text:
Fashionopolis: The Price of Fast Fashion and the Future of Clothes
Yodomo Bookshop
Fashion has blighted our planet. Today, one out of six people on earth work in fashion, churning out 100 billion garments a year. Yet 98 percent of them do not earn a living wage, and 2.1 billion tonnes of clothing is thrown away annually.
The clothing industry's exploitation of fellow humans and the environment has reached epic levels. What should we do? Bestselling author and veteran journalist Dana Thomas has travelled the globe to find the answers. In Fashionopolis, she details the damage wrought by fashion's behemoths, and celebrates the visionaries - including activists, artisans, designers, and tech entrepreneurs - fighting for change.
We all have been casual about our clothes. It's time to get dressed with intention. Fashionopolis is the first comprehensive look at how to start.
Dana Thomas is the author of Fashionopolis: The Price of Fast Fashion and the Future of Clothes, Gods and Kings: The Rise and Fall of Alexander McQueen and John Galliano and the New York Times bestseller Deluxe: How Luxury Lost Its Luster. She began her career writing for the Style section of The Washington Post, and for fifteen years she served as a cultural and fashion correspondent for Newsweek in Paris. She is a regular contributor to The New York Times Style section and has written for The New York Times Magazine, The New Yorker, The Wall Street Journal, the Financial Times, Vogue, Harper's Bazaar, T: The New York Times Style Magazine, and Architectural Digest. In 1987, she received the Sigma Delta Chi Foundation's Ellis Haller Award for Outstanding Achievement in Journalism. In 2016, the French Minister of Culture named Thomas a Chevalier of the Order of Arts and Letters. And in 2017, she was a Logan Nonfiction Fellow at the Carey Institute for Global Good. She lives in Paris.
Yodomo works with a range of artists, designer-makers and craftspeople. Many of them have published books and we're delighted to showcase these here alongside our curated selection of crafts, maker, lifestyle and creative entrepreneurship books.
Weaving for Beginners: E-Booklet
Mend it, Wear it, Love it! Stitch Your Way to a Sustainable Wardrobe
Sew Chinelo: How to transform your wardrobe with sustainable style
Macrame: 25 Quick and Easy Projects to Make (Weekend Makes)
Crochet at Work
Weekend Makes: Punch Needle


We recently had some good friends of ours take a much needed vacation without their children. As any parents know, going on vacation without kids can be an incredibly restful and rejuvinating feeling. It can also be as rare as finding a pot of gold at the end of the rainbow – especially if you don't have family nearby who love you enough to take your kids for a chunk of time.
Since our friends don't, in fact, have family nearby, my husband and I offered to keep their four kids with us while they went on a cruise.
When I first offered back in September, it seemed easy. After all, when you have four kids, you're already outnumbered – what's four more? The answer to that is: eight. That's eight kids. In case you were wondering, eight kids is twice as many as four kids. In our case, since their children are roughly the same ages as our children, it would be like having four sets of twins.
Two 11 year olds. Two 7/8 year olds. Two 5 year olds. Two 2 year olds.
Suddenly this easy plan was looking a little bit more complicated.
I'm not sure how other dads would handle a situation like that, but I'd like to share with you the way my husband handled it. Below is a dad's perspective of having eight kids for six days.
Due to circumstances beyond my control, it seems that the crew has added four new younglings to its number for the foreseeable future. Because of this, my normal route home from my daily barterings has had to be slightly altered.
While the Queen Matron has loaded the four current crew members into the family catamaran to collect two of the younger new members, I have been tasked with the retrieval of the older two. Judging by the size of the building they needed to be picked up in, they seem to have been dropped off at some form of boarding academy. I can only hope they gain a decent education from this monstrous facility.
Due to a crudely drawn map, (I blame the cartographer) I think I found the proper entrance upon the third try. The doors were locked, but I viewed a young lass of middling age through the looking glass of the doors and upon my knocking she opened them up for me.
Knowing I may need some help, I flashed her my winningest grin and asked about after school care.
Looking down the length of the hall, I could see our two newest members, Red and X, waiting for me with much anticipation.
Not really. It was relayed to me later that Red was having a blast helping a Ms. Yolanda sharpen her pencils and check if her markers were still good. I suppressed the need to check for a fever and I wrote that off to poor parenting. Maybe she can be salvaged in the coming days.
X was doing Legos. That's cool.
On the trip back to our living quarters, X and Red were in ever constant discussion. X was sharing his love of maggots and other fine crawling creatures as well as picking his nose and eating the freshly dug contents. Red mentioned the possibility of regurgitation in my truck. I politely asked her to refrain.
Upon entering our domicile, every single youngling was downstairs in the main living quarters. Every. Single. One. LG, Red, the Kyd, X, Blondie, Curly, Spunky, and Spaceman Spiff (Spiff for short). There was noise.
Queen Matron exiled them to the upstairs to play.
Spunky and Spiff have returned from their exile. Spunky brought a pink grocery cart with a baby doll in it. She is now feeding it a bottle. Spiff brought a bat. He is hitting everything in sight. The dogs don't appreciate this change in atmosphere.
Cheers! It's homemade pizza night in the galley!
Bad news. Several of the new crew members do not want pizza. The galley offered oranges. They were deemed acceptable.
Bed time went about as well as can be expected, there were few tears and only a small amount of thumb sucking.
Come back tomorrow for Day 2.
« I Can't. I'm Already Doing All the Things.
This is hilarious! I often think that with my four kids too, what's a couple more kids? But then I invite a couple more kids over and I realize, it's a lot of more kids!


The ruling AIADMK has said that party supremo and Tamil Nadu Chief Minister J Jayalalithaa, who has been in hospital since September 22, was "completely well" and will return home soon.
Another spokesperson and former minister C Ponnaiyan too confirmed the same and said the CM is presently taking rest at the hospital and will be back to work soon.
Jayalalithaa is sitting up and is completely off sedation during the day, marking a fairly important milestone in her recovery process since she was admitted to Apollo Hospitals last month, reports said.
The team of specialists treating her calibrated the drug dosage, which led to success in treating the continuing issue of pulmonary oedema. The mitral valve infection was treated effectively and, as a result, fluid accumulation in the lungs has been halted.
Meanwhile, former AIADMK minister and BJP leader HV Hande also expressed confidence that Jayalalithaa will return home soon.
Hande visited Apollo Hospitals and said he met the doctors and Deputy Speaker of Lok Sabha, M Thambidurai.


Prices were updated 89 days ago. Update prices to see the real-time rates with Uber taxi in Tifton, GA.
* Surge prices in Tifton, GA cannot be shown above as they fluctuate in a matter of minutes. However you can check real-time surges for a specific route using our calculator.
i requested an uber and no one has showed up.
We need to leave Tifton, GA., for S.W. Georgia Regional Airport, Albany, GA. by 08.00 am today. How can I contact a Uber Driver.
Use our Taxi Fare Estimator for calculating Uber prices in Tifton including uberPOOL, UberX, Uber POP, UberBLACK, UberSUV, UberXL, UberEXEC, UberLUX, UberTAXI, Uber WAV, Uber SELECT, Uber ASSIST, Uber PLUS, Uber GO, Uber PEDAL, Uber WIFI.
When you look up the fare estimates for Uber in Tifton, Tift, Georgia, United States - it looks fairly familiar. There is a base fare, a charge per mile and a charge per minute. It looks like the pricing structure you know well from all the miles you have logged in Tifton, GA cabs. But Uber Fare Estimator actually uses a bit different pricing model. Uber taxis in Tifton, GA charge riders per mile when moving, and per minute when idling. Even so, Uber rates do beat cab fares in Tifton, GA.
It's also important to note that you don't have to tip your Uber taxi driver. And most people do tip their Tifton, GA taxi driver.
If you add a tip of 20% to the Tifton, GA cab fares, Uber looks like an even better deal and beats out other Tifton, GA taxis' prices.


When Gwyneth Paltrow wanted advice for her wedding day, she knew just the person to call.
A source tells PEOPLE that Paltrow, 46, sought out tips from Cameron Diaz, also 46, before tying the knot with Brad Falchuk, 47, in the Hamptons on Saturday.
Diaz and Benji Madden, 39, wed in January 2015 at their home in Beverly Hills, California.
Diaz and Madden were two of the several celebrity pals — including Jerry Seinfeld, Steven Spielberg and Robert Downey Jr. — to celebrate the actress and the Glee co-creator at their wedding.
Paltrow and Diaz have had a tight bond for years. In 2012, the stars rapped about Chelsea Handler in honor of the comedian's move to a new studio. In 2014, Diaz defended Paltrow and ex Chris Martin's use of the phrase "conscious uncoupling" to describe their split.


Its Tea Time in Wonderland. A charming Alice in Wonderland mug featuring 3 of my Wonderland characters! The March Hare, Mad Hatter & Cheshire Cat adorn this functional, yet beautiful art mug! Perfect for coffee, tea and hot cocoa drinkers alike!
* Enhanced with a blue colored rim & handle.
* Meets or exceeds FDA requirements for food and beverage safety.


ASUCR's third meeting of the winter quarter took place Wednesday, Jan. 23 beginning at 6:33 p.m. The session was distributed into three sections: routine documentation approval and budget updates from Jan. 15 and Jan. 22 meetings; statements by ASUCR President Semi Cole regarding upcoming events and advice to the legislative branch; and progress reports by the majority of present senators. The reports revolved around food insecurity, legislation and events in support of marginalized groups within the community, textbook prices and the 'UCR 2020' strategic plan, the Office of the Chancellor's strategy for expanding and improving UCR's framework throughout the next decade.
Both CHASS Senator Jackie Chang and CNAS Senator Josiah Davis were not present for the third consecutive week, with CNAS Senator Kenneth Vongdi also missing for the second week in a row.
CHASS Senator Julian Gonzalez opened the new business section with a progress update on the Green Campus Action Plan's (GCAP) recent grant extension of $4,000 to Husks-to-Home, a Bourn's College of Engineering student group previously awarded $75,000 from the EPA to build homes in the Philippines. Senators then announced progress reports on both their responsibilities to their own committees and the Senate. CHASS Senator Mehvish Ali discussed the possibility of Uber discount codes for UCR students and also mentioned that the 2019 Beyond R'Margins conference, an annual conference focused on informing students of the diverse communities on campus, is in the planning stage of development. She also reported that departments in Costo Hall are suffering from restricted space.
Focus then turned to CHASS Senator Avi Idea, who discussed how he was looking into improving the lighting of dark areas on campus via repairs or portable solutions, in addition to communicating that TAPS' shuttle service is proving inefficient for many students, proposing that a meeting with TAPS be organized to address safety and congestion issues.
BCOE Senator Sarah Al-Khalili encouraged her peers to attend the Muslim Student Association's Feb. 10 outreach event, prior to CHASS Senator Chelsea Davenport explaining how she, along with many other senators, are brainstorming ways to support local victims of wildfires.
CNAS Senator Andy Veliz reported that he is attempting to work with IT to address student concerns about WiFi outages, in addition to the dining concern that there are too few microwaves on campus. Finally, CNAS Senator Abigail Cortes shared thoughts on bringing the contents of the aforementioned 'UCR 2020' plan to the public eye, specifically in how parking and instruction congestion will be affected and addressed.
In the public forum, Ali took the floor to express her intention to research California emergency grants to help combat food insecurity, in addition to proposing that non-student funding be used to initiate a daily R'Pantry like other UC Campuses. Gonzalez responded on his own progress working with OZZI to bring reusable plastic containers to campus. He hopes it will facilitate the idea to take dining hall foods with you when you leave, which he will propose in a Jan. 30 meeting with Assistant Vice Chancellor of Auxiliary Services Andy Plumley.
Shortly after the senate reports concluded, Cole once again took to the podium to convey his advice and explain his frequent interjections and comments during the meeting: "It's something that I'm going to start doing more often because, at the end of the day, it's week three and this is our second quarter in office. Students are expecting not just updates but results on our path. It's not enough for us to present on ideas, we need to present momentum on the ideas we are working on." Cole went on to state that he "will be checking up on each of you (senators) … we've got to keep ourselves accountable and make sure we have victories for students at the end of the day." The meeting was adjourned at 7:18pm.
ASUCR meetings are open to the public, occurring every Wednesday at 6:30 p.m. in HUB 221.


Emerging-market China has evolved into America's banker, competitor, and in many ways, its copycat.
But while it appears that Sino-U.S. relations have never been more strained over so many business and trade issues, Standard & Poor's believes that American companies and investors have come to accept that certain Chinese enterprises now present fewer risks and their shares will likely continue to appreciate. To balance the ups and downs related to short-term events with long-term investment opportunities, Standard & Poor's helps separate the rice from the chaff with a group of select Chinese investments.
Investors can tap into China's growing consumer base while minimizing risk by investing in a select few Chinese stocks that trade as American depositary receipts, advises Standard & Poor's Equity Research. By investing in ADRs, U.S. investors overcome much of the transparency and information flow problems. Foreign companies that issue ADRs must demonstrate a high level of compliance with U.S. regulators in order to trade their shares on Wall Street.
Standard & Poor's analysts identified four Chinese equities ranked "buy" or "strong buy" for superior total return potential. They include two oil and gas producers — CNOOC Ltd. (CEO) and PetroChina Co. Ltd. (PTR) ; and two telecom companies — China Mobile (Hong Kong) (CHL) and China Netcom Group (CN). The Chinese government is a significant shareholder in all four companies.
McGregor also likes these stocks. These four companies "are all big state entities that dominate their sectors in China, so they are likely to be steady bets for the investor because their performance will generally track China's overall economic ups and downs," he says.
Lorraine Tan, a Singapore-based Standard & Poor's equity analyst who covers CNOOC and PetroChina, believes that both energy concerns should benefit from higher oil and gas prices. Tan believes that their growth is likely to be spurred by the Chinese government's "encouragement of the oil and gas sector." She also likes that they both pay a dividend. In Tan's view, disclosure is improving for companies like CNOOC and PetroChina.
David So, a Hong Kong-based Standard & Poor's equity analyst, sees benefits for China Mobile Hong Kong and China Netcom, due to consolidation and restructuring of China's telecom industry. Interestingly, these changes may actually pit his two favorite picks against each other as they vie for mobile communications market share.


text:
Zengyatta is a music playing bot for discord. You can play Youtube videos, Soundcloud, bandcamp, and a few others. In addition, you can search for youtube videos if you do not have a link on hand. If you are a server owner, you may invite Zengyatta to your server [here](https://discordapp.com/oauth2/authorize?client_id=286283344784916480&scope=bot).

Zengyatta is powered by [JDA](https://github.com/DV8FromTheWorld/JDA) and [Lavaplayer](https://github.com/sedmelluq/lavaplayer).

Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
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redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


Carlos is the founder and co-lead of the Community Leaders Fellowship. Before joining the Jamaica Plain New Economy Transition, Carlos worked as a Program Manager at the MIT Community Innovators Lab bringing together volunteers, community members, government officials, nonprofit directors, and academics to develop and implement neighborhood development programs to improve the lives of disadvantaged communities.
Carlos is the founder and owner of CJET Consulting, a planning consulting organization that specializes on Participatory Planning Workshops, Pilot Projects, and Career and Life Planning Coaching. Carlos holds a Masters in City Planning from the Department of Urban Studies and Planning at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
Sarah Byrnes is the former Director of New England New Economy Transition (NET) program at the Institute for Policy Studies (IPS), where she supports the local Jamaica Plain New Economy Transition program and the New England Resilience & Transition network. Sarah has collaborated with grassroots groups around the country to build community and enhance resilience, and has written about the importance of mutual aid, relationships, and community connections in activism and organizing.
Sarah is a member of the New England Grassroots Environment Fund Grant Making Committee and the Food Solutions New England Network Committee, and she is a Community Solutions Fellow at the Arthur Morgan Institute for Community Solutions. Before coming to IPS, Sarah worked with Americans for Financial Reform, Americans for Fairness in Lending, the Thomas Merton Center, and the Center of Concern. She has a BA from Boston College and Masters of Theological Studies from Harvard Divinity School.


The Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued a proposed Accounting Standard Update (ASU) last week in an effort to "clarify and improve the scope and the accounting guidance for contributions received and made, primarily by not-for-profits."
"This is an important step forward in evaluating whether grants should be recorded as contributions or exchanges and distinguishing between conditional and unconditional contributions," said Kelly Frank, Partner at CohnReznick LLP and member of the FASB Not-for-Profit Advisory Committee (NAC). "We advise not-for-profits to take the time now to review this proposed update and reply within the comment period to be sure that their concerns are heard."
The deadline to comment is November 1st.


2017 is set to be a crucial year for the Chinese economy. The central government will need to juggle many tasks while maintaining economic growth and avoiding a stock market crash like the one that occurred in 2015, when the stock market plunged and lost 30% of its value. If that happens again, the whole economy will be affected, says Professor Xu Chenggang at the Cheung Kong Graduate School of Business.
As an expert in political economics, Xu has been studying ways to understand the incentive mechanisms needed for China's transitioning economy, both at the government and enterprise level. He notes that maintaining economic stability and pushing real institutional reform will be a priority for Chinese government, which has to be cautious as domestic demand remains weak and government debt is piling up. Authorities are well aware that the export-oriented and investment-led economic growth model cannot sustain itself, so the government has been implementing a variety of policies to encourage consumption. But will the government-led campaign work? How can small- and medium-size enterprises (SMEs) benefit? Xu analyses these issues and gives his answers on the kind of reforms China needs and the specifics of the reform measures.
This interview consists of two parts and the first focuses on stimulating domestic demand, reducing government debt, currency exchange reforms. In the second part, Xu talks about how the rising housing prices is linked to government fiscal revenue, the major challenges of pushing reforms in China and how state-owned enterprises and local governments should roll out these reforms.
Q. Between 2009 and 2011, China's GDP growth exceeded its potential level of output, with a massive amount of investment and low productivity. In that period, the average total factor productivity (TFP, a variable used to measure how efficiently the input is utilized in production) was only half of the number before 2008 and returns on investment continued to decrease. The Chinese government has taken active fiscal and monetary easing policies, but still relies heavily on government-led infrastructure investments, mostly executed by SOEs. How should we view this growth model?
A. Even before the eruption of the global financial crisis, economic academics had started to reflect on the growth model of the Chinese economy—excessive reliance on investment and exports would not sustain stable growth in China, which was transforming from the fourth largest economy to the third largest. Large-scale investments had helped to maintain a high growth rate but also resulted in low returns on investment. In fact, the main problem of the Chinese economy has been the weak demand in the domestic market that manifested clearly in 2006 and 2007. It just became more obvious against the global financial crisis.
The government had good reasons to stimulate the market at the time of the crisis, and it's also something a government should do under those conditions. But stimulus should only be a short-term solution. China has to face its own problem: weak demand—which had been dragging down the country's economy before the global financial crisis. But after 2008, China maintained high-speed growth for some time just because of the fiscal stimuli.
Q. Speaking of domestic demand, recently the State Council, China's cabinet, released a new document, saying it will boost the supply of services to release potential pent-up demand. There have been many policies encouraging consumption, but they didn't seem to work very well.
A. We have to identify the key cause of this weak demand: low income. As long as people's income level remains low, other measures will not work very well. Compared to other countries, Chinese people's disposable income relative to GDP is low and that's also a result of our system and regulations, under which grass-root governments increased fiscal income with various means, and for many years the fiscal income grew faster than GDP. Now many people think Chinese people are rich and possess strong purchasing power. But even if only 100 million people out of 1.4 billion Chinese are rich and 30 million of them go shopping abroad, it will give the world the impression that Chinese are rich. But that's not the whole story. If we apply the poverty threshold standard of developed countries, half of Chinese people are living in poverty. Those people live well and feed themselves, but they do not have extra money to consume.
Q. Now the income gap is widening and moderate and low-income citizens are lowering their income expectations. How do we solve this problem?
A. Tax reduction. We should reduce income tax and increase family incomes so people feel the raise is not temporary. In this way, people will have a strong long-term income expectations and start buying. Large-scale tax cuts will make ordinary Chinese happy and benefit the development of SMEs and the government's tax income will also increase. In the last three years, the proportion of family income to GDP has started to go up but that cannot make up for the fall in the 20 years before that. If our government truly cares for long-term economic development, it has to cut taxes further, especially for SMEs to help them revive.
But massive tax cuts may annoy the Ministry of Finance and they'll probably complain about expenses. Issuing national bonds in both the domestic and international market can be a solution. We're aware that the global financial crisis originated from the US, but people still like to buy US government bonds after selling their stocks. Why? Because people still believe in the US economic outlook. While most global investors are still confident in the Chinese economy, we should issue national bonds, otherwise when people lose faith in China, the authorities will have no forms of leverage. By issuing bonds and reducing tax, SMEs will have fewer burdens and people's income increase and that will in turn make the national bonds strong.
Q. Export-oriented business expansion helped boost the Chinese economy but now the country can no longer rely on exports. Now we have to drive domestic demand, as you said earlier, so how do we do it through reform?
A. Since 2016 private investments have dropped severely and main reason is insufficient demand and overcapacity. When the market faces eye-watering overcapacity issues, private companies, which are constrained by "hard budget constraints" (in contrast to government and SOEs which have "soft budget constraints") and dare not invest when there is no market demand.
Under such a situation, when the government is still trying to stimulate the economy to maintain GDP growth, it will be hard for private enterprises to participate in the government-led rejuvenation plan. The result is what you just mentioned: SOEs are the main players on the stage, but many of the SOEs have heavy debts that very likely to become bad debts. So in a situation like this, we see more state-owned companies advancing and private-owned companies deteriorating. In China people have talked about this problem for many years but as long as we don't solve the two problems: insufficient demand and SOE reform, private enterprises will not invest and develop.
Q. What do you think about the problem of overcapacity?
A. Overcapacity runs parallel to the high debt ratio and the two problems are driven by the "soft budget constraints". Government departments and state firms are subject to soft budget constraints and can spend money without being concerned about bankruptcy. Unconstrained investment will lead to overcapacity and that will lead to stagnant economic growth. So if we cannot fix these two problems, other measures to stimulate investment or consumption are just temporary "patches".
Q. What are the economic risks that China should be vigilant about?
A. The Chinese economy faces two major challenges: one is growth and the other is maintaining stability. What we just talked was mostly about growth, but the stability problem might be more severe. Last year's stock market crash was a typical result of this stability problem. (In the summer of 2015, the Chinese stock market plunged and many commentators said it was a manifestation of an unstable physical economy.) The stock market crash happened very quickly and the bubble did not expand too much. If, at that time, the policy makers had chosen to keep the bubbles and let them burst in 2016, there would have been a disaster and more than just the financial market would have been affected.
Another ticking time bomb is local government debts. Currently the proportion of debt to GDP is very high (over 250%).
Q. Including the hidden debt?
A. Yes, we cannot just compare the numbers. If you did it that way it would look like China has lower debt compared to Japan, and since the Japanese economy can survive high-level debt, it wouldn't be a problem for china. This idea is misleading. The Japanese debts are mainly bonds issued by governments, yet the Chinese creditors are banks that have collateralized debts. That means, for Japan, as long as the bonds have not expired or the government can keep issuing new bonds, there won't be a crisis. It's just passing down the debt to the next generation.
But for China, the value of the debts will change as economy fluctuates because the value of the collateral will change. So when there are signs of economic downturn, the price of the collateral falls and the bank's balance sheet will have to change: asset values go down, leverage ratios go up. Banks will be put under a risky situation. Some people doubt banks will go bankrupt in China because banks are state-owned. If they're right, and the government is going to save banks anyway, what we will see is serious and unavoidable inflation. China is still an economy in transitional period. The former Soviet Union and eastern European countries witnessed hyperinflation during transitional periods because of piled up debts.
A. Yes. The timing is always related to people's anticipation. If people do not expect China to have a crisis, they will act in this way and if they do expect something to happen, they will do totally different things and that will lead to the eruption of a debt crisis. So what I'm saying is whether GDP grows at 6% or 5.5% does not matter, what matters is the stability of the economy.
Now when people look at the debt problem and they care about its percentage relative to GDP, that's not the whole picture. You have to look at what kind of debt you have and if we want to solve it we have to reduce the collateralized debts and change them to bonds issued to the public. The majority of China's debts were lent out from banks by local governments in the name of SOEs. That's very dangerous.
Q. Speaking of expectations and stabilization, as the US Federal Reserve has confirmed increases to the interest rate, some people worry that there might be more capital flowing overseas, especially when people are also expecting further depreciation of the RMB.
A. It's only been a year since the People's Bank of China carried out exchange rate reform (marketization of the exchange rate of the RMB against the dollar). From my point of view China has missed the right moment to start exchange rate reform, which began, instead, with bad timing. This reform should be done while the RMB is appreciating, not the other way around. Plus, the economic growth slowdown is also related to reform. As long as we don't have substantial reform, the economy will keep slowing down and RMB will depreciate. The economic fundamentals determine the exchange rate.
Q. So should we worry about capital flight?
A. The RMB kept appreciating over the past decade as people had high expectations for the Chinese economy and people bought Chinese assets. If the demand for Chinese assets becomes weak and more people want to sell, the pressure for RMB depreciation will continue unless the economic fundamentals improve, so it's not just about exchange rates.
China's economic fundamentals are mainly dependent on private companies and people's income increases, which are all calling for real reforms. Only when the GDP grows, not depending on government stimulus plans, and people can see the fundamentals are improving, will the RMB depreciation trend be stopped.
Prof Xu Chenggang was talking to Caijing's Wang Yanchun on the sidelines of CKGSB's 3rd China Economic Symposium.


text:
Ashot Taronites Magistros1
M, #66151, d. after 1005
Father Grigor Taronites Duke of Thessalonika1,2 d. 995
Mother Helene Lekapene1
Ashot Taronites Magistros married Miroslava (?) of Bulgaria, daughter of Samuel I (?) Tsar of the Bulgarians, in 998.3,1
Ashot Taronites Magistros died after 1005.1
; Ashot Taronites, magistros, fl 1005; m.998 Miroslava of Bulgaria, sister of tsar Samuel I.1 EDV-32. He was living in 1005.1
Miroslava (?) of Bulgaria
Gregorios II Taronites+1 d. 1040
[S1438] Miroslav Marek, online http://genealogy.euweb.cz/index.html, unknown author (e-mail address), downloaded updated 15 May 2003, Bagrat 1 page - Bagratuni/Bagrationi family: http://genealogy.euweb.cz/georgia/bagrat1.html
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTINE%20NOBILITY.htm#AshotTarondied967. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
[S1438] Miroslav Marek, updated 15 May 2003, Balkan 8 page - The Tsars of the first Bulgarian Empire in Ochrida: http://genealogy.euweb.cz/balkan/balkan8.html
Miroslava (?) of Bulgaria1
Father Samuel I (?) Tsar of the Bulgarians2 d. 6 Oct 1014
Miroslava (?) of Bulgaria married Ashot Taronites Magistros, son of Grigor Taronites Duke of Thessalonika and Helene Lekapene, in 998.1,3
; Miroslava; m.998 Ashot Taronites (fl 1005.)1
Ashot Taronites Magistros d. a 1005
[S1438] Miroslav Marek, online http://genealogy.euweb.cz/index.html, unknown author (e-mail address), downloaded updated 15 May 2003, Balkan 8 page - The Tsars of the first Bulgarian Empire in Ochrida: http://genealogy.euweb.cz/balkan/balkan8.html
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BULGARIA.htm#IvanVladislavdied1018A. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
[S1438] Miroslav Marek, updated 15 May 2003, Bagrat 1 page - Bagratuni/Bagrationi family: http://genealogy.euweb.cz/georgia/bagrat1.html
Agatha Chryselie1,2
Father Joannes Chryselios Lord of Durazzo1,2 b. c 940, d. a 1005
Agatha Chryselie married Samuel I (?) Tsar of the Bulgarians, son of komes Nikolaos (?) Tsar of Bulgaria and Ripsimé (?), circa 970.1,3
; Per Med Lands: "AGATHA Chryselie. The primary source which confirms her parentage and marriage has not yet been identified. Her marriage date is estimated by Adontz on the assumption that her son Gavriil Radomir was adult in 986[159]. m ([970]) SAMUIL Kometopulos, son of NIKOLA Kumet & his wife Ripsimia [Hripseme] of Armenia (-Prilep 6 Oct 1014). He was crowned SAMUIL Tsar of the Bulgarians in 997."
Med Lands cites: [159] Adontz, N. (1938) Samuel l´Arménien, roi des Bulgares (Mémoires publiés par l´Académie royale de Belgique), p. 51 (also published in Adontz, N. (1965) Etudes arméno-byzantines (Fondation Calouste Gulbenkian, Lisbon), pp. 347-409).2 GAV-29.
; Agathe, dau.of Joannes Chryselios, Lord of Durazzo.1
Samuel I (?) Tsar of the Bulgarians d. 6 Oct 1014
Katun Comitopuli of Bulgaria+3
Gavriil-Radomir (?) Tsar of the Bulgarians1 b. c 970, d. 1015
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTINE%20NOBILITY.htm#AgathaChryselie. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
[S2203] FMG Medieval Lands Website, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BULGARIA.htm#dauMVaszolyHungary
Joannes Chryselios Lord of Durazzo1,2
M, #66154, b. circa 940, d. after 1005
Joannes Chryselios Lord of Durazzo was born circa 940.3
Joannes Chryselios Lord of Durazzo died after 1005.3
GAV-30.
; Per Med Lands: "IOANNES Chryselios ([940]-after [1005]). Given the probable marriage date of his daughter, it is unlikely that Ioannes was born much later than [940]. Cedrenus records that Byzantium installed "Chryselio" as governor of Durazzo after "Asotæ Taronitæ filio" delivered the city and that he and "duobus suis filiis" were installed as patrikios, dated to [1005][154]. Werner Ehrlich von Ehrnfeld has highlighted the chronological difficulty with the statements in Cedrenus, revolving around the fact that Ioannes would have succeeded the husband of his granddaughter Miroslava [of Bulgaria] as governor of Durazzo[155]. The difficulty could be solved if the dating of all events in Cedrenus was inaccurate, which is possible, but at least ten years would need to be shaved off the events to make the appointment of Ioannes likely. Another possibility is that Ioannes, referred to by Cedrenus, was a brother not the father of Agathe Chryselie. m ---. The name of Ioannes's wife is not known."
[154] Cedrenus II, col. 183.
[155] Werner Ehrlich von Ehrnfeldt, in a private email to the author dated 8 March 2011.3
Joannes Chryselios Lord of Durazzo was also known as Ioannes Chryselios.3
Agatha Chryselie+1,3
Theodoros Chryselios2
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTINE%20NOBILITY.htm#TheodorosChryselios. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
[S2203] FMG Medieval Lands Website, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTINE%20NOBILITY.htm#AgathaChryselie
Irene (?)1
Irene (?) married Gavriil-Radomir (?) Tsar of the Bulgarians, son of Samuel I (?) Tsar of the Bulgarians and Agatha Chryselie, in 988.1
Irene (?) died in 1015; murdered.1
Gavriil-Radomir (?) Tsar of the Bulgarians b. c 970, d. 1015
Grigor Taronites Duke of Thessalonika1
M, #66156, d. 995
Father Ashot III Bagratuni Prince of Taron1,2 d. bt 967 - 968
Grigor Taronites Duke of Thessalonika married Helene Lekapene.1
Grigor Taronites Duke of Thessalonika died in 995; killed in battle.1,2
EDV-33. Grigor Taronites Duke of Thessalonika was also known as Gregorious I Taronites.2
; Per Genealogy.EU (Bagratuni): "G1. Grigor Taronites, Duke of Thessalonika, +k.a.995; m.Helene, dau.of Michael Lekapenos."1
Helene Lekapene
Ashot Taronites Magistros+1,2 d. a 1005
Eirene Taronites3
[S1490] Genealogics Website (oiginated by Leo van de Pas, continued by Ian Fettes), online http://www.genealogics.org/index.php, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTINE%20NOBILITY.htm#EireneTaronitissaMRomanosTaronites. Hereinafter cited as Genealogics Website.
Helene Lekapene1
Helene Lekapene married Grigor Taronites Duke of Thessalonika, son of Ashot III Bagratuni Prince of Taron.1
; Per Genealogy.EU (Bagratuni): "G1. Grigor Taronites, Duke of Thessalonika, +k.a.995; m.Helene, dau.of Michael Lekapenos."1 EDV-33.
; Helene, dau.of Michael Lekapenos.1
Grigor Taronites Duke of Thessalonika d. 995
Ashot Taronites Magistros+1 d. a 1005
Ashot III Bagratuni Prince of Taron1,2
M, #66158, d. between 967 and 968
Father Grigor/Krikorik/Gregorius I Bagratuni archon, strategos, Duke of Taron1,2 d. c 923
Ashot III Bagratuni Prince of Taron died between 967 and 968.1,2
"ASHOT Bagratuni, illegitimate son of GREGORIOS Prince of Taron & his mistress --- (-[967/68]). The De Administrando Imperio of Konstantinos Porphyrogenetos records that "Asotium nothum Taronitæ filium" was taken to Constantinople and granted the title protospatharios[778]. He succeeded as Prince of Taron. On his death, his sons were unable to withstand Byzantine pressure, the principality of Taron was annexed by Byzantium, and Ashot´s family settled in Constantinople[779].
"m ---. The name of Ashot´s wife is not known."
Med Lands cites: [779] Garsoïan 'The Byzantine Annexation of the Armenian Kingdoms in the Eleventh Century' (2004), p. 189.2 He was Duke of Taron between 940 and 967.1
Grigor Taronites Duke of Thessalonika+1,2 d. 995
Grigor/Krikorik/Gregorius I Bagratuni archon, strategos, Duke of Taron1,2
M, #66159, d. circa 923
Father Tornik Bagratuni1,3,2 d. a 858
Grigor/Krikorik/Gregorius I Bagratuni archon, strategos, Duke of Taron married NN Arcruni of Vaspourakan, daughter of Grigor Derenik Arcruni of Vaspourakan and Sopi/Sophia (?), before 887.2
Grigor/Krikorik/Gregorius I Bagratuni archon, strategos, Duke of Taron died circa 923.1,2
"GRIGOR [Krikorik/Gregorius] (-[923]). The De Administrando Imperio of Konstantinos Porphyrogenetos names "Gregorius patricius" as "propinquus" of "Symbatii principum principis" and Prince of Taron when recording that he captured "filios Arcaicæ, Cricoricii patricii protospatharii Asotii patris patrueles"[236]. Taron was seized by the Shaybani Emir of Aljnik in 895, but recaptured in 898 after the death of the Emir[237]. The De Ceremoniis of Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos records the participation of "magistrum et præfectum Taronis" in a ceremony at Constantinople celebrating the feast of St Basil of Cesarea, dated to 1 Jan 900[238].
"m (before 887) --- [of Vaspurakan, daughter of GRGUR-DERENIK Prince of Vaspurakan & his wife Sopi of Armenia]. The History of the Pseudo-Sapuh records that "Derenik Arcrouni avait marié sa fille au Patrice Grégoire"[239]. If this is correct, Derenik´s daughter must have been one of his older children.]"
[236] Konstantinos Porphyrogenitos De Administrando Imperio 43, p. 183.
[237] Garsoïan (2004), pp. 154-5.
[238] Reiske, J. J. (ed.) (1829) Constantini Porphyrogeniti Imperatoris De Ceremoniis Aulæ Byzantinæ, Corpus Scriptorum Historiæ Byzantinæ (Bonn), XXIV, p. 138.
[239] Pseudo-Šapouh, p. 49, cited in Adontz (1965) ´Les Taronites en Arménie et à Byzance´, p. 215. The edition of the work named in this citation has not been identified, but it is also reproduced in Thomson, R. W. (trans.) Revue des etudes arméniennes, Vol. XXI, 1988-89, pp. 171-232.2
He was Duke of Taron between 898 and 923.1
Ashot III Bagratuni Prince of Taron+1,4 d. bt 967 - 968
NN Arcruni of Vaspourakan
Bagrat Bagratuni+2 d. 940
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ARMENIA.htm#Grigordied923. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
[S2203] FMG Medieval Lands Website, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ARMENIA.htm#Bagratdiedafter851B
[S2203] FMG Medieval Lands Website, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/BYZANTINE%20NOBILITY.htm#AshotTarondied967
Tornik Bagratuni1
M, #66160, d. after 858
Father Bagrat II Bagratuni Duke of Taron, Prince of Armenia1,2 d. a 851
Tornik Bagratuni died after 858.1
; Per Med Lands: "son . His parentage is confirmed by the De Administrando Imperio of Konstantinos Porphyrogennetos which names "filios Arcaicæ" as "patrueles" of "Gregorius patricius"[235]. m ---."
Med Lands cites: [235] Konstantinos Porphyrogenitos De Administrando Imperio 43, p. 183.2
; Per Genealogy.EU (Bagratuni): "D3. Tornik, captive of Baghdad caliph, fl 858."1 He was living in 858.1
Grigor/Krikorik/Gregorius I Bagratuni archon, strategos, Duke of Taron+1,2,3 d. c 923
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ARMENIA.htm#Bagratdiedafter851B. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
[S2203] FMG Medieval Lands Website, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ARMENIA.htm#Grigordied923
Bagrat II Bagratuni Duke of Taron, Prince of Armenia1,2
Father Ashot IV 'Msaker/the Carnivore' Bagratuni constable of Armenia1,3,4 b. 765, d. 826
Bagrat II Bagratuni Duke of Taron, Prince of Armenia died after 851 at Baghdad, Iraq (now).1,4
"BAGRAT Bagratuni, son of ASHOT Bagratuni "Msaker" & his wife --- (-Baghdad after 851). The primary source which confirms his parentage has not yet been identified. Prince of Taron. He succeeded his father in 826 as išxanac išxan [Prince of Princes] in the southern Armenian territories of Taron and Sasun[222]. Armenia was weakened by his quarrels with his younger brother Smbat, and his rebellion against the Caliphate in 851 was thwarted and Bagrat was sent in captivity to the Abbasid capital Samarra[223].
"m ---. The name of Bagrat's wife is not known."4
; This is the same person as:
"Bagrat II Bagratuni" at Wikipedia and as
"Bagrat II Bagratouni" at Wikipédia (Fr.)2,5
; Per Genealogy.EU: "C2. Bagrat Bagratuni, Duke of Taron (826-51), +851; his issue were Bagratids of Taron."6 He was Duke/Prince of Taron between 826 and 851.1,2 He was Prince of princes of Armenia between 830 and 851.
Tornik Bagratuni+1,4 d. a 858
[S1953] Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, online http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_II_Bagratuni. Hereinafter cited as Wikipedia.
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ARMENIA.htm#SmbatVIIdied775. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
[S4742] Wikipédia - L'encyclopédie libre, online https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikip%C3%A9dia:Accueil_principal, Bagrat II Bagratouni: https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_II_Bagratouni. Hereinafter cited as Wikipédia (FR).
Ashot IV 'Msaker/the Carnivore' Bagratuni constable of Armenia1,2
M, #66162, b. 765, d. 826
Father Smbat VII Bagratuni Prince of the Bagratids, Constable of Armenia1,3,4 b. c 735, d. 5 Aug 775
Mother NN Mamikonian1
Ashot IV 'Msaker/the Carnivore' Bagratuni constable of Armenia was born in 765; Genealogics says b. ca 775.4,5
Ashot IV 'Msaker/the Carnivore' Bagratuni constable of Armenia died in 826.4,5
"ASHOT Bagratuni "Msaker/the meat- or man-eater" ([765]-826). Kirakos Ganjaketsi's History of Armenia records that "Ashot Msaker" succeeded as marzpan of Armenia after "Smbat" and ruled for 20 years, but does not mention any family relationship between them[23]. The Tables chronologiques of Samuel of Ani record "Achot-Msaker, fils de Sembat, [et] père de Sembat le Confesseur" between 780 and 820, adding that he was "du village de Cacaz, canton de Mazaz"[24]. After his father's defeat, Ashot took refuge in his mountain domain in north-western Sper from where he carried out guerrilla activity against the Arabs[25]. He was appointed išxan of Armenia by the Caliph in 804[26]. On his death, the Caliphate divided his territories between his two sons.
"m ---. The name of Ashot's wife is not known."
[23] Kirakos Ganjaketsi 1, p. 69.
[24] Samuel of Ani, Tables chronologiques, p. 421.
[25] Garsoïan 'The Arab Invasions…', Hovannisian (2004), pp. 133 and 136.
[26] Samuel of Ani's Armenian Chronicle, cited in Garsoïan (2004), p. 136.4
"Ashot, known as 'Msaker' ('the Carnivorous', 'the Meat- or Man-eater') was born about 775, the son of Smbat VII, prince of the Bagratids, marzpan (constable) of Armenia. The History of the Armenians by Kirakos Gandzakets'i records that 'Ashot Msaker' succeeded as marzpan of Armenia after 'Smbat' and ruled for 20 years, but does not mention any family relationship between them. After his father's defeat and death in 775, Ashot took refuge in his mountain domain in north-western Sper from where he carried out guerrilla activity against the Arabs. He was appointed _isxan_ (prince) of Armenia by the caliph in 804. On his death in 826, the caliphate divided his territories between his two sons Bagrat Bagratuni and Smbat Bagratuni. Ashot also had a daughter Hripsime.".5 EDV-38.
; Per Genealogy.EU: "Ashot Msaker ("the Carnivore"), constable of Armenia (806-826.)1"
Reference: Genealogics cites: Royal Highness, ancestry of the royal child, London, 1982, Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Sir Iain. 48.5 He was constable of Armenia between 806 and 826.1
Smbat VIII "the Confessor" Bagratuni constable of Armenia+1,4,6 d. 856
Bagrat II Bagratuni Duke of Taron, Prince of Armenia+1,4,7 d. a 851
NN Bagratuni8
Hripsime Bagratuni Princess9
[S1953] Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, online http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_Msaker. Hereinafter cited as Wikipedia.
[S1490] Genealogics Website (oiginated by Leo van de Pas, continued by Ian Fettes), online http://www.genealogics.org/index.php, Smbat VII: https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00297817&tree=LEO. Hereinafter cited as Genealogics Website.
[S1490] Genealogics Website, online http://www.genealogics.org/index.php, Ashot IV|III 'the Carnivorous': https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00297819&tree=LEO
[S2203] FMG Medieval Lands Website, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ARMENIA.htm#AshotIdied890A
[S2203] FMG Medieval Lands Website, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ARMENIA.htm#dauAshotMGuaram
[S1490] Genealogics Website, online http://www.genealogics.org/index.php, Hripsime: https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00297821&tree=LEO
Smbat VII Bagratuni Prince of the Bagratids, Constable of Armenia1,2
M, #66163, b. circa 735, d. 5 August 775
Father Ashot III-II "the Blind" Bagratuni Marzpan/Constable of Armenia1,3,4,5,2 b. c 700, d. 761
Smbat VII Bagratuni Prince of the Bagratids, Constable of Armenia married NN Mamikonian, daughter of Samuel II Mamikonian Prince of the Mamikonids.1,2,6,7 Smbat VII Bagratuni Prince of the Bagratids, Constable of Armenia was born circa 735.1,2
Smbat VII Bagratuni Prince of the Bagratids, Constable of Armenia died on 5 August 775 at Battle of Bagrevand, Bagravandène; Genealogy.EU and Wikipedia say d. 5 Aug 775; Genealogics says d. 772; Med Lands says killed 15 Apr 775.1,2,8,7
Reference: Genealogics cites: Royal Highness, ancestry of the royal child, London, 1982, Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Sir Iain. 48.2
; Per Genealogics: "Smbat was born about 735, the son of Ashot III/II 'the Blind', marzpan (high constable) of Armenia. The _History of the Armenians_ by Kirakos Gandzakets'i records that Smbat succeeded as marzpan of Armenia after the death of Ashot Bagratuni. He was appointed sparapet (supreme commander of the armed forces) in Armenia in 753, and ruled for 22 years. He joined the Armenian rebellion of 774 against Arab domination, but was defeated and killed by Arab forces in the Battle of Bagrewand (Bagravandène) on the banks of the Euphrates on 15 April 775. He left a son Ashot, known as 'Msaker' ('the Meat-Eater', 'the Carnivorous'), who would have progeny."2
; Smbat VII Bagratuni, constable of Armenia, *ca 735, +5.8.775; m.N, dau.of prince Samuel II Mamikonid.1
"SMBAT, son of ASHOT "the Blind" [Bagratid-Georgia] & his wife --- ([735]-killed in battle Bagrevand 15 Apr 775). Kirakos Ganjaketsi's History of Armenia records that "Smbat" succeeded as marzpan of Armenia after the death of "Ashot Bagratuni" and ruled for 22 years, but does not mention any family relationship between them[20]. According to Garsoïan, Smbat was the son of Ashot "the Blind" but it is unclear from her text on which primary source this is based[21]. He was appointed sparapet in Armenia in 753. He joined the Armenian rebellion of 774 against Arab domination, but was defeated and killed in battle by Arab forces on the banks of the Euphrates river.
"m --- of Mamikonian, daughter of SAMUEL [II] Prince of Mamikonian & his wife --- ([740]-). Her parentage and marriage are confirmed by Ghevond Vardapeti who names "Samuel seigneur du domaine de la famillle de Mamikonian…beau-père du commandant" among those killed in the battle of Bagrevand[22]."
[21] Garsoïan, Nina 'The Arab Invasions and the Rise of the Bagratuni (640-884)', Hovannisian, R. G. (ed.) (2004) Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Vol I (St Martin's Press, New York), p. 130.
[22] Chahnazarian, G. V. (trans.) (1856) Histoire des conquêtes des Arabes en Arménie par Ghevond Vardabed (Paris), p. 146. (Information supplied by Jean-Claude Chuat in a private email to the author dated 31 Jul 2008).7
; NB: Med Lands describes two version of the ancestry of Adarnase [III]: an Armenian version and a Georgian version. I have elected to follow the Armenian version. GA Vaut
Per Med Lands:
"It has not been possible to reconstruct with accuracy one single representation of the ancestry of Adarnase [III], the father of Ashot who succeeded as prince of Iberia in [787], as the different primary sources are not reconcilable. Two alternative versions are therefore shown in this Chapter 1.C. Version 1 is reconstructed from Armenian sources. Version 2 is based on the Georgian Chronicle (13th century), although there are some family links which are not explicit in that document and can only be confirmed by the Georgian Chronicle (18th century). Neither version is completely satisfactory from a historical point of view. The Armenian sources give no information on the events in the lives of two of the links in the chain of descent in Version 1 beyond their names. The same can be said of several of the individuals in the descent recorded in the Georgian Chronicle (18th century). In both cases, therefore, one is left with the impression that the compilers of the sources were concerned mainly with the appearance of genealogical continuity, in the case of Version 1 the Armenians presumably wishing to emphasise the subservience of the Georgians, and in the case of Version 2 the Georgians wanting to underline the link with the previous ruling Bagratid dynasty to increase the credibility of the new dynasty. The significance of the award of the title kouropalates, of all possible Byzantine titles, to the Georgian prince is unclear. The title, the third highest honour in the Byzantine empire at that time after cæsar and nobilissimos, was usually reserved for members of the imperial family, but the primary sources contain no hint of a marriage alliance between the Bagratids and any of the Byzantine imperial families in the 8th or 9th centuries.
VERSION 1: ancestry of Adarnase according to Armenian sources
"According to Armenian sources, the Bagratid family descends from Ambat I, Prince of the Bagratids in 314, who was the ancestor of Varaz-Tirots, viceroy of Armenia between 616 and 645, who was in turn great-grandfather of Ashot "the Blind", who is shown below as ancestor of the later rulers of Georgia and of the kings of Caucasian Armenia.
"1. ASHOT "the Blind" ... m ---. The name of Ashot's wife is not known. Ashot & his wife had two children:
"a) [VASAK ... m ---. The name of Vasak's wife is not known. Vasak & his wife had one child:]
"i) [ADARNASE [III] . Vardan names "Achot, fils d'Atrnerseh, fils de Vasac, fils d'Achot prince d'Arménie" when recording the establishement of the Bagratid dynasty in Georgia[97].]
"b) SMBAT ([735]-killed in battle Bagrewand 15 Apr 775). KINGS of ARMENIA.
VERSION 2: ancestry of Adarnase according to the Georgian Chronicle (13th century) and (18th century)
"[WARAZ-BAKUR], son of [GUARAM & his wife ---] ...[m ---. The name of Waraz-Bakur's wife is not known.] [Waraz-Bakur & his wife had one child:]
"1. [NERSE ... m ---. The name of Nerse's wife is not known. Nerse & his wife had one child:]
"a) ADARNASE [III] .
"b) [PHILIPE . The Georgian Chronicle (18th century) records that "Philipé et Stephanos, frères d'Adarnase" died before their brother[106].]
"c) [STEPANOS ."
[92] Brosset, M. (1851) Additions et éclaircissements à l'histoire de la Géorgie (St Petersburg), p. 144 footnote 1, quoting Vardan, p. 66.
[93] Kirakos Ganjaketsis 1, p. 69.
[94] Garsoïan, Nina 'The Arab Invasions and the Rise of the Bagratuni (640-884)', Hovannisian, R. G. (ed.) (2004) Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Vol I (St Martin's Press, New York), pp. 129-30.
[95] Brosset (1851), p. 144 footnote 1, quoting Vardan, p. 66.
[100] Georgian Chronicle (18th century), p. 259.
[105] Georgian Chronicle (13th century) 15, p. 93.
[106] Georgian Chronicle (18th century), pp. 259-60.
[107] Georgian Chronicle (18th century), pp. 259-60.9,10
NN Mamikonian
Ashot IV 'Msaker/the Carnivore' Bagratuni constable of Armenia+1,2,7 b. 765, d. 826
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/GEORGIA.htm#AdarnasesonVasakA. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
[S2203] FMG Medieval Lands Website, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm
[S1490] Genealogics Website, online http://www.genealogics.org/index.php, Ashot III-II 'the Blind' Bagratuni: https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00536729&tree=LEO
[S1490] Genealogics Website, online http://www.genealogics.org/index.php, NN Mamikonian: https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00297818&tree=LEO
[S2203] FMG Medieval Lands Website, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ARMENIA.htm#SmbatVIIdied775
[S1953] Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, online http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smbat_VII_Bagratuni. Hereinafter cited as Wikipedia.
[S2203] FMG Medieval Lands Website, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/GEORGIA.htm#_Toc359676218
[S1549] "Author's comment", various, Gregory A. Vaut (e-mail address), to unknown recipient (unknown recipient address), 6 April 2020; unknown repository, unknown repository address. Hereinafter cited as "GA Vaut Comment."
NN Mamikonian1,2
Father Samuel II Mamikonian Prince of the Mamikonids1,2 d. 772
NN Mamikonian married Smbat VII Bagratuni Prince of the Bagratids, Constable of Armenia, son of Ashot III-II "the Blind" Bagratuni Marzpan/Constable of Armenia.1,3,2,4
Reference: Genealogics cites: Royal Highness, ancestry of the royal child, London, 1982, Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Sir Iain. 48.
; N, dau.of prince Samuel II Mamikonid.1 EDV-39.
Smbat VII Bagratuni Prince of the Bagratids, Constable of Armenia b. c 735, d. 5 Aug 775
Ashot IV 'Msaker/the Carnivore' Bagratuni constable of Armenia+1 b. 765, d. 826
[S1490] Genealogics Website (oiginated by Leo van de Pas, continued by Ian Fettes), online http://www.genealogics.org/index.php, NN Mamikonian: https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00297818&tree=LEO. Hereinafter cited as Genealogics Website.
[S1490] Genealogics Website, online http://www.genealogics.org/index.php, Smbat VII: https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00297817&tree=LEO
Samuel II Mamikonian Prince of the Mamikonids1,2
Father Dawith Mamikonian3 d. 744
Samuel II Mamikonian Prince of the Mamikonids died in 772 at Bagravandène; ijn battle.2
Reference: Genealogics cites: Royal Highness, ancestry of the royal child, London, 1982, Moncreiffe of that Ilk, Sir Iain. 48.2 EDV-40.
; Contemporary Armenian sources permit to reconstruct a famous "descent from antiquity" to the Bagratids through the Mamikonid dynasty: Samuel II Mamikonid -> ... -> Hmayeak I Mamikonid -> Sahakanoysh of Armenia (m. Hamazasp I Mamikonid) -> St.Sahak I the Great -> St.Nerses the Great -> Bambish of Armenia (m. Athanagenis) -> Chosroes III of Armenia -> Tiridates IV of Armenia -> Chosroes II of Armenia -> Tiridates II of Armenia -> Chosroes I of Armenia -> Vologases V of Parthia -> ... -> King Arshak (ca 200 BC).
One may find a scholarly discussion of further lines leading from the Arsacides to Seleucids and hence to Achaemenids in the book of Charles Settipani, "Nos ancetres de l'Antiquite" (1991).1
NN Mamikonian+1,4
[S1490] Genealogics Website (oiginated by Leo van de Pas, continued by Ian Fettes), online http://www.genealogics.org/index.php, Samuel II Mamikonian: https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00297816&tree=LEO. Hereinafter cited as Genealogics Website.
[S1490] Genealogics Website, online http://www.genealogics.org/index.php, Dawith Mamikonian: https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00297815&tree=LEO
Ashot III-II "the Blind" Bagratuni Marzpan/Constable of Armenia1,2
M, #66166, b. circa 700, d. 761
Ashot III-II "the Blind" Bagratuni Marzpan/Constable of Armenia was born circa 700.2
Ashot III-II "the Blind" Bagratuni Marzpan/Constable of Armenia died in 761.1
[107] Georgian Chronicle (18th century), pp. 259-60.4,5
"According to Armenian sources, the Bagratid family descends from Ambat I, prince of the Bagratids in 314, who was the ancestor of Varaz-Tirots, viceroy of Armenia between 616 and 645, who was in turn great-grandfather of Ashot III-II.
"Ashot was born about 700, possibly the son of Smbat Byuratian. However Vardan Arewelts'i (the Easterner), a prominent 13th century Armenian cleric and author, in his _Compilation of History,_ names 'Achot, fils d'Atrnerseh, fils de Vasac, fils de'Achot prince d'Arménie' when recording the establishment of the Bagratid dynasty in Georgia.
"The _History of the Armenians_ by Kirakos Gandzakets'i, a primary source for the study of the Armenian highlands in the 13th century, records that 'fifty-four years after the immolation of the Armenian princes in Naxchawan, Ashot Bagratuni became marzpan of Armenia'. He ruled as marzpan (high constable), on behalf of the caliph of the Ishmaelites, from 732 to 748.
"Ashot had the epithet 'the Blind' as he was blinded on the orders of a rival lord, Grigor of the House of Mamikonian. Nevertheless he continued to rule the land nominally despite his handicap.
"Armenian sources record Ashot as the ancestor of the later rulers of Georgia and of the kings of Caucasian Armenia. Ashot had a son Smbat who would succeed him as marzpan and have a son Ashot known as 'Msaker' ('the Meat-Eater', 'the Carnivorous'). Vardan Arewelts'i also refers to a son Vasak when recording the establishment of the Bagratid dynasty in Georgia."2
; Per Wikipedia:
"Ashot III Bagratuni also known as Ashot the Blind (Armenian: ???? ?????????) (c. 690 – 762) was a member of the Bagratuni family who was presiding prince of Armenia as ishkhan from 732 to 748. He was the nephew of Smbat VI Bagratuni.
"He won the favour of the Umayyad Caliphate by defeating one of the emirs who had revolted against Damascus and attacked Armenia. His ascension signaled the coming to power of the Bagratids. He was blinded by the rival nobles of the Mamikonian clan. The new power of Armenia had reached such a level that the country, at short notice, could summon an army of 90,000 men, ready to be sent out to battle.
"He had two sons, Smbat VII Bagratuni and Vasak Bagratuni.
** Ashot III Bagratuni's Descent."6
"ASHOT "the Blind" . Vardan names "Achot, fils d'Atrnerseh, fils de Vasac, fils d'Achot prince d'Arménie" when recording the establishment of the Bagratid dynasty in Georgia[92]. Kirakos Ganjaketsis's History of Armenia records that "fifty-four years after the immolation of the Armenian princes in Naxchawan Ashot Bagratuni became marzpan of Armenia" and ruled for 17 years[93]. 726/761. He was blinded on the orders of Grigor Mamikonean, although he continued to rule the country nominally despite his handicap[94].
[94] Garsoïan, Nina 'The Arab Invasions and the Rise of the Bagratuni (640-884)', Hovannisian, R. G. (ed.) (2004) Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Vol I (St Martin's Press, New York), pp. 129-30.7
Ashot III-II "the Blind" Bagratuni Marzpan/Constable of Armenia was also known as Aslod (?)3
Vasak Bagratuni+1,7
Smbat VII Bagratuni Prince of the Bagratids, Constable of Armenia+1,7,8,2,9 b. c 735, d. 5 Aug 775
[S1490] Genealogics Website (oiginated by Leo van de Pas, continued by Ian Fettes), online http://www.genealogics.org/index.php, Ashot III-II 'the Blind' Bagratuni: https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00536729&tree=LEO. Hereinafter cited as Genealogics Website.
[S812] e-mail address, online http://worldconnect.rootsweb.com/cgi-bin/igm.cgi?db=bferris, Jr. William R. Ferris (unknown location), downloaded updated 4 Apr 2002.
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/GEORGIA.htm#_Toc359676218. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
[S1953] Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, online http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_III_Bagratuni. Hereinafter cited as Wikipedia.
[S2203] FMG Medieval Lands Website, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/GEORGIA.htm#AdarnasesonVasakA
Vasak Bagratuni1
Father Ashot III-II "the Blind" Bagratuni Marzpan/Constable of Armenia1,2 b. c 700, d. 761
" [VASAK . Vardan names "Achot, fils d'Atrnerseh, fils de Vasac, fils d'Achot prince d'Arménie" when recording the establishement of the Bagratid dynasty in Georgia[95]. Garsoïan recounts that "Vasak the uncle of Ashot Msaker" established himself in 780s to the north of Armenia, marking the start of the future royal house of the Bagratuni in Iberia, presumably based only on Vardan but she does not specify this[96]. No information has been found in the Armenian sources so far consulted which gives any information about Vasak apart from his name. m ---. The name of Vasak's wife is not known. Vasak & his wife had one child:]"
[96] Garsoïan, Nina 'The Arab Invasions and the Rise of the Bagratuni (640-884)', Hovannisian, R. G. (ed.) (2004) Armenian People from Ancient to Modern Times, Vol I (St Martin's Press, New York), p. 136.2
Adarnase III Bagratuni King of Iberia+1,2 d. 779
Adarnase III Bagratuni King of Iberia1
Father Vasak Bagratuni2,3
Adarnase III Bagratuni King of Iberia died in 779.2
; See Wikipedia entry for more information.6 EDV-41.
"ADARNASE [III] . As noted above, he was either ADARNASE, son of NERSES & his wife --- , or ADARNASE, son of VASAK & his wife --- , depending on the source consulted. Vardan names "Achot, fils d'Atrnerseh, fils de Vasac, fils d'Achot prince d'Arménie" when recording the establishment of the Bagratid dynasty in Georgia[115]. The Georgian Chronicle (18th century) names "Nersé" as father of "Adarnasé Bagratide" who installed himself "dans le Clardjeth, où il mourut"[116]. The Georgian Chronicle (13th century) records that "a certain prince, from the house of the prophet David…Adrnas came to Archil", having been in Armenia and having "been captured by the foreigners together with his sons", and that Archil granted him "Rhisha, Shghuer and Atone"[117].
"m ---. The name of Adarnase's wife is not known.
"Adarnase [III] & his wife had three children:
"1. ASHOT (-826).
"2. GURGEN .
"3. LATORI [Latavr] ."
[115] Brosset (1851), p. 144 footnote 1, quoting Vardan, p. 66.
[118] Brosset (1851), p. 144 footnote 1, quoting Vardan, p. 66.1
Adarnase III Bagratuni King of Iberia was also known as Atrnerseh Bagratuni King of Iberia.2 Adarnase III Bagratuni King of Iberia was also known as Adarnase I of Tao-Klarjeti.6
Ashot I the Great Bagratuni King of Iberia+2,1 d. 826
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/GEORGIA.htm#AdarnasesonVasakB. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
[S1953] Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, online http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adarnase_I_of_Tao-Klarjeti. Hereinafter cited as Wikipedia.
Ashot I the Great Bagratuni King of Iberia1
Father Adarnase III Bagratuni King of Iberia1,2 d. 779
Ashot I the Great Bagratuni King of Iberia died in 826.1
"ASHOT, son of ADARNASE [III] & his wife --- (-killed in battle 29 Jan 826). Vardan names "Achot, fils d'Atrnerseh, fils de Vasac, fils d'Achot prince d'Arménie" when recording the establishment of the Bagratid dynasty in Georgia[123]. The Georgian Chronicle (18th century) records that "Achot couropalate, fils de ce prince [Adarnase] et frère de l'éristhaw Gourgen" succeeded to the throne after the death of Juansher (in 787)[124]. Kouropalates of Iberia. It is unclear which Byzantine emperor awarded the title kouropalates to Ashot. No record has so far been identified in Byzantine sources of a campaign in Georgia during the reigns of Empress Eirene and her son Konstantinos VI (combined reigns from 780 to 802), which suggests that Ashot's reported succession to Juansher, dated to 787, may not be historically accurate. It is more likely that a campaign in Georgia would have been directed by Emperor Leon V (ruled 813-820), as his Armenian origin may have accounted for rivalry with the Georgians, but this hypothesis has not been confirmed by any primary source so far consulted and remains a speculation. The Georgian Chronicle (13th century) records that "Curopalate Ashot" replaced "Arch'il's sons Iwane and Juansher", adding that "the emperor elevated him so that the Hagarites' be weakened" but that he was killed by "amir Xalil"[125]. The Georgian Chronicle (18th century) records that the emperor installed Ashot as kouropalates at the same time that "Maslama" was defeated in Greece[126], which appears to refer to the unsuccessful siege of Constantinople by the Muslims which is dated to 718[127] and is therefore completely anachronistic with the other reported events of Ashot's life. The Georgian Chronicle (18th century) records that Ashot defeated Grigor of Kakhetia but was expelled by "Khalil fils d'Izid" and fled to Greece with his mother, his wife and "ses deux fils en bas âge", and was defeated by "Achot" who captured all he owned in Kartli[128]. The Georgian Chronicle (18th century) records that Ashot was killed 29 Jan 826 "par les Mingréliens", after which "les Sarrasins" dominated Georgia[129].
[127] Brosset (1858), Introduction, p. LVI.
[129] Georgian Chronicle (18th century), p. 264.3
; See attached chart of the Bagratoni dynasty of Tao-Klarjeti (from Wikipedia entry for Ashot I.)4 He was King of Iberia between 810 and 826.1
Bagrat I Bagratuni King of Iberia+1,3 d. 876
Guaram Mamphal (?)5 d. 882
[S2203] FMG Medieval Lands Website, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/GEORGIA.htm#Ashotdied826B
[S1953] Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, online http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ashot_I_of_Iberia. Hereinafter cited as Wikipedia.
[S2203] FMG Medieval Lands Website, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/GEORGIA.htm#Guaramdied882
Bagrat I Bagratuni King of Iberia1
Father Ashot I the Great Bagratuni King of Iberia1,2 d. 826
Bagrat I Bagratuni King of Iberia married NN Bagratuni, daughter of Smbat VIII "the Confessor" Bagratuni constable of Armenia.1
Bagrat I Bagratuni King of Iberia died in 876.1
; Bagrat I, King of Iberia (830-76), +876; m.N, a dau.of Smbat the Confessor; their issue were Bagratids of Georgia.1 EDV-39. He was King of Iberia between 830 and 876.1
NN Bagratuni
Davit/David I Bagratuni King of Iberia+1 d. 881
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/GEORGIA.htm#Ashotdied826B. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
Father Smbat VIII "the Confessor" Bagratuni constable of Armenia1,2 d. 856
NN Bagratuni married Bagrat I Bagratuni King of Iberia, son of Ashot I the Great Bagratuni King of Iberia.1
; N, a dau.of Smbat the Confessor.1
Bagrat I Bagratuni King of Iberia d. 876
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ARMENIA.htm#AshotIdied890A. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
Adelaide (?)1
Adelaide (?) married Aleramo I di Savona Marchese de Monferrato, Marchese di Liguria and Piedmont, son of Guglielmo I Miagro (?) Marchese de Monferrato;
His 1st wife; Med Lands says he had a 1st wife, but doesn't name her.1,2,3
; Per Racines et Histoire: "Aleramo 1er di Savona + 991 marquis de Ligurie et de Piémont, 1er seigneur (marquis, marchese) de Montferrat (954/58-991) [ ses titres sont confirmés par l'Empereur Otton 1er 23/03/967 ]
ép. 1) Adelasia
ép. 2) dès 07/961 Gerberge d'Italie (alias d'Ivrea, alias Adelasia ?) ° 945 + 986 (fille de Bérenger II, Roi d'Italie 950, marquis d'Ivrée et de Willa d'Arles.)4"
"ALERAMO, son of Conte GUGLIELMO & his wife --- (-[967/91]). Conte. "Hugo et Lotharius…Reges" granted property "Forum…supra fluvium Tanari in comitatu Aquensi…et Villa…Roncho" to "fideli nostro Aledramo comiti" by charter dated 6 Feb 938[14]. Marchese, after 938. "Berengarius et Adelbertus filius eius…Reges" confirmed a donation to the abbey of Grazano by "Aledramus Marchio filius Gulielmi Comitis et Gilberga filius D. Berengarii Regis, et Anselmus seu Oddo germani lege viventes Salica", for the soul of "quondam Gulielmi qui fuit filius et filiaster atque germanus noster", by charter dated Aug 951[15]. Emperor Otto I granted land "a flumine Tanari usque ad flumen Urbam et ad litus maris…Dego, Bagnasco, Ballangio, Salocedo, Loceti, Salfole, Miola, Pulchrone, Grualia, Pruneto, Altefino, Curtemilia, Montenesi, Noseto, Maximino, Arche" to "Aleramum Marchionum" by charter dated 23 Mar 967[16]. Benvenuto di San Giorgio states that Aleramo died in 995 and was buried at the abbey of Grazano, but does not cite the corresponding primary source[17].
"m firstly ---. The primary source which directly confirms this first marriage has not yet been identified. However, the chronology of Aleramo´s known wife Gilberga suggests that she could not have been the mother of his known children.
"m secondly (before Jul 961) GILBERGA di Ivrea, daughter of BERENGARIO II King of Italy [Ivrea] & his wife Willa d'Arles (945-). "Gislam [et]…Girbergam" are named as daughters of Berengar and Willa by Liutprand[18]. "Berengarius et Adelbertus filius eius…Reges" confirmed a donation to the abbey of Grazano by "Aledramus Marchio filius Gulielmi Comitis et Gilberga filius D. Berengarii Regis, et Anselmus seu Oddo germani lege viventes Salica", for the soul of "quondam Gulielmi qui fuit filius et filiaster atque germanus noster", by charter dated Aug 951[19]. The dating of this charter is dubious, assuming that Gilberga´s date of birth is correct as shown above.
"Aleramo & his first wife had three children:
1. GUGLIELMO (-[before Aug 951]).
2. ANSELMO (-[999/1014]).
3. ODDONE (-before 991)."
[14] Moriondus, J. B. (1790) Monumenta Aquensia (Turin), Pars II, col. 291.
[15] Monumenta Aquensia, Pars II, col. 292.
[16] The Inventory of the State Archives of Turin, volume 25, page 1, fascicule 1, consulted at (2 Feb 2006) ("State Archives"), and Benvenuto di San Giorgio, RIS XXIII, cols. 325-7.
[17] Benvenuto di San Giorgio, RIS XXIII, col. 333.
[18] Liudprandi Antapodosis V.32, MGH SS III, p. 336.
[19] Monumenta Aquensia, Pars II, col. 292.2
Aleramo I di Savona Marchese de Monferrato, Marchese di Liguria and Piedmont b. c 915, d. 991
Anselmo I (?) di Savona, Marchese della Liguria Orientale+2,3,5 d. bt 999 - 1014
Oddone/Ottone del Monferrato Marchese del Monferrato+2,3 d. b 991
Guglielmo (?)2,3 d. b 991
[S1490] Genealogics Website (oiginated by Leo van de Pas, continued by Ian Fettes), online http://www.genealogics.org/index.php, Adelaide: https://www.genealogics.org/getperson.php?personID=I00634007&tree=LEO. Hereinafter cited as Genealogics Website.
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/MONFERRATO,%20SALUZZO,%20SAVONA.htm#Aleramodiedbefore991. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
[S2280] Racines et Histoire, online http://racineshistoire.free.fr/LGN/LGN-frameset.html, Seigneurs de Montferrat (Aleramici, Mon(te)ferrato) , p. 2: http://racineshistoire.free.fr/LGN/PDF/Montferrat.pdf. Hereinafter cited as Racines et Histoire.
[S2280] Racines et Histoire, online http://racineshistoire.free.fr/LGN/LGN-frameset.html, Seigneurs de Montferrat (Aleramici, Mon(te)ferrato), p. 2: http://racineshistoire.free.fr/LGN/PDF/Montferrat.pdf
[S2203] FMG Medieval Lands Website, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, https://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/MONFERRATO,%20SALUZZO,%20SAVONA.htm#OddoneSaluzzodied1084A.
Ashot V "the Great" Bagratuni King of Armenia1
Mother Hripsime (?)3 d. 800
Ashot V "the Great" Bagratuni King of Armenia married Kotramide (?)2
Ashot V "the Great" Bagratuni King of Armenia died in 890.4
; Per Genealogy.EU (Bagratuni): "Ashot V "the Great", King of Armenia (884-890); his issue were Bagratids of Armenia."1 Ashot V "the Great" Bagratuni King of Armenia was also known as Ashod I 'the Great' King of Armenia.4,2 He was 1st King of Armenia.4
"ASHOT Bagratuni, son of SMBAT Bagratuni "Khostovanogh/the Confessor" & his wife Hripsime --- (820-890, bur Bagran). Kirakos Ganjaketsi's History of Armenia records that "his son Ashot ruled the kingdom" after the death of "Smbat…the Confessor", recording that held "the sparapetutiwn", then was installed as "prince of princes" and given a crown by "Mahmet", and also received a royal crown from Emperor Basileios I[42]. After his father's capture in 853, Ashot took refuge in Tayk, assuming his father's title and leadership of Armenian resistance in the north. He reconquered Širak and Aršarunik[43]. He was appointed išxanac išxan [Prince of Princes] in Armenia in 862 by the ostikan, representative of the Caliph in Armenia[44]. Ashot further strengthened his position by dynastic marriages with other Armenian princes, and eventually was able to take advantage of the decline of the Abbasid Caliphate's power to re-establish Armenia's political autonomy from the Arabs. His position was confirmed when he was crowned ASHOT I "the Great" King of Armenia at Bagaran by the Caliph's representative 26 Aug 884 with a crown sent by the Caliph. He continued to be referred to, however, as "Prince of Princes" in Arab and Greek sources and appears to have remained tributary to the Caliphate[45]. He was recognised as such by Emperor Leon VI in 887[46]. The Histoire of Jean VI Catholicos records the death "par une chute qu´il fit dans une route sur un rocher appelé Tsieg abarhaji" of "Aschod roi d´Arménie" and his burial "dans le bourg royal de Pagran"[47]. Kirakos Ganjaketsi's History of Armenia records that Ashot ruled for 32 years as Prince of Princes and five years as king of Armenia[48].
"m KOTRAMIDE, daughter of --- ([825]-). The primary source which confirms her marriage has not yet been identified."
[42] Kirakos Ganjaketsi 1, pp. 71-2.
[43] Garsoïan (2004), pp. 142 and 146.
[44] Garsoïan (2004), p. 147.
[46] Ostrogorsky, G. (1952) Geschichte des byzantinischen Staates, French translation (1977) Histoire de l'Etat Byzantin (Payot), p. 265.
[47] Jean VI Catholicos, XX, p. 129.
[48] Kirakos Ganjaketsi 1, pp. 72-3.2
He was King of Armenia between 884 and 890.1
Kotramide (?)
Sopi/Sophia (?)+5,2 d. bt 884 - 889
Smbat I 'The Martyr' Bagratuni of Armenia+2 b. 850, d. 912
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ARMENIA.htm#AshotIdied890B. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
[S2203] FMG Medieval Lands Website, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/ARMENIA.htm#SopiMGrigorDerenik
Davit/David I Bagratuni King of Iberia1
Father Bagrat I Bagratuni King of Iberia1 d. 876
Mother NN Bagratuni1
Davit/David I Bagratuni King of Iberia died in 881.1
EDV-38. He was King of Iberia between 876 and 881.1
Adarnase X Bagratuni Prince of Kartli, kouropalates.+1 d. 923
Adarnase X Bagratuni Prince of Kartli, kouropalates.1
Father Davit/David I Bagratuni King of Iberia2 d. 881
Adarnase X Bagratuni Prince of Kartli, kouropalates. died in 923.2
EDV-37. Adarnase X Bagratuni Prince of Kartli, kouropalates. was also known as Atrnerseh II King of Iberia.2 He was King of Iberia between 888 and 923.2
Sumbat I Bagratuni curopalate, King of Iberia+2 d. 958
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/GEORGIA.htm#AdarnaseIIdied923B. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
Sumbat I Bagratuni curopalate, King of Iberia1,2
Father Adarnase X Bagratuni Prince of Kartli, kouropalates.1 d. 923
Sumbat I Bagratuni curopalate, King of Iberia died in 958.1
EDV-36. He was curopalate between 954 and 958.1
Bagrat II-III Bagratuni King of Iberia+1 d. 994
[S1953] Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, online http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page. Hereinafter cited as Wikipedia.
Bagrat II-III Bagratuni King of Iberia1,2
Father Sumbat I Bagratuni curopalate, King of Iberia1 d. 958
Bagrat II-III Bagratuni King of Iberia died in 994.1
Gurgen II Bagratuni King of Iberia+1 d. 1008
[S1953] Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, online http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_II_of_Iberia. Hereinafter cited as Wikipedia.
Gurgen II Bagratuni King of Iberia1,2
Father Bagrat II-III Bagratuni King of Iberia1 d. 994
Gurgen II Bagratuni King of Iberia married Guranduht (?) of Abkhazia.1
Gurgen II Bagratuni King of Iberia died in 1008.1
; Gurgen II, King of Iberia (1001-08), +1008; m.Guranduht of Abkhazia (she descended from Buzeros Yilbus, Khazar khagan 705, brother-in-law of Emperor Justinian II.)1 EDV-34. He was King of Iberia between 1001 and 1008.1
Guranduht (?) of Abkhazia
Katramide (?)+3
Bagrat III-IV Bagratuni of Abkhazia and Iberia+1 b. c 963, d. 7 May 1014
[S1953] Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, online http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gurgen_of_Iberia. Hereinafter cited as Wikipedia.
[S2203] Foundation for Medieval Genealogy (FMG): MEDIEVAL LANDS - A prosopography of medieval European noble and royal families, online http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/index.htm, http://fmg.ac/Projects/MedLands/GEORGIA.htm#KatramideMGagikIArmenia. Hereinafter cited as FMG Medieval Lands Website.
Guranduht (?) of Abkhazia1
Guranduht (?) of Abkhazia married Gurgen II Bagratuni King of Iberia, son of Bagrat II-III Bagratuni King of Iberia.1
; she descended from Buzeros Yilbus, Khazar khagan 705, brother-in-law of Emperor Justinian II.1
Gurgen II Bagratuni King of Iberia d. 1008
Bagrat III-IV Bagratuni of Abkhazia and Iberia1,2
M, #66180, b. circa 963, d. 7 May 1014
Father Gurgen II Bagratuni King of Iberia1 d. 1008
Mother Guranduht (?) of Abkhazia1
Last Edited 6 Apr 2020
Bagrat III-IV Bagratuni of Abkhazia and Iberia was born circa 963.1
Bagrat III-IV Bagratuni of Abkhazia and Iberia died on 7 May 1014.1
; Bagrat IV, King of Abkhazia (978-1014) and Iberia (1008-14), *ca 963, +7.5.1014, first king of united Georgia; for his descendants see http://genealogy.euweb.cz/georgia/bagrat2.html.1,3 He was King of Abkhazia between 978 and 1014.1 He was King of Iberia between 1008 and 1014.1
Giorgi I (?) King of Georgia+3 d. 1027
[S1953] Wikipedia: The Free Encyclopedia, online http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Main_Page, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bagrat_III_of_Georgia. Hereinafter cited as Wikipedia.
[S1438] Miroslav Marek, updated 15 May 2003, Bagrat 2 page: http://genealogy.euweb.cz/georgia/bagrat2.html

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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Points of Interest	Events	Gastronomy	Shopping
A huge country, located in the southern part of North America, Mexico ignites the imagination with images of Mariachi bands, idyllic beaches and mysterious Mayan Ruins, such as those of Chichen Itza, Tulum, and Palenque. Mexico shares borders with the United States, Belize, and Guatemala, and has coastlines on the Pacific Ocean, the Caribbean Sea and the Gulf of Mexico, ensuring a fantastic mix of beach resorts, one of the country's premier attractions. With a population numbering more than 120 million inhabitants, Mexico is a notoriously populous country and in fact the world's largest Spanish-speaking nation.
The country is also home to one of the largest cities in the world, the sprawling metropolis of Mexico City, a high-altitude capital known for its 13th-century Aztec Templo Mayor and the baroque Catedral Metropolitana de México. Many vacation packages to Mexico begins in this monumental city, although another must-see urban center is the city of Guadalajara, which has a distinctly traditional Mexican atmosphere and is known for its production of tequila. With a world-renowned cuisine, fantastic arts scene, modern cities, amazing archaeological sites, and unspoiled beaches, especially along the Yucatan Peninsula, it is no wonder that vacations to Mexico are becoming increasingly popular.
History of Mexico
As one of the five cradles of civilization, Mexico is perhaps most famous for the significance of its ancient communities and advanced Mesoamerican civilizations such as the Maya, Aztec, and Teotihuacan. The Teotihuacan's were among the first of Mexico's major ancient civilizations, who began building their impressive capital near modern-day Mexico City in around 100 BC.
Without a doubt, the country's most famous citizen was the Mayans, who thrived between 250 and 900 AD, when they built elaborate cities, invented a calendar system and produced written languages. A tour of Mexico often includes the well-preserved ruins of the cities and temples built in this historic era. This civilization is remembered for its pyramid temples and complex religious practices and their empire was centered in one geographical area covering all of the Yucatan Peninsula, modern-day Guatemala, Belize and parts of the Mexican states of Tabasco and Chiapas, as well as the western part of Honduras and El Salvador.
The size and organized nature of the civilization ensured that it was relatively secure and was able to flourish for an impressively long period of time. Sadly, the Maya empire collapsed around the 10th century, possibly due to overpopulation and exhaustion of natural resources, shortly followed by the rise of the later Aztec civilization. The turning point for the history of Mexico came in the early 16th-century, with the arrival of Spanish Conquistadors, who colonized and took over a large proportion of the Aztec empire, with much of the indigenous population facing devastation from the onslaught of European diseases.
Following on from the conquistadors, missionaries arrived later in the century and converted many of the indigenous to Catholicism, marking a move away from the ancient religions and practices of Mexico's great civilizations. The country was renamed 'New Spain' by the colonists and acted as an important base for further Spanish exploration in the Americas. During the following centuries, modern Mexican culture developed, especially in the areas of architecture, traditions, and identity. By the early 20th-century, the Mexican people were tired of the inequality that plagued their country and a 10-year revolution, between 1910 and 1920, resulted in a number of social reforms and eventually in the re-establishment of communal farming practices, an important part of Mexican heritage.
Today, it is clear that the struggles faced by the Mexican people have fostered a strong sense of national identity and a huge amount of pride in the people for their ancient roots. A multi-center holiday to Mexico is the most popular way to experience the different sides of life in the country, and the history which has shaped it.
Nature in Mexico
If Mexico's fascinating history is not appealing enough, then its abundant nature and biodiversity is sure to impress you. In fact, Mexico is one of just 17 'Megadiverse' countries in the world and the natural wealth of its wildlife and ecosystems are one of the major attractions for visitors on a holiday to Mexico. An amazing 707 reptile, 438 mammals and 26,000 plant species can be found in the country and the 34 biosphere reserves and 67 national parks serve to protect and support these impressive populations in the 4th most biodiverse country in the world. Native species include spider monkeys, vaquita porpoise sea cows, an endangered species found in the Gulf of California, ocelots, the rare Quetzal bird, and the Mexican grey wolf.
Mexico is home to environments ranging from mountains to rainforests, volcanoes, deserts, reefs and mystical cenotes, and each environment has its own unique activities, wildlife and attractions to enjoy. From whale-watching on the Yucatan Peninsula to marveling at swarms of Monarch butterflies in the Rosario Sanctuary of Anganguero and wildlife spotting in the Lacandona Jungle, Mexico's natural abundance can be experienced in any number of ways. Admiring the Copper Canyon and its unique geological formations in Chihuahua, enjoying a boat ride on Lake Chapala, the largest freshwater lake in the country and visiting the petrified waterfalls of Oaxaca's Hierve el Agua or the firefly forests of Tlaxcala are just some of the most unmissable experiences on a tour of Mexico.
Culture in Mexico
The three colors of Mexico's flag hold important messages about Mexican identity; green represents the hope and victory of the people, white represents the purity of the country's ideals and red represents the bloodshed of the nation's heroes, who fought for the freedom of their country.
Mexican culture is much loved around the world and known for its lively traditions and exciting music scene. Religion plays a big role in the lives of everyday people, especially Christianity, and there are a number of important Mexican saints, whilst traditional festivals, such as the Day of the Dead have ignited the imaginations of millions worldwide. On the Day of the Dead, a celebration held annually on the 2nd November, families gather together to remember their deceased relatives and to help their loved ones in their spiritual journey.
Households often decorate an altarpiece with offerings and photos of their passed relatives. The blend of both indigenous and Spanish influences has resulted in a rich gastronomic tradition and a wealth of folk arts and crafts, characterized by colorful embroidery, pottery, and woven baskets and rugs. Mexico is also well known for producing a number of world-renowned artists, such as Frida Kahlo, known for her iconic self-portraits and surrealist modern art, and her husband Diego Riviera, famed for his murals and depictions of life in Mexico.
A vacation package to Mexico will open your eyes to the rich culture, amazing biodiversity and fascinating history of this huge country as you walk through atmospheric temple ruins, swim in the turquoise waters of the many mystic cenotes or taste Tequila in its place of origin. After the excitement of visiting the country's sights and attractions, relaxing on the tranquil beaches of the Riviera Maya whilst listening to the rhythms of the Mariachi band is the perfect way to unwind.
Mexico travel information
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Travel to Mexico
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Mexico D.F.
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