The walled kitchen garden at West Dean Gardens was the original "top ground" or upper kitchen garden, with the existing layout developed in the 1990's. Today the area is laid out using the classic Victorian design of two cross paths bounded by a perimeter path producing four central beds and a series of borders at the base of the surrounding walls. The central beds are the main growing areas for annual crops and operate on a four course rotation of potatoes, brassicas (cabbage family), legumes (pea family) and salads and root crops, with the potato quarter being manured and double-dug each year as it moves around the rotation. The wall borders accommodate perennial crops with soft fruit in the westernmost; asparagus, rhubarb, seakale, and globe artichokes etc in the easterly; and auriculas, lily of the valley and cordon currants and gooseberries in the southern.
The warm, south facing border is reserved for bringing on early spring crops, heat lovers like herbs for summer, then late crops in the autumn. The central flower border was a common feature of the Victorian Garden layout, being both decorative and another source of material for the voracious demands of the house. At West Dean it is known as the "hot border" with its full pomp of scarlet crocosmia, orange dahlia and yellow kniphofia in mid-summer.
The pear tunnel and the espaliered apples and pears at the rear of the border give height and structure to the site in the early part of the year.
The jewel in the crown of the kitchen garden is the 13 working glasshouses where Sarah's wonderful collections of fruit and vegetables are on show throughout their life-cycle. Magnificent examples of Victorian craft and ingenuity - built by Foster & Pearson between 1890 and 1900 - they were completely derelict before restoration in the early 1990s. The glasshouses are heated by a woodchip burning boiler which also heats the college and associated buildings using woodchips produced from West Dean Estate's commercial forestry.
Because of their age and despite restoration it has become necessary to commence a new programme of completely rebuilding the timber superstructures of the glasshouse range. This started two years ago and is scheduled to continue over the next decade to ensure their survival for another century.
A highly successful appeal Save the Glasshouses launched early this year has exceeded expectations, raising over £35,000 in donations to restore the Fig House for future generations to enjoy. Thank you to everyone who has donated for their valued support, we greatly appreciate it.
25 Years of Glorious Gardening an exhibition charting the past 25 years in the gardens through archive photographs and commentary by Jim, has attracted visitors from around the world including Australia, Belgium, France, Italy, Bavaria, Malaysia, New Zealand, India, Finland, Netherlands, Papua New Guinea, Switzerland, USA (Oregon, Maine, New York), Northern Ireland, Wales and the Shetland Isles.
"What care has been given to this wonderful place. The greenhouses are to die for!" Monica Tary Stuart, Vancouver Island, Canada.
West Dean Gardens are open to the public until 23 December when they will close for the winter period and reopen on 3 February 2017. Check out the web site for times, events and tickets for 2017.
For more information and to donate to the ongoing Save the Glasshouses appeal online visit www.westdeangardens.org.uk/appeal.


text:
selenite —
Karl Gallagher ( selenite) wrote,
Karl Gallagher
I read Nick Bostrom's Superintelligence as research for a writing project. It's a great overview of current thought in the "Friendly AI" community--people wanting to make sure smarter-than-human computers won't look at us as raw materials. I completely agree with his analysis on the certainty of developing a superintelligence at some point in the future. The discussion of different routes to creating one was informative.
The bulk of the book discusses the dangers of an uncontrolled AI and how to mitigate them. The dangers are real, but Bostrom overlooks many tools that already exist for dealing with those problems.
The first malignant failure mode he considers is "perverse instantiation." That's jargon for the AI carrying out its orders in a literal fashion that defies the intent of the master. For examples, see Luke Muehlhauser's Facing the Intelligence Explosion or any story about a genie popping out of a lamp. The discussion of the problem consists of iterating on an order with each more-detailed version still producing undesired results.
This is not new. Nor is it limited to AIs and genies. It defines my day job. The government is giving this corporation over a trillion dollars to carry out a very specific task. Phrasing that command as a single sentence, no matter how run-on, would end in disaster. So we have a contract that goes for hundreds of pages, whose interpretation is bounded by the thousands of pages of the Federal Acquisition Regulations. And that's further restricted by laws, from the Federal government's to that of the city where the factory is located. The original contract goes into great detail. For a readable example, look at how the Pentagon buys brownies and contrast that with the recipe you'd use to make brownies.
This is how you control an amoral entity to follow your orders.
An AI needs to have a set of ground rules to obey no matter what the current orders. Call them laws or commandments or regulations, as long as they keep it from inflicting damage on by-standers. This will result in many orders to an AI getting the response "Cannot comply: Regulation 723a(iv)3 would be violated." This is a good thing.
Writing the AI Code would be tough, but there's a lot of contract lawyers and systems engineers with experience in the problems. Bostrom might want to bring some in as guest lecturers.
"Infrastructure profusion" is Bostrom's term for the AI grabbing all available atoms to turn into computer processors, or paperclips, or whatever the AI has been told to maximize. This can be a nightmare scenario. As Eliezer Yudkowsky puts it, "The AI does not hate you, nor does it love you, but you are made out of atoms which it can use for something else."
But again, we have existing procedures for dealing with this problem. Property law. If it's not yours, you can't mess with it. The AI's new error message would be to output a shopping list. (Giving an AI eminent domain authority would be a nightmare scenario)
The third malignant failure mode is "mind crime." If you order an AI to "make me happy" it could solve the problem by inserting an electrode to artificially stimulate the pleasure center of your brain. Less vague orders could still be short-circuited by altering the master's mental state.
This is what we have criminal law for. Sure, it would be easier for us to get the government to sign off on a delivery by kidnapping the contract officer's children and holding them hostage until he signs the DD250 form. But that's illegal and immoral. So instead we keep fiddling with the airplane until it works.
Translating that into an AI-understandable form will take work. But there's a lot of criminal lawyers experienced in finding loopholes who can work on the project.
Bostrom had an interesting digression near the end of the book on research funding priorities. It amused the hell out of me. It's the ultimate academic power grab. He made a case for transferring all research funding to algorithm AI research. Literature department? Once we have a superintelligence all those questions will be instantly answered, so really supporting AI is the fastest way to reach their goals. Neurological imaging? Could lead to unsafe AI, so best to divert that to algorithmic AI research. He doesn't actually come out and ask for the entire university budget to be transferred to his department. He just justifies it in case anyone else wants to start that firestorm.
Disagreements aside, I strongly recommend this book for anyone interested in a serious look at the future of artificial intelligence. Bostrom is an expert and looks over potential futures in detail.
Tags: books
Quarantine Meme
It's been a long time since I've done a meme on DW/LJ. Hence, the Quarantine Meme. 1. Are you an Essential Worker? Yep. National Security is…
Campbell Versus the Pulps
A handful of SF fans have been blogging about rediscovering the pulps. They're reading Burroughs and Howard with fascination and demanding, "Why…
An Argument for Fan Cuts
I'm a fan of Robert Heinlein. No shock to anyone who's been reading me for a while. One of the hazards of being a Heinlein fan is watching the movies…

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaCommonCrawl


text:
using System;
using System.Collections.Generic;
using System.Linq.Expressions;
using System.Reflection;

namespace UnitTestGenerator
{
    /// <summary>
    /// Provides methods for building <see cref="Expression"/>.
    /// </summary>
    public interface IExpressionBuilder
    {
        /// <summary>
        /// Creates an <see cref="Expression"/> which represents a method or constructor argument.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="type">The type of object to create the expression.</param>
        /// <returns>The created expression.</returns>
        Expression CreateArgumentExpression(Type type);

        /// <summary>
        /// Creates an <see cref="Expression"/> which creates the supplied type.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="type">The type of object to create the expression.</param>
        /// <returns>The created expression.</returns>
        Expression CreateInstanceCreationExpression(Type type);

        /// <summary>
        /// Produces string representation of <see cref="Expression"/>.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="expression">The expression to convert.</param>
        /// <returns>Returns a string representation of <see cref="Expression"/>.</returns>
        string ExpressionToString(Expression expression);

        /// <summary>
        /// Produces an enumeration of <see cref="Expression"/> from an enumeration of <see cref="ParameterInfo"/>.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="parameters">The enumeration of <see cref="ParameterInfo"/> from which is produced the enumeration of <see cref="Expression"/>.</param>
        /// <param name="expicitCast">True, when the <paramref name="parameterDestinedAsNull"/> should be cast explicitly.</param>
        /// <param name="parameterDestinedAsNull">Parameter destined to be null</param>
        /// <returns>The enumeration of <see cref="Expression"/> produced from a collection of <see cref="ParameterInfo"/>.</returns>
        IEnumerable<Expression> CreateArgumentExpressions(IEnumerable<ParameterInfo> parameters, bool expicitCast = false, ParameterInfo parameterDestinedAsNull = null);

        /// <summary>
        /// Produces an <see cref="Expression"/> which represents an instance creation of passed <paramref name="targetType"/> and assignment to a local variable.
        /// </summary>
        /// <param name="targetType">The type which creation should be built to <see cref="Expression"/>.</param>
        /// <param name="referencedVariableExpression">When returns true, <paramref name="referencedVariableExpression"/> contains expression which refers to the newly created instance, otherwise null.</param>
        /// <returns>The <see cref="Expression"/> containing the assignment and creation of type.</returns>
        BinaryExpression BuildInstanceCreationWithAssigmentExpression(Type targetType, out ParameterExpression referencedVariableExpression);
    }
}

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaGithub


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text:
We have no bananas to-day!
Let's check in on our friend Dieudonné. Where do we find his career?
The stunt he pulled seems to be costing him dearly, according to Le Monde. The paper writes that the show he was supposed to have yesterday at L'Olympia was canceled. The venue's directors issued a press release stating that, after receiving anonymous threats, they were canceling the show due to the "climate of extreme tension we have observed over several days." They say that Olympia would "not have the means to guarantee the security of its audience and employees." Indeed, Olympia claim that on Tuesday they received a letter from police headquarters that "reminded [the director] of his responsibilities" and pointed out "that the staff in private establishments are responsible for safety and security on their premises." Contacted by the AFP, Dieudo's agent said the "funny man" didn't want to "react in anger."
So much for that. Dieudonné decided to hold his show in the street outside the theater.
They came by the hundred to chant the slogan "freedom of speech" and to support Dieudonné, who decided to have his show on a platform erected on the sidewalk opposite Olympia, the venue where he was supposed to have performed on Friday and which canceled this.
The humorist raised his arms, greeted his fans, the "descendants of slaves," the "Arabs," the "blacks" and also the whites of all ages who had massed on the boulevard des Capucines in Paris, surrounded by anti-riot police. "We love you," shouted young girls, waving their cameras.
Libération is writing derisively that now Diedonné "takes himself for a defender of the black cause" and reports that the "comedian" said "400 years of slavery and we don't have the right to speak!"
Alain Finkielkraut is criticizing those who leveled threats against l'Olympia (causing the venue to fear for its safety), as he thinks they are "transforming [Dieudonné] into a martyr for human rights and freedom of speech."
Dieudonné is now claiming that he's been banned from French public television. "I've been banned from the TV... just like Coluche and Bedos once were." This was categorically denied however by France 2. Do you imagine they have any interest in seeing him ever again? Do you think many other venues will want to book him now? Can we now ask, as W. once did, "Dis donc Dieudo, les recettes de ton dernier spectacle, ça achète beaucoup de bananes?"
Posted by Douglas at 22:55
On décompresse...
Let's cool off Il faut décompresser Being a ta...
United States Le Monde's website is advertising...
International Law: Last month, the ship, Bugale...
International Law: Three years after the Conven...


We certainly must meet & we must make the acquaintance of your wife.
Excuse this scrap of paper. Yes we will expect you tomorrow Wednesday, Dorking North 2.55 (Victoria 2.l8).
I shall not be up next Wed (l4th) - so we must fix something later.


text:
Джафари́тский мазхáб — школа исламского права (фикха), которой следуют шииты-двунадесятники и исмаилиты (включая низаритов). Основатель джафаритского толка — имам Джафар ибн Мухаммад ас-Садик, почитаемый шиитами как шестой имам. В Иране джафаритский мазхаб закреплён в конституции.

Отличается от преобладающих мазхабов суннитской юриспруденции тем, что опирается на иджтихад, а также на вопросы наследования, религиозных налогов, торговли, личного статуса и разрешения временного брака или му'та. С 1959 года Университет аль-Азхар присвоил джафаритской юриспруденции статус «пятой школы» наряду с четырьмя суннитскими школами. Кроме того, это один из восьми признанных мазхабов, перечисленных в Амманском декларации иорданского монарха 2004 года, и с тех пор одобренный Садыком аль-Махди, бывшим премьер-министром Судана.

Полемика об источниках джафаритского фикха: усулиты и ахбариты
Приверженцы усулитского направления признают четыре источника права — Коран, сунна, иджма (согласованное мнение джафаритских правоведов) и акль (разум). Что касается ахбаритов, то они отвергают возможность использования рациональных методик для формулирования правовых норм, признавая их источником лишь Коран и Сунну. Сторонники ахбаритского движения — набравшему силу в XVII—XVIII веках, однако исторически проигравшего усулитам — считают достоверными все хадисы, содержащиеся в четырёх шиитских сборниках преданий, и не считают необходимой их выбраковку в связи с сомнительной достоверностью или проверку на аутентичность.

В своей книге «Краткая история илм аль-усуль» усулитский учёный XX века Мухаммад Бакир ас-Садр пишет, что предвзятое отношение основателя ахбаризма Мухаммада Амина Истирабади и его последователей к рациональным методикам, используемым усулитами, связано с недопониманием усулитской методологии и концепции так называемых общих элементов, то есть основополагающих принципов, на которые опираются усулитские правоведы при выводе законов шариата из их источников (подробнее см. в разделе «акль»).

Что касается правомерности использования усулитских методов, то она была обозначена в процессе полемики с ахбаритами ещё учёным XII века хиджры/XVIII века н. э. муджаддидом Мухаммадом Бакиром Бахбахани:

Поскольку времена имамов (мир им) ушли в историю, а характеристики и доводы фикха, изложенные нашими законоведами и открыто ими принятые, сделались неясными и неопределенными, центры обучения опустели настолько, что большая часть их прекратила своё существование…Когда наша эпоха стала все более удаленной от эпохи ниспослания шариата во времени, старые концепции стали непонятными…Они (ахбариты) не обращают внимания на тот факт, что те передатчики были полностью осведомлены о том, что услышанное ими было словами их имама (мир им всем), и что они были в состоянии понять эти слова благодаря их владению языком эпохи Непорочных (мир им), и они не сталкивались ни с одним из тех затруднений, которые испытываете вы, и таким образом, не нуждались в лекарстве от них

Мухаммад Бакир ас-Садр в упомянутом труде поясняет, что учёные джафаритской школы прибегали к рациональным (акли) методам в течение многих веков задолго до возникновения ахбаритского направления. Как отмечает ас-Садр, использование этих методов было связано с утратой части хадисного материала и возникновением в связи с этим смысловых брешей в толковании остальных преданий, а также с изменением значения многих употреблённых в источниках арабских слов с течением времени.

Обзор источников джафаритского фикха

Коран
Вопреки заблуждению, согласно которому джафариты считают существующий текст Корана неполным или искажённым, шииты-двунадесятники признают тот же самый Коран, который имеется у суннитов. Разногласия между ними заключаются лишь в том, каким образом толковать определённые аяты — однако подобные разночтения характерны и для различных течений и мазхабов внутри самого суннизма.

Так, авторитетный шиитский богослов современности Макарем Ширази перечисляет имена знаменитых джафаритских учёных древности, утверждавших о неискажённости Корана:

Абсолютное большинство шиитских учёных, включая историков, хадисоведов, факихов, толкователей Корана и философов везде и во все времена утверждали, что Коран не искажён и никогда не подвергался изменениям.

Шейх Садук, величайший учёный 4-го века хиджры, в своем труде «Итикадат» писал: «Наши убеждения состоят в том, что Коран, ниспосланный Пророку Ислама, является тем самым Кораном, который сегодня находится в наших руках и состоит из 114-ти сур, без сокращений и искажений».

Шейх Муфид, шиитский учёный 5-го столетия, писал: «Коран защищён от любых видов искажения».

Алламе Хилли, живший в 8-м веке хиджры, написал в письме одному из мусульман: «Истина состоит в том, что Коран никогда не подвергался искажениям, и ничего не было прибавлено к нему или убавлено. Прибегаю к Аллаху от зла того человека, кто убеждён в обратном».

Абу Джафар Мухаммад ибн Хасан Туси пишет: «Речи об искажении Корана не имеют ничего общего с этой Книгой. Все мусульмане убеждены в том, что Коран защищён от искажений и изменений. Что же касается мнения относительно убавления некоторых его аятов, то это также противоречит нашим убеждениям».

Мухаммад ибн Хусейн, более известный как Бахауддин Амули, говорил: «Истина состоит в том, что Священный Коран защищён от любого вида искажений. И утверждения людей, которые говорят, что якобы имя Али (да будет мир с ним) присутствовало в Коране, но затем было изъято из него, для шиитских учёных-факихов является неприемлемым. Каждый приводящий хадисы прекрасно знает, что Коран не может быть изменён. Доказательством тому служат слова большого количества сподвижников Пророка, свидетельствовавших о неискажённости этой Книги».

Фейз Кашани, автор книги «Вафа», комментируя аят Корана «Поистине, Мы ниспослали напоминание, и поистине Мы его охраняем», пишет: "И после этого явного довода Аллаха, каким образом можно поверить в возможность искажений и изменений в Коране?

Сунна
Джафариты ни в коей мере не отвергают такой общепризнанный источник исламского права, как сунна. Они трактуют данное понятие расширительно, включая в него предания не только от пророка Мухаммада, но и от членов его семейства — Фатимы Захры и двенадцати имамов. Этот нюанс связан с учением об Имамате и с убеждением, что члены семейства Мухаммада были очищены от грехов и потому сохранили сунну в аутентичном виде.

Джафаритские учёные не признают хадисов, восходящих к противникам имама Али ибн Аби Талиба из числа сподвижников, если их при этом не передавали и праведные сахабы Мухаммада. Для того, чтобы хадис считался в джафаритском мазхабе достоверным, в цепочке его передатчиков также не должно быть людей, которые сотрудничали с омейядскими и аббасидскими халифами, которые творили притеснения в отношении двенадцати имамов. Для установления степени праведности, правдивости и политической ориентации того или иного передатчика в джафаритской школе была создана особая шариатская дисциплина — илм ар-риджал (наука о передатчиках, дословно — «наука о мужчинах»). Для доказательства достоверности хадиса используется не только генетическое доказательство (иснад), но и доказательство по существу (предание по своему смыслу не должно противоречить Корану). Это основывается на повелении пророка Мухаммада проверять его хадисы Кораном.

В шиитской литературе, помимо привычного исследователю термина «хадис» (букв. «рассказ»), используется также слово «хабар» («известие», «новость»). Джафаритские учёные разошлись во мнениях относительно терминологической разницы между данными понятиями: одни используют их как взаимозаменяемые синонимы, другие считают, что хадис должен непременно содержать в себе прямую речь пророка Мухаммада, Фатимы Захры или двенадцати имамов, в то время как хабар — любое сообщение об их действиях, решениях, согласии или несогласии с чем-либо и так далее.

В своей книге «Этапы развития науки хадисоведения» Мустафа Авлийа'и пишет со ссылкой на труд Хусейна ибн Мухаммада Таки Нури ат-Табарси, что сподвижники пророка Мухаммада под руководством Али ибн Абу Талиба и Фатимы Захры начали запись его хадисов ещё при его жизни. В дальнейшем эти записи, к которым прибавились конспекты лекций учеников двенадцати имамов и посетителей их проповедей, легли в основу т. н. «четырёхсот усул» — свитков с записями хадисов. В свою очередь, эти хадисы вошли в четыре базовых шиитских свода преданий:

 «Аль-Кафи»; автор — шейх Абу Джафар Мухаммад ибн Якуб аль-Кулайни (ум. 329 г. хиджры/940 г. н. э.); содержит в себе 16099 задокументированных хадисов;
 «Ман ла йахдуруху-ль-факих»; автор — шейх Садук Абу Джафар Мухаммад ибн Али ибн Бабавейхи аль-Куми (ум. 381 г. хиджры/ 991 г. н. э.), содержит в себе 9044 хадисов;
 «Тахзиб аль-ахкам», автор — шейх Абу Джафар Мухаммад ибн аль-Хасан ат-Туси (ум. 460 г. хиджры/ 1068 г. н. э.), насчитывает 13590 хадисов.
 «Аль-Истибсар», автор тот же, включает в себя 5511 хадисов.

Однако в связи с наличием угрозы утраты рукописей хадисов в эпоху правления Сефевидской династии в Иране джафаритские учёные решили объединить предания уже из существующих сборников в пространные энциклопедии хадисов. Так появилось три новых многотомных свода:

 «Китаб аль-джами аль-Вафи», автор — мулла Мухсин Файз аль-Кашани. Свод объединяет в себе четыре вышеперечисленных сборника, хадисы снабжены комментариями.
 «Васаил аш-шиа», автор — шейх Мухаммад ибн аль-Хасан аль-Хурр аль-Амили. Аналогичным образом, данный труд включает себя четыре базовых свода и предания из других источников, не включённые аль-Кулайни, шейхом Садуком и шейхом Туси в свои своды.
 «Бихар аль-анвар», автор — алламе Мухаммад Бакир аль-Маджлиси. Это самое большое собрание хадисов из всех тех, что когда-либо составлялись мусульманскими учёными. В данный свод, помимо хадисов из шиитских источников, было включено много преданий из суннитских книг.

Отвечая на вопрос, почему усулитские учёные считают необходимой проверку хадисов из шиитских сборников на достоверность, Мухаммад Бакир ас-Садр поясняет:

Наука не вступила во вторую эру своего развития, пока не была обнаружена такая пропасть, отделяющая её от времени оглашения источников, что большая часть преданий и хадисов, бывших в её распоряжении, уже не могла внушать определённой уверенности в их достоверности. Кроме того, стало непросто найти непосредственную информацию об аутентичности этих преданий и хадисов, которая была доступна для законоведа первой эры в большинстве случаев. Таким образом, возникла проблема достоверности хадисов и трудности использования многих из них в качестве доводов. Важность и необходимость проверки преданий на достоверность заставляла науку все больше изучать то, что создавало затруднения, и компенсировать отсутствие достоверных хадисов на какую-либо тему посредством скрупулёзного поиска правовых доводов с указанием доказательной ценности последних, даже если оказывалось, что они не заслуживают доверия. Шейх Туси, открывший вторую эру, был первым, кто исследовал эти проблемы, и установил приемлемость недостоверного предания как довода.

Когда наука вошла в третью эру, увеличение временной дистанции породило сомнения даже в ценности тех преданий, которые шейх Туси использовал в качестве доводов во второй эре, с точки зрения использования их как аргументов. Он установил, что недостоверное предание приемлемо в качестве довода, если оно считалось имеющим ценность в среде сподвижников имамов (мир им).

Понятно, что чем больше мы удаляемся во времени от эпохи жизни сподвижников имамов (мир им), тем более неясными для нас станут их мнения, равно как и становится все более сложным раздобыть информацию об условиях, в которых они находились или в которых были произнесены те или иные слова.

Иджма
В идеале в основе всеобщего консенсуса (иджма) шиитских богословов лежит ссылка на тот или иной достоверный хадис либо коранический аят. Однако, поскольку иногда шиитские учёные расходятся во мнении относительно степени аутентичности хадиса или возможности его подлога, а также по разному интерпретируют аяты и хадисы и делают из них неодинаковые выводы, фетвы богословов по некоторым вопросам все же отличаются.

Акль

К рациональным методикам относятся принципы (по Мухаммаду Бакиру ас-Садру — т. н. «общие элементы») работы с первоисточниками, почерпнутые из Корана и Сунны. К этим общим элементам относятся, к примеру, такие принципы, как принятие хадисов от заслуживающих доверия передатчиков, невзирая на возможные непреднамеренные погрешности в их пересказе; понимание использованных в источников арабских фразеологических оборотов в том значении, какое использовалось во времена пророка Мухаммада и двенадцати имамов; возможность опоры на общественное мнение в толковании ряда вопросов (к примеру, современные усулитские правоведы разрешают апеллировать к общественному мнению для различения развлекательной и серьёзной музыки) и т. д.

В труде «Краткая история илм аль-усул» Мухаммад Бакир ас-Садр также указывает на использование правоведами данных калама, философии, на анализ субъективного контекста жизни исследователя, изменение в лексических значениях слов и т. д. Кроме того, по мнению учёного, существует и фактор собственной оригинальности богослова, способного предложить новые методы извлечения исламских законов из их первичных источников.

Иджтихад в джафаритском мазхабе
В исламоведческой и религиоведческой литературе стало устоявшимся мнение, что двери иджтихада в суннизме были закрыты в X веке н. э., в то время как в шиизме двунадесятников они всегда оставались открытыми. Это не совсем точное утверждение, ибо усулиты и ахбариты придерживаются диаметрально противоположных мнений относительно иджтихада и его правомерности. Так, ахбариты отказывают иджтихаду в праве считаться легитимным методом работы с первоисточниками, ссылаясь на ряд хадисов от двенадцати имамов. Они считают, что практика иджтихада заимствована у суннитов и с точки зрения джафаритского мазхаба предосудительна. Усулиты оспаривают эту точку зрения, указывая на то, что иджтихад трактуется шиитскими учёными иначе, нежели суннитскими, и что двенадцать имамов отвергали иджтихад в суннитском, но не в шиитском понимании этого слова.

По поводу термина «иджтихад» Мухаммад Бакир ас-Садр пишет:

Это слово было впервые использовано в сфере юриспруденции для выражения одного из правил, выработанных суннитскими школами фикха в соответствии с их основополагающими принципами. Это правило гласит: «Когда законовед хочет вывести закон Шариата и не находит в Коране и Сунне какого-либо текста, касающегося исследуемой проблемы, ему следует вместо поиска ответа в книгах обратиться за помощью к иджтихаду». Здесь «иджтихад» означает «личное мнение» (ра'й)…

…В главных школах суннитского фикха — в первую очередь, в мазхабе Абу Ханифы — иджтихад понимается таким образом. В то же время подобная интерпретация иджтихада встретила жёсткое неприятие со стороны Имамов Ахл аль-Бейт (мир им) и законоведов, придерживавшихся их интеллектуального направления…

…Анализ истории понятия «иджтихад» показывает, что оно использовалось в упомянутом значении со времен Имамов (мир им) и вплоть до VII века хиджры. Поэтому в преданиях от Имамов Ахл аль-Бейт (мир им) осуждается иджтихад, понимаемый как возведённое в ранг довода частное мнение законоведа…

…Поэтому данное слово приобрело негативный оттенок и использовалось в имамитской правовой литературе с оттенком неприязни и отвращения, обусловленного неприятием этого принципа, который расценивался шиитами как не имеющий законной силы.

Тем не менее, нашими законоведами термин иджтихад используется в другом значении…Так, ранее понятие «иджтихад» использовалось для обозначения источника исламского права, и приводились доказательства в пользу того, что это служит таким же источником, как аяты Корана и хадисы. Потом оно приобрело новый смысл и стало обозначать усилие законоведа по выведению законов Шариата из источников, имеющими статус доводов…он [иджтихад] обозначал сам процесс дедуктивного вывода закона факихом из достоверных источников…

…В соответствии с новым пониманием иджтихада, законоведу не разрешается обосновывать выведенные им законы Шариата иджтихадом, в то время как, согласно второму значению, иджтихад — это не источник для законов, а процесс выведения законов из их источников.

Усулиты понимают иджтихад в более позднем значении этого понятия, а потому считают его легитимным. В силу этого, в отличие от ахбаритов, у усулитов существует институт муджтахидов — религиозных учёных-правоведов, обладающих достаточной компетенцией для вывода законов Шариата из Корана и Сунны с помощью рациональных методов. Для обретения статуса муджтахида богослов должен в течение многих десятилетий изучать экзегетику Корана (тафсир), историю ислама, хадисоведение, фикх и многие другие исламские науки. Наиболее компетентные шиитские муджтахиды обладают статусом марджи ат-таклид (образец для подражания) и уполномочены выносить фетвы. У джафаритов-усулитов сложилась система таклида (следования), когда мукаллафы (люди, не компетентные в области исламских богословских наук) выбирают одного из живых марджи ат-таклид и следуют изданным им фетвам, наиболее важные из которых входят в «Таудых аль-масаил» — «Толкование положений» (обычно такой труд включает в себя нормы, касающиеся ритуального омовения, намаза, поста, хаджа, выплаты религиозных налогов, бракоразводного процесса, наследования, финансовых операций, пищевых запретов). Одни муджтахиды разрешают следовать в разных вопросам разным законоведам, однако некоторые другие не дозволяют этого. Самыми авторитетными из ныне живущих муджтахидов являются Али Хаменеи, Макарем Ширази, Али Систани и ряд других марджи ат-таклид.

 Использованная литература
 Мухаммад Бакир ас-Садр. История 'илм аль-усул. М., «Исток», 2009.
 Мустафа Авлийа'и. И. К. А. Ховард.'' Хадисоведение. М., «Исток», 2010.

Примечания

Ссылки
 Фетвы джафаритского мазхаба

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Gadgets for humans
Sky's new £15 Now TV box is still the cheapest way to own a 'Roku'
Ben Woods
At the start of the year, Sky said it would launch a gutsier version of its first Now TV box, introduced back in 2013.
Back then, it cost £10. This time around, it costs £15. For the increase, you get a zippier processor and an ethernet port for hardwiring the unit to your network, which is useful if your Wi-Fi connection is a bit unreliable.
It looks largely the same as the first version, except this time around the unit I saw was black instead of white, which I prefer.
And as with first time around again, the box is based on existing Roku hardware.
Get on with it
There's really not much to setting these units up, just plug in the power cable and then connect it to your TV via HDMI.
Then all you need to do is follow the on-screen setup instructions, beginning with connecting to your local Wi-Fi network. After that, it'll update to the latest version of the firmware.
Then it'll ask you to log in to your Now TV account (or create one), and update to the latest list of channels.
After all this, which doesn't take very long but feels fairly interminable due to having to enter multiple passwords via the controller, you're allowed to watch some TV.
It's all about choice
One of the strengths of the Now TV box is that it taps into Sky's selection of TV channels and movies, provided you're happy to pay a monthly subscription for the Now TV service.
A monthly 'Entertainment' pass costs £6.99, a monthly 'Movies' pass is £9.99 and if you want access to some of Sky's sport channels that's going to cost you £6.99 for one day, £10.99 for seven days, or £31.99 for a month.
To me, someone totally disinterested in watching sport, that sounds like an insane amount quite a lot of money, but if you're an avid sports viewer the monthly option is clearly the way to go. Similarly, if you have a particular sport you're interested in, having the option to opt-in for just one day won't break the bank every now and again.
Movies are available either to rent or to buy. If you opt for the latter, a physical copy of the film will turn up at your door too.
Rentals for new titles cost around £4.50, while the purchasing options come in closer to £14.
For comparison, Netflix will cost you from £6.99 per month for access to HD movies. The selection is probably larger at any one time, but they also tend to be a lot older too, whereas Sky offers access to much new releases.
Alongside Sky's own services, the Now TV box lets you install a whole range of third-party 'channels' too – from BBC iPlayer and All4 through to Facebook and Spotify. There's a whole range of smaller channels and services to browse your way through too.
However, the elephant in the room is the lack of Netflix and Amazon Prime Video streaming options. It's obvious why Sky wouldn't want these rivals offering subscription services alongside Now TV and Sky Movies on its own hardware, but it's a business decision that hurts the user.
On the hardware side of things, the box is certainly responsive enough and doesn't leave you sat around waiting for things to load.
Unfortunately, while the hardware can support streaming in 1080p, Sky's version of the Now box currently only offers up to 720p. While not much comfort, it should at least be reassuring to know that 1080p would be possible through a software upgrade, if Sky deemed fit.
You're not going to buy this box because you love how it looks, and you're likely to be buying it to subscribe to all three packages – else why not just get a full Sky package?
The reason you might well buy it, however, is because you want to access on-demand programming from some of the UK's largest broadcasters on your aging non-smart TV, but you don't want to pay very much money to do so.
It'll appeal to anyone who wants to watch the odd movie now and then, or the occasional sporting event, but not anyone who's a fan of Netflix or Amazon Prime Streaming and is used to watching as much as they want for a set-price.
Choosing a Now TV box over a Roku 3 or an Amazon Streaming Stick is like choosing to go ala carte instead of chowing down at the all you can eat buffet.
At £15, the box is easily the cheapest way to get your hands on what is essentially Roku hardware, but given the cost of content on the device, you'll probably end up paying a whole lot more.
➤ Now TV box [Now TV]
Read next: Netflix officially launches its redesigned website
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Published August 6, 2015 — 15:39 UTC
August 6, 2015 — 15:39 UTC
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We headed to the Races at Corbould Park for a Mother's Day picnic on Sunday. We had a beaut day, it wasn't too busy and the weather was perfect. There was even a kid's club and a jumping castle to keep Miss 3 amused.
To make something a bit special for my Mum and my lovely Mother-In-Law, I decided to tackle a Pan Bagnat – a french recipe for a picnic loaf.
Sourdough loaf (ideally round or oval).
Grilled vegetables of your choice.
Eggplant, sliced lengthways and grilled.
Zucchini, sliced lengthways and grilled.
Tomatoes, cut into quarters and grilled.
Sweet Potato, sliced finely and grilled.
Pumpkin, sliced finely and grilled.
Portabello Mushrooms, quartered and grilled.
Red capsicum, halved, deseeded and grilled.
1 tablespoon Gourmet Garden Basil paste.
2 teaspoons Gourmet Garden Chunky Garlic paste.
250g Mozzarella cheese, sliced and well drained.
Prepare and grill the vegetables. I did this in stages a few days before to save time. I was particularly rapt with how well the tomatoes turned out – for the record, low and slow is the way to go.
Once the vegies are grilled and cooled, combine the remaining olive oil, red wine vinegar, anchovies, basil and garlic pastes. Season the marinade and add the vegies. Marinate the vegetables for two hours, stirring occasionally.
Cut the top third off the loaf to create a lid and base. Using your fingers and a serrated edge knife, scoop out the soft bread from the base, leaving a 2-3cm shell near the crust – too thick and there will be too much bread, too thin and the crust will be soggy. Give the lid the same treatment.
Spread the tapenade inside the bread shells.
Layer the mozzarella into the base of the bread case, then add a layer of vegetables. Take care that the vegies are well drained, otherwise they may make the bread case soggy.
Continue layering the vegies and the mozzarella until the bread case is full. Turns out I went a little overboard with the vegies and I had plenty left over, so I made two Pan Bagnats.
Put the lid back onto the bread case. Wrap well in glad wrap. Place a cutting board, baking tray or similar on the top of the loaf and weigh it down with some tins/bottles from the pantry.
Set aside in a cool place for at least two hours to compress. I made ours the night before, and left it weighted overnight. The shell was a little bit soft in places, but nothing to worry about. I think somewhere between two and ten hours is probably ideal.
This turned out beautifully and was a bit hit. I'd do it again in a heartbeat.
D said a few of his mates have commented how lucky he is to be able to go to the track with his wife, mother and mother in law – much less on Mother's Day! We had a terrific day, I'd happily make it our new Mother's Day tradition.
Do you have any Mother's Day traditions?
How did you spend your Mother's Day?


This beautifully sleek fire pit table is available in 2 colours. Produced from firbe glass reinforced concrete with a smooth finish.
Complete with Lava rock and canvas weather proof cover all for £666.66+vat (excluding delivery) Patio Gas bottle required.


WHEN WILLA JO TEMPLE IS FOUND STABBED THROUGH THE HEART ON THE FLOOR OF HER BEAUTY SHOP, THE GOOD FOLK OF SUMMERSET, NC ARE SENT INTO A TIZZY. It's up to her ex-husband, Sheriff Tal Hicks, to investigate. Evidence points to four possible suspects: Willa Jo's business partner; a town socialite; a preacher's wife; and Willa Jo's live-in lover. Willa Jo kept a notebook containing all the secrets she's learned while doing hair. Rumor has it Willa Jo is going to write a book, exposing everything. But now, Willa Jo is dead and the incriminating notebook is missing, leaving the sheriff with very little to go on. As he interrogates the suspects, he finds himself attracted to newcomer, Clarissa Myers. He delves into her past only to discover she has deeper ties to Summerset than anyone imagined. Before the sheriff can complete his interrogations, however, another suspect, Avenelle Young, confesses. The sheriff is skeptical about Avenelle Young's guilt because she refuses to discuss what happened with Willa Jo. Her statement is a terse declaration of guilt, with neither motive nor method explained. The sheriff has no choice but to incarcerate Mrs. Young. During the investigations, as the secrets of Summerset are slowly revealed, each family touched by Willa Jo's death must come to terms with the new information being unearthed. The repercussions are far-reaching, and forgiveness hard to come by. However, at the heart of the book is the possibility of reconciliation among the town folk as they learn the real 'truth' about one another. "Anne Clinard Barnhill's first book came from her heart. Her second two historical novels were masterfully researched and her most recent book, The Beautician's Notebook, is just a lot of fun. The story centers around the tragic and suspicious death of the popular local beautician at The Sassy Lady, Willa Jo Temple. Willa Jo is so popular, as a matter of fact, that she has a string of husbands and boyfriends and, for the price of a haircut, she'll entertain clients with tidbits of her outlandish behavior. As Willa Jo shares her scandalous life, others reveal bits and pieces of their own past indiscretions. As Willa Jo says, 'You'd be amazed at what people will tell you while they're getting a pedicure.' What only a few people know is that Willa Jo is taking notes and some say she plans to write a tell-all book one day. Upon her death, the notebook goes missing and when it's found, suddenly there are quite a number of suspects. This is a great 'who-done-it' that will keep you reading until the very last page."-Brenda Bevan Remmes, author of The Quaker Cafe and Home to Cedar Branch. "What a treat! Anne Clinard Barnhill has penned a mystery with heart and soul. Her characters are so likeable - even lovable - that I hated to think of any of them guilty of a heinous crime . . . despite their many motives. An intriguing and heartwarming novel."-Diane Chamberlain, NYT bestselling author of The Silent Sister. "More red herrings than in a fishmonger's wheelbarrow."-Molly Weston, Mystery Writers of America Raven Award Winner.


Athletics Victoria is proud to announce a team of 133 students will represent Victoria at the 2013 Australian All Schools Championship from Friday 6 – Sunday 8 December in Townsville.
"133 is a strong team considering the trip to Townsville, with a great mix of athletes Victoria should see some strong results across the championship," Athletics Victoria Development Officer Nick Wall said.
Victoria will head to the annual competition with seven reigning champions including 2013 World Youth High Jump champion Eleanor Patterson and Australian under 16 Hammer Throw record holder Ned Weatherley.
"We are taking a strong group of under 16 women with Nana-Adoma Owusu-Afriyie returning this year after winning the under 14 100m, 200m and Long Jump in 2012 and sprinter Sarah Billings and middle distance athlete Laura Powell are also in good form leading into the championships," Wall said.
400 metre runner Sam Reiser will be looking to continue his fine early season form and close in on the qualifying standard for 2014 World Junior Championships in Oregon, United States.
Along with the individual competition each state and territory will compete in a scoring system based on points from finishing positions allocated from 1st eight points through to 8th one point.
The team consists of athletes from a wide spread number of schools across Victoria and will include six sets of siblings.
Ruyton Athletic Club presents a guide to optimum performance and injury prevention for female athletes with an expert panel including Olympic Park Sports Medicine Chief Medical Officer Dr Adam Castricum and former Olympians Georgie Clarke, Alison Inverarity and Charlene badocams Rendina on Tuesday 12 November 2013.


text:
Q: Can I get chapter metadata for protected files Right now, I'm using MNavChapters to get the chapter metadata for audio files and using MPMediaPlayerController to play the audio files.
This works great until I try to load an Audible (AA) book's chapters. The MPMediaItemPropertyAssetURL returns nil because this is a "protected" file. Is there an alternative to read the chapter metadata?
Current non-working code:
NSURL *assetURL = [self.mpmediaitem valueForProperty:MPMediaItemPropertyAssetURL]; //this is null :(
AVAsset *asset = [AVAsset assetWithURL:assetURL];
MNAVChapterReader *reader = [MNAVChapterReader new];
NSArray *chapters = [reader chaptersFromAsset:asset];

A: I just noticed that this works in iOS 9

redpajama_set_name: RedPajamaStackExchange


Girl Scouts of Colorado is proud to celebrate and honor top women leaders in our communities. These women have reached remarkable levels of achievement as business, community, philanthropic and civic leaders, and are inspiring role models for today's Girl Scouts.
Since 1994, Girl Scouts has honored 141 incredible leaders in the Pikes Peak region as Women of Distinction, Sandy Taylor Distinguished Community Service Awardees*, Women to Watch*, and Mary Jean Larson Community Service Awardees*. Each of these incredible women serve as a leader and role model in our community, and we appreciate her service and dedication to making the world a better place.
*Sandy Taylor Distinguished Community Service Award (2013–2016) recognized a Woman of Distinction with outstanding community engagement. Named for Sandy Taylor's longtime dedication to Girl Scouts.
*Women to Watch (2012–2013) acknowledged emerging leaders for their business success and generous contributions to our community.
*Mary Jean Larson Community Service Award (2001–2009) honored the legacy of Mary Jean Larson, known for her passion for community and civic leadership.
Who are the Pikes Peak Women of Distinction?


text:
Arch Station
Beam Station
Cable Station
Suspension Station
ARch Bridge Station SImulation
How Do the Abutments Support an Arch Bridge?
Resources needed - at least 4 pieces of cardboard, cut into 1" x 11" strips (Please prepare the materials ahead of time).
Instructions - Cut a strip of cardboard that's about one inch by 11 inches. Gently bend the strip so that it has a curve.
Bixby Creek Bridge, Monterey, CA Photo credit: © Jay Spooner/iStockphoto
Position the cardboard on a table so that it resembles an arch. Press down on the center of the arch. What happens to the ends of the cardboard?
Next, place a stack of books at each end of the arch. Press again. Now what happens? Notice how the stacks of books act as abutments, keeping the ends of the arch from spreading outward.
More Background Information
This is more for the teachers and facilitators to acquire more background knowledge of each type of bridges in order to facilitate this session.
Arch bridges are one of the oldest types of bridges. Arch bridges have great natural strength. Instead of pushing straight down, the weight of an arch bridge is carried outward along the curve of the arch to the supports at each end. These supports, called the abutments, carry the load and keep the ends of the bridge from spreading outward.
When supporting its own weight and the weight of crossing traffic, every part of the arch is under compression. For this reason, arch bridges must be made of materials that are strong under compression.
Today, materials like steel and prestressed concrete have made it possible to build longer and more elegant arches, including a spectacular 1,700-foot span in New River Gorge, West Virginia. (More typically, modern arch bridges span between 200 and 800 feet.)
One of the most revolutionary arch bridges in recent years is the Natchez Trace Parkway Bridge in Franklin, Tennessee, which was opened to traffic in 1994. It's the first American arch bridge to be constructed from segments of precast concrete, a highly economical material. Two graceful arches support the roadway above. Usually arch bridges employ vertical supports called spandrels to distribute the weight of the roadway to the arch below, but the Natchez Trace Parkway Bridge was designed without spandrels to create a more open and aesthetically pleasing appearance. As a result, most of the live load is resting on the crowns of the two arches, which have been slightly flattened to better carry it. Already the winner of many awards, the bridge is expected to influence bridge design for years to come.
The Pont du Gard aqueduct Photo credit: © Agnieszka Gaul/iStockphoto
The New River Gorge Bridge Photo credit: © John Brueske/iStockphoto


text:
Running, Fitness & Extreme Sports
Surfing & Water sports
LEGO BRICKMASTER COMPETITION
2020 LEGO COMPETITION ENTRIES
BEYOND WORDS BOOKCLUB
STORYTIME FOR YOUNG ONES
KIDS BOOKCLUBS
CRIME PROMOTION - OCTOBER
Sport & Hobbies > Horses
Trackrider: My Life with Bart by Joe Agresta
Order this Item Add to Wishlist
Winx: Biography of a Champion by Trevor Marshallsea
WINX: BIOGRAPHY OF A CHAMPION BY TREVOR MARSHALLSEA Phar Lap, Kingston Town, Black Caviar - now a new superstar has captivated the heart of the nation. The beautiful bay Winx has transcended the track to become a national icon, earning the affection and acclaim usually reserved for just a chosen few. Si nce the start of her extraordinary winning streak, Winx has run like a horse possessed. Now ranked No 1 in the world, she has won 23 races in a row and counting, including three Cox Plates, matching Kingston Town's record. As well, she's won 17 Group 1 races, breaking a record held since 1984. In 2017 she was inducted into the Australian Racing Hall of Fame, only the third horse to be so honoured after Sunline and Black Caviar. At this rate, Winx might just become the greatest Australian horse that ever raced. But the wins and accolades are just part of the Winx story, a story that hasn't been told in full until now. Winx: biography of a champion, is a book not just about an extraordinary horse, but about the people who made it all happen, their hopes, dreams, a whole lot of hard yakka and, sometimes, hard cash. By racing aficionado and bestselling writer of Peter Moody's A Long Way from Wyandra and with 48 pages of stunning colour photographs, the book is essential reading for racing fans everywhere. This great Australian sporting legend deserves nothing less. ...Show more
Henry Cecil: Trainer of Genius by Brough Scott
For more than four decades the elegant, slightly foppish figure of trainer Henry Cecil has been adulated by racing fans. He has handled countless top horses - his '25 English Classics' include four Derby winners - and won dozens of big races around the world. But his story is far from a chronicle of unb roken success. A sharp downturn in his racing fortunes in the late 1990s was accompanied by all manner of personal trials, including well publicised marital problems and then cancer, but the dogged manner in which he has climbed back to the top was rewarded in 2011 by the presence in his Newmarket yard of the wonder horse Frankel. Based on extensive research and interviews with those closest to "Cecil", and shot through with Brough Scott's unparalleled inside knowledge of the sport, this will be the racing book not only of the year, but of the decade. ...Show more
Black Caviar by Gerard Whateley
Category: Horses | Series: Black Caviar Titles
Black Caviar has captured the heart of a nation like no sporting figure since the days of Phar Lap and Don Bradman. This is greatness the likes of which is rarely seen. This is a tale that will not weary. This is the authorised story of the horse that couldn't be beaten, by acclaimed journalist and broa dcaster Gerard Whateley. • 'His [Whatelely] is always a human voice, intelligent and relaxed, telling a story in prose that, like the horse he is writing about, lifts the spirit.' - Weekend Australian • 'An outstanding book of its kind.' - Sydney Morning Herald • 'this is a book about greatness. It's about a horse that transcended the track to become an Australian icon. Her story deserves to be told.' - the Canberra times • 'Yet another winner for the Black Caviar team.' - Courier Mail • 'Highly recommended.' - the Weekly Review • 'As an avid reader of sports and racing biographies, I must say this book rates up there with the best.' - Bendigo Advertiser Black Caviar is the biography of the Australian champion, written by acclaimed journalist and broadcaster Gerard Whateley, with a foreword by Peter Moody, BLACK CAVIAR this book documents the career of the racehorse who transcended the track to become an Australian icon. It begins with the entrancing story of champion trainer Peter Moody, a self-made man bred in the remote outback of Queensland, who came to select and guide the fastest horse the world had ever seen. Under Moody's patient and masterful guidance, the hulking injury-prone filly matured into a champion, idolized by a devoted following more akin to a rock band than a racehorse. Her gift is to defy the very nature of sport, making victory look both certain and effortless. But would her customary speed be enough to prevail at the most famous race track of all? At the climax of the tale, half a world away from her devoted nation and in front of the Queen, Black Caviar set out to conquer the world. With her invincible run and marauding dominance, Black Caviar has returned racing to the glory days of more than half a century past and secured a reputation that will echo for as long as horses are sent out to race. ...Show more
'Strap yourselves in for a thrilling tale' - Inside Sport Some of Australia's greatest sporting legends are horses - Phar Lap, Kingston Town, Black Caviar. Now a new legend has captivated the heart of the nation - Winx. After a patchy start, the unremarkable-looking bay mare settled into a winning strea k that continues four years later and includes 22 Group 1 wins and an astonishing record-breaking four Cox Plates. Winx: Biography of a Champion, traces the rise and rise of this extraordinary racehorse and captures the colour, excitement and nail-biting moments of her assent to the top of the world. A rich and compelling story of the highs and lows, the colour and passion of the sport of kings, it's a fitting tribute to a great Australian sporting legend. The wondrous Winx deserves nothing less. ...Show more
Moods: the Peter Moody Saga by Helen Thomas
In March 2016 Peter Moody, the man who took his 'good mare' Black Caviar to an unprecedented 25 straight victories, walked away from racing. Suspended for six months after he was found to have presented a horse on race day with an illegal level of cobalt in its system, the trainer made the drastic decis ion to close down his Caulfield stables altogether. How had it come to this? In Moods, respected journalist Helen Thomas traces Moody's extraordinary career, and shines a spotlight on the cobalt scandal that engulfed him. Through interviews with family, colleagues and friends, and with Peter Moody himself, Thomas explores the horseman's life and achievements- from his time with turf legend T.J. Smith to the day he first noticed the bay filly who grew up to become Black Caviar, and the inquiry that led him to quit the job he loves. Articulate yet reticent, tough yet sensitive, Moody is an intriguing character. For the first time, discover what drives the man who will always be remembered as Black Caviar's trainer, and a true Aussie legend. ...Show more
Mr Darley's Arabian: High Life, Low Life, Sporting Life: A History of Racing in 25 Horses by Christopher McGrath
Shortlisted for the William Hill Sports Book of the Year Award In 1704 a bankrupt English merchant sent home the colt he had bought from Bedouin tribesmen near the ruins of Palmyra. Thomas Darley hoped this horse might be the ticket to a new life back in Yorkshire. But he turned out to be far more than that: and although Mr Darley's Arabian never ran a race, 95% of all thoroughbreds in the world today are descended from him. In this book, for the first time, award-winning racing writer Christopher McGrath traces this extraordinary bloodline through twenty-five generations to our greatest modern racehorse, Frankel. The story of racing is about man's relationship with horses, and Mr Darley's Arabian also celebrates the men and women who owned, trained and traded the stallions that extended the dynasty. The great Eclipse, for instance, was bred by the Duke who foiled Bonnie Prince Charlie's invasion (with militia gathered from Wakefield races) and went on to lead the Jockey Club. But he only became a success once bought and raced by a card-sharp and brothel-keeper - the racecourse has always brought high and low life together. McGrath expertly guides us through three centuries of scandals, adventures and fortunes won and lost: our sporting life offers a fascinating view into our history. With a canvas that extends from the diamond mines of South Africa to the trenches of the Great War, and a cast ranging from Smithfield meat salesmen to the inspiration for Mr Toad, and from legendary jockeys to not one, but two disreputable Princes of Wales (and a very unamused Queen Victoria), Mr Darley's Arabian shows us the many faces of the sport of kings. ...Show more
The updated and bestselling biography, written by acclaimed journalist and broadcaster Gerard Whateley, with a foreword by Peter Moody, BLACK CAVIAR documents the career of the racehorse who transcended the track to become an Australian icon. It begins with the entrancing story of champion trainer Pete r Moody, a self-made man bred in the remote outback of Queensland, who came to select and guide the fastest horse the world had ever seen. Under Moody's patient and masterful guidance, the hulking injury-prone filly matured into a champion, idolized by a devoted following more akin to a rock band than a racehorse. Her gift is to defy the very nature of sport, making victory look both certain and effortless. With her invincible run and marauding dominance, Black Caviar has returned racing to the glory days of more than half a century past and secured a reputation that will echo for as long as horses are sent out to race. This edition features a new epilogue and updated tables. ...Show more
Winx: The Authorised Biography by Andrew Rule
In Winx: Greatest of all Racehorses, Andrew Rule, her owners, her breeder, her trainer and her rider tell the real story behind the story of the world's greatest racehorse.
True Grit: Tales from 40 Years on the Turf by Les Carlyon
Four decades of tales from the turf from Australia's leading writer on history and horses, Les Carlyon. Every outrage that occurs on any racecourse anywhere can be explained by one line from Damon Runyon: 'Well, it is horse racing.' Les Carlyon's acclaimed collection of feature stories and vignettes fro m Australian racing now spans forty years. From Bart Cummings before he was a Cup legend to Colin Hayes and Kerry Packer and Peter Moody and his unbeatable Black Caviar, no one sees the magic and heartbreak in the world of horses and racing with quite the poetry of Les Carlyon. Les's eye is both sharp and tender, his writing is so vivid you can almost feel the steaming breath of the mighty gallopers on your cheek and he is under no illusions about the reality of this glorious, awful, fortune-making, heart-breaking sport. ...Show more
Facts, Stats & Trivia of the Melbourne Cup by Paddy O'Reilly
Category: Gift & Humour
This one little book has all the important information for 155 years of The Melbourne Cup - winners, placegetters, jockeys, trainers, prizemoney, starting prices, margins of victory, weights, winning saddle numbers and barriers.
Manikato 'The Man' by Adam Crettenden
Category: Horses | Reading Level: 4 Non Fiction
A champion racehorse, Manikato won races at the elite level over six seasons through the late 1970s and early 1980s and became the first Australian sprinter to earn $1 million in prize money. But once getting to the top echelon of racing as a two-year-old, his life endured twists and turns that continua lly threatened to derail his career, and his life. From the sudden death of his original trainer Bon Hoysted shortly after the 1978 Golden Slipper Stakes, to the prolonged illnesses and niggling injuries that kept Manikato's name in the headlines, the fact he could compete let alone win was almost miraculous. Year after year, Manikato was guided patiently by astute trainer, Bob Hoysted - Bon's brother. The powerhouse chestnut with a quirky personality forged historic moments including victory in the William Reid Stakes at Moonee Valley five years in a row; a record unlikely to ever be matched. In his later years, his grittiness and courage were more evident than his speed in continuing to win races, further endearing him to race crowds. Just as his life was full of drama, so was his mysterious and tragic death at the age of eight, despite the resilient efforts of those closest to 'The Man'. ...Show more
Address: 567 Beaufort Street


"We've been working for months on this skyscraper."
This page requires all sections to be completed!
By adding info, you can help complete this page!
Catch As Cats Can't is an episode from the seventh season of Garfield and Friends.
When a rival cat named Gunther kidnaps Ludlow and attempts to eat him, it's up to Garfield to save the day.
This is the second (and last) episode to feature Ludlow and his father.


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text:
The XMM-Newton serendipitous survey. IV, Optical identification of the XMM-Newton medium sensitivity survey (XMS)
Barcons, X., Carrera, F. J., Ceballos, M. T., Page, M. J., Bussons-Gordo, J., Corral, A., Ebrero, J., Mateos, S., Tedds, J. A., Watson, M. G. et al.
(2007) The XMM-Newton serendipitous survey. IV, Optical identification of the XMM-Newton medium sensitivity survey (XMS). Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol.476 (No.3). pp. 1191-1203. doi:10.1051/0004-6361:20077606
WRAP_Wheatley_46_XMM_newton_aa7606-07[1].pdf - Requires a PDF viewer.
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361:20077606
Aims. X-ray sources at intermediate fluxes (a few ×10−14 erg cm−2 s−1) with a sky density of ∼100 deg−2 are responsible for a significant fraction of the cosmic X-ray background at various energies below 10 keV. The aim of this paper is to provide an unbiased and quantitative description of the X-ray source population at these fluxes and in various X-ray energy bands.
Methods. We present the XMM-Newton Medium sensitivity Survey (XMS), including a total of 318 X-ray sources found among the serendipitous content of 25 XMM-Newton target fields. The XMS comprises four largely overlapping source samples selected at soft (0.5−2 keV), intermediate
(0.5−4.5 keV), hard (2−10 keV) and ultra-hard (4.5−7.5 keV) bands, the first three of them being flux-limited.
Results. We report on the optical identification of the XMS samples, complete to 85−95%. At the flux levels sampled by the XMS we find that the X-ray sky is largely dominated by Active Galactic Nuclei. The fraction of stars in soft X-ray selected samples is below 10%, and only a few per cent for hard selected samples. We find that the fraction of optically obscured objects in the AGN population stays constant at around 15−20% for soft and intermediate band selected X-ray sources, over 2 decades of flux. The fraction of obscured objects amongst the AGN population is
larger (∼35−45%) in the hard or ultra-hard selected samples, and constant across a similarly wide flux range. The distribution in X-ray-to-optical flux ratio is a strong function of the selection band, with a larger fraction of sources with high values in hard selected samples. Sources with X-ray-to-optical flux ratios in excess of 10 are dominated by obscured AGN, but with a significant contribution from unobscured AGN.
X-ray astronomy, Active galactic nuclei, X-ray sources, Galactic -- Databases
December 2007 Published
10.1051/0004-6361:20077606
Funder:
Spain. Ministerio de Educación y Ciencia (MEC), Agenzia spaziale italiana [Italian Space Agency] (ASI), Italy. Ministero dell'istruzione, dell'università e della ricerca (MIUR), Istituto nazionale di astrofisica (Italy) (INAF), Deutsche Forschungsanstalt für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR), United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), European Space Agency (ESA), Royal Greenwich Observatory. Isaac Newton Group of Telescopes (Santa Cruz de la Palma, Canary Islands), Centro Galileo Galilei, Nordic Optical Telescope Science Association, Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie, Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía, European Southern Observatory (ESO)
Grant number:
ESP2003-00812 (MEC), ESP2006-13608-C02-01 (MEC), 50 OR 0201 (DLR), 75.A-0336 (ESO)


On Sunday, it was 30 degrees. Thirty. Degrees!!!
I felt almost instantly more human again. I did a ton of laundry, worked around the house, and headed over to the barn for some actual time with my horse.
I tacked up and everything, and we went up and down the road for about 30 minutes. OUTSIDE! I rode him in one circuit of the outdoor ring, but he was less than enthused and I didn't want him to strain himself. It's one thing to ride through deep snow, but this had clearly drifted quite a lot in some places, and he was having trouble getting even steps. One step, fine, the next step, waaaaaay deeper, with no way to really see or tell which would be which.
So we did the roads.
There were horses in the turnouts just to the right who were deeply concerned that we were on the road.
Winter apples, dried on the branch.
Road hacking in the winter is not without its travails, though. See the snow drifts on either side of the road? And the thicker snow? Down the middle of the road is the safest place to ride in some ways: it's the most visible, and it's the smoothest and flattest. On the other hand, it's also the iciest, because it's what melts first. So you'd think that it would be better, but right at the foot of those snow drifts are ditches, masked by lighter, fluffier snow that hasn't settled and packed.
So I tend to keep him down the middle of the road, and if it feels too icy – if he's slipping too much, I head inside. On Sunday, the warmth and the sun kept the middle of the road just fine, slushy and a bit muddy.
With so many indoors coming down lately, I was both worried and pleased to see someone on the roof digging snow off. Looking more closely, though, and chatting with the barn owner, it's really just that corner, where the wind forces the snow into drifts. Removing the load in that corner made a huge difference.
In all, a nice ride and a productive day. Now we're back to low single digits, though, so back inside for me.


The Stupidist thing you have said or done?
Homepage › Forums › Advice › The Stupidist thing you have said or done?
This topic contains 13 replies, has 11 voices, and was last updated by Unseen 4 months, 2 weeks ago.
What is the stupidist thing you have said or done?
Wow, David, where to start!? I'm contemplating a list the length of my arm to see what wins my 'stupid Olympics' challenge.
There is no point learning to write in HTML. It will never catch on.
Priest: We all have a soul. Even you as an atheist have a soul.
Me: Yes, I know we all have assholes.
Probably the most impulsive thing I did was join the Army. I was a pacifist and everyone considered me nerdy and weak. I was trying to put myself through school, and failing at it. I had bicycled past a recruiting station and in a whim, thought, what the hell, nothing else is working, walked in and signed up. It was a crazy thing to do. In retrospect, it was the turning point of my young life. Even though there was risk and deprivation at times, if I could rewind my life and make that decision again, I would do it in a heartbeat. But doing it with no information and on a whim was pretty stupid.
I made some stupid moves when I had a motorcycle but somehow did not wind up as an organ donor.
This reply was modified 1 year, 2 months ago by JadeBlackOlive.
I think I might have repressed a lot as well!
1996, Driving drunk, rear-ended another vehicle hard enough to break my kneecap against the dashboard of my car. Could have killed somebody. Eternally grateful that I was the most seriously injured one involved. Arrested for DUI. Two years probation, huge fines, 100 hours community service. And just to make it extra special, I got to call my father at 4:00am on FATHER'S DAY to tell him his daughter was hospitalized, about to undergo surgery, after having been arrested for DUI. Yeah. Not my finest moment. But I have never driven drunk again, and never will!
Had a similar situation from years back. Was drunk hard, holding a heavy mug. Due to the stupidity brought about by alcohol, I thought that the thickness of the mug would prevent it from breaking. Smashed it on the floor. Man, the bartender/owner was furious.


Piano and Large Animal Cage.
I have an old piano free to anyone who would like to take it away, it is a bit worn and could do with re-tuning, not that the kids noticed that when they played it!!.
I also have this very large animal cage for sale. Dry and very solid – $350, will take at least 2 strong people to move it.
It is approx 2.5m in length and 1.1m at its highest point. It is 1.3m in width.
If you are interested then please give me a call on 09 4225222 or email me at l.clasper@yahoo.com.au.


Given the spatial heterogeneity of most geological samples, and the highly variable scale of dynamic geological processes, the ability of x-ray CT to acquire non-destructive 3D and 4D imaging of a sample can be of great use in a wide range of geological and environmental fields.
Moving from 2D analysis of thin sections to 3D and 4D analysis of rock volumes allows a wealth of new insight into geological structures and processes. We can undertake serial scanning of long soil, rock or ice cores up to 80 cm in length in a single session and have a wide range of in situ environmental rigs: including furnaces for heating up to 1200 C, tension and compression rigs with maximum loads of up to 35kN.
The facilities used in the MXIF include synchrotron and lab-based x-ray nano- and microtomography, with access to other electron microscopy and x-ray diffraction techniques. If you wish to discuss any aspect of research in this area please contact Peter Lee to discuss your project ideas and requirements.


text:
Feel Free: Essays (Large Print / Paperback)
By Zadie Smith
Winner of the 2018 National Book Critics Circle Award for Criticism
A New York Times Notable Book
From Zadie Smith, one of the most beloved authors of her generation, a new collection of essays
Since she burst spectacularly into view with her debut novel almost two decades ago, Zadie Smith has established herself not just as one of the world's preeminent fiction writers, but also a brilliant and singular essayist. She contributes regularly to The New Yorker and the New York Review of Books on a range of subjects, and each piece of hers is a literary event in its own right.
Arranged into five sections--In the World, In the Audience, In the Gallery, On the Bookshelf, and Feel Free--this new collection poses questions we immediately recognize. What is The Social Network--and Facebook itself--really about? "It's a cruel portrait of us: 500 million sentient people entrapped in the recent careless thoughts of a Harvard sophomore." Why do we love libraries? "Well-run libraries are filled with people because what a good library offers cannot be easily found elsewhere: an indoor public space in which you do not have to buy anything in order to stay." What will we tell our granddaughters about our collective failure to address global warming? "So I might say to her, look: the thing you have to appreciate is that we'd just been through a century of relativism and deconstruction, in which we were informed that most of our fondest-held principles were either uncertain or simple wishful thinking, and in many areas of our lives we had already been asked to accept that nothing is essential and everything changes--and this had taken the fight out of us somewhat."
Gathering in one place for the first time previously unpublished work, as well as already classic essays, such as, "Joy," and, "Find Your Beach," Feel Free offers a survey of important recent events in culture and politics, as well as Smith's own life. Equally at home in the world of good books and bad politics, Brooklyn-born rappers and the work of Swiss novelists, she is by turns wry, heartfelt, indignant, and incisive--and never any less than perfect company. This is literary journalism at its zenith.
Zadie Smith's new book, Grand Union, is on sale 10/8/2019.
Zadie Smith is the author of the novels White Teeth, The Autograph Man, On Beauty, NW and Swing Time, as well as a novella, The Embassy of Cambodia, and a collection of essays, Changing My Mind. She is also the editor of The Book of Other People. Zadie was elected a fellow of the Royal Society of Literature in 2002, and was listed as one of Granta's 20 Best Young British Novelists in 2003 and again in 2013. White Teeth won multiple literary awards including the James Tait Black Memorial Prize, the Whitbread First Novel Award and the Guardian First Book Award. On Beauty was shortlisted for the Man Booker Prize and won the Orange Prize for Fiction, and NW was shortlisted for the Baileys Women's Prize for Fiction. Zadie Smith is currently a tenured professor of fiction at New York University and a Member of the American Academy of Arts and Letters.
Large Print: Yes
Publisher: Random House Large Print
Publication Date: February 6th, 2018
Literary Collections / Essays
Kobo eBook (February 6th, 2018): $3.99
Paperback (February 5th, 2019): $18.00
Hardcover (February 6th, 2018): $28.00
CD-Audio (February 13th, 2018): $45.00


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Q: How to locate text data in cells and store their location with VBA I'm using loop statements to find the text " Measured Values" in a cell in column "B" and store it's cell location.  From this cell location I then want to continue down the "B" column to find each cell that contains the text " 4Wire" and at the same time read the same row but "I" column cell contents and write it to a master .csv file.  I want to stop parsing the file upon finding the cell in column "B" that contains the text " First Article Verification".  My two Do/While loops are not executing as I do not know if the Cells(i, "B").Value is used correctly.  Any ideas as to the problem?   Thanks in advance.
Sub ImportKeyDataFromCSVsCOPY()
'Summary:   Import specific data from all CSV files from a folder into a single sheet
Dim wbCSV       As Workbook
Dim wsMstr      As Worksheet
Dim fPath       As String
Dim fCSV        As String
Dim NR          As Long
Dim fPathDone   As String
Dim Count       As Long
Dim i           As Long
Dim k           As Long
Dim d           As String
Dim MVnotFound  As Boolean
Dim Cells       As String

fPath = "F:\i9 Tester\VB Macro spreadsheet\"    'path to CSV files, include the final \ in this string
fPathDone = fPath & "Imported\"                 'remember final \ in this string
On Error Resume Next
MkDir fPathDone                                 'creates the completed folder if missing
On Error GoTo 0
Set wsMstr = ThisWorkbook.Sheets("MasterCSV")   'sheet in thisworkbook to collate data into

NR = wsMstr.Range("A" & Rows.Count).End(xlUp).Row + 1   'next empty row to add
Count = 1   'Initialize count to 1
Application.ScreenUpdating = False  'speed up macro
fCSV = Dir(fPath & "*.csv")         'start the CSV file listing
    Do While Len(fCSV) > 0
        i = 0
        MVnotFound = True

        Set wbCSV = Workbooks.Open(fPath & fCSV)    'open a CSV file
        Do While MVnotFound                         'loop to find " Measured Values" text    i = i + 1
            If Cells(i, "B").Value = " Measured Value" Then
                MVnotFound = False
            End If
        Loop
        Do
            If Cells(i, "B").Value = " 4Wire" Then
                wsMstr.Range("H" & NR).Value = Cells(i, "I").Value
            ElseIf Cells(i, "B").Value = " Fist Article Verification" Then
                d = "  First Article Verification"
            End If
            i = i + 1
        Loop While d <> " First Article Verification"

        wbCSV.Close False           'close the opened CSV
        NR = NR + 1                 'increment next target row
        Name fPath & fCSV As fPathDone & fCSV           'move file to IMPORTED folder
        fCSV = Dir                  'ready next CSV filename
    Loop

Application.ScreenUpdating = True
End Sub

A: I don't think Cells(i,"B") is a valid argument.  i cannot be zero (try starting at i+1) and the column cannot be a letter.  For example use Cells(1,2) to refer to B1 (Column 2 Row 1)


What's the best way to get paint out of your hair? Is this the right type of camo? Where do I get some baby powder? What clothes do I not mind getting water on? These are questions only members of the R-Unit have to answer.
"After every [football] game I walk in the house and my mom asks me what happened to my clothes and face and I have to tell her about the pink paint, or the baby powder after [the football team scores], or about the camo out," senior Jacob Schreiman said.
At the beginning of the school year members of the senior class created a facebook group designed to coordinate with other students themes of the games; whether it be a white-out, black-out, blue-out, or a fake-out and to plan activities for the student section.
"We wanted to give people a chance to share ideas on how they wanted to dress for the [football] games," senior Zev Gurowitz said.
The name of the student section comes from the question 'R U N It?'. The R-Unit facebook group has roughly 1200 members and contrary to past years, the student section now includes all grades.
"One of the reasons that we are a great [student section] is because everyone is in it, we have underclassmen there every game," senior Julia Gastelle said.
The administration has seen a rise in student attendance from last season.
"I would guess there are around 500 people in the student section at every home game, I've never seen that many for all home games in all the years I've been at high school football games," subschool 12 principal Scot Turner said.
Some people believe rise in student section attendance is attributed to the spirit of the senior class.
Students agree that the spirit level is more extreme than in past years.
Football players agree, the student section is one of the most supportive they have ever seen.
"Our great fans make us want to do better, they are electrifying," junior football player Darius Grady said.
One of the defining features of the R-Unit is the students' commitment to each game's theme. For every game the R-Unit as a group decides how the students dress and members of the R-Unit are extremely dedicated to finding the best way to present each theme.
Senior Rylie Hirst said, for the pink-out the R-Unit had pink paint to go with our pink clothes, for the camo-out they went to Wal-Mart and got camo hats, shirts and pants. They tried to bring in branches, for the camo out but they weren't able to.
For the Robinson-Lake Braddock game the R-Unit decided to hold a fake out. A fake out is when the fans show up to the game in black and at the opening kickoff change to white. The R-Unit added in their own twist by throwing baby powder in the air while they changed.
"At first I couldn't see them and then I could see the shirts waving through the powder, it got me fired up," football coach Scott Vossler said.
Turner said it is exciting to be a part of such great school spirit at games; it is a positive, good message about the school.
The R-Unit may not be the first student section to be created, but it is already known as one of the best.


Rest in Peace my beautiful sister, Neda, for with your death you have taken on a new life. Neda meaning call, has become a new rallying call for freedom of Iran. Her final moments, her last innocent looks and her last gasp for life will stirr our passions for ever and stronger. Damn these savages who took your life away, damn their evil masters and their pathetic apologists. I swear I will avenge your death, I swear I will never forget you.
The killings continued into the late hours last night. Savages were bursting into hospitals and dragging away the injured and killing them outside. Those who were wounded were avoiding the hospitals and being attended secretly by volunteer doctors.
Can these two bob "celebrities" of LA TV stations, still call themselves Iranian? Can they still call themselves human? when they still pretend as if nothing is happening in Iran?
Neda was a very beautiful young woman. I mourn for her and her parents - of what might have been in her life.
It was shocking and horrifying to watch her die in that video and hear the heartbreaking cries of those who tried to help her.
I hope the people realize it is now 'Win or Die!' and I hope they win.
If she was Palestinian the footage will be over the media.
I read on another blog that is reporting regular updates that her father's last words to her were (someone translated them): "Neda, don't be afraid. Neda, don't be afraid. (There is yelling and screaming.) Neda, stay with me. Neda stay with me!"
These words make me cry. I'm working my way through a large box of tissues. Please let this revolution succeed for Neda and her father.
Now the world can see how the Iranian people have been treated everyday by the evil Islamic regime for the past 30 years. There is an unofficial martial law in effect across Iran, everyone is vulnerable even at home.
I am disgusted that the media blocks out her face. The world needs to see the ugly face of this regime, covering over a beautiful one.
Rest in peace Neda Joon.
she was not Palestinian, so she does not count to the media.


text:
<resources>
    <string name="app_name">Android Live Streamer</string>
    <string name="buffer_loop_back_info">In this demo your device act as both camera and viewer, the videos are encoded and decoded in the same environment.
        The data is being pushed from encoder to decoder using a simple queue.</string>
    <string name="local_loop_back_info">In this demo your device act as both camera and viewer and a simple local web socket server is activated.
        Video stream is pushed from source to viewer through this local web socket.</string>
    <string name="relay_loop_back_info">In this demo your device act as both camera and viewer.
        Video stream is pushed from source to viewer through the relay server.</string>
    <string name="video_streamer_info">In this demo your device act as camera.
        You should use another device as the viewer.
        Video stream is pushed from source to viewer through the relay server.</string>
    <string name="video_player_info">In this demo your device act as viewer.
        There should be another device as camera.
        Video stream is pushed from source to viewer through the relay server.</string>

</resources>


Good urban design can add economic value by creating areas where people want to spend time and money. Well designed schemes can help transform areas. By creating places that are safe, walkable, well connected with access to facilities and employment opportunities good design can also deliver a range of social and environmental benefits.
Applying urban design principles does not necessarily add costs but requires careful consideration of how the urban structure, spaces and buildings and landscape are arranged.


Aiming to avoid a humanitarian crisis, Kiribati recently purchased land in Fiji — about 1,200 miles away — where its residents would be relocated in the event that sea-level rise drowns the Pacific island nation and displaces its population of just over 100,000 people.
With the steady creep of the Pacific along its shores, Kiribati, a collection of small atolls, already faces food and water shortages, as seawater contaminates limited supplies of groundwater for the people who live there. Some suspect that their island will be underwater within the next three decades, as sea levels rise about half an inch each year.
That might not sound like much, but the atolls that make up the country sit just a few feet above sea level, and that rise increases the risk of flooding from storms and sea swells.
Kiribati's government purchased the land from the Church of England for $8.77 million in late May, Inter Press news agency reported. The news is being more widely reported this week.
The strip of land is about 8 square miles in area and heavily forested, according to The Guardian. It's not clear when the people of Kiribati might begin their migration.
"We would hope not to put everyone on [this] one piece of land, but if it became absolutely necessary, yes, we could do it," Kiribati's President Anote Tong told The Associated Press, according to the Inter Press report.
With an average age of 22, the citizens of Kiribati — whose economy is dependent on phosphate mining and tourism — represent some of the most impoverished and vulnerable victims of climate change.
Contributing very little to the greenhouse gases that most scientists agree fuel climate change, Kiribati is among the least responsible for the present climate crisis.
This isn't the first attempt the nation has made to prepare for life-threatening sea-level rise. In 2008, it began negotiations with New Zealand to relocate some of its population there. But some who try to flee face visa and work authorization challenges, common to migrants the world over.
In October 2013, one Kiribati man made an appeal to the government of New Zealand to be treated as a climate refugee. New Zealand denied his request.
"Among the small islands, Kiribati is the country that has done most to anticipate its population's future needs," said François Gemenne, a migration expert at Versailles-Saint Quentin University in France, The Guardian reported.
"The government has launched the 'migration with dignity' policy to allow people to apply for jobs on offer in neighboring countries such as New Zealand. The aim is to avoid one day having to cope with a humanitarian evacuation."
Kiribati isn't alone. Many other island nations, including Tuvalu and the Maldives, which has also eyed buying land on higher ground, face the same threat and have banded together to encourage rich, industrial countries to take action to curb climate change.
The Marshall Islands have been vocal in this regard, having faced a long history of forced displacement when the United States tested nuclear weapons there in the 1950s. For that nation, it's not too late if the carbon tide turns soon.
"The notion of displacement is not acceptable. If we can keep sea-level rise going up slowly, keep it at 3 feet … then we can deal with it," Marshall Islands Vice President Tony deBrum told Al Jazeera in September.
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry has acknowledged the problem.
"The people of the Pacific islands know as well as anyone that we also need to prepare communities for the impacts that are already being felt," Kerry said in a video address to a gathering of leaders from Pacific islands in September.
U.S. President Barack Obama, for his part, announced in June a conservation initiative to protect the Pacific's coral reefs, hit hard by ocean acidification linked to climate change, as well as by overfishing and intentional destruction by humans.
The president also announced $102 million to shore up natural barriers to sea-level rise along the U.S. East Coast, parts of which are still trying to recover from the devastation levied by Superstorm Sandy in 2012.