text:
Home / Building a Robust Clinical Pharmacology & Model-Informed Drug Development Strategy for New Alzheimer's Disease Drugs
Home / Resources / Blog / Building a Robust Clinical Pharmacology & Model-Informed Drug Development Strategy for New Alzheimer's Disease Drugs
Building a Robust Clinical Pharmacology & Model-Informed Drug Development Strategy for New Alzheimer's Disease Drugs
September 20, 2021 Blog
By: Rajesh Krishna, PhD
By: Cesar Pichardo, PhD
By: Raj Bhardwaj, PhD
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is one of the most common forms of neurodegenerative dementia in the United States. In fact, the Alzheimer's Association predicts that by the year 2050, the number of people age 65 and older with Alzheimer's dementia is expected to double to comprise 12.4 million patients. AD is caused by a complex dysregulation of neurobiological networks and cellular functions. Such impairment causes neuronal and synaptic loss leading to memory dysfunction. Until Biogen's approval of aducanumab, available treatments were largely symptomatic to address the cognitive dysfunction. These included cholinesterase inhibitors (donepezil, rivastigmine, and galantamine) and an N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist (memantine).
One widely debated mechanism of AD that has been extensively researched by academic laboratories and industry alike is the "amyloid hypothesis." In simple terms, the amyloid hypothesis posits that the core reason for cognitive decline is due to amyloid beta (ABeta) deposits in the brain. However, healthy people with no AD-like symptoms also have amyloid deposits in their brains. In addition, there is no meaningful relationship between degree of amyloid deposits and degree of cognitive decline, which makes drug traction nearly impossible to assess. Refer to the insightful commentary by Hardy and Selkoe in their seminal 2002 Science paper on this subject for more details (1). Many investigational small molecule drugs targeted the amyloid hypothesis including gamma and beta secretase inhibitors have fallen by the wayside. There are, of course, other, less understood mechanisms including the tau mechanism wherein these proteins become hyperphosphorylated insoluble aggregates called neurofibrillary tangles. For this blog, we will consider amyloid-based mechanisms.
The recent approval of aducanumab represents the first truly disease-modifying treatment of AD. Aducanumab is a human immunoglobulin G1 (IgG1) monoclonal antibody against the aggregated forms of amyloid-β pathway. This mechanism is purported to accelerate the clearance of β-amyloid from the brain through microglia-mediated phagocytosis.
What makes AD so difficult to treat?
The pathological cascade underlying deterioration in AD is one issue, but for truly disease modifying therapies, it also concerns mechanisms of cognitive decline. A third confounder relates to difficulty translating between animal models and humans, and from healthy subjects to AD patients. A fourth is the subjective nature of cognitive assessments, such as the Alzheimer's Disease Assessment Scale–Cognitive Subscale (ADAS-Cog), Cambridge Neuropsychological Test Automated Battery (CANTAB) and the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and the difficulties surrounding signal identification.
In this blog, we propose using an integrated model-informed drug development strategy to maximize the "learn and confirm" nature of clinical trials involving new drugs for AD. These key considerations are as follows.
Ensure optimal DMPK properties
Ensuring optimal drug metabolism and pharmacokinetic (PK) configuration is essential for small molecule investigational drugs as well as biodistribution capabilities for large molecules, as the target site of action or biophase compartment is often within the central nervous system, requiring molecules to cross the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Thus, crossing the BBB is an important absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion (ADME) characteristic that CNS-targeting drugs should have. Generally, these compounds should have CNS "likeness" properties such as molecular weight < 400, moderate lipophilicity (clogP < 3), and the number of hydrogen bond donors and acceptors < 4 and < 8, respectively, for enabling a compound to cross BBB (2).
Designing a molecule that crosses the BBB isn't easy. There are two components for this transport, either passive (diffusion mechanism) or an active transport mechanism. Several assays can be used and interpreted alone or together to make a rational decision on the ADME behavior of a compound that is being developed for a CNS target. Permeability across the BBB can be determined through either in situ brain perfusion technique or in vitro cell culture such as primary culture porcine brain endothelial cells or immortalized cells. The MDCK cell line (dog kidney epithelial cells) transfected with MDR1 gene has been widely used in the pharmaceutical industry for predicting BBB permeability as well as determining P-glycoprotein efflux potential. In addition, determining the in vivo brain/plasma ratio in non-clinical species, which relates to the extent of brain penetration, is an industry best practice. Balancing the rate and extent of a drug's brain penetration is an important factor in designing optimal CNS PK properties (2). Delivering large molecule therapeutics across the BBB has been a major obstacle to successful drug development in neurodegenerative diseases and is critical to enabling effective treatments. Not only must the molecule reach the brain, but it must also engage with the pharmacological target to ensure a rapid onset of action and durable response. For these reasons, a brain penetrable molecule design is critical with an acceptably long residence time in the biophase compartment. A good example for brain transport vehicles is illustrated by Denali Therapeutics. Denali's website indicates transferrin receptor based large molecule transport vehicle as a platform to engineer BBB access.
Regardless of small or large molecules, ensuring site of action access as well as measuring drug concentrations in the brain or surrogate cerebrospinal fluid compartment can give valuable insight to biophase concentrations. In combination with biomarker measurements in the same compartment, they can assist in understanding dose/concentration relationships as well as exposure/response relationships.
Build credible clinical pharmacology and translational tools
A robust translational strategy is a cornerstone for any neurodegenerative drug development program. There are many options to choose from.
Early phase programs typically include biomarkers of proximal target engagement and a host of neurobiological markers. Due to the small sample size inherent in phase 1 trials, there is considerable analytical noise precluding quantitative relationships. If tractable, receptor occupancy studies can assist with identifying the extent of occupancy that would be necessary to trigger beneficial pharmacology. Concentration/RO relationships can then assist with the selection of EC50 values that could guide dose selection in terms of identifying clinically relevant concentrations.
Another example of a translational tool is the scopolamine challenge model. Specific to the study of cholinergic drugs, the scopolamine challenge study is often done both preclinically and in humans and can provide translatability between animals and humans. The principle of this study is that scopolamine is a muscarinic antagonist that impairs cognitive function, and that the extent of the pharmacodynamic effect of investigational drugs could be assessed by the degree of reversal of this effect by scopolamine. This effect is measured using the Groton Maze Learning Test (GMLT) given as part of the CogState neuropsychological test battery. While extensively applied, the model is fraught by methodological concerns including the safety of administering scopolamine.
Because the drug effect on the body is often constrained by longitudinal analysis, translatability of preclinical to clinical investigation is often fraught by methodological issues. Take plaque regression for instance. One could easily design an experiment looking at plaque burden in a long-term animal study. And while one sees meaningful drug-induced reductions in plaque in animals, these findings are often not readily translated into early phase clinical trials that are limited in duration. Including a meaningful translational study in the clinic often aids understanding dose and exposure/response relationships. One good example of such a translational approach is a small Phase 1b study (PRIME) performed with varying doses of aducanumab (3). The authors used an 18F-labeled florbetapir radioligand to bind selectively to Abeta which allows the investigators to directly image the plaques in AD patients using positron emission tomography (PET). This approach allows quantifying changes in plaque burden as a function of time with an investigational drug. Their study revealed both time and dose-dependent decreases in amyloid PET standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) with aducanumab, a finding that prominently featured in the FDA's assessment of effectiveness in addition to the two phase 3 trials (4).
Quantitative strategies to maximize model-informed drug development decisions
A plethora of modeling strategies have been applied for AD drug development. These range from empirical to mechanistic modeling, but also physiologically-based PK modeling and disease progression modeling. More sophisticated quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) modeling has also been used widely. Ensuring a robust MIDD strategy will ensure exposure and/or dose/biomarker/disease response relationships are fully leveraged and interpreted.
QSP models have considerably evolved and been applied to AD development programs and should be an important component of the MIDD strategy. These tools allow one to pressure test the assumptions behind experimental findings, such as interrogation of the possible non-linear biology for Abeta, the discordant "sweet spot" theory for amyloid decrease, differential impact of Abeta baseline and rate of accumulation on cognitive outcomes (5). QSP models can also identify AD targets with high degree of success, for example, a team of investigators were able to propose the validity of targeting the sphingosine-1-phosphate 5 receptor (S1PR5) as a potential novel treatment option for AD (6).
Nick Holford has advocated disease progression modeling in neuroscience. The key premise is to differentiate between symptomatic and disease modifying drug effects using modeling (7). Current efficacy read-outs for cognitive function assessments include subjective tests. These include the gold standard ADAS-Cog. This battery was originally developed to evaluate cognitive dysfunction dementia. However, within drug development programs, it has been widely used to detect earlier stages of disease progression. Other common batteries include MMSE and CANTAB. While undoubtedly helpful within large well-sized trials, they present inherent challenges when relating to modeling disease progression. Recent use of new methods such as item response theory have helped drive precision around interpretation of ADAS-Cog data (8). This further attests to the significance of a MIDD augmented development program yielding valuable insights to big data.
Given the complexity of AD, a QSP modeling approach is often the most preferred approach. QSP allows us to integrate knowledge and data to quantitatively describe the different biological and physiological mechanisms related to disease progression. As such, this is a very useful tool when trying to understand the effect of drugs with different targets while helping to make decisions on specific points of interventions to optimize possible AD treatments based on mono- or combination therapies (see Figure 1 for a QSP model and the ecosystem of AD opportunities it represents).
Figure 1. QSP Modeling and different points of intervention in AD
Certara scientists have a wealth of integrated drug development and QSP experience with neuroscience targets, including AD, one of many examples includes a modeling platform which has generated testable hypotheses on the cognitive worsening of BACE inhibitors and the different outcomes for the two Phase III trials with aducanumab in AD (9). To learn more about how QSP can inform drug development for neurodegenerative diseases, please watch this webinar.
Hardy J, Selkoe D. The Amyloid Hypothesis of Alzheimer's Disease: Progress and Problems on the Road to Therapeutics. Science. 2002; 297(5580): 353-356.
Rajinder Bhardwaj and Gamini Chandrasena. Optimal ADME properties for clinical candidate and investigational new drug (IND) package. Pages 15-28, Book chapter in Zhang, Donglu, and Surapaneni, Sekhar, eds. ADME-Enabling Technologies in Drug Design and Development. Somerset, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, 2012. ProQuest ebrary. Web. 11 June 2015.
Chiao P et al. Impact of Reference and Target Region Selection on Amyloid PET SUV Ratios in the Phase 1b PRIME Study of Aducanumab. J Nucl Med 2019 Jan;60(1):100-106.
FDA. Aducanumab summary basis of approval, clinical pharmacology review, 2021 (URL: https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/nda/2021/761178Orig1s000TOC.cfm. Last accessed: August 9, 2021).
Geerts H, Spiros A. Learning from amyloid trials in Alzheimer's disease. A virtual patient analysis using a quantitative systems pharmacology approach. Alzheimer's Dement. 2020;16:862–872.
Clausznitzer D et al. Quantitative Systems Pharmacology Model for Alzheimer Disease Indicates Targeting Sphingolipid Dysregulation as Potential Treatment Option. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst. Pharmacol. (2018) 7, 759–770.
Holford N. Disease progression and neuroscience. J Pharmacokinet Pharmacodyn (2013) 40:369–376.
Ueckert S et al. Improved utilization of ADAS-cog assessment data through item response theory based pharmacometric modeling. Pharm Res. 2014 Aug;31(8):2152-65.
Geerts H, van der Graaf PH. Salvaging CNS Clinical Trials Halted Due to COVID-19. CPT Pharmacometrics Syst Pharmacol. 2020 Jul;9(7):367-370.
Rajesh Krishna, PhD is a Senior Director in Integrated Drug Development at Certara Strategic Consulting. Rajesh came to Certara after a rich 20+ years of pharmaceutical industry experience in translational and clinical development at Merck, Sanofi (legacy Aventis), and Bristol-Myers Squibb. He has contributed to 40+ INDs, more than 200 Phase 1/1b studies; and to the worldwide registration of 9 new molecular entities.
More articles by this author ›
Cesar has more than 20 years of experience developing biological, physiological, and medical models for lifestyle interventions, drug development, mortality risk, and actuarial science. He obtained a Chemical Engineering (MEng) and a MSc in Systems Engineering (Control Theory) from Simon Bolivar University (Venezuela), followed by completing a PhD in Applied Mathematics from Ecole Centrale de Lille (France).
Dr. Bhardwaj is a pharmaceutical scientist with extensive preclinical and clinical drug discovery and development experience. That experience includes design, data analysis, interpretation & reporting of pharmacokinetics (PK)/pharmacodynamics (PD), toxicokinetic (TK), Physiological Based Pharmacokinetic (PBPK) and drug interaction studies. Dr. Bhardwaj has successfully worked in cross-functional teams including bio-analytics, biometrics, clinical development, toxicology, drug discovery and regulatory affairs for the conduct and interpretation of preclinical and clinical studies. He has provided preclinical and clinical pharmacology input into related documents including clinical development plans, protocols and amendments, Investigator Brochures, SOPs, study reports, manuscripts, summaries for regulatory authorities, IND and NDA. He has participated and presented the results in group and project meetings and building effective technical collaborations in a team model environment. Prior to joining d3 Medicine, Dr. Bhardwaj held positions at Theravance, Roche and Lundbeck. He also was a BMS/ Rutgers Research Investigator.


Started 37 of the 43 games he played for Hobart. In 2014, was named second-team Little A.P. All-American, first-team All-Liberty and the Liberty Conference Co-Offensive Player of the Year. Did not allow a sack during 2014. Named team captain in 2013 and was a first-team All-Liberty selection. First Division III player chosen to play in the Senior Bowl. Played offensive tackle and defensive end in high school, lettering three years, and played basketball. Ali's father, Bill, is an Emmy-winning director and cinematographer who is considered the leading producer of fashion videos in New York.
Good foot quickness with ability to reach and hook opponents. Quick out of stance and into defender. Usually the low man, using hips and arm extension to lock out and control his man. Has leg drive to drive his man backward and finish. Consistent with hand placement in run and pass. Plays with advanced technique for a Division III player. More than held his own at the Senior Bowl against both quickness and strength. Moved from tackle to guard with no issues during the week of practice. Outstanding NFL Scouting Combine with impressive showing on bench press (30 reps).
Played against inferior athletic competition and wasn't challenged enough. Gets caught leaning and lunging. Lets inferior athletes get to his edge. Average with redirect. Has short legs. Needs to add more thickness through entire body.
Has the body type and movement of a zone-scheme center with guard potential. Technically sound and has athleticism to become an NFL starter, but must prove he can handle the substantial jump in power and speed he will see. Looked strong enough at the Senior Bowl, but he could be a year away from being ready. Ascending prospect with a chance to be one of the steals from this year's group of interior blockers.


text:
Online | Morning Support Group – Central # 3: Bonding & Attachment in Maltreated Children
Meets every 4th Thursday of each month
Leader: Brenda Jones
Topic: The impact of impaired bonding in early childhood varies. Experiences affecting emotional relationships during infancy and the first years of life are critical to shaping the capacity to form intimate and emotionally healthy relationships. Learn more about the impact of impaired bonding and how you can help.
Registration will close on Wednesday, February 22, 2023 at 12pm
Online | North County Support Group En Linea | Chula Vista #1 Grupo de Apoyo

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Perforce Software has acquired Deveo, the Company and its software. It is our goal to ensure a seamless transition for existing Deveo customers. Please use this page as a reference guide for customer resources and other acquisition information.
As of September 12, Deveo is now Helix TeamHub. The new name and branding represent our new, integrated solution from Deveo and Perforce.
Helix TeamHub can be hosted in our cloud or on your own servers with Helix TeamHub Enterprise, powered by Helix4Git.
Once logged in, the application itself will display the helixteamhub.cloud domain. Both domains will work for a period of at least 6 months. The app.deveo.com domain name will expire at a future date, however customers will receive more information and multiple notices prior to expiration.
The username for accessing repositories over SSH protocol changes from "deveo" to "hth". The "deveo" username remains functional until further notice. Helix TeamHub web UI only shows clone URLs with "hth" username and "helixteamhub.cloud" domain.
I'm Using Cloud for Free. What About Me?
Effective September 12, new sign-ups to Helix TeamHub will be allowed up to 5 users and 1GB of storage for free.
If you are an existing cloud user and have more than 5 users or 1GB of storage, we will begin to enforce these limits on October 12. To upgrade your account, please contact [email protected].
For on-premises customers, the name change and branding updates are in the 2017.2 release, which became available for download on October 6, 2017.
Existing users can download it here. You will need to perform a fresh installation and migrate your data. Migration instructions can be found here. If you have questions regarding this process, please email [email protected].
I'm Using the On-Premises Version for Free. What About Me?
Thank you for trying Deveo on your own servers! With Helix TeamHub, Perforce is no longer offering a free on-premises version. You can sign up for a free cloud account or purchase Helix TeamHub Enterprise by contacting [email protected].
As part of our work to integrate systems, the Deveo Customer Portal has been shut down, effective immediately. All customer resources in the Deveo Customer Portal are available to you via the links below.
In September, all invoices and license keys will be delivered via email from Perforce.
You can find the current release of Helix TeamHub Enterprise, the on-premises version, and all associated apps from the Downloads section of Perforce.com.
The existing Knowledge Base is available here while release notes are located on Perforce.com and available here.
Email support is available to paying Cloud customers. Fill out the request form online or email support directly at [email protected].
Premium support, which includes phone and 24/7 access, is available for an additional fee to Premium cloud customers and on-premises customers. Contact Sales for more information.
Perforce is a world leader in enterprise-class version management, collaboration, and agile project management solutions for teams delivering multi-technology products at scale.Perforce has a 20-year history of building and supporting developer productivity tools. The company has 250 employees and 7 offices worldwide.
Perforce recognized in Deveo a unique solution that simplifies the management of multiple asset repositories and version control systems. And once integrated with the Perforce portfolio of development lifecycle solutions, will give customers a broader range of products and solutions to accelerate and manage their technology development projects.


text:
Canberra Writers Festival, Day 3: Three conversations and a disappointing miss
August 29, 2016 August 28, 2017 / whisperinggums
Oh no! Because, as I explained in my first post, I booked late, I missed some events that I would love to have attended, but I was thrilled that one of my "musts" was still available, Charlotte Wood (author of The natural way of things). However, I woke up in the morning, looked at the Festival website, and saw that the session had been cancelled "due to illness". Another headline act I'd wanted to attend, Stan Grant, had been cancelled shortly before the Festival "due to unforeseen circumstances". Disappointing for us, and of course for the hardworking organisers, but that's festivals isn't it! Fortunately, I had three other sessions booked for the day and, you know, the lesser-known lights are generally just as interesting as the "stars". It's just that they're, well, lesser known. And, there is a silver lining: this will now be a shorter post – for me to write and you to read – than yesterday's magnum opus.
Nick Earls and Marion Halligan: "Modern masculinity" (hosted by Dr Christopher Chapman)
National Portrait Gallery curator, Dr Chapman, who is responsible for the Tough and Tender Exhibition, introduced authors Marion Halligan and Nick Earls, noting that both their recent books deal with boyhood and manhood. He quoted RW Connell on the hierarchy of modern masculinity and its basis in social and cultural expectations. "Alternative" males, Connell writes, are disenfranchised in the majority culture, even though the "majority" idea of masculinity doesn't necessarily guide most men's lives.
Halligan said she doesn't think consciously of issues like this when writing but relies on her experience, which is of tender, kind, non-aggressive – though admittedly not always virtuous – men. The protagonist of Goodbye sweetheart who dies in the first pages – does that mean he's the protagonist, Marion wondered aloud! – is not a good man.
Commenting on the fact that back in the 17th-18th centuries a common aspiration for men and boys was to be Robinson Crusoe – to be able to survive on their own in the wild – Earls noted that this scenario had no human contact. He writes his men at a time of challenge in their lives, at moments of reckoning, but these are often quiet moments, and involve connections with others, sometimes children. These men, like Halligan's, have decent hearts, but make mistakes.
Halligan commented that she likes that Earls' books are not miserable. They are not about dysfunctional families but can include moments of dysfunction. Earls confirmed this assessment, saying he wanted to write "real" families who connect with each other but for whom things sometimes go awry.
And so the discussion continued, moving fluidly, more like a conversation than a formal interview, though Chapman did inject some questions.
Halligan talked about changes in childhood between her generation and that of her grandchild, wondering about the impacts of these changes, while Earls spoke of some of the boys in his recent novella series, The wisdom tree. He talked of using an 11-12-year-old boy as a protagonist because this is the age of starting to push boundaries, of wanting to be successfully independent but also being a little fearful. He wanted the narrator of this story, NoHo, to be naive about what he was seeing. In another of the novellas, he puts a twenty-something rapper, his minder, and a 40-something rock journalist together, setting their different worldviews against each other.
Chapman asked Earls and Halligan what writers about men they liked. Earls, rather surprisingly, named Richard Ford, Raymond Carver, and Cormac McCarthy. He quickly qualified his nominations by saying he doesn't "like" the men created by these writers but is fascinated by how they construct types of masculinity that he doesn't relate to as a man, but that he believes and is interested in as a reader. Halligan, conversely, said she likes people who write characters like hers, writers liked William Trevor and John Banville who create muddled and not necessarily virtuous men. She does like Carver, though, for his sentences!
(I loved Halligan's aside that she now reads on her iPad because if she buys more books she would have to move out of house! I hear you Marilyn!).
There was much more in a conversation that wove naturally between real life experiences and the writing of fiction, not surprising in authors who base their fiction in contemporary life. The audience Q&A continued this flavour. Some questions furthered the "literary" discussion, looking at whether the archetypal hero can encompass wider conceptions of masculine and feminine qualities and, more generally, at the challenge of constructing characters. Other questions moved into the personal. Earls discussed parenting. What do you keep and what reject from previous generations' practices? And, of course, this topic couldn't be discussed without some reference to the impact of feminism on the growing confidence in girls and increasing confusion about roles and expectations for boys.
A final point nicely made was that authors can create fluidity in gender roles, which must surely contribute to the wider conversation.
Kim Mahood (with Gia Metherell)
Interviewer, and ex-Canberra Times literary editor, Gia Metherell commenced by telling us that the focus of her session with author and artist Kim Mahood would be her recently published memoir, Position doubtful. She started by quoting Susan Wyndham's recent description of Mahood:
On the morning I meet the artist and writer Kim Mahood, she has driven her ute nonstop for 1000 kilometres on her way home to Canberra from the Tanami Desert in Western Australia, a journey she has made back and forth across the continent for more than 20 years with the compulsion of a migrating bird.
A small, lean figure with a dry sense of humour, unfazed by flat tyres and solitude, Mahood seems honed for no-frills survival. Cleaning out her vehicle after the long drive with her dog, Pirate, she found a wire used for digging out witchetty grubs, a tomahawk and remnants of cooked kangaroo tail. Yet her conversation and her creative work have the subtle eloquence of an urban intellectual.
OK, including quotes like this is going make this post longer than planned. Sorry folks, but this is such an apposite description. Although Kim Mahood spends part of her life in my region, I hadn't really heard of her until I read her eye-opening piece, "Blow-ins on the cold desert wind", in The invisible thread. She spent much of her childhood on a cattle station in the Tanami Desert. That station is now owned by indigenous people, but in adulthood Mahood returned to the area and now shares her time between there and here.
Much of the conversation focused on her experience of and relationship to land – as an artist and as a white person spending time in indigenous communities. It made for a very thoughtful development of ideas that are currently circulating contemporary Australian thought (and explored in such books as Bill Gamma's The greatest estate on earth). Mahood thinks that landscapes enter us at a physiological level, particularly those landscapes we experience when young. She talked about different layers of knowing the land – traditional, pastoral, sacred/ritual.
And this of course brought us to that uncomfortable issue in contemporary Australia: how we non-indigenous people, who also call this country home, understand our own relationship to the land we "usurped" or "took up". Mahood is living this challenge. She described not knowing how to respond when she returned to her old home; she felt stripped of her knowledge and identity (which, of course, is how indigenous people would have felt when the land was originally taken from them). How do white people make connections with land they love without disenfranchising indigenous people? You do it, she said, by putting yourself in their hands. It takes time, and you have to become "less precious about stuff", like your car! Anyhow, this issue and this solution are the central ideas of her book.
Her book's title captures this conundrum. "Position doubtful" has a literal meaning which describes places that cannot be definitively placed on maps, but it also works as a metaphor capturing her uncertainty. This reference to maps neatly segued us to mapping, Mahood's art and indigenous art – and how these relate to understanding of land, of country. Mahood talked of a mapmaking project designed to help geologist Jim Bowler (he of Lake Mungo fame) research evidence about ancient climates in the area. The Tanami, she said, has no permanent water, but the entire landscape is marked by water. Occasional massive rainfalls can reactivate its "deep past" landscape.
Metherell asked whether indigenous art can work as maps. Mahood was measured in her response, but said that yes, orientations of places to each other are right, but that these paintings "embody" experience. They are complex "maps" that encompass stories, they are open, unfinished documents.
And here I'm going to make this post a little longer again by sharing part of the reading Mahood gave from her book. She's describing doing a painting:
… the edge of the cliffs breaks against the sky like a wave. I score it with hard strokes of the brush, an emphatic horizontal line that differentiates my approach from the local aboriginal concentration on ground and surface. This seems important. Although my own perceptions have undergone all sorts of modifications, I know the horizon is more than a visual dimension. It is as much a symbol in its way as the concentric circles that indicate sites and routes, and it's a symbol to which I can lay claim. The horizon is one of the perceptual fault lines that runs between white and Aboriginal ways of understanding country …
She discussed the intersection between local knowledge and scientific knowledge. For indigenous people, the people have to be healthy for the country to be healthy, whereas scientists look at "fixing" the environment. There is a very deep gap in ideas of causality. Maps, she believes, can bring the two ways of thinking together.
At some point Mahood said that she writes better than she talks. Hmm, I know exactly how she feels, except she was completely articulate and has no need for uncertainty on this front!
But, I think I'll stop here. It was a deeply satisfying session. I hope that I've given you a flavour – and a sense of what you missed by not being there! Yes, I know, I probably missed some other wonderful session – but that's the nature of festivals isn't it? The point is to be satisfied with what you decide to go to – and I was.
I'll just close with a brief reference to terminology. The Walmajarri people with whom she works call white people kartiya. She commented that we don't in Australia have a single term to describe non-indigenous people the way they New Zealanders have, for example. She wishes we did, so we don't have to be referred to as "non" (that is, "non-indigenous").
Oh, and she described Position doubtful as a love story. I'm looking forward to reading it.
Jennifer Rayner and Omar Musa, Generation less (with Laura White)
My final session of the festival was probably also my most overtly political, as its focus was Jennifer Rayner's book Generation less in which she explores her theory that her generation, the Millennials, (she was born in 1986) will be the first generation in 80 years to be worse off than its parents. When her parents were her age, she said, they had a house, stable jobs, and a superannuation scheme under way. We are facing a time of reducing opportunity for young people, she argued, and if we don't do something about it, everyone will be worse off.
Departing from my more usual chronological reporting, I'm going to start with a comment I heard as I was leaving the theatre. The person, around my age, said to her companion, "I really just wanted to hear him talk because he's such an interesting character". Hmmm … if this was referring to Omar Musa versus Jennifer Rayner, which I presume it was, then was the hidden message here that she didn't much engage with the rest of what she heard? Certainly, the two – also of a certain age – who were sitting behind me didn't seem to, as they left partway after quite a bit of muttering between themselves. Of course, it may be that they had an important dinner engagement to get ready for. But enough of that, let me get back to my report …
Because, the point is that Rayner's thesis can be confronting to us of the baby-boomer generation. It would be easy to get defensive, except, as members of the audience pointed out, many of us have children in her generation and are seeing firsthand of what she speaks. Rayner admitted that she was expecting quite a backlash, but for this reason she has more often got understanding and a desire to do something.
Despite the dry-sounding nature of all this, it was in fact a lively and engaging session. Poet-rapper Omar Musa (also author of a novel, Here come the dogs) of course helped here. His intensely serious, but humorous, approach to what he does injected lightness, while also underpinning the importance of the concerns being discussed. He introduced himself by performing his hard-hitting poem, "My generation".
His concerns are a little different to those of Rayner's but they intersect. He is particularly interested in the disenfranchisement or disengagement of younger people, particularly of young "minority" men who don't have the purpose of their immigrant parents. They feel disengaged from Canberra's policy-makers.
Musa's focus is people not usually written about, he said. Race, class, gender issues cause friction, he said, and create a combustible society. Feminism has a strong place, but for young men there is a "toxic masculinity", and an inclination to see them as perpetrators. But they're human beings too, he argued, and he wanted to humanise them in his novel.
So, the session shifted pretty easily between Rayner's logical, evidence-based commentary, and Musa's arts-based one. Rayner defined the issues confronting her generation as having three prongs: Work, Wealth and Well-being. In a nutshell, this means that (and she supported it with relevant data):
WORK: It is harder for young people to achieve stable jobs in the workforce, and wage inequality between ages is increasing
WEALTH: Her generation is "worth" less than her parents' at the same age
WELLBEING: Her generation doesn't have kids as early, doesn't partner up as early, stay at home longer, all of which affects their emotional development and thus wellbeing.
Rayner said she grew up in the optimism of the Hawke era, while Musa talked of the disconnect between Keating who had a vision for the future, seeing the best Australia as ahead of us, and Howard who looked back to the halcyon days of the 1950s.
Rayner admitted that those young people who have gone to university are on a path – a slower path than the past, but they have one. Her main concern is the other 60% for whom there are fewer entry-level jobs and who end up doing insecure often "cobbled together" work. It is particularly here that Rayner and Musa saw parallels between their books. Those currently worse off are young men who drop out of school early. They become "badly dispossessed" such as the housepainter in Musa's novel. Musa was inspired by Christos Tsiolkas' The slap, he said, except that Tsiolkas is about the middle class while his concerns the aspirational or working class in a changing cultural landscape.
(At some point here, Musa laughingly praised Rayner as being "so articulate". She certainly knew her stuff, but Musa, though seeming to be briefly thrown on a couple of occasions, is no slouch – and was certainly not "put out". They just had to work at times to find idea-connections in terms of their respective approaches!)
It wasn't all negative though. Discussion also focused on solutions. These are mostly institutional and structural, said Rayner, because the problem has been caused by policies that have been put into place over years. Young people need to be part of the conversation, alongside business councils, seniors' organisations and unions, for example.
She said that economic insecurity is at the base of the problem, and housing is the defining issue in terms of health and well-being. The 25-35-year-old group is struggling to buy their first homes, she said. Musa said don't look at him. "I'm a poet, I'm not into economics". We laughed!
Anyhow, Rayner said that her book is based on hard data, and she (aligned with the ALP, she disclosed), wants good evidence-based public policy. But, what can we do? Rayner had some answers: vote for policies that will address the inequities, such as policies reforming negative-gearing and capital gains tax, policies that increase access to apprenticeships and those improving security for workers. There are also practical things, like not taking advantage of injurious policies. There are, in other words, moral choices we can make now – as well as when we cast our vote every three years. Later, she also referred to the increasing and successful, use of citizen juries – made up of a random group of people – to feed ideas into policy development, as another solution.
Musa's solution was, as you'd expect, more personal. Listen to young people, he said, understand their stories in complex and nuanced ways, not by reverting to stereotypical views. Such listening demonstrates an openness to reconsidering our assumptions. He referred to Nigerian writer, Chimamanda Ngozie Adichie who refers to the danger of the single narrative. Poetry in Australia, he said, is now being taken up by other races – it's no longer the domain of white middle class poets – and he hopes the thoughts and ideas of this generation of poets will start to feed into the public forum. "The arts and storytelling will save us!" he argued with passion,
There was more, including a detailed discussion of Musa's novel, his exploration of the "messiness of the clash between class and agendas", and his wish to show tension, not resolve it.
Then, I guess, came a real point of difference between the two. Musa wants a more radical shift. He suggested that talking about house-buying is no longer relevant, that there are those who, considering issues like climate change, want a different life and world. Rayner agreed there has been some shift in what young people value, that they can be less consumerist, but she believes most still want what their parents wanted, and that they should have the option.
The session concluded with another performed poem by Musa. It was one of his more positive ones he said. It started, "Let me tell you about a father and son feud" and ended with
Trying to be a better me
Can't say better than that.
… and here ended my festival. I plan a little recap post in a few days – if I can marshall my thoughts together. In the meantime, a huge thanks to the organisers, volunteers, supporters and sponsors. It was a wonderful event and I was thrilled to hear that it will be back next year. Put August 25-27 in your diaries now folks!
Australian literature, Literary events
Australian writers, Canberra Writers Festival, Millennials
← Canberra Writers Festival, Day 2: A morning tea, a launch and some conversations
Monday musings on Australian literature: Text Classics publishes its 100th title →
25 thoughts on "Canberra Writers Festival, Day 3: Three conversations and a disappointing miss"
Another brilliant appraisal from your blog Ms WG:- of the 2016 Canberra writers festival and some of the stars. Your point at the end reads as though August in the Year 2527 (i.e. 511 years from now) is the date you are asking us to put into our diaries right now! I have entered it into mine – your seeming confidence that this festival will survive to that date (as I have deliberately mis-read it) is surely prophetic!
Oh dear Jim … how did I miss that? I'd better hang around to see if the prophecy lasts. Will you keep me company?
I heard Kim Mahood talk at the Bendigo Writers Festival, and yes, she was wonderful. I've got her book too, though I haven't started it:)
It looks great, Lisa, doesn't it … But when will I get to it. I first read her through he short entry in The invisible thread. Loved that and this looks like an extension of those experiences.
I read her first book, a long time ago, Craft for a Dry Lake. She's had an interesting life.
She sure has. They talked about that book too. I read, I think in the Susan Wyndham interview, that she says "another person" wrote that! She's a person forever moving and changing I think!
I'd love to see an exhibition of her art…
Yes, me too …
Am so envious that you get to go to such quality events
Ah, Karen, I wish we had more closer to me! But with this one look set to go for at least three more years, I'm a happy lassie. You don't have things like this in your area? Australia is burgeoning with literary festivals these days.
We have the big Hay Festival which is wonderful and not too far from my home. Then there is one at Cheltenham I have yet to get to but again relatively easy but absolutely nothing in wales….
That's really interesting Karen. No readers in Wales then, besides your good self, that is!?
Guy Savage
Have you read any Marion Halligan? (Thanks for the tip, btw)
And as for the Generation Less info, well I have opinions. I put myself through university working one full time and a part time job. Came out with zero school debt. I know many recent graduates coming out with astronomical amounts of debt. They did not work while they went to school, and while the fees were higher, they also lived on the loans.
I'll use just for an example, someone I know who has over 100K in loans for a 2 yr programme that cost under 5K a year.
I know many people in their 50s and 60s with children still living at home. Many can't decided what they want to do. Many can't seem to part with their parents' affluence. Others make decisions knowing that they can fall back on their parents.
I think it's very tough for young married who are pursing two careers and towing children and childcare behind them. Expectations are so different these days. I recently noted new houses being built in the area. The smallest is 2400 sq feet! Look at the size of middle class homes built in the 30s, 40s, 50s and 60s. Plenty of people raised families in 1000-1200 sq foot homes. Those days are over as far as builders and society are concerned.
So I think it's much more complex than just to say it's harder and young people are 'worth less.' And the 'well being' bit. Well that's just a bit too fruity to even measure. Can't tell you the number of middle aged adults I know that live home with their parents for oh so many reasons. I couldn't wait to get away.
But I think that society will look very different in a few decades. Middle class erosion and all that. Already I see three generations living in one house.
Oh yes I have read several of her novels, guy, and have reviewed one here, The valley of grace. I love her writing. I loved her novel after her husband died, The fog garden, and I greatly enjoyed Lovers knots, and The golden dress. But I've read others too, and have a couple on my TBR.
As for the other. Yes, I think it is more complex. I think Omar referred to that a little in his reference to changing aspirations … But we didn't tease that out a lot. However, I think the data does also show that much of Rayner says is also fact. Job security is a big one I think.
Both my kids were keen to leave home! I'm not sure whether that means I was a bad or a good parent!! Neither is buying a house yet but in their late twenties and early thirties are getting close.
The student loans issue interests me because one thing I've observed regarding the USA is that not many students there seem to work while studying whereas here in Australia it would be hard to find those who don't. Both our kids lived at home when studying but they still both also worked. It's seen not only as an economic necessity – more for some than others – but as part of growing up, learning independence, developing workplace skills etc.
Comparisons across generations are hard I think … but we do need to stay open, listen, and try not to judge from our own position which is so easy to do. We probably shouldn't completely roll over either. We may have been lucky in many ways, but we also worked hard …
That's an interesting contrast about loans. "Going away" to school in another state, (sometimes another country) has also become very common here whereas a few decades ago, going to another state, esp. for an undergraduate degree was unheard of unless one had grants, full scholarship or $$$.
Ah yes , though I know of some US universities where first year students are REQUIRED to live in, no matter where they come from. But I don't know whether that is common ?
Required to live in –as in dorms?
Yes. My daughter did an exchange year at UVA. She of course lived in, but our reading of the uni's site told us that this was required for freshman. Probably good for them in terms of growing up but the cost?!
These festivals summaries are wonderful, and very welcome. Thanks!
Thanks Michelle – I think only the dedicated could get through them so I appreciate your appreciation!
Another great day! Thanks for all the wonderful summaries. I found generation less especially interesting as I see huge differences between my boomer parents and Gen X me in terms of economics and values. My parents feel entitled to get social security and when I commented once that their entitlement will probably cost me a share of the pie when I retire they could not grasp what I was talking about, insisting always that they earned it. And recently my husband and I had to buy a new car, that we only have one car unsettles my parents greatly, but that I mentioned in the process of considering a car we had investigated local car sharing programs my mother freaked out and almost yelled at me about how absolutely necessary it is to own a car. It was such a weird moment and surprising moment.
As for college students, I do see them taking on lots of debt and it is big issue in the US, but I know several parents of children just starting college and almost all of them have told me they don't want their kids to work while in school even if they the parents are unable to pay for everything. I don't know if this is common, but it certainly is an odd dynamic.
Fascinating Stefanie. I don't think I have quite the same disconnect with our kids, though each generation does have slightly different values, doesn't it. Many in my early retiree generation feel fortunate not entitled, and many of us feel that the government has been too generous in taxation concessions re retirement funds, particularly for those at the upper end of the spectrum. Politicians are making noises about it but are scared of the backlash. Politicians need to be brave and visionary about these things!
As for college students, that does seem to be what I observed. I don't know any parents here who told their children not to work. It's not just about money, but about skills, independence and, really I think, self respect. But, different cultures, different traditions, eh?Still, what you are describing reminds me of those early days of women working, when men felt that if their wives worked it reflected badly on their prowess (and role) as breadwinner. Is this how some of these parents feel re their role as parents?
Yes, I think you might have it regarding parents. It seems to be a kind of status thing, a keeping up appearances and proof that they are middle class and well-off. That is how it comes across at any rate.
As for government benefits, we've been talking about how they need to change in this country since the 90s but the Boomers are such a large and powerful voting block, no politician has been brave enough to actually do anything. The can keeps getting kicked down the road so it will likely be my generation or the one behind me, possibly both, who ends up having to deal with the consequences.
Same here too -politicians seem to scared and yet many boomers I know would support some change (reform) to tax benefits to our generation. We need vision and bravery from our politicians.
Leave a Reply to Stefanie Cancel reply


text:
allow 16
allowed 7
allowing 1
allows 11
alluded 1
alludes 2
allurements 1
11 accessible
11 adopted
11 advance
11 allows
11 announces
11 arising
Part,  Sect., Chapter, Paragraph
1   1,    1,    3, 170 |      they express, which faith allows us to touch. "The believer'
2   1,    2,    2, 533 |        hidden life at Nazareth allows everyone to enter into fellowship
3   1,    2,    2, 536 |        s suffering Servant. He allows himself to be numbered among
4   1,    2,    2, 591 |  fulfilment of the promises375 allows one to understand the Sanhedrin'
5   1,    2,    2, 608 | suffering Servant who silently allows himself to be led to the
6   2,    2,    2, 1505|      suffering Christ not only allows himself to be touched by
7   3,    1,    1, 1803| disposition to do the good. It allows the person not only to perform
8   3,    1,    1, 1855|       good to him. ~Venial sin allows charity to subsist, even
9   3,    1,    1, 1875| reparable by charity, which it allows to subsist in us.~
10   3,    2,    2, 2347|      himself totally to us and allows us to participate in his
11   4,    1,    1, 2605|   Father's plan of love, Jesus allows a glimpse of the boundless


What is a Business Improvement District?
A BID is an initiative where local businesses invest collectively in additional local projects to enhance their trading performance and environment.
Why does Shawlands need a BID?
Our town centre should be a dynamic place where our residents want to spend time and now is our chance to take steps towards the future growth. The BID could generate the financial funds required to get things done. By pulling together our resources we can work on increasing footfall, customer linger time and the overall customer experience. As we collaborate, we can make Shawlands the great destination it once was..
Shawlands has the potential to be a highly reputable and successful area serving people in and around Glasgow as well as tourists and visitors from further afield. We host a variety of unique businesses; from quality independent retailers, national chains, professional services, pubs, bars and restaurants to key neighbouring assets such as Queens Park, Tramway and Pollok park with the Burrell collection.
However in recent years we've suffered from global pressures, the growth of online retailing, out of town shopping centres and competition from neighbouring areas such as Giffnock, Strathbungo and Pollokshields. With increasing threats it's crucial that Shawlands "ups its game" to compete, prosper and remain the heart of the southside.
Strong local partnership that gets things done!
Creates a powerful voice to represent business to council and government agencies – business opinions included in local policy and local developments e.g. Parking changes.
Funds a set of targeted projects and services that drives footfall, sales and improves the areas reputation.
A safer area trading environment with increased security and a reduction in theft.
Increased Marketing to local, regional, national and international customers.
An increased number of visitors.
Improved business to business sales and networking opportunities.
Saves many businesses money through initiatives such as collective waste contracts and bulk procurement.
Assists in leveraging public and private resources / funding for further projects, programme activities and major public realm improvements.
Unifies businesses in working together, towards a common goal.
Improves the physical surroundings of the BID Area.
A BID is the perfect vehicle to solve these issues and more. For a small collective investment, each business will have their ideas listened to, their concerns addressed and their voice heard. It will improve the area, drive footfall, reduce costs and make significant positive change for the overall business environment.
BIDs first started in Bloor West Village, Toronto, Canada nearly 40 years ago, by the town's business community. The town's businesses were increasingly under pressure from the new shopping centres that were being developed on the outskirts of the town, diverting shoppers away from the traditional town centre out to the new shopping malls. As a result some businesses were forced to cease trading and the town started to look tired and neglected.
To stop the haemorrhage of deserting shoppers, local businesses fought back to revitalise the town. They successfully lobbied for legislation for all the businesses in the proposed BID area to pay a levy. The levy money was used to improve the physical appearance of the town, and then promote the town centre as a vibrant, attractive and safe place to work shop and live. The strategy paid off, as shoppers started to return to the town centre in large numbers.
The success of the Bloor West Village BID paved the way for future BIDs, not only in Toronto; but spreading throughout Canada, and the USA in the late 1960's and 1970's. Today there are over 1700 successful BIDs worldwide.
An additional measure of BIDs success is in the renewal process. Most BIDs run for a period of three or five years and approximately 99% of businesses vote in favour of continuing the BID when they come up for renewal.
BIDs can support regeneration, grow local economies and create a cleaner safer trading environment. A key element to their success is that the local businesses take ownership of their trading environment, identifying the projects necessary to resolve common problems and issues, and overseeing their implementation.
How does Shawlands become a BID?
Businesses must vote in favour of a BID in order for it to be established, the vote is a postal ballot conducted by an independent agency.
The Levy is decided locally by the Shawlands BID Steering Group, this is based on the assessed rateable valuation of the property of the business . Every business is required to contribute to the Business Plan. The Local Authority collects the levy from each businesses and transfers it to the Shawlands BID bank account.
The BID became operational on the 19th June 2017.
If the ballot is successful and I voted No - will I still have to pay?
Yes, if a majority (over 50%) of those that vote, vote in favour by both number & rateable value, the levy will become mandatory. Payment of the levy carries the same enforcement as non-domestic rates.
The limited 'not for profit' company is managed by the My Shawlands -BID Board. The company will operate in a transparent way, answerable to the businesses in the area. There will be a detailed set of protocols relating to this transparency e.g. publishing all meeting minutes / key actions on the myshawlands.com website and in suitable email / newsletter formats. In addition, there will be a detailed set of protocols which will cover the management of the My Shawlands BID and billing, collection and transfer of the Levy.
The Board of Directors is fully constituted and consists of up to 12 directors. Each and every levy payer (or relevant representative) has the opportunity to sit on the board of this new company. This company is run by the businesses for the businesses. The board is responsible for all decisions relating to staff, contracts and other activities generated by the My Shawlands BID.
The BID Company board has the authority to adapt or alter the projects and services from year to year to reflect any change in economic circumstances, changes to the business environment or opportunities that arise. This is in the best interests of the businesses and without recourse to an alteration ballot.
Should the local authority be doing these things anyway?
The BID does not replace statutory activities or services carried out by Glasgow City Council, Police and other public agencies. The BID will agree with GCC a Baseline Agreement that will confirm the statutory and non-statutory services they will be held to deliver during the life of a Business Plan. The BID looks to provide additional benefits to Shawlands businesses and organisations, not replace services they can expect from them.
The great thing about a BID is that the projects are set by businesses, through a series of consultations. The money is kept local, and spent locally, for the benefit of the local area.
This is laid down by statute from the Scottish Government; It is the eligible person to pay the non domestic rate. We endeavor to contact each business and organisation by email, post, online, local press and face to face to identify the actual person responsible to vote. This is likely to be the business owner in the case of locally owned businesses. Responsibility for regional or national companies may be held at head office level. For such companies it would be advisable that you contact your head office about the initiative and keep them informed.
How long will the BID last for?
A BIDs mandate is for a maximum of 5 years. A BID wishing to continue beyond 5 years must seek renewal by going to ballot once again.


Child ADHD - San Diego Psychological Center, Inc.
We are available to join with families at school meetings when needed to report and interpret findings and to coordinate support services.
After a comprehensive assessment, our psychologist will address learning differences, attention problems and other educational concerns with you and your child. Integrating developmental, social, emotional and biological factors, this psychological evaluation helps further clarify an individual's processing style to design educational planning and therapeutic strategies and recommendations.
Call us today to see if we can help.


text:
Su Tseng-chang (; ur. 28 lipca 1947 w Pingdong) – tajwański polityk, premier od stycznia 2006 do maja 2007 i ponownie od 14 stycznia 2019 do 31 stycznia 2023.

Ukończył Narodowy Uniwersytet Tajwański, w latach 1973–1983 prowadził praktykę adwokacką; był w gronie obrońców oskarżonych działaczy praw człowieka w 1979 (tzw. incydent Kaohsiung). Podobnie jak wielu oskarżonych w tej sprawie (m.in. Shih Ming-teh, Annette Lu, Lin Yi-hsiung) i członków zespołu prawniczego (m.in. Chen Shui-bian, Frank Hsieh), zaangażował się w politykę w szeregach Demokratycznej Partii Postępowej.

W latach 1989–1994 zasiadał w samorządzie powiatu Pingdong, zaś w latach 1997–2004 w radzie miejskiej Tajpej. Pełnił szereg funkcji państwowych i partyjnych, w latach 2004–2005 był sekretarzem generalnym urzędu prezydenckiego przy osobie prezydenta Chen Shui-biana. Po rezygnacji prezydenta Chena z kierowania Demokratyczną Partią Postępową został w 2005 dziesiątym w historii szefem partii. Z funkcji tej zrezygnował w grudniu 2005 po porażce w wyborach samorządowych i został zastąpiony przez byłego premiera, Yu Shyi-kuna.

W styczniu 2006, po rezygnacji Franka Hsieh, został powołany na stanowisko premiera Tajwanu. W maju 2007 ubiegał się o nominację Demokratycznej Partii Postępowej w wyborach prezydenckich zaplanowanych na 2008; partia wybrała jednak na swojego kandydata Franka Hsieh. Po porażce Su Tseng-chang zrezygnował z funkcji premiera i został zastąpiony przez Chang Chun-hsiunga.

W maju 2012 został wybrany na przewodniczącego Demokratycznej Partii Postępowej. W maju 2014 zastąpiła go na tym stanowisku Tsai Ing-wen.

Żonaty (żona Chan Hsiu-ling, 詹秀齡), ma trzy córki.

Przypisy

Premierzy Republiki Chińskiej
Tajwańscy politycy
Urodzeni w 1947

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
Eine Grafschaft Avignon bestand im 10. Jahrhundert, bevor die Grafschaft Provence aus dem Nachlass des Königreichs Niederburgund – mit Avignon und der Grafschaft Arles als Kernland – gebildet wurde.

Grafen von Avignon waren:

 Boso († nach 936), Graf von Avignon, Markgraf von Tuscien, Enkel des Herzogs Hugbert von Transjuranien, Urenkel des Boso von Arles (Bosoniden)
 Boso II. († 965/967) 935 Graf von Avignon, 949 Graf von Arles, heiratete eine Enkelin des Kaisers Ludwig der Blinde (Buviniden).

Bosos II. Nachkommen sind die Grafen von Provence, die Markgrafen von Provence und die Grafen von Forcalquier (denen dann Avignon bis 1209 gehörte); deren Erben sind die Grafen von Toulouse bzw. die Grafen von Barcelona.

Nach der Bildung der Provence wurde Avignon zur Vizegrafschaft heruntergestuft. Die Stellvertreter der Grafen regierten hier bis zum Ende des 12. Jahrhunderts. Die Stadt Avignon verselbständigte sich, nachdem mit Genehmigung des Grafen von Forcalquier ihr 1129 die Kommune gegründet wurde.

Den Titel eines Grafen von Avignon trug darüber hinaus:

 Bertrand de Saint-Gilles, † Januar 1112, 1105 Graf von Toulouse, 1108 Kreuzfahrer, 1109 Graf von Tripolis, Graf von Rodez, Viviers und Avignon.

Die Herrschaft Avignon war später lange zwischen Karl von Anjou als Graf von Provence und Alfons von Poitiers als Graf von Toulouse geteilt. Als König Philipp IV. als Erbe Alfons' dessen Teil 1290 an Karl II. von Anjou abtrat, wurde das Gebiet wiedervereint. Karls Urenkelin Johanna I. von Neapel verkaufte Avignon am 19. Juni 1348 für 80.000 Florin an Papst Clemens VI.

Vizegrafen von Avignon

 Aldebert, 986 iudex Provinciae, † vor 1032
 Adalelme, 1002 iudex Provinciae in Avignon, dessen Bruder
 Bérenger, 1025–1029 vicecomes (wohl von Avignon), 1045 Vizegraf von Sisteron, 1003-um 1036 juge de Provence, † vor 1065, dessen Sohn
 Bérenger, Vizegraf von Avignon und Sisteron, † vor 1075, dessen Sohn
 Guillaume, Vizegraf von Avignon, † vor 1096, dessen Bruder
 Laugier (Leodegar), Vizegraf von Avignon, † vor 1099, dessen Bruder
 Rostaing Bérenger, Vizegraf von Avignon, 1064/96 bezeugt, dessen Bruder
 Rostaing Bérenger, Vizegraf von Avignon, † vor 1105, Sohn des jüngeren Bérenger
 Geoffroy, Vizegraf von Avignon 1096/1146, dessen Sohn
 Bérenger, Vizegraf von Avognon 1123–1142, † vor 1195
 Guillaume Bérenger oder Guillaume Geoffroy, Vizegraf von Avignon 1123–1142/1195, dessen Bruder

Avignon
Organisation (Avignon)
Geschichte der Stadt Avignon


text:
import discord
import asyncio
from discord.ext import commands, ipc
from discordbot.config import Config
from discordbot.quotes import Quotes
from discordbot.weather import Weather

bot = commands.Bot(command_prefix='!', description="A perfectly pleasant discord bot.")

conf = Config('bot.json')

bot_commands = ['!help', '!ping']

async def typing(channel):
    await bot.send_typing(channel)
    await asyncio.sleep(1)

async def send_temp_message(channel, message, sleep):
    await typing(channel)
    msg = await bot.send_message(channel, message)
    await asyncio.sleep(sleep)
    await bot.delete_message(msg)

@bot.event
async def on_ready():
    print("Logged in as", bot.user.name, "(ID:", bot.user.id, ")")
    await bot.change_presence(game=discord.Game(name='Diablo 4'))

@bot.event
async def on_message(message):
    if message.content.startswith('!help') and message.author != bot.user:
        await typing(message.channel)
        await bot.send_message(message.channel, "Here are my current commands:")
        command_list = ""
        for command in bot_commands:
            command_list += command + " "
        await bot.send_message(message.channel, command_list)
    elif message.content.startswith('!ping'):
        if '!ping' in bot_commands:
            await typing(message.channel)
            await bot.send_message(message.channel, "Pong")
        else:
            await send_temp_message(message.channel, "This command has been disabled.", 5)
    elif message.content.startswith('!quote'):
        if '!quote' in bot_commands:
            await typing(message.channel)
            await bot.send_message(message.channel, "This command is not implemented yet.")
        else:
            await send_temp_message(message.channel, "This command has been disabled.", 5)

if __name__ == '__main__':
    bot.run(conf.token)

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


text:
Bieg na 200 metrów mężczyzn – jedna z konkurencji biegowych rozgrywanych podczas halowych mistrzostw świata w  hali Hoosier Dome w Indianapolis. Eliminacje i półfinały zostały rozegrane 6 marca, a bieg finałowy 8 marca 1987. Zwyciężył reprezentant Stanów Zjednoczonych Kirk Baptiste. Tytułu zdobytego na światowych igrzyskach halowych w 1985 nie bronił Aleksandr Jewgienjew ze Związku Radzieckiego.

Rezultaty

Eliminacje
Rozegrano 6 biegów eliminacyjnych, do których przystąpiło 28 biegaczy. Awans do półfinałów dawało zajęcie jednego z pierwszych dwóch miejsc w swoim biegu (Q). Skład półfinałów uzupełniło sześciu zawodników z najlepszym czasem wśród przegranych (q).Opracowano na podstawie materiału źródłowego.

Bieg 1

Bieg 2

Bieg 3

Bieg 4

Bieg 5

Bieg 6

Półfinały
Rozegrano 3 biegi półfinałowe, w których wystartowało 18 biegaczy. Awans do finału dawało zajęcie jednego z dwóch pierwszych miejsc w swoim biegu (Q).Opracowano na podstawie materiału źródłowego.

Bieg 1

Bieg 2

Bieg 3

Finał
Opracowano na podstawie materiału źródłowego.

Przypisy

Bibliografia

Bieg na 200 m mężczyzn


text:
Home In the World Global Health Coronavirus Horror in India Deserves Everyone's Help
Coronavirus Horror in India Deserves Everyone's Help
Crisis Watch May 3, 2021
by Cynthia B. Astle
India COVID-19 cases
Wikipedia Image
In the United States, we're beginning to gather in person again for worship and other activities as coronavirus vaccinations ease the possibility of infection. At the same time, the country of India is suffering a horrific plague from the coronavirus.
From The Lily newsletter May 3: "India's catastrophic coronavirus crisis is worsening, now accounting for more than 1 in 3 reported cases in the world. People of Indian descent around the world are watching desperately from afar, and some are mobilizing aid."
Educator and writer Rani Neutill described the situation thus on The Lily website:
"I am filled with guilt. Thousands of miles away, my friends and family are living in fear of catching the virus from the sheer act of breathing. Those I love most are losing those they love most. They are staying home, because if they were to catch the virus, there wouldn't be enough oxygen to save them. Even going to get vaccinated is an extreme risk.
"The stark contrast of privilege here and my childhood home has never been more palpable.
"The country is reporting more than 350,000 new cases of covid-19 every day. The government claims that the death toll has reached over 200,000, but that is a vast underestimate of the actual number of deaths."
India's outbreak is fueling a global surge in coronavirus deaths, with some 3.2 million people worldwide killed by COVID-19.
The United Methodist Committee on Relief announced last week that it is working with mission partners to provide aid to India. People can support those efforts by giving to Advance #3022612. United Methodists also may wish to turn to other groups and organizations mobilizing aid. Among them is a list of aid agencies being compiled by Lavanya Daradhalli Jaiprakash, a managing director at public relations firm Hudson Cutler, according to The Lily website.
Another benefactor highlighted by The Lily, Sana Javeri Kadri, also has been compiling and coordinating relief efforts for India. Kadri is the founder and chief executive of Diaspora Co., an ethically sourced, direct-trade spice company based in Oakland, Calif. She insists that anyone with an affinity for India and its culture has a responsibility to help. The Lily quotes her: "If you 'create content around Indian cuisine or Indian culture, if you teach yoga, if you celebrated Holi recently, if you source anything in your supply chain from India, this is on you,' she said. 'If we can't see India getting through this, the culture that we all profit from will not continue to exist.'"
All of us can pray for India and pray to be led by God to whatever help we United Methodists can provide.
An outpouring of COVID-19 relief
Speaking of UMCOR's response to the coronavirus pandemic, the agency reports that over the past year it has collected and disbursed 230 grants totaling more than $2.3 million for continued care and compassion in the fight against COVID-19 through the Sheltering in Love campaign and Global Ministries unit programming. UMCOR and Global Ministries have achieved this worldwide response through "collaborations with health professionals, missionaries, disaster management coordinators and faith leaders.
That's an accomplishment we can celebrate even as we continue to struggle to overcome the coronavirus.
Louisiana hurricane recovery moves forward
Putting it mildly, "the road to recovery [from the 2020 hurricane season] has been a long one in southwest Louisiana," writes Mark Lambert on the Louisiana Conference website. Case management has just begun after nine months of sorting through the damages wrought by Hurricanes Laura and Delta.
Why has it taken the conference so long to get to individual cases? The Rev. Elaine Burleigh, director of the office of missional engagement and outreach, had answers at an April 25 meeting at St. Luke Simpson UMC in Lake Charles, La., to inform clergy and volunteers about the latest developments.
"In previous disasters, the Louisiana Conference had ample resources to go big and do everything we possibly could to address the trauma created by those storms," Burleigh said. "Then we move to 2020, and we have multiple hurricanes and tropical storms in the middle of a pandemic. Our donations have been way down, mostly because of the economic downturn. We have to do significantly more with significantly less."
Lambert's story continued: "In previous disasters, the Conference responded by offering a wide range of disaster relief services – from case management, donations management, recruiting and deploying volunteers, and rebuilding or repairing damaged homes. With fewer resources available this time, the Conference will focus on just two of the four 'traditional' relief services – case management and volunteer recruitment, while partnering with other organizations that will offer donations and construction management."
To help folks in Louisiana recover from hurricane damage, go to the conference donation page online. Instructions for sending checks are also on this page.
Preparing your congregation for climate disasters
One thing that frustrated us during April's special #ClimateEmergency coverage was a lack of response to our inquiries about readiness in United Methodist annual conferences and local congregations for climate disasters such as the deep freeze that struck Texas in February. We'll continue to pursue the question, but in the meantime, the ecumenical group, Creation Justice Ministries, plans a webinar at 6:30 PM (EDT) May 13, "Preparing Your Congregation for Climate Disasters." The webinar's focus: "How can our congregations be hubs of climate resilience, helping our communities weather the spiritual and physical storms of the climate crisis?" Click here for more information and to register.
Also check out Creation Justice's May Action Center for more ways to help steward God's creation.
Media mentions as of May 3, 2021
Americans return to in-person church with emotion — and uncertainty about the future of worship – The Washington Post *
Historic Houston church leaves United Methodist Church over LGBTQ stance – Religion News Service
As Methodist Church heads for split over LGBTQ disagreement, local pastor remains focused – Montrose Daily Press
The beloved church coffee hour may soon return as COVID-19 fades – Religion News Service
Lubbock votes to ban abortion, setting up likely legal fight – The Associated Press
Mindfulness meditation is now a staple in public schools, and thanks to Zoom, widely accessible – Religion News Service
The perilous state of religious freedom worldwide – National Review *
America is home to religion and reason. The state helps both by protecting freedom – The Fresno Bee *
Religion both helped and hurt during the pandemic – Scientific American *
* Paid subscription required.
Cynthia B. Astle serves as Editor of United Methodist Insight, which she founded in 2011.
coronavirus pandemic coronavirus deaths India coronavirus Creation Justice Ministries 2020 hurricanes Louisiana Annual Conference


Immaculate custom built, completely move-in ready, very spacious 5-bed/4-FULL bath house with a separate office/den, loft, soaring 11' ceilings AND a finished basement on a very rare, beautifully landscaped, PRIVATE, almost 1ac wooded park-like lot!!! This main-level master suite has it all...lots of windows with private wooded views, a HUGE private bath with double vanities, extra-large fully tiled shower and a very large walk-in closet. The main-level laundry is conveniently located next to the master suite. BEAUTIFUL open concept kitchen/great room/dinning room with a large island, granite countertops and a large walk-in pantry. The basement is HUGE, finished and has a bath that is roughed-in. Short walk to a nature park and creek!


text:
News Briefs 03/02/17
Mar 2, 2017 | Business
Published on: March 2, 2017 | Business
By Susan Larson
Anne McGrath Places First in Fredericksburg Center for the Creative Arts Photography Exhibit
Anne McGrath of Fredericksburg, Virginia, placed first in the Second Annual Fredericksburg Center for the Creative Arts (FCCA) all photography exhibit and competition. McGrath won for her photo "On the Shelf" (picture with this story). Second place went to David G. Boyd of Fredericksburg, for his photo to "Mushroom Forest." Penny Parrish of Fredericksburg received third place for "Lone Runner."
Work Has Begun on George Street Brownstones
Work has begun (picture) on local developer Mike Adams' George Street Brownstones project behind the historic National Bank Building, now home to Adams' JON Properties, and to the restaurant FoodE. Read more at City Council Approves George Street Brownstones, $300K Incentive Package
Kids' Station Learning Center Receives National Accreditation
Kids' Station Learning Center, on the Mary Washington Hospital campus, has received accreditation from the National Accreditation Commission for Early Care and Education Programs. The center serves the children of Mary Washington Healthcare associates.
Fredericksburg Food Cooperative to Hold Information Open House at Agora Downtown Coffee Shop
The Fredericksburg Food Cooperative will be at Agora Downtown Coffee Shop from 9 a.m. – 12 p.m. Saturday, March 4, providing information about the coop, and signing up members. Agora will donate 10 percent of its revenue from that day to the Fredericksburg Food Cooperative. Agora is located at 520 Caroline St.
Joy Crump Returns to the James Beard House for International Women's Day
Chef Joy Crump of Fredericksburg's FoodE, Mercantile and soon 6 Bears and a Goat is returning to the James Beard House on Wednesday, March 8, to cook for International Women's Day. The Women First! Dinner will feature the cuisine of four leading women chefs — Crump, Karen Akunowicz, Stacy Cogswell and Caitlin Dysart. "The Women First! Dinner will raise a glass to the social, economic, cultural, and political achievements of women across the globe," Crump said. She first cooked at the James Beard House in April 2016.
Virginia Interventional and Vascular Associates (VIVA) Achieves AAAHC Accreditation
VIVA has achieved accreditation by the Accreditation Association for Ambulatory Health Care (AAAHC). Accreditation distinguishes this office-based surgery center for its high quality of care, as determined by an independent, external process of evaluation.
University of Mary Washington Ranked Among Top-Producing Colleges for Peace Corps Volunteers
The University of Mary Washington is among the nation's top-producing colleges for alumni now serving as Peace Corps volunteers. The Peace Corps ranked UMW second among small schools or institutions. There are currently 13 UMW alumni volunteering with the Peace Corps, UMW said. UMW has been included in the top 20 top-producing small schools list since 2005.
University of Mary Washington Named Top Producer of U.S. Fulbright Scholars
The University of Mary Washington has been named one of the top producers of U.S. Fulbright scholars, according to The Chronicle of Higher Education.


text:
The ÖBB 4030 is a 3-car electric multiple unit used by the ÖBB for regional rail passenger transport, especially on the Vienna S-Bahn. A derived variant ÖBB 4130 with increased power allowing speeds up to  was operated on the Transalpin international rail connection between Wien Westbahnhof and Basel SBB.

From 1979 onwards the 4030 was gradually replaced by the ÖBB 4020, the last trains were retired in 2004. A 4030.2 unit has been preserved and is on display at the railway museum in Schwechat.

References
http://www.schnellbahn-wien.at/allgemein/4030.htm

Austrian Federal Railways electric multiple units
15 kV AC multiple units


text:
HomeWORLDWIDEARTS & CULTUREFilm, TV & BooksKevin Lax Interview- The Politics oF Fear
Kevin Lax Interview- The Politics oF Fear
Composer's new soundtrack incites multilevel fears in audiences everywhere
August 18, 2018 Isolett Cortez Film, TV & Books 0
Hollywood's newest composing pro faced many challenges for his latest score and came out on top. For The First Purge, Kevin Lax needed to stay consistent with the franchise sound while making sure he pleased the loyal fans. And he delivered.
"I wanted to keep the essence of the story while adding a new spin," Lax recalls. "I did this by incorporating more raw elements than the previous the films' general approach. I think the soundtrack for this installment is edgier and more aggressive, but still cohesive."
The fourth installment of the blockbuster horror series added a trending topic of discussion this time around. Aside from offering thrills it also provided politically charged and thought-provoking content.
Hard at work creating fear-instilling scores at his Manhattan Beach Studio.
"The film is clearly provocative. I think The First Purge certainly makes a statement about the systemic economic and racial injustices that exist in our current society, and adroitly explores this, while still providing an entertaining ride," notes Lax. "Beyond this, the movie does an effective job at examining why people decide to "take part" in "The Purge" and adds a human element to it all."
Lax's ideas manifested into a robust combination of hip-hop, traditional scoring sensibilities, African-American spirituals and Trent Reznor-like (Gone Girl, The Girl with The Dragon Tattoo, The Social Network) synth material. The new score is an amalgamation of richly textured sounds that seamlessly capture a broad gamut of emotions.
"I was hoping to create a backdrop that consisted of many unique elements but didn't sound forced. It was a bit scary, but If I could make it flow naturally, I knew it'd bring a lot of character to the score," says Lax.
To create a cohesive score with a broad sonic pallet, that also conjures deep and thought-provoking emotions, Lax had to become one with the storyline and the elements surrounding it.
"It's important to take the time to listen to other music out there and learn everything you possibly can about the project at hand."
After that, he compiles various musical themes, either textural, melodic or both. The Manhattan Beach-based composer likens it to writing an outline for a term paper.
He explains, "One of the greatest challenges of the pre-work for The First Purge was getting on the emotional level of the characters, understanding the narrative arc, and tapping into the drama or intensity of certain scenes. I tried to get into the head of the protagonists of the movie and go with them to their darkest thoughts. The aim was to project what they might be hearing in their brain with regards to intensity, joy, and fear."
"The First Purge" takes you back to the beginning of anarchy in America
This time around, Lax prepared himself by submerging himself into in a gamut of horror scores and unusual sounds.
"Like with Burning Sands, this project forced me to delve even deeper into an aggressive and uncomfortable world, but also one with understanding and truth. It brought out my darker side, but I made sure to frame it in a thoughtful and meaningful way," he admits.
The former University of Southern California student is quickly rising ranks in the film and television world. With each new project, he faces his reputation grows, as well as the challenges. Nevertheless, Lax dredges through the fear.
"One thing I've learned avoid getting stuck in frustration and have patience. You give up some aspects of social life to do this work," says the musician. "You must be mindful of why you made these decisions. In the end, I enjoy the craft, and It's a form of artistic expression. I am lucky I get to do it every day."
His talent and attention to detail keep the young songwriter constantly busy, but Lax's humbly attributes his rising success to his work ethic. As he continues establishing himself in Hollywood, he always remembers to keep a positive 'can do' attitude.
"I believe that along with having the musical qualities a project requires, people consider musicians who are easy to work with," says the songwriter that is also credited on the hit show, Fear the Walking Dead. "Your work ethic and how you treat people, to a degree, are as significant as how skilled you are."
Last year Lax scored music documentaries for two significant hit-makers – R&B icon Mary J. Blige's The Making of Strength of a Woman, and Chris Brown's Chris Brown: Welcome to My Life. Working for such high-profile artists was a thrill for the young composer who didn't buckle under the pressure.
Kevin Lax collaborated on the last season of the hit series, "Fear the Walking Dead"
The composer explains, "Often, as with a lot of creative people, you have this strong want to write and create which is often undermined by the other requirements of the job, whether it's some technical quagmire, keeping the higher-ups happy, or trying to secure a new gig."
The "higher-up" in one case was a global artist, whose autobiography called for a unique yet complementary sound. Not one to merely meet requirements, Lax consistently aims to take things a few steps further. Chris Brown's autobiography was another example of that credo at work.
Lax stressed the importance of becoming immersed in every project. "I would say if you begin working on a score is spend some time learning as much as possible about the subject. In this case, what I did was listen to their entire catalog. I wanted to make sure the music reflected each artist appropriately. For example, Brown has a pretty extensive inventory of songs, so I drew some inspiration from vibing out to his material," he adds.
"There was a little pressure at times, knowing that Chris Brown would be evaluating my work, but he was happy with my work when the film wrapped up, so that is certainly encouraging."
With or without pressure, Lax continues to create emotive scores that keep his clients coming back for more. Audiences can expect to hear more of Lax's music soon as he'll be premiering his next feature for Netflix, Juanita, later this year.
For more information visit the kevinlax website
#thefirstpurge
About Isolett Cortez 2 Articles
Bilingual Journalist, passionate about the arts, learning new technology, sci-fi and horror. #dogmom #musicjunkie
Paradise, A Divine Bluegrass Musical Comedy – Let's Make Paradise Great Again!
I Am Sophie Review – A Tale of Identity
'Blues Planet: Triptych' and Blue Legend Taj Mahal – Tribeca Film Festival 2017
May 5, 2017 Yenis Monterrey Film, TV & Books 0
Spread the loveThe short film 'Blues Planet: Triptych' directed by the artist Wyland had its world premiere at Tribeca Film Festival 2017 in the category of documentary, music, and environment. The band Blues Planet with […]
National Geographic Documentary Films' VR short 'The Protector's: Walk in the Ranger's Shoes' -Tribeca Film Festival 2017 VR
Spread the loveThe Protectors: Walk in the Ranger's Shoes was exhibited as part of the 2017 Tribeca Film Festival's groundbreaking immersive storytelling Virtual Arcade featuring "Storyscapes." Academy Award-winning director Kathryn Bigelow ("Last Days," "The Hurt […]
Chadwick Boseman and Viola Davis in Ma Rainey's Black Bottom
December 13, 2020 Jillian Dale Film, TV & Books 0
Spread the loveTensions and temperatures rise over the course of an afternoon recording session in 1920s Chicago as a band of musicians await trailblazing performer, the legendary "Mother of the Blues," Ma Rainey (Academy Award® […]


Dr. Jones spoke at the Columbia University Medical Center Dean's Distinguished Lecture in the Humanities. Also pictured are Hilda Y. Hutcherson, Professor of Obstetrics and Gynecology at the Columbia University Medical Center; Senior Associate Dean for Diversity and Multicultural Affairs, College of Physicians and Surgeons, and Lee Goldman, Harold & Margaret Hatch Professor, Executive Vice President and Dean of the Faculties of Health Sciences and Medicine, and Chief Executive of Columbia University Medical Center.
For more information about Dr. Hutcherson, visit here.


Apply Online for Directors' & Officers' Liability Insurance!
We're happy to introduce a new ASAE-Endorsed Directors' & Officers' (D&O) Liability Insurance policy form underwritten by Arch Insurance. Arch, rated A+ (Superior) by A.M. Best Co., has added over a dozen new coverages to the policy and increased the policy limits on a number of existing coverages—without driving up the cost.
ASAE members now have access to one of the most comprehensive D&O policies available on the market today, providing maximum protection to your board members, employees, volunteers and business entity.
Not sure your association needs D&O coverage? Learn Why Nonprofits need Directors' & Officers' Liability Insurance. You may also want to read about the limitations of The Volunteer Protection Act.
Coverage Highlights — click each category to learn more information.
Reimburses expenses resulting from network security breaches. Includes up to $100,000 for notification and monitoring costs, as well as public relations firm to aid in image restoration.
Provides a defense cost sublimit for Wage and Hour claims. Insureds outside of California, with under 15 employees, are eligible for limits as high as $500,000.
Provides $250,000 for violence incidents by reimbursing business interruption expenses (lost income and extra expenses); employee expenses (lost wages, counseling and security); and public relations firm expenses to restore the nonprofit's public image.
Provides up to $250,000 for public relation firm and legal fees related to Regulatory crisis, Management crisis, Sexual Abuse allegations, and Fundraising fraud.
Broadened wording to include Insureds once identified in a Wells Notice, subpoena or target letter as a target against whom a formal proceeding may be commenced.
Adds a separate $100,000 sublimit for civil fines and penalties imposed due to violations of the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA).
Among the most expensive claims nonprofit associations face today are violations of the Sherman Act and the Clayton Act. The cost to defend a standard setting or price fixing lawsuit can run into the millions. To learn more about this important coverage read Antitrust and Employment Practices Liability Exposures.
If you offer certification or accreditation, should one of your members become the target of a negligence or incompetency suit and you're drawn into the suit, our Standard Setting protection provides you with a legal defense.
If it is determined during the application process that an association is not engaged in a standard setting activity, we will issue the policy as silent on the matter.
If during the application process it is determined that the given association is heavily engaged in standard setting activities, an exclusion would be attached to the D&O policy, and the association would be strongly advised to purchase a separate Standard Setting, Errors and Omissions policy.
In addition to providing D&O coverage to your association headquarters, we can provide D&O coverage to all of your association's chapters. Within our program, chapters have their own individual policies with comprehensive D&O protection at a competitive premium.
A high percentage of D&O claims filed against nonprofits are employment practices related. The ASAE-Endorsed D&O policy includes comprehensive employment practices liability that helps protect you against allegations of discrimination, sexual harassment, wrongful termination and a variety of additional employee suits.


Currawong's manifold air temperature sensor is a lightweight and robust sensor which measures the temperature of the air inside the intake manifold. The sensor is based on the KTY83 silicon resistive element chip. This sensor has a positive temperature coefficient of resistance with a typical resistance of 950 ohms at 20°C and 2500 ohms at 175°C.
Currawong offers a range of lengths and connector types to meet the requirements of most engine installations.
This lightweight and robust sensor is intended for sensing the temperature of the cylinder head in small engines and is particularly intended for the UAV industry. The sensor is based on the KTY84 silicon resistive element chip. These sensors have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance with a typical resistance of 580 ohms at 20°C and 2600 ohms at 300°C.


The most common thing that has been separating people over the years is the language. There are thousands of different languages that are spoken throughout the world. These languages are also accompanied by different culture and traditions.
The globe is more connected today than it was a few years ago. This has allowed for people to seek out work opportunities from other parts of the world. The fact that people are able to move around the world means that they increase the connection.
Other than moving into other places, there has been a need for outsourcing work from other countries. The only problem with the connection is that the language acts as a barrier.
During recent years, there has been some effort from people to try and cope with this problem. There have been some platforms that have been set up to try and interpret the language problems that are faced by many people. If you happen not to have enough resources that can help you to hire a full-time interpreter, then you will benefit from these sources.
It makes sense to say that if you want the best work then you must only go for the best people. If the interpreters are great at their jobs, then you will only get the best work. These services are provided from many sources these days. For those who want the best work they should only make sure that they get the best people on board.
Boostlingo is one of these sources. Many people who have been seeking interpretation projects have benefited from this place.
If you have been in the look for an interpretation work, then you should check out Boostlingo. The platform is very popular for hiring the best and experienced workers. These people are conversant with multiple languages and only strive to get you the best results.
As far as translations are concerned, this global interpreter platform is known for getting the best results. One of the best and most used platforms is this platform. When you are anywhere in the world, you will be able to access this platform.
The only way to make work easier is by putting your project through their scheduling software. The most common works that are translated are the videos.
Translating a language has been happening for years. Boostlingo is the best platform for you to use for your projects. Other than the usability of the platform, the services are also outstanding.


If you have ever experienced the loss of traction while driving, then you know how crucial it is to have the proper tires on your vehicle that have plenty of tread. At the Service Department at San Antonio CDJR, we regularly install OEM-replacement tires on Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep and Ram vehicles of all sizes and shapes. Whether you need some winter or all-weather tires for your Jeep Grand Cherokee or Ram 1500, or your Dodge Charger could use some summer performance tires, San Antonio CDJR can help. Our CDJR certified service technicians will install tires that are recommended for use on your specific model of car, pickup truck, SUV or minivan. We service all makes -- not just the auto brands our full-service dealership sells!
Once your new tires are installed by our expert tire service staff, you can be sure that you will have the optimal control, traction and confidence for anywhere you drive. Our Parts Department stocks a wide range of tire brands that we mount on Chrysler, Dodge, Jeep, Ram and other makes of vehicles, including top tire brands like Michelin, Dunlop, Bridgestone, Yokohama and more.
Local drivers can schedule a service appointment online or call our service advisors for further assistance. For professional tire service and new tires at highly competitive prices, contact the Service Department at San Antonio CDJR. Our Parts and Service Departments are located near Seguin and New Braunfels at 11910 N Interstate 35, in San Antonio, TX.


text:
El Protocolo de Madrid de 1885 es un acuerdo internacional firmado por Reino Unido, Alemania y España en Madrid (España) en 1885, reconociendo la soberanía española sobre el archipiélago de Joló y la renuncia de este país a reclamaciones sobre Borneo.

Historia
El 22 de enero de 1878, el Sultanato de Joló y un enviado comercial de Alfred Dent y el Barón von Overbeck firmaron un acuerdo por el que el norte de Borneo era cedido a los británicos. Dependiendo de la traducción del acuerdo empleada, esta cesión era temporal, o definitiva.

El Sultanato de Joló se situó bajo soberanía española tras la firma de las "Bases de Paz y Capitulación" por el Sultán de Joló y la Corona de España en Joló el 22 de julio de 1878.

En 1885, Reino Unido, Alemania y España firmaron el Protocolo de Madrid para consolidar la influencia española en Filipinas, estableciendo el límite del área de influencia española en la región y reconociendo la soberanía española sobre el archipiélago de Joló. En el mismo acuerdo, España renunciaba a cualquier reclamación sobre el norte de Borneo.

Otro punto importante en relación con el acuerdo se refiere al artículo IV, que establece garantías de ninguna restricción sobre el comercio de las partes del protocolo dentro del archipiélago de Joló y el norte de Borneo.

Véase también
 Capitanía General de Filipinas
 Crisis de las Carolinas
 Tratado germano-español (1899)

Referencias

Bibliografía
 Leigh R. Wright. Historical Notes on the North Borneo Dispute. The Journal of Asian Studies, Vol. 25, No. 3 (May, 1966), pp. 471–484.
 Leigh R. Wright. The Origins of British Borneo. Modern Asian Studies, Vol. 10, No. 1 (1976), pp. 149–154
 Leigh R. Wright. The Anglo-Spanish-German Treaty of 1885: A Step in the Development of British Hegemony in North Borneo. Australian Journal of Politics & History 18 (1), 62–75

Tratados de 1885
Tratados de España del siglo XIX
Historia colonial contemporánea de España
Madrid en 1885
Reinado de Alfonso XII
Reino Unido en 1885
Presencia española en Filipinas
Archipiélago de Joló
Sabah
Política en 1885
Tratados del Reino Unido del siglo XIX
Imperio británico
Época victoriana
Tratados de Alemania del siglo XIX
Relaciones Alemania-España
Relaciones España-Reino Unido
Colonialismo alemán