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Ghost SIZE: The "Epic" Creatine Supplement Gets Stronger
Ghost's "Year of the V2" is still underway, with 2021 bringing several upgraded formulas to the family including a more powerful Ghost Legend and Ghost Pump. But what about the brand's flagship muscle builder? Ghost SIZE V2 is next:
The 'epic' creatine supplement has been upgraded in Ghost Size V2! Learn about it in insane detail here on PricePlow
Being truly groundbreaking in the creatine / natural muscle-building supplement space isn't the easiest feat to accomplish. Simple creatine monohydrate is the most well-studied and successful form of creatine, so it takes far more to get excited. However, if there's one thing Ghost is great at, it's generating excitement.
Ghost SIZE is a novel spin on the traditional creatine supplement that furthers the ergogenic benefits of the delicious-tasting Legend Pre Workout. It provides clinical dosages of several muscle-building and performance-enhancing ingredients including creatine, betaine, beta alanine (tingle-reduced!), and more.
Size can be used any time of the day — before, during, or after workout, but we argue pre workout if you have a choice. Consider it a once-daily multivitamin for your muscle gains – get it in every day!
This article goes deep into the science behind Ghost Size V2, the differences from the original version, and the flavors available. Before we get to that, check our coupon-based deals and sign up for Ghost news alerts from PricePlow:
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Ghost Size Ingredients
If you're familiar with Ghost, you know they're anything but ordinary. For Size, they shoot for 5g yield of creatine in their rather innovative natty muscle builder. But, there's plenty more to Size than just creatine… and they're of course bringing some insane flavor:
CreaPure Creatine Monohydrate – 5g
Creatine's mechanism in semi-plain English
Enough research for several meta analyses
Muscle growth and preservation
Increased power
Improved sprinting and sprint recovery
The mental aspect of creatine
Testosterone?!
Tingle-Reduced Beta-Alanine
Beta Alanine – 3.2g
Indirect muscle gains from increased volume
The major meta analyses
Safety and the tingle factor
BetaPrime (Jujube [Ziziphus jujuba] Seed extract, L-Theanine, Celastrus [Celastrus paniculatus] Seed extract) – 400mg
Jujube extract: soothing the skin
L-theanine for relaxation and focus
Celastrus extract: another nootropic doubling as a skin-soother?!
Back to beta alanine – what if we stack with a full dose of legend and get 6.4g?!
Betaine (Trimethylglycine) 2.5g
Methyl donor, homocysteine reducer
Added pumps to your workout
Gym based studies: skipping to the increase in SIZE
Fat loss in females!
Athletic performance studies
Epicatechin 90% (200mg)
Senactiv (Panax notoginseng [root] & Rosa roxburghii [fruit] extracts) – 50mg
Regenerate new cells with Senactiv
AstraGin (Astragalus membranaceus and Panax notoginseng) Root extracts – 50mg
How does it work? Transporter upregulation
Becoming a Legend
Flavors Available
Ghost Size V2 is a Legendary Upgrade to Creatine
Mainly naturally found in meat, creatine is the most well-studied sports supplement ingredient out there.
It has well beyond demonstrated its ability to increase power, weight, hydration, sprint speed, lean mass, and subjective well-being while reducing fatigue. There's even some research showing slightly improved testosterone levels in men, improved bone mineral density, and better cognition in those who don't eat meat – and these benefits come with very few side effects (despite what Aunt Nancy may have heard on CNN in 1997).
Creatine yields so many benefits because it donates a phosphate group — which is used for cellular energy production — to the adenosine diphosphate (ADP) molecule, and their combination is able to be turned back into adenosine triphosphate (ATP),[1-4] our cells' "energy currency".
When we're depleted of ATP, our performance and energy deteriorates. But when we have creatine to help us create more ATP, we can go longer and stronger (yielding the benefits listed above in bold) while building more lean mass than we otherwise would have. By supplementing it, your body doesn't need to generate as much,[5] and this is beneficial because creating it is a biologically costly process in the liver, pancreas, and kidneys.
With the mechanism briefly covered, let's cover the actual research areas in terms of results, since we know most Ghost fans want to see effects in the gym and in the mirror, not just in the lab.
There have been countless studies on creatine, so we'll focus most on the meta-analyses that pool them together and analyze them in their totality:
Several meta-analyses come to the conclusion that men and women both young and old get moderate lean mass gains from daily creatine supplementation. The gains aren't on the order of illegal anabolic substances (like some may claim), but they are significant:
The first meta-analysis on successful hypertrophy (muscle growth) was conducted in 2003, having already covered 100 studies.[6]
Older adults can build muscle with it too (22 studies 721 men and women)[7] as well as an earlier review on 357 older adults.[8]
On the note of the elderly, bone mineral density is incredibly important, and there's a small amount of evidence for improvements there as well, especially when combined with weight/resistance training.[9]
Creatine supplementation also prevents sarcopenia, or muscle-wasting,[10] which is critically important to quality and quantity of life as we age.
Creatine very consistently improves lean tissue mass, chest press strength, and leg press.[7]
Along with this research comes consistent weight gain — for those who are attempting to bulk.[6]
There are several more recent studies on the matter, but the point is that the research community has known creatine has positive lean mass benefits for two decades. If you're not getting enough creatine through heavy meat eating in your diet, then it's a good idea to take it.
There have been dozens of studies covering creatine's ability to increase power output. Of those, we have two meta-analyses that sum things up:
A 2003 analysis of 22 studies showed that 1-, 3-, and 10-rep maxes were increased by 20% as opposed to 12% when using creatine vs. control – 8% better improvement.[11] It further showed that max number of reps increased 26% instead of 12% – 14% better than placebo![11]
Similarly, the body composition analysis referenced above (on 100 different studies) showed improved power in isometric / isokinetic / isotonic / exercises as well as upper body lifts, but less effects for swimming and running.[6]
There's clearly something to having more ATP generation at hand — and that leads us to the next benefit:
One of the highest quality forms of creatine monohydrate available!
Better sprint speed goes hand-in-hand with the ability to easily create more ATP, and it's known that recovery between races / sprint sets is better if you have better phosphocreatine regeneration.[12,13]
There's so much research on creatine that we even have a meta analysis just on soccer players, where we don't see so much endurance increase, but we do see beneficial anaerobic performance effects, and it's "large and significant" when looking at Wingate tests.[14] Creatine is absolutely perfect for stop-and-go sprint sports like soccer, water polo, hockey, football, and lacrosse, all of which benefit from the ability to recover from repeated sprint bouts.
Creatine and phosphate deficiency (which we believe mainly stems from not eating enough meat) is associated with deterioration of mood states.[15-17] The good news is that several studies show creatine improving general wellbeing,[18-20] so this is something to keep in mind if you haven't been eating much meat and slowly are feeling a bit run down.
V2 Season continues! We've had Legend, Pump, Burn, and now SIZE join the 2021 release schedule (after BCAA and Amino were updated in 2020).
It's worth noting that there could be several other deficiencies leading to negative cognitive effects (such as lack of B vitamins, EPA/DHA, essential amino acids like tryptophan and methionine, and more), so blood work and professional assistance are paramount if seeking to recover from a severe mental condition. Regardless, ensuring high enough creatine levels is often overlooked in any cognitive supplement stack, but users of Ghost Size shouldn't need to worry about that.
Above, we mentioned that creatine can promote a minor increase in testosterone in men. While the effect isn't large, it is relatively consistent, as it's been found by at least five studies that measured the critical biomarker.[21-25]
All in all, creatine may no longer be the "sexy" or "controversial" ingredient it once was, but it works and should not be ignored. Much of the research cited above is two decades old at this point – it's long been used safely.[26]
Far too often, we aren't seeing brands selling 5g worth of creatine in their overall stacks, and that's a mistake. Ghost gives you plenty of ways to get it in with Size, and one of the easiest is to take the unflavored ("Natty") version and mix it in with your Legend, Pump, Amino, or even your Whey!
The original Ghost Size had 2g of the popular pre workout endurance aid, but Ghost has stepped it up to a full 3.2g dose. How'd they do it? By adding BetaPrime, a mixture of plant extracts to reduce the tingling sensation!
Carnosine helps your body flush lactic acid out of the muscles. Beta alanine helps you get more muscle carnosine content.
Given its prevalence, we've covered beta alanine in depth countless times, including in our Ghost Legend article. Like creatine, it has been studied so intensely that we now have well-performed meta-analyses that can guide us in its use.
Beta alanine works by combining with the essential amino acid L-histidine, generating more carnosine.[27,28] This molecule then goes on to keep fatigue at bay by buffering lactic acid, especially in muscle tissue.[28]
This lets you go longer, and with more volume, you can then make more gains. So beta alanine isn't a direct muscle builder (like we can claim for creatine above and likely betaine below), but an indirect one. You'll need to earn any gains from beta alanine through increased volume — and eating enough to compensate for it.
There are two well-performed meta analyses on beta alanine's performance, and another on safety:
The 2016 meta analysis showed who beta alanine may work best for[29] – and it's generally for endurance and mid-distance activities.
In 2012, researchers looked at the available studies and determined that exercise from 1-4 minutes long was significantly improved across the research.[29] They analyzed 360 participants across 15 studies in that analysis.
However, a newer 2016 analysis on 1461 participants in 40 different studies using 65 different exercise regimens (and 70 exercise measures) found significant success in exercises ranging from 30 seconds to 10 minutes.[30] The combined results were best in terms of exercise capacity, but not as significant in terms of performance.[30]
The studies above cover several sports and exercises, ranging from rowing to running to cycling to swimming to weight lifting, all in various durations. It's well accepted that using beta alanine to increase carnosine stores will lead to better muscular endurance.
A more recent meta analysis was conducted on safety in 2019, showing that beta alanine "does not adversely affect those consuming it".[31] This is important, because some new users get concerned regarding the tingling sensation (known as paresthesia) that beta alanine can cause.
But even though beta alanine is safe and non-toxic, Ghost wants to make the experience as positive as possible — especially if you're combining this with Legend, which also has beta alanine.
To reduce those tingles, they've introduced BetaPrime:
BetaPrime was originally introduced in the now-sold-out limited-edition Christian Guzman Legend V3 as CarnoPrime, when Ghost paired it with a whopping 6.4g beta alanine. Anecdotally – it worked, and made the huge dosage of beta alanine feel more like a 1-2g dose. Now it's back as BetaPrime, but with the same constituents inside.
The claim is that this ingredient, which contains extracts known for skin care and focused calming effects, helps reduce beta alanine tingling! While there's no current research on its ability to do this, and we only have our anecdotal experience above, we can discuss the parts inside and why they may work to this effect.
Jujube is a jewel-shaped fruit found in Asia with a unique nutritional profile, loaded with antioxidants. The primary effect is that jujube has a skin-soothing effect, and research shows that it has been successfully used to treat skin irritations, inflammations, and scarring.[32] We theorize that this may also help subdue those beta alanine tingles as well!
We originally saw BetaPrime as CarnoPrime in the long-since-sold-out Guzman Legend V3
We often see L-theanine in several focus-minded supplements (such as nootropics and pre workouts) as well as sleep and mood-boosting supplements due to its calming and relaxing cognitive effects. It comes from green tea leaves and acts as a neurotransmitter in the brain.[33]
What we like is that science shows the amino acid to be relaxing yet isn't sedative,[34] so it calms us down a bit but doesn't put us to sleep.
This provides a synergistic effect with caffeine that's been backed by science,[35] where theanine delivers a "quiet focus" that takes the jitter out of the caffeine, and, we theorize, perhaps takes some edge off of the nerves in the skin as well.
The above two extracts have more specific functions, while celastrus seems to be a blend of both. Studies have shown that the Ayurvedic root has both a calming cognitive effect[36] (like L-theanine) but can also reduce skin irritation[37] like jujube!
Given this combination, it may be able to amplify each of their effects, and the trio should feel good on the skin regardless of your effects from beta alanine.
Ultimately, we've seen this ingredient work, albeit in higher doses when paired against even higher doses of beta alanine, but we don't have any specific research to back it up in its totality. Ghost is doing something quite novel here, and if it comfortably gets folks to a clinical dose of beta alanine (perhaps even a 6.4g dose per day depending on your pre workout), it's worth trying.
Only one way to find out… Ghost stays on-brand by being a major industry trendsetter, once again.
Ghost Legend V2 is upon us! What happens with all that beta alanine when you stack it with SIZE? Faster carnosine saturation!
We almost always mention that 3.2g/day is the clinical dosage of beta alanine. It's often spread in four different doses throughout the day – the goal is to reach carnosine saturation levels. Here in Size, we of course get it all in one shot.
But what if we're stacking with Ghost Legend, the famous pre workout supplement that now has 3.2g as well? Is there any research on 6.4g beta alanine?
The answer is yes. A few studies have been conducted showing that increasing beta-alanine intake to 179 grams over the course of 28 days (i.e. 6.4 grams per day) can significantly amplify muscle performance,[38,39] with claims of increased work capacity by 16.9% and endurance by 14.9%.
Also known as trimethylglycine (TMG), betaine is a choline metabolite that's another well-studied muscle-building ingredient in Size. Betaine functions similarly to creatine, but has a few additional beneficial effects as well. The clinically studied dose is 2.5g, so Size is bringing you what successful gym-based research has shown.
We cover the mechanisms real quickly, and then see the real world research:
While creatine provides phosphate, betaine is a methyl donor that doubles as an osmolyte, meaning it helps regulate fluid levels across cells, keeping them more resilient[40,41] and protecting them from thermal shock.[42] As a methyl donor, betaine is able to reduce homocysteine levels,[43] which is important since homocysteine is a biomarker for several negative effects health consequences.
Metabolic pathways for choline and betaine. Betaine can donate a methyl group to homocysteine (Hcy) to form methionine (Met). Methionine is converted to S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe), which is another important methyl donor.
On top of the muscle-growth benefits detailed below, many users claim a better workout pump when it's taken with enough water, thanks to its osmolyte function. What most don't discuss is that there may be some nitric oxide elevation as well![44]
This means betaine makes for an incredible all-around ingredient, and we argue that if you had the choice, taking Size with your pre workout would be the most enjoyable way to use it.
If interested in the history and use of betaine to protect heart health and increase patient strength, a great review was published in 2004.[45] The research goes as far back as 1951, where doctors were calling it "the most valuable and most effective lipotropic agent tested for treatment in the human subject".[46]
It's after that 2004 review where we start getting into athletic-based studies. So with the general mechanisms covered, let's get into the actual field (gym) research, but let's skip to the important one: size gains. After that, we'll backtrack to see how we got there.
From the MEN's study: The arms don't lie! Here's one place where placebo doesn't rule: arm size! Betaine built bigger arms… in trained subjects![40,47]
After years of successful performance-based research, a team wanted to see how betaine fared in terms of body composition. The six-week study tested 23 trained athletes (4.8 years of training experience on average) and gave them either 2.5g betaine per day or placebo.[40]
After a training program, they gained 5.3lbs lean muscle mass and lost 6.4lb fat mass, yielding a 3% reduction in body fat![40] Even better, there were significant increases in arm size,[40] which every Ghost user should love!
The same team was so impressed with the results that they dug deeper into the mechanisms, finding several hormonal pathways that are stimulated by betaine.[47]
That same team wasn't done. The same researcher came back in 2018 with a double-blind, placebo-controlled study on college-aged women showing that betaine users lost 3.3% body fat and 2.0kg overall body weight on average, significantly more than the 1.7% bodyfat and 0.8kg body weight lost in the placebo group![48] These results were 2.5 times greater for weight loss and just under 50% greater body fat reduction for women using betaine.[48]
The women's betaine experiment design
To further back fat loss data, a 2019 systematic review of six studies with 195 participants found that betaine supplementation significantly reduced total body fat mass and body fat percentage.[49]
This research didn't come out of nowhere, of course. Researchers got to the point of testing body composition after several successful performance based studies, which are worth covering as well:
Before the studies on muscle growth, betaine was first studied for performance and thermal protection – with new research published basically every year:
The first athletic-based study on betaine supplementation was conducted in 2003, where runners were dehydrated and given morning exercise, then given betaine or placebos and put on a 75 minute performance run. They found that the betaine groups had lower homocysteine levels, showing attenuation from the systemic damage caused by the experiment.[50]
In 2008, researchers testing betaine against placebo on runners found better VO2 consumption and plasma lactate in a sprint, as well as improved sprint time to exhaustion and thermal protection.[51]
Betaine can provide a bit of a pump, so we like it pre workout, but the real NO boost will come from Ghost Pump!
In 2009, it was shown that two weeks of betaine at 2.5g/day improved squat repetitions to fatigue and overall training volume, which can lead to more gains.[52]
A 2010 double-blind, placebo-controlled crossover study found similar gains in force production during isometric back squat and bench press exercises.[53]
In 2011, we again saw increased VO2 consumption, leading to a moderate increase in bench press repetitions and volume load.[54]
2012 brought us a study on cyclists, where betaine increased peak power (average, mean, and maximum) for all subjects combined.[55]
This brought us to 2013 and 2014, where one of the above teams finally tested body composition, with successful results![40,47]
Ultimately, betaine is a phenomenal ergogenic aid with a great story that developed this century. At 2.5g/day, we expect training volume and size benefits – but you'll have to work to achieve them.
Next is the secret weapon that most of the creatine users will not have as much experience with. Thankfully, we do, and it's a powerful ingredient that we believe natural supplement users need to try:
Epicatechin dropping myostatin! Will this work in younger users? Will it result in GAINS?
Found prevalently in dark chocolate, (-)-epicatechin is a potent flavonol that's gained popularity for its ability to enhance lean mass gains and performance. Most notably, epicatechin has the ability to
Enhance strength and muscle growth[56,57]
Improve glucose tolerance[58]
Increase endurance[59]
Blunt fatigue[59]
Elevate nitric oxide production[60]
Part of what makes (-)-epicatechin a prime-time muscle builder is that it's a rather powerful inhibitor of myostatin by way of increasing levels of follistatin, Myostatin's "archenemy".[57] Myostatin inhibits muscle growth, and follistatin inhibits myostatin signaling. By increasing follistatin, which ultimately results in less myostatin and more muscle growth, epicatechin deserves more attention in the sports nutrition space!
One issue is that epicatechin is pricey and has been difficult to source, so we've seen some underdosing occur over the years. Not going to happen with Ghost, whose founder Dan Lourenco originally stated over epicatechin's inclusion in Size in 2017:
"EPI has solid leading edge research of course for myostatin inhibition and muscular endurance (and a host of other more holistic health benefits). Most brands sell EPI standalone for $60+ which truly shows either how insane I am/how big of a deal GHOST Size is going to be at our price point ($39.99)! "
— Dan Lourenco
Years later, that statement is still true.
What we consider to be the most major upgrade to Ghost Size is NuLiv Science's fascinating senolytic ingredient, Senactiv. Formerly known as ActiGin, this patented blend of Panax notoginseng and Rosa roxburghii root extracts is one of the most fascinating new ingredients on the market.
Out with the old, in with the new. Regenerate senescent cells and improve performance with NuLiv Science's Senactiv
Senactiv is what's known as a senolytic, which is a compound that can induce cellular death in old, deteriorating cells (known as senescent cells)[61] — thus promoting growth and health by encouraging new cell regeneration. The process may sound scary, but it's natural, and senolytics speed it up. Senactiv is one such senolytic that actually functions in the endothelial lining of skeletal muscle cells!
NuLiv Science has conducted a lot of research on the ginsenosides inside of ginseng. In one such placebo-controlled study, they found that muscle tissue exposed to the ginseng extract used in Senactiv prior to exercise enhanced glycogen replenishment and led to fewer markers of inflammation compared to placebo.[62]
In addition to the reduction of pro-inflammatory state, the ginseng also improved time to exhaustion by 20% against control, while also boosting VO2max.[62] Mechanistically, this seems to stack very well with betaine, which works on different pathways to provide similar benefits.
Muscle biopsies also show that Senactiv's ginseng extract led to 47% more citrate synthase,[62] which is critical for ATP production – so now we're synergistic with creatine too! Further research has shown better markers in terms of lipid peroxidation, free radical damage, inflammation, and muscle damage.[62-65]
Hard-training carb-lovers rejoice: The ginseng in Senactiv gets glycogen restored better and faster,[62] so you can reload and get after it sooner.
By getting glycogen back into muscle tissues (2.7 times more in the same time period[62]), Senactiv can help you grow and recover faster, while clearing out useless "elderly" cells and bringing upon new growth.[63]
While speaking of new growth, Senactiv boosted a protein named Pax-7 and the MYf5 gene by 81% in one study,[66] which indicates muscular satellite cell generation.
The research is intense, so we suggest reading our in-depth article titled Senactiv from NuLiv Science: Regenerate Senescent Cells and Perform Better to learn more.
Increase the absorption and effectiveness of your supplements with AstraGin from NuLiv Science!
Another NuLiv Science ingredient, and a keeper from the original Ghost Size formula, AstraGin is an all-natural absorption-boosting ingredient derived from different parts of Astragalus membranaceus and panax notoginseng, both staples of traditional Chinese medicine. AstraGin enhances the rate at which certain compounds and nutrients are absorbed within the intestinal wall.
NuLiv Science has conducted several research trials showing that the novel compound effectively improves uptake of creatine and beta alanine (found here in Size) as well as citrulline (found in Ghost Legend) along with amino acids, and several other compounds.[67]
In terms of the mechanism, the research indicates that AstraGinⓇ upregulates mRNA and its key transporters such as:[67]
Sodium-glucose cotransport 1 (SGLT1), which controls sodium-dependent glucose uptake across cells,
Glucose transporter type 4 (GLUT4), a key glucose transporter that helps maintain proper glucose levels,
Cationic amino acid transporter 1 (CAT1), which moves amino acids throughout the body.[67]
In addition, AstraGin may improve gut operation as well, which supports its beneficial effects. It has been shown to reduce intestinal wall inflammation by 73% in animal models.[67] This means that we have both upregulated nutrient transport once the ingredients are in your bloodstream and AstraGin helps them get there more effectively as well.
Size contains the full research-backed 50mg dose of AstraGin to increase the effectiveness of all its ergogenics even further, and may even help enhance your pre workout as well!
In 2017, Dan had a few other tidbits about Ghost Size and specifically in regards to the brand's pre workout, Legend, that we felt would behoove our readers to see:
"Last, unlike our pre-workout where we recommend 1-2 scoops to give users easy flexibility to flavor their stimulant and other doses, GHOST Size is a 1 scoop, fully clinical, packed to the nines, no cost spared muscle builder. It's launching in a neutral, natural flavor and contains no artificial sweeteners or colors. Get ready to make some gains, Legends!"
–Dan Lourenco
Ghost Size V2 launched with four flavors, but the most interesting one may be "Natty", since it can be stacked with Legend, Pump, Gamer, or any other flavored supplement!
If you happened to catch our Ghost Size unveiling video on YouTube, you saw that they're launching in four flavors, including a neutral ("Natty") one that can (should be!) stacked with Ghost Legend:
To see that unveiling, see Season 7, Episode 16 of Ghost's Building the Brand YouTube Series in Season 7, titled "The HQ Showdown":
Throwback: When Size v1 was about to launch, Ghost sent out beta tubs in these epic Ghost's Secret Stuff tubs.
Leave it to Ghost to go and completely one-up the traditional creatine supplement. We originally expected as much, given their beta-test release that was sent as "Ghost's Secret Stuff", with our tub pictured to the right.
Make no mistake – Ghost is "mainstream" and extraordinarily popular, selling a ton both online and in retail. They're catchy, flashy, and the cool kids in the space. But inside the tub, they're just as innovative as ever. We love how they're pushing ingredients like epicatechin and Senactiv to the masses, and tingle-reduced beta alanine is a unique novelty many will love.
While Size can be used any time of the day, we believe there are enough benefits to take it pre workout, especially with what betaine can bring to the table at that time. But all in all, it doesn't matter when you take it, so long as you get your basics in each and every day, and train and eat for Size.
Note: This article was originally published May 24, 2017, but was upgraded to V2 on May 14, 2021.
No Comments | Posted in Supplement News | Tagged AstraGin, Beta Alanine, Betaine, Betaine Anhydrous, BetaPrime, Build Muscle, CarnoCo, CarnoPrime, CarnoSyn, Celastrus Paniculatus, Creapure, Creatine, Creatine Monohydrate, Dan Lourenco, Epicatechin, Ghost Supplements, Jujube, L-Theanine, Muscle Builders, Nuliv Science, Panax Notoginseng, Senactiv, Testosterone, Trimethylglycine, Ziziphus Jujuba.
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Cook, Christian J, et al. "Skill Execution and Sleep Deprivation: Effects of Acute Caffeine or Creatine Supplementation – a Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial." Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, vol. 8, no. 1, 16 Feb. 2011, 10.1186/1550-2783-8-2; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3049131/
Volek, Jeff S., et al. "The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Muscular Performance and Body Composition Responses to Short-Term Resistance Training Overreaching." European Journal of Applied Physiology, vol. 91, no. 5-6, 1 May 2004, pp. 628–637, 10.1007/s00421-003-1031-z; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14685870/
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Hill, CA et al.; Amino Acids; "Influence of beta-alanine supplementation on skeletal muscle carnosine concentrations and high intensity cycling capacity ;" February 2007; https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1550-2783-6-7
Trexler, E.T., Smith-Ryan, A.E., Stout, J.R. et al.; "International society of sports nutrition position stand: Beta-Alanine."; J Int Soc Sports Nutr 12, 30 (2015); https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-015-0090-y
Hobson, R M et al. "Effects of β-alanine supplementation on exercise performance: a meta-analysis." Amino acids vol. 43,1 (2012): 25-37. doi:10.1007/s00726-011-1200-z; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3374095/
Saunders, Bryan, et al. "β-Alanine Supplementation to Improve Exercise Capacity and Performance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis." British Journal of Sports Medicine, vol. 51, no. 8, 18 Oct. 2016, pp. 658–669; https://bjsm.bmj.com/content/51/8/658.long
Dolan, Eimear, et al. "A Systematic Risk Assessment and Meta-Analysis on the Use of Oral β-Alanine Supplementation." Advances in Nutrition, vol. 10, no. 3, 13 Apr. 2019, pp. 452–463, 10.1093/advances/nmy115; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6520041/
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Arora, Neha, et al; "Inhibition of Imiquimod-Induced Psoriasis-like Dermatitis in Mice by Herbal Extracts from Some Indian Medicinal Plants."; Protoplasma; U.S. National Library of Medicine; Mar. 2016; https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26016607
Bellinger, Phillip M., and Clare L. Minahan. "The Effect Of β-Alanine Supplementation on Cycling Time Trials of Different Length." European Journal of Sport Science, vol. 16, no. 7, 11 Dec. 2015, pp. 829–836, 10.1080/17461391.2015.1120782; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26652037/
Hobson, Ruth M., et al. "Effect of Beta-Alanine with and without Sodium Bicarbonate on 2,000-m Rowing Performance." International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism, vol. 23, no. 5, Oct. 2013, pp. 480–487, 10.1123/ijsnem.23.5.480; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23535873/
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Boel De Paepe; "Osmolytes as Mediators of the Muscle Tissue's Responses to Inflammation: Emerging Regulators of Myositis with Therapeutic Potential"; EMJ Rheumatol. 2017;4[1]:83-89; https://www.emjreviews.com/rheumatology/article/osmolytes-as-mediators-of-the-muscle-tissues-responses-to-inflammation-emerging-regulators-of-myositis-with-therapeutic-potential/
Caldas, Teresa, et al. "Thermoprotection by Glycine Betaine and Choline." Microbiology, vol. 145, no. 9, 1 Sept. 1999, pp. 2543–2548, 10.1099/00221287-145-9-2543; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10517607/
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Craig, Stuart AS. "Betaine in Human Nutrition." The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, vol. 80, no. 3, 1 Sept. 2004, pp. 539–549, 10.1093/ajcn/80.3.539; https://academic.oup.com/ajcn/article/80/3/539/4690529
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Jason Michael Cholewa, et al; "The Effects of Chronic Betaine Supplementation on Body Composition and Performance in Collegiate Females: a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial"; Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition; BioMed Central; 31 July 2018; https://jissn.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12970-018-0243-x
Gao, Xiang et al.; "Effect of Betaine on Reducing Body Fat—A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials."; Nutrients 2019, 11, 2480; https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/10/2480
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Armstrong, Lawrence E, et al. "Influence of Betaine Consumption on Strenuous Running and Sprinting in a Hot Environment." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol. 22, no. 3, May 2008, pp. 851–860, 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31816a6efb; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18438230
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Trepanowski, John F, et al. "The Effects of Chronic Betaine Supplementation on Exercise Performance, Skeletal Muscle Oxygen Saturation and Associated Biochemical Parameters in Resistance Trained Men." Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, vol. 25, no. 12, Dec. 2011, pp. 3461–3471, 10.1519/jsc.0b013e318217d48d; https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22080324/
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NuLiv Science; AstraGin Product Dossier; https://docdro.id/rA01t9O
Revive MD NAC: The Staggering Array of Benefits from N-Acetyl Cysteine
Blessing Awodibu: The Boogieman Joins MuscleTech | PPP #076


text:
Seeking better results
February 19, 1999, 13:30 CET
The Statoil organisation must work more efficiently if its results are to be improved.
A changing level of activity in the group explains why it will have to downsize.
Current estimates indicate that Statoil's overall personnel requirements are likely to contract by the equivalent of some 1,500 full-time jobs up to the end of 2000. That includes contract staff and consultants.
"We'll have a more reliable picture of future personnel needs once the group has reviewed its future level of activity and identified the potential offered by new and more effective working processes," says Kjølv E Egeland, senior vice president for human resources.
The process of dimensioning the group's human resources will be pursued in three stages:
* Step one will cover removal of contract staff and redeployment of Statoil's own employees.
* The second step will focus on downsizing schemes. These will be determined by the group's specific requirements, and could take the form of early retirement or scholarships/study funding for personnel wanting to retrain for new jobs outside Statoil.
* If the group still has personnel it cannot find jobs for after the first two steps have been completed, selective and specific voluntary redundancy packages will be considered. Compulsory redundancies could ultimately be unavoidable.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


Rewardzng is a community of peer to peer Network were members are united together in a common goal to assist and provide financial supports for other community member who is in need at a particular point in time.
Rewardzng is absolutely not illegal, it is a form of mutual benefit process where participants make their choice on whether to get help or provide help from the community at their own will, without any regulatory conditions.
Rewardzng is a crowd-funding organization with the interest of its members at heart. We took time to study other mutual funding community and why they failed: from the results of this study, we carefully moulded/redesigned rewardzng and it is our faith that we will work with participants to build it to become a strong and sustainable platform. Rather than continue to lose money in unstable platforms, join us at Rewardzng to guarantee your profit and peace of mind.
2. HOW DOES REWARDZNG WORK?
First, you register on the website and donate any amount from a minimum of ₦5,000 to a maximum of ₦2,000,000. You will then be matched with another member who has qualified to Receive donation. When you have been matched, you are given a maximum of 24 hours to make payment to the person(s). When your payment(s) are confirmed, you wait for after seven days before you can Get donation by clicking on the Get donation button which will inform the system to merge you to receive after a growth period of 7days – 28days, depending on how you want to maximize your profit. It's that simple.
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When you register and you PH, you will be merged to pay one or more uplines who are automatically assigned to you by the system. Failure to provide the help within 24 hours of being matched will cause your account to be blocked. Do not offer to provide help if the money is not readily available.
4. WHEN WILL I GET HELP?
Immediately after you have successfully provided help and been confirmed, a Get Help button will be enabled for you to click on after 7 days, which will activate the system to pair you with downlines to pay you your capital and the 35% ROI in 7days or following the normal charts of subsequent returns till 100% in 28days. The system will merge you after 7days (counting from the time you clicked the GH). You will see the exact time on your dashboard.
5. WHAT IS THE RECOMMITMENT SYSTEM?
The re-commitment system is built in to help keep the system liquid and stable. After providing help, at the point of getting help, 30% of your profit will be reserved in the system. The next time you provide help and you want to get help again, the system will add the reserved 30% to you and a fresh 30% will be reserved again to be added to you at the next time of get help. It goes like that continously.
6. WHAT HAPPENS IF A DOWNLINE FAILS TO PAY ME?
Downlines have a period of 12 hours to make payments: if he/she fails to pay, due to any unforeseen circumstances the receiver at his/her discretion extend the timer. If such participants fails totally to redeem his donation, the account will be blocked and you will be re–matched.
Yes! When you have received complete payment, you are to make another offer to provide help or the system automatically blocks your account if you do not make a provide help offer within 24 hours of complete GH.
8. IS THERE REFERRAL BONUS?
Yes. Rewardzng gives you a bonus of 10% of every donation for each active member that registers with your link. The bonus can only be withdrawn at the same time with your normal GH. Referral Bonus paid cannot be greater than your donation amount. So if you have big referral bonus, you must donate big to withdraw all.
9. CAN I MAKE MULTIPLE DONATIONS ON ONE ACCOUNT?
No, the system accepts only one donation request at a time.
10. CAN I HAVE MULTIPLE ACCOUNTS?
Multiple accounts are not encouraged..
Rewardzng system has been designed to last long and occupy all its participants..
0 Response to "Best Peer to peer Donation Platform Rewardzng.com Launches On Nov 13"


You're not likely to locate anything crazy with this particular tool, but that's the glory of it. The pricing is simple. The features are easy, and the overall interface makes it quite simple to communicate with customers who need answers quickly.
So let's take a deeper look into the live chat platform to understand who it is best for and which of those attributes are impressive.
Pure Chat is a live chat software which lets users communicate with their clients directly on their site. Its features include unlimited agents, boundless chats, full chat background, widget customization, and much more. We compiled Pure Chat user reviews from around the net and determined that it has generally positive evaluations. We also shared its accessible pricing choices.
Users that gave Pure Chat a favorable review stated that the app is simple to set up and navigate because of its user friendly interface. They also enjoy the way the tab switches to an email form when each of the operators are all offline.
A user who left a positive overview of Chat on G2 Crowd stated they have been in a position to convince customers to commit to a purchase within minutes of communicating via the app. He also likes the way the tool supplies them with a means to answer customers' questions quickly and promote their goods without the use of phone calls.
A user who left a negative review of Chat on Capterra complained about becoming timed out without notifications. He explained that this makes it hard to keep agents who've retail duties on chat during high traffic hours causing them to lose potential business. He also suggested adding an onscreen prompt which reminds them whenever they've been logged off.
Notifications are delivered to you when a conversation comes from, and you can schedule when you are available for chatting to ensure clients know when you are online.
Implementing a chat box on your site only requires a quick copy and paste of a code or the use of the Shopify, Weebly and WordPress plugins. After that you have the capability to personalize what the conversation box looks like prior to, during and following the conversation. Feel free to change about colours, set causes for when the chat box pops open and configure the forms that you need individuals to fill out before talking to you.
You've got the chance to decide on the default option stylings (which can be nice,) but the layout tools are easy enough for beginners and powerful enough for more sophisticated users.
The two iOS and Android programs are offered for those who would like to handle live chats while on the go. For instance, if you need to leave the workplace but still wish to provide the best support out there, you won't need to fret about it using a mobile app.
Pretty much all the features you would find on the regular dashboard are all carried over to the mobile apps. You have settings for actually executing the talks, together with setting your accessibility, managing transcripts and more. This gives you a little boost of confidence as it doesn't matter where you are when viewing who's on your site in real-time. Your customer support is continually managed, since it functions like texting from your phone.
The reporting is just one of the strongest parts of Chat, since it not only provides you the functionality for exporting accounts, but it provides amazing graphs and imagery for seeing chat metrics over time. You can track your customer satisfaction to make decisions about your employees or to figure out which particular clients you might be spending too much time on.
The Pure Chat service outlets are far more impressive than a number of the other options you will discover for live chat. For instance, a site is provided for studying about updates and tips, while the Guides page is full of information on the best way best to sell online, how to handle rude customers, the way to get more live chats and more.
The FAQ page gives you an idea of what other men and women are talking about using PureChat, while the primary Support page is a knowledge base with documentation for both installations, integrations, chat boxes and more. I didn't find any service modules for calling in or emailing, so it looks like you are going to have to finish the majority of the research yourself.
Pure Chat doesn't have a free trial. But you don't want one at all, because the company delivers a solid free plan that you could continue to use for as long as you would like. The paid programs are reasonably priced too, and the monthly obligations bring along a broad set of features that you don't get together with the free bundle.
Free — For $0 you receive support for one user, one site, boundless chats per month, a 1 day discussion history and native mobile apps.
Starter — For $20 a month you receive support for two consumers, two websites, unlimited chats each month, per 30 day chat background, native mobile apps, reports, visitor tracking, SMS notifications and integrations.
Growth — For $100 per month you get everything from the former plan and service for ten consumers, five sites, an infinite chat history and also the ability to eliminate the Chat branding.
We like the Free program for people just testing out the machine, but the true functionality comes into play once you opt for the Starter Plan. The only criticism I have is that you need to get all of the way up into the $100 per month plan to remove branding.
7 Ways Live Chat will be able to help you Achieve First Contact Settlement — Addressing a client's concern at the very first point of contact is an integral performance indicator. Have a look at this article to find out more about how employing a live chat program can enhance your customer service and grow your customer base.
Free Small Business Software: 37 Tools For Simplifying Your Business — There are a lot of free tools that can help you keep expenses down. In this report, we discuss with you some answers from small business owners using these tools to produce their business procedures easier for free.
Yes. Pure Chat has a 30-day money-back guarantee for clients that aren't satisfied with their services. Read the following directions to learn the cancelation terms and other specifics.


Platform Evangelist, Adobe Systems, Inc.
Kevin Hoyt is a Group Manager of Platform Evangelism at Adobe, Inc. where he's been actively involved in furthering web technologies for almost ten years. As a Platform Evangelist, Kevin is responsible for covering a broad array of Adobe technologies, and spends upwards of seventy percent of the year presenting keynotes, session and hands-on labs at conferences and user group events across the globe. Prior to joining Adobe, Kevin held various information technology roles ranging from web design to enterprise infrastructure. Kevin lives in Denver, CO and enjoys photography and general aviation in his free time.
Open source hardware has arrived, and it's taking the market by storm. In this session get a gentle introduction to the world of electronics hardware featuring Arduino - an open source prototyping platform. We will collect sensor data for light, distance, temperature and humidity, send it wirelessly to the cloud, and then display all that beautiful data using the open source Adobe Flex SDK. Read more.


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Q: Azure Durable Function - Queue Instances of Orchestration for Single Instance ID I have a data layer that is created and updated from multiple input layers. We currently use functions and a Service Bus session to ensure that only a single worker is ever trying to update a data layer at a time, even if there are multiple input layers that need to be aggregated in the queue. We'd like to use a Durable Orchestration though, since the aggregation function is long running with multiple steps. Is there a way to ensure that a single orchestration is only ever running for a Data Layer ID, and the orchestration is still invoked for all pending Input Layers?

I've used an InstanceId, but calling StartNew with an instance ID that is already running errors (I was hoping it would queue).
I've thought of creating eternal orchestrators that loop and wait for external events, since external events queue. My understanding though is this would create an eternal orchestrator per Data Layer ID, which are significant.
I've also thought of a still using Service Bus sessions, and have the function that invokes the orchestrator and monitor its progress - but this would then keep a long running function active that is, technically, doing nothing - not sure how that would impact the runtime (would be pretty light weight in theory, just a sleep/check loop)?
I've also looked at durable entities to trigger the orchestrator, but I don't think there is a reliable way to block within the durable entity method and wait for the orchestration to complete - and it may be beyond the intended use case of the durable entity anyway since we wouldn't use it to store state, just for coordination.

A: By setting maxConcurrentCalls and maxConcurrentSessions to 1 , you would achieve singleton processing and I think this would solve your problems as you need a single instance to update the data layer
https://learn.microsoft.com/en-us/azure/azure-functions/functions-bindings-service-bus?tabs=in-process%2Cextensionv5%2Cextensionv3&pivots=programming-language-csharp#hostjson-settings
Feel free to reach out to me if you have any queries or concerns.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


NEW YORK (AP) - Amazon.com Inc. forced WikiLeaks to stop using the U.S. company's computers to distribute embarrassing State Department communications and other documents, WikiLeaks said Wednesday.
The ouster came after congressional staff questioned Amazon about its relationship with WikiLeaks, said Sen. Joe Lieberman, an independent from Connecticut.
WikiLeaks confirmed it hours after The Associated Press reported that Amazon's servers had stopped hosting WikiLeaks' site. The site was unavailable for several hours before it moved back to its previous Swedish host, Bahnhof AB.
WikiLeaks released a trove of sensitive diplomatic documents on Sunday. Just before the release, its website came under an Internet-based attack that made it unavailable for hours at a time.
WikiLeaks reacted by moving the website from computers in Sweden to those of Amazon Web Services. Amazon has vast banks of computers that can be rented on a self-service basis to meet surges in traffic.
But that move exposed WikiLeaks to legal and political pressure.
"WikiLeaks servers at Amazon ousted. Free speech the land of the free—fine our $ are now spent to employ people in Europe," the organization said Wednesday in a posting on the Twitter messaging service.
"If Amazon are so uncomfortable with the first amendment, they should get out of the business of selling books," WikiLeaks said in another tweet.
Seattle-based Amazon.com would not comment on its relationship with WikiLeaks.
"The company's decision to cut off WikiLeaks now is the right decision and should set the standard for other companies WikiLeaks is using to distribute its illegally seized material," Lieberman said in a statement. He added that he would have further questions for Amazon about the affair.
As an organization, WikiLeaks has no firm geographic base, but founder Julian Assange sought to establish residency in Sweden to take advantage of laws protecting those who funnel information to the media. However, authorities rejected his application for a residency permit.
Swedish police are now seeking to arrest Australian-born Assange based on allegations of sexual assault stemming from his stay in the country. Assange has denied the charges.
Swedish police issued an international arrest warrant on Wednesday, though they haven't filed formal charges. Assange's whereabouts are unknown.
AP Technology Writer Rachel Metz in San Francisco contributed to this report.


text:
Shawsheen Indians were a United States soccer club based in Andover, Massachusetts during the early 1920s.

History
The Shawsheen Football Club, known by its nickname The Indians, was founded by George Park and played in the New Bedford Industrial Soccer League in the early 1920s.  In 1924, Park left the team and George Wallace, private secretary to William Wood owner of the American Woolen Company, took over management of the team.  He had a vision of taking the Indians to the top of the U.S. soccer world.  To realize that dream, he convinced Mr. Wood to sponsor the team and fund the building of a state of the art soccer stadium, Balmoral Park.  Wallace then recruited several Scottish league players to move to the United States.  In 1924, the Indians entered the Massachusetts State Cup for the first time, easily disposing of the competition, including a 3-0 victory over the Holyoke Falcos in the final.  In the fall of 1924, Shawsheen entered a semi-professional New England league known as the National League.  The Indians won the 1924-1925 league title.  It also entered the 1925 National Challenge Cup, the first time the Indians had entered the Challenge Cup.  Despite their novice status, they ran away with the championship, defeating the Chicago Canadian Club 3-0 in the April 14, 1925 final at Mark's Stadium. Wallace had attained his goal of taking his team to the top.  The only step remaining was to turn fully professional and compete with the best teams in the region on a weekly basis.  To do this, he entered the Indians in the professional American Soccer League for the 1925-1926 season.  Using a revamped lineup, including several players on loan from the Fall River Marksmen, the Indians began the season well.  However, William Wood died early in the season and his successors ended the American Woolen Company's sponsorship of the Indians.  Attendance alone was unable to pay for the team's expenses and it was forced into banckruptcy, withdrew from the ASL at the end of March 1926 and ceased operations.

Year-by-year

Honors
National Challenge Cup
Winners 1925: 1

Massachusetts State Cup
 Winners 1924: 1

References

Defunct soccer clubs in Massachusetts
American Soccer League (1921–1933) teams
1926 disestablishments in Massachusetts
American Woolen Company
Association football clubs disestablished in 1926
U.S. Open Cup winners

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


text:
FuJET Constitution
Constitution of The Fukushima Association for Japan Exchange and Teaching (FuJET)
This organization shall be known as the Fukushima Association for Japan Exchange and Teaching (FuJET), hereafter referred to as FuJET.
Article II: Mission Statement
The Fukushima Association for Japan Exchange and Teaching (FuJET) is an independent volunteer organization affiliated with the Association for Japan Exchange and Teaching (AJET). FuJET's mission is to support its community in all the areas of foreign language education, internationalization, and cultural exchange. By promoting both a professional and social network, FuJET endeavors to create a positive, diverse, and dynamic community that works to improve Fukushima's global community.
Article III: Purpose
FuJET aims to help with life in Japan by, but not limited to, providing a social and emotional network for members, keeping the community well informed about cultural and volunteer opportunities, and event planning that allows the community to support each other while coming together and promoting internationalization. Safe and accessible events which strengthen the Fukushima community are the main focus of the organization. FuJET aims to provide a safe space for all members of the community in all its events and functions.
Article IV: Membership
FuJET membership is open to anybody who is in line with FuJET's mission and organisation goals. All Fukushima ALTs, CIRs, NTs, SEAs, and foreign teachers are automatically members of the Fukushima AJET community.
Membership in FuJET is free. No dues are to be collected. FuJET events will be financed through Event Attendance Fees which shall be announced before each event. FuJET is a nonprofit organisation and subsequently all money collected from the community will be used to benefit the community. In no way will the officers profit from being a part of the FuJET council.
Article V: The FuJET Council
The FuJET Council shall represent the members of FuJET within the Association for Japan Exchange and Teaching (AJET), FuJET's partners and other parties. The FuJET Council shall be the chief policy-making body for the administration of FuJET. The FuJET Council may also establish committees as deemed necessary.
Article VI: Executive Officers and Cabinet Officers
FuJET shall have two distinct types of officers:
Officers of the FuJET Council. These consist of:
Cabinet Officers
The Executive Officers shall be the President, Vice President/Secretary, and Treasurer. Executive Officers shall oversee the operation of the FuJET Council, making decisions between FuJET Council meetings that promote and support FuJET's mission statement and purpose. Executive Officers shall recommend policies to and coordinate the agendas of the FuJET Council. Executive Officers shall have various other duties and responsibilities. Decisions made by Executive Officers on behalf of the Council are subject to review by the FuJET Council.
Cabinet Officers shall be appointed for a one-year term, unless otherwise specified, to perform specific tasks as set out by the FuJET Council.
Cabinet Officers shall be nominated by the membership of FuJET and approved by the voting members of the FuJET Council with a majority vote (over 50%)
New positions may be created and new appointments made based on the needs of FuJET.
The term of office for all elected and appointed FuJET Council Officers shall be one (1) year from May 1st until April 30th of the following year.
Article VI: Meetings
The FuJET Council shall hold meetings in person and through conference calls. Group discussions and voting may also be held via email. The procedure for meetings shall be established by the Executive Officers in conjunction with the FuJET Council.
The FuJET Council shall achieve a quorum when at least one (1) Executive Officer and at least two-thirds (2/3) of the Council are present.
When organising a meeting, two (2) days notice is required, unless two-thirds (2/3) of the FuJET Council votes in favour of waiving this notice.
Article VII: Elections
The FuJET Council shall hold annual elections for the elected positions of the FuJET Council. These elections are to conclude no later than May first (1st), but may conclude earlier.
The Executive Officers shall be the Elections Officers and, along with the Webmaster, form the Election Committee. The Election Committee shall determine various other election rules including the date of elections, in conjunction with and subject to the FuJET Constitution.
Voting for the elected positions of the FuJET Council shall be conducted online by the Elections Officers and Webmaster. The Elections Officers and Webmaster must keep any information they receive confidential.
In the event of a council vacancy after the election, the Executive Officers shall appoint an appropriate person from the membership of FuJET. This member must be approved by a majority vote (more than 50%) of the voting members of the FuJET Council.
Article VIII: Resignations, Removal, and Vacant Seats
A FuJET Council member who wishes to resign from the FuJET Council may do so by submitting his or her resignation in writing, by letter or e-mail, to the Executive Officers.
A FuJET Council member that is found to be either delinquent in his or her duties, and/or in violation of the FuJET's purpose and mission statement may be removed from the FuJET Council. Should they have been found to be in breach of FuJET's purpose and mission statement and/or have failed to uphold their duties as a FuJET Council member as stated in the FuJET Constitution, the FuJET Council member may be brought up for review if any of the following has occurred:
They have been warned twice in writing, via letter or email by the Executive Officers.
A motion has been brought against them by at least one Executive Officer.
A petition has been put forth by FuJET community members.
For a review to take place, the person in question must be notified of the action two (2) weeks in advance. Notification may take place by email, provided the council member confirms receipt of the message. The council member must be given the opportunity to address these concerns with the FuJET Council, including at least two Executive Officers.
They may then be removed by:
A unanimous vote by the voting members of the FuJET Council, except for the person under review. Abstentions will not count as negative votes.
The Executive Officers shall appoint an appropriate person from the membership of FuJET to replace the departing Council member for the remainder of the FuJET year. This member must be approved by a vote of more than fifty percent (50%) of the voting members of the FuJET Council.
The procedure in Section 3 also applies in the event that a seat on the Council is vacant for reasons other than resignation or removal.
Article IX: Bylaws
The FuJET Council shall create Bylaws for this Constitution for the administration of FuJET. To go into effect, a Bylaw shall be proposed through a motion put forth by an Executive Officer and approved by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the voting members of the FuJET Council.
Article X: Amendments to the Constitution
Amendments to this Constitution may be proposed to the membership of FuJET if the amendment:
Has been put forth to the FuJET Council in a motion by an Executive Officer and approved by a two-thirds (2/3) vote of the voting members of the FuJET Council; or
To be ratified, any proposed amendments must be posted in full with the ballot and approved by two-thirds (2/3) of the votes received in an online ballot of the FuJET membership, provided at least ten percent (10%) of the membership votes.
If the vote fails to meet quorum, an amendment may be ratified by a three-fourths (3/4) majority of the voting members of the FuJET Council.
mexes.com.ua/
emozzi.com.ua/
www.uniti.ua/


Michelle entered the GED and Beyond program at the Dorchester Neighborhood Service Center in March of 2003. Michelle wanted to get her GED so she could put high school behind her, attend college, and pursue a nursing career. As a single mother living and working in Dorchester, attending classes three days a week was going to require enormous strength and persistence.
By December of the same year, Michelle had passed 4 out of the 5 GED exams. All that was left was the math test. When they arrived, the results of the math exams were disheartening. Michelle hadn�t passed. Not on her first or second attempt. These were the hardest days. Michelle discussed her concerns openly: How could she remain in class any longer? Bills were piling up, her son needed her, and she felt the math exam was hopeless. Somehow Michelle stuck with it.
The third time was the charm. Michelle passed her math exam in March 2004, completing all of her GED exams in just under a year. Since then, she has been accepted for enrollment at Roxbury Community College, and is volunteering the Dorchester Neighborhood Service Center organizing GED alumni events. The future looks bright. Michelle�s family, friends, and teacher all share her joy. We are excited to see what you will accomplish next.


text:
F-15 Eagle Literally Breaking Apart
Jesus Diaz
As part of the ongoing investigation on the accident that has nearly one third of the US F-15 Eagle fleet grounded, Boeing Phantom Works has released this simulation reconstructing the "structural failure of a US Air National Guard F-15C, caused by fatigue cracking of a forward fuselage longeron, slowed down to one-fifth the actual speed of the event!" In other words: "ZOMG! The cockpit broke apart!" Fortunately, the pilot survived the extremely violent accident, which is amazing although not as incredible as the Israeli pilot who managed to land his Eagle after a crash ripped off an entire wing:
Looking at this video it seems that the F-15s are quite formidable machines, even while the USAF investigation is pointing at Boeing's responsibility for a "faulty manufacturing process" that led to the failure of the long structural beams (longerons) that keep the fuselage together.
"The accident investigation board president (Wignall) found, by clear and convincing evidence, the cause of this accident was a failure of the upper right longeron, a critical support structure in the F-15C aircraft," the report says.
About 20 minutes after takeoff from an airfield near St. Louis on Nov. 2, the forward fuselage of Maj. Stephen Stilwell's $42 million F-15C Eagle shook violently and then broke apart 18,000 feet above the ground. Stilwell, his left shoulder dislocated and his left arm shattered, barely had time to safely eject as pieces of his aircraft tumbled from the sky over the Missouri countryside.
More troubling, however, are the results of a parallel examination finding as many as 163 of the workhorse aircraft also have flawed support beams, or longerons. The aircraft remain grounded as the Air Force continues to search for how serious the problem is and whether extensive, costly repairs are needed. Another 19 of the aircraft have yet to be inspected and also remain grounded.
Nearly 260 of the A through D model F-15s, first fielded in the mid-1970s, were returned to flight status Tuesday following fleet-wide inspections.
[Defense Tech and Military.com]


text:
Driver distraction – a factor in level crossing fatalities.
Sochon, P, Davies, S, Faulks, I, Regan, M, Stevenson, M, Brown, J, Porter, A, Irwin, J
Keywords: Driver Risk & Behaviour
Every year a number of crashes, some involving fatalities, occur at road/rail intersections, commonly called railway level crossings (RLX). In the five years 1997-2002, 220 fatalities have occurred at railway level crossings in Australia. These comprise both vehicle and pedestrian crashes.
Railway level crossing safety is a very high priority for the rail industry and significant efforts are being devoted to improve the safety of these environments where road and rail meet. For example, the rail industry recently announced new uniform lighting standards to improve train visibility when approaching railway level crossings. In addition, research into driver behaviour at railway level crossings is being conducted under the auspices of the Rail Cooperative Research Centre for Railway Engineering and Technologies based at Central Queensland University.
As well as this, in April 2005 the Australasian Railway Association held the inaugural National Railway Level Crossing Behavioural Workshop where road and rail safety experts came together to discuss ways of reducing incidents at railway level crossings. Emerging from the workshop is a way forward to develop a National Plan to coordinate the activities and information sharing of the States on improving railway level crossing safety, and specifically educating drivers about the dangers of railway level crossings.
Of considerable concern to the rail industry is the fact that unintended driver error is a factor in 46% of fatal railway level crossing incidents, as opposed to 22% for other fatal road crashes. The focus on driver distraction on the whole provides an opportunity to examine the special features of railway level crossings and to develop behavioural countermeasures to improve this important area of road-rail safety.
NSW Chapter Seminar: Driver Inattention and Distraction
The frequency and nature of aggressive acts on Australian roads
Towards linking driving complexity to crash risk
Conduct of road surveys providing policy-relevant data on prevalent risks for road crashes in Fiji
Non-use of seat belts and associated risk taking behaviours among drivers involved in a serious injury crash in metropolitan, regional and remote Western Australia
Comfort accessories for elderly drivers: Influence on occupant injury risk
The effects of driver feedback and financial incentives on driving behaviours: a randomised control trial
Development of a distraction safety rating system for the in-vehicle human machine interface
Do motorists really intend to speed in school zones? an experiment to address traffic offending
Gender differences in crash characteristics among occupants aged 17-25 years admitted to hospital in NSW


text:
Q: How to enforce rule-based object ordering when inserting into a list I have an interface IRenderable and a class that manages rendering all instances of classes implementing the interface.
I have many classes in my code and will expect others to create classes that implement the same interface.
Due to the nature of rendering I want to say things like "Draw instances of this class before instances of this class".
The typical approach is to have every class implement a DrawOrder property, however I dislike this because classes don't have a definite draw order value, it's the relative order that matters. If I gave every class a DrawOrder property anyone implementing the interface would need to know what the values of all classes were. Obviously this isn't possible if many people could implement their own class.

What I'd like is to be able to define rules that say "ClassA before ClassB, ClassC before ClassA", then when working out the draw order / adding instances I could infer a correct drawing order. Others implementing the interface could add their own rules relating to built in implementations and their own additions.

EDIT: What I'm hoping for is some class that manages the rules and manages maintaining an order, something like below:
class Renderer
{
    private List<Rule> Rules;

    private List<IRenderable> Renderables;

    // Adds to list of rules
    void EnforceBefore(Type FirstClass, Type SecondClass);

    // Inserts items ensuring all rules are followed.
    void Insert(IRenderable ClassInstance);

    void RenderAll();
}

Classes could then add rules as appropriate (or I could have an interface method that returns them).
Below is a quick test that doesn't work
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        List<string> MyList = new List<string> { "wherever", "second", "first", "third", "first", "third", "second" };

        RuleBasedComparer<string> RuleComparer = new RuleBasedComparer<string>();

        // I want to ensure all instances of "first" appear in the list before all instances of "second"
        // and all instances of "second" appear in the list before all instances of "third".
        // I don't care where "wherever" appears (or anything beyond the above rules)

        RuleComparer.AddRule("first", "second");
        RuleComparer.AddRule("second", "third");

        MyList.Sort(RuleComparer);

        foreach (var item in MyList)
            Console.WriteLine(item);
        Console.ReadKey();
    }
}

public class RuleBasedComparer<T> : Comparer<T>
{
    private class OrderRule
    {
        public readonly T Before;
        public readonly T After;

        public OrderRule(T before, T after)
        {
            Before = before;
            After = after;
        }
    }

    private List<OrderRule> _Rules = new List<OrderRule>();

    public void AddRule(T before, T after)
    {
        _Rules.Add(new OrderRule(before, after));
    }

    public override int Compare(T x, T y)
    {
        // Find the applicable rule for this pair (if any)
        var ApplicableRule = _Rules.Where(or => or.After.Equals(x) && or.Before.Equals(y) ||
                                                or.After.Equals(y) && or.Before.Equals(x)).SingleOrDefault();

        if (ApplicableRule != null)
        {
            // If there is a rule then if x should be before y then return -1, otherwise return 1
            if (ApplicableRule.Before.Equals(x))
                return -1;
            else
                return 1;
        }
        else
        {
            // If no rule exists then say they are equal
            return 0;
        }
    }
}

TL;DR: How do I go from rules that say things like "ClassA before ClassB" to a definite ordering of instances/classes.
Ambiguities created by a lack of complete rules shouldn't matter, I just want the existing rules adhered to.

A: You could add two attributes, that would take a type as parameter, and require the target class to be IRenderable.
[Before(typeof(MyClass))]

[After(typeof(MyClass))]

Then you'd have to fetch all classes that implement IRenderable and retrieve those attributes.
Then all you have to do is sort them in the right order (i'm relying on an algorithm pro to come up with a fancy algorithm name on this one).
You'll have to decide what to do if the result is ambiguous (i.e: two classes are after the same one).
Of course you could implement a similar logic through the same interface but this goes slightly out of the scope of IRenderable's duty in my opinion so i'd make another one.
HTH,
Bab.

A: Can the renderer determine the ordering of all classes, even those that aren't implemented yet? If so, then you can create an IComparer<IRenderable>. If you don't know what the desired order of classes implemented in the future is, then this is no more feasible than relying on the implementers to specify the draw order explicitly!
Normally for e.g. rendering, you can often determine the draw order from properties of the objects, so you could have a comparer that decides render order based on known rendering properties such as transparency, ui-layer and so on.
public class RenderOrderComparer : IComparer<IRenderable>
{
    public int Compare(IRenderable a, IRenderable b)
    {
       if (a.IsOverlay && !b.IsOverlay)
         return -1;
       if (b.IsOverlay && !a.IsOverlay)
         return 1,
       if (a.IsTransparent && !b.IsTransparent)
         return -1;
       if (b.IsTransparent && !a.IsTransparent)
         return 1;
       // ...and so on.

       return 0;
    }
}

(Note that you should consider extending Comparer rather than implementing IComparer, see the MSDN Documentation on IComparer)
The other option is a more rule based per-class solution where you let all classes decide by implementing the IComparable interface. This gives each class the opportunity to order itself before/after other (known) classes. The drawback here is of course that it can't provide rules for classes it doesn't know exist. Also, you can't be sure that ClassA says it should render before ClassB, while ClassB says it should render before ClassA. A scheme like this demands that you maintain the ordering for all types, to see that it is consistent. Basically you end up with a comparer implementation distributed over all your classes, which might be a bad thing.
public interface IRenderable : IComparable<IRenderable>
{
    int Id { get; }
}

public class SomeRenderable : IRenderable
{
   public int CompareTo(IRenderable other)
   {
      if (other is SomeRenderable)
         return 0;
      if (other is OtherRenderableType)
         return 1;
   }
}

A: I've managed to figure out a method that seems to work (complete code example below).
Basically I add my rules, then I assign everything included in a rule with a possible ordering by inserting them into a list one by one, observing the rules as I add each one. The position of the item in the list becomes the ordering. When comparing 2 things in the list (not in a rule) I just return 0.
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq;

class Program
{
    static void Main(string[] args)
    {
        List<string> MyList = new List<string> { "second", "first", "second2", "wherever", "third", "second2", "third", "second", "first" };

        RuleBasedComparer<string> RuleComparer = new RuleBasedComparer<string>();

        // I want to ensure all instances of "first" appear in the list before all instances of "second" and "second2"
        // and all instances of "second" and "second2" appear in the list before all instances of "third".
        // I don't care where "wherever" appears (or anything beyond the above rules)

        RuleComparer.AddRule("first", "second");
        RuleComparer.AddRule("first", "second2");
        RuleComparer.AddRule("second", "third");
        RuleComparer.AddRule("second2", "third");

        MyList.Sort(RuleComparer);

        foreach (var item in MyList)
            Console.WriteLine(item);
        Console.ReadKey();
    }
}

public class RuleBasedComparer<T> : Comparer<T>
{
    private class OrderRule
    {
        public readonly T Before;
        public readonly T After;

        public OrderRule(T before, T after)
        {
            Before = before;
            After = after;
        }
    }

    private List<OrderRule> _Rules = new List<OrderRule>();

    private List<T> DesiredOrdering = new List<T>();

    private bool _NeedToCalculateOrdering = true;

    public void AddRule(T before, T after)
    {
        if (!_NeedToCalculateOrdering)
            throw new InvalidOperationException("Cannot add rules once this comparer has.");

        _Rules.Add(new OrderRule(before, after));
    }

    private void CalculateOrdering()
    {
        _NeedToCalculateOrdering = false;

        var ItemsToOrder = _Rules.SelectMany(r => new[] { r.Before, r.After }).Distinct();

        foreach (var ItemToOrder in ItemsToOrder)
        {
            var MinIndex = 0;
            var MaxIndex = DesiredOrdering.Count;

            foreach (var Rule in _Rules.Where(r => r.Before.Equals(ItemToOrder)))
            {
                var indexofAfter = DesiredOrdering.IndexOf(Rule.After);

                if (indexofAfter != -1)
                {
                    MaxIndex = Math.Min(MaxIndex, indexofAfter);
                }
            }

            foreach (var Rule in _Rules.Where(r => r.After.Equals(ItemToOrder)))
            {
                var indexofBefore = DesiredOrdering.IndexOf(Rule.Before);

                if (indexofBefore != -1)
                {
                    MinIndex = Math.Max(MinIndex, indexofBefore + 1);
                }
            }

            if (MinIndex > MaxIndex)
                throw new InvalidOperationException("Invalid combination of rules found!");

            DesiredOrdering.Insert(MinIndex, ItemToOrder);
        }
    }

    public override int Compare(T x, T y)
    {
        if (_NeedToCalculateOrdering)
            CalculateOrdering();

        if (x == null && y != null)
        {
            return -1;
        }
        else if (x != null && y == null)
            return 1;
        else if (x == null && y == null)
            return 0;

        // Find the applicable rule for this pair (if any)
        var IndexOfX = DesiredOrdering.IndexOf(x);
        var IndexOfY = DesiredOrdering.IndexOf(y);

        if (IndexOfX != -1 && IndexOfY != -1)
        {
            // We have a definite order
            if (IndexOfX > IndexOfY)
                return 1;
            else if (IndexOfX < IndexOfY)
                return -1;
            else
                return 0;
        }
        else if (IndexOfX != -1)
        {
            return -1;
        }
        else if (IndexOfY != -1)
        {
            return 1;
        }
        else
        {
            return 0; // Or maybe compare x to y directly
            //return Comparer<T>.Default.Compare(x, y);
        }
    }
}


text:
Q: How do I scrape websites which don't return the source code using Python? I am trying to scrape the 'ASX code' for announcements made by companies on the Australian Stock Exchange from the following website: http://www.asx.com.au/asx/statistics/todayAnns.do
So far I have tried using BeautifulSoup with the following code:
import requests
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
response = requests.get('http://www.asx.com.au/asx/statistics/todayAnns.do')
parser = BeautifulSoup(response.content, 'html.parser')
print(parser)

However when I print this, it does not print the same as when I manually go onto the page and view the page source. I have done some googling and looked on stackoverflow and believe that this is due to Javascript running on the page which hides the html code.
However I am unsure how to go about getting around this. Any help would be greatly appreciated.
Thanks in advance.

A: Try this. All you need to do is let the scraper wait for some moments until the page is loaded cause you perhaps already noticed that the content is being loaded dynamically. However, upon execution you will get the left sided header of the table from that webpage.
import time
from bs4 import BeautifulSoup
from selenium  import webdriver

driver = webdriver.Chrome()
driver.get('http://www.asx.com.au/asx/statistics/todayAnns.do')
time.sleep(8)

soup = BeautifulSoup(driver.page_source,"lxml")
for item in soup.select('.row'):
    print(item.text)
driver.quit()

Partial results:
RLC
RNE
PFM
PDF
HXG
NCZ
NCZ

Btw, I've written and executed this code using python 3.5. So, no issues are there with latest version of python when it comes to bind selenium.


text:
Das Landschaftsschutzgebiet Enkenberg ein 48,1 ha großes Landschaftsschutzgebiet (LSG) nordwestlich von Beringhausen im Stadtgebiet von Marsberg. Das Gebiet wurde 2002 mit dem Landschaftsplan Hoppecketal durch den Kreistag des Hochsauerlandkreises ausgewiesen. Ein LSG-Bereich um den Enkenberggipfel wurde 2004 eine Teilfläche des Fauna-Flora-Habitat-Gebietes (FFH) Gewässersystem Diemel und Hoppecke (Natura 2000-Nr. DE-4617-302) im Europäischen Schutzgebietssystem nach Natura 2000 mit 588 ha Größe.

Rechtliche Rahmen
Das Landschaftsschutzgebiet Enkenberg wurde als eines von 38 Landschaftsschutzgebieten vom Typ C im Stadtgebiet von Marsberg ausgewiesen. Im Stadtgebiet Marsberg gibt es auch vier Landschaftsschutzgebiete vom LSG Typ A, Allgemeiner Landschaftsschutz, wo unter anderem das Errichten von Bauten verboten ist. Ferner 25 Landschaftsschutzgebiete vom LSG Typ B, Ortsrandlagen und Landschaftscharakter, wo zusätzlich Erstaufforstungen und auch die Neuanlage von Weihnachtsbaumkulturen, Schmuckreisig- und Baumschulkulturen verboten sind. Wie in den anderen 37 Landschaftsschutzgebieten vom Typ C im Landschaftsplangebiet Marsberg besteht im LSG zusätzlich ein Umwandlungsverbot von Grünland und Grünlandbrachen in Acker oder andere Nutzungsformen. Eine maximal zweijährige Ackernutzung innerhalb von zwölf Jahren ist erlaubt, falls damit die Erneuerung der Grasnarbe vorbereitet wird. Dies gilt als erweiterter Pflegeumbruch. Beim erweiterten Pflegeumbruch muss ein Mindestabstand von 5 m vom Mittelwasserbett eingehalten werden.

Beschreibung
Beim Landschaftsschutzgebiet Enkenberg handelt es sich um Grünland.

Schutzzweck
Die Ausweisung erfolgte zur Erhaltung, Ergänzung und Optimierung eines Grünlandbiotop-Verbundsystems in den Talauen und den Magergrünland-Gesellschaften in den Naturschutzgebieten, damit Tiere und Pflanzen Wanderungs- und Ausbreitungsmöglichkeiten behalten, und dem Erhalt der Vorkommen geschützter Vogelarten sowie dem Schutz artenreicher Pflanzengesellschaften.

Siehe auch
 Liste der Landschaftsschutzgebiete im Hochsauerlandkreis

Literatur
 Hochsauerlandkreis – Untere Landschaftsbehörde: Landschaftsplan Hoppecketal. Meschede 2002, S. 141–142 u. 152.

Enkenberg
Schutzgebiet der IUCN-Kategorie V


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text:
James Wesley Marsters (Greenville, Californië, 20 augustus 1962) is een Amerikaans acteur en zanger. Hij speelde onder meer in de televisieserie Buffy the Vampire Slayer als de platinablonde punkvampier Spike. Hij verscheen in dezelfde gedaante ook in de spin-off Angel.

Marsters deed zijn inspiratie voor het Engelse accent van Spike op door te luisteren naar Anthony Stewart Head, die in dezelfde serie de rol van bibliothecaris Giles speelt. Naast het acteren leent de Amerikaan zijn stem aan tekenfilmpersonages en spreekt hij luisterboeken in, zoals The Dresden Files van Jim Butcher.
Hij was zanger van de Amerikaanse band "Ghost of the Robot" en treedt nu op als soloartiest (zang en gitaar).

Filmografie
A Bread Factory, Part Two (2018)
A Bread Factory, Part One (2018)
New Life (2016)
Dragon Warriors (2015)
Three Inches (2011, televisiefilm)
High Plains Invaders (2009)
Moonshot (2009)
Dragonball Evolution (2009)
P.S. I Love You (2007)
Superman: Doomsday (2007)
Shadow Puppets (2007)
Cool Money (2005, televisiefilm)
Chance (2002)
Strange Frequency 2 (2001, televisiefilm)
House on Haunted Hill (1999)
Winding Roads (1999, televisiefilm)

Televisieseries
*Alleen series waarin hij vaker dan eens verscheen genoemd
Northern Exposure (2x) (1992-1993)
Medicine Ball (2x) (1995)
Buffy the Vampire Slayer (97x) (1997-2003)
Angel (24x) (1999-2004)
Spider-Man: The New Animated Series (stem, 2x) (2003)
Smallville (14x) (2005-2010)
Without a Trace (4x) (2007-2008)
Torchwood (3x) (2008)
The Super Hero Squad Show (stem, 5x) (2009-2011)
Caprica (4x) (2010)
Hawaii Five-0 (4x) (2010-2014)
Metal Hurlant Chronicles (2x) (2012-2014)
Warehouse 13 (3x) (2013)
Witches of East End (7x) (2014)

Discografie
Buffy the Vampire Slayer Cast - Once More, with Feeling (2002) (gastzang)
Anthony Stewart Head en George Sarah - Music for Elevators (2002) (gastzang)

met Ghost of the Robot
Mad Brilliant (2002)
It's Nothing EP (2004) (EP)
(B)-Sider (2004)
Murphy's Law (2012)
Bourgeois Faux Pas (2015)
Pair of Bulls, Vol.1 (2018)

Solo
Civilized Man (2005)
Like a Waterfall (2007)

Strips
Als co-auteur:
Buffy the Vampire Slayer - Spike and Dru: Paint the Town Red (1999) (met Christopher Golden)
Spike: Into the Light (2014)

Externe links

 Officiële website van James Marsters

Amerikaans acteur
Amerikaans musicus
Amerikaans zanger
Amerikaans stripauteur


text:
Filmes
 Merry-Go-Round (1923) — dirigido por Erich von Stroheim
 Merry-Go-Round (1981) — com Françoise Prévost, Joe Dallessandro e Maria Schneider

Outros usos
 "Merry-Go-Round" — uma canção do grupo ABBA, do álbum People Need Love

Desambiguações de cinema
Desambiguações de música