies published in Arabic or English between January 2000 and March 2016. Studies describing government pharmaceutical pricing strategies in developing countries and their effect were considered eligible.Key findings:Twenty-one studies were included in the explorative synthesis: sixteen covered Asian countries, three covered African countries and three from Latin and South America. Identified policies covered disease-specific and essential medicines with some countries extending it to all medicine classes. Markup regulation (n = 7) was the most commonly used, followed by external reference pricing (n = 6) and cost-plus (n = 5), promotion of generics use (n = 3), while tax exemptions were the least used policy (n = 2). Six of the twenty-one studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Markup regulation was similarly predominant in this latter synthesis. Although the implemented policies showed a measure of success, medicine prices appeared to be influenced by poor legislative framework, lack of pre-/post-implementation activities and noncompliance by various stakeholders.Conclusion:Various internationally recognized pharmaceutical pricing policies are implemented in developing countries; however, these policies are not optimally adopted. Policymakers should tailor the pharmaceutical pricing policy to the nation taking into consideration macro- and microeconomic factors.",
keywords = "developing countries, external price referencing, government strategies, price containment, pricing policy",
author = "{Abdel Rida}, Nada and {Mohamed Ibrahim}, {Mohamed Izham} and Zaheer-Ud-Din Babar and Yaw Owusu",
note = "No AAM on ePrints; author does not have it. Not OA compliant.",
doi = "10.1111/jphs.12191",
journal = "Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research",
Abdel Rida, N, Mohamed Ibrahim, MI, Babar, Z-U-D & Owusu, Y 2017, 'A Systematic Review of Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies in Developing Countries', Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 213-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphs.12191
A Systematic Review of Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies in Developing Countries. / Abdel Rida, Nada; Mohamed Ibrahim, Mohamed Izham; Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din; Owusu, Yaw.
In: Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research, Vol. 8, No. 4, 12.2017, p. 213-226.
T1 - A Systematic Review of Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies in Developing Countries
AU - Abdel Rida, Nada
AU - Mohamed Ibrahim, Mohamed Izham
AU - Babar, Zaheer-Ud-Din
AU - Owusu, Yaw
N1 - No AAM on ePrints; author does not have it. Not OA compliant.
N2 - Objective:A systematic review was conducted to summarize government strategies aimed at controlling pharmaceutical prices in developing countries and their effects on relevant outcomes, and to qualitatively analyse eligible studies of pricing policy and their impact on expenditure and medicine prices.Methods:Several databases, grey literature and Google Scholar were systematically searched, and reference lists of relevant studies were screened for full-text studies published in Arabic or English between January 2000 and March 2016. Studies describing government pharmaceutical pricing strategies in developing countries and their effect were considered eligible.Key findings:Twenty-one studies were included in the explorative synthesis: sixteen covered Asian countries, three covered African countries and three from Latin and South America. Identified policies covered disease-specific and essential medicines with some countries extending it to all medicine classes. Markup regulation (n = 7) was the most commonly used, followed by external reference pricing (n = 6) and cost-plus (n = 5), promotion of generics use (n = 3), while tax exemptions were the least used policy (n = 2). Six of the twenty-one studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Markup regulation was similarly predominant in this latter synthesis. Although the implemented policies showed a measure of success, medicine prices appeared to be influenced by poor legislative framework, lack of pre-/post-implementation activities and noncompliance by various stakeholders.Conclusion:Various internationally recognized pharmaceutical pricing policies are implemented in developing countries; however, these policies are not optimally adopted. Policymakers should tailor the pharmaceutical pricing policy to the nation taking into consideration macro- and microeconomic factors.
AB - Objective:A systematic review was conducted to summarize government strategies aimed at controlling pharmaceutical prices in developing countries and their effects on relevant outcomes, and to qualitatively analyse eligible studies of pricing policy and their impact on expenditure and medicine prices.Methods:Several databases, grey literature and Google Scholar were systematically searched, and reference lists of relevant studies were screened for full-text studies published in Arabic or English between January 2000 and March 2016. Studies describing government pharmaceutical pricing strategies in developing countries and their effect were considered eligible.Key findings:Twenty-one studies were included in the explorative synthesis: sixteen covered Asian countries, three covered African countries and three from Latin and South America. Identified policies covered disease-specific and essential medicines with some countries extending it to all medicine classes. Markup regulation (n = 7) was the most commonly used, followed by external reference pricing (n = 6) and cost-plus (n = 5), promotion of generics use (n = 3), while tax exemptions were the least used policy (n = 2). Six of the twenty-one studies were included in the qualitative synthesis. Markup regulation was similarly predominant in this latter synthesis. Although the implemented policies showed a measure of success, medicine prices appeared to be influenced by poor legislative framework, lack of pre-/post-implementation activities and noncompliance by various stakeholders.Conclusion:Various internationally recognized pharmaceutical pricing policies are implemented in developing countries; however, these policies are not optimally adopted. Policymakers should tailor the pharmaceutical pricing policy to the nation taking into consideration macro- and microeconomic factors.
KW - developing countries
KW - external price referencing
KW - government strategies
KW - price containment
KW - pricing policy
UR - http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/journal/10.1111/(ISSN)1759-8893
U2 - 10.1111/jphs.12191
DO - 10.1111/jphs.12191
JO - Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research
JF - Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research
Abdel Rida N, Mohamed Ibrahim MI, Babar Z-U-D, Owusu Y. A Systematic Review of Pharmaceutical Pricing Policies in Developing Countries. Journal of Pharmaceutical Health Services Research. 2017 Dec;8(4):213-226. https://doi.org/10.1111/jphs.12191
10.1111/jphs.12191Licence: Unspecified
Link to publisher's website

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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text:
Канавский сельский совет () — входит в состав
Кобелякского района
Полтавской области
Украины.

Административный центр сельского совета находится в
с. Канавы.

Населённые пункты совета

 с. Канавы
 с. Водолаговка

Примечания

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
package at.fh.swenga.game.dependencies.slick;

import java.io.EOFException;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.nio.ByteBuffer;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.zip.CRC32;
import java.util.zip.DataFormatException;
import java.util.zip.Inflater;

/**
 * A PNGDecoder. The slick PNG decoder is based on this class :)
 *
 * @author Matthias Mann
 */
public class PNGDecoder {
    public static Format ALPHA = new Format(1, true);
    public static Format LUMINANCE = new Format(1, false);
    public static Format LUMINANCE_ALPHA = new Format(2, true);
    public static Format RGB = new Format(3, false);
    public static Format RGBA = new Format(4, true);
    public static Format BGRA = new Format(4, true);
    public static Format ABGR = new Format(4, true);

    public static class Format {

        final int numComponents;
        final boolean hasAlpha;

        private Format(int numComponents, boolean hasAlpha) {
            this.numComponents = numComponents;
            this.hasAlpha = hasAlpha;
        }

        public int getNumComponents() {
            return numComponents;
        }

        public boolean isHasAlpha() {
            return hasAlpha;
        }
    }

    private static final byte[] SIGNATURE = {(byte)137, 80, 78, 71, 13, 10, 26, 10};

    private static final int IHDR = 0x49484452;
    private static final int PLTE = 0x504C5445;
    private static final int tRNS = 0x74524E53;
    private static final int IDAT = 0x49444154;
    private static final int IEND = 0x49454E44;

    private static final byte COLOR_GREYSCALE = 0;
    private static final byte COLOR_TRUECOLOR = 2;
    private static final byte COLOR_INDEXED = 3;
    private static final byte COLOR_GREYALPHA = 4;
    private static final byte COLOR_TRUEALPHA = 6;

    private final InputStream input;
    private final CRC32 crc;
    private final byte[] buffer;

    private int chunkLength;
    private int chunkType;
    private int chunkRemaining;

    private int width;
    private int height;
    private int bitdepth;
    private int colorType;
    private int bytesPerPixel;
    private byte[] palette;
    private byte[] paletteA;
    private byte[] transPixel;

    public PNGDecoder(InputStream input) throws IOException {
        this.input = input;
        this.crc = new CRC32();
        this.buffer = new byte[4096];

        readFully(buffer, 0, SIGNATURE.length);
        if(!checkSignature(buffer)) {
            throw new IOException("Not a valid PNG file");
        }

        openChunk(IHDR);
        readIHDR();
        closeChunk();

        searchIDAT: for(;;) {
            openChunk();
            switch (chunkType) {
            case IDAT:
                break searchIDAT;
            case PLTE:
                readPLTE();
                break;
            case tRNS:
                readtRNS();
                break;
            }
            closeChunk();
        }

        if(colorType == COLOR_INDEXED && palette == null) {
            throw new IOException("Missing PLTE chunk");
        }
    }

    public int getHeight() {
        return height;
    }

    public int getWidth() {
        return width;
    }

    public boolean hasAlpha() {
        return colorType == COLOR_TRUEALPHA ||
                paletteA != null || transPixel != null;
    }

    public boolean isRGB() {
        return colorType == COLOR_TRUEALPHA ||
                colorType == COLOR_TRUECOLOR ||
                colorType == COLOR_INDEXED;
    }

    /**
     * Computes the implemented format conversion for the desired format.
     *
     * @param fmt the desired format
     * @return format which best matches the desired format
     * @throws UnsupportedOperationException if this PNG file can't be decoded
     */
    public Format decideTextureFormat(Format fmt) {
        switch (colorType) {
        case COLOR_TRUECOLOR:
        	if ((fmt == ABGR) || (fmt == RGBA) || (fmt == BGRA) || (fmt == RGB)) {
        		return fmt;
        	}

        	return RGB;
        case COLOR_TRUEALPHA:
        	if ((fmt == ABGR) || (fmt == RGBA) || (fmt == BGRA) || (fmt == RGB)) {
        		return fmt;
        	}

        	return RGBA;
        case COLOR_GREYSCALE:
        	if ((fmt == LUMINANCE) || (fmt == ALPHA)) {
        		return fmt;
        	}

        	return LUMINANCE;
        case COLOR_GREYALPHA:
            return LUMINANCE_ALPHA;
        case COLOR_INDEXED:
        	if ((fmt == ABGR) || (fmt == RGBA) || (fmt == BGRA)) {
        		return fmt;
        	}

        	return RGBA;
        default:
            throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not yet implemented");
        }
    }

    public void decode(ByteBuffer buffer, int stride, Format fmt) throws IOException {
        final int offset = buffer.position();
        final int lineSize = ((width * bitdepth + 7) / 8) * bytesPerPixel;
        byte[] curLine = new byte[lineSize+1];
        byte[] prevLine = new byte[lineSize+1];
        byte[] palLine = (bitdepth < 8) ? new byte[width+1] : null;

        final Inflater inflater = new Inflater();
        try {
            for(int y=0 ; y<height ; y++) {
                readChunkUnzip(inflater, curLine, 0, curLine.length);
                unfilter(curLine, prevLine);

                buffer.position(offset + y*stride);

                switch (colorType) {
                case COLOR_TRUECOLOR:
                    if (fmt == ABGR) {
                    	copyRGBtoABGR(buffer, curLine);
                    }
                    else if (fmt == RGBA) {
                    	copyRGBtoRGBA(buffer, curLine);
                    }
                    else if (fmt == BGRA) {
                    	copyRGBtoBGRA(buffer, curLine);
                    }
                    else if (fmt == RGB) {
                    	copy(buffer, curLine);
                    } else {
                    	throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Unsupported format for this image");
                    }
                    break;
                case COLOR_TRUEALPHA:
                    if (fmt == ABGR) {
                    	copyRGBAtoABGR(buffer, curLine);
                    } else if (fmt == RGBA) {
                    	copy(buffer, curLine);
                    } else if (fmt == BGRA) {
                    	copyRGBAtoBGRA(buffer, curLine); break;
                    } else if (fmt == RGB) {
                    	copyRGBAtoRGB(buffer, curLine); break;
                    } else {
                        throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Unsupported format for this image");
                    }
                    break;
                case COLOR_GREYSCALE:
                    if ((fmt == LUMINANCE) || (fmt == ALPHA)) {
                    	copy(buffer, curLine);
                    } else {
                    	throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Unsupported format for this image");
                    }
                    break;
                case COLOR_GREYALPHA:
                    if (fmt == LUMINANCE_ALPHA) {
                    	copy(buffer, curLine);
                    } else {
                    	throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Unsupported format for this image");
                    }
                    break;
                case COLOR_INDEXED:
                    switch(bitdepth) {
                        case 8: palLine = curLine; break;
                        case 4: expand4(curLine, palLine); break;
                        case 2: expand2(curLine, palLine); break;
                        case 1: expand1(curLine, palLine); break;
                        default: throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Unsupported bitdepth for this image");
                    }
                    if (fmt == ABGR) {
                    	copyPALtoABGR(buffer, palLine);
                    } else if (fmt == RGBA) {
                    	copyPALtoRGBA(buffer, palLine);
                    } else if (fmt == BGRA) {
                    	copyPALtoBGRA(buffer, palLine);
                    } else {
                    	throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Unsupported format for this image");
                    }
                    break;
                default:
                    throw new UnsupportedOperationException("Not yet implemented");
                }

                byte[] tmp = curLine;
                curLine = prevLine;
                prevLine = tmp;
            }
        } finally {
            inflater.end();
        }
    }

    private void copy(ByteBuffer buffer, byte[] curLine) {
        buffer.put(curLine, 1, curLine.length-1);
    }

    private void copyRGBtoABGR(ByteBuffer buffer, byte[] curLine) {
        if(transPixel != null) {
            byte tr = transPixel[1];
            byte tg = transPixel[3];
            byte tb = transPixel[5];
            for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; i+=3) {
                byte r = curLine[i];
                byte g = curLine[i+1];
                byte b = curLine[i+2];
                byte a = (byte)0xFF;
                if(r==tr && g==tg && b==tb) {
                    a = 0;
                }
                buffer.put(a).put(b).put(g).put(r);
            }
        } else {
            for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; i+=3) {
                buffer.put((byte)0xFF).put(curLine[i+2]).put(curLine[i+1]).put(curLine[i]);
            }
        }
    }

    private void copyRGBtoRGBA(ByteBuffer buffer, byte[] curLine) {
        if(transPixel != null) {
            byte tr = transPixel[1];
            byte tg = transPixel[3];
            byte tb = transPixel[5];
            for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; i+=3) {
                byte r = curLine[i];
                byte g = curLine[i+1];
                byte b = curLine[i+2];
                byte a = (byte)0xFF;
                if(r==tr && g==tg && b==tb) {
                    a = 0;
                }
                buffer.put(r).put(g).put(b).put(a);
            }
        } else {
            for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; i+=3) {
                buffer.put(curLine[i]).put(curLine[i+1]).put(curLine[i+2]).put((byte)0xFF);
            }
        }
    }

    private void copyRGBtoBGRA(ByteBuffer buffer, byte[] curLine) {
        if(transPixel != null) {
            byte tr = transPixel[1];
            byte tg = transPixel[3];
            byte tb = transPixel[5];
            for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; i+=3) {
                byte r = curLine[i];
                byte g = curLine[i+1];
                byte b = curLine[i+2];
                byte a = (byte)0xFF;
                if(r==tr && g==tg && b==tb) {
                    a = 0;
                }
                buffer.put(b).put(g).put(r).put(a);
            }
        } else {
            for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; i+=3) {
                buffer.put(curLine[i+2]).put(curLine[i+1]).put(curLine[i]).put((byte)0xFF);
            }
        }
    }

    private void copyRGBAtoABGR(ByteBuffer buffer, byte[] curLine) {
        for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; i+=4) {
            buffer.put(curLine[i+3]).put(curLine[i+2]).put(curLine[i+1]).put(curLine[i]);
        }
    }

    private void copyRGBAtoBGRA(ByteBuffer buffer, byte[] curLine) {
        for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; i+=4) {
            buffer.put(curLine[i+2]).put(curLine[i+1]).put(curLine[i+0]).put(curLine[i+3]);
        }
    }

    private void copyRGBAtoRGB(ByteBuffer buffer, byte[] curLine) {
        for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; i+=4) {
            buffer.put(curLine[i]).put(curLine[i+1]).put(curLine[i+2]);
        }
    }

    private void copyPALtoABGR(ByteBuffer buffer, byte[] curLine) {
        if(paletteA != null) {
            for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; i+=1) {
                int idx = curLine[i] & 255;
                byte r = palette[idx*3 + 0];
                byte g = palette[idx*3 + 1];
                byte b = palette[idx*3 + 2];
                byte a = paletteA[idx];
                buffer.put(a).put(b).put(g).put(r);
            }
        } else {
            for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; i+=1) {
                int idx = curLine[i] & 255;
                byte r = palette[idx*3 + 0];
                byte g = palette[idx*3 + 1];
                byte b = palette[idx*3 + 2];
                byte a = (byte)0xFF;
                buffer.put(a).put(b).put(g).put(r);
            }
        }
    }

    private void copyPALtoRGBA(ByteBuffer buffer, byte[] curLine) {
        if(paletteA != null) {
            for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; i+=1) {
                int idx = curLine[i] & 255;
                byte r = palette[idx*3 + 0];
                byte g = palette[idx*3 + 1];
                byte b = palette[idx*3 + 2];
                byte a = paletteA[idx];
                buffer.put(r).put(g).put(b).put(a);
            }
        } else {
            for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; i+=1) {
                int idx = curLine[i] & 255;
                byte r = palette[idx*3 + 0];
                byte g = palette[idx*3 + 1];
                byte b = palette[idx*3 + 2];
                byte a = (byte)0xFF;
                buffer.put(r).put(g).put(b).put(a);
            }
        }
    }

    private void copyPALtoBGRA(ByteBuffer buffer, byte[] curLine) {
        if(paletteA != null) {
            for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; i+=1) {
                int idx = curLine[i] & 255;
                byte r = palette[idx*3 + 0];
                byte g = palette[idx*3 + 1];
                byte b = palette[idx*3 + 2];
                byte a = paletteA[idx];
                buffer.put(b).put(g).put(r).put(a);
            }
        } else {
            for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; i+=1) {
                int idx = curLine[i] & 255;
                byte r = palette[idx*3 + 0];
                byte g = palette[idx*3 + 1];
                byte b = palette[idx*3 + 2];
                byte a = (byte)0xFF;
                buffer.put(b).put(g).put(r).put(a);
            }
        }
    }

    private void expand4(byte[] src, byte[] dst) {
        for(int i=1,n=dst.length ; i<n ; i+=2) {
            int val = src[1 + (i >> 1)] & 255;
            switch(n-i) {
                default: dst[i+1] = (byte)(val & 15);
                case 1:  dst[i  ] = (byte)(val >> 4);
            }
        }
    }

    private void expand2(byte[] src, byte[] dst) {
        for(int i=1,n=dst.length ; i<n ; i+=4) {
            int val = src[1 + (i >> 2)] & 255;
            switch(n-i) {
                default: dst[i+3] = (byte)((val     ) & 3);
                case 3:  dst[i+2] = (byte)((val >> 2) & 3);
                case 2:  dst[i+1] = (byte)((val >> 4) & 3);
                case 1:  dst[i  ] = (byte)((val >> 6)    );
            }
        }
    }

    private void expand1(byte[] src, byte[] dst) {
        for(int i=1,n=dst.length ; i<n ; i+=8) {
            int val = src[1 + (i >> 3)] & 255;
            switch(n-i) {
                default: dst[i+7] = (byte)((val     ) & 1);
                case 7:  dst[i+6] = (byte)((val >> 1) & 1);
                case 6:  dst[i+5] = (byte)((val >> 2) & 1);
                case 5:  dst[i+4] = (byte)((val >> 3) & 1);
                case 4:  dst[i+3] = (byte)((val >> 4) & 1);
                case 3:  dst[i+2] = (byte)((val >> 5) & 1);
                case 2:  dst[i+1] = (byte)((val >> 6) & 1);
                case 1:  dst[i  ] = (byte)((val >> 7)    );
            }
        }
    }

    private void unfilter(byte[] curLine, byte[] prevLine) throws IOException {
        switch (curLine[0]) {
            case 0: // none
                break;
            case 1:
                unfilterSub(curLine);
                break;
            case 2:
                unfilterUp(curLine, prevLine);
                break;
            case 3:
                unfilterAverage(curLine, prevLine);
                break;
            case 4:
                unfilterPaeth(curLine, prevLine);
                break;
            default:
                throw new IOException("invalide filter type in scanline: " + curLine[0]);
        }
    }

    private void unfilterSub(byte[] curLine) {
        final int bpp = this.bytesPerPixel;
        for(int i=bpp+1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; ++i) {
            curLine[i] += curLine[i-bpp];
        }
    }

    private void unfilterUp(byte[] curLine, byte[] prevLine) {
        final int bpp = this.bytesPerPixel;
        for(int i=1,n=curLine.length ; i<n ; ++i) {
            curLine[i] += prevLine[i];
        }
    }

    private void unfilterAverage(byte[] curLine, byte[] prevLine) {
        final int bpp = this.bytesPerPixel;

        int i;
        for(i=1 ; i<=bpp ; ++i) {
            curLine[i] += (byte)((prevLine[i] & 0xFF) >>> 1);
        }
        for(int n=curLine.length ; i<n ; ++i) {
            curLine[i] += (byte)(((prevLine[i] & 0xFF) + (curLine[i - bpp] & 0xFF)) >>> 1);
        }
    }

    private void unfilterPaeth(byte[] curLine, byte[] prevLine) {
        final int bpp = this.bytesPerPixel;

        int i;
        for(i=1 ; i<=bpp ; ++i) {
            curLine[i] += prevLine[i];
        }
        for(int n=curLine.length ; i<n ; ++i) {
            int a = curLine[i - bpp] & 255;
            int b = prevLine[i] & 255;
            int c = prevLine[i - bpp] & 255;
            int p = a + b - c;
            int pa = p - a; if(pa < 0) pa = -pa;
            int pb = p - b; if(pb < 0) pb = -pb;
            int pc = p - c; if(pc < 0) pc = -pc;
            if(pa<=pb && pa<=pc)
                c = a;
            else if(pb<=pc)
                c = b;
            curLine[i] += (byte)c;
        }
    }

    private void readIHDR() throws IOException {
        checkChunkLength(13);
        readChunk(buffer, 0, 13);
        width = readInt(buffer, 0);
        height = readInt(buffer, 4);
        bitdepth = buffer[8] & 255;
        colorType = buffer[9] & 255;

        switch (colorType) {
        case COLOR_GREYSCALE:
            if(bitdepth != 8) {
                throw new IOException("Unsupported bit depth: " + bitdepth);
            }
            bytesPerPixel = 1;
            break;
        case COLOR_GREYALPHA:
            if(bitdepth != 8) {
                throw new IOException("Unsupported bit depth: " + bitdepth);
            }
            bytesPerPixel = 2;
            break;
        case COLOR_TRUECOLOR:
            if(bitdepth != 8) {
                throw new IOException("Unsupported bit depth: " + bitdepth);
            }
            bytesPerPixel = 3;
            break;
        case COLOR_TRUEALPHA:
            if(bitdepth != 8) {
                throw new IOException("Unsupported bit depth: " + bitdepth);
            }
            bytesPerPixel = 4;
            break;
        case COLOR_INDEXED:
            switch(bitdepth) {
            case 8:
            case 4:
            case 2:
            case 1:
                bytesPerPixel = 1;
                break;
            default:
                throw new IOException("Unsupported bit depth: " + bitdepth);
            }
            break;
        default:
            throw new IOException("unsupported color format: " + colorType);
        }

        if(buffer[10] != 0) {
            throw new IOException("unsupported compression method");
        }
        if(buffer[11] != 0) {
            throw new IOException("unsupported filtering method");
        }
        if(buffer[12] != 0) {
            throw new IOException("unsupported interlace method");
        }
    }

    private void readPLTE() throws IOException {
        int paletteEntries = chunkLength / 3;
        if(paletteEntries < 1 || paletteEntries > 256 || (chunkLength % 3) != 0) {
            throw new IOException("PLTE chunk has wrong length");
        }
        palette = new byte[paletteEntries*3];
        readChunk(palette, 0, palette.length);
    }

    private void readtRNS() throws IOException {
        switch (colorType) {
        case COLOR_GREYSCALE:
            checkChunkLength(2);
            transPixel = new byte[2];
            readChunk(transPixel, 0, 2);
            break;
        case COLOR_TRUECOLOR:
            checkChunkLength(6);
            transPixel = new byte[6];
            readChunk(transPixel, 0, 6);
            break;
        case COLOR_INDEXED:
            if(palette == null) {
                throw new IOException("tRNS chunk without PLTE chunk");
            }
            paletteA = new byte[palette.length/3];
            Arrays.fill(paletteA, (byte)0xFF);
            readChunk(paletteA, 0, paletteA.length);
            break;
        default:
            // just ignore it
        }
    }

    private void closeChunk() throws IOException {
        if(chunkRemaining > 0) {
            // just skip the rest and the CRC
            skip(chunkRemaining + 4);
        } else {
            readFully(buffer, 0, 4);
            int expectedCrc = readInt(buffer, 0);
            int computedCrc = (int)crc.getValue();
            if(computedCrc != expectedCrc) {
                throw new IOException("Invalid CRC");
            }
        }
        chunkRemaining = 0;
        chunkLength = 0;
        chunkType = 0;
    }

    private void openChunk() throws IOException {
        readFully(buffer, 0, 8);
        chunkLength = readInt(buffer, 0);
        chunkType = readInt(buffer, 4);
        chunkRemaining = chunkLength;
        crc.reset();
        crc.update(buffer, 4, 4);   // only chunkType
    }

    private void openChunk(int expected) throws IOException {
        openChunk();
        if(chunkType != expected) {
            throw new IOException("Expected chunk: " + Integer.toHexString(expected));
        }
    }

    private void checkChunkLength(int expected) throws IOException {
        if(chunkLength != expected) {
            throw new IOException("Chunk has wrong size");
        }
    }

    private int readChunk(byte[] buffer, int offset, int length) throws IOException {
        if(length > chunkRemaining) {
            length = chunkRemaining;
        }
        readFully(buffer, offset, length);
        crc.update(buffer, offset, length);
        chunkRemaining -= length;
        return length;
    }

    private void refillInflater(Inflater inflater) throws IOException {
        while(chunkRemaining == 0) {
            closeChunk();
            openChunk(IDAT);
        }
        int read = readChunk(buffer, 0, buffer.length);
        inflater.setInput(buffer, 0, read);
    }

    private void readChunkUnzip(Inflater inflater, byte[] buffer, int offset, int length) throws IOException {
        try {
            do {
                int read = inflater.inflate(buffer, offset, length);
                if(read <= 0) {
                    if(inflater.finished()) {
                        throw new EOFException();
                    }
                    if(inflater.needsInput()) {
                        refillInflater(inflater);
                    } else {
                        throw new IOException("Can't inflate " + length + " bytes");
                    }
                } else {
                    offset += read;
                    length -= read;
                }
            } while(length > 0);
        } catch (DataFormatException ex) {
            throw (IOException)(new IOException("inflate error").initCause(ex));
        }
    }

    private void readFully(byte[] buffer, int offset, int length) throws IOException {
        do {
            int read = input.read(buffer, offset, length);
            if(read < 0) {
                throw new EOFException();
            }
            offset += read;
            length -= read;
        } while(length > 0);
    }

    private int readInt(byte[] buffer, int offset) {
        return
                ((buffer[offset  ]      ) << 24) |
                ((buffer[offset+1] & 255) << 16) |
                ((buffer[offset+2] & 255) <<  8) |
                ((buffer[offset+3] & 255)      );
    }

    private void skip(long amount) throws IOException {
        while(amount > 0) {
            long skipped = input.skip(amount);
            if(skipped < 0) {
                throw new EOFException();
            }
            amount -= skipped;
        }
    }

    private static boolean checkSignature(byte[] buffer) {
        for(int i=0 ; i<SIGNATURE.length ; i++) {
            if(buffer[i] != SIGNATURE[i]) {
                return false;
            }
        }
        return true;
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Planning council blasts government on Peel
The government's recent actions on the Peel have jeopardized land use planning across the territory, according to the Yukon Land Use Planning Council. "The council believes that the regional land use planning program is in trouble."
jacqueline Ronson
Apr. 22, 2013 12:37 p.m.
The government's recent actions on the Peel have jeopardized land use planning across the territory, according to the Yukon Land Use Planning Council.
"The council believes that the regional land use planning program is in trouble," according to an April 7 letter signed by Ian Robertson, the council's chair. The letter was addressed to Brad Cathers, minister of resources, as well as the chiefs of the four First Nations involved with the Peel plan.
"A number of negative precedents may have been set that undermine the trust and public confidence required to sustain an effective land use planning program."
The recently released What We Heard report reaffirms "the extent of the polarization and disconnect" between the views of Yukoners, according to the letter.
"The consultation report clearly demonstrates a public perception that the government of Yukon did not follow either the spirit or intent of the rules established in Chapter 11 of the Umbrella Final Agreement and hijacked the process. Whether that is true or not is largely irrelevant at the point."
The effect of this "lightning rod for division" has spilled over into other land use planning processes, and undermines the government's ability to promote the Yukon to industry as a good place for investment, the letter states.
The council raised four specific concerns with the government's handling of the Peel plan process.
First, the process for approving the land use plan did not follow what was agreed to in a letter of understanding signed by Yukon and First Nation governments in January, 2011.
The parties agreed to a "process, timeline and approach to consultation," but these tenets were not followed.
The lack of commitment to the letter of understanding "has resulted in the reduction of trust between the parties, hampering future communication and harming relations," the letter states. "It is now unlikely that there will be other such 'handshake' agreements, and more formal, costly and time-consuming legal agreements can be expected."
Second, the council raised concerns with the government's decision to release a set of "planning principles" at a late stage in the process, and without input from First Nations or the council.
Land use planning commissions are charged with producing an "approvable" plan, but in order to do so parties must be clear on their expectations.
The letter noted five earlier points in the process where the government could have identified its planning principles.
"As principles are foundational statements used to base a plan or planning process upon, having these come out that the end of the process jeopardizes any work done prior to their release," according to the council.
Third, the council blasted the government for introducing proposed modifications to the plan that were "cobbled together with little supporting evidence as to their validity."
Any proposed changes should have been based on consultation with the public and First Nation governments, and not the other way around, according to the letter.
"The rationale behind the concepts and legitimacy of the proposed new land use categories struck many as illogical, vague and even naive. This is unfortunate because it meant that the ideas themselves did not end up getting fair consideration."
Finally, the council said that the government's new proposed land use designations are confusing and out of step with existing land use designations.
"The use of the word 'wilderness' as part of the title of an area where development is allowed (roads, mines, etc.) is misleading," the letter states.
A 1999 government report defined wilderness as existing beyond a set distance from roads and development, according to the council.
Furthermore, the government's own planning principles indicate that there are areas in the Peel that deserve "the highest level of protection available."
None of the areas in the government's plans meet that standard, according to the letter.
"There is no designation in the new Peel concepts that would align with the highest level of protection envisioned internationally."
The governments involved must exhibit courageous leadership and creativity to bring land use planning back on track and restore public confidence in the process, the letter concludes.
"The present situation is untenable for all."
Contact Jacqueline Ronson at jronson@yukon-news.com
Making better renters
Yukon voices reach final frontier


text:
Florida Innocence Project in Disbelief of How Florida Bar Handled Complaints Filed Against Tallahassee Defense Attorney Greg Cummings in Teen Charged with Two Counts of 1st Degree Murder
Tallahassee, FL—When the mother of DeShon Thomas visited the office of the Florida Innocence Project and spoke to staff members about details of court proceedings and how the Florida Bar failed to hold private Tallahassee Defense Attorney Greg Cummings responsible for violations that he committed, the staff members were in highly disbelief.
Tallahassee Defense Attorney Greg Cummings was paid nearly $30,000 of a $50,000 attorney fee to represent seventeen-year-old DeShon Thomas. Within four months after signing a contract with DeShon and his mother, Mr. Cummings began to show signs of misconduct. About fifteen months later, DeShon's mother filed a complaint with the Florida Bar against Mr. Cummings. The following month, DeShon's mother recommended to DeShon to fire Mr. Cummings. Unfortnately (yet, fortunately) DeShon's mother was right, Mr. Cummings was unethical in his conduct.
DeShon's mother learned that Mr. Cummings, along with Circuit Judge James C. Hankinson and Assistant State Attorney/Prosecutor Jack Campbell were conspiring against DeShon in order to protect the numerous of violations that had been committed by the Leon County Sheriff's Office. Leon County Sheriff Larry Campbell, the father of Assistant State Attorney/Prosecutor Jack Campbell, had assigned his wealthy, close, personal friend, Donald Odham, as Lead Detective on the case. Mr. Odham, who was being referred to in court documents and other official documents as "Leon County Sheriff Detective Don Odham," was not on the Leon County Sheriff's Office payroll—neither did Mr. Odham have the credentials to be a detective. It was "Detective Odham" as to who claimed to that he'd received incriminating statements from a single witness as to what led him (Detective Odham) to prepare a Summary of Offense for Two Counts of 1st Degree Murder and Probable Cause Report—which was approved by none other than Assistant State Attorney/Prosecutor Jack Campbell. Shortly thereafter, Leon County Sheriff Larry Campbell replaced then Lead Detective Melinda McBride and her team of seasoned detectives and deputies with his wealthy friend, "Detective Odham". (Detective McBride and her team had spent over a week trying to make a clear connection between DeShon and the murders—to no avail. The same day Detective McBride and her team began investigating solid suspects in which the victims' family members had originally given to them (DeShon was not one of the suspects), that's when "Detective Odham" came with his incriminating statements from a witness in which Detective McBride and her team had already learned the same witness to be disgruntle—not creditable.)
In his rebuttals to The Florida Bar, in regards to DeShon and his mother's complaints, Mr. Cummings didn't deny many of DeShon and his mother's complaints against him. This is in part why many find it baffling as to why The Florida Bar has failed to hold Mr. Cummings responsible for violating their rules. In DeShon's mother's complaint, The Florida Bar ruled that Mr. Cummings did not violate any of their rules. In DeShon's complaint, The Florida Bar just didn't rule at all.
For instance, DeShon's mother learned that prior to hiring Mr. Cummings, Circuit Judge James Hankinson had been conducting crucial case events outside of DeShon's presence and without having provided motions to the Leon County Clerk of Courts and without informing DeShon. Mr. Cummings was aware of these case events and never informed DeShon or DeShon's mother. While at the same time Mr. Cummings spent weeks soliciting DeShon's mother. Coupled with violating The Florida Bar rule 4-1.4 in regards to Communication, Mr. Cummings also violated rule 4.1-3 Diligence: A lawyer should pursue a matter on behalf of a client despite opposition, obstruction, or personal inconvenience to the lawyer and take whatever lawful and ethical measures are required to vindicate a client's cause or endeavor. Mr. Cummings was fully aware of "Detective Don Odham" as an impostor—pretending to be a Leon County Sheriff Detective. Mr. Cummings also was fully aware of "Detective Don Odham" being supported by the Leon County Sheriff's Office and the 2nd Circuit State Attorney's Office—with both offices having filed legal documents identifying Mr. Donald Odham as a "Leon County Sheriff Detective" plainly shows that the Leon County Sheriff's Office and the 2nd Circuit State Attorney's Office acted fraudulent and deceptive.
The Florida Bar's failure to hold Mr. Cummings responsible for his actions in the case involving a child client—sends the message to all Floridians—when it comes to consumer protection—the hiring of an attorney—The Florida Bar is selective as to what attorneys they chose to hold accountable for violating their rules.
It is a sad day when even those who know the ends and outs of The Florida Bar Rules of Professional Conduct, like staff members at the Florida Innocence Project, are left scratching their head about the actions of The Florida Bar.
Author MAUL10Posted on January 18, 2015 January 18, 2015
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The Memorandum was signed on behalf of the LEDIB programme by the Coordinator Carsten Lund with Nis Mayor, Milos Simonovic and presidents of the municipalities of Palilula, Pantelej, Medijana, Crveni Krst, Niska banja, Aleksinac, Doljevac, Gadzin Han, Merosina, Svrljig and Razanj. The aim of today's meeting was to improve services of the local authorities' administration in the domain of small and medium size enterprises.
The Mayor of Nis, Milos Simonovic emphasized during the signing ceremony that this is: "Great chance for all municipalities of the Nisava District to create through this programme a favourable climate for attracting investors, opening new jobs and establishing better international cooperation.
Managing, financing, promoting, as finding consumers and clients are the most frequent problems that SMEs are facing says Carsten Lund, the Coordinator of the LEDIB programme and adds that these problems are similar in small and medium size enterprises in Western and Eastern Europe only on different levels.
The next phase of the project, municipalities shall draft the Strategy for developing small and medium size enterprises, and trough the donation of LEDIB, shall be financed some of the most significant needs in the region.


Race Review: The Performance Series Race #3 (City) [10km] (by 'red3') | JustRunLah!
This nursery rhyme, that I used to read to my little girl when she was a toddler, just rings too true each time I complete any kind of run or race.
I am by no means a fast runner when I consider my running buddies with their sub 6/sub 5 paces, but regardless of time, pace or distance I definitely always get there in the end.
This third Performance Series race held at Gardens by the Bay East was no different. A 10km route travelling past familiar iconic locations like the Marina Barrage, Marina Bay Sands, Gardens by the Bay and Collyer Quay.
After a shocking training/racing season the first half of 2016, the last couple of months have shown consistency, improvements and better fitness.
With that in mind, the only aim I had is no matter how slow I go, that I complete the event without walking at any point. I set off in Wave 2 with my partners in pain (John and Remek) at a steady pace and aimed to maintain it throughout. The other two with stronger legs took off and left me in the dust, to be seen again at the end holding up the wall.
Carrying my own water this time, I passed all the drinking stations. They looked very well organised and set up with a table each for water and Lucozade giving runners both options throughout the whole race.
Satisfied with my steady effort as each kilometer melted away and the music continued to blare in my ears, I figured I could pick up the pace at the 9th kilometer to make up some time I wasted when I chose to stop and take a couple of pics of all the fluoro tees ascending and descending the circular frame at the Marina Barrage. They were the only pics I took en route which is a first for me given how easily I get distracted by my surroundings.
Knowing the finish line was nearby I picked up the pace from 7+ to 6:30 and hoped to take it to the end. I didn't anticipate not seeing that finish line for some time and no matter how hard I tried, I couldn't sustain the pace. I just kept thinking "surely I'm getting closer, I'm on the final straight, I can see Benjamin Sheares bridge so where's the end", and as my legs faltered, I kept hoping to see the end and it was nowhere in sight. What I thought was straight was actually a subtly curved path, keeping that most important end out of sight, till finally there in the distance, like a pinprick light at the end of a tunnel, was the most important word "Finish".
Knowing this was my best race performance since my first 10km Great Eastern race in 2014, I was pleased I had managed to improve on my last Performance Series race at Jurong Lake by three minutes.
The progress is slow. Since my torn ligament and fractured ankle in early 2015 (terrible mishap in an obstacle race), my running has become more about showing up and doing with small incremental changes along the way.
I know speed will never be my forte but what I do foresee is long distance endurance (meaning longer than 10km). A "steady as she goes" habit for longer and longer distances will likely be my new mantra. It should be an interesting journey in itself, as endurance running needs a different mentality to speed running.
For now though, I look forward to Performance Series #4 at Bedok Reservoir in October with John and Remek. I've enjoyed the series so far, traipsing around Singapore, experiencing new or rarely visited locations. It's a terrific way to explore this gorgeous city state.


text:
Digital Daily
Home / Justice at last?
Justice at last?
Keith A. Owens
This week an estimated 6,000 prisoners convicted and sentenced to prison over the last few decades on drug felony charges are set for release back into society. The action is seen as the first meaningful step in a national effort to reduce the federal prison rolls that have swollen grotesquely from the mass incarceration of American citizens.
It comes on the heels of a bipartisan criminal justice reform bill recently voted out of the Senate Judiciary Committee and moving through Congress known as the Sentencing Reform and Corrections Act of 2015 (H.R. S. 2132.). If ultimately approved by both Houses and signed by President Obama, it would:
Narrow the scope of mandatory minimum sentences to focus on the most serious drug offenders and violent criminals;
Broaden the existing "safety valve" that allows judges discretion in sentencing lower-level non-violent offenders; and
Ensure retroactive application of the Fair Sentencing Act of 2010, which reduced the disparity in sentencing between crack and powder cocaine.
Additionally the bill would strengthen recidivism reduction programs by allowing qualified prisoners participating in the programs to earn credits toward early release and the opportunity to spend a portion of their remaining sentence in residential reentry centers, home confinement, or under community supervision. The bill would also allow early release of certain non-violent inmates who are older than 60, terminally ill, or in nursing care, according to the Chicago-based American Bar Association, the nations' largest organization of lawyers.
Such action would have been virtually unthinkable just 10 to 15 years ago, said Marc Mauer, executive director of The Sentencing Project. He noted that the bipartisan consensus now firmly behind reducing the nation's shameful incarceration rates grew out of a realization that the "War on Drugs" has been catastrophic for both families and taxpayers.
For example, the federal prison population has increased nearly 800% since 1980 and more than doubled since 1994, with spending up 1700% over that period, and federal prisons are currently operating at 131% of capacity. This is due in significant degree to the proliferation of mandatory minimum sentences. Nearly half of all federal prisoners are serving sentences for nonviolent drug crimes – as is the case for most of those being released this week.
"The reason we have mass incarceration is not because we don't have enough research documenting the problem with it but, politically, policymakers have been fearful of being soft on crime for too many years," Mauer said.
However, criminal justice reform advocates say the reliance of the United States on its criminal justice system and lengthy prison terms - more than any other nation – has also had such severe economic and budgetary consequences that it now has made such policies literally unsustainable.
Thus, while you may have liberals motivated by social and racial justice factors and conservatives by economics, you do have a bipartisan consensus around criminal justice reform at a time when there is little political consensus around much else.
A May 2014 policy memo from the Hamilton Project of the Washington, D.C. think tank the Brookings Institution found that in 2010 the United States spent more than $80 billion on corrections expenditures at the federal, state, and local levels. The memo stated in part:
"Corrections expenditures fund the supervision, confinement,and rehabilitation of adults and juveniles convicted of offenses against the law, and the confinement of persons awaiting trial and adjudication (Kyckelhahn 2013). Total corrections expenditures more than quadrupled over the past twenty years in real terms, from approximately $17 billion in 1980 to more than $80 billion in 2010. When including expenditures for police protection and judicial and legal services, the direct costs of crime rise to $261 billion."
The Lansing-based criminal justice policy reform think tank Citizens Alliance on Prisons and Public Spending noted that despite a decrease in the prisoner population from its peak in 2007, Michigan still incarcerates nearly 44,000 people and spends $2 billion on corrections.
That is more than the state spends on higher education.
Michelle Weemhoff is the Deputy Director of the Michigan Council on Crime and Delinquency. She said although the Sentencing Reform and Corrections Act is federal legislation, it's ultimate success can redound to state actions because it creates the political space for bipartisan consensus for meaningful sentencing reform on a state level.
"If we really want to impact criminal justice reform and ultimately end the era of mass incarceration we need to have policy changes on a state level as well," she said. "We need similar bipartisan agreement on a state level."
Weemhoff said right now in the Michigan legislature there is bipartisan legislation working its way through the chambers on the issue of "presumptive parole."
Presumptive parole requires that each person is reviewed for parole at the end of their minimum sentence and has an opportunity for parole review.
Michigan's current "Truth in Sentencing" laws requiring people convicted of crimes to serve roughly 100 percent of their time. It has resulted in most state prisoners being denied parole by the State Parole Board after serving 100 percent of their minimum sentence, even those who have demonstrated they have been rehabilitated and have good records.
"The Council of State Governments found on average, Michigan prisoners were serving 120 percent of sentence or longer," Weemhoff said. "It's expensive to continue to incarcerate people who are no threat to public safety; were keeping them in prison for no added value to public safety."
"Presumptive parole will allow people to finally get out who don't need to be in prison," she said.
Mauer said it has been proven in states more populous than Michigan that reform policies like presumptive parole and other measures can contribute to policy shifts that can produce necessary and effective reductions in prison crowding on a state level.
The Sentencing Project noted that in recent years the success that three states – California, New Jersey, and New York – have had in reducing their prison populations by about 25% in the past 15 years. In almost all categories of crime and violence, these states achieved reductions equal to or greater than the national average as they lowered their prison populations.
In testimony last month before the Senate Judiciary Committee, Mauer said one final major component of this criminal justice reform effort at federal and state level will be mitigating the particularly harsh impact of mass incarceration on African American communities, and increasingly on Latinos.
"Black men are incarcerated at a rate six times that of white men, and one in ten black males in his 30s is in prison or jail on any given day. The intersection of socioeconomic disadvantage and the criminal justice system is similarly dramatic, with 70% of black male high school dropouts having been incarcerated by the age of 35. The life consequences for these individuals and their communities are quite profound, and threaten much of the progress toward racial justice of recent decades.
Federal sentencing policy has unfortunately contributed to these outcomes. The highest level instance of this has been the mandatory sentencing policies for crack cocaine offenses adopted in the late 1980s, whereby persons convicted of a crack cocaine offense are punished more harshly than those convicted of a powder cocaine offense. As a result of racial disparities produced in drug law enforcement, more than 80% of defendants subject to these penalties in crack cocaine cases have been African American."
Congress enacted the Fair Sentencing Act in 2010, which reduced the sentencing disparity between the two forms of cocaine, but the legislation did not apply retroactively to individuals sentenced prior to its adoption.
"This created the unjust circumstance whereby an individual sentenced a day before the legislation was enacted would have received a longer prison term than another person sentenced the day after," Mauer said. "By applying the provisions of the Fair Sentencing Act to an estimated 6,500 individuals currently incarcerated in federal prisons this legislation would reduce excessive incarceration overall and that of African Americans in particular."
Democratic Michigan Sen. Gary Peters strongly backs the Sentencing Reform and Corrections Act of 2015. But in an email to the Michigan Chronicle, Peters said he believes even more still needs to be done once that bill is passed.
"The United States has one of the highest incarceration rates in the world, negatively impacting minority communities, and Congress should consider proposals that will ensure sentences fit the crime," he said. "But sentencing reform is only one piece of a larger puzzle necessary to improve our criminal justice system, and we must also continue to look at ways to reform our court system, improve prisoner reentry, and strengthen relationships between law enforcement and their communities."
Sen. Peters has introduced bipartisan legislation to create a National Criminal Justice Commission. It will be charged with engaging in a bipartisan top to bottom review of the criminal justice system to make it more fair and just for all Americans, his spokesperson said.
(Trevor W. Coleman is a former Detroit journalist and Washington, DC speechwriter who served as director of communications for the Michigan Department of Civil Rights)
Tags: Blacks and criminal justice reform, Criminal Justice Reform, Obama and criminal justice reform


I could make a long list of things I have not yet learned in life. My hope is, of course, to shorten this list drastically. Presently, I want to zero in on one thing I have learned, which has stood me in good stead for many years; how to have an argument with yourself and win.
(1) women, wives in particular, do not argue like men.
In light of this important marital lore . . .
When sitting in my easy chair, minding my own business, and my wife flies around the corner and stands in front of me with both hands firmly placed on her hips, I immediately say, "It's my fault, Honey, I did it and I'm sorry. I?ll never do it again."
Because of this, I have focused on arguing with myself. It is, if I may say so, an art that takes years to master. The key to arguing with yourself and winning is having a good relationship with yourself. This in itself may take years to accomplish and some people, unfortunately, never achieve this in their lifetime.
At this point, I began arguing with myself. I could not get home without getting gas. Just a simple fact of life.
"This would be a good time to meet her. Just step out in faith and trust God."
She came to my table and I introduced myself. I knew her grandfather, which was an opening for a very delightful conversation. She sat at my table for about 10 minutes and we chatted like old friends.
I finished my lunch and the waitress brought my bill. I stared at it for a few minutes and realized after paying for lunch I had a grand total of 6 cents left. Not quite enough to buy gas for the car. I chuckled one of those nervous chuckles when you don't know what's going to happen, but you know you've done the right thing.
The best way to win an argument is submitting the evidence to God. He always has a workable plan.


text:
Q: What is the best way to do C-struct in haskell? Currently I use data fields to mimic a C-struct. But I found that unlike the domain-driven way of programming like object.property, in haskell the property names are all dumped into the module namespace. This creates some problems when I have more than one such struct. For example, what if I have two data types:
data Person = Person { name :: Text, address :: Text }
data Dog = Dog { name :: Text, breed :: Text }

then GHC will complain: Multiple declarations of 'name'. Thus I have to name the "properties" with prefixes:
data Person = Person { getPersonName :: Text, getPersonAddress :: Text }
data Dog = Dog { getDogName :: Text, getDogBreed :: Text }

is this necessary? Or am I using the wrong way to define a struct?

A: You can use the -XDisambiguateRecordFields extension. It allows exactly this: using the same name of record label in multiple data declaration.
However, you should think about whether this is really needed. If two data types contain the same conceptual thing, would it perhaps be better to remove that field from both types and use it in a common wrapper instead?
data Person' = Person { address :: Text }
data Dog' = Dog { breed :: Text }

data Named b = Named { name :: Text, being :: b }

type Person = Named Person'
type Dog = Named Dog'


text:
Q: 'cordova' is not recognized as an internal or external command I am trying to install cordova 5.1.1 version using node.js, Command line interface.
cordova got installed on the machine, but I am not able to use cordova command. When I list the packages, I can able to see installed cordova cordova, but can not run command to create project.
System config : OS : windows 8, npm version : 1.3.21, Cordova version : 5.1.
Error Message
C:>cordova
'cordova' is not recognized as an internal or external command, operable program or batch file.

A: Need to set environment variable.
Start -> Control Panel -> System and Security -> System -> Environment variables
or
Mycomputer -> Right Click -> properties -> Advance System settings -> Environment variables
under User variables for youruser:
Path:
  %SystemRoot%\system32;%SystemRoot%;%SystemRoot%\System32\Wbem;%SYSTEMROOT%
  \System32\WindowsPowerShell\v1.0\;C:\Users\user1\AppData\Roaming\npm`
Temp:
  %USERPROFILE%\AppData\Local\Temp
Simple copy pasting wont work.
If Still Not getting need reset/create the DWORD
1.Click the Start menu and type "regedit" on the search box. This will launch the Windows Registry Editor program.
2.Enter to the following Registry entry: HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Microsoft\Windows Script Host\Settings
3.Select the "Enabled" entry in the right side window. If this entry is there, right-click and select "New" followed by "DWORD Value." Name the value "Enabled."
4.Right-click the "Enabled" entry and click "Modify."
5.Change the number in the "Value" box to "1." This will re-enable WSH.
6.close all opened cmd windows and open a new window.

A: Path set to Environment variable where Cordova install
$ which cordova
node_modules/.bin
$ cordova -v
3.5.0-0.2.4


I've started so many things that haven't gotten finished this last month. I don't think I have ever been so happy while not accomplishing something. I much prefer the satisfaction of finishing something rather than starting something. I like it when a series is finished, so long as it is finished well. When Buffy ended I was a little sad because the Scooby team were my friends, but the story was finished and I was happy with it. Tom moped around for weeks. When Charmed ended I was happy. It was a good run, Tom loved the show but for me it was a time killer and not something I looked forward to. Tom mopped around for several days. Tom is practically foaming at the mouth waiting to hear if they are going to produce season three of Hex after watching season one he bought season two online all before season one aired on BBC America.
This past month I have started so many projects and left them in the dust because I just can't figure out where to go with them. I was supposed to write a scene for theater of note in LA and I started it four different times... And didn't finish a single one. The deadline made a glorious Madonna luckystar sound effect as it flew by. I had a block keeping me from posting here, sometimes the best time to take a break is when you want to post too badly.
In the last 30 days, my coworker who was nicknamed by his son FDG (Fat-Daddy-Grandpa- because he was so old and grumpy) has taken 5 days of vacation, and "worked from home" for 5 days. "How does a support person works from home?" you ask. Probably the same way a barista works from home by pouring herself a drink! Throw in weekends and my month has been full of relatively sunny non-FDG days!
I'm lucky right now. So many of my friends are going through tough times right now. Hugs to you all. Special "nahm yho"s to everyone who is traveling in the next month. The air is full of change and we must meet them with trust and strength. You control your life and these changes will put new tools in your hands, don't be afraid to use them.
I've completed nothing and am content in my state of flux.
Pictures from boys night behind the cut.
grubbybastard, southernpm and the classic salacious_pop with his eyes closed.... look how angelic he looks!
You are incredibly special which makes me happy.
By the way, you rock.


Mooon concept phone has a sleek design, big and beautiful touchscreen, and of course a camera. Just like any other mobile phone available on the market, right? What's special about Mooon is that at the bottom of this phone, you'll find a bluetooth headset, detachable when you need it. Very smart !


Oh Lore At least architecture; poetry.
I could never thank you for your labor.
you could use me forever.
artistry and cutlery a joint proposition.
but now I know that I want my bones striped in maroon berry paint.


I understand and am sympathetic to geographic pockets, industries, and people who have legitimately been affected by economic factors outside of their control. However, if your company views the economy as 'down', it's going to negatively impact your hiring strategy and process, and you most likely won't be as aggressive and efficient as you need to be to land strong talent.
With that in mind, I want to give a few ideas on how to approach the hiring process if you are struggling with finding (or landing) new hires, given "the economy" (which is actually really strong right now).
Embrace the fact that it's a candidate driven market right now. Accept the fact that you're going to have to 'sell' them on your company, opportunity, and culture. It's not always enough to just give them an offer. Candidates have options, and instead of ignoring it, a more powerful stance would be to embrace it and simply know who you are as a company and highlight that to the interviewee.
***This does not mean be desperate or beg, but realize you have to be bringing something of value to the table–step up your game as a company!
Get through the first step quickly. Usually it's a phone screen, and with people working longer hours–recruiters and HR need to be open to talking after 5pm or on weekends. That 30 minute investment can save upwards of 5-7 days.
Speed up your offer approval process. If you take longer than five days to approve an offer, that is just way too long. Communicate earlier with the decision maker on the likely range of salary. Get pre-approval for a number, anticipate travel schedule, use e-approval, etc.
If you are hiring skilled trade employees–you can cover their COBRA during the waiting period for benefits. Or give them a sign on bonus! A little goes a long way–$750 is a small price to pay for a talented trades employee.
If you are hiring an engineer or salaried employee with 5+ years of experience, give them 3 weeks of vacation. Or gym memberships, iPhone, iPad, etc. Everyone wants Apple products, and everyone at least wants to be member of a gym.
Executives–equity! If you are uncomfortable with actual shares develop a plan that is the equivalent of stock/dividend based equity plan. Tie them to the results.
Finally–I recommend you reach out to a proven and highly productive Technical and Manufacturing search firm to help you both find and fill jobs. Feel free to reach out to me through LinkedIn!


text:
info@kellyalexandershow.com
The Kelly Alexander Show
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Clean Bandit Talking Hidden Talent & Massive Violins!
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Clean Bandit Taking the World By Storm…
We're thrilled to welcome Grammy Award-winning classical/electronic group Clean Bandit to The Kelly Alexander Show who've had a ton of success with their hit song "Rather Be" and most recently "Rockabye." Clean Bandit's cellist Grace Chatto has lots to talk about including how much she loves performing with her dad in a group called Massive Violins and how he made her cello for her. Grace directed Clean Bandit's music video for their hit song "Rockabye" and is kind enough to play a quiz game with Kelly that lets us know what her hidden talent involves – Kelly could never master it!
The New Electric Talk About Their "T-Shirt"
Canadian band The New Electric spend some time chatting about life on the road, who handles social media and their latest song "T-Shirt." We wrap things up with electronic duo The Knocks talking about who they'd like to collaborate with and the influence of New York City.
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* It allows retailers to set minimums and levy surcharges on debit and credit transactions.
Yeah, my eyelids are drooping, too. But this is important: if Congress passes the full bill, which is likely to happen, it will result in more than tear-stained Armani suits. It will affect you every time you walk into a store. Here are five potential results.
Any merchant will tell you the same story: they're being gouged by credit card issuers. "The banks just take more and more and more," says Paul Dwoskin, owner of Broadway Market Video in Seattle. Credit and debit card transactions amount to 45% of his total sales volume, and every time he swipes a customer's card, he pays about 4% in fees.
That's higher than the average, which is closer to 2%, because a video store handles a lot of small transactions. But large retailers are just as upset. The National Retail Federation is a strong supporter of the Durbin Amendment.
When flour gets cheaper, bread gets cheaper. Same deal.
As a customer, why should I care about a dustup between stores and banks? After all, I pay the same price whether I use cash, debit, or credit.
"I don't know of any other practice where any other business is forced to accept those types of onerous obligations," says Mitch Goldstone, CEO of Scanmyphotos.com. Goldstone is the lead plaintiff in a class action suit against Visa and MasterCard over interchange fees.
Debit card reward programs, financed by interchange fees, have traditionally been less generous than those offered by credit cards, simply because banks collect lower interchange fees on debit transactions. And if the Durbin amendment stays on the bill once it becomes law, these programs will probably be toast altogether.
And that's not all. Some community banks and credit unions offer so-called reward checking accounts: use your debit card a dozen times a month, and you'll get a high interest rate on your cash. That's easy to accomplish if you can use your debit card 10 to 12 times on small purchases (you know, a pack of gum here, a soda there). But if merchants start imposing minimum-purchase requirements, what are you going to do? Go grocery shopping a dozen times a month? Keeping up with the requirements to get that high yield will become much more of a hassle.
Okay, wait a minute. Let's resist knee-jerk conclusions about greedy bankers and look at this from their perspective.
As a payment mechanism (leaving aside issues of credit card debt) plastic is awesome. It's fast. It's accepted everywhere. Cardholders are protected against fraud. And for this great innovation, all you pay is 2% on average–passed on to you by your friendly local merchant in the form of higher prices.
Is 2% simply the cost of a functional credit and debit card processing network? Is Congress's meddling with the free market going to force us to melt down our plastic and live on cash, like in the Stone Age?
"The system the way it works benefits both sides," says Tate, of the bankers group. "Merchants get more volume, and people come in and use their card for a multitude of purchases." Allowing the Federal Reserve to regulate interchange fees, he says, would disrupt a system that makes consumers happy.
"This country has the highest interchange [fees] in the world," argues PIRG's Mierzwinski. Despite the technological advances that are driving down prices for numerous goods and services, interchange fees have held steady or increased.
If interchange fees on all cards are too high, then, why did the Senate go after debit cards – and not credit?
Chalk it up to the banking industry's lobbying power. "I don't believe they would have had 64 votes in the Senate if [the amendment included] credit cards, too," says Goldstone.
But there's more to it than that. As the text of the amendment notes, debit transactions are similar to checks. The interchange fee on a check is zero. Sure, businesses that accept checks accept some risks that they don't face with debit cards. But they can't negotiate interchange fees with the card issuers. It's a take-it-or-leave-it contract.
Debit cards are our new cash and our new checks, rolled into one. They're already more popular than credit cards. But the cost of using them is determined arbitrarily and opaquely by banks.
That's why the Senate got involved. It'll be a long time before we find out whether the retailers or the bankers are right about the results: Congress hasn't passed the bill yet, and the Durbin amendment won't take effect until a year after the bill is passed.
In the meantime, my debit card and I are going to buy a lot of $2 coffees. Sorry about that.


After three years of writing faslanyc I am signing off. I'll still be writing about landscapes, but I've started using twitter a bit (@faslanyc) and have left NYC. Combined with the fact that the nature of my investigations, criticism and speculation has shifted, I find that this format no longer fits the bill. All of the archives from this blog have been moved over to my new home at landscape archipelago where you will be able to find new work as well as links to pieces published with other outlets, upcoming news, and a couple of new projects that are starting to take shape.
I want to thank everyone I've had the chance to correspond with, interview, learn about, learn from, and occasionally harangue. What started as a nerdy way to blow off steam on my lunch breaks in Manhattan has swelled to a landscape empire with tens of readers across the globe, mostly hunting for images of Costa Rica for some reason. If you are so inclined I would love for you to come along with me to the new site. Even better, start your own writing/research project about landscape, and send me a link.
The Industrial Revolution is often talked about in terms of technological advancements, new strategies for processes of production, or the reorganization of social relations. However, in the United States it is possible that the changes occurring during this period are best understood through a robust landscape history. More than the advent of the steam engine, the spreading of the railroad network, the organization of the mill town, or Taylorism, the American industrial revolution is best understood as widespread access to navigable waterways and the concomitant rise in cheap and fast transportation of bulk materials.
The difficult thing about defining the industrial revolution through technology and social relations is that they cannot explain the revolution itself- it remains a rather vague notion when any historical account is pressed for specifics and we are left only with knowing that something changed. But the order-of-magnitude jump in the economy of materials transportation affected a massive scale jump in industrial activity. If you had a technology or organized a new labor system that could make a thousand widgets a day, up from 20, that didn't matter very much unless you could get them to markets cheaply and quickly (especially in the case of agricultural products). The railroads affected a similar change in what has been theorized by technological historian WW Rostow as the takeoff thesis (part of his largely debunked theory of economic development). However, as Fogel noted in his excellent work Railroads and Economic Growth canals precipitated a far greater jump in economy of scale over the preexisting conditions (wagon roads) than did railroads over canals. And this massive scale jump, something like a phase change, is perhaps a better indicator of the American industrial revolution than is the invention of the cotton gin.
Of course the point could easily be argued around in circles, and many great historians and critics have taken up positions on different sides of the fight. However, the fact that it is a discussion suggests that by considering canals (as well as railroad easements and interstate corridors) as landscape typologies, landscape architects might be able to contribute substantially to the field of the history of technology, and that we would benefit from turning away from our devotion to art-history. And it suggests to me that the relationship between landscapes and instruments is deeper than it seems.
The history of the Drillfield is twisted and rambling. Rather than the materialization of a southern aristocrat's idealization of the proper social relationships of an intellectual institution, it is the result of experimental uses and militarization. Originally the field served as the horticultural farm for the Virginia Agriculture and Mechanics College (later to become Virginia Polytechnic Institute). In 1894 a portion of the field was given over to cadet maneuvers and for use by the football team. At this time the Drillfield blended proto-intramural and intercollegiate athletic events with military exercises, agricultural experimentation, quotidian life, as well as what European theorists would call the fete or 'ephemeral happenings' but which are known in southwestern Virginia as 'snowball fights'. The first snowfall of the year brings all classes to a halt so that the student population can divide in to cadets and civilians and engage in some wintry tactical maneuvers.
Triangulation refers to a technique used in surveying and political action as well as research within the social sciences. In surveying, the term means the dividing of an area into triangles using known points and distances; angles are then measured from the known baselines to a new point, and its distance is calculated given existing information. This technique was used especially in circumstances that were difficult to survey by traditional means, allowing for the staking out of new territory along coastlines, in the atmosphere (pilot navigational charts), or in outer space (GPS satellite surveys). Within the social sciences, triangulation refers to using more than two methods in a study in order to test results. In political action, like in chess, the term signifies a specific maneuver in which an opponent is left with the move and at a disadvantage.
What I'm interested in today is what this method for the staking out new terrain might reveal when considering the social and material implications of Thomas Jefferson's landscape designs. While little discussed, many of Jefferson's original interests and design projects were concerned with landscape practices and concepts. In 1763 he made a study of navigation on the Rivanna River and subsequently lead a project to make it navigable as far as Milton, VA. In 1773 he was appointed surveyor of Albemarle County and even though he quickly resigned the post, he would use surveying to organize his experimental and productive agricultural landscapes. Around this time he also undertook the first systematic proto-archeological project in the United States, leading the stratigraphic excavation of an Indian mound near the Rivanna River.
Working toward this reorientation, it is useful to focus on the second of Jefferson's three major building projects in western Virginia- Poplar Forest. As the red headed stepchild of the Jeffersonian canon, Poplar Forest has rarely received attention alongside the well-known constructions at Monticello and the University of Virginia. It is something of a transitional project chronologically, aesthetically, and technologically. For that reason it promises insights into both projects. An examination of Poplar Forest with a focus on landscape and indigenous built forms promises insights into the design of Jeffersonian social and educational institutions that have remained inaccessible to Eurocentric epistemology.
Poplar Forest is a main central house with a large geometric mound on either side, and impressive lawns to the back and front. Current theories about the existing mounds asymmetrically located on either side of the house draw directly from European architectural theory: the mounds are supposed it to be a direct adaptation of Palladian concepts, intended to imitate a symmetrical façade with wings that terminate in a pavilion. Jefferson used earthen mounds at Poplar Forest- a radically different technology than a Palladian pavilion- but even the technology is attributed to European precedents he had seen; in the ornamental gardens of European aristocrats mounds were sometimes constructed throughout to create vantage points for surveying ornamental surroundings. It is supposed that Jefferson took these known forms and concepts and created his arrangement, bringing in mounds close to the house to serve as cheap stand-ins for Palladian pavilions.
This explanation is decidedly Eurocentric and simplistic. While this is not necessarily bad, it is highly problematic with respect to issues of aesthetics, technology, and context. For instance, why did he plant the mounds with trees, obscuring views, if they were traditionally used to provide vistas over immediate ornamental grounds? What about the fact that Poplar Forest was never intended as a public house for entertaining, but rather as a working farm where Jefferson could make some money to pay off his debts and get away from the never-ending string of guests making up his public life centered at Monticello? Why were the mounds constructed asymmetrically and off-axis if they were intended to imitate Palladian forms? Were these truly only a cheap stand-in for more stately Palladian pavilions? And as to the idea that they provided a convenient disposal site for excavation from the South Lawn, couldn't this material have be disposed in almost any location without the hassle of compaction techniques and geometrical construction needed to create the mounds?
The ultimate point of rest and happiness for [the Indians] is to let our settlements and theirs meet and blend together, to intermix, and become one people. Incorporating themselves with us as citizens of the United States, this is what the natural progress of things will of course, bring, on, and it will be better to promote it than retard it.
Certain facts arise from his early archeological work that might bring new concepts in to view when considering the landscape and architecture of Poplar Forest. That the sizes, proportions, material construction, and regional context were all similar in both the Indian mounds of the area and the mounds at Poplar Forest suggest that there is much to be learned from a more in depth consideration of the influence of Indian burial mounds, and indigenous architectural practices in general, on the architecture, landscape design, and ultimately public policy of Thomas Jefferson.
Despite being one of the most digested public figures in the history of the United States, and entire history is waiting to be written which considers Jefferson's work from a landscape perspective with a particular focus on the influence of indigenous forms and practices. In doing that work we might gain some insight in to Jefferson's understanding of and interest in indigenous settlements, and how he saw them "blending together" with those of the European settlers and African slaves? While the above questions have been traditionally considered from a general sociological perspective, a study that focuses on the landscape design of Poplar Forest might provide new insight not only into the design and construction of the Lawn and the grounds of Monticello, but also help us to understand the Public Lands Survey System, and other ambitious landscape projects in the Americas.