Compensation Cafe: What Makes Someone an Executive?
What Makes Someone an Executive?
Editor's Note: Today's post comes to us courtesy of guest contributor Joe Thompson.
I was recently at a meeting at the White House Complex where I listened to a senior Federal executive bemoan Federal executive compensation. He adamantly insisted that executives in the private-sector with the same titles and the "same responsibilities" [I'm using 'air quotes'] earn compensation that is several fold higher than the salaries of Federal executives. In his argument, he did not seem to recognize that he was comparing total compensation with salary. However, such a distinction was only ancillary to his point, which was telling Administration officials that executive pay disparity was a major problem that had to be fixed to stem the exodus of executives from his organization.
Now, as I listened to him, I couldn't help but think of several arguably-compensable differences between a Federal executive and their non-Federal counterparts. For one thing, I couldn't help but think that a better, though still far from accurate, compensation comparison for Federal executives would be non-profit executives.
For another thing, Federal executives seem have considerably more job security than their counterparts. The data I've seen suggests that, in any given year, only 0.07% of Federal executives will be fired for disciplinary or performance reasons. In fact, the Federal government is probably one of the few institutions in which spectacular failure is often rewarded with large influxes of additional resources "to fix the problem." On second thought, that inverse relationship between success and reward could probably be expanded to include other public-sector enterprises and academia, too. But, I suspect it is far less common in the private sector.
So, all of that got me to thinking. What makes someone an executive who is thusly entitled to the prestigious (and sometimes toplofty) panoply of executive compensation?
Is it the size of the budget that one is responsible for? And if so, if the size of the budget matters, does it matter if you're merely responsible for spending that budget (ala a Federal executive who has to ensure that all of their monies down to the penny are spent every fiscal year) or achieving a demonstrable return on investment for that budget?
Is it the number of people in the hierarchical pyramids below a position that matter? If so, does what those people do for the broader organization matter, or merely the sheer quantity? For example, I know of one Federal organization with 550 employees and 14 senior executives, roughly a 39:1 ratio. So, if they were to hire an additional 40 employees, should they axiomatically accrete another "executive" to maintain proper executive spans of authority?
Rather than reinvent the compensation wheel, I thought I would pose the question to the wizened readers of this blog. What compensable factors make one an "executive" for the purposes of making apples-to-apples comparisons of executive compensation?
Joe Thompson, CCP, CCMP, is currently employed as a Human Capital Strategic Consultant at Booz Allen Hamilton where he assists clients with a wide range of human capital challenges. He has delivered human capital solutions across the talent management lifecycle including recruitment, job analysis, hiring, compensation and incentives, workforce planning, HR policy, attrition, performance management, change management, cyber human capital, and human capital program design, implementation, and evaluation. Joe has worked in the area of compensation for 10 years and, prior to Booz Allen, he has worked in the U.S. Intelligence Community and in the U.S. Navy.
Since I had advance warning (oops, I mean notice) that this posting was coming (although not the specific topic) - I was waiting with "baited breath" (whatever that is . . .) to see what Joe's post would be about.
First, I liked the reference to the Grand Viceroy (and the back story), although you didn't do full justice to actual title - The Galactic Viceroy of Research Excellence. It was interesting that the Galactic Viceroy at Microsoft (James Mickens) had more than a couple of similarities to Mo Gawdat, the former head of research at Google X - who I actually had the pleasure of meeting earlier this year. Beyond the intellectual and personality similarities, if you go to the trouble of comparing images of the two, you'll quickly find yourself muttering the phrase, "twins separated at birth", or some variation. Surely, just a coincidence . . .
To more directly attempt to respond to Joe's question about what makes an executive - looking beyond strictly talent and other idiosyncratic characteristics, I think I've always embraced the idea that an "executive" is anyone who by virtue of their actual (or perceived) authority and scope of responsibility, can make decisions and provide direction that (can) impacts the organization at strategic levels. And by that definition, an executive could be construed as an individual at any hierarchical level, regardless of organizational level, # of direct reports or size of the operating budget.
Agree with Chris that it is more than one single metric that defines "executive."
IMHO, an executive has full responsibility and accountability for all results generated by the subordinate levels whose tactical actions implement the executive's policies and strategies.
The CEO is Chief of all and thus suitably accountable for all the results of all other executives, directors, managers, etc. After all, the CEO hires (or approves) them even if not totally involved in each and every strategic or tactical decision delegated by the chain of command. Same applies to each executive.
Executives create rather than follow strategies which are converted into actionable tactics by lower levels. They supply top-level direction, usually without becoming myopically obsessed with each precise step ... otherwise, they could never coordinate all the myriad disparate experts they lead so as to maximize their leveraged effectiveness over vast functional breadths.
There are exceptions, but their rarity merely proves the validity of the rule.


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Die Regina Maris ist ein ehemaliges Kreuzfahrtschiff der in Lübeck ansässigen Reederei Lübeck Linie, das 1966 in Dienst gestellt wurde. 1976 wurde das Schiff verkauft, umgebaut fuhr es jedoch von 1980 bis 1982 wieder unter dem alten Namen für die Reederei Peter Deilmann. Bedeutung hatte die Regina Maris als erstes nach 1939  in Deutschland gebautes Kreuzfahrtschiff.

1985 wurde das Schiff zur Megayacht umgebaut und ist seitdem als Alexander in Fahrt.

Kreuzfahrtschiff
Die Regina Maris wurde bei den Flender-Werken in Lübeck gebaut und lief am 14. Dezember 1965 vom Stapel. Am 12. Mai 1966 wurde das Schiff an die Lübeck Linie abgeliefert. Bei dieser blieb es zehn Jahre lang in Dienst, erwies sich dann allerdings zu klein um konkurrenzfähig zu bleiben.

1976 wurde das Schiff verkauft, in Mercator One umbenannt und befand sich in den folgenden Jahren auf den Bermudas, Bahamas und in Kanada.

1979 kaufte die deutsche Reederei Deilmann das Schiff. Nach einem Umbau der Fahrgasteinrichtungen bei Nobiskrug erhielt das Schiff zunächst den Namen Frankfurt I, ab 1980 wieder den ursprünglichen Namen Regina Maris. Im RoRo-Verfahren konnten 22 PKW an Bord genommen werden. Deilmann bot weltweite Kreuzfahrten an. Das Schiff war damals in Singapur registriert. 1982 ereignete sich ein Feuer an Bord, Näheres ist nicht bekannt. Im gleichen Jahr aufgelegt, war die Zeit der Kreuzfahrten beendet.

Privatyacht Alexander
1983 wurde das Schiff nach Griechenland an Madere Ltd. verkauft und in Alexander umbenannt. Nach einer weiteren Aufliegezeit wurde es 1985 bei der Lloyd Werft Bremerhaven zur Yacht umgebaut und entsprechend klassifiziert. Die Stabilität wurde durch einen Umbau des Rumpfes verbessert.

Der Familie Latsis diente es zwanzig Jahre als Privatyacht.

1992 erhielt die Alexander eine neue, geschwungene Schornsteinkappe. 1998 erfolgte ein weiterer Umbau bei Hellenic Shipyards. Das Schiff hat heute 14 Doppelsuiten und 12 Kabinen für bis zu 80 Passagiere, die von einer sechzigköpfigen Besatzung betreut werden. Die Ausstattung mit Bordkino, Schwimmbad, Whirlpools und Hubschrauberlandeplatz ist umfangreich.

Die Familie Latsis lud immer wieder Persönlichkeiten zu Kreuzfahrten ein; zu den Gästen gehörten auch Prinz Charles und Lady Diana. 2004 verbrachte der damalige EU-Kommissionspräsident José Manuel Barroso mit seiner Familie eine Woche Urlaub auf der Alexander. Als später in Brüssel strengere Umweltvorschriften für griechische Schiffe verhindert wurden, führte dies zu einem Misstrauensantrag im EU-Parlament.

2005 wurde die Alexander in Malta registriert und kann seitdem auch gechartert werden.

2015 verkaufte die Familie Latsis das Schiff.

Daten der Motoryacht

Weblinks
 Ship-DB: Regina Maris (mit Seitenansicht im Design der Lübeck Linie; Stand 2009; pdf 103 kB)
 Shipspotting.com: Regina Maris – IMO 6603012 (Foto im Deilmann-Design und aktuelle Ansichten)
 Alexander Yacht (mit Decksplänen der Yacht und Innenansichten; abgerufen am 1. Februar 2017)

Fußnoten

Passagierschiff (Deutschland)
Passagierschiff (Malta)
Kreuzfahrtschiff
Motoryacht
Flender-Werke

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaWikipedia


Amazing things happen when we step into the world of CSR. Argo System too has witnessed such strange happenings when working with Cameroon NGOs. A voulnteer turning to an employee, bringing business by nurturing like minds et cetra are a few amazing things in this paradigm.
Argo Systems believes in corporate social responsibility and has actively participated in it by lending hands to NGOs, since its inception. To know more, please visit our social channels.


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We stand by a healthy South Africa during this time. For more information on the Corona Virus please see: www.sacoronavirus.co.za
Solar PV Systems
How the discovery of a protein's secret function could boost solar tech
Michal Gwizdala, Postdoctoral researcher in photosynthesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Tjaart Krüger, Associate Professor in Biophysics, University of Pretoria.
Proteins are "large", complex molecules that perform most of the complicated and vital tasks in living organisms. So when scientists study proteins, they can produce blueprints for a new generation of bio-inspired technologies.
But proteins guard their secrets very closely. Luckily, there are ways of making them "sing" – and making really interesting discoveries from the resulting sounds.
Together with our collaborators in Bangladesh and the Netherlands, we recently uncovered that a well known protein involved in photosynthesis can sometimes behave like two different proteins – or put differently, it can, as it were, sing two different songs.
The protein is known as Phycocyanin and is responsible for the collection of solar energy in cyanobacteria. These microorganisms perform photosynthesis, just like plants, and are important for oxygen production. Our findings show that Phycocyanin can switch between two different functions.
This ability, if harnessed properly, could help develop new smart solar technologies. Current solar panels aren't very efficient because they're not very responsive to changing light conditions. They were designed to work under the full sun, preferably during a cloudless day.
One of the challenges of solar cell technologies is that the amount and quality of sunlight reaching the Earth changes all the time. These changes can be caused by clouds or trees swaying in the wind. Understanding how Phycocyanin can switch between different functions can teach us how to design a solar panel that will adapt to different conditions.
Using light to hear a protein's "song"
We used an experimental tool called light spectroscopy to make our finding. The technique works by shining laser light on specific proteins and observing how the light patterns change when the protein adopts a slightly different structure. It's a sensitive technique that can give a lot of detailed information and is used in a vast range of applications, from medical diagnostics to geology.
The outcomes of the interaction between the light and the proteins also depend on the state and properties of the proteins. We turned to a very special spectroscopic method known as single molecule spectroscopy, which allowed us to observe the properties of individual proteins.
To understand the advantage of this approach, think of a room filled with people. Ask them all to start singing their favourite songs – loudly. The result is likely to be a cacophony. In a similar way, trying to extract information from billions of proteins all at once generates a lot of noise.
But a different approach can produce a different outcome: leave only one person in the room and ask them to sing. After a while, ask another person, and then another. This time you should be able to clearly hear different songs and distinguish the words as well as the different tones and timbres. Similarly, single molecule spectroscopy gives one access to all the "songs, words, tones and timbre" of individual proteins.
That's how we pinpointed that Phycocyanin can sing two "songs". Its primary function is to collect the sun's energy and then pass it on to its neighbours (proteins of a similar type) with amazing efficiency.
But, as emerged from our experiments, sometimes Phycocyanin enters a different state. When this happens, Phycocyanin isn't able to pass the sunlight energy to its known partners as it usually does. In fact, it most likely sends the absorbed energy directly to the photosynthetic reaction centre, where the energy is converted into stable chemical energy. This shows that biological molecules have the ability to change their behaviour depending on the immediate needs.
This ability holds exciting possibilities for solar devices. Scientists could design an artificial system that can "sing many songs" and dynamically switch between them in a smart way.
These devices could then convert solar energy with a greater efficiency, which has many benefits. For example, bio-inspired, smart and flexible solar panels would not require perfect sunny weather and regular cleaning to achieve the highest efficiency.
This article is republished from The Conversation under a Creative Commons license. Read the original article authored by Michal Gwizdala, Postdoctoral researcher in photosynthesis, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam and Tjaart Krüger, Associate Professor in Biophysics, University of Pretoria.
Michal Gwizdala receives funding from The University of Pretoria and previously received funding from EU via Marie Sklodowska Curie Actions ITN Harvest, European Molecular Biology Organisation via Long-Term Fellowship, VU Amsterdam and Claude Leon Foundation via Post-doctoral Fellowship.
Tjaart Krüger receives funding from the University of Pretoria, the Department of Science and Technology and the National Research Foundation.
Posted in News, Solar Energy
A radical idea to get a high-renewable electric grid: Build way more solar and wind than needed Next
Copyright © 2019 NorthFace Solar. All rights reserved.

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


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March 6, 2011 by stuartnoel
On the search for the missing Chip in Chipstead
Frankfurters are not from Frankfurt. Hamburgers not from Hamburg. Port is not from Port Vale and apparently Chips not from Chipstead. Well that was the view of a recent visitor to the Ryman League One South side's High Road ground in the middle of the Surrey countryside.
Football and chips go together in the Non Leagues like groundhoppers and plastic wallets to keep programmes pristine in. Northern Steve has to have a portion at every ground he goes to and gets very grumpy indeed if there is no gravy or curry sauce available. Lolly goes into a weekend long strop if there are no chips on the menu and Lewes's Terry Boyle has been known to streak if there is a lack of fried potato products on offer at away games.
So when a free weekend in the footballing calendar arose for Mr Last and myself we decided to find out if the myth was true. Did Chipstead indeed have no chips? First on the agenda was actually finding a) Chipstead and b) locating the High Road, home of the club.
What's behind this green door Shaky?
In these modern days finding places isn't too difficult thanks to a new website I have recently discovered called "Google" (Write it down – it will take over the UK soon I can tell you". The village of Chipstead is near Banstead in Surrey. Population of around 5,500 midway between the M25 and Croydon. If you are being pedantic, head up the M23 and over the M25 and do a left, go down a big hill and turn right at the cow with the strange shaped udder.
It was mentioned in the Doomsday Book no less, as Tepestede. It was held by William de Wateville. Its Domesday assets were: 3 hides; 7 ploughs, 1 mill worth £1, woodland worth 5 hogs. It rendered £8, which ironically was the same price the football club charged for admission to a game at their High Road stadium. Money is not what it used to be worth eh!
Chipstead F.C. were established in 1906 and were founding members of the Surrey County Premier League in 1982, moving to the Combined Counties League in 1986, and then the Isthmian League in 2007 after winning the league. You may of course remember them from that FA Cup fourth qualifying round tie in 2008 against Torquay United, well at least my chum Luge Pravda does, who can be heard in the bars around Madison Square in New York singing about the "Day the Gulls got their Chips".
Danny takes his place in the all seater stand
Danny and I had discussed travel options during the week. Ideally I didn't want to drive but the train simply wasn't an option as we found from the club's website. The nearest station was over a mile away and the walk to the ground was all uphill and on country roads without pavements. So I elected to drive and we sailed into the car park of High Road just in time for the opening of the bar. And what a lovely bar it was too with a huge screen showing Sky Sports, Bombardier on draft and memorabilia galore adorning the walls (which apparently showed us that Geoff Hurst won the World Cup for West Ham in 1966).
*Trivia Fact of the day. Chipstead FC's High Road ground was used in the filming of Footballers' Wives.
With average crowds around the 80 people mark it wasn't really brave of Mr Last to stick his 50pence on an attendance of 86 in our pre-match sweepstake, although he appeared to have the last laugh in the Golden Goal after I picked the 1st minute. You couldn't get much more mid-table than a clash between 10th and 11th. In fact Chipstead had the almost perfect "balanced" record coming into the game of winning ten drawing ten and losing ten this season, with only the goal difference slightly off neutral.
Visitors Sittingbourne's history has been a bit more turbulent than the home side's. Back in the early nineties they were on an upward curve, climbing the leagues and reaching the Southern Premier League and destined to go further. However, over ambitious expansion plans saw the club move into a stadium that was eventually beyond their means and they came crashing back to earth with a bump. Today, after the painful teenage years the club is relatively established at this level although rumours were abound on the interweb thing that the financial clouds were gathering again as players had apparently not been paid for a few weeks. Could they put it all behind them for ninety minutes? We would see.
Chipstead 0 Sittingbourne 1 – High End – Saturday 5th March 2011
This wasn't the best advert for football to be honest. In fact I cannot really remember much about the game itself. Our job was to try and track down some chips and it was a good job that the action wasn't too distracting.
Chances were few and far between. In fact in the opening forty minutes of the game neither keeper actually made a save. Chipstead came the closest to scoring when big bustling Denba (or so it sounded when the woman next to us shouted his name) got to the byline and pulled the ball back "on the money*" and the ball was blasted over the bar.
We headed off to the Tea bar and our fears were confirmed. There was no chips in the ground. A nice freshly cooked bacon cheeseburger helped our disappointment to an extent but as with all of these things pleasure comes at a price. In this instance it was missing the one and only on target effort of the who half when Ryan Golding's looping header sent the eight (yep all eight of them) Sittingbourne fans behind the goal into raptures.
The Brickies go wild
We took solace in the clubhouse, bumping into legendary chairman Len Dawson, resplendent in his club tie and his club flat cap. Len seemed like a chap who has seen it all and was celebrating the decision by the International Board of Association Football to ban Snoods. Such things were never allowed in his day, although boots with real nails in the bottom, flat caps and bits of steak for shin pads were all acceptable. Just don't get him talking about coloured boots.
The second half continued much the same as the first. With all of the talk around football of crap refereeing it was good to report that today's official kept a low profile, so low in fact that they weren't listed in the programme at all. Danny was fixated by Chipstead's central midfielder Jason Thompson. In his expert eye "He simply doesn't look like a footballer". No sooner had he uttered the words again than Thompson hit an effort from thirty yards against the cross bar.
Go on The Brickies
We spent most of the rest of the second half in the best place there is in Non League football. Positioned between the two dug outs. Here you can hear what the managers really think. You can hear the nicknames of the players, what they actually say to the linesman and some of their inspiration, like:-
"Press on", "Quick release Nutty", "This technical area is smaller than my living room" And "Who was offside there lino, the holy ghost?"
Five minutes to go and we headed back into the warmth of the bar to catch the final scores. News filtered through that our boy Dave Wheeler had rescued a point for the Rooks and with Brighton & Hove Albion and West Ham both winning it had turned into a very good afternoon.
Go on then...
And the footballers wives? Well we didn't see any emerging from the very posh houses in the village but there was one sitting in the stand, giving some moral support to her man by reading a book throughout the game, pausing to fake some interest at full time with a bottle of Lucazade Sport for her man.
The final crowd was 101, one of the highest they had had this season. We'd like to think that in our own small way, the "Pele and Maradona" of the football blogging world (Not our words but those of Michael Hudson) were partly responsible for that. Well we did at least turn two figures into three!
*After listening to the biggest load of crap ever spoken by a co-commentator on Sky Sports last weekend when West Ham beat Liverpool I now know that the term "on the money" used in every other sentence by Chris Coleman essentially means the penalty spot.
More pictures from a fine afternoon of fun can be found here at our Flickr stream.
This entry was posted in Non league football, Rymans League and tagged Chipstead, High End, Ryman League South, Sittingbourne. Bookmark the permalink.
Any old Iron
Legg rolls back the Welsh Cup glory years
10 thoughts on "Goodbye Mr Chips"
Blackandred says:
Thank you for your entertaining report.
There were however at least 20 Brickies fans at the match, 8 -10 of which were the more vocal urchins behind the goal.
Cheers Blackandred
stuartnoel says:
Indeed – there were a fair few in the bar pre-match….In fact as Lewes fans Danny and I commented that you had brought more away then they normally do!
SFC says:
Graet report and pics on Flickr. Any chance we can use some for next weeks programme in return for a free copy?
Of course you can – let me know if you need the originals and I will email them to you.
John Pitts says:
Entertaining blog! Just one thing, we are "Sittingbourne" not "Sittingbourne Town" as you have tagged.
Apologies – will correct that one now…
If you can email them to:
bournefc@hotmail.com
Along with your address we will send you a programme and give you a credit for the pictures.
Top notch stuff as always. I'd have gone along and brought you both a cup of tea had i realised you'd be in my neck of the woods…
Richard Brady says:
Nice piece, very enjoyable.
The Sittingbourne players have not been paid knowingly for the last 6 weeks. The players play for 'the love of the game'.
Were you to be interested in coming to a home game at Bourne Park we would be only too happy to accomodate yourselves.
We do have CHIPS!
Richard Brady,
Assisstant manager, Sittingbourne FC
Would love to come down for a game this season and do a report…I'd also be interested in finding out a bit more about your role – we often do interviews with coaches, players, managers etc from the Non Leagues so would welcome the chance to chat to you.


This section contains instructions about installing software needed to setup, run and program your MARRtino robot.
For any help check also here.
This configuration will enable the Raspberry PI to act as a Wireless Access Point and will activate a web server on boot.
Boot Raspberry Pi with MARRtino software v2.x.
Open a browser to the URL http://10.3.1.1/ and follow links and instructions there.
The following instructions are valid both for the VM and for the Raspberry on the robot. To access a terminal on the Raspberry, open an ssh connection either from the VM (ssh ubuntu@10.3.1.1) or from the Config web page.
Updates need Internet connection. For the Raspberry, make sure it is connected to Internet through an Ethernet cable.
Note: you may need to repeat the update more times to update to the latest version. For example, to update from version 2.0 to version 2.2, you need to do the process twice: first to update from 2.0 to 2.1 and then to update from 2.1 to 2.2.
Note: system updates may require long time (specially if new libraries are compiled). Make sure you properly power the Raspberry (fully charged battery) and be patient!
You can use pre-installed operating systems either on a Virtual Machine (VM) or on a Raspberry PI3.
The updates must be run on VM and (if any) on Raspberry.
If the folder does not exist (you have a very old version), create it and download the update script.
4. Execute again the update script if needed to reach the latest version.
5) Configure the network if needed.
Plug the Raspberry PI to an HDMI monitor, boot the Raspberry PI, configure the network locally and then use ssh to connect to it.


Our mission is to provide clients with workout plans to reach their personal fitness goals and lead a healthy life as well as provide future elite warriors for the physical & mental rigors of Special Operator training, and empower military families by providing a support network of resources, activities, and mentorship to help them thrive with the additional challenges faced by family member deployment, training and shifting base assignments.
There are many programs in place to support Veterans post-service, but very few programs that provide support to active duty military families. Many families are faced not only with raising children, but to do it in an ever-changing environment where one parent is usually deployed or away from home. Proteus Academy provides an environment where both military parents and children have a support structure to grow, achieve and thrive.
Founded in 2013 by as a no-nonsense, no-frills gym for a Navy SEAL – inspired fitness program, Proteus Fitness & Training, as it was then called, specialized in Athletic Team Training and group fitness classes. We also were home to a Special Operational Forces Prep program and The Rock Church Coronado Microsite. With local connections to a large local network of former and active Navy SEALs, our founders soon determined that we could take Special Forces Training to the next level by incorporating one-on-one mentorship, advanced team-building, leadership training as well as nutritional coaching. And so, Proteus SOFPREP was born.
Through the lens of the original concept of Proteus Fitness & Training, we naturally provided an organic support system for our members – most of who, by nature of our location in the largest concentration of Military personnel (active & retired) in the United States, simply happened to be Military Personnel or spouses. And so Proteus Academy was launched to provide truly elite Special Forces prep training as well as Social & Educational programs for service Men & Women and their families to facilitate personal growth, networking and a sense of stability that is all too often missing from their lives.


May 9, 2019 - May 12, 2019. Open to school children Thur and Fri days and is open to the public Thurs & Fri 3-6pm; Sat 9am-6pm; Sun 9-4pm.
A special event featuring hands-on activities highlighting the historic sights and sounds of early Chippewa Falls. Visitors to the historical encampment will experience camp skill competitions, 1800's style food, traders row and live entertainment.


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The Law & Economics of "Owning Your Data"
In the wake of revelations about data misuse at Facebook, some are looking to individual data ownership as a worthwhile policy to promote greater competition among tech companies and higher personal-data security. That individuals should "own their data" seems, on the surface, to be a sensible path. This concept of data ownership, however, papers over a more complex set of legal and economic questions.
The properties of data make ownership a difficult prospect. Knowing this, regulators have instead opted for simple restrictions on data use instead of making data completely an individual's property. Consumer behavior confirms part of this thesis, as many are willing to trade their information for services. Not surprisingly, data ownership, like other data restriction plans, is a costly endeavor. While there is a natural inclination to push for data-ownership policies, implementing these kinds of policies would have a detrimental effect on innovation.
The Simple Economics of Information
The nature of information makes it difficult to apply the concept of individual ownership. Ownership is typically understood as a bundle of rights, including the exclusive use of an asset. The corollary of this is that an owner is granted a right to exclude others in using it. Combined, both give rise to the right to transfer an asset, by selling it for example.
Real property, such as land, or personal property, such as a car, easily confers these rights, including the right to possess, exclude, and transfer. If someone sells a piece of land, then they vacate the land. Selling a car means you hand over the keys and the title.
Data, in contrast, doesn't hold the same kind of connection between ownership and exclusion that exists for tangible goods. Information isn't easily excludeable, so when person A transmits information to person B, both now have that information. It is hard for person B to ensure that person A is not keeping a copy of that original information. Rather, for this kind of transfer to happen, for person A to be stopped from reproducing that piece of information, they have to be limited in what they can say.
Intellectual property rights rest on this theory of information production. Because information can be easily shared, costly information will face hurdles in being produced. If, for example, a group expects that their $1 billion investment in a drug will be copied by others, then their incentive to undergo that research and development is minimal unless they can easily recoup their costs on the back end.
In key ways, then, data-privacy laws stand in opposition to property rights. Intellectual property rights are a subset of property rights more generally, whichs incentivizes the production and usefulness of information. On the other hand, many instead want to prevent this creation. Privacy laws try to minimize data use and creation. Thus, privacy laws are generally not referred to as property laws. What consumers mean when they say they want data ownership is that they want the ability to limit the creation of information or limit its use.
Privacy regulations on the books and on the ground
While it is underappreciated, the United States does have a privacy regime focused on restricting and policing the use of data. Instead of the broad privacy regulations that other countries have, privacy laws in the United States are narrowly tailored to specific harms. For example, the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA) helps to protect the health information of consumers by making an unauthorized transfer of data subject to a fine. The Fair Credit Reporting Act (FRCA) does the same with financial data. The Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) erects a barrier for children and again fines companies if they don't comply.
More important than the laws on the books is the enforcement on the ground by the Federal Trade Commission. Indeed, in recent years the FTC has effectively become the Federal Technology Commission.[1] The Commission has brought over 500 enforcement actions in the name of protecting privacy. Its enforcement has addressed spam, issues in social networking, behavioral advertising, pretexting, spyware, peer-to-peer file sharing, and mobile privacy. It has brought enforcement actions against some of the largest tech companies, including Google, Facebook, Twitter, and Microsoft.
Acceptable practices and uses of data by large data collectors come from a combination of statues, FTC suits, and the companies' own desire to minimize potential liability in the future. As Kenneth Bamberger and Deirdre Mulligan, two of the most widely respected privacy scholars, have detailed in a series of articles and in a book, implementing privacy on the ground is very different than what exists in statutes. What they reveal in their extensive review of actual corporate management practices is that ex post regulation by the FTC and the efforts of privacy advocates, professionals, and market forces create a more ambiguous legal environment; they call it productive ambiguity. Compliance with procedural measures gets substituted with more substantive ones, leading companies to seek "the vindication of consumer expectations regarding the treatment of personal information."
Because companies know they have to protect consumers and will face punitive actions if they don't, firms are cajoled into implementing substantive protections. The proof lies in the C-suite. U.S. companies, compared to their counterparts in Europe, are staffed up with Chief Privacy Officers and other privacy professionals. The International Association of Privacy Professionals (IAPP) began in the United States and now counts 30,000 members in its ranks. Yet, only about 25 percent of those members are in the EU, while nearly 60 percent are in the United States.
Individual property rights over personal data would thus force a superordinate right over a complex web of international, national, and, in the case of many states, local restrictions. Already, the laws and regulations create huge complications for legal compliance and cooperation across state lines. Adding another set of rights on top of this would restrict the free flow of information even more and add additional burdens to everyone involved.
Granting individual data property rights would also face fierce opposition in the courts. As UCLA Law Professor Eugene Volokh explained in a seminal paper on this topic, privacy regulations are inherently government restrictions on free speech because they stop speech about a person. For this reason, comprehensive privacy laws have had a tough time in the United States, as compared to Europe. So too, most of the justifications that would undergird privacy speech restraints could be applied to other speech as well. Accepting any kind of reason for restrictions in the name of privacy, which is notoriously difficult to define, would create a powerful precedent for other kinds of restraints and acts as a deterrent to adoption.
The Privacy Paradox
Data ownership claims also conflict with the so-called privacy paradox. In surveys, individuals claim to want privacy protections, but in practice they willingly give information for trivially small amounts of money. When people are given the ability to trade their information for some kind of service, they opt for the service.
One of the going theories explaining this phenomena is called benefit immediacy, meaning the benefits of sharing the information are immediate while the risks are delayed. Because individuals care so much about the present, the benefits outweigh the risks. This explanation comes directly from the behavioral economic literature, which also lays out a solution. Because consumers truly don't know what is being sacrificed on their end, these scholars contend, what consumers choose in the real world isn't evidence enough that they prefer these technologies. Regulators need to step in.
But, this privacy paradox might not be such a paradox, economist Caleb Fuller argues convincingly. One need not rely on a theory where consumers are persistently fooled or behaving inconsistently with their true preferences to explain privacy preferences. Rather, consumers may have "simply a positive preference for more of an economic good, ceteris paribus," knowing what is being given up. As Fuller found in surveying Internet users, nearly 90 percent of those that voluntarily use Google are aware of its business model based in data collection. Like other surveys, 71 percent of respondents said they would prefer not to be tracked, but of this group, 74 percent are unwilling to pay anything to retain that privacy.
In short, people know what kind of business model that platform companies are engaged in and want the benefits of trading their data. At the same time, they also want to restrict its use. Creating property rights won't solve these competing demands of both innovation and restriction.
The Value of Data and the Cost of Privacy Regulations
This tension really comes into focus when estimates of how much people would be willing to pay are considered. Even under generous assumptions, Google could hope to make somewhere between $14 and $15 million dollars per year if it charged a fee. To put that in perspective, the 2017 total revenue for Google's parent company, Alphabet, was $111 billion. Consumers' willingness to buy the service is substantially lower than the willingness of advertisers to place an ad on digital properties.
How much value do people get in return? While it is difficult to measure an intangible good, one method looks at the time people don't spend on other activities. In 2016, American adults spent 437 billion hours consuming content on ad-supported media. All of that time sums to at least $7.1 trillion in terms of foregone wages, hardly a paltry number. In all, this is a good trade.
Making data an individual's property would be a kind of data restriction, and in general, these policies have been shown to be costly. For example, the Information Technology and Innovation Foundation estimated that the European Union's Cookie Law, which requires that everyone is notified of the use of cookies, comes at a price of nearly $2.3 billion per year and has adversely affected the online news market. When the EU adopted the e-Privacy Directive in 2002, investment by venture capital in online news, online advertising, and cloud computing dropped by between 58 to 75 percent. Similarly, members of the Fortune 500 will spend a combined $7.8 billion to come into compliance with a new European privacy regulation.
Data restrictions hobble the entire ecosystem, making it all that more difficult for firms to work on innovating. For sensitive data types, however, U.S. authorities have rightly adopted laws knowing there will be a cost included in its passage. The FTC, for example, acknowledged that the Children's Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA) has implementations costs. Indeed, policy makers shouldn't shrink from what has worked in the past—in both the regulations' substance and form. Regulations have historically been tailored narrowly, and both enforcement and regulations should continue to be narrowly tailored to deal with specific harms.
As writer Seth Godin said, "The art of good decision making is looking forward to and celebrating the tradeoffs, not pretending they don't exist." As policy makers consider any new privacy restriction or control regime, they should be concerned about the relevant tradeoffs that their plan would force. In the end analysis, they need to ask whether or not such an imposition actually benefits consumers in the long run. In the case of turning data into personal property, the benefits simply don't add up.
[1] Scholars Berin Szoka and Geoffrey Manne coined this term: http://techfreedom.org/the-federal-trade-commission-has-become-the/
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The last template was designed in 2001 and has served well but as technology changed it became necessary to update the website and give it a fresh look. There are a few other websites that were designed around the same timeand we will be working on rolling out fresh designs for those websites as well.
If your website needs a fresh look and some of the latest technology, feel free to contact us.


International scientific research partnerships have become big business, and it is not just EU projects getting the go ahead. Taoiseach Enda Kenny has revealed a new collaboration plan between two major research entities either side of the Atlantic.
Lero, the Science Foundation Ireland-funded research centre for software, will join with FraunhoferCenter for Experimental Software Engineering at the University of Maryland to collaborate on "extensive research" in the coming years.
Lauding the new partnership, Lero researcher Prof Mike Hinchey claimed his group's new partner offers "the global hallmark of excellence" in application-orientated research.
"It is a tribute to our team of researchers in Ireland that the FraunhoferCenter is committing to this research partnership with Lero in areas of synergy," he said.
Prof Adam Porter, executive and scientific director at the FraunhoferCenter, said Lero's "world class research centre" complements his own group's areas of expertise.
It's not the first Irish development involving the Fraunhofer group. Last month, Dublin City University revealed plans to add a new €5m centre to develop 'lab-on-a-chip' technology for the life sciences sector, in collaboration with the Fraunhofer Institute for Production Technology IPT in Aachen, Germany.
The aim of the new centre will be to focus on contract and collaborative research, and projects addressing cost-efficient design, development and manufacture of microfluidic lab-on-a-chip designs.
Such technologies have increased in applications in recent years, thanks largely to their flexibility and the rapidly decreasing cost of producing them. One was announced by the Stanford University Medical Center in February.


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Awards and Appointments
Marlboro College, Honorary Degree of Doctor of Arts, 2019
U.S. Department of State, International Medal of Arts, 2017
University of Chicago, Outstanding Alumni Professional Achievement Award, 2012
National Academy of Design, Lifetime Achievement Award, 2006
Union College, Honorary Degree of Doctor of Fine Arts, 2004
Wheaton College, Honorary Degree of Doctor of Fine Arts, 2000
Vermont Arts Council Walter Cerf Medal for Outstanding Achievement in the Arts, 1998
New York City Art Commission, Member, 1993-95
American Artist Achievement Award, 1993
National Board of College Art Association, elected to Membership, 1980-85
American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters, elected to membership, 1984; Vice President for Art, 1993-1996; Art Award, 1979; Hassam Fund Purchase Award, 1979
National Academy of Design, elected to membership, 1980; board, 1982; treasurer, 1990-94; honoree, 2001 benefit; Lifetime Achievement Award, 2006
John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship, 1966-67
Fulbright Scholarship, 1962


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There are two tentative identifications for H. Hunter – Harry Hunter and Hugh Hunter, who is named on the war shrine at St Michael's Church, Stockwell Park Road, London SW9 0DA. Research on this is ongoing.
(Harry Hunter)
Second Lieutenant, Royal Flying Corps
Died of wounds age 30 on 5 November 1917
CWGC: "Son of Robert and Ann Mercy Hunter, of Clapham, London."
Remembered at Wimereux Communal Cemetery, Pas de Calais, France
Harry Hunter, 22, was one of 5 children of Robert Hunter, 54, an organ builder born in Lambeth, and Ann Mercy Hunter, born in Stockwell. The family lived at 87 High Street, Clapham, where they had 9 rooms, with Ann Esther Hunter, 56, sister to Robert. The 5 children, all of whom were born in Clapham, were:
Alfred Robert Hunter, 25, and George Frederick Hunter, 22, organ builders like their father
Harry Hunter, 24, and Robert Moore Hunter, 19, clerks in the civil service
Mary Adeline Hunter, 14
Ada Ody, 26, a domestic servant born in Paddington, lived with the family.
Information from The Saleroom
Harry Hunter was born in 1887, second son of Robert Hunter, an organ builder who lived at 87 High Street, Clapham, London. Pre-war he was a keen motorcyclist and was selected as a goalkeeper to play for Southampton F.C. during the 1913-14 season. Recorded as a Civil Service Clerk upon his initial enlistment in the 28th Battalion, London Regiment, he was commissioned 2nd Lieutenant in the Royal Flying Corps. Hunter died as a result of injuries suffered whilst serving with 1 Aeroplane Supply Depot on 5 November 1917, no doubt whilst delivering much-needed aircraft to the front lines. He is buried in the Wimereux Communal Cemetery, besides being commemorated upon the Stockwell War Memorial and at Holy Trinity, Clapham Common.
Hunter is recorded in All the Saints: A Complete Players' Who's Who of Southampton F.C. as one of 19 members of the Club to have died during the Great War; sold with the recipient's Royal Flying Corps cap badge, a bronze Streatham Motorcycle Prize Medal, 30mm, engraved to the reverse, 'Members Hill Climb. April 16th 1910. Class I. 2nd. H. Hunter,' and copied MIC and research.
Henry Charles Hunt


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Kylie Jenner's lips have been the topic of much debate and speculation over the last weeks, especially after it was revealed that it takes her a shocking 40 minutes to perfect them. Time management and jokes aside, Kylie's lips are a source of envy (if you need proof, just YouTube "Kylie Jenner Tutorial") and many fans would kill to be able to pull off the look.
Before you try your hand at achieving Kylie's pout, however, be warned––Kylie's lips don't work for everyone. The folks at Buzzfeed have kindly pointed out that, "Duckface ain't for everyone," by photoshopping Kylie's lips onto some of our favorite celebrities. See the hilarious results in the gallery above!
For more celebrities failing at Jenner's lips, visit Buzzfeed here.