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January 18, 2017 by awkwardbotany
Alien Plant Invasions and the Extinction Trajectory
One of the concerns about introduced species becoming invasive is that they threaten to reduce the biodiversity of the ecosystems they have invaded. They do this by spreading rampantly, using up resources and space, altering ecosystem functions, and ultimately pushing other species out. In the case of certain invasive animals, species may be eliminated via predation; but plants don't eat each other (generally), so if one plant species is to snuff out another plant species it must use other means. Presently, we have no evidence that a native plant species has been rendered extinct solely as a result of an invasive plant species. That does not mean, however, that invasive plants are not doing harm.
In a paper published in AoB Plants in August 2016, Paul O. Downey and David M. Richardson argue that, when it comes to plants, focusing our attention on extinctions masks the real impact that invasive species can have. In general, plants go extinct more slowly than animals, and it is difficult to determine that a plant species has truly gone extinct. Some plants are very long-lived, so the march towards extinction can extend across centuries. But the real challenge – after determining that there are no above-ground signs of life – is determining that no viable seeds remain in the soil (i.e. seed bank). Depending on the species, seeds can remain viable for dozens (even hundreds) of years, so when conditions are right, a species thought to be extinct can emerge once again. (Consider the story of the Kankakee mallow.)
On the other hand, there is plenty of evidence that invasive plant species have had significant impacts on certain native plant populations and have placed such species on, what Downey and Richardson call, an extinction trajectory. It is this trajectory that deserves our attention if our goal is to save native plant species from extinction. As described in the paper, the extinction trajectory has six steps – or thresholds – which are defined in the infographic below:
Downey and Richardson spend a portion of the paper summarizing research that demonstrates how invasive plants have driven native plants into thresholds 1-3, thereby placing them on an extinction trajectory. In New Zealand, Lantana camara (introduced from the American tropics) creates dense thickets, outcompeting native plants. Researchers found that species richness of native plants declined once L. camara achieved 75% cover in the test sites. In the U.S., researchers found reduced seed set in three native perennial herbs as a result of sharing space with Lonicera mackii (introduced from Asia), suggesting that the alien species is likely to have a negative impact on the long-term survivability of these native plants. Citing such research, Downy and Richardson conclude that "it is the direction of change that is fundamentally important – the extinction trajectory and the thresholds that have been breached – not whether a native plant species has actually been documented as going extinct due to an alien plant species based on a snapshot view."
Introduced to New Zealand from the American tropics, largeleaf lantana (Lantana camara) forms dense thickets that can outcompete native plant species. (photo credit: wikimedia commons)
In support of their argument, they also address problems with the way some research is done ("in many instances appropriate data are not collected over sufficiently long periods," etc.), and they highlight the dearth of data and research ("impacts associated with most invasive alien plants have not been studied or are poorly understood or documented"). With those things in mind, they make recommendations for improving research and they encourage long-term studies and collaboration in order to address the current "lack of meta analyses or global datasets." A similar recommendation was made in American Journal of Botany in June 2015.
The language in this report makes it clear that the authors are responding to a certain group of people that have questioned whether or not the threat of invasive plants has been overstated and if the measures we are taking to control invasive plants are justified. The following cartoon that appeared along with a summary of the article way oversimplifies the debate:
Boy: There are no studies that show weeds cause native plants to go extinct, thus we should not control them. Plant: If we wait until then, we'll all be gone!!! Girl: Just because no one has demonstrated it does not mean that extinctions do not occur. The problem is not overstated!
It seems to me that a big part of why we have not linked an invasive plant species to a native plant species extinction (apart from the difficulty of determining with certainty that a plant has gone extinct) is that extinctions are often the result of a number of factors. The authors do eventually say that: "it is rare that one threatening process in isolation leads to the extinction of a species." So, as much as it is important to fully understand the impacts that invasive plant species are having, it is also important to look at the larger picture. What else is going on that may be contributing to population declines?
Observing invaded plant populations over a long period seems like our best bet in determining the real effects that invasive species are having. In some cases, as Downey and Richardson admit, "decreased effects over time" have been documented, and so "the effects [of invasive species] are dynamic, not static." And speaking of things that are dynamic, extinction is a dynamic process and one that we generally consider to be wholly negative. But why? What if that isn't always the case? Extinctions have been a part of life on earth as long as life has been around. Is there anything "good" that can come out of them?
Posted in Botany, Plant Ecology	| Tagged biological invasions, Botany, extinction, extinction trajectory, invasion biology, invasive plants, invasive species, Lantana camara, native plants, plant ecology, plant science research | 4 Comments
December 16, 2015 by awkwardbotany
Botany in Popular Culture: Futurama's Holiday Spectacular
Matt Groening and David X. Cohen's animated sitcom, Futurama, is replete with social commentary. Set in the 31st Century, it's not surprising that much of that commentary involves environmental issues. Episode 13 of season 6 – a special, holiday season episode – addresses a number of such issues, including extinction, global warming, fossil fuel depletion, and Colony Collapse Disorder. The episode is broken up into three, distinct segments; each has its own storyline, but all – apart from being environmentally themed – center around traditional (in the fictional world of Futurama) holiday celebrations. Hence, the title of the episode: The Futurama Holiday Spectacular.
Botany plays a particularly prominent role in the first segment of the episode. In the 31st Century, Christmas has morphed into a holiday called Xmas. In the opening scene, the Planet Express Crew has decorated a palm tree to look like a Christmas tree. Looking despondent, Philip J. Fry (a pizza delivery boy from the 21st century who was inadvertently cryopreserved and thawed 1,000 years later) laments, "Something about Xmas just doesn't feel like Christmas." Just then, the arrival of Santa is announced.
In the 31st Century, Santa Claus has been replaced by a robot called Robot Santa, and instead of gifts and holiday cheer, he brings violence and mayhem. The crew begins to lock down the Planet Express headquarters in preparation for Robot Santa's arrival. Disturbed by this, Fry demands to know how "this crazy holiday" is celebrated – "preferably in song." At which point, Robot Santa bursts out of the fireplace singing, "It's the violentest season of the year…"
After a few violent exchanges between the crew and Robot Santa, Robot Santa sings, "The one thing that you need to make your Xmas Day splendiferous / Is a pine tree – a pine tree that's coniferous." The crew agrees; they need "an old-fashioned pine tree." But there is one problem.
"Pine trees have been extinct for over 800 years," explains Professor Farnsworth. Apparently, they were all chopped down and turned into toilet paper during something called "The Fifty-Year Squirts." Yet, the Professor exclaims, "There is one hope and, as usual, it's Norwegian!" And at that, the crew heads off to Norway.
In Norway, the crew arrives at the Svalbard Global Seed Vault where, as the Professor explains, "since 2008, the vault has preserved seeds of every known plant species in case of extinction." They are confronted by a seed vault employee who asks why the crew is "pokey-poking about the seed vault – guardian of mankind's precious botanical heritage there?"
The Professor tells the man that they are there to "rummage about a bit." The crew notes that there is a Germ Warfare Repository that has been constructed right next to the seed vault and asks if there are any cross-contamination concerns. The man says, "No," and then lets them inside where he brings them a container marked Pinus xmas. Amy notices some "splork" on the seeds and asks, "It's not germs is it?" Again the man says, "No."
The Planet Express crew at the Svalbard Global Seed Vault being presented with the seeds of Pinus xmas.
Back in New New York, Fry plants a pine tree seed outside the Planet Express building. A year later, a sapling as tall as Fry has emerged. Fry declares, "Now that's a tree worth chopping down." At that point, President Nixon pulls up in his limousine and sees the tree. "That's what my poll numbers need, " he says turning to Vice President Cheney – both of them animated heads in jars. Cheney orders Nixon to steal the tree.
The tree is transplanted in front of the White House. During the Xmas tree lighting ceremony, the tree begins to grow rapidly. Apparently it was contaminated with a weaponized virus after all. It begins to produce cones which then fly off the tree and explode. Shortly after the explosions, more pine trees begin to emerge and grow rapidly, at which point Leela exclaims, "Wait! This could be a good thing. Reforestation has begun!" However, this reforestation is occurring at an extremely rapid pace, and before long all land on Earth is completely covered in pine trees.
Soon, all manner of wildlife is found frolicking among the trees. Again Leela exclaims, "Arguably, this could be a good thing. The planet has returned to its primeval state!" The Professor concurs, "All these pine trees are fighting global warming by producing oxygen."
But the "good news" doesn't last long. The oxygen level continues to increase and quickly reaches 80%. Ignorantly, Bender decides to celebrate his own laziness with a cigar. As he lights it, the entire planet bursts into flames. Robot Santa returns to announce, "Ho ho ho! Everyone's dead!"
Similar dark comedy ensues in the other two segments as the crew learns about the holiday traditions of Robanukah and Kwanzaa. Again, both segments explore important environmental concerns in the process. Al Gore's animated head in a jar makes appearances throughout the episode. If you are looking for some added hilarity during this holiday season – as well as some bleak environmental messaging – you can't go wrong with Futurama's Holiday Spectacular.
Interesting fact: In 2011, this episode of Futurama won an Environmental Media Award for best comedic television episode with an environmental message. EMA's have been awarded since 1991 to "honor film and television productions and individuals that increase public awareness of environmental issues and inspire personal action on these issues."
Posted in Uncategorized	| Tagged Al Gore, botany in popular culture, climate change, cryopreservation, David X. Cohen, Environmental Media Award, extinction, Futurama, global warming, good news everyone, Holiday Spectacular, Matt Groening, Philip J. Fry, pine trees, Professor Farnsworth, reforestation, seed bank | 9 Comments
May 20, 2015 by awkwardbotany
Making the Case for Saving Species
It is no question that the human species has had a dramatic impact on the planet. As our population has grown and we have spread ourselves across the globe, our presence has altered every ecosystem we have come into contact with. Our footprints can be detected even in areas of the planet uninhabited by humans. As awareness of our impact has increased, we have made efforts to reduce it. However, much of the damage we have caused is irreversible – we can't bring species back from extinction and we can't replace mountaintops. Furthermore, for better or for worse our continued existence – despite efforts to minimize our negative influence – will continue to be impactful. This is the nature of being human. It is the nature of all living things, really. As John Muir said, "when we try to pick out anything by itself, we find it hitched to everything else in the Universe." That we are cognizant of that fact puts us at a crossroads – do we make a concerted effort to protect and save other species from the negative aspects of our presence or do we simply go on with our lives and let come what may?
The quandary isn't that black and white, obviously. For one thing, cleaning up polluted air, water, and soil is beneficial to humans and has the side benefit of improving the lives of other species. Protecting biodiversity is also in our best interest, because who knows what medicine, food, fiber, or other resource is out there in some living thing yet to be discovered that might be useful to us. On the other hand, putting our own interests aside, what about protecting other species and habitats just to protect them? Purely altruistically. That seems to be the question at the crux of an article by Emma Marris in the May/June 2015 issue of Orion entitled, "Handle with Care: The Case for Doing All We Can to Save Threatened Species." [Listen to a brief discussion with Marris about the article here.]
The main character in Marris' article is the whitebark pine (Pinus albicaulis), a species whose native habitat is high in mountain ranges of western United States and Canada. Whitebark pines thrive in areas few other trees can, living to ages greater than 1,000 years. Here is how Marris describes them:
Whitebark pine's ecological niche is the edge of existence. The trees are found on the highest, driest, coldest, rockiest, and windiest slopes. While lodgepole and ponderosa pine grow in vast stands of tall, healthy-looking trees, slow-growing whitebarks are tortured by extremes into individualized, flayed forms, swollen with massive boles from frost damage. Their suffering makes them beautiful.
photo credit: www.eol.org
But in recent years they have been suffering more than usual. White pine blister rust, an introduced pathogen, is killing the trees. The native mountain pine beetle is also taking them out. Additional threats include climate change and an increased number, extent, and intensity of wildfires. Combined, these threats have been impactful enough that the species is listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List where it is described as "experiencing serious decline."
So people are taking action. In Oregon's Crater Lake National Park, botanist Jen Beck is part of an effort to select blister rust resistant trees and plant them in their native habitats within the park. Hundreds have been planted, and more are on their way. Great effort is taken to minimize human impact and to plant the trees as nature would, with the vision being that blister rust resistant trees will replace those that are dying and that trees with rust resistant genes will dominate the population.
But Beck faces opposition, and not just from challenges like seedlings being trampled by visitors or a warming climate inviting mountain hemlocks and other trees into whitebark pine's native range, but by people who argue that the trees shouldn't be planted there in the first place – that what is "wild" should be left alone. Marris specifically calls out a group called Wilderness Watch. They and other groups like them profess a "leave-it alone ethic." Rather than be arrogant enough to assume that we can "control or fix disrupted nature," we should respect the "self-willed spirit of the wild world." Proponents of nonintervention criticize what they call "new environmentalism" and its efforts to engineer or manage landscapes, fearing that these actions are "morally empty" and that "rearranging bits of the natural world" lacks soul and will ultimately serve to benefit humans.
In her article, Marris argues against this approach. First off, the human footprint is too large, and for natural areas to "continue to look and function the way they did hundreds of years ago" will require "lots of human help." Additionally, nonintervention environmentalism "perpetuates a false premise that humans don't belong in nature," and if we decide not to work to protect, save, or restore species and habitats that have been negatively affected by our actions simply because we are "in thrall to wildness", we will be withdrawing with "blood on our hands." Marris sums up her position succinctly in the following statement:
We have to do whatever it takes to keep ecosystems robust and species from extinction in the face of things like climate change. And if that means that some ecosystems aren't going to be as pretty to our eyes, or as wild, or won't hew to some historical baseline that seems important to us, then so be it. We should put the continued existence of other species before our ideas of where or how they should live.
Marris acknowledges that there are risks to this approach. "Our meddling" may save species, but it could also backfire. But that doesn't mean the effort wasn't worth it. We can learn from our mistakes and we can make improvements to our methods. Some sites can even be cordoned off as areas of nonintervention simply so that we can learn from them. The ultimate goal, however, should be to save as many species and to keep as much of their habitat intact as possible. Putting "other species first, and our relationship with them second" is what Marris considers to be a "truly humble" stance in our role as part of nature.
Cones of whitebark pine, Pinus albicaulis (photo credit: wikimedia commons)
The dichotomy presented in this article is a tough one, and one that will be debated (in my mind particularly) long into the future. If you would like to share your thoughts with me about this issue, do so in the comment section below or by sending me a private message through the contact page.
Other article reviews on Awkward Botany
Article: The Intelligent Plant
Feeding the World With Microbes
Article: The Wildest Idea on Earth
Posted in Botany, Plant Ecology	| Tagged alpine plants, article review, Botany, climate change, conservation, Crater Lake National Park, Emma Marris, endangered species, extinction, mountain pine beetle, new environmentalism, Orion magazine, plant ecology, restoration, white pine blister rust, whitebark pine | 2 Comments
November 4, 2013 by awkwardbotany
Baobab Trees Facing Extinction
Declining populations of baobab trees have been a concern for more than a decade now. That concern has been amplified with the release of a recent study that shows that two baobab tree species endemic to Madagascar risk losing the majority of their available habitat due to climate change and human development in the coming decades.
Baobab trees are spectacular sights. Unique in appearance, they can grow up to about 100 feet tall with trunk diameters as wide as 36 feet and can live for hundreds (possibly thousands) of years. As the trees age, they develop hollow trunks used for storing water (as much as 26,000 gallons!) to help them survive long periods of drought. The fruits of baobab trees are coconut-sized and edible and are said to taste like sherbet. The leaves of at least one species are eaten as a vegetable, and the seeds of some species are used to make vegetable oil. Various other products, including fibers, dyes, and fuel are also derived from baobab trees.
There are nine species of baobab trees (Adansonia spp.). Eight are native to Africa and one is native to Australia. Two of the African species are also found on the Arabian Peninsula, and six of the African species are found only on Madagascar. Three of the Madagascan species (A. grandidieri, A. perrieri, and A. suarezensis) are listed as endangered on the IUCN Red List. Currently, A. perrieri has the lowest population of the three species, with only 99 observed trees. It is estimated that by 2080, its range will be reduced to 30% of what it currently is, further threatening its survival. A. suarezensis has a considerably larger population (15,000 trees) but a much smaller distribution area (1,200 square kilometers). By 2050, this area is estimated to be reduced to only 17 square kilometers, practically guaranteeing its eventual extinction. On the bright side, A. grandidieri has a population of about one million trees and an extensive range that should remain largely undisturbed in the coming decades.
An interesting component to this story is how giant tortoises fit in. The fruits and seeds of baobab trees are relatively large, and so their dispersal is best carried out by animals. Seeds that fall too close to the parent trees have little chance of survival since they will be shaded out and will have to compete with large, adjacent trees. Animals that eat the fruits of the baobab trees help to disperse the seeds by defecating them in areas away from large trees where the seedlings will have a greater chance of survival. Two species of giant tortoises that were once native to Madagascar but have now been extinct for hundreds of years were likely primary dispersers of baobab tree seeds. A recent study used a species of giant tortoise not native to Madagascar (the Aldabra giant tortoise) to test this hypothesis. The tortoise readily consume the fruit of the baobab tree. The seeds remain in the tortoise's digestive system for up to 23 days, giving the tortoise plenty of time to move to an area suitable for seed germination. Given these findings, biologists are currently working to introduce Aldabra giant tortoises to Madagascar to help save the baobab trees.
Climate change, loss of habitat due to human development, and loss of seed dispersers due to extinction threaten the survival of some baobab tree species, but by recognizing this threat, biologists can work towards preventing their eventual extinction. As we gain a better understanding and appreciation for the need for biodiversity on our planet, we will resolve to take greater steps to protect it.
To learn more about baobab trees facing extinction and giant tortoises as seed dispersers, visit the Scientific American blog, Extinction Countdown, here and here.
Adansonia grandidieri
photo credit: wikimedia commons
Posted in Botany, Plant Ecology	| Tagged biodiversity, blog, climate change, extinction, food, seeds, Trees | 5 Comments


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Todd Heap Gives Classy Thank You To Baltimore Ravens Fans
By Jess Root Updated Oct 29, 2011, 12:00pm MDT
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OAKLAND, CA - AUGUST 11: Todd Heap #86 of the Arizona Cardinals catches the ball while defended by Hiram Eugene #31 of the Oakland Raiders at O.co Coliseum on August 11, 2011 in Oakland, California. (Photo by Ezra Shaw/Getty Images)
Arizona Cardinals tight end Todd Heap is glad to be back in Arizona, where he grew up and went to college, and was surprised when he was released by the Baltimore Ravens, the only team he had known in his ten years in the NFL. However, the guy holds no hard feelings, and has proven that isn't just lip service.
With the Arizona Cardinals headed to play the Baltimore Ravens, Heap bought an ad in the Baltimore Sun newspaper thanking the fans and the organization for all they did and how much it meant to him and his family for the last decade.
via p.twimg.com
Here's the text:
"For a decade, my wife Ashley, and I took great pride in calling Baltimore home. We greatly appreciated the way this city embraced our family and took us as your own. We wanted to publicly and emphatically thank all of you for your incredible support over the years.
"I would like to personally thank Art Modell for all that he has done, not only for me, but also for the passionate people of Baltimore. Mr. Modell brought football back to the city and restored fans' pride in cheering for their home team. Out thoughts are with Mr. Modell as he mourns the passing of his wonderful wife Pat. I would also like to not only Steve Biscotti for his great leadership of the Ravens organization, but also all of those within the organization who have been like family to me. I have played with so many great Ravens teammates over the years, and am honored and proud to have stepped on the field with you. As last, but certainly not least, I would like to thank you...the fans. I am so blessed to do what I do for a living. And I know that this great game is what it is because we have you supporting us. Your support has touched my family, and I will never forget the cheers of the crowd each and every time you roared "Heeeap." Ravens fans, you are tremendous!
"Although it was not my decision to leave Baltimore, I accept that change is sometimes necessary. Certain that I have a few good years of football left in me, I'm excited about my future withe the Arizona Cardinals. But the city of Baltimore will always be special to me and my family. Thank you for so many wonderful memories."
I am fairly certain that this was written by Heap himself, based on the words he used and the way it was written.
While he has not been able to be on the field as much as we had all hoped, Heap is certainly every bit the man he reputed to be. As of Friday, he is listed as questionable for the game against his only former NFL team, but I would bet that he is going to try and get coach Ken Whisenhunt to get him on the field so he can play for his fans.
There is no question in my mind that this is genuine. We can only hope that one day, because of what he did on the field here for the Cardinals and the adoration the fans had for him, he would be able to do the same thing for us.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


If you're new to the world of creating websites, you might find yourself asking yourself "What Is Web Hosting?". Maybe you have some idea about what hosting is but you're not too sure. Fortunately this is a relatively easy one to explain (I think!).
Web hosting refers to a service that puts your website on the Internet. In other words, it makes your website available to your users. In general, most websites are intended to be viewed by anyone on the Internet, at any time. If you want anyone on the Internet to be able to view your website at any time, you need to make sure your website is running on a computer which is connected to the Internet 24 hours per day, 7 days per week (24/7).
There are different types of web hosting, however, you have two options when it comes to web hosting.
Most people don't do their own website hosting. Even if they have the skills or equipment, it often makes more sense to hand this task to a third party who can monitor the website 24/7.
This is the most common choice for web hosting. Using a third party hosting provider allows you to concentrate on developing your website (or whatever else it is you may do), and leave the hosting tasks up to a company who (presumably) specializes in web hosting.
If you require specialized server application software such as ColdFusion, SQL Server, or PHP, you will need to check that the hosting provider supports this.
Once you start looking for a web hosting provider, you will notice there is a very large difference in how much they charge. You will also notice that most web hosts have multiple hosting plans, each at different prices. Any good web host will allow you to upgrade a plan later on if required, so don't feel as though you need to start off on a plan that costs more than you need.
An example of a web hosting company with competitive prices is our partner, ZappyHost.
You'll also find that you can get special deals by bundling your domain name with your hosting (i.e. purchasing both at the same time). If you're on a tight budget, deals like this can really make a difference when starting out with your website.
You can also get a hosting plan with an online website builder included. This is perfect for anyone who doesn't want to learn the technical aspects of creating a website.
OK, so now that we've looked at what web hosting is, let's look at the different types of web hosting.


Get all your western table decorating needs in one package! This Bandana and Blue Jeans Table Decorating Kit features 1 - 12.75" Centerpiece with Fringe, 2 - 7" Centerpieces, 20 - 2" Pieces of Confetti. What a great value!


Cypher coding camps are all about using the power of technology to connect the curiosity of young minds with the potential of their ambitions.
Wishing all our Cypher friends the very warmest seasonal wishes and a peaceful New Year! Camps begin this week with only a few places left!
Things are definitely feeling Christmassy - tick one more thing off your TO-DO list and book the kids into our Future Performance Creativity & Coding camp.
Still planning what to do with the kids over the holidays? We've extended our discount for Black Friday & Cyber Monday so that you can still sign up to our popular Winter coding camps at a special price.
Our first week was fully booked but we have more spaces next week - book now to keep your kids happy and help them get future ready!
Our Future Realities camps will reveal the secrets of Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality and Mixed Reality and teach them the skill of coding. Hurry! Our first week of camp is almost fully booked.
Check out inside to find who won the £250 voucher for Smalls supersoft Merino essentials for children. We've also added an EXTRA WEEK at half-term!
Early Bird ends midnight 30th September! Book now for a week of life on Mars, immersive games and virtual tagging!
Last four weeks of Summer holidays and only few spaces still available at Hamtpon Hil, Notting Hill & Saint John's wood!
Cypher equips your kids with the 21st century skills they'll need to succeed!
Camps in Notting Hill start next week!
Early Bird prices for August camps are still available!
Book now for Early Bird discounts and a chance to win a prize draw for Father's Day!
Our amazing Summer camps have a story to tell - find out more inside.
We've introduced some new activities for our next camps! Find out more inside.
Win a free week at summer camp in our bank holiday bonanza!
Following the mesmerising success of our Easter Magic camps we have more coming this way for May half-term!


Arachu kalaki is A typical traditional Iyer dish from kerala. As I belong to Tirunelveli in tamil nadu My village is near kerala border and follow some dishes from kerala. This dish is a curd based gravy prepared using kanni manga /Kadugu manga or Vadu manga or Maavadu-preserved in salt water ground with green chillies, and coconut and tempered with mustard seeds, red chillies and curry leaves.It goes well along with hot steamed rice, poricha kuzhumbu, Pulikeerai .Today I made arachukallaki along with poricha kuzhambu. It is really delicious and makes a excellent side dish.
1.Wash the mavadu and cut into pieces.
2.Grind coconut, mavadu, green chillies, in a mixer and mix well .
3.Pour the whisked curd on top and mix everything well.
4.Heat coconut oil in a small pan. Add the mustard seeds. Once they start to splutter add the whole red chillies(broken into pieces).
5.Switch off the flame and then add the curry leaves.
* No need to add salt because the mangoes have already salted. If needed salt,add little..


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David Ayer Shares "Suicide Squad" Cast Photo – Comic Book Resources
By lowbrowcomics on April 9, 2015 • ( Leave a comment )
DAVID AYER SHARES "SUICIDE SQUAD" CAST PHOTO
It's been known that Warner Bros.' "Suicide Squad" film will have a large cast — but fans got an idea of just how big on Wednesday afternoon, courtesy of a photo shared on Twitter by the movie's director, David Ayer.
Taken during a table read for the upcoming DC Comics-based film, Will Smith (Deadshot), Viola Davis (Amanda Waller), Margot Robbie (Harley Quinn), Cara Delevingne (Enchantress), Jai Courtney (Captain Boomerang), Joel Kinnaman (Rick Flagg) and Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje (Killer Croc) are all accounted for, along with several other performers, including recognizable faces not previously associated with the production — such as Ike Barinholtz and Adam Beach.
Jared Leto, the movie's Joker, is notably not in the photo, which could have a number of explanations, including a desire to keep his appearance a secret for now (or, as many have joked on social media, maybe he took the photo).
via David Ayer Shares "Suicide Squad" Cast Photo – Comic Book Resources.
Categories: movies, Suicide Squad
Tagged as: Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje, amanda waller, batman, captain boomerang, david ayer, deadshot, enchantress, harley quinn, jai courtney, jared leto, jesse eisenberg, joker, katana, killer croc, margot robbie, rick flagg, slipknot, suicide squad, will smith
Ernie Hudson Rumored To Play Black Panther's Father
Wolverine vs. Sabertooth: Mutant Massacre


Great service! Awesome food! It is a little on the expensive side, but worth every penny! My first time there was the first time I walked out of a restaurant with no regrets about the money I spent! Highly recommended for a date night!
Ruby Tuesday is ordinarily a good dining experience. The food is good, but the prices are moderately high.
The fries are usually very seasoned - you can probably ask for lighter seasoning, though. Their burgers are very good, though, and if you like crab cakes, the chicken oscar is great.
Lemonade and iced tea come in many flavors. I'm a fan of the pomegranate lemonade, but unless you like tart, you might not be.


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Sadik Kwaish Alfraji
This series of works by Sadik Kwaish Alfraji is part of an ongoing project, in which he traces a story of the displacement of himself and his family. In this project, the artist explores and weaves together personal narratives, interlaced by a collective sense of solidarity with anyone who has experienced exodus.
The River That Was in the South and Sing like the Southerners Do (both 2019–2020) depict the first chapter of a migratory journey, with Alfraji's grandfather's family having to leave their home near the Erfaya'a river in the Mesopotamian Marshes to flee the oppression of a feudal system and seek a decent life. The second chapter illustrates further repeated displacements of his father's generation inside Iraq and the margins of Baghdad. Later, due to Saddam Hussein's autocracy, the artist had to emigrate to the Netherlands, where begins the third chapter, which he refers to as "At the Edge of Amsterdam City." The River Books (2019–2020) unveil personal notes that dialectically bind together the three chapters of the journey.
Illustration by Haitham Haddad after Sadik Alfraji's "The River That Was in the South," "Sing like the Southerners Do" and "The River Books," all 2019-2020.
The story is told through animation, graphic diaries, and a sound-drawing installation. The installation, titled Sing like the Southerners Do, is accompanied by traditional Southern Iraqi mawāwīl (an Arabic music genre), sung by Salman Al-Mankoub, about life, farewell, ruins, love, death, and dreams; the drawings also include Alfraji's handwritten transcription of some of the lyrics. The notebooks contain a semi-imaginary dialogue in which the artist converses with his own thoughts as well as the two older family generations on histories, part of which he hasn't experienced firsthand. In this manner, Alfraji poetically narrates a multilayered story while placing together contradicting notions of melancholy, deprivation, and loss mingled with emotions of nostalgia, hope, and desire. As a group, the works deal with what's beyond the surface image of migration and question the inevitable cross-cultural influences on cultural identity and intergenerational memory.
Sadik Kwaish Alfraji (b. 1960) studied at the Institute of Fine Arts and the Academy of Fine Arts in Baghdad, and at the School of the Arts Constantijn Huygens in Kampen. His work has been exhibited at, among others, MoMA PS1 in New York, the 56th and 57th Venice Biennale in 2015 and 2017, and the 21st Contemporary Art Biennial Sesc_Videobrasil in 2019. Alfraji's practice engages video, animation, and sound as well as drawings, paintings, and sculptures. In his oeuvre, themes such as memory, narration, and nostalgia play a role, in which the personal and the political overlap, as do history and current affairs.
Sadik Alfraji, "Sing like the Southerners Do," 2019, sound-drawing installation. Courtesy the artist.
Sadik Alfraji, "The River That Was in the South," 2019, still image of animation film, 5:05 min., black and white, sound. Courtesy the artist.
Sadik Alfraji, "River's Book 1," 2018. Artist's book drawing, 101 pages, ink on notebook, 28.3 x 41 cm. Courtesy the artist.
"I am your grandson, far from your reed house. After years of death and isolation, my grandfather, I hear the whine of your soul and I hear your voice exhausted by fatigue, see your dream of a land you own, and a crop to be harvested for your children, and a day without fear..."
Sadik Alfraji, "River's Book 2," 2018. Artist's book drawing, 72 pages, ink on notebook, 22 x 30 cm. Courtesy the artist.
"No voice but the voice of departure."
"Get on a plane or boat... Donkey, horse or mule... Camel, cow, bull or even a goat... Ride a cart pulled by an animal or a vehicle that runs on fuel... Ride whatever you want and leave your land... You will see that this departure is the face of the escape you seek Salvation, and the air with no smell of the humiliation of living, and there is no smell of fear, and there is no smell of anxiety...
But you will see that departure gives birth to another departure, and that escaping leads to another escape, and that migration opens the door to other migrations, just as the generation gives birth to another generation."
Amersfoort, 24-9-2018
"Water birds sing for your soreness."
Sadik Alfraji, "River's Book 3," 2018. Artist's book drawing, 71 pages, ink on notebook, 18.5 x 20 cm. Courtesy the artist.
"Between Al Thawra City and the Dutch city Amersfoort, there are countless dreams, nightmares, spinning around the illusion, around the disappointments and fears... Between them there's an abundance of love and generations born from the womb of generations where a new departure is born from that departure extending beyond Erfaya'a and Al Wadiyah."
"Amarah (Erfaya'a River – Al Wadiyah – Al Majar Alkabeer) >>> Basra (Shatt Al Turk – Al Maqal) >>> Baghdad (Al Shakriyah – Al Thawra City) >>> The Netherlands: (Hoogeveen – Amersfoort)"


As Senior Partner at FXFOWLE Architects, Sylvia Smith approaches design as a practical and poetic articulation of theoretical ideas, and is firmly committed to a sense of optimism at the heart of those ideas. She believes a strong architectural concept can empower every project, regardless of type or size, and enliven the experiences of people who occupy or pass by. She is also a member of a too small community of women in leadership positions at major architectural firms. Sylvia joined FXFOWLE in 1982, and formed the firm's Cultural/Educational Studio in 1996. Under her direction, the studio has designed award-winning program intensive projects of varying scope and size across the United States, and in Africa and Turkey. From private schools and universities to large and small cultural institutions, Sylvia is constantly cultivating new ways to make architecture more expressive, enriching, and sustainable.
Sylvia's current work includes a new, 820,000-square-foot educational campus in Nairobi, Kenya. She is also currently working The Statue of Liberty Museum, a 25,000-square foot new museum on Liberty Island; four new academic college buildings for the University of Ghana, Legion Campus; SUNY Purchase's Center for Integrated Technology Learning, which integrates the Theater Arts & Film programs and unifies the various programs currently scattered throughout the campus; a new 450,000-square-foot Business School for Columbia University (in collaboration with Diller, Scofidio + Renfro); a new 45,000-square-foot upper school for the Brooklyn Friends School; and a new, 75,000-square-foot College Prep Charter School for the Children's Aid Society in the Bronx.
Sylvia was Partner-in-Charge of the Lincoln Center Redevelopment, which included the Juilliard School expansion and the renovation of Alice Tully Hall (with Diller Scofidio + Renfro), as well as the Lincoln Center North Plaza. She designed the adaptive reuse of the Lion House, the first landmark building in New York to receive LEED Gold Certification, and the LEED Gold Certified Center for Global Conservation, both at the Bronx Zoo. She recently completed a 140,000-square-foot school in Hunters Point South for the NYC School Construction Authority.
Additional past projects include the Martin J. Whitman School of Management for Syracuse University; the Knowledge Union Technology Center and the Arnhold Hall Cultural Center for the New School; the Black Rock Forest Center for Science and Education; and master plans, additions, and expansions for various NYC private schools including Spence, Dalton, Calhoun, Grace Church, Ramaz Schools, Ethical Culture Fieldston and United Nations International School.
Sylvia is very active in many industry, educational and arts organizations in New York City and the region. Currently, she is on the Board of Trustees and Executive Committee of Dickinson College, the Board of Directors for the Design Trust for Public Space and the Board of Directors of Storefront for Art and Architecture. She is a member of the Advisory Board of the Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation and the Yestermorrow School, and former Chair of the Fellows Committee for the AIA New York Chapter and the Dean's Advisory Board of the University of Virginia School of Architecture.
Sylvia was honored by Baruch College with the Bernard Baruch Medal for Business and Civic Leadership for her outstanding success in business and commitment to her community; by the AIA New York State with a Fellow's Award in recognition for her commitment to professional development, mentorship of junior staff, women's advocacy, and design excellence; and she was named one of the Women Real Estate Leaders for the 21st Century by the Association of Real Estate Women.
Sylvia earned a Bachelor of Arts degree in studio art and art history from Dickinson College, where she was named a Metzger Fellow. She received her Master of Architecture from the University of Virginia School of Architecture in 1978. In 2008, Sylvia was elevated to the College of Fellows of the American Institute of Architects, the organization's highest honor bestowed on an architect.


Get your calendars out and save the dates.
The social ride schedule for 2019 is out.
People come to learn about new trails, socialise and make new friends, stay fit and healthy and of course to ride. Don't miss out!
See the events and register interest on Facebook.


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Walther Nernst: grandfather of dark energy?
25.08.2021 Helge Kragh
Walther Nernst
In a paper in this journal, Calder and Lahav (2008) suggested that a repulsive force corresponding to the cosmological constant Λ can be found as far back as in Newton's Principia. In their useful historical survey of the steps towards dark energy, they identified this form of energy with the cosmological constant and consequently started the review in 1917, the year of Einstein's extension of general relativity to cosmology. However, Einstein's famous Λ-constant is only one of the sources for the later concept of dark energy, the other source being the zero-point energy of the vacuum. For about half a century the two concepts lived separate lives, until Yakov Zel'dovich (1968) argued that the Λ-energy is probably a manifestation of the quantum vacuum energy.
It so happens that the idea of empty space being filled with zero-point radiation originated one year before Einstein introduced Λ in his cosmological model of a closed and static universe. If the quantum vacuum has a father, the German physical chemist Walther Nernst, a Nobel laureate of 1920, is a good candidate for paternity (figure 1). This chapter in early physical cosmology is not well known, but it is a fascinating mixture of speculation and brilliant insight that deserves a place in the prehistory of dark energy.
academic.oup.com
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and his Work on Gases
Who is Ainan Celeste Cawley?
Hermann Staudinger—Founder of Polymer Chemistry
Thank These Master Alchemists for the Magic of Alcohol
Dmitri Mendeleev and the science of vodka
The life and contributions to the periodic table of Glenn T. Seaborg, the first person to have an element named after him while he was still alive
Fred Sanger: A memorial tribute
Pioneers in Science: Hermann Staudinger
The Vitamin Myth: Why We Think We Need Supplements
Louis Pasteur, from crystals of life to vaccination
Jabir Ibn Hayyan is the Father of Modern Chemistry – And Here's What He Taught the World
Antoine Lavoisier Guillotined
Hou Yifan Interview: 'Competing With Top Males Is Talent And Opportunity'
Remembering Andrew Carnegie's Legacy
Tragic deaths in science: Ludwig Boltzmann — a mind in disorder
The supportive voice in the midst of solitude and melancholy
A Brief about Ainan Celeste Cawley
The life and legacy of Marie Curie.
The Man Who Put the "Big" in "Big Bang": Alan Guth on Inflation
Charles-Valentin Alkan
Discussion with Evangelos Katsioulis on Global Problems and Society
Thomas Young, the Man Who Knew Too Much
Ten ways in which Shakespeare changed the world
A key, a casket and the hunt for Spanish dramatist Pedro Calderón's bones


Details of each of our events are displayed within the events pages of our website.
Some events only require the payment of garden admission. Where this is the case it will be stated within the event description e.g. Normal Admission Applies. There is no requirement to purchase garden admission in advance for such events, unless otherwise recommended within the event description, or advised by a member of Chalice Well staff.
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Refunds will only be considered if an event is cancelled by the Chalice Well Trust or, in the case of garden admission purchased in advance, if the gardens are closed.
A cancellation or a no-show by an advertised performer constitutes a cancellation made by Chalice Well Trust.
Requests for refunds can be made by contacting Chalice Well Trust customer services.
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The purchaser is advised to bring a device displaying the e-ticket information or a print off the email/e-ticket to the event/garden as proof of purchase.
The purchaser will receive confirmation of payment by post, in the form of a credit/debit card receipt and/or ticket(s), within 14 days of the date Chalice Well Trust receive the booking request.
If an email address has been provided by the purchaser, they will receive an email with the e-ticket within the body of the email or as an attachment.


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Pats' Brady tosses 60th 300-yard game
Patriots' Brady throws 60th 300-yard game in 37-22 rout of Bills
Pats' Brady tosses 60th 300-yard game Patriots' Brady throws 60th 300-yard game in 37-22 rout of Bills Check out this story on lohud.com: http://lohud.us/1xI0U3Q
Published 8:21 p.m. ET Oct. 12, 2014 | Updated 10:48 p.m. ET Oct. 12, 2014
New England Patriots quarterback Tom Brady threw his 60th career 300-yard game on Sunday against the Buffalo Bills in Orchard Park.(Photo: Gary Wiepert/AP)
Tom Brady threw four touchdown passes and had his 60th 300-yard game to lead New England past host Buffalo, 37-22, at Orchard Park on Sunday.
Brandon LaFell had two touchdown catches, including a 56-yarder, and the Patriots forced three turnovers that resulted in 13 points in the second quarter. Brady finished 26 of 36 for 352 yards to spoil the Bills' first game under new owners Terry and Kim Pegula.
Brady is 23-2 against AFC East rival Buffalo with the Patriots (4-2).
Kyle Orton went 24 of 38 for 299 yards with two touchdowns, an interception and a lost fumble in his second start for Buffalo (3-3) since replacing EJ Manuel.
Packers 27, Dolphins 24: At Miami Gardens, Fla., Aaron Rodgers threw a 4-yard touchdown pass to Andrew Quarless with 3 seconds left to lift Green Bay.
Green Bay twice gave up leads and trailed 24-17 before Rodgers directed a 68-yard drive for a field goal with 4:09 to go.
Rodgers finished with three touchdown passes and 264 yards while committing no turnovers.
Panthers 37, Bengals 37: At Cincinnati, the Bengals' Mike Nugent missed a 36-yard field goal attempt on the final play of overtime, and the Bengals and Carolina played to the NFL's first tie this season.
Nugent made a 42-yard field goal that put Cincinnati (3-1-1) up after the opening drive of overtime. Carolina (3-2-1) tied it on Graham Gano's 36-yarder with 2:19 left.
Titans 16, Jaguars 14: At Nashville, Tenn., Sammie Hill blocked a field goal attempt in the final seconds, and Tennessee held off winless Jacksonville to snap a four-game losing streak. Jackie Battle ran for a touchdown, and Ryan Succop kicked three field goals to help the Titans (2-4).
Browns 31, Steelers 10: At Cleveland, Brian Hoyer passed for 217 yards and pulled off a rarity for a Cleveland quarterback, leading the Browns to rout over Ben Roethlisberger and rival Pittsburgh. The surprising Browns (3-2) beat the Steelers for the third time in 23 games.
Cardinals 30, Redskins 20: At Glendale, Ariz., Carson Palmer returned from a five-week absence to throw two TD passes, and Arizona beat, the Redskins' fourth straight loss and 13th in 14 games. Larry Fitzgerald caught six passes for a season-high 98 yards and his first touchdown of the year for the Cardinals (4-1).
Chargers 31, Raiders 28: At Oakland, Calif., Branden Oliver scored on a 1-yard run with 1:56 to play and the San Diego Chargers spoiled interim coach Tony Sparano's Oakland debut.
Lions 17, Vikings 3: At Minneapolis, Tahir Whitehead intercepted two of Teddy Bridgewater's passes, and Joique Bell put the game away with a fourth-quarter TD run in Detroit's victory.
Bears 27, Falcons 13: At Atlanta, Jay Cutler threw for 381 yards and a TD, Matt Forte ran for a couple of second-half scores, and Chicago picked up another road victory.
Ravens 48, Buccaneers 17: At Tampa, Fla., Joe Flacco threw for 306 yards and five touchdowns to help Baltimore.


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Yep, that's me. You're probably wondering how I ended up in this situation, listed in the credits of Andy Cohen's Then & Now on Bravo. I know some of you probably don't watch Bravo, or know who Andy Cohen is, but a significant portion of my readers are obsessed with both. After clearing it with my lawyer, Stacy Miller, I can now give you all a ITBehind the scenes look of how I ended up on the show.
On June 13th, Bravo reached out to me about using my Pulitzer-worthy footage from Fyre Festival on a new show hosted by the one and only Andy Cohen.
Obviously I had to hear them out. I had never seen Andy Cohen's Then & Now, but I assumed it consisted of Andy asking different Real Housewives about pop culture in hopes that a fight would break out. More than happy to contribute to such a worthy cause, I threw out an offer, which they then countered. Classic showbiz move.
I tried to play hardball by asking for a signed Andy Cohen headshot, mainly so I could brag about it in my secret Facebook group full of ITB moms who would eat that sort of thing up.
I also requested a shout out on the show, knowing that I would gain a ton of followers because Andy Cohen's viewers do anything he tells them to. That's just Influencer 101. And remember, I am an influencer. If you're reading this and disagree, then ask yourself "Am I asking myself a question right now because William Finley IV told me to ask myself a question?" Yeah, you just got influenced.
Unfortunately, the show had already taped, so none of this was possible.
At this point in my career I consider myself the patron saint of Fyre Festival footage. It's my duty to make sure I keep talking about it, and provide others with pictures and video footage so they can cover it, until justice is served. So I accepted the offer and started planning a big event for my Bravo debut. I thought I had weeks to pull everything together, but then I got an email saying the show would air the next day.
I quickly reached out to Vita Vite about hosting a watch party (because that's what people who watch Bravo do) and planned to have some Humdinger Glowmosas for everyone to drink, using their new ITBlessed wine glasses, of course. It would be so synergistic.
After posting about this pop-up watch party on Facebook, I discovered that the show was actually airing in a few hours. I wasn't even home to watch it but fortunately another Fyre Festival survivor's wife sent me this clip. Note: I spent about 3 hours tracking down footage and creating a video highlighting my appearance, but YouTube took it down because of copyright violations. Don't worry, YouTube will be hearing from Stacy Miller shortly.
You can watch the full episode here. While I may have totally botched the watch party for my debut appearance on Andy Cohen's Then & Now, I'm still glad I helped bring attention to this humanitarian crisis. I hope you enjoyed this insider look at how media empires work together to cover important stories. Now I'm going to go pick up the latest issue of Vanity Fair so I can look at the Fyre Festival pictures that I let them use.
Taco Bell Cantina, Fyre Festival Still Burns, Chrissy Teigen follows me on Twitter, Grandma tries to sell Playboys on Facebook, the $250k UNC System logo.


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Q: How to link to a SalesForce tab with parameters This is a two part question.
Is it possible to create a hyperlink on a Visual Force page to open a SalesForce custom tab?
For example, a Visual Force page on the Opportunity Page Layout which has a "Open Report" link which opens / selects a tab, just as if the user had clicked on the tab.
The second question is: Is it possible to pass parameters (as query strings perhaps) to a Visual Force page which is contained on the tab.

A: You should be able to do this using URLFOR() though I haven't tried it with a tab before so here's some documentation to help
I do know that a custom tab can be referenced by name followed by __tab such as My_Custom__tab, or standard tabs by using $Action such as

URLFOR($Action.Account.Tab, $ObjectType.Account)

And you can use the URLFOR to specify as many custom URL params as you want (example here).

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


text:
BT launches MyDonate JustGiving donations rival
BT.com/mydonate will give all proceeds to charity – unlike rivals such as JustGiving.com
BT.com/mydonate will give 100% of user donations to chairty
By Matt Warman, Consumer Technology Editor
BT has launched a new website to allow charities to collect the entirety of donations made online. Current market-leading products such as those offered by Virgin or JustGiving.com take a cut of donations and charge charities for using their services, but BT says that BT.com/mydonate will only pass on cred/debit card charges.
Billed as "part of BT's contribution to the community", MyDonate has been built with the support of Cancer Research UK, Changing Faces, KidsOut, the NSPCC and Women's Aid. The aim is, the company says, that it "is a service that the charitable sector wants, making it the first not-for-profit fundraising service not to charge a subscription fee, set-up fee or commission".
The service will be offered to all UK registered charities and BT Group CEO Ian Livingston said he hoped that it would help grow the online donation market. Last year the total amount donated to charity by adults in the UK was estimated to be £10.6 billion, but only 7 per cent of that was online, according to the Charities Aid Foundation.
The bt.com/MyDonate website is now open to fundraisers who wish to raise money for charities that are currently registered to use the service. UK registered charities are also being encouraged to sign up to MyDonate over the next year. Fundraisers can build and customise their own event pages in support of their chosen charities, as well as link to social media sites, such as Facebook and Twitter, to promote their fundraising events. Secure transaction engines will also be provided.
Mr Livingston told journalists that he did not believe that making money by taking a cut from charitable donations was "the right way for the sector to go".
Andrew Flanagan, CEO of the NSPCC, said: "We are grateful for BT's continued commitment and support for ChildLine since its inception in 1986 and are delighted to have been involved in the development of MyDonate. It provides an easy and accessible way for people to raise more funds for us without any of the online donations going on administration charges".
He added that "This is great news for all UK charities who will be able to significantly increase their donation levels. I believe this will help encourage more people to not only give online, but give more in the long term."
BT is committed to investing a minimum of one per cent of its pre-tax profits in community and environmental programmes every year. Last year it gave money, time and in-kind contributions of over £26 million, and it will now run MyDonate completely for free.
Matt Warman »
The best tablets
In Technology News
Mobile photography awards
Celebrating British Inventions
Instagramming the world
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Is Google Glass doomed?
Facebook isn't dying. It's just changing


Since 1985, Tuscaloosa seniors have been calling Regency Retirement Community home. Located in vibrant Tuscaloosa, just south of the University of Alabama, Regency Retirement Community is where southern charm and hospitality meet. We offer a variety of care options that are as unique as our seniors and their lifestyles. From our independent living garden homes to assisted living, memory care and Haven for Heroes, we offer the comforts of home with the assistance that accompanies retirement living.
At Regency Retirement Community of Tuscaloosa, we are a family caring for families.


text:
General Venjix
The Octopus (The City of Lost Children)
Haman the Agagite
Cassandra (Tangled)
Ted Bundy (Extremely Wicked, Shockingly Evil and Vile)
Colonel Henry Favours
Leopold (Madeline)
TV Show Villains, Science Fiction Villains, Star Trek Villains,
Opportunists
Evil from the Past
Colonel Phillip Green
Colonel Phillip Green is a villain from the Star Trek universe. He is introduced in the TOS episode "The Savage Curtain".
He was originally portrayed by Phillip Pine, and then later by Steve Rankin.
In the 2260s, Captain James T. Kirk and Spock find themselves battling duplicates of several of the most evil and brutal dictators from throughout time and space. Among these individuals is Colonel Green, who is said to have led a genocidal war on Earth in the mid-21st century and whose actions led to the deaths of millions of people. No further details about this war are given, although the Green re-creation expresses the original's ideas about the rules of warfare (he is reluctant to negotiate with anyone, except where it might personally benefit him). Also, Kirk and Spock point out that Green was fond of turning against his own allies whenever it suited him, and that he tended to strike at his enemies in the midst of conducting treaty negotiations.
The Star Trek: Enterprise episode "Demons" confirms a popular fanon speculation: the war that Green was involved with was World War III. Green was a leader of a major faction - possibly the Optimum Movement - during the war, and the group's actions directly led to 37 million deaths. After the war, Green killed hundreds of thousands of victims of radiation poisoning in order to prevent their future mutant offspring from contaminating the human genome. Despite Green's claims that the operation was "humanitarian," this eugenicist action was labeled as genocidal by future historians. Green's ultimate fate still remains unknown.
Green's first name is revealed on a computer readout screen in the Star Trek: Enterprise episode "In a Mirror, Darkly".
Retrieved from "https://villains.fandom.com/wiki/Colonel_Phillip_Green?oldid=3464337"


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Underage and consent story
Home / Male Victim / Underage and consent story
Male Victim
No one under the age of 16 can legally consent to sex, even if they think they want to. This law is in place to protect young people from experiences or consequences they are not be able to handle, as well as to protect them from predators and abusers.
01. Carl was always the fittest one in our group. We all hung out on the grass round the back of where we lived to smoke and drink out the sight of our mams and dads. Most people stopped hanging when they got old enough to drive or go to the pub, except Carl. He's the oldest, by like two years.
0.2 He'd always get served for me, save me half on cigs and bring a spare hoodie when i t got a bit colder. The other girls never really got that treatment, they were too immature to appreciate it anyway.
03. We always wandered off, just the two of us. Sometimes he'd sit next to me and put his arm round me. When we got a bit pissed I'd sit on his knee, it was harmless fun, I could tell he liked it – liked me.
04. He gave me his mobile number eventually. My parents won't let me on social media or text boys till I'm 13 so he lent me an old phone of his. Our own way of communicating, he'd even top it up for me. He'd text me goodnight every night and tell me how pretty I am. Sometimes he'd even say a few ruder things, it was cool cos I could handle it.
05. It was nearing exam times and hardly any of the group's parents let them stay out for long. Me and Carl ended up being the only ones one night. He took me over to a hidden bit between some houses near the normal hang place and told me he wanted to see more of me. I liked how hot he thought I was and I didn't want him to think I was frigid.
06. We hung out on our own more often from then, doing the same things for weeks. We'd pretend to go home early and meet up at our little spot and make out. Sometimes we'd do more. He loved it and I wanted to make him happy. As soon a s he got his own car he'd drive me to Mcdonalds for tea after school and I'd return the favour in his backseat.
07. One of the other girls we used to hang with took me aside at school and asked about me and Carl. I smiled and told her that we were dating and doing stuff. She told me it was wrong of him to do that because I'm under 16. Apparently, that means he's raped me… but I wanted to do it?
08. She keeps telling me that even though I think I want it, by law I've been raped and he could be grooming me. This is bullshit, he treats me amazingly and I repay him in the ways he wants, it's only fair! He hasn't hurt me or shouted at me and I know him really well so it's not rape. She's told me I should tell the safeguarding lady at school but I don't want to get Carl into trouble.
09. The safeguarding lady pulled me out of class today. She said she was worried that Carl has been inappropriate with me as I'm still classed as a child. I got really angry that she called me a child, I'm not 9 and he's not 60! She told me that I couldn't consent to sexual activity until I'm 16. She told me Carl shouldn't have asked me to do what he did. But he likes me right?
10. I texted Carl ab out what happened and he got really angry at me. I didn't like how he was so I turned off the phone he gave me and I didn't hang out that night… or the next. I felt ashamed but the lady at school was really nice about it and told me it was up to me what happened next, they could help me figure it out and if I ever felt like I needed to I could make a formal complaint about him when I was ready.
Do not ignore the warning signs if you or a friend are at risk of sexual exploitation. See http://notinourcommunity.org/get-help/ to understand the options for help.
Names and other details have been changed to protect identities.
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